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diff --git a/38356-h/38356-h.htm b/38356-h/38356-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8dee341 --- /dev/null +++ b/38356-h/38356-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,5478 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Speciation Of The Wandering Shrew, by James S. 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Findley + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Speciation of the Wandering Shrew + +Author: James S. Findley + +Release Date: December 20, 2011 [EBook #38356] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SPECIATION OF THE WANDERING SHREW *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Tom Cosmas, Joseph Cooper and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="book"><!-- Begin Book --> +<div class="fig_center" style="width: 259px;"> +<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="259" height="480" alt="" title="" /> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="trans_notes"> +<div class="caption2">Transcriber's Note</div> +<div class="center">The cover above is simulated. The <a href="#PUBLICATIONS">list of publications</a> has been compiled +after the article's text.</div> + +<br /> +</div> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"> +<br /> +<br /> +<img src="images/bar_double.png" width="100%" height="15" alt="double bar" /> +<div class="caption2 smcap">University of Kansas Publications</div> +<br /> +<div class="caption2 smcap">Museum of Natural History</div> +<br /> +<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="125" height="15" title="bar" alt="bar" /> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">Volume 9, No. 1, pp. 1-68, figures 1-18</div><br /> +<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="250" height="15" title="bar" alt="bar" /> + <span class="caption2">December 10, 1955</span> +<img src="images/bar_single.png" width="250" height="15" title="bar" alt="bar" /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<div class="caption1"> +Speciation of the Wandering Shrew<br /> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<div class="caption3">BY</div> +<br /> +<br /> +<div class="caption2">JAMES S. FINDLEY</div> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<div class="caption2"> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Lawrence</span><br /> +1955 +</div> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> + +<div class="center"> +<div class="caption3"> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br /> +<br /> +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, +Robert W. Wilson +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Volume 9, No. 1, pp. 1-68, figures 1-18<br /> +Published December 10, 1955<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +Lawrence, Kansas<br /> +<br /> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<div class="caption4"> +PRINTED BY<br /> +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER<br /> +TOPEKA, KANSAS<br /> +1955<br /> +<img src="images/union_label.png" width="71" height="26" alt="Look for the Union Label" title="Look for the Union Label" /><br /> +25-7903<br /> +</div> +</div> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption1">Speciation of the Wandering Shrew</div> + +<div class="caption3">BY</div> + +<div class="caption2">JAMES S. FINDLEY</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">CONTENTS</div> + +<table width="80%" summary="Contents"> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt">PAGE</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><div class="smcap"><a href="#INTRODUCTION">Introduction</a></div></td> + <td class="text_rt">4</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><div class="smcap"><a href="#MATERIALS_METHODS_AND_ACKNOWLEDGMENTS">Materials Methods and Acknowledgments</a></div></td> + <td class="text_rt">4</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><div class="smcap"><a href="#NON-GEOGRAPHIC_VARIATION">Non-geographic Variation</a></div></td> + <td class="text_rt">7</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><div class="smcap"><a href="#CHARACTERS_OF_TAXONOMIC_WORTH">Characters of Taxonomic Worth</a></div></td> + <td class="text_rt">8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><div class="smcap"><a href="#PELAGE_CHANGE">Pelage Change</a></div></td> + <td class="text_rt">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><div class="smcap"><a href="#GEOGRAPHIC_DISTRIBUTION_AND_VARIATION">Geographic Distribution and Variation</a></div></td> + <td class="text_rt">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> <a href="#Pacific_Coastal_Section">Pacific Coastal Section</a></td> + <td class="text_rt">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> <a href="#Inland_Montane_Section">Inland Montane Section</a></td> + <td class="text_rt">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> <a href="#Great_Basin_and_Columbia_Plateau_Section">Great Basin and Columbia Plateau Section</a></td> + <td class="text_rt">12</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> <a href="#Summary_of_Geographic_Variation">Summary of Geographic Variation</a></td> + <td class="text_rt">13</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><a href="#ORIGIN_OF_THE_SOREX_VAGRANS_RASSENKREIS"><span class="smcap">Origin of the</span> <i>Sorex vagrans</i> <span class="smcap">Rassenkreis</span></a></td> + <td class="text_rt">16</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><div class="smcap"><a href="#RELATIONSHIPS_WITH_OTHER_SPECIES">Relationships With Other Species</a></div></td> + <td class="text_rt">26</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><div class="smcap"><a href="#CONCLUSIONS">Conclusions</a></div></td> + <td class="text_rt">60</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><div class="smcap"><a href="#Table_1">Table of Measurements</a></div></td> + <td class="text_rt">62</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><div class="smcap"><a href="#LITERATURE_CITED">Literature Cited</a></div></td> + <td class="text_rt">66</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">FIGURES</div> + +<table width="80%" summary="List of Figures"> +<tr> + <td><div class="smcap">Figs. 1-2.—Cranial Measurements</div></td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Fig_1_and_2">5</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><div class="smcap">Fig. 3.—Graph Illustrating Wear of Teeth</div></td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Fig_3">8</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><div class="smcap">Fig. 4.—Graph Illustrating Heterogonic Growth of Rostrum</div></td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Fig_4">10</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Fig. 5.—Present Geographic Distribution of</span> <i>Sorex vagrans</i></td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Fig_5">15</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Fig. 6.—Skulls of</span> <i>Sorex vagrans</i></td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Fig_6">17</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><div class="smcap">Figs. 7-10.—Past Geographic Distribution of Shrews</div></td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Fig_7">19</a>-<a href="#Fig_8">20</a>-<a href="#Fig_9">22</a>-<a href="#Fig_10">27</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><div class="smcap">Figs. 11, 12.—Medial View of Lower Jaws of Two Shrews</div></td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Fig_11_to_14">30</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><div class="smcap">Figs. 13, 14.—Second Unicuspid Teeth of Shrews</div></td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Fig_11_to_14">30</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><div class="smcap">Fig. 15.—Diagram of Probable Phylogeny of Shrews</div></td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Fig_15">32</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><div class="smcap">Figs. 16-18.—Geographic Distribution of Subspecies</div></td> + <td class="text_rt"><a href="#Fig_16">33</a>-<a href="#Fig_17">40</a>-<a href="#Fig_18">53</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p> +<div class="caption2"><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a> +INTRODUCTION</div> + +<p>The purpose of this report is to make clear the biological relationships +between the shrews of the <i>Sorex vagrans-obscurus</i> "species +group." This group as defined by H. H. T. Jackson (1928:101) +included the species <i>Sorex vagrans</i>, <i>S. obscurus</i>, <i>S. pacificus</i>, <i>S. +yaquinae</i>, and <i>S. durangae</i>. The last mentioned species has been +shown (Findley, 1955:617) to belong to another species group. +<i>Sorex milleri</i>, also assigned to this group by Jackson (1947:131), +seems to have its affinities with the <i>cinereus</i> group as will be explained +beyond. The position of the <i>vagrans</i> group in relationship +to other members of the genus will be discussed.</p> + +<p>Of this group, the species that was named first was <i>Sorex vagrans</i> +Baird, 1858. Subsequently many other names were based on members +of the group and these names were excellently organized by +Jackson in his 1928 revision of the genus. Subsequent students of +western mammals, nevertheless, have been puzzled by such problems +as the relationship of (1) <i>Sorex vagrans monticola</i> to <i>Sorex +obscurus obscurus</i> in the Rocky Mountains, (2) <i>Sorex pacificus</i>, <i>S. +yaquinae</i>, and <i>S. obscurus</i> to one another on the Pacific Coast, and +(3) <i>S. o. obscurus</i> to <i>S. v. amoenus</i> in California. Few studies have +been made of these relationships. Clothier (1950) studied <i>S. v. +monticola</i> and <i>S. o. obscurus</i> in western Montana and concluded that +the two supposed kinds actually were not separable in that area. +Durrant (1952:33) was able to separate the two kinds in Utah as +was Hall (1946:119, 122) in Nevada. Other mammalogists who +worked within the range of the <i>vagrans-obscurus</i> groups have +avoided the problems in one way or another. Recently Rudd (1953) +has examined the relationships of <i>S. vagrans</i> to <i>S. ornatus</i>.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2"><a name="MATERIALS_METHODS_AND_ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" id="MATERIALS_METHODS_AND_ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"></a> +MATERIALS METHODS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</div> + +<p>Approximately 3,465 museum study skins and skulls were studied. Most +of these were assembled at the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, +but some were examined in other institutions.</p> + +<p>Specimens were grouped by geographic origin, age, and sex. Studies of +the role of age and sex in variation were made. Because it was discovered +that secondary sexual variation was negligible, both males and females, if of +like age and pelage, were used in comparisons designed to reveal geographic +variation.</p> + +<p>External measurements used were total length, length of tail, and length of +hind foot. After studying a number of cranial dimensions I chose those listed +below as the most useful in showing differences in size and proportions of the +skull. <a href="#Fig_1_and_2">Figures 1 and 2</a> show the points between which those measurements +were taken.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> +<i>Condylobasal length.</i>—From anteriormost projection of the premaxillae to posteriormost +projection of the occipital condyles (a to a´).</p> + +<p><i>Maxillary tooth-row.</i>—From posteriormost extension of M3 to anteriormost extension +of first unicuspid (b to b´).</p> + +<p><i>Palatal length.</i>—From anteriormost projection of premaxillae to posteriormost +part of bony palate (c to c´).</p> + +<p><i>Cranial breadth.</i>—Greatest lateral diameter of braincase (d to d´).</p> + +<p><i>Least interorbital breadth.</i>—Distance between medialmost superior edges of +orbital fossae, measured between points immediately above and behind +posterior openings of infraorbital foramina (e to e´).</p> + +<p><i>Maxillary breadth.</i>—Distance between lateral tips of maxillary processes +(f to f´).</p> + +<div class="fig_center" style="width: 402px;"> +<a name="Fig_1_and_2" id="Fig_1_and_2"></a> +<img src="images/fig_1_2.png" width="402" height="362" alt="" title="" /> +<div class="fig_caption"><br /> + <span class="smcap">Figs. 1 and 2.</span> Showing where certain cranial + measurements were taken. × 3½. (Based on + <i>Sorex vagrans obscurus</i>, from Stonehouse Creek, + 5½ mi., W junction of Stonehouse Creek and + Kelsall River, British Columbia, ♀, 28545 KU.) +</div> +</div> + +<p>In descriptions of color, capitalized terms refer to those in Ridgway (1912). +In addition the numerical and alphabetical designations of these terms are given +since a knowledge of the arrangements of these designations enables one quickly +to evaluate differences between stated colors. Color terms which are not +capitalized do not refer to any precise standard of color nomenclature.</p> + +<p>In the accounts of subspecies, descriptions, unless otherwise noted, are of +first year animals as herein defined. Descriptions of color are based on fresh +pelages.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> +Unless otherwise indicated, specimens are in the University of Kansas +Museum of Natural History. Those in other collections are identified by the +following abbreviations:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Abbreviations"> +<tr> + <td align="left">AMNH</td> + <td align="left">American Museum of Natural History</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="left">CM</td> + <td align="left">Carnegie Museum</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="left">ChM</td> + <td align="left">Chicago Museum of Natural History</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="left">CMNH</td> + <td align="left">Cleveland Museum of Natural History</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="left">FC</td> + <td align="left">Collection of James S. Findley</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="left">HC</td> + <td align="left">Collection of Robert Holdenreid</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="left">SGJ</td> + <td align="left">Collection of Stanley G. Jewett</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="left">CDS</td> + <td align="left">Collection of Charles D. Snow</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="left">AW</td> + <td align="left">Collection of Alex Walker</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="left">NMC</td> + <td align="left">National Museum of Canada</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="left">OSC</td> + <td align="left">Oregon State College</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="left">PMBC</td> + <td align="left">British Columbia Provincial Museum of Natural History</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="left">SD</td> + <td align="left">San Diego Natural History Museum</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="left">BS</td> + <td align="left">United States Biological Surveys Collection</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="left">USNM</td> + <td align="left">United States National Museum</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="left">UM</td> + <td align="left">University of Michigan Museum of Zoology</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="left">OU</td> + <td align="left">University of Oregon Museum of Natural History</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="left">UU</td> + <td align="left">University of Utah Museum of Zoology</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td align="left">WSC</td> + <td align="left">Washington State College, Charles R. Conner Museum</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>In nature, the subspecies of <i>Sorex vagrans</i> form a cline and are distributed +geographically in a chain which is bent back upon itself. The subspecies in +the following accounts are listed in order from the southwestern end of the +chain clockwise back to the zone of overlap.</p> + +<p>The synonymy of each subspecies includes the earliest available name and +other names in chronological order. These include the first usage of the name +combination employed by me and other name combinations that have been +applied to the subspecies concerned.</p> + +<p>In the lists of specimens examined, localities are arranged first by state or +province. These are listed in tiers from north to south and in any given tier +from west to east. Within a given state, localities are grouped by counties, +which are listed in the same geographic sequence as were the states and +provinces (N to S and W to E). Within a given county, localities are arranged +from north to south. If two or more localities are at the same latitude the +westernmost is listed first. Marginal localities are listed in a separate paragraph +at the end of each account. The northernmost marginal locality is listed first +and the rest follow in clockwise order. Those records followed by a citation to +an authority are of specimens which I have not personally examined. Marginal +records are shown by dots on the range maps. Marginal records which cannot +be shown on the maps because of undue crowding are listed in Italic type.</p> + +<p>To persons in charge of the collections listed above I am deeply indebted. +Without their generous cooperation in allowing me to examine specimens in +their care this study would not have been possible. Appreciated suggestions +in the course of the work have been received from Professors Rollin H. Baker, +A. Byron Leonard, R. C. Moore, Robert W. Wilson, and H. B. Tordoff, and +many of my fellow students. Mr. Victor Hogg gave helpful suggestions on the +preparation of the illustrations. My wife, Muriel Findley, devoted many hours +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> +to secretarial work and typing of manuscript. Finally I am grateful to Professor +E. Raymond Hall for guidance in the study and for assistance in preparing the +manuscript. During the course of the study I received support from the +University of Kansas Endowment Association, from the Office of Naval Research, +and from the National Science Foundation.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2"><a name="NON-GEOGRAPHIC_VARIATION" id="NON-GEOGRAPHIC_VARIATION"></a> +NON-GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION</div> + +<p>Non-geographic variation, that is to say, variation within a single +population of shrews, consists of variation owing to age and normal +individual variation. In <i>Sorex</i> I have detected no significant secondary +sexual differences between males and females; accordingly +the two sexes are here considered together.</p> + +<p>Variation with age must be considered in order to assemble +comparable samples of these shrews. Increased age results in wear +on all teeth and in particularly striking changes in the size and shape +of the first incisors. Skulls of older shrews develop sagittal and +lambdoidal ridges, and further differ from skulls of young animals +in being slightly broader and shorter, and in developing thicker +bone, particularly on the rostrum which thus seems to be, but is +not always in fact, more robust. Pruitt has recently (1954) noted +these same cranial differences in specimens of <i>Sorex cinereus</i> of +different ages.</p> + +<p>Several students of American shrews, notably Pearson (1945) +on <i>Blarina</i>, Hamilton (1940) on <i>Sorex fumeus</i>, and Conaway (1952) +on <i>Sorex palustris</i>, have shown that young are born in spring and +summer, usually reach sexual maturity the following spring, and +rarely survive through, or even to, a second winter. The result is +that collections made, as most of them are, in spring and summer, +contain two age classes, first year and second year animals. These +two age classes are readily separable on the basis of differences in +the skull as well as on the decreased pubescence of the tail and the +increased weight of second year animals. My own examination of +hundreds of museum specimens confirms this for the <i>Sorex vagrans</i> +group. Separation of the two age classes in an August-taken series +of <i>Sorex vagrans</i> from coastal Washington is shown in <a href="#Fig_3">figure 3</a>, in +which two tooth-measurements that are dependent upon wear are +plotted against one another.</p> + +<p>First year animals are more abundant in collections than are +second year animals. Within the first year, that is to say from spring +to late fall, animals vary but little. Dental characters are best +studied in first year shews. For this reason I have used them as the +basis for the study of geographic variation, and descriptions are +based on first year animals unless otherwise noted.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2"><a name="CHARACTERS_OF_TAXONOMIC_WORTH" id="CHARACTERS_OF_TAXONOMIC_WORTH"></a> +CHARACTERS OF TAXONOMIC WORTH</div> + +<p>Within the <i>Sorex vagrans</i> complex, the only characters of taxonomic +significance that I have detected are in size and color. It is +true that cranial proportions, such as relative size of rostrum, may +change from population to population, but these proportions seem +to me to be dependent upon actual size of the individual shrew as +I shall elsewhere point out. Of the cranial measurements here +employed, palatal length and least interorbital breadth are the most +significant and useful. Color in the <i>S. vagrans</i> group seems to be +in Orange and Cadmium Yellow, colors 15 and 17 of Ridgway +(1912). No specimens actually possess these pure colors, but most +colors in these shrews are seen to be derived from the two mentioned +by admixture of black and/or neutral gray. In color designations +an increase in neutral gray is indicated by an increased number of +prime signs ( ´ ), whereas increase in black is indicated by progressive +characters of the Roman alphabet (<i>i</i>, <i>k</i>, <i>m</i>). Thus, 17´´<i>k</i> is grayer +than 17´<i>k</i> and 17´´<i>m</i> is blacker than 17´´<i>k</i>. In subspecific diagnoses in +this report, color and size, and sometimes relative size, are the +characters usually mentioned.</p> + +<div class="fig_center" style="width: 507px;"> +<a name="Fig_3" id="Fig_3"></a> +<img src="images/fig_3.png" width="507" height="353" alt="" title="" /> +<div class="fig_caption"><br /> + <span class="smcap">Fig. 3.</span> Two measurements (in millimeters) + reflecting tooth-wear plotted against one another. First year and second + year individuals of <i>Sorex vagrans vagrans</i>, all taken in August at + Willapa Bay, Washington, are completely separated. Open circles represent + teeth of second year shrews; solid circles represent teeth of first year + shrews.</div> +</div> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2"><a name="PELAGE_CHANGE" id="PELAGE_CHANGE"></a> +PELAGE CHANGE</div> + +<p>In general, winter pelage is darker than summer pelage in these +shrews. Winter pelage comes in first on the rump and spreads +caudad and ventrad. The growth line of incoming hair is easily +detected on the fur side of the skin. Throughout the winter the +color of the pelage changes, often becoming somewhat browner, +although no actual molt takes place. This was noted by Dalquest +(1944) who assumed that the color change resulted from molt +although he was unable to detect actual replacement of hairs. +Summer pelage usually comes in first on the back or head and moves +posteriorly and laterally. Time of molt depends on latitude and +altitude. Summer pelage may appear fairly late in the season and +may account for the anomalous midsummer molt noted by Dalquest. +Fresh pelages of summer and winter are best seen in first year +animals and are less variable than are worn pelages and hence are +used as the basis of color descriptions.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2"><a name="GEOGRAPHIC_DISTRIBUTION_AND_VARIATION" id="GEOGRAPHIC_DISTRIBUTION_AND_VARIATION"></a> +GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION</div> +<br /> + +<div class="caption3"><a name="Pacific_Coastal_Section" id="Pacific_Coastal_Section"></a> +Pacific Coastal Section</div> + +<p>The largest shrews of the <i>vagrans</i> group (large in all dimensions) +occur in the coastal forests of northern California and of Oregon. +Those shrews are reddish, large-skulled, large-toothed, and have +rostra that are large in proportion to the size of the skull as a whole. +The very largest of these shrews live along the coast of northwestern +California. To the southward they are somewhat smaller, and at successively +more northern localities, to as far as southwestern British +Columbia, they are likewise progressively smaller and also somewhat +less reddish. The relative size of the rostrum decreases with +the decrease in size of the skull; consequently smaller shrews have +relatively smaller rostra (see <a href="#Fig_4">fig. 4</a>). In addition the zygomatic +ridge of the squamosal decreases in relative size with decrease in +actual size of the skull. Thus, these features change in a clinal +fashion as one proceeds from, say, Humboldt County, California, +northward to Astoria, Oregon.</p> + +<p>Turning our attention now farther inland to the Cascade Mountains +of northern Oregon, the shrews there also are smaller and less +reddish (more brownish) than in northwestern California, and the +trend to smaller and darker shrews culminates in the northern +Cascades of Washington. Shrews from there, and from the southwestern +coast of British Columbia, compared with those from +northwestern California, are much smaller and have so great a suffusion +of black that they appear brown rather than red. At places +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> +along the coast successively farther north of southwestern British +Columbia the shrews become larger again, the largest individuals +being those from near Wrangell, Alaska. From that place northwesterly +along the coast of Alaska, size decreases again.</p> + +<div class="fig_center" style="width: 534px;"> +<a name="Fig_4" id="Fig_4"></a> +<img src="images/fig_4.png" width="534" height="334" alt="" title="" /> +<div class="fig_caption"><br /> + <span class="smcap">Fig. 4.</span> Condylobasal length (in millimeters) + plotted against palatal index (palatal length/condylobasal length × 100) + in several subspecies of <i>Sorex vagrans</i> to show relative increase + in size of rostrum with actual increase in size of skull. +</div> +</div> + +<p>The shrews so far discussed inhabit forests in a region of high +rainfall and a minimum of seasonal fluctuation in temperature. Such +a habitat seems to be the optimum for shrews of the <i>vagrans</i> group +since the largest individuals are found there. In addition, shrews +seem to be as common, or commoner, in this coastal belt, than they +are in other places.</p> + +<p>The large shrews of the <i>vagrans</i> group on the Pacific coast were +divided into three species by H. H. T. Jackson in his revision of the +North American <i>Sorex</i> in 1928. The large reddish shrews of the +coast of California and southern Oregon were called <i>S. pacificus</i>. +The somewhat smaller ones from the coast of central Oregon were +called <i>S. yaquinae</i>. Still smaller shrews from northwestern Oregon +and from the rest of the Pacific coast north into Alaska were called +<i>S. obscurus</i>. I find these kinds to intergrade continuously one with +the next in the manner described and conclude that all are of a +single species.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p> +<a name="Inland_Montane_Section" id="Inland_Montane_Section"></a> +<div class="caption3">Inland Montane Section</div> + +<p>Inland from the coasts of British Columbia and Alaska the size +of the <i>vagrans</i> shrew decreases rapidly. Specimens from western +Alaska, central Alaska, and the interior of British Columbia are +uniformly smaller than coastal specimens. In addition the red of +the hair is masked more by neutral gray than by black with the +result that the pelage is grayish rather than brownish or reddish. +Shrews of this general appearance are found southward through the +Rocky Mountain chain to Colorado and New Mexico. On the more +or less isolated mountain ranges of Montana east of the continental +divide the <i>vagrans</i> shrew is somewhat smaller still. On the Sacramento +Mountains of southeastern New Mexico the shrew is somewhat +larger and slightly darker. Southwestward from the Colorado +Rockies this shrew becomes smaller and slightly more reddish (less +grayish).</p> + +<p>All of these montane populations of the <i>vagrans</i> shrew are commonest +in hydrosere communities, that is to say, streamsides and +marshy areas where the predominant vegetation is grass, sedges, +willows, and alders. Since these animals are less common within +the montane forests, hydrosere communities, rather than the actual +forest, seem to be the positive feature important for the shrews.</p> + +<p>The shrews of the montane region just described were regarded +by Jackson as belonging to two species: <i>Sorex obscurus</i>, occupying +all the Rocky Mountains south to, and including, the Sacramento +Mountains; <i>S. vagrans</i>, made up of small individuals from various +places in Wyoming, Montana, and Colorado, and all the shrews of +western New Mexico and all of Arizona. My study of these animals +has led me to conclude that the smaller shrews of Arizona and New +Mexico intergrade in a clinal fashion with the shrews of Colorado +and in fact represent but one species. Since some individuals from +Colorado are as small as larger individuals from this southwestern +population of small animals, I conclude that such specimens are +the basis for reports of <i>S. vagrans</i> from Colorado. The shrews of +the Sacramento Mountains resemble those of the Colorado Rockies +more than they do the smaller shrews of western New Mexico and +Arizona, possibly because the climate is similar in the Sacramento +Mountains and the higher Colorado Rockies. There is less precipitation +in the more western mountain ranges in New Mexico and in +Arizona in April, May, and June than in the Colorado Rockies. +These months are critical for the reproduction and growth of shrews.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +As mentioned above, the shrews from east of the continental divide +in Montana are smaller than those of the other mountains of the +state, and it is upon such small animals that the name <i>Sorex vagrans</i> +has been based in this area. It is clear, however, that these smaller +animals intergrade with the larger shrews of the more western +mountains. The small size might be an adaptation to the lesser +precipitation and harsher continental climate east of the continental +divide in Montana.