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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Book Collecting, by John Herbert Slater
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Book Collecting
+       A Guide for Amateurs
+
+Author: John Herbert Slater
+
+Release Date: December 19, 2011 [EBook #38345]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BOOK COLLECTING ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Margo Romberg and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+    BOOK COLLECTING
+
+    A GUIDE FOR AMATEURS
+
+    BY
+
+    J. H. SLATER
+
+    Editor of _Book Prices Current_; formerly Editor of _Book Lore_;
+    Author of _The Library Manual_; _Engravings and their Value_; _The
+    Law relating to Copyright and Trade Marks_, etc., etc.
+
+    LONDON
+
+    SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO.
+
+    PATERNOSTER SQUARE
+
+    1892
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: AN OLD PRINTING PRESS.
+
+From the _Quintilian of Vascosan_, folio, _Paris_, 1538.]
+
+
+THE ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY PRESS.
+
+
+
+
+    CONTENTS. Page.
+
+    CHAPTER I. 1
+
+    CHAPTER II. 12
+
+    CHAPTER III. 20
+
+    CHAPTER IV. 25
+
+    CHAPTER V. 34
+
+    CHAPTER VI. 44
+
+    CHAPTER VII. 51
+
+    CHAPTER VIII. 62
+
+    CHAPTER IX. 74
+
+    CHAPTER X. 100
+
+    CHAPTER XI. 112
+
+
+    PRINCIPAL SECOND-HAND BOOKSELLERS IN THE
+    UNITED KINGDOM WHO PUBLISH CATALOGUES. 121
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+     AN ANCIENT MANUSCRIPT--THE LIBRARY OF THE MEMNONIUM--THE
+     ALEXANDRIAN LIBRARY--GREECE AND ROME--MONASTIC MANUSCRIPTS--THE
+     DISCOVERY OF PRINTING--THE BOOK HUNTERS OF THE PAST--THE BOOK
+     HUNTERS OF TO-DAY--BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AIDS.
+
+
+The Bibliophile, as he is somewhat pedantically termed, probably dates
+his existence from the time when books began to be multiplied in
+sufficient quantities to render the acquisition of duplicate copies by
+the public a matter of possibility, but his opportunities of amassing a
+large number of volumes can hardly be said to have arisen until many
+years after the invention of printing.
+
+The most ancient manuscript extant has been identified with the reign of
+Amenophis, who ruled in Egypt no less than 1600 years before the
+Christian era, and this manuscript, old as it is, shows such superior
+execution that there can be little, if any, doubt that caligraphy in its
+oldest--that is, its hieroglyphic--form must be referred for its origin
+to a period still more remote. Diodorus Siculus relates that Rameses II.
+founded a library in one of the chambers of the Memnonium at Thebes, and
+deposited therein the 42 sacred books of Thoth, which had they been in
+existence now would be nearly 5000 years old. In those days, however,
+education was looked upon as the peculiar property of the priesthood;
+the library had sealed doors; even the very books themselves must have
+been wholly unintelligible to all but the favoured few whose duty it was
+to preserve them with religious care. All the early Egyptian manuscripts
+extant have served in their day an ecclesiastical rather than a secular
+object, and all of them abound with mythological stories more or less
+recondite. To use the art of writing for any less sacred purpose would
+have been held disrespectful to the educated class and resented
+accordingly. Ptolemy Sotor, who reigned over Egypt about the year 280
+B.C., appears to have been the first to break through the artificial
+barrier which the priestcraft of age upon age had succeeded in building
+up; and his magnificent twin library at Alexandria, known as the
+Bruchium and Serapeum, which was partly stocked with the confiscated
+books of travellers who touched at the port, became in course of time
+the most famous in the world, and would most probably have been so at
+this day had it not been destroyed by Theodosius and his army, as a
+sacrifice at the shrine of ignorance and superstition. With the
+destruction of the library at Alexandria, containing, as it did, books
+which can never be replaced, the literary importance of the Egyptians
+came to an end; thenceforward all that remained was the consciousness of
+having instructed others better able to preserve their independence than
+they were themselves. Yet after all it is somewhat extraordinary that
+Egypt should have been not merely the first to encourage a love of
+literature, but also the last; for simultaneously with the destruction
+of the Bruchium and Serapeum were ushered in the first centuries of the
+dark ages, when the ability to read and write was looked upon as
+unworthy the status of a free man, unless indeed he were a priest, and
+when fire and sword were brought into requisition for the purpose of
+annihilating everything that suggested mental culture.