</p> + +<div class="caption3"><a name="Great_Basin_and_Columbia_Plateau_Section" id="Great_Basin_and_Columbia_Plateau_Section"></a> +Great Basin and Columbia Plateau Section</div> + +<p>The vagrant shrews of the Great Basin and adjoining Columbia +Plateau and Snake River Plains are smaller than their relatives in +the Rocky Mountains and, by virtue of less gray in their pelage, +are reddish in summer and blackish rather than grayish in winter. +There is little significant geographic variation in shrews throughout +this region, although owing to their restriction to the vicinity of +water, the populations of shrews are more or less isolated from one +another and each is somewhat different from the next. Those from +nearest the Rockies are sometimes slightly larger and those from +some places in Nevada are slightly paler than the average. This small +reddish shrew is found all the way to the Pacific coast of California, +Oregon, and Washington. In these coastal areas it is somewhat +darker and sometimes a trifle larger than elsewhere. It intergrades +with a somewhat larger, grayer shrew in the Sierra Nevada of +California. Along the Wasatch front in Utah, this Great Basin shrew +intergrades with the larger, grayer shrew of the Rockies. Owing +to the abrupt change in elevation, the zone of intergradation is +rather narrow horizontally. In the latitude of Salt Lake City, +populations of intergrades occur at between 8,700 and 9,000 feet +elevation. The lowland shrew occurs in the eastern part of the Snake +River Plains, and along the valleys of the Bear and Salt rivers into +Wyoming. Along the northern edge of the Snake River Plains and +on the western edge of the mountains of central Idaho the transition +from lowland to montane habitats is abrupt and in consequence the +zone of contact between small and large shrews is narrow. In +northern Idaho and northwestern Montana the transition from lowland +to highland is more gradual. Tributaries of the Columbia +River system, especially the Clark Fork, provide a path for movement +of lowland forms into intermontane basins of western Montana. +In addition, the vegetational zones are found at lower elevations, +and there are boreal forests in the lowlands rather than only in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> +the mountains as is the case in Utah and Colorado. In this area, +therefore, the zone of intergradation between the smaller lowland +shrew and the larger montane shrew is more gradual and gradually +intergrading populations are found over a relatively large area. +This has been well demonstrated for northwestern Montana by +Clothier (1950). In southern British Columbia and northern Washington +this shrew in the mountains is large and in the intermontane +valleys is small. There is extensive interdigitation of valleys and +mountain ranges, and, consequently, of life-zones in this region. +In a few places, recognizably distinct populations of the vagrant +shrew occur within a few miles of one another, but in other places +there are populations of intergrades. West of the Cascades no +evidence of intergradation has been found and the two kinds occur +almost side by side and maintain their distinctness.</p> + +<p>These Great Basin shrews dwell in hydrosere communities as do +their Rocky Mountain counterparts. In this arid region such a +habitat obviously is the only one habitable for a shrew of the <i>vagrans</i> +group. These shrews often maintain their predilection for such +habitats when they reach the Pacific coast, and are commonly found +in such places as coastal marshes, marshy meadows, and streamsides, +while the woodlands are inhabited by other species.</p> + +<p>These small shrews of the Great Basin and the small vagrant +shrews of the Pacific Coast were called <i>Sorex vagrans</i> by Jackson.</p> + +<div class="caption3"><a name="Summary_of_Geographic_Variation" id="Summary_of_Geographic_Variation"></a> +Summary of Geographic Variation</div> + +<p>Large reddish shrews of the coast of California and southwestern +Oregon become smaller and darker to the north. From southwestern +British Columbia they again become larger as one proceeds +northward along the coast to Wrangell, Alaska, and north of that +they again become smaller. Moving inland from the coast the +shrews become markedly smaller in Alaska and British Columbia. +The smaller inland and montane form occurs south through the +Rocky Mountains, becoming slightly smaller in central Montana, +slightly larger in southeastern New Mexico, and slightly smaller in +western New Mexico and in Arizona. This montane form intergrades +with a smaller more reddish Great Basin shrew, the zone of +intergradation roughly following the western slope of the Rocky +Mountains. The Great Basin shrew occurs westward to the Pacific +Coast; there the Great Basin shrew occurs with, although in part it +is ecologically separated from, the large reddish coastal shrews.</p> + +<p>There seems to be an intergrading chain of subspecies of one +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +species, the end members of which (the small Great Basin form +and the large coastal form) are so different in size and ecological +niche that they are able to coexist without interbreeding. In southern +British Columbia the morphological differences are not so +marked as farther south along the Pacific Coast. There, in British +Columbia, reproductive isolation is not complete and occasional +populations of intergrades occur. In Montana extensive intergradation +occurs in a broad zone of transitional habitat. Along the western +edge of the Rockies from Idaho south to Utah the zone of +transition from montane to basin habitat is sharp and the zone of +intergradation, although present, is fairly narrow, perhaps because +there is little intermediate habitat which logically might be expected +to be most suitable for intergrading populations.</p> + +<p>The oldest name applied to a shrew of the group under consideration +is <i>Sorex vagrans</i> Baird, 1858, the type locality of which is +Willapa Bay, Pacific County, Washington. The name applies to +the small vagrant shrew of this area, rather than to the larger forest +dweller which has been known as <i>Sorex obscurus</i>. The name <i>S. +vagrans</i>, in the specific sense, must therefore apply to all the shrews +discussed which have heretofore been known by the names <i>S. pacificus</i>, +<i>S. yaquinae</i>, <i>S. obscurus</i>, and <i>S. vagrans</i>.</p> + +<p>A situation such as the one here described where well differentiated +end members of a chain of subspecies overlap over an extensive +geographic range throughout the year without interbreeding—thus +reacting toward one another as do full species—so far as I know +has not previously been found to exist in mammals. The overlapping +end-members of the chain of subspecies of <i>Sorex vagrans</i> +really do coexist; specimens of the overlapping subspecies have +been taken together at the same localities from California to British +Columbia. I have taken a specimen of <i>S. v. vagrans</i> and several of +<i>S. v. setosus</i> in the same woodlot at Fort Lewis, Pierce County, +Washington. Two subspecies of deer, <i>Odocoileus hemionus</i>, in the +Sierra Nevada of California, occur together over a sizeable area but +for only a part of each year that does not include the breeding +season (Cowan, 1936:156-157). In the deer mouse, <i>Peromyscus +maniculatus</i>, the geographic ranges of several pairs of subspecies +meet at certain places without intergradation of the two kinds. In +these instances well marked ecological differences exist between the +subspecies involved. In western Washington, for example, the +geographic range of the lowland subspecies, <i>P. m. austerus</i>, interdigitates +to the east and west with the range of the montane and +coniferous forest-inhabiting subspecies, <i>P. m. oreas</i>, and the two +kinds have not been shown to intergrade. <i>Peromyscus maniculatus +artemesiae</i> and <i>P. m. osgoodi</i> come together without interbreeding +in Glacier National Park, Montana. <i>P. m. artemesiae</i> is almost entirely +a forest-dwelling subspecies, whereas <i>osgoodi</i> is an inhabitant +of open country. The two kinds do not actually occur together +ecologically although they occur together in buildings at the edge +of the woods (A. Murie, 1933:4-5).</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> + +<div class="fig_center" style="width: 404px;"> +<a name="Fig_5" id="Fig_5"></a> +<img src="images/fig_5.png" width="404" height="620" alt="" title="" /> +<div class="fig_caption"><br /> + <span class="smcap">Fig. 5.</span> Probable present geographic + distribution of <i>Sorex vagrans</i>. The range of <i>S. v. vagrans</i> + and its derivatives <i>S. v. vancouverensis</i>, <i>S. v. halicoetes</i>, + and <i>S. v. paludivagus</i>, is shown by lines slanting in a different + direction than those which mark the range of all the other subspecies of + <i>S. vagrans</i>. The region in which <i>S. v. vagrans</i> occurs + together with other subspecies of <i>S. vagrans</i> is shown by the + superposition of one pattern upon the other. +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> + +<p>Cases of sympatric existence of two subspecies of one species are +known in birds and in reptiles. Notable examples are in the gull, +<i>Larus argentatus</i> (Mayr, 1940), in the Old World warbler, <i>Phylloscopus +trochiloides</i> (Ticehurst, 1938), and in the great titmouse, +<i>Parus major</i> (Rensch, 1933), of the Old World. In the first species +the two end-members, the herring gull and the lesser black-backed +gull, occur together over an extensive region from northern Europe +and the British Isles throughout Fennoscandia. Fitch (1940) described +a rassenkreis with overlapping subspecies in the garter +snake <i>Thamnophis ordinoides</i>.</p> + +<p>The geographic distribution of the species <i>Sorex vagrans</i> is shown +in figure 5. The geographic range of the Great Basin subspecies +is shown by a different pattern of lines than the other subspecies of +<i>S. vagrans</i>. In the region in which the geographic range of the +Great Basin subspecies overlaps those of the subspecies of the +Pacific Coast, the pattern of shading for the Great Basin subspecies +is superimposed on the patterns for the other subspecies.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2"><a name="ORIGIN_OF_THE_SOREX_VAGRANS_RASSENKREIS" id="ORIGIN_OF_THE_SOREX_VAGRANS_RASSENKREIS"></a> +ORIGIN OF THE <i>SOREX VAGRANS</i> RASSENKREIS</div> + +<p>The distribution of the species <i>Sorex vagrans</i> and that of its immediate +ancestors obviously has not always been the same; during +glacial ages much of the present range of the species in Canada and +in some of the higher mountains of the United States was covered +with ice and not available to the shrew. Furthermore, large areas +that are now too hot and dry to permit the existence of<i> S. vagrans</i> +were at one time habitable. If we are to speculate on the manner +in which the <i>Sorex vagrans</i> rassenkreis originated we must inquire +into the nature and extent of these climatic changes.</p> + +<p>The most recent epoch of geological time, the Pleistocene, is +known to have been divided into a series of alternating glacial and +interglacial ages. During the glacial ages continental and montane +glaciers are judged to have covered much of Canada and the northern +United States. Concurrently the major storm tracks of the west +probably were shifted southward; in any event much of the now +arid intermontane west was much better watered than it is today. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> +The increased precipitation, and probably glacial meltwater, formed +large lakes in the closed basins of the Great Basin. There were +boreal forests at lower elevations than there are today in comparable +latitudes and continuous boreal habitat probably connected many +of the isolated mountain ranges of the southwest. That probability +is supported by the presence of boreal animals and plants on many +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +of these isolated ranges today. A boreal tree squirrel, such as +<i>Tamiasciurus</i>, could hardly be suspected of crossing a treeless, intermontane +desert valley, miles wide.</p> + +<div class="fig_center" style="width: 435px;"> +<a name="Fig_6" id="Fig_6"></a> +<img src="images/fig_6.png" width="435" height="523" alt="" title="" /> +<div class="fig_caption"><br /> + <span class="smcap">Figs</span>. 6<i>a</i>-6<i>f</i>. Fig. 6<i>a</i>. + <i>Sorex vagrans</i> pacificus, 1 mi. N Trinidad, Humboldt Co., + California, FC 1442. Fig. 6<i>b</i>. <i>S. v. yaquinae</i>, Newport, + Lincoln Co., Oregon, AW 707. Fig. 6<i>c</i>. <i>S. v. yaquinae</i> + (near <i>bairdi</i>), McKenzie Bridge, Lane Co., Oregon, AW 82. + Fig. 6<i>d</i>. <i>S. v. setosus</i>, Reflection Lake, Jefferson Co., + Washington, CMNH 4275. Fig. 6<i>e</i>. <i>S. v. obscurus</i>, 10 mi. SSW + Leadore, Lemhi Co., Idaho, FC 1499. Fig. 6<i>f</i>. <i>S. v. vagrans</i>, + Baker Creek, White Pine Co., Nevada, 88042 (after Hall, 1946:113). +</div> +</div> + +<p>Interglacial ages were characterized by warmth and aridity as +compared to the glacial ages. Glaciers retreated or disappeared, +boreal forests became montane in much of the United States, and +the lakes in the Great Basin were reduced or disappeared. One can +envision that during such times boreal mammals were isolated, +their geographic ranges were restricted, and Sonoran mammals expanded +their ranges.</p> + +<p>Evidence is more extensive concerning the number and extent of +glacial ages in the eastern than in the western part of North America. +This evidence suggests a division of the Pleistocene into four glacial +ages and four interglacial ages, the fourth interglacial age corresponding +to the present time. More information is available about +the Wisconsinan, or last, glacial age, than about the earlier ones, +because the last glaciation in many montane areas destroyed evidence +of earlier glaciations. The names of currently recognized +glacial and interglacial ages of the Pleistocene are listed below. The +names of interglacial ages are in Italic type.</p> + +<div class="center"> +Wisconsinan<br /> +<i>Sangamonian</i><br /> +Illinoian<br /> +<i>Yarmouthian</i><br /> +Kansan<br /> +<i>Aftonian</i><br /> +Nebraskan +</div> + +<p>We may think of these ages as an alternating series of cool moist +and warm dry periods during which boreal mammals, and other +organisms, alternately moved southward (disappearing in the glaciated +regions) and northward into previously glaciated areas (while +disappearing from southern areas except on isolated mountain +ranges). <i>Sorex vagrans</i> probably followed this pattern of movement +and now is restricted to forested or well-watered places.</p> + +<p>One possible series of events culminating in the formation of the +<i>Sorex vagrans</i> rassenkreis may be thought of as having begun during +the Illinoian age. With much of Canada, and perhaps also many +areas in the Rockies, Cascades, and the Sierra Nevada covered with +glacial ice, the shrew-stock ancestral to <i>Sorex vagrans</i> may well have +occupied a more or less continuous range over the Colorado Plateau, +the Columbian Plateau, the Great Basin, and in the forests of the +Pacific Coast (as well as over part of eastern United States, as will +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +be explained beyond; see <a href="#Fig_7">fig. 7</a>). At that time the species probably +was a continuously interbreeding unit.</p> + +<div class="fig_center" style="width: 550px;"> +<a name="Fig_7" id="Fig_7"></a> +<img src="images/fig_7.png" width="550" height="560" alt="" title="" /> +<div class="fig_caption"><br /> + <span class="smcap">Fig. 7.</span> Possible distribution in Illinoian + (inset) and Sangamonian times of the ancestor of the <i>Sorex</i> + <i>vagrans-ornatus-longirostris-veraepacis</i> complex. Approximate + southern boundary of Illinoian glaciation marked by heavy line. +</div> +</div> + +<p>In the ensuing Sangamonian interglacial age all glaciers retreated +or disappeared thereby opening up extensive areas in the north and +in the higher mountains which were occupied by a boreal fauna, +including <i>S. vagrans</i>. Concurrently the Great Basin, and probably +also much of the Columbian Plateau, became dry, and desert conditions +developed, perhaps much as they are today. Increasing +aridity eliminated shrew habitat in most places between the Rocky +Mountains and the Sierra Nevada-Cascade mountain chain with the +result that the geographic range of the species resembled an inverted +"U", one arm lying along the Rocky Mountains and the other along +the Cascade-Sierra Nevada axis; the connection between the two +arms was in British Columbia (see <a href="#Fig_7">fig. 7</a>). At present <i>Sorex vagrans</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +does occur in isolated places in the Great Basin, but its existence +there is tenuous and seemingly dependent upon the occurrence of +permanent water such as Ruby Lake and Reese River. With such +an arrangement as this it can readily be seen that gene flow between +the eastern and western arms of the "U" would be greatly reduced +by distance; consequently differentiation between the two might +be expected.</p> + +<div class="fig_center" style="width: 510px;"> +<a name="Fig_8" id="Fig_8"></a> +<img src="images/fig_8.png" width="510" height="576" alt="" title="" /> +<div class="fig_caption"><br /> + <span class="smcap">Fig. 8.</span> Possible distribution of <i>Sorex</i> + <i>vagrans</i> at two different times in the Wisconsinan Age. Left, early + Wisconsinan; right, mid-Wisconsinan. +</div> +</div> + +<p>Wisconsinan glaciation again rendered Canada uninhabitable, +and it is quite possible that extensive areas in the Rocky Mountains, +the Cascades and the Sierra Nevada were heavily glaciated. With +the elimination of the northern part of the "U", the eastern and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> +western arms became isolated, if not by the width of the Columbian +Plateau at least by the glaciated Cascade Mountains. At the same +time extensive areas on the Colorado Plateau and much of the area +south to the Mexican highlands were again occupied by the species. +Finally the Great Basin, again being well-watered, provided suitable +habitat for, and was reoccupied by, <i>Sorex vagrans</i> (see <a href="#Fig_8">fig. 8</a>). +This reoccupation of the Great Basin took place probably from +the Colorado Plateau and mountains of Arizona and Utah, since the +present day shrews of the species <i>S. vagrans</i> in the Great Basin +closely resemble Rocky Mountain shrews but differ markedly from +the large endemic subspecies of the Pacific Coast.</p> + +<p>Finally, with the waning of Wisconsinan ice, the species again +was able to occupy northern and montane areas as it had during +Sangamonian times. Again dessication of the Great Basin caused +drastic restriction of shrew habitat. The small, marsh-dwelling kind +of wandering shrew which had developed there around the lakes +of Wisconsinan time occupied suitable habitat all the way to the +Pacific coast where its range came into contact with that of the western +arm of the Sangamonian "U."-pattern of shrew distribution (see +<a href="#Fig_9">fig. 9</a>). The animals of this western segment and the new arrivals +from the east were by this time so different from one another that +the two kinds lived in the same areas without interbreeding. The +descendants of the original western arm now are known as <i>Sorex +vagrans sonomae</i>, <i>S. v. pacificus</i>, <i>S. v. yaquinae</i>, and <i>S. v. bairdi</i>. The +newcomers from the east are known as <i>S. v. vagrans</i>, <i>S. v. halicoetes</i>, +<i>S. v. paludivagus</i> and <i>S. v. vancouverensis</i>.</p> + +<p>In addition to occupying the Pacific Coast from San Francisco +Bay north to the Fraser Delta, the Great Basin subspecies populated +the Columbia Plateau and the western foothills of the central and +northern Rockies. By so doing that subspecies came into secondary +contact with its own parent stock with which it was still in reproductive +continuity in Utah. In some places in British Columbia differentiation +between the two kinds had proceeded to such an extent +that some reproductive isolation was effected, but in many other +places the two interbred. The Rocky Mountain form spread north +and west and occupied the Cascades and coastal lowlands in southwestern +British Columbia and in Washington. Here the differentiation +between the Rocky Mountain subspecies and the Great Basin +subspecies was great enough to cause complete reproductive isolation.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> + +<div class="fig_center" style="width: 389px;"> +<a name="Fig_9" id="Fig_9"></a> +<img src="images/fig_9.png" width="389" height="591" alt="" title="" /> +<div class="fig_caption"><br /> + <span class="smcap">Fig. 9.</span> Probable changes in the distribution + of <i>Sorex vagrans</i> concurrent with and following the dissipation + of Wisconsinan ice. Dark arrows in Washington, Idaho, Oregon, and + California, shows <i>S. v. vagrans</i>.</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span></p> + +<p>Deglaciation of the Sierra Nevada opened it up for reoccupation +from the east by <i>Sorex vagrans</i>s of the Great Basin. In response to +the montane environment the subspecies <i>obscuroides</i>, resembling +the subspecies <i>obscurus</i> of the Rockies, developed.</p> + +<p>Desiccation of the intermontane parts of New Mexico, Arizona, +and Chihuahua, left "marooned" populations of <i>Sorex vagrans</i> on +suitable mountain ranges. In this way <i>Sorex vagrans orizabae</i> may +have been isolated in southern Mexico. The isolated populations +of Arizona and New Mexico differentiated <i>in situ</i> into the subspecies +<i>monticola</i> and <i>neomexicanus</i>.</p> + +<p>Western Canada and Alaska were populated by shrews which +originated in the habitable parts of the Rocky Mountains and +Colorado Plateau during Wisconsinan time (as opposed to shrews +originating, as subspecies, in the Great Basin or on the Pacific +Coast). These shrews differentiated into the currently recognized +subspecies of the west coast and coastal islands of British Columbia +and Alaska in response to the different environments in these places, +many of which were isolated; the subspecies <i>isolatus</i>, <i>mixtus</i>, <i>setosus</i>, +<i>longicauda</i>, <i>elassodon</i>, <i>prevostensis</i>, <i>malitiosus</i>, and <i>alaskensis</i> are +thought to have originated in this fashion after the areas now occupied +by them were freed of Wisconsinan ice.</p> + +<p>This group of shrews from the Rocky Mountains probably came +into contact with the Pacific coastal segment of the species somewhere +in northwestern Oregon. The clinal decrease in size from +<i>S. v. pacificus</i> to <i>S. v. setosus</i> seems steepest in this area. Upon the +establishment of this contact reproductive continuity was resumed, +probably because the temporal separation of the two stocks involved +was not so great as, say, that between <i>S. v. vagrans</i> and <i>S. v. +pacificus</i>, and in addition the morphological differentiation was not +so great.</p> + +<p>On the eastern side of the Rockies the montane stock moved +northeastward, occupying suitable territory opened up by the dissolution +of the Laurentide ice sheet. Still later changes in the +character of the northern plains owing to desiccation divided the +range of the species and isolated <i>S. v. soperi</i> in Manitoba and central +Saskatchewan and a population of <i>S. v. obscurus</i>, in the Cypress +Hills. A number of semi-isolated stocks in central Montana became +differentiated as a recognizable subspecies there.</p> + +<p>A number of other boreal mammals have geographic ranges +which resemble that of <i>Sorex vagrans</i>, except that the geographic +ranges of subspecies do not overlap. Because of the general similarities +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +of these geographic ranges, it is pertinent to examine the +reasons suggested by students to account for the present geographic +distributions of some of these other boreal species.</p> + +<p>The red squirrel genus, <i>Tamiasciurus</i>, has a Rocky Mountain (and +northern coniferous forest) species, <i>T. hudsonicus</i>, that occurs all +along the Rocky Mountain chain and northward into Alaska. In the +Cascade Mountains of Washington and British Columbia this +species meets the range of a well marked western species, <i>T. douglasii</i>, +with no evidence of intergradation. Dalquest (1948:86) +attributes the divergence of the two species to separation in a +glacial age but feels that the degree of difference between the two +is too great to have all taken place during the Wisconsinan. Perhaps +he has overemphasized the importance of the differences between +the two, but, be that as it may, it seems that the two kinds differentiated +during a glacial age when they were isolated, perhaps by ice +on the Cascades into a coastal population and an inland population. +One difference between the distribution of the red squirrels and +vagrant shrew is that the squirrel of the Sierra Nevada is the species +of the Pacific Coast, whereas the vagrant shrew of the Sierra Nevada +was derived from the Great Basin population, which in turn was +derived from the Rocky Mountain kind. Red squirrels do not occur +on any of the boreal montane "islands" of Nevada. During the +pluvial periods when hydrosere-loving shrews populated the Great +Basin, that region may have been a treeless grassland. Vagrant +shrews, then as now, probably depended on hydrosere communities, +while red squirrels required trees. Therefore the shrews were able +to traverse the Great Basin, while the Sierran red squirrels were of +necessity derived from the coastal population.</p> + +<p>The ecological requirements of jumping mice, genus <i>Zapus</i>, and +the subspecies of <i>Sorex vagrans</i> that dwell in hydroseres are essentially +similar. The species <i>Zapus princeps</i> lives in the Rocky +Mountains, the Great Basin, the Sierra Nevada, and north to Yukon +(Krutzsch, 1954:395). Its geographic range is similar to that of +the montane and basin segments of <i>S. vagrans</i>. The species <i>Z. trinotatus</i> +occurs along the Pacific coast and in the Cascades north to +southwestern British Columbia. Its distribution thus coincides in +general with that of the large red coastal subspecies of <i>S. vagrans</i>. +Krutzsch (1954:368-369) thought that these two kinds of jumping +mice were first separated by the formation of the Cascade Mountains +and the Sierra Nevada and finally by Pleistocene glaciation. +The Sierran jumping mouse (<i>Zapus princeps</i>), as is the Sierran +vagrant shrew, is more closely related to the jumping mouse of the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> +Great Basin and of the Rocky Mountains than it is to the jumping +mouse (<i>Z. trinotatus</i>) of the Pacific Coast, just as the Sierran vagrant +shrew is related to the shrew of the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains. +The jumping mouse also is limited in its distribution by +hydrosere communities, not by forests.</p> + +<p>In western North America there are two species of water or marsh +shrews: <i>Sorex palustris</i> and <i>S. bendiri</i>. They have been placed in +separate subgenera, but, as pointed out beyond, are closely related +and here are placed in the same subgenus. The species <i>palustris</i> +is found throughout the Rocky Mountains, north into Alaska, across +the Great Basin into the Sierra Nevada, and west to the Pacific +coast in Washington. The species <i>bendiri</i> is found from northwestern +California north along the Pacific coast to southwestern British +Columbia and east to the Cascades. Where the ranges of the two +species overlap in western Washington they do not interbreed so far +as is known, and are somewhat different in their ecology, <i>bendiri</i> +being a lowland, and <i>palustris</i> being a montane, species. The two +species probably were separated in a glacial period as seems to have +been the case with the wandering shrews. Also, the water shrew of +the Sierra Nevada is derived from that of the Great Basin and Rocky +Mountains. <i>Sorex palustris</i> is tied closely in its distribution to hydrosere +communities and is not dependent upon the presence of forests.</p> + +<p>Red-backed mice, genus <i>Clethrionomys</i>, occur throughout the +Rocky Mountains and west to the Cascades in Washington as the +species <i>C. gapperi</i>. The species <i>C. californicus</i> is found along the +Pacific Coast from California north to the Olympic Peninsula. Where +the ranges of the two species meet in Washington they seem not to +intergrade. In some glacial interval these two species may have +evolved in the same manner as has been described for the species of +<i>Zapus</i> and those of <i>Tamiasciurus</i>. No <i>Clethrionomys</i> are found in +the Sierra Nevada, nor are red-backed mice found in the boreal +islands of the Great Basin. It is not known why <i>Clethrionomys +californicus</i> does not occur in the Sierra Nevada. Some boreal birds +have distributional patterns similar to those of the mammalian +examples cited above. One kind of sapsucker, <i>Sphyrapicus varius +nuchalis</i>, occurs in the Rocky Mountains north into British Columbia +and west to the Cascades and Sierra Nevada. A related kind, <i>S. +varius ruber</i>, occurs along the Pacific Coast from California north +into British Columbia. Recently Howell (1952) has shown that +some intergradation takes place between <i>ruber</i> and <i>nuchalis</i> in +Washington and British Columbia, although they do not intergrade +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> +freely. Previously the two kinds were thought not to intergrade +and were regarded as two species. The two kinds intergrade also +in northeastern California, although in that state <i>S. v. daggeti</i>, rather +than <i>S. v. ruber</i>, is involved in the intergradation. Howell considered +the two kinds to be conspecific with one another as well as with the +eastern <i>S. varius</i>. He attributed a measure of the distinctness of +<i>nuchalis</i> and <i>ruber</i> to their separation during a glacial period, but +felt that the separation was much older than Wisconsinan. Whatever +the time of separation, the pattern seems clear: <i>nuchalis</i> and +<i>ruber</i> (as well as <i>varius</i>) were separated into montane, coastal, and +eastern segments respectively, probably by glaciation (it seems to +me in the Pleistocene), and have since re-established contact with +one another.</p> + +<p>The grouse genus <i>Dendrogapus</i> is divided into a Great Basin +species, <i>D. obscurus</i>, which extends northward into British Columbia, +and a Rocky Mountain species, <i>D. fuliginosus</i>, that is found +in the Sierra Nevada and northward along the coast and Cascades +into British Columbia. Although the two kinds have at times been +considered conspecific, they differ in voice, hooting mechanism, +and characters of the downy young, and so far no actual +intergradation between the two has been shown (Grinnell and +Miller, 1944:113). These grouse thus seem to offer additional evidence +for a Pleistocene, possibly Wisconsinan, separation of the +boreal fauna into a Rocky Mountain and a Pacific coastal segment.</p> + +<p>A notable sidelight on these data is the frequency with which +species in the Sierra Nevada have their closest relatives in the Rocky +Mountains, rather than in the geographically nearer Cascades or +coastal areas. This similarity in fauna of the Sierra Nevada and the +Rockies was noted long ago by Merriam (1899:86).</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2"><a name="RELATIONSHIPS_WITH_OTHER_SPECIES" id="RELATIONSHIPS_WITH_OTHER_SPECIES"></a> +RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER SPECIES</div> + +<p>During the Sangamonian interval, isolated segments of the once +widespread ancestral <i>Sorex vagrans</i> quite possibly persisted in such +places as the Sierra Nevada, coastal southern California, the mountains +of Arizona, New Mexico, and southern Mexico, and in the +Black Hills (see <a href="#Fig_6">fig. 6</a>). One might expect that by Wisconsinan +time these populations would have become reproductively isolated +from their parent stock. They would therefore have remained +specifically distinct when Wisconsinan <i>Sorex vagrans</i>, reoccupied +these outlying areas, and may still be found isolated in places +peripheral to the range of the ancestral species.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> + +<div class="fig_center" style="width: 485px;"> +<a name="Fig_10" id="Fig_10"></a> +<img src="images/fig_10.png" width="485" height="470" alt="" title="" /> +<div class="fig_caption"><br /> + <span class="smcap">Fig. 10.</span> Probable distribution of <i>S.</i> + <i>veraepacis</i>, <i>S. longirostris</i>, and the <i>S. ornatus</i> group + (stipple) and of their Wisconsinan ancestors (lines). Heavy line + indicates limits of Wisconsinan glaciation. +</div> +</div> + +<p>In fact, we do find species closely related to <i>Sorex vagrans</i> in just +such places today (<a href="#Fig_10">fig. 10</a>). Probably <i>Sorex ornatus</i>, including +members of the <i>ornatus</i> group such as <i>S. trigonirostris</i>, <i>S. sinuosus</i>, +<i>S. willeti</i>, <i>S. tenellus</i>, and <i>S. nanus</i>, and also <i>S. veraepacis</i>, arose by +separation from the ancestral <i>vagrans</i> stock in Sangamonian time. +Probably the eastern <i>S. longirostris</i> arose in a like manner. The +ancestor of <i>S. ornatus</i> may have been isolated in southwestern California +during Sangamonian time, spread north and south during the +Wisconsinan age, and afterward given rise to <i>S. trigonirostris</i> and +the modern <i>S. ornatus</i> complex of California and Baja California. +In at least one place reproductive isolation between <i>ornatus</i> and the +invading <i>S. vagrans</i> has broken down (Rudd, 1953); the place is a +salt marsh along San Pablo Bay, where a hybrid population between +<i>S. vagrans</i> and <i>S. sinuosus</i>, an <i>ornatus</i> derivative, has formed. <i>Sorex +tenellus</i> may have been isolated in the Sierra Nevada in the Sangamonian +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +interval, moved into the valleys east of the mountains during +the Wisconsinan age, and become restricted to its present range +since the retreat of the last ice. <i>Sorex nanus</i> may have occurred in +the Black Hills and isolated mountains of Arizona and New Mexico +during the Sangamonian interval and remained in these general +areas during the Wisconsinan age. Its present range is peripheral +to the main body of the Rockies and the Colorado Plateau.</p> + +<p>The eastern species <i>Sorex longirostris</i> has many similarities with +shrews of the <i>ornatus-vagrans</i> stock. <i>S. l. longirostris</i> is close in +many ways to <i>S. nanus</i>. Indeed, the differences between the species +<i>S. nanus</i>, <i>S. ornatus</i>, and <i>S. longirostris</i> seem to me to be of the +same magnitude and indicate a similar period of differentiation from +a common ancestor. The ancestor of <i>S. longirostris</i> may have gained +access to the eastern United States in the Illinoian Age <i>via</i> the northern +Great Plains south of the glacial boundary (<a href="#Fig_7">fig. 7</a>). The ancestor +of <i>Sorex veraepacis</i> of southern Mexico probably reached that +area in Illinoian time as part of the ancestral <i>vagrans</i> stock and probably +attained its differentiation during the Sangamonian interval.</p> + +<p>All the kinds of shrews so far discussed, including the <i>S. vagrans</i> +complex, might thus be thought of as having had a common ancestor +in the Illinoian Age. This entire group of shrews has the third unicuspid +smaller than the fourth, a pigmented ridge from the apex to +the cingulum of each upper unicuspid, and, in most individuals, +lacks a post-mandibular foramen in the lower jaw (Findley, 1953:636-637). +The pigment is not always prominent in <i>S. longirostris</i>.</p> + +<p>Two other species of North American shrews,<i> Sorex palustris</i>, the +water shrew, and <i>Sorex bendiri</i>, the marsh shrew, show these three +characters to a greater or lesser degree, and it seems that these two +species and the <i>vagrans-ornatus-veraepacis</i> group had a common +ancestor, probably before Illinoian time for reasons stated beyond. +I judge, however, that far from being subgenerically distinct as they +have been considered to be, <i>S. palustris</i> and <i>S. bendiri</i> are actually +closely related species of the same subgenus and may have differentiated +from one another because of separation into eastern (<i>palustris</i>) +and western (<i>bendiri</i>) segments in the Sangamonian interval, +much as has been postulated concerning the eastern and western +stocks of <i>Sorex vagrans</i>. Indeed, Jackson (1928:192) has noted that +in the Pacific northwest the characters of the two kinds approach +one another and become differences of degree only.</p> + +<p>The widespread species <i>Sorex cinereus</i> resembles all the foregoing +species in the ridges on the unicuspid teeth and in the lack of a +post-mandibular foramen, but differs from those other species in +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +having the third upper unicuspid larger than the fourth. The subspecies +<i>S. cinereus ohionensis</i>, however, often has the sizes of these teeth +reversed. With <i>S. cinereus</i> I include <i>S. preblei</i> (eastern Oregon) and +<i>S. lyelli</i> (Sierra Nevada), both obviously closely related to +<i>cinereus</i> as Jackson (1928:37) recognized when he included them in the +<i>cinereus</i> group. <i>Sorex milleri</i> (Coahuila and central western Nuevo +Leon) seems to me to resemble <i>S. cinereus</i> more than it does other +species of North American <i>Sorex</i>, and I judge that it also belongs to +the <i>cinereus</i> group. <i>Sorex cinereus</i> and its close relatives seem more +closely related to the species which have thus far been discussed than +they do to such other North American species as <i>S. arcticus</i>, <i>S. +fumeus</i>, <i>S. trowbridgii</i>, <i>S. merriami</i>, and the members of the <i>S. +saussurei</i> group; most of these five species last mentioned possess a +post-mandibular foramen, lack pigmented unicuspid ridges, and have the +third unicuspid larger than the fourth. Because of the morphological +resemblances mentioned above, it seems likely to me that <i>S. cinereus</i> +and the <i>vagrans-ornatus-veraepacis-palustris</i> complex had a common +ancestor in early Pleistocene time. <i>Sorex cinereus</i> has recently been +considered to be conspecific with the Old World <i>S. caecutiens</i> Laxmann +(Van den Brink, 1953) which name, being the older, would apply to the +circumpolar species.</p> + +<p>Hibbard (1944:719) recovered <i>S. cinereus</i> and a species of +<i>Neosorex</i> (a name formerly applied to the water shrew) from the +Pleistocene (late Kansan) Cudahy Fauna. This indicates that the +ancestors of the modern <i>S. cinereus</i> and of the water shrew had +diverged from one another before that time. Brown (1908:172) +recorded <i>S. cinereus</i> and <i>S. obscurus</i> from the Conard Fissure in +Arkansas. These materials were deposited probably at a later +time than was the Cudahy Fauna. The <i>S. obscurus</i> from Conard +Fissure probably represents the ancestral <i>S. vagrans</i> stock which I +think reached eastern United States in Illinoian time and gave rise +to <i>S. longirostris</i>. The Conard Fissure material was deposited at a +time (Illinoian?) when northern faunas extended farther south than +they do today.</p> + +<p>All of the species mentioned as having structural characters in +common with <i>S. vagrans</i> seem to have arisen from a common ancestor +which had already differentiated from the ancestor of such +species as <i>S. arcticus</i>, <i>S. saussurei</i>, and others. Consequently all +are here included in a single subgenus. The oldest generic name +applied to a shrew of this group, other than the name <i>Sorex</i>, is +<i>Otisorex</i> DeKay, 1842, type species <i>Otisorex platyrhinus</i> DeKay, a +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> +synonym of <i>Sorex cinereus</i>. The subgenus can be characterized as +follows.</p> + +<div class="caption3">Subgenus <b>Otisorex</b> DeKay</div> + +<div class="species">1842. <i>Otisorex</i> DeKay, Zoology of New York, pt. 1, Mammalia, p. 22, +and pl. 5, fig. 1. Type, <i>Otisorex platyrhinus</i> DeKay (= <i>Sorex +cinereus</i> Kerr).</div> + +<p>Third unicuspid usually smaller than fourth; upper unicuspids +usually with pigmented ridge extending from apices medially to +cingula, uninterrupted by antero-posterior groove; post-mandibular +foramen usually absent. Includes the species <i>S. cinereus</i>, +<i>S. longirostris</i>, <i>S. vagrans</i>, <i>S. ornatus</i>, <i>S. +tenellus</i>, <i>S. trigonirostris</i>, <i>S. nanus</i>, <i>S. juncensis</i>, +<i>S. willeti</i>, <i>S. sinuosus</i>, <i>S. veraepacis</i>, <i>S. +palustris</i>, <i>S. bendiri</i>, <i>S. alaskanus</i>, and <i>S. +pribilofensis</i>.</p> + +<div class="fig_center" style="width: 442px;"> +<a name="Fig_11_to_14" id="Fig_11_to_14"></a> +<img src="images/fig_11_14.png" width="442" height="492" alt="" title="" /> +<div class="fig_caption"><br /> + <table summary="subgenera teeth"> + <tr> + <td class="smcap ws_nowrap">Figs. 11-14.</td> + <td>Characters of the subgenera <i>Sorex</i> and <i>Otisorex</i>.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td colspan="2"> </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="smcap vtop">Fig. 11.</td> + <td>Medial view of right ramus of <i>Sorex (Otisorex) vagrans</i>. × 14.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="smcap vtop">Fig. 12.</td> + <td>Medial view of right ramus of <i>Sorex (Sorex) arcticus</i>. × 14.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="smcap vtop">Fig. 13.</td> + <td>Anterior view of left second upper unicuspid of <i>Sorex (Otisorex)</i> + <i>vagrans</i>. × 45.</td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="smcap vtop">Fig. 14.</td> + <td>Anterior view of left second upper unicuspid of <i>Sorex (Sorex)</i> + <i>arcticus</i>. × 45.</td> + </tr> + </table> +</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> + +<p>Other species of <i>Sorex</i> now occurring in North America differ from +<i>Otisorex</i> in having the 3rd unicuspid usually larger than 4th, in lacking +a pigmented ridge from the apices to the cingula of the upper +unicuspids, and in usually possessing a well-developed post-mandibular +foramen. Exceptions to the last mentioned character are +<i>S. fumeus</i> and <i>S. dispar</i>. The subgenus <i>Sorex</i> in North America +should include only the following species: <i>S. jacksoni</i>, <i>S. tundrensis</i>, +<i>S. arcticus</i>, <i>S. gaspensis</i>, <i>S. dispar</i>, <i>S. fumeus</i>, <i>S. trowbridgii</i>, <i>S. +merriami</i>, and all the members of the Mexican <i>S. saussurei</i> group.</p> + +<p>The subgenera <i>Otisorex</i> and <i>Sorex</i> probably separated in early +Pleistocene or late Pliocene. <i>Sorex</i> is unknown in North America +earlier than the late Pliocene (Simpson, 1945:51).</p> + +<p>In the genus <i>Microsorex</i> the characters of the subgenus <i>Otisorex</i> +are carried to an extreme; the unicuspid ridges are prominent and +end in distinct cusplets, and the 3rd unicuspid is not merely smaller +than the 4th, but is reduced almost to the vanishing point. In addition, +the post-mandibular foramen is absent. Although it is closer +structurally to <i>Otisorex</i> than to <i>Sorex</i>, the recognition of <i>Microsorex</i> +as a distinct genus seems warranted.</p> + +<p><a href="#Fig_15">Figure 15</a> is intended to represent graphically some of the relationships +discussed above. It must be re-emphasized that much of +it is purely speculative, especially as regards actual time when +various separations took place. It will be noted that I have indicated +most separations as having taken place in interglacial ages. +They are generally regarded as periods of warmth and aridity and, +therefore, probably are times of segmentation of the ranges of boreal +mammals and hence times exceptionally favorable to the process of +speciation. Glacial ages, characterized by extensive and continuous +areas of boreal habitat, probably were times of relatively unrestricted +gene flow between many populations of boreal mammals +and hence not favorable to rapid speciation.</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans</b></div> + +<div class="caption3">Wandering Shrew</div> + +<p>The size of the wandering shrew varies from small in the subspecies +<i>monticola</i> and <i>vagrans</i> to large in the subspecies <i>pacificus</i>. The tail +makes up from a little more than a third to almost half of the total +length. The color pattern ranges from tricolored through bicolored +to almost monocolored. Color ranges from reddish (Sayal or Snuff +Brown) to grayish in summer pelage and from black to light gray +in winter. Diagnostic dental characters include: 3rd upper unicuspid +smaller than 4th, and unicuspids, except 5th, with a pigmented ridge +extending from near apex of each tooth medially to cingulum and +sometimes ending as internal cusplet. <i>S. vagrans</i> differs from members +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> +of the <i>ornatus</i> group in less flattened skull, and in more ventrally +situated foramen magnum that encroaches more on the basioccipital +and less on the supraoccipital. The wandering shrew differs +from <i>S. trowbridgii</i> and <i>S. saussurei</i> in the dental characters +mentioned above. These dental characters also serve to distinguish +<i>S. vagrans</i> readily from <i>S. cinereus</i>, <i>S. merriami</i>, and <i>S. arcticus</i> +which may occur with <i>vagrans</i>. The large marsh shrew and water +shrew, <i>S. palustris</i> and <i>S. bendiri</i>, can be distinguished at a glance +from <i>S. vagrans</i> by larger size and darker color.</p> + +<div class="fig_center" style="width: 489px;"> +<a name="Fig_15" id="Fig_15"></a> +<img src="images/fig_15.png" width="489" height="359" alt="" title="" /> +<div class="fig_caption"><br /> + <span class="smcap">Fig. 15.</span> Diagrammatic representation of the + probable phylogeny of <i>Sorex vagrans</i> and its near relatives.</div> +</div> + +<p>In the following treatment of the 29 subspecies of <i>Sorex vagrans</i>, +the subspecies are arranged in geographic sequence, beginning with +the southernmost large subspecies on the California coast and proceeding +clockwise, north, east, south, and then west back to the +starting point.</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans sonomae</b> Jackson</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex pacificus sonomae</i> Jackson, Jour. Mamm., 2:162, August 19, 1921.</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult female, skin and skull; No. 19658, Mus. Vert. Zool.; obtained +on July 2, 1913, by Alfred C. Shelton, from Gualala, on the Sonoma County +side of the Gualala River, Sonoma Co., California.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Coastal California from Point Reyes north to Point Arena.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size large; average and extreme measurements of 3 topotypes +are: total length, 141.7 (141-143); tail, 59 (54-63); hind foot, 17 (17-17). +Color reddish in summer, somewhat grayer in winter.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p> + +<div class="fig_right" style="width: 413px;"> +<a name="Fig_16" id="Fig_16"></a> +<img src="images/fig_16.png" width="413" height="619" alt="" title="" /> +<div class="fig_caption"><br /> + <span class="smcap">Fig. 16.</span> Probable geographic ranges of 16 + subspecies of <i>Sorex vagrans</i>.<br /> +<br /> +<table summary="Subspecies of Sorex vagrans"> +<tr> +<td align="left">Guide to subspecies<br /> + 1. <i>S. v. shumaginensis</i><br /> + 2. <i>S. v. obscurus</i><br /> + 3. <i>S. v. alascensis</i><br /> + 4. <i>S. v. soperi</i><br /> + 5. <i>S. v. isolatus</i></td> +<td align="left"> 6. <i>S. v. setosus</i><br /> + 7. <i>S. v. bairdi</i><br /> + 8. <i>S. v. permiliensis</i><br /> + 9. <i>S. v. yaquinae</i><br /> + 10. <i>S. v. pacificus</i><br /> + 11. <i>S. v. sonomae</i></td> +<td class="vtop" align="left"> + 12. <i>S. v. longiquus</i><br /> + 13. <i>S. v. parvidens</i><br /> + 14. <i>S. v. monticola</i><br /> + 15. <i>S. v. neomexicanus</i><br /> + 16. <i>S. v. orizabae</i></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span></p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—Differs from <i>S. v. pacificus</i>, with which it intergrades to the +north, in average smaller size and somewhat darker color; differs from the +sympatric <i>S. v. vagrans</i> in much larger size and more reddish color in both +summer and winter.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—This subspecies inhabits the Transition Life-zone below 300 feet, +and occurs on moist ground in forests and beneath dense vegetation.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal records.</i>—<span class="smcap">California</span>: Point Arena (Grinnell, 1933:82); Monte +Rio (Jackson, 1928:144); Inverness (Grinnell, 1933:82).</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans pacificus</b> Coues</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex pacificus</i> Coues, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., 3 (3):650, +May 15, 1877.</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex pacificus pacificus</i>, Jackson, Jour. Mamm., 2:162, August 19, 1921.</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult, sex unknown, skin and skull; No. 3266 U. S. Nat. Mus.; date +of capture unknown; received from E. P. Vollum and catalogued on March 8, +1858; obtained at Ft. Umpqua, mouth of Umpqua River, Douglas Co., Oregon.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Coast of California and Oregon from Mendocino north to Gardiner.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size large, largest of the species; average and extreme measurements +of 8 specimens from Orick, Humboldt Co., California, are: total length, +143.1 (134-154); tail, 65.5 (59-72); hind foot, 17.5 (16-19). Color reddish +in summer, browner or grayer in winter.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—See account of <i>S. v. sonomae</i> for comparison with that subspecies; +averaging larger in all dimensions than <i>S. v. yaquinae</i> with which it +intergrades to the north; much larger and has more reddish than the sympatric +<i>S. v. vagrans</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—This subspecies occurs in the Canadian and Transition life-zones +below 1500 ft. where there is found moist ground in or adjacent to heavy +forests.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 76.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oregon</span>: <i>Douglas Co.</i>: Umpqua, 1 BS. <i>Coos Co.</i>: Marshfield, 1 BS; +Myrtle Point, 1 BS. <i>Josephine Co.</i>: Bolan Lake, 1 SGJ.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">California</span>: <i>Del Norte Co.</i>: Smith River, 2 BS; Gasquet, 4 BS; Crescent +City, 17 BS. <i>Humboldt Co.</i>: Orick, 13 BS; 1 mi. N Trinidad, 18 FC; Trinidad +Head, 1 BS; Carson's Camp, Mad River, Humboldt Bay, 5 BS; Arcata, 3 BS; +Cape Mendocino, 2 BS; 5 mi. S Dyerville, 1 BS. <i>Mendocino Co.</i>: Mendocino, +6 BS.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal Records.</i>—<span class="smcap">Oregon</span>: Marshfield; Umpqua. <span class="smcap">California</span>: Gasquet; +5 mi. S Dyerville; Mendocino, thence up coast to point of beginning.</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans yaquinae</b> Jackson</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex yaquinae</i> Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 31:127, November +29, 1918.</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex pacificus yaquinae</i>, V. Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 55:364, August 29, +1936.</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult female, skin and skull; No. 73051 U. S. Biol. Surv. Coll., +obtained on July 18, 1895, by B. J. Bretherton, from Yaquina Bay, Lincoln Co., +Oregon.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size large for the species; average and extreme external measurements +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +of 11 specimens from Oakridge, Lane Co., Oregon, are: total length, +125.3 (11-136); tail, 55.1 (49-61); hind foot, 14.9 (14-16). Color reddish in +summer, browner or grayer in winter.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—See account of <i>S. v. pacificus</i> for comparison with that +subspecies. Larger and more reddish than <i>S. v. bairdi</i> with which it intergrades +to the north and east. Much larger and more reddish than the sympatric +<i>S. v. vagrans</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—The name <i>yaquinae</i> actually applies to a population of intergrades +between <i>pacificus</i> and <i>bairdi</i>. There is much variation over the range +of the subspecies, and individuals from the western and southern parts are +larger than those from the west slope of the Cascades. Specimens from Vida +and McKenzie Bridge are smaller than those from Mapleton, Mercer, and the +type locality but still seem closer to <i>yaquinae</i> than to topotypes of <i>bairdi</i>. +Between Marshfield and Umpqua on the one hand, and the Columbia River +and the Cascade Mountains on the other, the size of <i>Sorex vagrans</i> decreases +quite rapidly from the large<i> pacificus</i> to the smaller <i>permiliensis</i>. Size decreases +less rapidly northward along the coast than it does eastward toward the mountains; +consequently, at any given latitude, coastal shrews are larger than +mountain shrews. In this area of rapid change in size it is difficult to draw +subspecific boundaries between <i>pacificus</i>, <i>yaquinae</i>, and <i>bairdi</i>, and this must +be done somewhat arbitrarily.</p> + +<p>Jackson (1928:141) remarked upon the possibility that intergradation +between <i>pacificus</i> and <i>yaquinae</i> took place. He noted also the close resemblance +between <i>yaquinae</i> and <i>bairdi</i>, and stated (<i>loc. cit.</i>) that specific affinity between +the two might be demonstrated with more specimens. He had a series +of eight specimens from Vida, Oregon, seven of which he assigned to <i>S. o. bairdi</i> +and one to <i>yaquinae</i>. I have examined these specimens and find no more +variation between the largest and the smallest than would be expected in any +normally variable series of shrews. Vernon Bailey (1936:364) arranged +<i>yaquinae</i> as a subspecies of <i>pacificus</i> without giving his reasons for so doing.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 65. <span class="smcap">Oregon</span>: <i>Lincoln Co.</i>: type locality, +2 AW. <i>Benton Co.</i>: Philomath, 2 BS. <i>Lane Co.</i>: Mable, 1 OU; Vida, +4 BS, 1 OSC, 3 OU; McKenzie Bridge, 8 OSC, 3 AW, 17 OU, 2 SGJ; Mercer, +1 OSC, 1 OU; Mapleton, 3 BS; Oakridge, 11 OU. <i>Douglas Co.</i>: Gardiner, +2 BS; Elkhead, 1 BS. <i>Klamath Co.</i>: Crescent Lake, 3 OU.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal Records.</i>—<span class="smcap">Oregon</span>: Yaquina Bay; <i>Philomath</i>; McKenzie Bridge; +Prospect (Jackson, 1928:140); Crescent Lake; Gardiner.</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans bairdi</b> Merriam</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex bairdi</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:77, December 31, 1895.</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex obscurus bairdi</i>, Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 31:127, November +29, 1918.</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult female, skin and skull; No. 17414/24318, U. S. Biol. Surv. +Coll.; obtained on August 2, 1889, by T. S. Palmer, from Astoria, Clatsop Co., +Oregon.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Northwestern Oregon, south to Otis and east to Portland.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium for the species; average and extreme external +measurements of 6 specimens from the type locality are: total length, 126.3 +(124-130); tail, 55.0 (52-57); hind foot, 15.0 (14-15). Color Fuscous to Sepia +in summer, darker in winter, underparts buffy.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> +<i>Comparisons.</i>—For comparisons with <i>yaquinae</i> see account of that subspecies. +More reddish and larger than <i>permiliensis</i> with which <i>bairdi</i> intergrades to the +east; specimens from Portland show evidence of such intergradation. Some +specimens from southern Tillamook County show an approach to <i>yaquinae</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—<i>S. v. bairdi</i> lives primarily in forests as do <i>yaquinae</i> and <i>pacificus</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 39. <span class="smcap">Oregon</span>: <i>Clatsop Co.</i>: type locality, +12 BS; Seaside, 3 BS. <i>Tillamook Co.</i>: Netarts, 1 OU; Tillamook, 2 OSC; +Blaine, 1 AW; Hebo Lake, 1 SGJ; 5 mi. SW Cloverdale, 1 AW. <i>Multnomah +Co.</i>: Portland, 6 USNM. <i>Lincoln Co.</i>: Otis, 7 USNM; Delake, 1 KU. <i>Lane +Co.</i>: north slope Three Sisters, 6000 ft., 4 BS.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal Records.</i>—<span class="smcap">Oregon</span>: type locality; Portland; north slope Three +Sisters; Taft (Macnab and Dirks, 1941:178).</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans permiliensis</b> Jackson</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex obscurus permiliensis</i> Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 31:128, +November 29, 1918.</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult male, skin and skull; No. 91048, U. S. Biol. Surv. Coll.; +obtained on October 2, 1897, by J. A. Loring from Permilia Lake, W base Mt. +Jefferson, Cascade Range, Marion Co., Oregon.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—The Cascade Mountains of Oregon from Mt. Jefferson north to the +Columbia River.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium for the species; average and extreme measurements +of 14 specimens from the type locality are: total length, 117.7 (110-124); +tail, 51.9 (45-58); hind foot, 14.0 (14-15). Pale reddish in summer, darker +and brownish in winter.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—For comparison with <i>S. v. bairdi</i> see account of that subspecies. +Larger than <i>S. v. setosus</i> except tail relatively shorter. More reddish +in summer pelage than <i>setosus</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—<i>S. v. bairdi</i> is larger in the southern part of its range than elsewhere. +Specimens from McKenzie Bridge, herein referred to <i>yaquinae</i>, are +intermediate in character between <i>yaquinae</i> and <i>bairdi</i> or between <i>yaquinae</i> +and <i>permiliensis</i>. The transition between <i>yaquinae</i> and <i>bairdi</i> is much more +gradual than between <i>yaquinae</i> and <i>permiliensis</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 21. <span class="smcap">Oregon</span>: <i>Hood River Co.</i>: Mt. +Hood, 2 BS. <i>Wasco Co.</i>: Camas Prairie, E base Cascade Mts., SE Mt. Hood, +1 BS. <i>Marion Co.</i>: Detroit, 1 BS; type locality, 17 BS.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal Records.</i>—<span class="smcap">Oregon</span>: Mt. Hood; type locality; Detroit.</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans setosus</b> Elliott</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex setosus</i> Elliott, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. 32, zool. ser. 1:274, May +19, 1899.</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex obscurus setosus</i>, Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 31:127, November +29, 1918.</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult male, skin and skull; No. 6213/238, Chicago Nat. Hist. Mus.; +obtained on August 18, 1898, by D. G. Elliott from Happy Lake, Olympic +Mts., Clallam Co., Washington.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Washington from the Cascades west; southwestern British Columbia +west of 120° W Longitude north to Lund.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium for the species; average and extreme measurements +of 20 specimens from the Olympic Mountains, Washington, are: total length, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> +117.3 (107-125); tail, 49.8 (41-54); hind foot, 13.4 (12-14). Color dark in +both summer and winter.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—For comparison with <i>permiliensis</i> see account of that subspecies. +Darker, longer-tailed, and somewhat larger cranially than <i>S. v. obscurus</i> +with which it intergrades in southwestern British Columbia. Smaller in +all dimensions, but much the same color as <i>S. v. longicauda</i> with which it +intergrades along the British Columbian coast north of Lund. Larger, darker, +less reddish, and longer-tailed than the sympatric <i>S. v. vagrans</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—<i>S. v. setosus</i> lives mostly in forests. According to Dalquest +(1948:139) it is commonest at high altitudes in western Washington. In the +Hudsonian Life-zone where shrew habitat is more restricted and marginal than +it is at lower altitudes in the humid part of Washington, <i>setosus</i> might be expected +to compete with <i>S. v. vagrans</i> and to supplant it. Records of occurrence +in the Olympic Mountains suggest a degree of such separation there.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 135.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">British Columbia</span>: Lund, Malaspina Inlet, 4 BS; Gibson's Landing, 10 BS; +Port Moody, 19 BS; Langley, 2 BS; Chilliwack, 1 BS; Manning Park, 2 PMBC.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Washington</span>: <i>Whatcom Co.</i>: Mt. Baker, 6 WSC; Barron, 1 BS. <i>Chelan +Co.</i>: Clovay Pass, 1 WSC; Stehekin, 6 (4 WSC, 2 BS); Cascade Tunnel, +1 WSC. <i>King Co.</i>: Scenic, 1 WSC. <i>Kittitas Co.</i>: Lake Kachess, 1 WSC; +Easton, 10 BS. <i>Clallam Co.