+
+In the eras which intervened between the reign of Rameses the
+Constructor and that of Theodosius the Destroyer, Pisistratus had
+founded his public library at Athens, and collected the poems of Homer
+which had previously been scattered in detached portions throughout
+Greece; and Plato, the prince of ancient book hunters, had given no less
+than 100 attic minae--nearly L300 of our money--for three small treatises
+of Philolaus the Pythagorean. Aristotle too, unless he has been sadly
+maligned, thought 300 minae a fair exchange for a little pile of books
+which had formerly belonged to Speusippus, thereby setting an example to
+that French king of after ages who pawned his gold and silver plate to
+obtain means wherewith to purchase a coveted copy of Lacertius, as
+Gabriel Naude calls the great Epicurean biographer. In Rome also
+Lucullus had furnished his house with books and thrown open his doors
+to all who wished to consult them. Atticus the famous publisher had
+turned out a thousand copies of the second book of Martial's _Epigrams_,
+with its 540 lines of verse, bound and endorsed in the space of a single
+hour, and the booksellers carried on a flourishing trade in their shops
+in the Argeletum and the Vicus Sandalarius, exhibiting catalogues on the
+side posts of their doors exactly as the second-hand dealers in London
+and elsewhere do now. Of all this vast enterprise of Greece and Rome not
+a trace remains: only the sepulchral writings of mother Egypt and the
+clay tablets of Assyria.
+
+History tells us how the luxurious rich of Athens and Rome regarded
+their books as so many pieces of furniture, and engaged learned slaves
+to read aloud at their banquets; and if the example of Plato were
+followed to any extent, doubtless large sums of money were spent on rare
+originals which had passed through the hands of a succession of
+dilettanti, and acquired thereby a reputation for genuineness, which
+they could not have gained in any other manner. Seneca indeed ridicules
+the vulgar emulation which prompted some of his contemporaries to
+collect volumes of which, he says, they knew nothing except the
+outsides, many of them possibly barely that. It has been ever so: in
+England to-day there are many who would have felt the lash of Nero's
+tutor across their shoulders.
+
+When the public no longer took pleasure in mental culture, and the whole
+world was overrun with hordes of barbarians intent upon destruction,
+learning of every kind was banished to the monasteries, and the monks
+became the only book lovers, making it their business to transcribe,
+generation after generation, the volumes which had been saved from the
+general conflagration. It is entirely through their efforts that the old
+classics have been preserved to our day; we have to thank them, and them
+alone, for the preservation of the Bible itself. Even in the
+monasteries, however, the same spirit of emulation which had prompted
+Greek to compete with Greek, and Roman with Roman, became apparent in
+course of time. Ordinary transcripts, though never numerous, began to be
+looked upon as hardly pretentious enough, and the larger houses
+established _scriptoria_, where trained monks sat the livelong day,
+painfully tracing letter after letter on the purest vellum, while
+Bibliolatrists added illuminated borders and miniatures in a style that
+would task the skill of our best artists of to-day. This competition
+led to the exchange of manuscripts, or to their loan for a brief period,
+so that by degrees monastic libraries assumed large proportions,
+numbering many hundreds of neatly bound volumes, which, on being opened,
+looked as though printed, so accurately and carefully had the copying
+been done. This explains how Fust, the inventor, or one of the
+inventors, of printing, was enabled to deceive the people of Paris, for
+he flooded the market there with printed copies of the Bible which he
+sold for 50 crowns each, instead of for 400 or 500 crowns, which would
+have been a fair price had they been in manuscript. The book buyers of
+Paris _thought they were in manuscript_, until the recurrence of one or
+two defective types cast from the same matrix caused an inquiry. Fust
+was arrested, not for the fraud but for witchcraft, and to save his life
+he explained his process. Thus did the old order give place to the new.