</i>: 8 mi. W Sekin River, 1 WSC; mouth of Sekin +River, 1 WSC; Clallam Bay, 1 CMNH; 7 mi. W Port Angeles, 1 WSC; Ozette +Lake, 1 CMNH; 12 mi. S Port Angeles, 4 WSC; Forks, 1 CMNH; Deer Lake, +7 CMNH; Hoh Lake, 1 CMNH; Bogachiel Peak, 1 CMNH; Sol Duc Hot +Springs, 3 CMNH; Sol Duc Park, 1 CMNH; Canyon Creek, 1 WSC; Sol Duc +Divide, 2 WSC; Cat Creek, 2 WSC. <i>Jefferson Co.</i>: Jackson Ranger Station, +1 CMNH; Mt. Kimta, 2 CMNH; Reflection Lake, 6 CMNH; Blue Glacier, +3 CMNH. <i>Gray's Harbor Co.</i>: Westport, 1 WSC. <i>Pierce Co.</i>: Fort Lewis, +1 FC; Mt. Rainier, 19 (16 BS, 3 WSC). <i>Pacific Co.</i>: Tokeland, 2 BS. <i>Yakima +Co.</i>: Gotchen Creek, 3 WSC; Mt. Adams, 1 WSC. <i>Skamania Co.</i>: Mt. St. +Helens, 1.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oregon</span>: <i>Hood River Co.</i>: 2 mi. W Parkdale, 2 BS.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal Records.</i>—<span class="smcap">British Columbia</span>: Rivers Inlet (Anderson, 1947:20); +<i>Agassiz</i> (Jackson, 1928:136); Chilliwack Lake. <span class="smcap">Washington</span>: Barron; Lyman +Lake (Jackson, 1928:137); Mt. Stuart (Dalquest, 1948:141); Mt. Adams. +<span class="smcap">Oregon</span>: <i>2 mi. W Parkdale</i>. <span class="smcap">Washington</span>: Ilwaco (Jackson, 1928:137); +Lund, Malaspina Inlet.</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans longicauda</b> Merriam</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex obscurus longicauda</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:74, December +31, 1895.</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult male, skin and skull; No. 74711, U. S. Biol. Surv. Coll.; obtained +on September 9, 1895 by C. P. Streator, from Wrangell, Alaska.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—The British Columbian and Alaskan coasts from Rivers Inlet north +to near Juneau and also certain islands including Etolin, Gravina, Revillagigedo, +Sergeif, and Wrangell.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium for the species, tail relatively long; average and +extreme measurements of 17 specimens from the type locality are: total length, +128.4 (122-138); tail, 57.8 (53-66); hind foot, 15.1 (14-16). Color dark in +summer and winter.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—For comparison with <i>S. v. setosus</i> see account of that subspecies. +Larger and darker than <i>S. v. obscurus</i> with which it intergrades east +of the humid coastal region; larger and darker than <i>S. v. alascensis</i> with which +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> +it intergrades in the Lynn Canal area; larger and darker than <i>S. v. calvertensis</i> +which occurs on Calvert Island and Banks Island, British Columbia; differs from +<i>S. v. insularis</i> of Smythe, Townsend, and Reginald islands in larger size and +blackish rather than brown winter pelage; larger and relatively longer-tailed +than <i>S. v. elassodon</i> which occurs on most of the islands west of the range of +<i>longicauda</i>; larger and relatively longer-tailed than <i>S. v. isolatus</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 151.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Alaska</span>: Wrangell, 54 BS; 8 AMNH; Crittenden Creek, 1 BS; Ketchikan, +2 BS; Loring, 11 BS.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">British Columbia</span>: Port Simpson, 25 BS; Inverness, 15 BS; head of Rivers +Inlet, 35 BS.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal Records.</i>—<span class="smcap">British Columbia</span>: Great Glacier, Stikine River (Jackson, +1928:133). <span class="smcap">Alaska</span>: Burroughs Bay (<i>ibid.</i>). <span class="smcap">British Columbia</span>: Bella +Coola region (Anderson, 1947:19); head of Rivers Inlet; Spider Island (Cowan, +1941:101); Goose Island (Cowan, 1941:99); Princess Royal Island (Cowan, +1941:98); Pitt Island (<i>ibid.</i>); Metlakatla (Jackson, 1928:133); Port Simpson. +<span class="smcap">Alaska</span>: Gravina Island (<i>ibid.</i>); Helm Bay (<i>ibid.</i>); Etolin Island (<i>ibid.</i>); +Sergeif Island, mouth of Stikine River (<i>ibid.</i>); Sumdum Village (<i>ibid.</i>); Port +Snettisham (<i>ibid.</i>).</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans mixtus</b> Hall</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex obscurus mixtus</i> Hall, American Nat., 72:462, September 10, 1938.</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult male, skin and skull; No. 70376, Mus. Vert. Zool.; obtained +on May 4, 1936, by R. A. Cumming, from Vanada, Texada Island, Georgia +Strait, British Columbia.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Known only from the type locality.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium; average and extreme measurements of 5 specimens +from the type locality are: total length, 111 (108-117); tail, 48 (44-49); +hind foot, 12 (12-13) (Hall, 1938:463).</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—Color much as in <i>S. v. setosus</i> or <i>S. v. isolatus</i>; palate longer +than that of <i>isolatus</i> or <i>setosus</i>; hind foot shorter than either; smaller than +<i>S. v. longicauda</i>.</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans isolatus</b> Jackson</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex obscurus isolatus</i> Jackson, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., 12:263, June +14, 1922.</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult male, skin and skull; No. 177719, U. S. Biol. Surv. Coll.; +obtained on May 21, 1911, by Alexander Wetmore from mouth of Millstone +Creek, Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, British Columbia.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Vancouver Island.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium; measurements of two from the type locality are: +total length, 113, 118; tail, 48, 49; hind foot, 14, 14. Dark in summer and +winter, underparts brownish.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—Smaller than <i>S. v. setosus</i> but color much the same; resembles +<i>S. v. obscurus</i> in size and cranial characters but darker in all pelages; similar +in color to <i>S. v. vancouverensis</i> with which <i>isolatus</i> is sympatric but with longer +tail, longer hind feet, broader rostrum and larger teeth. For comparison with +<i>S. v. mixtus</i> see account of that subspecies.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—<i>S. v. isolatus</i> and <i>S. v. vancouverensis</i> seemingly approach one +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> +another morphologically more closely than do any other pair of sympatric subspecies +of <i>Sorex vagrans</i>. The exceptions may be <i>S. v. vagrans</i> and <i>S. v. +obscurus</i> which are geographically sympatric in a few places although they may +be ecologically separated.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 9. <span class="smcap">British Columbia</span>, Vancouver +Island: Nanaimo, 3 BS; Barclay Sound, 1 AMNH; Goldstream, 5 BS.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal Records.</i>—<span class="smcap">British Columbia</span>, Vancouver Island. (Anderson, +1947:19): Cape Scott; Victoria.</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans insularis</b> Cowan</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex obscurus insularis</i> Cowan, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 54:103, July +31, 1941.</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult female, skin and skull; No. 3110, Prov. Mus. British Columbia; +obtained on August 24, 1938, by T. T. and E. B. McCabe from Smythe Island, +Bardswell Group, British Columbia.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Smythe, Townsend, and Reginald islands, British Columbia.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium; average and extreme measurements of 50 specimens +from within the range of the subspecies are: total length, 122.3 (111-134); +tail 52.6 (46-58); hind foot, 14.6 (13-15) (Cowan, 1941:107).</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—Smaller externally and cranially than <i>S. v. longicauda</i> and +brown instead of blackish or grayish in winter pelage. Skull broader than that +of <i>S. v. calvertensis</i> and color brown rather than blackish or grayish in winter +pelage.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—<i>S. v. insularis</i> occurs together with <i>S. cinereus</i> on Townsend and +Smythe islands. <i>S. vagrans</i> far outnumbered the cinereus shrew (Cowan, +1941:96).</p> + +<p><i>Records of occurrence.</i>—<span class="smcap">British Columbia</span> (Cowan, 1941:104): Smythe +Island, Townsend Island, Reginald Island.</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans calvertensis</b> Cowan</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex obscurus calvertensis</i> Cowan, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 54:103, +July 31, 1941.</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult male, skin and skull; No. 1947, Prov. Mus. British Columbia; +obtained on July 14, 1937, by T. T. and E. T. McCabe from Safety Cove, +Calvert Island, British Columbia.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium; average and extreme measurements of 13 specimens +from Calvert Island are: total length, 121.6 (109-129); tail, 54.0 (52-58); +hind foot, 14.7 (13-15) (Cowan, 1941:106). Blackish or grayish in winter +pelage.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—Smaller externally and cranially and paler in winter and +summer than <i>S. v. longicauda</i>; for comparisons with <i>S. v. insularis</i> see account +of that subspecies.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks</i>.—<i>S. v. calvertensis</i> seems to be the only shrew on Calvert and +Banks islands.</p> + +<p><i>Records of occurrence.</i>—<span class="smcap">British Columbia</span> (Cowan, 1941:103): Safety +Cove, Calvert Island; Larson Harbor, Banks Island.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal Records.</i>—<span class="smcap">British Columbia</span>: Larson Harbor, Banks Island; type +locality.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans malitiosus</b> Jackson</div> + +<p><i>Sorex obscurus malitiosus</i> Jackson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 32:23, +April 11, 1919.</p> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult female, skin and skull; No. 8401; Mus. Vert. Zool.; +obtained on May 21, 1909, by H. S. Swarth from east side of Warren +Island, Alaska.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Warren and Coronation islands, Alaska.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium; average and extreme measurements of 5 +topotypes are: total length, 129.8 (126-135); tail, 56.4 (53-61); hind +foot, 15.4 (15-16). Color brownish in summer, brownish rather than +blackish in winter.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—Somewhat more brownish than <i>S. v. longicauda</i> but +resembling it in size; skull slightly more flattened and rostrum +broader. Larger than <i>S. v. elassodon</i>. Larger and relatively +longer-tailed than <i>S. v. alascensis</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Records of occurrence.</i>—<span class="smcap">Alaska</span> +(Jackson, 1928:130): Warren Island; Coronation Island.</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans elassodon</b> Osgood</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex longicauda elassodon</i> Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 21:35, September +26, 1901.</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex obscurus elassodon</i>, Elliott, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. 105, +zool. ser. 6:450, 1905.</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult male, skin and skull; No. 100597, U. S. Biol. Surv. +Coll.; obtained on June 13, 1900, by W. H. Osgood from Cumshewa Inlet, +near old Indian village of Clew, Moresby Island, Queen Charlotte +Islands, British Columbia.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Alaskan and British Columbian islands from Admiralty Island +south to Moresby Island.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium; average and extreme measurements of 4 from +the type locality are: total length, 126, (119-131); tail, 53.5 +(52-55); hind foot, 13.8 (13-14). Color dark.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p> + +<div class="fig_right" style="width: 245px;"> +<a name="Fig_17" id="Fig_17"></a> +<img src="images/fig_17.png" width="245" height="655" alt="" title="" /><br /> + <span class="smcap">Fig. 17.</span> Probable geographic ranges + of the subspecies of <i>Sorex vagrans</i> on the coast of British + Columbia and southeastern Alaska.<br /> + <br /> + <div style="margin-left:2em; text-align:left"> + 1. <i>Sorex vagrans malitiosus</i><br /> + 2. <i>Sorex vagrans elassodon</i><br /> + 3. <i>Sorex vagrans prevostensis</i><br /> + 4. <i>Sorex vagrans calvertensis</i><br /> + 5. <i>Sorex vagrans insularis</i><br /> + 6. <i>Sorex vagrans longicauda</i><br /> + 7. <i>Sorex vagrans obscurus</i> + </div> +</div> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—Smaller with relatively smaller tail and hind feet than +<i>S. v. longicauda</i>, but resembling it in color. Smaller and paler than <i>S. v. prevostensis</i> +with relatively narrower rostrum. Larger, darker, and with relatively +longer tail than <i>S. v. obscurus</i>. Resembles <i>S. v. alascensis</i> but hind foot smaller +and skull relatively narrower. Smaller than <i>S. v. malitiosus</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—In the northern part of its range <i>S. v. elassodon</i> occurs with +<i>Sorex cinereus</i>. In the southern part it is the only shrew present.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number 93.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Alaska</span>: near Killisnoo, Admiralty Island, 2 BS; Kupreanof Island, 15 BS; +Petersburg, Mitkof Island, 10 BS; Woewodski Island, 4 AMNH; Kasaan Bay, +Prince of Wales Island, 18 BS.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">British Columbia</span>: Cumshewa Inlet, Moresby Island, 25 BS; Massett, +Graham Island, 6 BS; Queen Charlotte Islands, 13 AMNH.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal Records.</i>—<span class="smcap">Alaska</span>: Hawk Inlet, Admiralty Island (Jackson, +1928:131); Kupreanof Island; Mitkof Island; St. John Harbor, Zarembo Island +(Jackson, 1928:131); Kasaan Bay, Prince of Wales Island; Duke Island (Jackson, +1928:131). <span class="smcap">British Columbia</span>: Massett, Graham Island, Queen Charlotte +Islands; type locality; Langara Island, Queen Charlotte Islands (Jackson, +1928:131). <span class="smcap">Alaska</span>: Forrester Island (<i>ibid.</i>); Rocky Bay, Dall Island (<i>ibid.</i>); +Shakan (really on Kosciusko Island) (<i>ibid.</i>); Point Baker (<i>ibid.</i>); Kuiu Island +(<i>ibid.</i>); Port Conclusion, Baranof Island (<i>ibid.</i>).</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans prevostensis</b> Osgood</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex longicauda prevostensis</i> Osgood, N. Amer. Fauna, 21:35, September +26, 1901.</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex obscurus prevostensis</i>, Elliott, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. 105, zool. ser. +6:450, 1905.</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult male, skin and skull; No. 100618, U. S. Biol. Surv. Coll.; +obtained on July 3, 1900, by W. H. Osgood from north end of Prevost Island +(Kunghit Island on some maps) on coast of Houston Stewart Channel, Queen +Charlotte Islands, British Columbia.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Known only from the type locality.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium; measurements of two specimens from the type +locality are: total length, 132, 142; tail, 53, 59; hind foot, 14, 15. Color dark.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—Larger and darker than <i>S. v. elassodon</i>. Resembles <i>S. v. +longicauda</i> but darker, tail relatively somewhat shorter on the average and +rostrum relatively slightly broader.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 14. <span class="smcap">British Columbia</span>: Prevost Island, +Queen Charlotte Group, 14 BS.</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans alascensis</b> Merriam</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex obscurus alascensis</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:76, December 31, +1895.</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex glacialis</i> Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 2:16, March 14, 1900, +type from Point Gustavus, east side of entrance to Glacier Bay, Alaska.</div> + +<div class="species"><i>S[orex]. alascensis</i>, Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 2:18, March 14, +1900.</div> + +<div class="species"><i>[Sorex glacialis] alascensis</i>, Elliott, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. 45, zool. ser. +2:372, 1901.</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex alascensis alascensis</i>, Miller, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull., 79:16, December +31, 1912.</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult female, skin and skull; No. 73539, U. S. Biol. Surv. Coll.; +obtained on July 10, 1895, by C. P. Streator from Yakutat, Alaska.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—The coast of southern Alaska from the vicinity of Juneau west to +include eastern part of the Kenai Peninsula.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> +<i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium for the species; average and extreme measurements +of 9 specimens from 9 mi. W and 4 mi. N of Haines, Alaska, are: total +length, 110 (104-128); tail, 45.4 (41-52); hind foot, 14 (14-14). Color grayish +brown.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—For comparison with <i>S. v. longicauda</i> and <i>S. v. elassodon</i> +see accounts of those subspecies. Resembles <i>S. v. obscurus</i> in color but differs +in larger skull, longer hind foot and in somewhat darker color. Larger and +darker than <i>S. v. shumaginensis</i>; the two intergrade near the base of the Kenai +Peninsula.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—This subspecies is transitional between the large, usually dark +subspecies of the southeastern Alaskan and British Columbian coast and islands, +and the smaller, paler subspecies of western and interior Alaska. There seem +to be no sharp breaks between <i>alascensis</i> and <i>shumaginesis</i>. North of Haines, +Alaska, size of shrews decreases in a short distance across a narrow intergradational +zone between <i>alascensis</i> and <i>obscurus</i>. Throughout most of its range +<i>S. v. alascensis</i> occurs with <i>Sorex cinereus</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 88.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Alaska</span>: Orca, 1 BS; Montague Island, Prince William Sound, 2 BS; Yakutat, +8 BS; north shore Yakutat Bay, 2 BS; Yakutat Bay, 1 BS; E side Chilkat River, +100 ft., 9 mi. W and 4 mi. N Haines, 12 KU; 1 mi. S Haines, 5 ft., 10 KU; 7 mi. +SSE Haines, 10 ft., 2 KU; N end Sullivan Island, 10 ft., 6 KU; SE end Sullivan +Island, 10 ft., 2 KU; Glacier Bay, 3 BS; Mendenhall River, 1 BS; Juneau, 36 BS.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">British Columbia</span>: Sheslay River, 1 AMNH; headwaters Sheslay River, +1 AMNH.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal Records.</i>—<span class="smcap">Alaska</span>: Valdez Narrows, Prince William Sound (Jackson, +1928:128); north shore Yakutat Bay; east side Chilkat River, 100 ft., 9 mi. +W and 4 mi. N Haines. <span class="smcap">British Columbia</span>: Sheslay River (Jackson, 1928:128). +ALASKA: Juneau; Glacier Bay; Montague Island, Prince William Sound +(ibid.); Port Nell Juan (ibid.).</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans shumaginensis</b> Merriam</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex alascensis shumaginensis</i> Merriam, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., 2:18, +March 14, 1900.</div> + +<div class="species">[<i>Sorex glacialis</i>] <i>shumaginensis</i>, Elliott, Field Columb. Mus. Publ. 45, zool. +ser. 2:373, 1901.</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex obscurus shumaginensis</i>, Allen, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., 16:228, +July 12, 1902.</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult male, skin and skull; No. 97993, U. S. Biol. Surv. Coll.; obtained +on July 17, 1899, by De Alton Saunders from Popof Island, Shumagin +Islands, Alaska. (Measured by C. Hart Merriam and numbered 2210 in A. K. +Fisher's catalog.)</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Southwestern Alaska from Seward Peninsula southeasterly to western +part of Kenai Peninsula and southwesterly to the southwestern end of the +Alaskan Peninsula.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium to small for the species; average and extreme +measurements of 6 specimens from King Cove, Alaska, are: total length, 112.7 +(107-118); tail, 48.3 (45-52); hind foot, 13.8 (13-14). Tending toward the +development of a tricolor pattern, the back darkest, the sides buffy, and the +venter paler.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—Paler and more definitely tricolored than <i>S. v. obscurus</i>; also +with relatively shorter palate, narrower rostrum and smaller teeth. For comparison +with <i>S. v. alascensis</i> see account of that subspecies.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> +<i>Remarks.</i>—<i>S. v. shumaginensis</i> occurs together with <i>Sorex cinereus</i> over +much of southwestern Alaska. Part of the range of <i>shumaginensis</i> falls within +the tundra of the Arctic Life-zone. This may be a partial explanation of the +tricolored pattern of the animal. <i>Sorex tundrensis</i>, <i>S. cinereus ugyunak</i>, and +<i>S. cinereus haydeni</i>, shrews which dwell mostly in treeless areas, are markedly +tricolored, or bicolored. <i>Sorex arcticus</i>, however, although tricolored, is found +in forested areas.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 340. <span class="smcap">Alaska</span>: Sawtooth Mts., Nome +River, 2 AMNH; Nulato, 5 BS; St. Michaels, 1 BS; Bethel, 7 BS; Aniak, 1 BS; +Skeventna River, 1 BS; 6 mi. WSW Snowshoe Lake, 1 KU; 1 mi. NE Anchorage, +1 KU; Tyonek River, 48 BS; Hope, 15 BS; Hope, Mts. near, 13 BS; Moose +Camp, 3 AMNH; Kenai Peninsula, 24 AMNH; Kakwok River, 80 mi. up, 1 BS; +Kakhtul River, 5 BS; Kakwok, 3 BS; Goodnews Bay, 1 BS; Lake Aleknagik, +6 BS; Nushagak River, 25 mi. above Nushagak, 1 BS; Dillingham, 1 BS; Nushagak +Village, 15 BS; Homer, 1 AMNH; Kenai Mts., 37 AMNH; Seldovia, 24 +AMNH; Barabor, 1 AMNH; Caribou Camp, 7 AMNH; Ugagik River, 3 BS; +Becharof Lake, 8 BS; Cold Bay, 14 BS; Kanatak, Portgage Bay, 4 BS; Chignik, +6 BS; Moller Bay, 1 BS; Alaska Peninsula, near Popof Island, 6 AMNH; Frosty +Peak, 15 BS; Morzhovoi Bay, 7 BS; Ungu Island, 3 BS; Sand Point, Popof +Island, 45 AMNH; Popof Island, 3 BS.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal Records.</i>—<span class="smcap">Alaska</span>: Nome River; Nulato; Kuskokwim River, 200 +mi. above Bethel, Crooked Creek (Jackson, 1928:126); 6 mi. WSW Snowshoe +Lake; Seldovia; mts. near Hope; Morhzovoi Bay; thence along coast to St. +Michael.</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans obscurus</b> Merriam</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex vagrans similis</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 5:34, July 31, 1891, <i>nec. S. +similis</i> Hensel, Zeitschr. der Deutsch. Geolog. Gesellsch., 7:459, 1855 +(= <i>Neomys similis</i>).</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex obscurus</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:72, December 31, 1895, new +name for <i>Sorex vagrans similis</i> Merriam.</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex obscurus obscurus</i>, Miller, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 79:15, December +31, 1912.</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult female, skin and skull; No. 23525/30943, U. S. Biol. Surv. +Coll.; obtained on August 26, 1890, by Vernon Bailey and B. H. Dutcher from +near Timber Creek, 8200 ft., Lemhi Mts., 10 mi. SSW Junction (now Leadore), +Lemhi Co., Idaho.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Mountainous interior of western North America from central Alaska +east across Yukon and southwestern Northwest Territories to northeastern +Alberta, south in the mountains through north-central and western Washington, +Idaho, western Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado, into northern New +Mexico.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium to small for the species; average and extreme measurements +of 9 topotypes are: total length, 110.3 (105-117); tail, 46.4 (42-50); +hind foot, 13.1 (12.5-13.5). Color grayish or brownish gray in summer, light +grayish in winter.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—For comparisons with <i>S. v. setosus</i>, <i>S. v. longicauda</i>, <i>S. v. +alascensis</i> and <i>S. v. shumaginensis</i> see accounts of those subspecies. Paler and +slightly larger than S. v. soperi. Larger than the subspecies from central Montana +herein described as new. Smaller than <i>S. v. neomexicanus</i>. Averaging +larger in all dimensions than <i>S. v. monticola</i> with which <i>obscurus</i> intergrades in +northern New Mexico and northern Arizona. Larger than <i>S. v. vagrans</i> with +more grayish rather than reddish fresh summer pelage and light gray rather +than dark grayish-black fresh winter pelage.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> +<i>Remarks.</i>—Intergradation of <i>S. v. obscurus</i> with <i>S. v. setosus</i>, <i>S. v. +longicauda</i>, <i>S. v. alascensis</i>, and the new subspecies from Montana +takes place in the usual way with specimens from intermediate localities +being intermediate in size and color. However the relationship +of <i>S. v. obscurus</i> and <i>S. v. vagrans</i> (as the latter subspecies is +defined in this study) is rather complicated. In southern British +Columbia where the two subspecies come together a situation of +remarkable complexity prevails. Series from some localities seem +to represent intergrades between <i>obscurus</i> and <i>vagrans</i>; from other +localities some specimens seem to be referable to one and some to +the other subspecies; from other localities all specimens seem referable +to one subspecies. A similar situation is seen in specimens from +northeastern Washington, northern and central Idaho, and extreme +western Montana. The region mentioned is one of extensive interfingering +of life-zones. In southern British Columbia the main axes +of the rivers, valleys and mountain ranges are north and south. +Most of the valleys are in the Transition Life-zone; the forests are +rather dry and of pine with more or less isolated hydrosere communities +about streams and ponds. These hydrosere situations are +the habitat of <i>Sorex vagrans</i>. Shrews from these situations are +usually referable to <i>vagrans</i>. The high ridges and mountain ranges +are usually in the Canadian Life-zone or higher and most of the +shrews referable to <i>obscurus</i> come from such places. Marginal +localities with regard to life-zone produce most of the populations +which seem to represent intergrades between the two subspecies. +Isolated areas of Canadian Life-zone, even though surrounded +with Transition Life-zone, often harbor a population of <i>obscurus</i>, +whereas the streams in the nearby dry valleys harbor populations +of <i>vagrans</i>. Farther south in the Rocky Mountain chain, <i>obscurus</i> +seemingly intergrades regularly with <i>vagrans</i>. This intergradation +is seen in populations from several localities in Utah. There the +lower elevations west of the Wasatch and Uinta mountains are +inhabited by <i>S. v. vagrans</i>, the higher elevations by <i>obscurus</i> and +where the ranges of the two abut intergrading populations occur. +In these series of intergrades there are specimens which, using size +as a subspecific criterion, would unhesitatingly be assigned, as individuals, +to <i>obscurus</i>, and others would be assigned to <i>vagrans</i>, but +these individuals represent extremes of a normally variable population. +At Cuddy Mountain, Idaho, the two subspecies seemingly +abut without intergradation; anyhow the available specimens from +this locality are referable to one or the other subspecies and none +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> +is intermediate. The situation just described understandably has +been the source of much anguish to students who sought to identify +shrews from the Rocky Mountains. The reason for the relationship +just described has been discussed at length in a previous section.</p> + +<p>In the Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado the subspecies +<i>S. v. obscurus</i> ranges almost uninterruptedly over relatively large +areas, but southward in New Mexico and southwestward into Utah +and Arizona, suitable boreal habitat becomes insular in nature and +obscurus there is confined to the higher mountains. With one exception, +once the shrew populations become 'insular' in this region +they become smaller and show intergradation with <i>Sorex vagrans +monticola</i>. The exception is the population in the Sacramento +Mountains of southeastern New Mexico which is larger than <i>obscurus</i> +and has been rightly recognized as a distinct subspecies, +<i>neomexicanus</i>.</p> + +<p>Almost without exception the range of typical <i>Sorex vagrans +obscurus</i> is sympatric with that of <i>Sorex cinereus</i>, usually the subspecies +<i>S. c. cinereus</i>. So close is this correspondence that the presence +of <i>S. cinereus</i> comes near to being a useful aid in identifying +<i>S. v. obscurus</i>. In areas where individuals of <i>obscurus</i> show intergradation +with <i>vagrans</i>, <i>Sorex cinereus</i> is absent or rare. The implication +is that as the species <i>S. vagrans</i> approaches the size of the +species S. cinereus, competition between the two increases with +resultant displacement of <i>cinereus</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 982.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Alaska</span>: Wahoo Lake, 69° 08' N, 146° 58' W, 2350 ft., 2 KU; Chandler Lake, +68° 12' N, 152° 45' W, 2900 ft., 1 KU; Bettles, 1 KU, 5 BS; Alatna, 1 BS; Yukon +River, 20 mi. above Circle, 1 BS; Tanana, 1 BS; Mountains near Eagle, 18 BS; +Richardson, 8 BS; head of Toklat River, 11 BS; Savage River, 8 BS.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Yukon</span>: MacMillan Pass, Mile 282, Canol Road, 1 NMC; MacMillan River, +Mile 249, Canol Road, 1 NMC; S. fork MacMillan River, Mile 249, Canol Road, +2 NMC; Sheldon Lake, Mile 222, Canol Road, 5 NMC; Rose River, Mile 95, +Canol Road, 1 NMC; McIntyre Creek, 3 mi. NW Whitehorse, 2250 ft. 1 KU; +Nisutlin River, Mile 40, Canol Road, 6 NMC; SW end Dezadeash Lake, 2 KU; +3 mi. E and 1½ mi. S Dalton Post, 2500 ft., 1 KU.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mackenzie</span>: Nahanni River Mtns., Mackenzie River, 1 BS; Fort Simpson, +3 BS; Fort Resolution, Mission Island, 1 BS.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">British Columbia</span>: W. side Mt. Glave, 4000 ft., 14 mi. S and 2 mi. E +Kelsall Lake, 1 KU; Stonehouse Creek, 5½ mi. W jct. Stonehouse Creek and +Kelsall River, 4 KU; Bennett City, 6 BS; Wilson Creek, Atlin, 1 PMBC; McDame +Post, Dease River, 6 BS; McDame Creek, 3 BS; Hot Springs, 3 mi. WNW +jct. Trout River and Liard River, 1 KU; NW side Muncho Lake, 1 KU; Little +Tahtlan River, 1 AMNH; Junction (4 mi. N Telegraph Creek), 7 BS; Raspberry +Creek, 16 AMNH; Klappan River Valley, 1 BS; Chapa-atan River, 4 BS; +Fort Grahame, 3 BS; Kispiox Valley, 23 mi. N Hazleton, 1 BS; Bear Lake, +site of Fort Connully, 2 BS; Tetana Lake, 1 PMBC; Hudson Hope, 2 BS; +Charlie Lake, 3 PMBC; Babine Mts., 6 mi. N Babine Trail, 5200 ft., 1 BS; +Big Salmon River (S branch near Canyon), 1 BS; Ootsa Lake, 2 PMBC; +Indianpoint Lake, 4 PMBC; Barkerville, 7 BS; Yellowhead Lake, 2 NMC, 1 +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> +PMBC; N. fork Moose River, 1 BS; Moose Lake, 2 BS; Moose Pass, 1 BS; +Glacier, 7 AMNH, 12 BS; Golden, 1 BS; Field, 2 BS; Caribou Lake, near +Kamloops, 2 BS; Sicamous, 1 BS; Monashee Pass, 4 PMBC; Paradise Mine, +3 PMBC; Level Mtn., 4 AMNH; 6 mi. S Nelson, 6 BS; Morrissey, 5 NMC; +Wall Lake, 1 BS.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Alberta</span>: Hays Camp, Slave River, Wood Buffalo Park, 1 NMC; Kinuso, +Assineau River, 1920 ft., 2 KU; Athabaska River, 30 mi. above Athabaska +Landing, 8 BS; Smokey Valley, 50 mi. N Jasper House, 1 BS; Sulfur Prairie, +Grande Cache River, 3 BS; Stoney River, 35 mi. N Jasper House, 1 BS; Moose +Mtn., 1 NMC; Rodent Valley, 25 mi. W Henry House, 1 BS; Henry House, +3 BS; Jasper, 2 NMC; Shovel Pass, 4 NMC; mouth of Cavell Creek, Jasper +Park, 1 NMC; 11 mi. S Henry House, 2 BS; 15 mi. S Henry House, 1 BS; +Red Deer River, 1 AMNH; 27 mi. W Banff, 3 NMC; 12 mi. WNW Banff, +4500 ft., 1 NMC; N. Fork Saskatchewan River, 5000 ft., 1 NMC; Cypress +Hills, 1 NMC; Waterton Lakes Park, 53 NMC.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Saskatchewan</span>: Cypress Hills, 21 NMC.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Washington</span>: <i>Okanogan Co.</i>: Pasayten River, 1 BS; Bauerman Ridge, 1 BS; +Conconully, 2 BS. <i>Pend Oreille Co.</i>: 2 mi. N Gypsy Meadows, 2 WSC; Round +Top Mtn., 1 WSC; head Pass Creek, 1. <i>Chelan Co.</i>: Stehekin, 4 BS; head +Lake Chelan, 4 BS; Wenatchee, 1 BS. <i>Kittitas Co.</i>: Easton, 10 BS.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Idaho</span>: <i>Boundary Co.</i>: Cabinet Mtns., E Priest Lake, 2 BS. <i>Adams Co.</i>: +½ mi. E Black Lake, 1 KU; 1 mi. N Bear Creek R. S., SW slope Smith Mtn., +2 KU. <i>Washington Co.</i>: 1 mi. NE Heath, SW slope Cuddy Mtn., 4000 ft., +4 KU. <i>Lemhi Co.</i>: 10 mi. SSW Leadore (type locality), 4 BS; 5 FC. <i>Fremont +Co.</i>: 7 mi. W West Yellowstone, 4 KU. <i>Custer Co.</i>: head Pahsimeroi River, +Pahsimeroi Mtns., 1 BS. <i>Blaine Co.</i>: Perkins Lake, 1 KU. <i>Bear Lake Co.</i>:—<i>Caribou +Co.</i> line: Preuss Mts., 1 BS.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Montana</span>: <i>Glacier Co.</i>: Sherburne Lake, 3 UM; 2½ mi. W and 1½ mi. S +Babb, 1 KU; St. Mary's, 6 UM; St. Mary Lakes, 9 BS; Fish Creek, 2 BS; Gunsight +Lake, 2 BS. <i>Flathead Co.</i>: Nyack, 3 UM, 1 BS; 1 mi. W and 2 mi. +S Summit, 1 KU. <i>Ravalli Co.</i>: 8 mi. NE Stevensville, 3 BS; Sula, 1 BS. +<i>Meagher Co.</i>: Big Belt Mtns., Camas Creek, 4 mi. S Fort Logan, 7 BS. <i>Gallatin +Co.</i>: West Gallatin River, 4 BS. <i>Park Co.</i>: Emmigrant Gulch, 3 mi. SE Chico, +2 BS; Beartooth Mtns., 2 BS; <i>Carbon Co.</i>: Pryor Mtns., 2 BS.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wyoming</span>: <i>Yellowstone Nat'l Park</i>: Mammoth Hot Springs, 11 BS; Tower +Falls, 1 BS; Astringent Creek, 1 BS; Flat Mtn., 1 BS; Yellowstone Park, 1 UM. +<i>Park Co.</i>: Beartooth Lake, 15 BS; SW slope Whirlwind Peak, 1 KU; Pahaska +Tepee, 6300 ft., 8 BS; Pahaska, mouth Grinnell Creek, 15 BS; Pahaska, Grinnell +Creek, 7000-7500 ft., 18 BS; 25 mi. S and 28 mi. W Cody, 1 KU; Valley, +Absaroka Mts., 14 BS; Needle Mtn., 2 BS. <i>Big Horn Co.</i>: 28 mi. E Lovell, +9000 ft., 12 KU; head Trapper's Creek, W slope Bighorn Mtns., 7 BS; 17½ mi. +E and 4½ mi. S Shell, 1 KU. <i>Teton Co.</i>: Two Ocean Lake, 6 FC; Emma +Matilda Lake, 2 BS; 1 mi. N Moran, 1 FC; 2½ mi. E and ¼ mi. N Moran, 6230 +ft., 2 KU; Moran, 7 FC, 1 KU; 2½ mi. E Moran, 6220 ft., 1 KU; 1 mi. S Moran, +1 FC; 3¾ mi. E and 1 mi. S Moran, 9 KU; 7 mi. S Moran, 3 FC; Timbered +Island, 14 mi. N Moose, 6750 ft., 3 KU; Bar BC Ranch, 2½ mi. NE Moose, +6500 ft., 1 KU; Beaver Dick Lake, 1 UM; Teton Mtns., Moose Creek, 6800 ft., +9 BS; Teton Mtns., S Moose Creek, 10,000 ft., 3 BS; Teton Pass, above Fish +Creek, 7200 ft., 15 BS; Whetstone Creek, 4 UM; Flat Creek-Gravel Creek +Divide, 2 UM; Flat Creek-Granite Creek Divide, 1 UM; Jackson, 3 KU, 2 UM. +<i>Fremont Co.</i>: Togwotee Pass, 5 FC; Jackey's Creek, 3 mi. S Dubois, 1 BS; +Milford, 5400 ft., 2 KU; Mosquito Park R. S. 17½ mi. W and 2½ mi. N Lander, +1 KU; 17 mi. S and 6½ mi. W Lander, 9300 ft., 1 KU; Mocassin Lake, 19 mi. +W and 4 mi. N Lander, 10,000 ft., 1 KU; 23½ mi. S and 5 mi. W Lander, +8600 ft., 1 KU; Green Mts., 8 mi. E Rongis, 8000 ft., 4 BS. <i>Washakie Co.</i>: +9 mi. E and 5 mi. N Tensleep, 7400 ft., 2 KU; 9 mi. E and 4 mi. N Tensleep, +7000 ft., 2 KU. <i>Lincoln Co.</i>: Salt River Mtns., 10 mi. SE Afton, 5 BS; Labarge +Creek, 9000 ft., 1 BS. <i>Sublette Co.</i>: 31 mi. N Pinedale, 8025 ft., 3 KU; Surveyor's +Park, 12 mi. NE Pinedale, 8000 ft., 2 BS; N. side Half Moon Lake, +7900 ft., 1 KU; 2½ mi. NE Pinedale, 7500 ft., 2 KU. <i>Natrona Co.</i>: Rattlesnake +Mts., 7000-7500 ft., 18 BS; Casper Mts., 7 mi. S Casper, 6 BS. <i>Converse Co.</i>: +21½ mi. S and 24½ mi. W Douglas, 7600 ft., 7 KU; 22 mi. S and 24½ mi. W +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> +Douglas, 7600 ft., 4 KU; 22½ mi. S and 24½ mi. W Douglas, 7600 ft., 2 KU. +<i>Uinta Co.</i>: 1 mi. N Fort Bridger, 6650 ft., 1 KU; Fort Bridger, 3 KU; Evanston, +1 BS; 9 mi. S Robertson, 8000 ft., 6 KU; 9 mi. S and 2½ mi. E Robertson, 8600 +ft., 1 KU; 10 mi. S and 1 mi. W Robertson, 8700 ft., 3 KU; 10½ mi. S and +2 mi. E Robertson, 8900 ft., 1 KU; 13 mi. S and 1 mi. E Robertson, 9000 ft., +1 KU; 13 mi. S and 2 mi E Robertson, 9200 ft., 1 KU. <i>Carbon Co.</i>: Ferris +Mts., 7800 to 8500 ft., 13 BS; Shirley Mts., 7600 ft., 7 BS; Bridget's Pass, 18 mi. +SW Rawlins, 7500 ft., 2 KU; 10 mi. N and 12 mi. E Encampment, 7200 ft., +1 KU; 10 mi. N and 14 mi. E Encampment, 8000 ft., 6 KU; 9½ mi. N and 11½ +mi. E Encampment, 7200 ft., 2 KU; 9 mi. N and 3 mi. E Encampment, 6500 ft., +1 KU; 9 mi. N and 8 mi. E Encampment, 7000 ft., 1 KU; 8 mi. N and 14 mi. +E Encampment, 8400 ft., 3 KU; 8 mi. N and 14½ mi. E Encampment, 8100 +ft., 2 KU; 8 mi. N and 16 mi. E Encampment, 4 KU; 8 mi. N and 21½ mi. E +Encampment, 9400 ft., 2 KU; S. base Bridger's Peak, 8800 ft., Sierra Madre +Mts., 3 BS; 8 mi. N and 19½ mi. E Savery, 8800 ft., 2 KU; 7 mi. N and 17 mi. +E Savery, 8300 ft., 1 KU; 6½ mi. N and 16 mi. E Savery, 8300 ft., 1 KU; 6 mi. +N and 15 mi. E Savery, 8500 ft., 1 KU; 5 mi. N and 10½ mi. E Savery, 8000 +ft., 2 KU; 14 mi. E and 6 mi. S Saratoga, 8800 ft., 1 KU. <i>Albany Co.</i>: Springhill, +12 mi. N Laramie Peak, 6300 ft., 10 BS; Laramie Peak, N. slope, 8000 to +8800 ft., 7 BS; Bear Creek, 3 mi. SW Laramie Peak, 7500 ft., 6 BS; 2½ mi. +ESE Brown's Peak, 10,500 ft., 2 KU; 3 mi. ESE Brown's Peak, 10,000 ft., 1 KU; +27 mi. N and 5 mi. E Laramie, 6960 ft., 2 KU; 1 mi. SSE Pole Mtn., 8350 ft., +3 KU; 2 mi. SW Pole Mtn., 3 KU; 3 mi. S Pole Mtn., 8100 ft., 2 KU; 8¾, mi. E +and 6½ mi. S Laramie, 8200 ft., 2 KU; Woods P. O., 1 BS. <i>Laramie Co.</i>: 5 mi. W +and 1 mi. N Horse Creek P. O., 7200 ft., 2 KU.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Utah</span>: <i>Weber Co.</i>: Mt. Willard, Weber-Box Elder Co. line, 9768 ft., 2 UU. +<i>Salt Lake Co.</i>: Butterfield Canyon, 7000 ft., 1 UU; Brighton, Silver Lake P. O., +8700 ft., 2 UU; Brighton, Silver Lake P. O., 8750 ft., 8 UU; Brighton, Silver +Lake P. O., 9000 ft., 2 UU; Brighton, Silver Lake P. O., 9500 ft., 1 UU. +<i>Summit Co.</i>: Jct. Bear River and East Fork, 2 CM; Smith and Morehouse +Canyon, 7000 ft., 1 UU; Mirror Lake, 10,000 ft., 1 UU. <i>Daggett Co.</i>: Jct. Deep +and Carter creeks, 7900 ft., 1 UU. <i>Utah Co.</i>: Nebo Mtn., 1 mi. E Payson +Lake, 8300 ft., 1 UU; Nebo Mts., 12 mi. SE Payson Lake, 1 UU. <i>Wasatch Co.</i>: +Current Creek, Uinta Mts., 1 BS; Wasatch Mts., 1 BS. <i>Uintah Co.</i>: Paradise +Park, 21 mi. W and 15 mi. N Vernal, Uinta Mts., 10,050 ft., 2 CM, 3 KU; +Paradise Park, Uinta Mts., 10,100 ft., 6 UU. <i>Sanpete Co.</i>: Manti, 3 BS. <i>Sevier +Co.</i>: 7 mi. Creek, 20 mi. SE Salina, 5 CM; Fish Lake Plateau, 2 BS. <i>Emery +Co.</i>: Lake Creek, 11 mi. E Mt. Pleasant, 4 CM. <i>Grand Co.</i>: Warner R. S., La +Sal Mts., 9750 ft., 2 UU; La Sal Mts., 11,000 ft., 1 BS. <i>Beaver Co.</i>: Puffer +Lake, Beaver Mts., 2 BS. <i>Wayne Co.</i>: Elkhorn G. S., Fish Lake Plateau, 14 +mi. N Torrey, 9400 ft., 3 UU. <i>Garfield Co.</i>: Wildcat R. S., Boulder Mtn., +8700 ft., 6 UU; 18 mi. N Escalante, 9500 ft., 1 UU. <i>Washington Co.</i>: Pine +Valley Mts., 7 BS. <i>San Juan Co.</i>: Geyer Pass, 18 mi. SSE Moab, 3 CM; Cooley, +8 mi. W Monticello, 3 CM.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Colorado</span>: <i>Larimer Co.</i>: Poudre River, 1 KU. <i>Rio Blanco Co.</i>: 9½ mi. SW +Pagoda Peak, 2 KU. <i>Grand Co.</i>: Arapaho Pass, Rabbit Ears Mts., 2 BS. +<i>Boulder Co.</i>: Willow Park, Rocky Mtn. Nat'l Park, 8 UM; Longs Peak, 1 BS; +¾ mi. N and 2 mi. W Allenspark, 8400 ft., 5 KU; Ward, 9500 ft., 1 BS; Buchanan +Pass, 1 BS; 3 mi. S Ward, 1 KU; 7 mi. NW Nederland, 1 KU; 5 mi. +W Boulder, 3 BS; Boulder, 3 BS, 1 ChM; Nederland, 6 BS, 4 ChM; Eldora, +1 BS. <i>Garfield Co.</i>: Baxter Pass, 8500 ft., 2 BS. <i>Eagle Co.</i>: Gores Range, +1 BS. <i>Gilpen Co.</i>: Black Hawk, 1 BS. <i>Lake Co.</i>: 3 mi. W Twin Lakes, 2 KU; +12 mi. S and 1 mi. W Leadville, 1 KU. <i>Gunnison Co.</i>: 2 mi. W Gothic, 2 FC; +Copper Lake, 2 FC; Gothic, 1 FC. <i>Chaffee Co.</i>: St. Elmo, 10,100 ft., 2 BS; +E side Monarch Pass, 7 mi. W Salida, 2 ChM. <i>Teller Co.</i>: Glen Core, Pikes +Peak, 2 UM. <i>El Paso Co.</i>: Hunters Creek, a tributary of Bear Creek, 7250-7400 +ft., 1 AMNH. <i>Montrose Co.</i>: Uncomphagre Plateau, 8500 ft., 3 BS. +<i>Saguache Co.</i>: 3 mi. N and 16 mi. W Saguache, 8500 ft., 2 KU; Cochetopa +Pass, 10,000 ft., 4 KU; Monshower Meadows, 27 mi. W Saguache, 2 BS. <i>San +Juan Co.</i>: Silverton, 4 BS. <i>Mineral Co.</i>: 23 mi. S and 11 mi. E Creede, 1 KU. +<i>Costilla Co.</i>: Fort Garland, 2 BS. <i>Huerfano Co.</i>: 5 mi. S and 1 mi. W Cuchara +Camps, 8 KU.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">New Mexico</span>: <i>Taos Co.</i>: 3 mi. N Red River, 2 BS; Taos, 1 BS. <i>Colfax Co.</i>: +1 mi. S and 2 mi. E Eagle Nest, 8100 ft., 2 KU. <i>Sandoval Co.</i>: Jemez Mts., +3 BS. <i>Santa Fe Co.</i>: Hyde Park, 5 mi. NE Santa Fe, 2 HC; Santa Fe Field +Station, 1 HC; Santa Fe Ski Basin, 1 KU; Pecos Baldy, 4 BS. <i>Torrance Co.</i>: +Manzano Mts., 2 BS.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal Records.</i>—<span class="smcap">Alaska</span>: Chandler Lake, 68° 12' N, 152° 45' W; Yukon +River, 20 mi. above Circle; Mountains near Eagle. <span class="smcap">Mackenzie</span>: Nahanni +River Mts.; Fort Simpson; Fort Resolution, Mission Island. <span class="smcap">Alberta</span>: Wood +Buffalo Park; Athabaska River, 30 mi. above Athabaska Landing. <span class="smcap">Saskatchewan</span>: +Cypress Hills. <span class="smcap">Montana</span>: St. Mary; 4 mi. S Fort Logan; Pryor Mts. +<span class="smcap">Wyoming</span>: 1 mi. W and 1 mi. S Buffalo, 27424 KU; Springhill, 12 mi. N +Laramie Peak; 5 mi. W and 1 mi. N Horse Creek PO. <span class="smcap">Colorado</span>: Boulder; +Hunters Creek; 5 mi. S and 1 mi. W Cuchara Camps. <span class="smcap">New Mexico</span>: 3 mi. N +Red River, 10,700 ft.; Pecos Baldy; Manzano Mts.; Jemez Mts. <span class="smcap">Colorado</span>: +Navajo River (Jackson, 1928:120); Silverton. <span class="smcap">Utah</span>: La Sal Mts., 11,000 ft. +<span class="smcap">Colorado</span>: Baxter Pass. <span class="smcap">Utah</span>: junction Trout and Ashley Creeks, 9700 ft. +(Durrant, 1952:35); Mirror Lake, 10,000 ft.; Mt. Baldy R. S. (Durrant, 1952:53); +Wildcat R. S.; Pine Valley Mts.; Puffer Lake; Butterfield Canyon. <span class="smcap">Idaho</span>: +Preuss Mts.; 4 mi. S Trude (Davis, 1939:104); head Pahsimeroi River, Pahsimeroi +Mts.; Perkins Lake; 1 mi. NE Heath; ½ mi. E Black Lake. <span class="smcap">Montana</span>: +Sula; 8 mi. NE Stevensville. <span class="smcap">Washington</span>: head Pass Creek; Conconully; +Wenatchee; Easton; Stehekin; Pasayten River. <span class="smcap">British Columbia</span>: Second +Summit, Skagit River, 5000 ft., (Jackson, 1928:120); Babine Mts., 6 mi. N +Babine Trail, 5200 ft.; Hazleton (Jackson, 1928:120); 23 mi. N Hazleton; +Flood Glacier, Stikine River (Jackson, 1928:120); Cheonee Mts. (<i>ibid.</i>); Level +Mtn.; west side Mt. Glave, 4000 ft., 14 mi. S and 2 mi. E Kelsall Lake. +<span class="smcap">Alaska</span>: head Toklat River; Tanana; Alatna; Bettles.</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans soperi</b> Anderson and Rand</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex obscurus soperi</i> Anderson and Rand, Canadian Field-Nat., 59:47, +October 16, 1945.</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult male, skin and skull; No. 18249, Nat. Mus. Canada; obtained +on September 21, 1940, by J. Dewey Soper, from 2½ mi. NW Lake Audy, +Riding Mtn. Nat'l Park, Manitoba.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Southwestern Manitoba to central Saskatchewan.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium to small for the species; measurements of type and +two topotypes are: total length, 107, 108, 117; tail, 45, 45, 45; hind foot, 12.1, +12.3, 12.5. Color dark brownish or fuscous in summer pelage; winter pelage +unknown.</p> + +<p><i>Comparison.</i>—Resembles <i>S. v. obscurus</i> in size; darker than <i>obscurus</i> in +summer pelage; cranium slightly higher and top more nearly flat; larger and +darker in summer pelage than the new subspecies from central Montana.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—In their description of this subspecies Anderson and Rand +pointed out that specimens from the type locality and from central Saskatchewan +represent the dark extreme in a color cline which begins in south-central British +Columbia with "pale, brownish-tinged animals." These authors referred shrews +from Cypress Hills, southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta to +<i>S. o. soperi</i>, although they noted that these specimens, taken by themselves, are +not strikingly different from <i>S. o. obscurus</i> from the Rocky Mountains. The +specimens from the Cypress Hills were included in <i>soperi</i> because the authors +felt that the subspecific boundary should be drawn "where specimens average +about half way between the extremes (of the cline) in characters."</p> + +<p>It is true, as Anderson and Rand say, that the shrews from Cypress Hills +are hardly separable from those from, say, Waterton Lakes Park. The specimens +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> +from the Cypress Hills are noticeably different from specimens from the +Okanagan area, but some of the latter, in my opinion may represent intergrades +between <i>S. v. obscurus</i> and the more reddish <i>S. v. vagrans</i> and are not, at any +rate, typical <i>obscurus</i>. In view of the similarity of shrews from Cypress Hills +to typical <i>S. v. obscurus</i> and since the Cypress Hills are much nearer to the +range of <i>S. v. obscurus</i> than to the record-stations of occurrence in central +Saskatchewan and Manitoba, I have chosen to restrict the name <i>soperi</i> to shrews +from these latter two localities. Seemingly <i>S. vagrans</i> is absent from the plains +separating the Cypress Hills from the Rocky Mountains and from Riding +Mountain National Park.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—none.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal records.</i>—<span class="smcap">Saskatchewan</span>: Prince Albert National Park, 1700 ft. +(Anderson and Rand, 1945:48). <span class="smcap">Manitoba</span>: Riding Mountain National Park, +2½ mi. NW Audy Lake (ibid.).</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans longiquus</b> new subspecies</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—First year male, skin and skull; No. 87332, Univ. Michigan Mus. +Zool.; obtained on July 21, 1942, by Emmet T. Hooper from 25 mi. ESE Big +Sandy, Eagle Creek, Chouteau Co., Montana, original no. 2184.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Central Montana; marginal localities are: Bearpaw Mts., Zortman, +Big Snowy Mts., Buffalo, Little Belt Mts.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size small for the species; measurements of three topotypes are: +total length, 101, 105, 108; tail, 39, 40, 42; hind foot, 11.5, 11.5, 12. Color +pale; summer pelage: back near (17´´´<i>k</i>) Olive Brown but hairs of dorsum with +a pale, buffy band proximal from the tips which imparts a pale over-all appearance; +flanks near Wood Brown; underparts Pale Smoke Gray, usually not with +a buffy wash; color of underparts often extending along margin of upper lip. +Skull small for species; rostrum relatively broad and heavy; relatively broad +interorbitally.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—From <i>S. v. obscurus</i>, <i>S. v. longiquus</i> differs as follows: size +smaller; skull smaller in all dimensions although similar in proportion. From +<i>S. v. soperi</i>, <i>S. v. longiquus</i> differs in: size smaller; color paler in summer +pelage. From <i>S. v. vagrans</i>, <i>S. v. longiquus</i> differs in: color paler in summer +pelage, less brownish; color of venter extending higher on flanks; venter Pale +Smoke Gray, rarely tinged with buffy rather than usually tinged with buffy. +From <i>S. v. monticola</i>, <i>S. v. longiquus</i> differs in: summer pelage slightly paler, +venter Pale Smoke Gray rather than suffused with buffy.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—The subspecies <i>longiquus</i> is obviously derived from the neighboring +<i>S. v. obscurus</i> and differs from it mainly in size. Some specimens of +obscurus from western Montana show evidences of intergradation with <i>S. v. +vagrans</i> in possessing a somewhat buffy belly and these are thus more strikingly +different from <i>longiquus</i> than are other specimens of <i>obscurus</i>. Many specimens +of <i>obscurus</i> from the eastern slope of the Lewis and Clark Range in Montana +show the tricolored pattern seen in many specimens of <i>longiquus</i>. The +smallest individuals of longiquus are found on the Big Snowy Mountains. Intergradation +with <i>obscurus</i> is seen in specimens here referred to <i>S. v. obscurus</i> +from the Big Belt Mountains.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 45. <span class="smcap">Montana</span>: <i>Hill Co.</i>: Bearpaw +Mts., 5 UM, 2 BS. <i>Phillips Co.</i>: Zortman, 1 BS. <i>Chouteau Co.</i>: type locality, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> +3 UM; Highwood Mts., 13 BS. <i>Cascade Co.</i>: Neihart, Little Belt Mts., 1 BS. +<i>Judith Basin Co.</i>: 3 mi. W Geyser, 4100 ft., 1 KU; Otter Creek, 10 mi. SW +Geyser, 1 BS; Dry Wolf Creek, 20 mi. SW Stanford, 1 BS. Buffalo, 13 mi. W +Buffalo Canyon, 2 BS. <i>Fergus Co.</i>: Moccasin Mts., 15 mi. NW Hilger, 3 BS; +Judith Mts., 17 mi. NE Lewiston, 1 BS; 15 mi. S Heath, N. fork Flat Willow +Creek, Big Snowy Mts., 1 BS; Timber Creek, Big Snowy Mts., 1 BS; Crystal +Lake, 6000 ft., Big Snowy Mts., 2 UM; Rocky Creek, 5600 ft., Big Snowy Mts., +3 UM; Big Snowy Mts., 3 BS. <i>Meagher Co.</i>: Sheep Creek, 16 mi. N White +Sulphur Springs, Little Belt Mts., 1 BS.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal records.</i>—<span class="smcap">Montana</span>: Bearpaw Mts.; Zortman; Big Snowy Mts.; +16 mi. N White Sulphur Springs; Highwood Mts.</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans neomexicanus</b> Bailey</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex obscurus neomexicanus</i> Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 26:133, +May 21, 1913.</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult male, skin and skull; No. 100440, U. S. Biol. Surv. Coll.; +obtained on May 29, 1900, by Vernon Bailey, from Cloudcroft, 9000 ft., Otero +Co., New Mexico.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Sacramento and Capitan Mountains of New Mexico.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium for the species; average and extreme measurements +of 4 topotypes are: total length, 105.2 (103-107); tail, 41.0 (39-42); hind +foot, 13.1 (12.5-14). Color near Olive Brown in summer; winter pelage +unknown; skull large and relatively broad; teeth relatively large.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—Skull larger than that of <i>S. v. obscurus</i> and relatively somewhat +broader; much larger in all cranial dimensions than <i>S. v. monticola</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—<i>S. v. neomexicanus</i> is a well-marked subspecies seemingly limited +to the mountains of southeastern New Mexico. It is the only species of <i>Sorex</i> +thus far recorded from that area.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 12. <span class="smcap">New Mexico</span>: <i>Otero Co.</i>: SW +slope Capitan Mts., 2 BS; 10 mi. NE Cloudcroft, 2 BS; Cloudcroft, 7 BS, 1 UM.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal records.</i>—<span class="smcap">New Mexico</span>: SW slope Capitan Mts.; 10 mi. NE +Cloudcroft; type locality.</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans monticola</b> Merriam</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex monticolus</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 3:43, September 11, 1890.</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex vagrans monticola</i>, Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:69, December 31, +1895.</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex melanogenys</i> Hall, Jour. Mamm., 13:260, August 9, 1932, type from +Marijilda Canyon, 8600 ft., Graham Mts. [= Pinaleno Mts.] Graham Co., +Arizona.</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult male, skin and skull; No. 17599/24535, U. S. Biol. Surv. Coll.; +obtained on August 28, 1899, by C. Hart Merriam and Vernon Bailey from +San Francisco Mtn., 11,500 ft., Coconino Co., Arizona.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Mountains of western New Mexico, eastern Arizona, and the northern +Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size small for the species; average and extreme measurements +of 12 specimens from the White Mountains, Arizona, are: total length, 104.3 +(98-112); tail, 41.2 (37-45); hind foot, 12.0 (11-13). Summer pelage between +(15´<i>m</i>) Proutts Brown and (15´´<i>m</i>) Bister, venter tinged with (15´<i>f</i>) Pale +Ochraceous Buff; winter pelage near (17´´´<i>k</i>) Olive Brown; skull relatively +broad.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> +<i>Comparisons.</i>—For comparisons with <i>S. v. obscurus</i> and <i>S. v. neomexicanus</i> +see accounts of those subspecies. Skull slightly larger and relatively broader +than that of <i>S. v. orizabae</i>, and color slightly paler. Differs from <i>S. v. vagrans</i> +in: winter pelage grayish (near 17´´´<i>k</i> Olive Brown) rather than blackish +(17´´´´<i>k</i> or 17´´´´<i>m</i> Chaetura Drab or Chaetura Black); summer pelage slightly +grayer; skull relatively slightly broader rostrally and interorbitally.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—<i>S. v. monticola</i> intergrades gradually with <i>S. v. obscurus</i> to the +north and east; indeed the type locality is actually in this area of intergradation. +So far as I know, <i>monticola</i> is not in reproductive continuity with any +other subspecies of <i>Sorex vagrans</i>. Specimens from southeastern Arizona are +the smallest and seem to be the most "typical" in the sense that they are most +different from <i>S. v. obscurus</i>. Some specimens from the whole length of the +Rocky Mountain chain in the United States have for years been referred to +<i>monticola</i>. Some of these, as I have pointed out, belong to <i>S. v. longiquus</i>, and +others are intergrades between <i>S. v. obscurus</i> and <i>S. v. vagrans</i>. Since <i>vagrans</i> +and <i>monticola</i> resemble one another somewhat, and since topotypes of <i>S. v. +monticola</i> actually show the influence of intergradation with <i>obscurus</i>, it is +easy to understand how intergrades between <i>obscurus</i> and <i>vagrans</i> could have +been assigned to <i>monticola</i>.</p> + +<p>Throughout most of its range, <i>S. v. monticola</i> is the only <i>Sorex</i> present. In +some places <i>monticola</i> may occur with <i>S. nanus</i> or <i>S. merriami</i>. <i>S. v. monticola</i> +occurs with the water shrew in southeastern Arizona.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 80.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Arizona</span>: <i>Coconino Co.</i>: San Francisco Mtn., 3 BS, 6 CMNH. <i>Apache Co.</i>: +Spruce Creek, Tunitcha Mts., 7 BS; Springerville, 1 BS; North Fork White +River, White Mts., 12 SD; White River, Horseshoe Cienega, 8300 ft., White +Mts., 5 BS; Mt. Thomas, 9500 to 11,000 ft., White Mts., 12 BS; Little Colorado +River, White Mts., 4 BS; near head Burro Creek, 9000 ft., White Mts., 1 BS. +<i>Graham Co.</i>: Graham Mts., 9200 ft., 2 BS. <i>Greenlee Co.</i>: Prieto Plateau, +9000 ft., S. end Blue Range, 1 BS. <i>Pima Co.</i>: Summerhaven, 7500 ft., Santa +Catalina Mts., 3 BS, 1 SD. <i>Cochise Co.</i>: Fly Park, Chiricahua Mts., 4 BS; +Rustler Park, Chiricahua Mts., 1 SD; Long Park, Chiricahua Mts., 1 UM; +Huachuca Mts., 1 BS. <i>Santa Cruz Co.</i>: Stone Cabin Canyon, 8500 ft., Santa +Rita Mts., 1 BS.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">New Mexico</span>: <i>San Juan Co.</i>: Chusca Mts., 1 BS. <i>Catron Co.</i>: Mogollon +Mts., 3 BS; 10 mi. E Mogollon, 1 KU. <i>Socorro Co.</i>: Copper Canyon, Magdalena +Mts., 3 BS. <i>Sierra Co.</i>: Mimbres Mts., near Kingston, 1 BS.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Chihuahua</span>: Sierra Madre, near Guadalupe y Calvo, 5 BS.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal records.</i>—<span class="smcap">Arizona</span>: Tunitcha Mts. <span class="smcap">New Mexico</span>: Chusca Mts.; +Copper Canyon, Magdalena Mts.; Mimbres Mts., near Kingston. <span class="smcap">Chihuahua</span>: +Guadalupe y Calvo. <span class="smcap">Arizona</span>: Huachuca Mts.; Santa Catalina Mts.; White +River, Horseshoe Cienega, 8300 ft., White Mts.; San Francisco Mtn.</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans orizabae</b> Merriam</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex orizabae</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:71, December 31, 1895.</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex vagrans orizabae</i>, Jackson, N. Amer. Fauna, 51:113, July 24, 1928.</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult female, skin and skull; No. 53633, U. S. Biol. Surv. Coll.; +obtained on April 24, 1893, by E. W. Nelson from W slope of Mt. Orizaba, +9,500 ft., Puebla.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Transverse volcanic belt of mountains at the southern end of the +Mexican Plateau.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> +<i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size small for the species; measurements of 3 specimens from +Volcan Toluca, Mexico, are: total length, 98, 100, 108; tail, 35, 39, 40; hind +foot, 13, 13, 14. Summer pelage Mummy Brown tending toward Olive Brown; +Fuscous to Fuscous-Black in winter; skull and teeth relatively narrow.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—For comparison with <i>S. v. monticola</i> see account of that +subspecies.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—The range of <i>S. v. orizabae</i> probably is not now in contact with +that of any other subspecies of <i>S. vagrans</i>, although judging by the slight degree +of difference between <i>orizabae</i> and <i>monticola</i> the separation +between the two has not been of great duration.</p> + +<p><i>Sorex vagrans orizabae</i> occurs with <i>S. saussurei saussurei</i> throughout the +transverse volcanic belt.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 23.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Michoacán</span>: Patambán, 1 BS; Nahuatzín, 3 BS; Mt. Tancítaro, 4 BS.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mexico</span>: Salazar, 2 BS, 1 KU; Volcan de Toluca, 3 BS.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Tlaxcala</span>: Mt. Malinche, 2 BS.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Puebla</span>: Mt. Orizaba, 6 BS.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Veracruz</span>: Cofre de Perote, 1 BS.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal records.</i>—<span class="smcap">Michoacán</span>: <i>Patambán</i>. <span class="smcap">Veracruz</span>: Cofre de Perote. +<span class="smcap">Puebla</span>: <i>Mt. Orizaba</i>. <span class="smcap">Michoacán</span>: Mt. Tancítaro.</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans vagrans</b> Baird</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex vagrans</i> Baird, Rep't Pacific R. R. Survey 8: pt. 1, Mammals, p. 15, +July 14, 1858.</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex suckleyi</i> Baird, Rep't Pacific R. R. Survey 8: pt. 1, Mammals, p. 18, +July 14, 1858, type from Steilacoom, Pierce Co., Washington.</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex dobsoni</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 5:33, July 30, 1891, type from +Alturas or Sawtooth Lake, altitude about 7200 ft., E base Sawtooth Mts., +Blaine Co., Idaho.</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex amoenus</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:69, December 31, 1895, type +from near Mammoth, 8000 ft., head Owens River, E slope Sierra Nevada, +Mono Co., California.</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex nevadensis</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:71, December 31, 1895, type +from Reese River, 6000 ft., Nye-Lander Co. line, Nevada.</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex shastensis</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 16:87, October 28, 1899, type +from Wagon Camp, Mt. Shasta, 5700 ft., Siskiyou Co., California.</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult male, alcoholic; No. 1675, U. S. Nat. Mus.; obtained at +Shoalwater (Willapa) Bay, Pacific Co., Washington; received from J. G. Cooper, +and entered in Museum catalog on October 23, 1856.