+
+In a very few years after the discovery of Fust's secret the whole of
+the western portion of Europe was dotted with printing presses. Before
+1499 there were 236 in operation; and six years after Gutenberg had
+completed his Bible of 42 lines there were no less than 50 German cities
+and towns in which presses had been established. Considering that this
+only brings us down to about the year 1462, it is evident with what
+rapidity the art of printing was seized upon through the length and
+breadth of the country of its probable origin.
+
+In 1475 our own famous printer Caxton was being instructed in the office
+of Colard Mansion at Bruges, and in 1477, if not earlier,[1] he settled
+as a printer at Westminster, thus laying the foundation of our English
+industry and establishing a native press which has continued to grow
+year by year until it has assumed its present enormous proportions.
+Authorities, however, point out that improvement in the art of printing
+did not come by age or experience, for, curiously enough, the
+science--for such it really is--was almost perfect from its origin, and,
+so far as this country is concerned, has distinctly deteriorated since
+the death of Caxton and his pupils Wynkyn de Worde, Faques, and Pynson.
+The typefounders of that early period were as expert as many at the
+present day and immeasurably superior to most. The greatest care appears
+to have been exercised in the casting, and competition did not engender
+the slovenly haste which is only too apparent in many of our modern
+publications. It is probable that, simultaneously with the introduction
+of printing into England, a certain limited few, most likely
+ecclesiastics and powerful nobles, would commence to collect works from
+the press of Caxton, and subsequently from the foreign presses. In 1545
+the Earl of Warwick's library consisted of 40 printed books, in 1691
+that of the Rev. Richard Baxter of 1448. It is not until a comparatively
+modern period that any single man has been able to mass together
+thousands of volumes during the course of a single lifetime, for it is
+only recently that printing has been used on every trivial occasion, and
+in the manufacture of books which would originally have been deemed
+unworthy of the application of the art.
+
+At the present day books constitute one of the necessities of life and
+private libraries one of its luxuries. The collector has such ample
+scope for the exercise of his favourite pursuit that it has long since
+become a question not so much of accumulating a large number of
+miscellaneous volumes, as of exercising a rigid discrimination and
+confining one's attention to works of a certain class, to the almost
+entire exclusion of all others. Thus, some book hunters collect first,
+or, at any rate, early, editions of popular modern authors, such, for
+example, as Dickens, Thackeray, and Lever; others collect old editions
+of the Scriptures, a few, the expensive early printed volumes which are
+every year becoming absorbed into the public libraries, and consequently
+growing more scarce. A small number attempt to form an extensive
+all-round library, but they rarely, if ever, succeed, partly because
+life is too short for the purpose, and money too limited in quantity.
+Occasionally a large collection comes to the auctioneer's hammer, but in
+nearly every instance it will be found that it represents the labours of
+several generations of owners, each of whom has contributed the
+principal publications of his day or taken advantage of any proffered
+bargain which he may have happened to come across during the course of
+his lifetime.
+
+The book lover however is not content with mere acquisition, he feels it
+his duty to know something of the inner life, so to speak, of each
+volume on his shelf--something, that is to say, beyond the outside
+lettering. He wishes to know the chief incidents in the history of the
+person who wrote it, under what circumstances it was written and why,
+how many editions have been published, whether the particular copy is
+perfect, how much it is worth from a pecuniary point of view, and
+occasionally the nature of the contents. The word "occasionally" may be
+considered by some as used in an objectionable sense, implying in fact
+that book lovers are not always in the habit of reading what they
+possess. Let the collector of Bibles say whether he is in the habit of
+reading the various editions which he has been at such pains to collect,
+and it will then be time enough to inquire into the practices of other
+collectors who, like himself, though in different departments, may not
+consider themselves justified in spending the amount of time necessary
+for careful and satisfactory study. In truth, if all books were read, it
+is only reasonable to suppose that all libraries would be small; and, as
+we know the contrary to be the fact, we must acknowledge the truth of
+the main proposition to a very large extent. The happiness of the book
+lover, as we know him when in the plenitude of his glory, consists by no
+means in reading, but in the contemplation of his possessions from afar;
+an inane treatise on theology becomes the object of his daily prayers
+when bound in morocco and stamped with the Golden Fleece of Longepierre.
+
+In this short dissertation we have but little to do with the contents of
+any book. This knowledge can be acquired as circumstances and
+opportunity offer; we deal rather with extraneous details which are
+necessary to be known by everyone who aspires to form a collection of
+books for himself and would know something of the history of each.
+
+Every bibliographer, and also every collector of any eminence, has
+within reach certain books of reference which experience has shown to be
+absolutely necessary. Chief among these is Lowndes' _Bibliographer's
+Manual_ of which two editions have been issued. The first was published
+in 1834; the second in seven parts from 1857-61, with an appendix volume
+in 1864, having been re-issued from the stereotype plates without a date
+in 1871. The latter may frequently be picked up at auction sales for
+about 25s., but there is this peculiarity about the work, that it really
+would not seem to be very material which edition is purchased. The book
+is imperfect and full of errors: it cannot be relied on, and the second
+edition, which was edited by the late Mr. H. G. Bohn, the eminent
+bookseller, is as untrustworthy as the first edition. The original plan,
+which has never been departed from, was to give the names of English
+authors in alphabetical order, placing under each the title of the works
+he wrote, with the date of each edition, number of volumes, in many
+cases the collation, and finally the sums realised at auction. Nothing
+fluctuates so greatly as auction values, and it is not surprising,
+therefore, to find that not a single entry in Lowndes under this head
+can be accepted at the present day. Some of the variations between past
+and present prices are ludicrous in the extreme, and there is no doubt
+that anyone who attempted to obtain his knowledge of the value of books
+from Lowndes' _Manual_ would find himself in possession of a mass of
+old-time information which would be rather a hindrance to him than
+otherwise. The _Manual_ is useful because it gives a full and tolerably
+complete list of English authors, and collates many of their works with
+considerable care; it is, moreover, the authority quoted by cataloguers,
+and, being a copyright publication, practically bars the way to any
+rival work on the same subject. For these and other reasons it is
+indispensable.
+
+To ascertain the value of a book is an exceedingly difficult operation;
+in fact, there are many who assert that it is impossible to do so.
+Booksellers' prices, as disclosed in their catalogues, are not much to
+go by, for it is notorious that a West End dealer will often charge more
+than one who is established further East. Again, some London booksellers
+charge more or less than provincial ones, according to circumstance and
+the character of their customers. Until recently there were only two
+ways of becoming an adept in this department, the first and best by
+practical experience, a method which is not, of course, available to any
+but dealers and their assistants; and the second, by indexing retail
+catalogues and striking an average. A third method, that of taking the
+average of auction sales, was not available until recently, for it is
+too troublesome, for any save those whose business it is, to attend
+sales by auction all day long for nine months out of the twelve, in
+order to obtain the necessary materials.
+
+In 1886, I conceived the idea of fully reporting all sales of any
+importance taking place either in London or the provinces, and in
+December of that year the necessary arrangements were completed, with
+the modification that for the present, at any rate, no notice was to be
+taken of any book which did not realise at least 20s. by auction. This
+publication, the success of which amply demonstrates the necessity for
+its existence, is named _Book Prices Current_, and already five volumes
+are published, and a sixth will be ready at the beginning of next year
+(1893). As a book of this kind would be useless without a full index,
+the greatest possible care has been taken to make it as complete and as
+accurate as possible. From _Book Prices Current_ a very good idea of the
+average value of almost any book may be obtained. Careful note of the
+way in which the particular volume is bound must, of course, be taken,
+for this, as might be expected, makes a great difference in the price.
+
+The French are supposed to be much better bibliographers than our own
+countrymen, and if the character of the authoritative works published in
+either country is a criterion of national merit there cannot be much, if
+any, doubt that this is so. Lowndes' _Bibliographer's Manual_ takes no
+notice of books published abroad, and, as they are in the majority, it
+becomes necessary to seek an additional guide. This is afforded by
+Brunet's _Manuel du Libraire et de l'Amateur de Livres_, published at
+Paris in 6 vols. from 1860-65, and usually found, with the Appendix on
+_Geographie_, 1870, and 2 vol. _Supplement_, 1878-80. In its place it is
+a much better book than Lowndes', but it is very expensive, frequently
+bringing as much as L10 and L12 by auction. Here again, however, the
+values are quite unreliable, and, as in the case of Lowndes', there is
+no index of subjects whatever. From the three works mentioned very much
+may undoubtedly be learned about almost any book provided the author's
+name be known; but as it frequently happened that many authors chose,
+for reasons satisfactory to themselves, to conceal their names
+altogether, or in the much commoner instance of the name being forgotten
+by or unknown to the searcher, an index of subjects becomes a necessity.