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—The Great Basin, and Columbia Plateau west across the mountains +to the Pacific coast of northern California, Oregon, Washington and southwestern +British Columbia.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size small for the species; average and extreme measurements +of 8 topotypes are: total length, 104.1 (99-109); tail, 43.3 (42-45); hind foot, +12.9 (12-14). Summer pelage ranging from (15´<i>k</i>) Cinnamon Brown through +(15´<i>m</i>) Proutt's Brown to (17´<i>m</i>) Mummy Brown. Winter pelage (13´´´´<i>m</i>) +Fuscous Black to (17´´´´<i>m</i>) Chaetura Black.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—For comparison with <i>S. v. monticola</i> see account of that +subspecies. Differs from <i>S. v. halicoetes</i> in relatively narrower and more attenuate +rostrum and in less brownish underparts in winter pelage; smaller and +more brownish (less grayish) than <i>Sorex vagrans</i> from the southern Sierra +Nevada.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p> + +<div class="fig_center" style="width: 482px;"> +<a name="Fig_18" id="Fig_18"></a> +<img src="images/fig_18.png" width="482" height="455" alt="" title="" /> +<div class="fig_caption"><br /> + <span class="smcap">Fig. 18.</span> Probable geographic ranges of + <i>Sorex vagrans vagrans</i>, its derivative subspecies, and + <i>S. v. mixtus</i>.<br /> +<br /> +<table summary="Subspecies of Sorex vagrans"> +<tr> + <td align="left">1. <i>S. v. vancouverensis</i><br /> + 2. <i>S. v. vagrans</i><br /> + 3. <i>S. v. halicoetes</i><br /> + 4. <i>S. v. paludivagus</i><br /> + 5. <i>S. v. obscuroides</i><br /> + 6. <i>S. v. mixtus</i> + </td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—Restriction of the range of <i>S. v. monticola</i> to Arizona +and New Mexico leaves shrews that were formerly assigned to this +subspecies from Utah, Idaho, Washington and southern British +Columbia unassigned. Several names are available for consideration. +The name <i>Sorex vagrans dobsoni</i> Merriam, 1891, type locality +Alturas Lake, Blaine Co., Idaho, was once applied to small shrews +from Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, and Utah, but was considered by +Jackson to be synonymous with <i>S. v. monticola</i>. The name <i>Sorex +vagrans amoenus</i> Merriam, 1895, type locality near Mammoth, Mono +Co., California, has been applied to wandering shrews from western +Nevada, northeastern California and southern Oregon. <i>Sorex vagrans +nevadensis</i> Merriam, 1895, type locality Reese River on Nye-Lander +Co. line, Nevada was considered by Hall (1946:119) to be +synonymous with <i>S. v. amoenus</i>. Specimens of <i>Sorex vagrans</i> west +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> +of the Cascade Mountains have long been referred to the nominate +subspecies which has its type locality at Willapa Bay, Pacific Co., +Washington. Over so wide an area it is only to be expected that +some geographic variation is to be found. Thus specimens from +central Nevada average slightly paler in summer pelage than those +from the Pacific Coast or from the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. +In addition there are slight average differences in size from place +to place. Topotypes of <i>S. v. vagrans</i>, however, show a fair degree +of variability and some are nearly as pale as the paler Great Basin +stocks. Furthermore topotypical individuals of <i>vagrans</i> can be lost +in series of <i>S. v. amoenus</i>, although <i>amoenus</i> is shorter-tailed on the +average. Specimens from the western foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains +show an amazing series of relationships with the montane <i>S. v. +obscurus</i>. In Utah, as previously pointed out, complete intergradation +occurs. At 1 mi. N Heath, Washington Co., Idaho, the lowland +and the highland forms approach each other within a short distance +and still maintain a degree of distinctness, especially in size. In +northwestern Montana intergradation is extensive (Clothier, 1950). +In northeastern Washington distinctly separable populations occur +within a few miles of one another. In southern British Columbia +some populations are clearly intergrades while at 6 mi. S Yahk +intergradation seemingly has not taken place. Where some intergradation +has occurred the result often has been increased size of the +lowland shrews, although they usually retain the reddish summer +pelage rather than acquiring the more grayish pelage of <i>obscurus</i>. +The name <i>dobsoni</i> was based upon shrews from a place where lowland +and highland forms occur almost together with only a slight +amount of intergradation. Examples of "<i>dobsoni</i>" may not with +certainty be distinguished from typical <i>vagrans</i> except that they +are, as Merriam (1895:68-69) points out, somewhat larger. Merriam +(<i>loc. cit.</i>) further notes that <i>dobsoni</i> is "intermediate in size +and cranial characters between <i>S. vagrans</i> and <i>obscurus</i>;" a statement +which hits very close to the heart of the matter. I consider +the name <i>dobsoni</i> to apply to intergrades. To attempt to apply the +name to the highly variable populations of intergrades from British +Columbia to southern Idaho seems inadvisable. I have examined +the possibility of using the name <i>amoenus</i> for the animals from this +region. The characters which set <i>amoenus</i> apart from <i>vagrans</i>, +slightly shorter tail and slightly darker summer pelage, however, +are not universally found in shrews from the Columbian Plateau +and eastern Great Basin and furthermore these differences between +<i>amoenus</i> and <i>vagrans</i> do not seem to me to be of great enough +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> +magnitude to warrant subspecific recognition of the former. Thus +the name <i>S. v. vagrans</i> may apply to shrews in the region under +consideration. The subspecies, as thus thought of, embraces several +incipient subspecies, namely (1) the populations on the isolated +mountain ranges of Nevada, (2) the coastal rain forest population +and possibly (3) the population on the Columbian Plateau.</p> + +<p>In western British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon no evidences +of intergradation between <i>S. v. vagrans</i> and the races <i>setosus</i>, +<i>permiliensis</i>, <i>bairdi</i>, <i>yaquinae</i>, or <i>pacificus</i> are seen. In this region +<i>S. v. vagrans</i> occurs sympatrically with one or the other of these subspecies. +Different degrees of differentiation thus obtain between +the subspecies <i>vagrans</i> as here defined and the surrounding subspecies +of <i>Sorex vagrans</i> to wit: complete intergradation and +allopatry in Utah with <i>S. v. obscurus</i>; partial intergradation and +partial sympatry with <i>S. v. obscurus</i> in the foothill region from Idaho +to British Columbia; no intergradation and complete sympatry with +all the other races of <i>Sorex vagrans</i> from the Cascades to the coast +and south to San Francisco Bay. The relationship of <i>S. v. vagrans</i> to +the wandering shrews of the high Sierra is discussed on page 58.</p> + +<p>Throughout most of the Great Basin and Columbian Plateau <i>Sorex +vagrans</i> is, with the exception of the rare <i>S. merriami</i> and <i>S. preblei</i>, +the only small shrew. In the Cascades and in the coastal lowlands +it is the only small shrew except for <i>S. cinereus</i> and <i>S. trigonirostris</i>, +both extremely rare and local in this region. <i>S. vagrans</i> seemingly +competes to a certain extent with the larger <i>S. trowbridgii</i> in western +Washington and seems to be partially dominant to <i>trowbridgii</i>, at +least in marshy habitats (Dalquest, 1941:171).</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 1197.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">British Columbia</span>: <i>Osoyoos District</i>: Okanagan, 20 PMBC; Okanagan +Landing, 2 PMBC; Nahun Plateau, 2 PMBC. <i>Vancouver District</i>: Vancouver, +2 PMBC. <i>New Westminister District</i>: Port Moody, 16 BS; Westminster Jct., +4 AMNH; Langley, 1 BS; Vedder Crossing, 1 PMBC; Huntingdon, 69 NMC; +Sumas, 16 BS; Cultus Lake, 1 NMC. <i>Similkameen District</i>: Princeton, 6 Mile +Creek, 1 NMC. Hedley, Stirling Creek, 7 NMC; Fairview-Keremeos Summit, +5 NMC; Oliver, 1 NMC; Westbridge, 6 NMC; Osoyoos, 1 PMBC; Osoyoos-Bridesville +Summit, 4 NMC; Cascade, 7 NMC. <i>Nelson District</i>: Kuskonook, +1 PMBC; Rossland, 14 NMC; Trail, 2 NMC; Creston, 4 PMBC, 4 NMC; near +Creston, 7 NMC. <i>Cranbrook District</i>: Cranbrook, 5 BS; Yahk, 2 NMC; Yahk +Camp 6, 2 NMC; Goatfell, 2 NMC. <i>Fernie District</i>: Newgate, 3 NMC.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Washington</span>: <i>Whatcom Co.</i>: Blaine, 1 BS; Beaver Creek, 5 WSC; Glacier, +1 BS; Mt. Baker Lodge, 1 WSC; Lake Whatcom, 1 BS; Barron, 2 BS. <i>Okanogan +Co.</i>: Sheep Mtn., 3 BS; E. end Bauerman Ridge, 1 BS; Oroville, 1 BS; Hidden +Lakes, 1 BS; Loomis, 1 BS; Conconully, 1 BS; Twisp, 1 BS. <i>Ferry Co.</i>: 5 mi. +W Curlew, 2 BS. <i>Stevens Co.</i>: Marcus, 1 BS. <i>Pend Oreille Co.</i>: Canyon, 1 +WSC; Metaline, 2 BS; Sullivan Lake, 1 BS. <i>San Juan Co.</i>: East Sound, Orcas +Island, 3 BS; Friday Harbor, San Juan Island, 1 BS; San Juan Park, 2 WSC; +Blakely Island, 1 KU; Richardson, 6 BS. <i>Skagit Co.</i>: Cypress Island, 1 KU; +Hamilton, 1 BS; Sauk, 1 BS; Avon, 3 BS; Mt. Vernon, 2 BS; La Conner, 5 BS. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> +<i>Island Co.</i>: San de Fuca, Whidby Island, 3 BS; Greenbank, Whidby Island, +2 BS; 3 mi. N Clinton, Whidby Island, 1 BS. <i>Snohomish Co.</i>: Oso, 2 BS; +Hermosa Point, Tulalip Indian Reservation, 7 mi. W and ½ mi. N Marysville, +3 KU. <i>Chelan Co.</i>: Entiat, 2 BS. <i>Lincoln Co.</i>: 6 mi. E Odessa, 4 BS. +<i>Spokane Co.</i>: Marshall, 7 BS. <i>Clallam Co.</i>: Neah Bay, 29 BS; 8 mi. W Sekin +River, 1 WSC; mouth Sekin River, 1 WSC; Dungeness, 1 BS; Port Townsend, +3 BS; Ozette Indian Reservation, 1 CMNH; Sequim, 4 BS; Tivoli Island, Ozette +Lake, 1 CMNH; Garden Island, Ozette Lake, 3 CMNH; Elwah, 1 WSC; Blyn, +1 BS; Soleduck River, 1 BS; 12 mi. S Port Angeles, 1 WSC; Forks, 9 CMNH, +1 BS; Cat Creek, 1 WSC; Lapush, 5 BS. <i>Jefferson Co.</i>: Jefferson Ranger Station, +N Fork Hoh River, 5 CMNH; Duckabush, 6 BS. <i>Kitsap Co.</i>: Vashon Island, +2 BS. <i>King Co.</i>: Redmont, 2 BS; Kirkland, 20 BS; Seattle, 1 WSC, 3 KU; Northbend, +2 BS: Lake Washington, near Renton, 2 BS; Kent, 1 BS; Enumclaw, 1 BS. +<i>Grays Harbor Co.</i>: Lake Quinault, 9 BS; Aberdeen, 20 BS; Westport, 5 BS, +2 WSC; Oakville, 1 BS. <i>Mason Co.</i>: Lake Cushman, 11 BS; Hoodsport, 1 BS; +North Fork Skokomish River, 1 BS; Shelton, 2 BS. <i>Pierce Co.</i>: Puyallup, 6 +BS; Steilacoom, 1 BS; 6 mi. S Tacoma, 2 BS; Roy, 3 BS; Bear Prairie, Mt. +Rainier, 1 BS; Reflection Lake, Mt. Rainier, 1 WSC. <i>Kittitas Co.</i>: Blewett Pass, +3 BS; Easton, 3 BS; 2 mi. E Cle Elum, 4 FC; Ellensburg, 2 BS. <i>Grant Co.</i>: +Moses Lake, 1 BS; 9 mi. S and 1 mi. W Neppel, 1 UM. <i>Whitman Co.</i>: Hangman +Creek, Tekoa, 1 WSC; 4 mi. ENE Pullman, 1 KU; 2 mi. N Pullman, 2 +WSC; 2 mi. NW Pullman, 1 WSC; 2 mi. W Pullman, 1 WSC; Pullman, 5 WSC; +Armstrong, 1 WSC; 5 mi. NE Wawawai, 1 BS; Wawawai, 5 WSC. <i>Thurston Co.</i>: +Nisqually Flats, 2 BS; Nisqually, 1 BS; 4 mi. S Olympia, 1 BS; Tenino, 4 BS. +<i>Pacific Co.</i>: Tokeland, 4 BS; 1 mi. S Nemah, 2 FC; 1 mi. N Bear River, Willapa +Bay, 8 FC; ¼ mi. N Bear River, 3 FC; 3½ mi. E Seaview, 6 FC; Ilwaco, 1 BS. +<i>Lewis Co.</i>: 8 mi. W Chehallis, 2 BS; Chehallis, 2 BS; Toledo, 1 BS. <i>Yakima +Co.</i>: Selah, 7 KU; Wiley City, 4 BS. <i>Wahkiakum Co.</i>: Cathlamet, 1 BS. +<i>Skamania Co.</i>: 45 mi. SE Toledo, 2 BS; Carson, 1 BS; Stevenson, 1 BS; 15 mi. +NW White Salmon, 1 BS. <i>Klickitat Co.</i>: Trout Lake, 15 mi. S Mt. Adams, +2 BS; 15 mi. N Goldendale, 1 WSC; Goldendale, 1 BS. <i>Walla Walla Co.</i>: +College Place, 1 KU. <i>Columbia Co.</i>: Starbuck, 3 BS. <i>Garfield Co.</i>: 1 mi. E +Pomeroy, 1 SGJ. <i>Asotin Co.</i>: 21 mi. SE Dayton, 1 BS; Rogersburg, 1 BS.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Idaho</span>: <i>Bonner Co.</i>: 4 mi. S Sandpoint, 1 UM. <i>Kootenai Co.</i>: Coeur +d'Alene, 2 BS. <i>Shoshone Co.</i>: Osburry, 1 BS; Mullan, 2 BS. <i>Latah Co.</i>: +Felton's Mills, 1 WSC; Cedar Mtn., 5 WSC. <i>Lewis Co.</i>: Nezperce, 2 BS. +<i>Idaho Co.</i>: Seven Devils Mtn., 1 BS. <i>Adams Co.</i>: Summit of Smith Mtn., +7500 ft., 5 KU; New Meadows, 1 BS; Tamarack, 1 BS. <i>Washington Co.</i>: 1 mi. +NE Heath, SW slope Cuddy Mtn., 4000 ft., 7 KU. <i>Boise Co.</i>: Bald Mtn. R. S., +10 mi. S Idaho City, 1 BS. <i>Elmore Co.</i>: Cayuse Creek, 10 mi. N Featherville, +1 BS. <i>Canyon Co.</i>: Nampa, 5 BS. <i>Blaine Co.</i>: Sawtooth City, 5 BS; Alturas +Lake, 1 BS. <i>Bonneville Co.</i>: 10 mi. SE Irwin, 5 BS. <i>Bannock Co.</i>: Pocatello, +1 BS, 1 KU; 1 mi. W Bancroft, 1 KU; Swan Lake, 1 BS. <i>Owyhee Co.</i>: Grasmere, +1 SGJ. <i>Cassia Co.</i>: 10 mi. S Albion, Mt. Harrison, 1 BS.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Montana</span>: <i>Sanders Co.</i>: Prospect Creek, near Thomson Falls, 4 BS. <i>Lake +Co.</i>: Flathead Lake, 5 BS. <i>Ravalli Co.</i>: Bass Creek, NW Stevensville, 2 BS; +2 mi. NE Stevensville, 1 UM; Corvallis, 4 BS; 6 mi. E Hamilton, 1 KU.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oregon</span>: <i>Clatsop Co.</i>: Seaside, 1 BS. <i>Washington Co.</i>: 5 mi. SE Hillsboro, +1 BS; Beaverton, 1 BS. <i>Multnomah Co.</i>: Portland, 20 BS; Portland, Switzler +Lake, 5 BS. <i>Hood River Co.</i>: 2 mi. W Parkdale, 1 BS; north slope Mt. Hood, +2 BS. <i>Umatilla Co.</i>: 10 mi. W Meacham, 2 BS; Meacham, 3 BS. <i>Union Co.</i>: +Elgin, 2 BS; Kamela, 2 BS; Hot Lake, 2 BS. <i>Wallowa Co.</i>: 25 mi. N. Enterprise, +4 BS; Wallowa Lake, 23 BS; S Wallowa Lake, 1 BS. <i>Clackamas Co.</i>: +Estacada, 1 KU. <i>Marion Co.</i>: Salem, 8 BS; Permilia Lake, 2 BS. <i>Benton Co.</i>: +Corvallis, 2 BS; 5 mi. SW Philomath, 5 BS. <i>Linn Co.</i>: Shelburn, 1 BS. <i>Jefferson +Co.</i>: 20 mi. W Warm Springs, 2 BS. <i>Grant Co.</i>: Beech Creek, 6 BS; +Austin, 1 BS; Strawberry Butte, 1 BS; Strawberry Mts., 12 BS. <i>Baker Co.</i>: +Homestead, 1 BS; Cornucopia, 11 BS; Rock Creek, 1 BS; Bourne, 7 BS; McEwen, +1 BS; Huntington, 1 BS; Anthony, 42 AMNH. <i>Lane Co.</i>: north slope +Three Sisters, 3 BS; Vida, 1 BS; Mapleton, 1 BS; Eugene, 2 BS; 10 mi. S +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> +McKenzie Bridge, 1 BS; Florence, 1 BS. <i>Deschutes Co.</i>: Paulina Lake, 7 +BS; Lapine, 8 BS. <i>Crook Co.</i>: 1 SGJ. <i>Douglas Co.</i>: Winchester Bay, 1 +SGJ; Scottsburg, 3 BS; Drain, 5 BS; Lookingglass, 1 BS; Diamond Lake, 6 +BS. <i>Coos Co.</i>: Empire, 5 BS. <i>Curry Co.</i>: Port Orford, 1 BS; Gold +Beach, 4 BS. <i>Klamath Co.</i>: Anna Creek, Mt. Mazama, 1 BS; Crater Lake, +14 BS; Upper Klamath Marsh, 2 BS; Ft. Klamath, 35 BS; Klamath Falls, 6 +BS. <i>Lake Co.</i>: 10 mi. SW Silver Lake, 3 BS; west fork Silver Creek, +Yamsay Mts., 4 BS; Plush, 1 BS; Warner Creek, Warner Mts., 1 BS; Warner +Mts., 3 BS; Gearhart Mts., 17 SGJ; <i>Harney Co.</i>: Diamond, 2 BS; Keiger +Gorge, Steens Mts., 3 BS. <i>Malheur Co.</i>: 8 mi. W Jordon Valley, 1 BS.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wyoming</span>: <i>Lincoln Co.</i>: 13 mi. N and 2 mi. W Afton, 6 KU; 10 mi. N +Afton, Salt River, 2 BS; 9 mi. N and 2 mi. W Afton, 6 KU; 7 mi. N and 1 mi. +W Afton, 4 KU; Cokeville, 1 BS; 12 mi. N and 2 mi. E Sage, 2 KU; 6 mi. N +and 2 mi. E Sage, 1 KU.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">California</span>: <i>Del Norte Co.</i>: Smith River, 2 BS; Crescent City, 20 BS. +<i>Siskiyou Co.</i>: Beswick, 1 BS; Hornbrook, 3 BS; Brownell, Klamath Lake, 1 BS; +Mayten, 2 BS; Squaw Creek, Mt. Shasta, 5 BS; Upper Ash Creek, Mt. Shasta, +1 BS; upper Mud Creek, Mt. Shasta, 8 BS; Wagon Camp, Mt. Shasta, 5 BS; +Warmcastle Soda Springs, Squaw Creek Valley, 2 BS; Sisson, 7 BS. <i>Modoc Co.</i>: +Davis Creek, Goose Lake, 1 BS. <i>Humboldt Co.</i>: <i>Humboldt Bay</i>, 10 BS. +<i>Trinity Co.</i>: Canyon Creek, 2 BS. <i>Shasta Co.</i>: Fort Crook, 11 BS; Dana, 17 +BS; Fall Lake, Fall River Valley, 3 BS; Cassel, 2 BS; 12 mi. E Burney, 1 BS; +Lassen Peak, 13 BS; Kellys, Warner Creek, 1 KU; Drakes Hot Springs, Warner +Creek, 2 BS. <i>Mendocino Co.</i>: Russian Gulch State Park, 2 FC. <i>Plumas Co.</i>: +12 mi. NE Prattville, 2 BS; Spring Garden Ranch, Grizzly Mts., 3 BS; Sierra +Valley, 1 BS. <i>Sierra Co.</i>: Lincoln Creek, 1 BS. <i>Sonoma Co.</i>: Petaluma, 3 BS; +Point Reyes, 7 BS. <i>Placer Co.</i>: Donner, 3 BS. <i>El Dorado Co.</i>: Tallac, 3 BS. +<i>Mono Co.</i>: Mt. Conness, 1 BS; Mono Lake, 1 BS; near Mammoth, 8000 ft., +head of Owens River, 2 BS. <i>Inyo Co.</i>: Alvord, 1 BS.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Nevada</span>: <i>Elko Co.</i>: Mountain City, 1 BS; Three Lakes, 1 KU; west side +Ruby Lake, 3 mi. N White Pine Co. line, 8 KU; Ruby Mts., 9 BS; W side Ruby +Lake, 3 BS. <i>White Pine Co.</i>: W side Ruby Lake, 3 mi. S Elko Co. line, 1 +KU. <i>Nye Co.</i>: Cloverdale, Reese River, 3 BS.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Utah</span>: <i>Weber Co.</i>: Beaver Creek, S Fork Ogden River, 2 UU; Huntsville, +10 mi. E Ogden, 1 UU; Hooper Bay Refuge, 4200 ft., 1 UU; Riverdale, 4200 +ft., 3 UU; Riverdale, 4250 ft., 1 UU; 3 mi. SE Ogden, 2 UU; Snow Basin, +2 UU; Snow Basin, S part Wheeler Canyon, 1 UU; Uinta, 2 mi. W Weber +Canyon entrance, 4 UU; 2 mi. W Uinta, 1 UU. <i>Salt Lake Co.</i>: City Creek +Canyon, 6 mi. NE Salt Lake City, 4700 ft., 2 UU; 1 mi. up City Creek Canyon, +4600 ft., 1 UU; ¾ mi. above Forks, City Creek Canyon, 1 UU; The Firs, Millcreek +Canyon, 1 UU; Olympus Water Box, 1 UU; Salamander Lake, Lamb's +Canyon, 9000 ft., 3 UU (near <i>obscurus</i>); Salt Lake City, 7500 ft., 1 UU; 1 mi. +W Draper, 4500 ft., 6 UU; Draper, 4500 ft., 5 UU; 1½ mi. SW Draper, 4500 +ft., 1 UU; 3 mi. SW Draper, 4400 ft., 2 UU; 3 mi. S Draper, 4400 ft., 2 UU; +1 mi. S Draper, 4500 ft., 1 UU. <i>Juab Co.</i>: W side Deep Creek Mts., Queen +of Sheba Canyon, 8000 ft., 3 UU. <i>Wasatch Co.</i>: Midway Fish Hatchery, +5450 ft., 1 UU.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal records.</i>—<span class="smcap">British Columbia</span>: Okanagan; Westbridge; Kuskonook; +Cranbrook. <span class="smcap">Montana</span>: Flathead Lake; 6 mi. E Hamilton; Prospect Creek. +<span class="smcap">IDAHO</span>: Cedar Mtn.; New Meadows; Alturas Lake; 10 mi. SE Irwin. <span class="smcap">Wyoming</span>: +13 mi. N and 2 mi. W Afton; 6 mi. N and 2 mi. E Sage. <span class="smcap">Idaho</span>: 1 mi. W +Bancroft; Swan Lake. <span class="smcap">Utah</span>: Beaver Creek, South Fork, Ogden River; Midway +Fish Hatchery; west side Deep Creek Mts., Queen of Sheba Canyon, 8000 +ft. <span class="smcap">Nevada</span>: Baker Creek (Hall, 1946:120); Reese River (<i>ibid.</i>); 2 mi. S Hinds +Hot Springs (<i>ibid.</i>). <span class="smcap">California</span>: Mono Lake (Jackson, 1928:110); near +Mammoth; Alvord; Mount Conness; Donner; Buck Ranch (Jackson, 1928:110); +Warner Creek, Drake Hot Springs (<i>ibid.</i>); Canyon Creek; Cuddeback (Jackson, +1928:105); Novato Point (<i>ibid.</i>), thence northward along the coast to <span class="smcap">Washington</span>: +Friday Harbor, San Juan Island. <span class="smcap">British Columbia</span>: Port Moody.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans obscuroides</b> new subspecies</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—First year female, skin and skull; No. 30064/42074, U. S. Biol. Surv. +Coll.; obtained on August 9, 1891, by Frank Stephens from Bishop Creek, 6600 +ft., Inyo Co., California, original no. 811.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—The Sierra Nevada of California, north at least to El Dorado +County, intergrading northerly with <i>S. v. vagrans</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium for the species; average and extreme measurements +of 5 topotypes are: total length, 107 (103-112); tail, 47 (45-50); hind foot, +12.8 (12-13.5). Skull relatively broad interorbitally; color of dorsum in summer +pelage nearest (17´´´<i>k</i>) Olive Brown.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—Differs from <i>S. v. vagrans</i>, with which it intergrades to the +north, in: longer tail and total length; skull larger and relatively broader +interorbitally; color in summer grayer (less reddish), the lighter subterminal +color bands of the hair often showing through the darker tips and imparting +a grizzled appearance to the dorsum. Differs from <i>S. v. parvidens</i> to the south +in: skull relatively broader interorbitally and less flattened; teeth slightly larger.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—<i>S. v. obscuroides</i> has long been called <i>S. v. obscurus</i>. In fact, +<i>obscuroides</i> is separated from the range of <i>obscurus</i> by the intervening, smaller +subspecies <i>S. v. vagrans</i>. <i>S. v. obscuroides</i> resembles <i>S. v. obscurus</i> in color +and size but the skull is smaller, although relatively slightly broader. The resemblance +in color is possibly due to the fact that <i>obscuroides</i>, like <i>obscurus</i>, +is a high mountain form. <i>S. v. obscuroides</i> intergrades with <i>S. v. vagrans</i> +along the crest of the Sierra between Yosemite National Park and Lassen Peak +and on the eastern slope of the Sierra from approximately Mammoth northward. +Specimens from Donner are intergrades but are closest to <i>S. v. vagrans</i>. +Although all specimens from Lassen Peak are referable to <i>S. v. vagrans</i>, some +show cranial characters of <i>obscuroides</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 76. <span class="smcap">California</span>: <i>Mono Co.</i>: Mt. +Dana, 6 BS; Mt. Lyell, 11 BS. <i>Mariposa Co.</i>: Tuolumne Meadows, Muir +Meadow, 9300 ft., 1 BS; Tuolumne Meadows, Mt. Unicorn, 1 BS; Tuolumne +Meadows, N base Mt. Lyell, 8 BS; Tuolumne Meadows, Soda Springs, 4 BS; +Lake Tenaya, 5 BS. <i>Madera Co.</i>: San Joaquin River, 8000 ft., 4 BS. <i>Fresno +Co.</i>: Horse Corral Meadows, 3 BS. <i>Mono Co.</i>: head of Owens River near +Mammoth, 2 BS. <i>Inyo Co.</i>: Bishop Creek, 5 BS; Round Valley, 1 BS. <i>Tulare +Co.</i>: E. Fork Kaweah River, 7 BS; Mt. Whitney, 5 BS; Whitney Creek, Mt. +Whitney, 4 ChM; Whitney Meadows, 9700 ft., 1 BS; Mineralking, 2 BS; N. +Fork Kern River, 9600 ft., 1 BS; S. Fork Kern River, 4 BS; Kern Lakes, 1 BS.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal records.</i>—<span class="smcap">California</span>: Pyramid Peak; near Mammoth; <i>Round +Valley</i>; Bishop Creek; Mt. Whitney; Kern Lakes; Halstead Meadows; Horse +Corral Meadows; east fork Indian Canyon (Jackson, 1928:121).</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans parvidens</b> Jackson</div> + +<p><i>Sorex obscurus parvidens</i> Jackson, Jour. Mamm., 2:161, August 19, 1921.</p> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult male, skin and skull; No. 56561, U. S. Biol. Surv. Coll.; obtained +on October 3, 1893, by J. E. McLellan from Thurmans Camp, Bluff Lake, +7500 ft., San Bernardino Mts., California.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Confined, so far as known, to the San Bernardino and San Gabriel +mountains, San Bernardino Co., California.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium for the species; measurements of two specimens +from the San Bernardino Mountains are: total length, 105, 106; tail, 41, 48; +hind foot, 12, 14. Upper parts in summer Olive-Brown to Buffy-Brown; +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> +cranium flattened and relatively narrow; unicuspids and incisors relatively +small.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—For comparison with <i>S. v. obscuroides</i>, the only adjacent +subspecies, see the account of that subspecies.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—<i>S. v. parvidens</i> is seemingly an uncommon mammal. I have been +informed by Terry Vaughan that repeated attempts by him to obtain it in +suitable habitat in the San Gabriel Mountains failed. This shrew is probably +no longer in reproductive continuity with <i>Sorex vagrans</i> of the Sierra Nevada.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 4. <span class="smcap">California</span>: <i>San Bernardino Co.</i>: +type locality, 4 BS.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal records.</i>—<span class="smcap">California</span>: Camp Baldy, San Antonio Canyon (Jackson, +1928:124); type locality.</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans halicoetes</b> Grinnell</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex halicoetes</i> Grinnell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 10:183, March 20, +1913.</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex vagrans halicoetes</i>, Jackson, N. Amer. Fauna, 51:108, July 24, 1928.</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Young adult male, skin and skull; No. 3638, Mus. Vert. Zool.; obtained +on May 6, 1908, by Joseph Dixon from salt marsh near Palo Alto, Santa +Clara Co., California.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Marshes in the southern part of San Francisco Bay, California.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size small for the species; measurements of two topotypes are: +total length, 105, 106; tail, 39, 40; hind foot, 12, 13. Upper parts in winter +Chaetura Black or near Fuscous-Black; underparts brownish; upper parts in +summer near (17´<i>m</i>) Mummy Brown; underparts with a decided buffy wash, +near (15´<i>d</i>) Light Ochraceous Buff; rostrum relatively large; maxillary tooth-row +relatively long; teeth relatively large.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—Darker ventrally, both summer and winter, than <i>S. v. vagrans</i>; +slightly more reddish dorsally in summer pelage than <i>S. v. vagrans</i>, rostrum and +teeth relatively larger; smaller externally than <i>S. v. paludivagus</i>, paler; skull +longer, narrower cranially and broader rostrally.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—This subspecies seems to be restricted to salt marshes where +it occurs with <i>Sorex ornatus</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 12. <span class="smcap">California</span>: <i>San Francisco Co.</i>: +San Francisco, 4 BS. <i>Alameda Co.</i>: West Berkeley, 1 BS; Berkeley, 1 BS; +Dumbarton Point, 1 KU. <i>San Mateo Co.</i>: San Mateo, 2 BS. <i>Santa Clara Co.</i>: +Palo Alto, 3 BS.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal records.</i>—<span class="smcap">California</span>: + Berkley, <i>Elmhurst</i>; <i>Palo Alto</i>; San Mateo.</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans paludivagus</b> von Bloeker</div> + +<div class="species"><i>Sorex vagrans paludivagus</i> von Bloeker, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 52:93, +June 5, 1939.</div> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult male, skin and skull; No. 5053, Los Angeles Museum of +History, Science and Art, obtained on November 3, 1938, by Jack C. von +Bloeker, Jr., from salt marsh at mouth of Elkhorn Slough, Moss Landing, +Monterey Co., California, original no. 9456.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size medium for the species; average and extreme measurements +of 6 topotypes are: total length, 115 (113-118); tail, 46.5 (42-48); hind foot, +14.5 (14-15) (von Bloeker, 1939:94). In winter nearly black dorsally, deep +mouse gray ventrally; in summer nearly as dark dorsally as in winter, hairs of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> +venter tipped with Clove Brown; skull short, relatively broad cranially and +relatively narrow rostrally.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—For comparison with <i>S. v. halicoetes</i> see account of that +subspecies.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—This subspecies, occurring at the limits of the range of the species, +is uncommon in most collections. Seven specimens were available for the +original description. The summer pelage is not completely described in the +original description, but is stated to be darker than the winter pelage of <i>S. v. +vagrans</i>, and must thus be considerably darker than the summer pelage of +<i>S. v. halicoetes</i>. Two specimens in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, from +San Gregario, referred by Jackson to <i>S. v. halicoetes</i>, were included in the +present subspecies by von Bloeker.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—None.</p> + +<p><i>Records of occurrence</i> (von Bloeker, 1939:94).—<span class="smcap">California</span>: <i>San Mateo +Co.</i>: San Gregario. <i>Monterey Co.</i>: Seaside; mouth of Salinas River; Moss +Landing.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal records.</i>—<span class="smcap">California</span>: San Gregario; Seaside.</p> + +<div class="caption3"><b>Sorex vagrans vancouverensis</b> Merriam</div> + +<p><i>Sorex vancouverensis</i> Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:70, December 31, 1895.</p> + +<p><i>Sorex vagrans vancouverensis</i>, Jackson, N. Amer. Fauna, 51:106, July, 1928.</p> + +<p><i>Type.</i>—Adult male, skin and skull; No. 71913, U. S. Biol. Surv. Coll.; +obtained on May 10, 1895, by Clark P. Streator, from Goldstream, Vancouver +Island, British Columbia.</p> + +<p><i>Range.</i>—Vancouver Island from Sayward south, and Bowen Island.</p> + +<p><i>Diagnosis.</i>—Size small for the species; average and extreme measurements of +6 specimens from Alberni Valley, Vancouver Island, are: total length, 106.5 +(97-115); tail, 41.7 (40-43); hind foot, 12 (11-13) (Jackson, 1928:107). +Ventral parts brownish, winter pelage reddish brown rather than grayish.</p> + +<p><i>Comparisons.</i>—Differs from <i>S. v. vagrans</i> in more brownish ventral parts +and more brownish, rather than grayish, winter pelage; differs from the sympatric +<i>S. v. isolatus</i> in shorter tail, shorter hind foot, more narrow skull, and +smaller teeth.</p> + +<p><i>Remarks.</i>—This is a poorly differentiated subspecies which is closely related +to <i>S. v. vagrans</i>. The differences in color noted are average ones. Some individuals +of this shrew might be difficult to separate from <i>S. v. isolatus</i>. The +slight degree of morphological divergence is such that intergrades might be +expected to occur. Possibly some habitat separation occurs, but such has not +been reported.</p> + +<p><i>Specimens examined.</i>—Total number, 3. <span class="smcap">British Columbia</span>: Vancouver Island: +Mt. Washington, 1 KU; Nanaimo, 1 BS; type locality, 1 BS.</p> + +<p><i>Marginal records.</i>—<span class="smcap">British Columbia</span>: Sayward (Anderson, 1947:18); +Bowen Island (Hall, 1938:463); Alberni (Jackson, 1928:107).</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2"><a name="CONCLUSIONS" id="CONCLUSIONS"></a> +CONCLUSIONS</div> +<br /> + +<table summary="Conclusions"> +<tr> + <td valign='top'>1.