+This is partly supplied by Watt's _Bibliotheca Britannica_ in 4 vols.
+4to, 1824, two volumes being devoted to authors and two to subjects,
+there being also cross references from one to the other. This
+inestimable work occupied the author the greater portion of his life,
+and is a monument of industry and research. The auction value amounts to
+L3 within a fraction, this being one of the few books which has a fixed
+market price all over the kingdom. Good copies in handsome bindings
+frequently occur, and are worth L4 to L5. The _English Catalogue_,
+initiated by the late Mr. Sampson Low, is a periodical which makes its
+appearance annually, and, unlike all the other works I have mentioned,
+is confined entirely to current literature. The title of every work
+published during the year is given, with the month in which it was
+issued, the price, and publisher's name, the whole being arranged in one
+line under the name of the author. At intervals, which do not appear to
+be strictly defined, collective editions of these annual catalogues,
+arranged in one alphabet, are published, as well as of the indexes of
+the _titles_ which are appended to each annual issue.[2]
+
+It is obvious that a work of this kind must be of the greatest utility,
+and as the _English Catalogue_ is merely a continuation of the _London
+Catalogue_ and the _British Catalogue_, the former of which commenced so
+far back as the year 1811, it will be seen that a comprehensive view can
+be taken of the whole range of English literature from that date to the
+present. The _Catalogue_ has not, however, always been so carefully
+prepared as it is now, and consequently in the earlier days many
+publications were omitted. When this is the case Lowndes and Watt will
+be found of material assistance, the latter especially. A complete set
+of these catalogues, unfortunately, is very difficult to obtain, and as
+the earlier ones are not indispensable, it may be perhaps advisable to
+forego them and to commence in 1814. The volumes to be acquired
+therefore would be _London Catalogue_, 1816-51; _English Catalogue_,
+1835-63, 1863-71, 1872-80, 1881-89; with the accompanying subject
+indexes to the _London Catalogue_, 1814-46; and to the _English
+Catalogue_, 1835-55, 1856-75, 1874 (_sic_)-80. It will be noticed that
+the dates sometimes overlap each over, but this is an advantage rather
+than a drawback. Among the other books frequently consulted by both
+dealers and amateurs are Mr. Swan Sonnenschein's _The Best Books_; the
+_Reference Catalogue of Current Literature_, and Halkett & Laing's
+_Dictionary of Anonymous and Pseudonymous Literature of Great Britain_,
+in 4 vols. These are mentioned together because they are essentially
+subject indexes and the best of their kind.
+
+Sonnenschein's _The Best Books_, already in a second and vastly improved
+edition, is a comparatively recent publication, in which, under subjects
+arranged systematically, are placed the best current books, whether
+ancient or modern, on each subject, with the prices, sizes, publisher's
+name and dates of the first and last editions of each. There are about
+50,000 works included, and they together give a very good idea of all
+the material in the various departments of research which the specialist
+is likely to have occasion to read or refer to. Old books are included
+where they are of actual present-day value to the student. The selection
+is not, of course, entirely made by the author, as it is impossible for
+him to have read a hundredth part of the books recommended; most
+probably the list has been compiled from the works of specialists, the
+various encyclopaedias, and so forth; but however this may be, it is a
+very useful one in the hands of a person capable of discrimination
+(towards which the numerous critical and bibliographical notes and the
+system of asterisks are a great help), especially if he live near one or
+other of the large libraries now springing up in different parts of the
+country.
+
+The _Reference Catalogue of Current Literature_, a cumbrous and unwieldy
+tome, the last issue of which was out of print within a couple of months
+of its publication, consists of a large number of publishers' catalogues
+arranged in alphabetical order. Each work mentioned is indexed, and this
+has been accomplished so fully and accurately that almost any book to be
+bought new in the market makes its appearance here.