</td> + <td><i>Sorex vagrans</i>, <i>S. obscurus</i>, <i>S. pacificus</i>, + and <i>S. yaquinae</i> are conspecific with one another. Each is + a valid subspecies but all should bear the specific name <i>Sorex</i> + <i>vagrans</i> Baird, 1858.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top'>2.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></td> + <td>The subspecies of <i>Sorex vagrans</i> form a cline from large + (<i>pacificus</i>) to small (<i>vagrans</i>). The cline is bent in + such a manner that the terminal subspecies occur together. Where + the two subspecies occur together, individuals of one subspecies do + not crossbreed with individuals of the other subspecies and + therefore react toward one another as do full species. <i>Sorex</i> + <i>vagrans vagrans</i> occurs sympatrically with <i>S. v. sonomae</i>, + <i>S. v. pacificus</i>, <i>S. v. yaquinae</i>, <i>S. v. bairdi</i>, + <i>S. v. permiliensis</i>, and <i>S. v. setosus</i>. <i>S. v. + vancouverensis</i> occurs sympatrically with <i>S. v. isolatus</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top'>3.</td> + <td>The sympatric existence of the terminal subspecies of the <i>Sorex</i> + <i>vagrans</i> rassenkreis is made possible by marked differences + between them in size and in ecological preference.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top'>4.</td> + <td>The west-coast subspecies, <i>sonomae</i>, <i>pacificus</i>, + <i>yaquinae</i>, <i>bairdi</i>, and <i>permiliensis</i> probably + differentiated from the Great Basin and Rocky Mountain subspecies, + <i>vagrans</i>, <i>obscurus</i> and <i>monticola</i>, during a + separation caused first by aridity in the Great Basin, and secondly + by glaciation of the Cascade Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, + possibly in the Sangamonian and Wisconsinan ages respectively.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top'>5.</td> + <td><i>Sorex v. vagrans</i> originated in the Great Basin and arrived + on the Pacific Coast after the last deglaciation of the Cascades + and Sierra Nevada.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top'>6.</td> + <td>In <i>S. vagrans</i>, heterogonic growth is illustrated; the + larger the skull, the larger the rostrum in proportion to the skull + as a whole.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top'>7.</td> + <td>In the species <i>S. vagrans</i>, size and color vary geographically + more than do other features.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top'>8.</td> + <td>The <i>S. ornatus</i> group, <i>S. longirostris</i>, and <i>S.</i> + <i>veraepacis</i> had a common ancestor with <i>S. vagrans</i>, possibly + in the Illinoian Age.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top'>9.</td> + <td><i>S. vagrans</i>, the <i>S. ornatus</i> group, <i>S. veraepacis</i>, + <i>S. longirostris</i>, <i>S. palustris</i>, <i>S. bendiri</i>, and + the <i>S. cinereus</i> group, because of structural resemblances, + should be placed in a single subgenus, <i>Otisorex</i>. <i>S.</i> + <i>trowbridgii</i>, the <i>S. arcticus</i> group, the <i>S. saussurei</i> + group, <i>S. merriami</i>, <i>S. fumeus</i>, and <i>S. dispar</i>, + should be included in the subgenus <i>Sorex</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign='top'>10.</td> + <td><i>Sorex cinereus</i> occurs with the medium-sized and large-sized + <i>S. vagrans</i> in the Rocky Mountains and in Canada, but does not + occur with the smaller subspecies of <i>S. vagrans</i>, probably + because competition between two shrews of like size excludes + <i>S. cinereus</i>.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p> + +<div class="caption2"><a name="Table_1" id="Table_1"></a> +<span class="smcap">Table 1</span>—<span class="smcap">Cranial + Measurements of Sorex vagrans</span></div> +<br /> + +<table summary="Table 1"> +<tr> + <td class="center brdtp2 brdbt">Catalog number<br />or number of<br />individuals averaged</td> + <td class="center brdtp2 brdbt brdlf">Condylobasal length</td> + <td class="center brdtp2 brdbt brdlf">Palatal length</td> + <td class="center brdtp2 brdbt brdlf">Maxillary tooth-row</td> + <td class="center brdtp2 brdbt brdlf">Cranial breadth</td> + <td class="center brdtp2 brdbt brdlf">Least<br />interorbital<br />breadth</td> + <td class="center brdtp2 brdbt brdlf">Maxillary breadth</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6"><i>Sorex vagrans pacificus</i>, Orick, California.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 8 av</td> + <td class="center brdlf">21.8</td> + <td class="center brdlf"> 9.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf"> 8.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf">10.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">4.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf"> 6.6</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Max</td> + <td class="center brdlf">22.8</td> + <td class="center brdlf">10.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf"> 9.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">11.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">4.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf"> 6.8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Min</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">21.3</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf"> 9.3</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf"> 8.4</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">10.2</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">4.1</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf"> 6.4</td> +</tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6"><i>Sorex vagrans yaquinae</i>, Newport, Oregon.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 707 AW</td> + <td class="center brdlf">20.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf"> 8.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf"> 7.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf"> 9.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.7</td> + <td class="center brdlf"> 5.7</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 706 AW</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">19.3</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf"> 8.8</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf"> 7.3</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf"> 9.3</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">4.0</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf"> 5.8</td> +</tr> + <tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6">Mapleton, Oregon.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 205273 USBS</td> + <td class="center brdlf">20.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf"> 9.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf"> 8.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf"> 9.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf">4.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf"> 6.0</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 205270 USBS</td> + <td class="center brdlf">20.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf"> 8.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf"> 7.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf"> 9.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.7</td> + <td class="center brdlf"> 6.0</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 205272 USBS</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf"> </td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">9.2</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.3</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf"></td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">4.0</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf"> 6.1</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6">Vida, Oregon.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 4 av</td> + <td class="center brdlf">19.5</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.5</td> + <td class="center brdlf">9.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.5</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Max</td> + <td class="center brdlf">20.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.8</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf">9.5</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.7</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.7</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Min</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">19.3</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.2</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">7.3</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.9</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">3.5</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">5.3</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6">McKenzie Bridge, Oregon.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 6 av</td> + <td class="center brdlf">18.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">9.1(5)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.7</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.6</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Max</td> + <td class="center brdlf">19.5</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf">9.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.8</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.7</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Min</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">18.7</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.0</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.8</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.4</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">3.6</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">5.4</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6"><i>Sorex vagrans bairdi</i>, Astoria, Oregon.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 6 av</td> + <td class="center brdlf">18.5</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.8</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.9(4)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.3</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Max</td> + <td class="center brdlf">19.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">9.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.5</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.5</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Min</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">18.0</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">7.6</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.9</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.9</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">3.2</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">5.2</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6"><i>Sorex vagrans permiliensis</i>, Mt. Jefferson, Oregon.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 14 av</td> + <td class="center brdlf">18.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.5</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.8</td> + <td class="center brdlf">9.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.5</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.2</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Max</td> + <td class="center brdlf">18.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">9.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.7</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.3</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Min</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">17.2</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">7.2</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.5</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.6</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">3.3</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">4.8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6"><i>Sorex vagrans setosus</i>, Olympic Mts., Washington.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 12 av</td> + <td class="center brdlf">17.2(9)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.5</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.5(8)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.0</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Max</td> + <td class="center brdlf">17.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.8</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.7</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.3</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Min</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">16.7</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.9</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.2</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.3</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">3.0</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">4.8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6">Mt. Rainier, Washington.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 16 av</td> + <td class="center brdlf">17.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.5</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.4(14)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.0</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Max</td> + <td class="center brdlf">17.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.7</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.7</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.5</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.2</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Min</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">16.4</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.5</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.1</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.1</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">3.2</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">4.7</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6"><i>Sorex vagrans longicauda</i>, head Rivers Inlet, B.C.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 15 av</td> + <td class="center brdlf">18.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.7</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.7</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.0</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Max</td> + <td class="center brdlf">18.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.2</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Min</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">17.6</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">7.2</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.4</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.4</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">3.1</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">4.8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6">Port Simpson, British Columbia.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 10 av</td> + <td class="center brdlf">18.1(9)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.1</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Max</td> + <td class="center brdlf">18.8</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.8</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">9.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.4</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Min</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">17.2</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">7.2</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.6</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.5</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">3.3</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">4.9</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6">Fort Wrangell, Alaska.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 18 av</td> + <td class="center brdlf">18.5</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.8(15)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">9.0(15)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.1</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Max</td> + <td class="center brdlf">18.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">9.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.5</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.3</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Min</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">17.8</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">7.5</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.7</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.6</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">3.2</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">5.0</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6"><i>Sorex vagrans elassodon</i>, + Woewodsky Is., Alaska.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 20550 AMNH</td> + <td class="center brdlf">18.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.5</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.7</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.7</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.0</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 20553 AMNH</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">17.5</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">7.1</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.3</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.3</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">3.2</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">4.7</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6"><i>Sorex vagrans alascensis</i>, 9 mi. W + and 4 mi. N Haines, Alaska.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 10 av</td> + <td class="center brdlf">17.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.7</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.5</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">4.9</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Max</td> + <td class="center brdlf">17.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.8</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.0</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Min</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">16.9</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.9</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.5</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.2</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">3.0</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">4.7</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6">Yakutat Bay, Alaska.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 73543 USBS</td> + <td class="center brdlf">18.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.5</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.8</td> + <td class="center brdlf"> ...</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.0</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 73536 USBS</td> + <td class="center brdlf">18.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.8</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.8</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.3</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 73541 USBS</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">17.9</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">7.4</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.7</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.8</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">3.1</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">5.2</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6"><i>Sorex vagrans shumaginensis</i>, + Sandpoint, Popof Is., Alaska.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 9 av</td> + <td class="center brdlf">17.2(5)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.3(7)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">4.8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Max</td> + <td class="center brdlf">17.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.5</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.1</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Min</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">16.8</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.8</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.1</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.0</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">3.0</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">4.7</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6"><i>Sorex vagrans obscurus</i>, Barkerville, + British Columbia.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 5 av</td> + <td class="center brdlf">17.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.5</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.5(4)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">4.8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Max</td> + <td class="center brdlf">17.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.0</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Min</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">16.6</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.7</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.4</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.2</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">3.2</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">4.6</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6">10 mi. SSW Leadore, Idaho.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 7 av</td> + <td class="center brdlf">17.2(4)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.3(9)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.6(4)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.0</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Max</td> + <td class="center brdlf">17.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.5</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.8</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.1</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Min</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">17.0</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">7.1</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.4</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.3</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">3.2</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">4.7</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6">Albany Co., Wyoming (several localities).</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 20 av</td> + <td class="center brdlf">17.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.8</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.7(19)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.2</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Max</td> + <td class="center brdlf">17.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf">9.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.5</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Min</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">16.7</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.9</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.5</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.4</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">3.1</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">5.0</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6"><i>Sorex vagrans longiquus</i>, 25 mi. ESE + Big Sandy, Montana.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 87332 UM</td> + <td class="center brdlf">16.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.8</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">4.8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 87334 UM</td> + <td class="center brdlf">16.8</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">4.7</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 87335 UM</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">15.8</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.7</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.0</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.4</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">3.1</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">4.9</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6">Highwood Mts., Montana.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 10 av</td> + <td class="center brdlf">16.3(9)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.7</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.0(9)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">4.7</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Max</td> + <td class="center brdlf">16.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.0</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Min</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">15.6</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.5</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.0</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">7.8</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">3.0</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">4.5</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6"><i>Sorex vagrans neomexicanus</i>, + Cloudcroft, New Mexico.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 4 av</td> + <td class="center brdlf">17.6(3)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.7</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.2</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Max</td> + <td class="center brdlf">17.7</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.7</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.8</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.4</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Min</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">17.4</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">7.4</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">7.0</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.5</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">3.2</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">5.1</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6"><i>Sorex vagrans monticola</i>, + White Mts., Arizona.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 12 av</td> + <td class="center brdlf">16.1(9)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.9(9)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.1(11)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">4.7</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Max</td> + <td class="center brdlf">16.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.5</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">4.9</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Min</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">15.5</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.5</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">5.6</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.1</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">3.0</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">4.6</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6"><i>Sorex vagrans orizabae</i>, + Volcan Toluca, Mexico.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 55900 USBS</td> + <td class="center brdlf">17.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.8</td> + <td class="center brdlf">2.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf">4.5</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 55898 USBS</td> + <td class="center brdlf">17.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.8</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">4.8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 55897 USBS</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">16.8</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.9</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.1</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">7.9</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">2.9</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">4.6</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6"><i>Sorex vagrans vagrans</i>, + Lincoln Co., Wyoming.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 7 av</td> + <td class="center brdlf">16.5(6)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">2.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf">4.7</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Max</td> + <td class="center brdlf">17.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.5</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">4.9</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Min</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">16.0</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.4</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">5.9</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">7.9</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">2.9</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">4.5</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6">Gearhart Mtn., Lake Co., Oregon.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 17 av</td> + <td class="center brdlf">16.5(15)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">2.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf">4.6</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Max</td> + <td class="center brdlf">17.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.5</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">4.9</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Min</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">16.1</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.2</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">5.7</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">7.8</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">2.8</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">4.4</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6">Willapa Bay, Washington.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 9 av</td> + <td class="center brdlf">16.6</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.8</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">2.8</td> + <td class="center brdlf">4.7</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Max</td> + <td class="center brdlf">17.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.0</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Min</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">16.2</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.6</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">5.9</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">7.9</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">2.7</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">4.6</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6"><i>Sorex vagrans obscuroides</i>, + Bishop Creek, California.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 4 av</td> + <td class="center brdlf">16.7</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.2</td> + <td class="center brdlf">4.8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Max</td> + <td class="center brdlf">16.8</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">4.9</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Min</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">16.6</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.9</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.2</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.1</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">3.1</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">4.7</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6">Mt. Whitney, California.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 4 av</td> + <td class="center brdlf">16.7(3)</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.3</td> + <td class="center brdlf">4.8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Max</td> + <td class="center brdlf">16.7</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.5</td> + <td class="center brdlf">3.4</td> + <td class="center brdlf">5.0</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> Min</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">16.7</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.7</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.1</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.4</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">3.1</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">4.7</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdlf" colspan="6"><i>Sorex vagrans parvidens</i>, + San Bernardino Peak, California.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 56559 USBS</td> + <td class="center brdlf">17.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">7.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">6.1</td> + <td class="center brdlf">8.0</td> + <td class="center brdlf">2.9</td> + <td class="center brdlf">4.8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> 56558 USBS</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">16.4</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.8</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">6.1</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">8.0</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">3.0</td> + <td class="center brdbt brdlf">4.8</td> +</tr> +</table> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2"><a name="LITERATURE_CITED" id="LITERATURE_CITED"></a> +LITERATURE CITED</div> + + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Anderson, R. M.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1947. Catalogue of + Canadian Recent mammals. Nat. Mus. Canada, Bull. 102, Biol. + ser. 31:i-v + 1-238, January 24.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Anderson, R. M.</span> and <span class="smcap">A. L. Rand</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1945. A new form of + dusky shrew from the prairie provinces of Canada. Canadian + Field-Nat., 59:47-48, March-April.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Bailey, V.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1936. The mammals and + life zones of Oregon. N. Amer. Fauna, 55:1-416, 52 pls., 102 figs. + in text, August 29.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Brown, B.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1908. The Conard Fissure, + a Pleistocene bone deposit in northern Arkansas: with descriptions + of two new genera and twenty new species of mammals. Mem. Amer. Mus. + Nat. Hist., 9:157-208, pls. 14-25, February.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Clothier, R. R.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1950. Contribution to + the taxonomy and life history of <i>Sorex vagrans monticola</i> and + <i>Sorex obscurus obscurus</i>. Master's thesis, Montana State + University, Missoula, Montana—a manuscript.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Conaway, C. H.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1952. Life history of + the water shrew (Sorex palustris navigator). Am. Midl. Nat., + 48:219-248, 6 tables, 9 figs. in text, July.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Cowan, I. McT.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1936. Distribution and + variation in deer (<i>Genus Odocoileus</i>) of the Pacific coastal + region of North America. California Fish and Game, 22(3):155-246, + 13 figs., 3 graphs, 8 tables, July.</div> + + <div class="reference">1941. Insularity in the + genus Sorex on the north coast of British Columbia. Proc. Biol. + Soc. Washington, 54:95-108, July 31.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span></div> +<br /> + + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Dalquest, W. W.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1941. Ecologic + relationships of four small mammals in western Washington. + Jour. Mamm., 22:170-173, May 14.</div> + + <div class="reference">1944. The molting + of the wandering shrew. Jour. Mamm., 25:146-148, one fig. in + text, May 25.</div> + + <div class="reference">1948. Mammals of + Washington. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 2:1-444, + 140 figs. in text, April 9.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Davis, W. B.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1939. The Recent + Mammals of Idaho. The Caxton Printers, Ltd., Caldwell, Idaho. + Pp. 1-400, 33 figs. in text, 2 pls., April 5.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Durrant, S. D.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1952. Mammals of Utah, + taxonomy and distribution. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., + 6:1-549, 91 figs. in text, 30 tables, August 10.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Findley, J. S.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1953. Pleistocene + Soricidae from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. + Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:633-639, December 1.</div> + + <div class="reference">1955. Taxonomy and + distribution of some American shrews. Univ. Kansas Publ., + Mus. Nat. Hist., 7:613-618, June 10.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Fitch, H. S.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1940. A biogeographical + study of the ordinoides artenkreis of garter snakes (genus + Thamnophis). Univ. California Publ. Zool., 44:1-150, October 31.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Grinnell, J.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1933. Review of the + Recent mammal fauna of California. Univ. California Publ. + Zool., 40:71-234, September 26.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Grinnell, J.,</span> and <span class="smcap">A. H. Miller.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1944. The distribution + of the birds of California. Pacific Coast Avifauna, 27:1-608, + 57 figs. in text, December 30.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Hall, E. R.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1938. Variation among + insular mammals of Georgia Strait, British Columbia. Amer. Nat., + 72:453-463.</div> + + <div class="reference">1946. Mammals of Nevada. + University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, pp. i-xi + + 1-710, 11 pls., 485 figs. in text, July 1.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Hamilton, W. J., Jr.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1940. The biology of the + smoky shrew (<i>Sorex fumeus fumeus</i> Miller). Zoologica, 25:473-492, + 4 pls., 1 fig. in text, 2 tables.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Hibbard, C.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1944. Stratigraphy and + vertebrate paleontology of Pleistocene deposits of southwestern + Kansas. Geol. Soc. America, Bull. 55:707-754, 3 pls., 20 figs. in + text, June.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Howell, T. R.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1952. Natural history + and differentiation in the yellow-bellied sapsucker. Condor, + 54:237-282, September 22.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Jackson, H. H. T.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1928. A taxonomic review + of the American long-tailed shrews (genera Sorex and Microsorex). + N. Amer. Fauna, 51:i-vi + 1-238, 13 pls., 24 figs. in text, + July 24.</div> + + <div class="reference">1947. A new shrew (genus + Sorex) from Coahuila. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 60:131-132, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> October 9.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Krutzsch, P. H.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1954. North American + jumping mice (genus Zapus). Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., + 7:349-472, 47 figs. in text, 4 tables, April 21.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Macnab, J. A.,</span> and <span class="smcap">J. C. Dirks.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1941. The California + red-backed mouse in the Oregon Coast Range. Jour. Mamm., 22:174-180, + May 14.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="smcap">Mayr, E.</div><br /> + <div class="reference">1940. Speciation + phenomena in birds. Amer. Nat., 74:249-278.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="smcap">Merriam, C. H.</div><br /> + <div class="reference">1895. Synopsis of the + American shrews of the genus Sorex. in N. Amer. Fauna, 10:57-100, + December 31.</div> + + <div class="reference">1899. Results of a + biological survey of Mt. Shasta, California. N. Amer. Fauna, 16:1-179, + 46 figs. in text, 5 pls., October 28.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Murie, A.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1933. The ecological + relationship of two species of <i>Peromyscus</i> in the Glacier Park + region, Montana. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, 270:1-17, + 2 figs., 3 tables, July 1.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Pearson, O. P.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1945. Longevity of the + short-tailed shrew. Amer. Midl. Nat., 34:531-546, 2 tables, + 4 figs. in text, September.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Pruitt, W. O., Jr.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1954. Aging in the + masked shrew, <i>Sorex cinereus cinereus</i> Kerr. Jour. Mamm., + 35:35-39, February 10.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Rensch, B.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1933. Zoologische + systematik und artbildungsproblem. Ver. deutsch. zool. + Gesellschaft, 1933:19-83.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Ridgway, R.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1912. Color standards + and color nomenclature. Washington, D. C., privately printed, + i-iv + 1-44, 53 pls.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Rudd, R. L.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1953. Differentiation + in shrews of the tidal marshes of the San Francisco Bay region. + Summary of the dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, + University of California Graduate Division, 4 pages, unnumbered, + June.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Simpson, G. G.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1945. The principles + of classification and a classification of mammals. Bull. American + Mus. Nat. Hist., 85:i-xvi + 1-350, October 5.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Ticehurst, Cl. B.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1938. A systematic + review of the genus Phylloscopus. British Mus., London, i-viii + + 1-193, 8 maps, 2 pls., November 26.</div> +<br /> + +<div class="aut"><span class="smcap">Van Den Brink, F. H.</span></div><br /> + <div class="reference">1953. La musaraigne + masquée, espèce circum-boréale. Mammalia, 17:96-125, 1 map, June.</div> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="center"> +<img src="images/square.png" width="16" height="17" title="" alt="" /><br /> +26-7903 +</div> + +<br /> +<br /> + + <p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p> + +<a name="PUBLICATIONS" id="PUBLICATIONS"></a> +<div class="caption2">UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS<br /> +MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY</div> + +<p>Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may +obtain this series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University +of Kansas Library, Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons +working in a particular field of study, may be obtained by +addressing instead the Museum of Natural History, University of +Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. There is no provision for sale of this +series by the University Library, which meets institutional +requests, or by the Museum of Natural History, which meets the +requests of individuals. Nevertheless, when individuals request +copies from the Museum, 25 cents should be included, for each +separate number that is 100 pages or more in length, for the purpose +of defraying the costs of wrapping and mailing.</p> + +<p>* An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's +supply (not the Library's supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to +date, in this series, are as follows:</p> + +<table summary="UKMNH_Pubs"> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt"> Vol. 1.</td> + <td> </td> + <td>Nos. 1-26 and index. Pp. 1-638, 1946-1950.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt vtop">*Vol. 2.</td> + <td colspan="2" class="justify">(Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. + 1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt vtop">Vol. 3.</td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">*1.</td> + <td class="justify">The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and + distribution. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 16 figures in text. + June 12, 1951.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">*2.</td> + <td class="justify">A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds. By + George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 figures in text. June 29, + 1951.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">3.</td> + <td class="justify">Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale Arvey. + Pp. 473-530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables. October 10, 1951.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">4.</td> + <td class="justify">Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H. Lowery, + Jr., and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, 7 figures in text, 2 + tables. October 10, 1951.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td colspan="2" class="justify">Index. Pp. 651-681.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt vtop">*Vol. 4.</td> + <td colspan="2" class="justify">(Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-466, 41 + plates, 31 figures in text. December 27, 1951.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt vtop">Vol. 5.</td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">1.</td> + <td class="justify">Preliminary survey of a Paleocene faunule from the Angels Peak + area, New Mexico. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 1-11, 1 figure in + text. February 24, 1951.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">2.</td> + <td class="justify">Two new moles (Genus Scalopus) from Mexico and Texas. By Rollin + H. Baker. Pp. 17-24. February 28, 1951.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">3.</td> + <td class="justify">Two new pocket gophers from Wyoming and Colorado. By E. Raymond + Hall and H. Gordon Montague. Pp. 25-32. February 28, 1951.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">4.</td> + <td class="justify">Mammals obtained by Dr. Curt von Wedel from the barrier beach of + Tamaulipas, Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 33-47, 1 figure in + text. October 1, 1951.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">5.</td> + <td class="justify">Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of some + North American rabbits. By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. + Pp. 49-58. October 1, 1951.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">6.</td> + <td class="justify">Two new subspecies of Thomomys bottae from New Mexico and + Colorado. By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 59-71, 1 figure in text. + October 1, 1951.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">7.</td> + <td class="justify">A new subspecies of Microtus montanus from Montana and comments + on Microtus canicaudus Miller. By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. + Kelson. Pp. 73-79. October 1, 1951.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">8.</td> + <td class="justify">A new pocket gopher (Genus Thomomys) from eastern Colorado. By + E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 81-85. October 1, 1951.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">9.</td> + <td class="justify">Mammals taken along the Alaskan Highway. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. + 87-117, 1 figure in text. November 28, 1951.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">*10.</td> + <td class="justify">A synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha. By E. Raymond Hall. + Pp. 119-202, 68 figures in text. December 15, 1951.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">11.</td> + <td class="justify">A new pocket mouse (Genus Perognathus) from Kansas. By E. + Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 203-206. December 15, 1951.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">12.</td> + <td class="justify">Mammals from Tamaulipas, Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. + 207-218. December 15, 1951.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">13.</td> + <td class="justify">A new pocket gopher (Genus Thomomys) from Wyoming and Colorado. + By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 219-222. December 15, 1951.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">14.</td> + <td class="justify">A new name for the Mexican red bat. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. + 223-226. December 15, 1951.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">15.</td> + <td class="justify">Taxonomic notes on Mexican bats of the Genus Rhogeëssa. By E. + Raymond Hall. Pp. 227-232. April 10, 1952.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">16.</td> + <td class="justify">Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of some North American +woodrats (Genus Neotoma). By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 233-242. April 10, 1952.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[Pg ii]</a></span></td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">17.</td> + <td class="justify">The subspecies of the Mexican red-bellied squirrel, Sciurus + aureogaster. By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 243-250, 1 figure in text. + April 10, 1952.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">18.</td> + <td class="justify">Geographic range of Peromyscus melanophrys, with description of + new subspecies. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 251-258, 1 figure in + text. May 10, 1952.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">19.</td> + <td class="justify">A new chipmunk (Genus Eutamias) from the Black Hills. By John A. + White. Pp. 259-262. April 10, 1952.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">20.</td> + <td class="justify">A new piñon mouse (Peromyscus truei) from Durango, Mexico. By + Robert B. Finley, Jr. Pp. 263-267. May 23, 1952.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">21.</td> + <td class="justify">An annotated checklist of Nebraskan bats. By Olin L. Webb and J. + Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 269-279. May 31, 1952.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">22.</td> + <td class="justify">Geographic variation in red-backed mice (Genus Clethrionomys) of + the southern Rocky Mountain region. By E. Lendell Cockrum and + Kenneth L. Fitch. Pp. 281-292, 1 figure in text. November 15, + 1952.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">23.</td> + <td class="justify">Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of North + American microtines. By E. Raymond Hall and E. Lendell Cockrum. + Pp. 293-312. November 17, 1952.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">24.</td> + <td class="justify">The subspecific status of two Central American sloths. By E. + Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 313-337. November 21, + 1952.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">25.</td> + <td class="justify">Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of some + North American marsupials, insectivores, and carnivores. By E. + Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 319-341. December 5, 1952.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">26.</td> + <td class="justify">Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of some + North American rodents. By E. Raymond Hall and Keith R. Kelson. + Pp. 343-371. December 15, 1952.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">27.</td> + <td class="justify">A synopsis of the North American microtine rodents. By E. + Raymond Hall and E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 373-498, 149 figures in + text. January 15, 1953.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">28.</td> + <td class="justify">The pocket gophers (Genus Thomomys) of Coahuila, Mexico. By + Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 499-514, 1 figure in text. June 1, 1953.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">29.</td> + <td class="justify">Geographic distribution of the pocket mouse, Perognathus + fasciatus. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 515-526, 7 figures in text. + August 1, 1953.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">30.</td> + <td class="justify">A new subspecies of wood rat (Neotoma mexicana) from Colorado. + By Robert B. Finley, Jr. Pp. 527-534, 2 figures in text. August + 15, 1953.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">31.</td> + <td class="justify">Four new pocket gophers of the genus Cratogeomys from Jalisco, Mexico. +By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 535-542. October 15, 1953.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">32.</td> + <td class="justify">Genera and subgenera of chipmunks. By John A. White. Pp. 543-561, 12 +figures in text. December 1, 1953.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">33.</td> + <td class="justify">Taxonomy of the chipmunks, Eutamias quadrivittatus and Eutamias + umbrinus. By John A. White. Pp. 563-582, 6 figures in text. + December 1, 1953.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">34.</td> + <td class="justify">Geographic distribution and taxonomy of the chipmunks of + Wyoming. By John A. White. Pp. 584-610, 3 figures in text. + December 1, 1953.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">35.</td> + <td class="justify">The baculum of the chipmunks of western North America. By John + A. White. Pp. 611-631, 19 figures in text. December 1, 1953.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">36.</td> + <td class="justify">Pleistocene Soricidae from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo Leon, + Mexico. By James S. Findley. Pp. 633-639. December 1, 1953.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">37.</td> + <td class="justify">Seventeen species of bats recorded from Barro Colorado Island, + Panama Canal Zone. By E. Raymond Hall and William B. Jackson. + Pp. 641-646. December 1, 1953.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td colspan="2" class="justify">Index. Pp. 647-676.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt vtop">*Vol. 6.</td> + <td colspan="2" class="justify">(Complete) Mammals of Utah, <i>taxonomy and distribution</i>. By + Stephen D. Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in text, 30 tables. + August 10, 1952.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt vtop">Vol. 7.</td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">*1.</td> + <td class="justify">Mammals of Kansas. By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 1-303, 73 + figures in text, 37 tables. August 25, 1952.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">2.</td> + <td class="justify">Ecology of the opossum on a natural area in northeastern Kansas. + By Henry S. Fitch and Lewis L. Sandidge. Pp. 305-338, 5 figures + in text. August 24, 1953.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">3.</td> + <td class="justify">The silky pocket mice (Perognathus flavus) of Mexico. By Rollin + H. Baker. Pp. 339-347, 1 figure in text. February 15, 1954.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">4.</td> + <td class="justify">North American jumping mice (Genus Zapus). By Philip H. + Krutzsch. Pp. 349-472, 47 figures in text, 4 tables. April 21, + 1954.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">5.</td> + <td class="justify">Mammals from Southeastern Alaska. By Rollin H. Baker and James + S. Findley. Pp. 473-477. April 21, 1954.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">6.</td> + <td class="justify">Distribution of Some Nebraskan Mammals. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. + Pp. 479-487. April 21, 1954.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">7.</td> + <td class="justify">Subspeciation in the montane meadow mouse, Microtus montanus, in + Wyoming and Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 489-506, 2 figures + in text. July 23, 1954.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">8.</td> + <td class="justify">A new subspecies of bat (Myotis velifer) from southeastern + California and Arizona. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 507-512. July 23, 1954.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">9.</td> + <td class="justify">Mammals of the San Gabriel mountains of California. By Terry A. + Vaughan. Pp. 513-582, 1 figure in text, 12 tables. November 15, 1954.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">10.</td> + <td class="justify">A new bat (Genus Pipistrellus) from northeastern México. By + Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 583-586. November 15, 1954.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">11.</td> + <td class="justify">A new subspecies of pocket mouse from Kansas. By E. Raymond + Hall. Pp. 587-590. November 15, 1954.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">12.</td> + <td class="justify">Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Cratogeomys + castanops, in Coahuila, México. By Robert J. Russell and Rollin + H. Baker. Pp. 591-608. March 15, 1955.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">13.</td> + <td class="justify">A new cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) from northeastern + México. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 609-612. April 8, 1955.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">14.</td> + <td class="justify">Taxonomy and distribution of some American shrews. By James S. + Findley. Pp. 613-618. June 10, 1955.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">15.</td> + <td class="justify">The pigmy woodrat, Neotoma goldmani, its distribution and + systematic position. By Dennis G. Rainey and Rollin H. Baker. + Pp. 619-624, 2 figs. in text. June 10, 1955.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td colspan="2" class="justify">Index. Pp. 625-651.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt vtop">Vol. 8.</td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">1.</td> + <td class="justify">Life history and ecology of the five-lined skink, Eumeces + fasciatus. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 1-156, 26 figs. in text. + September 1, 1954.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">2.</td> + <td class="justify">Myology and serology of the Avian Family Fringillidae, a + taxonomic study. By William B. Stallcup. Pp. 157-211, 23 figures + in text, 4 tables. November 15, 1954.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td colspan="2" class="justify">More numbers will appear in volume 8.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td class="text_rt">Vol. 9.</td> + <td class="text_rt vtop">1.</td> + <td class="justify">Speciation of the wandering shrew. By James S. Findley. Pp. + 1-68, 18 figures in text. December 10, 1955.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td colspan="2" class="justify">More numbers will appear in volume 9.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="trans_notes"> +<a name="typos" id="typos"></a> +<div class="caption2">Transcriber's Notes</div> + +<p>Except for the movement of the list of publications to the end, +the typographical corrections noted below and a number of minor +typo corrections not detailed, the text is the same as the +original printed version.</p> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="caption2">Typographical Corrections</div> +<br /> +<table summary="Corrections"> +<tr> + <td class="brdbt2">Page</td> + <td> </td> + <td class="brdbt2">Correction</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>13</td> + <td> </td> + <td><a href="#Page_13">predeliction ⇒ predilection</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>36</td> + <td> </td> + <td><a href="#Page_36">Clallum ⇒ Clallam</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>37</td> + <td> </td> + <td><a href="#Page_37">Mt. Ranier ⇒ Mt. Rainier</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>39</td> + <td> </td> + <td><a href="#Page_39">Towsend ⇒ Townsend</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>41</td> + <td> </td> + <td><a href="#Page_41">Admiraltry ⇒ Admiralty</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>49</td> + <td> </td> + <td><a href="#Page_49">Okanagon ⇒ Okanagan</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>57</td> + <td> </td> + <td><a href="#Page_57">Lookinglass ⇒ Lookingglass</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>64</td> + <td> </td> + <td><a href="#Page_64">Popoff Is. ⇒ Popof Is.</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>ii</td> + <td> </td> + <td><a href="#Page_ii">Vaughn ⇒ Vaughan</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +</div><!-- End of Book --> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Speciation of the Wandering Shrew, by +James S. 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