+
+Halkett & Laing's _Dictionary_ is, as the title implies, a record of the
+anonymous and pseudonymous literature of Great Britain. If an author
+wrote under an assumed name or anonymously, his real name will be found
+here, together with a short account of his publications. This work can
+hardly be said to be indispensable, but it is, notwithstanding,
+exceedingly useful, and well worth the three and a half guineas which
+will have to be expended upon it.
+
+Among other works which at one time were thought more of than they are
+now is Quaritch's _Catalogue of Books_, in one thick volume, 1880, and a
+supplement which is back-dated 1875-7. The chief value of this lay not
+only in the prices, which were, as in every other bookseller's
+catalogue, appended to the items, but in the extraordinary number of the
+entries, which cover the whole range of British and foreign literature.
+Even now the work is useful, but there is no doubt that it is gradually
+decreasing in importance, owing to the high-class works of reference
+which have lately made their appearance. As to values, _Book Prices
+Current_ gives them much more satisfactorily than any bookseller can
+pretend or afford to do, while most of the bibliographical notes and
+references are to be found in one or other of the works I have
+mentioned.
+
+The collector who, as yet, is not sufficiently advanced to fully realise
+the difficulties he will have to surmount before he can bring together a
+judicious assortment of books, will at any rate begin to see that the
+knowledge requisite to enable him to do so is of no mean order. The
+preliminaries will take him a long time to master, and he will find that
+the expense is a factor by no means to be despised. Even the books
+mentioned are not all that he may have to procure, for if, after
+consideration, he should decide to devote his attention exclusively to
+one branch of Bibliography, there are other books of reference to be
+purchased, and a special course of study must be entered upon and
+carefully followed, if he would hope to be successful. Thus, should he
+decide to make Dickens or Thackeray his one author, as so many people
+are doing now, he will need a guide to direct his course. Memory is so
+treacherous that he can take nothing on trust, and time so short that he
+cannot afford to journey two sides of the triangle when he might have
+taken the third. These special works for special departments are set out
+and enlarged upon in the following chapter, but before referring to them
+it may not be superfluous to remind the reader that a book of reference
+only possesses a relative value. It is quite possible to have a whole
+library within reach and yet to be ignorant of the proper method of
+using it. Some of our best writers had no library worthy the name, but
+the few books they had they knew--knew, that is to say, how to extract
+the information they required, which book to consult, how it was
+arranged, and what might be expected of it. Though a book collector is
+not necessarily a book reader, he will have to be absolute master of his
+works of reference, or he will find every volume on his shelf a useless
+incumbrance. Where to possess all the absolute facts is of importance,
+the newest works are, generally speaking, most likely to be the best;
+but this is very far from being applicable to a library in all its
+departments. Yet even in the case of works of a general nature a careful
+and economic selection may be made, so as to cover, in a small compass,
+much valuable ground.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] _The Dictes and Sayinges of the Philosophers_, Caxton's first book
+which bears a date, was finished in November, 1477; and it is upon the
+strength of this that the Caxton Quarcentenary Festival was held in
+1877. There can be little doubt, however, that he printed many books of
+which no copies remain, some of which were probably earlier than _The
+Dictes_.
+
+[2] In the annual volume for 1891 a new scheme has been started, the
+authors and titles entries appearing in _one_ alphabet in "dictionary
+form".
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+     THE FIRST ENGLISH AUCTION SALE--FASHION IN BOOK
+     COLLECTING--SPECIAL BOOKS OF REFERENCE RELATING TO PARTICULAR
+     BRANCHES OF BIBLIOGRAPHY.
+
+
+The first sale of books by auction which is recorded as having taken
+place in England was held in Warwick Lane exactly 213 years ago, and Dr.
+Lazarus Seaman, whose library was dispersed on the occasion in question,
+appears to have confined his attention strictly to Latin Bibles of the
+16th century, the cumbrous works of the Puritan divines, and the great
+editions of the Fathers--huge folios thought so little of that, allowing
+for the change in the value of money, they can now for the most part be
+bought from the booksellers for less than they could then at auction.
+The reason which prompted this old collector to limit his purchases to
+works of a single class was in all probability much the same as that
+which prevails under similar circumstances at the present time, namely,
+a natural desire for finality, the outcome of an experience which shows
+plainly enough that in order to form a complete collection of anything
+its scope must be reduced to the smallest possible compass. As a matter
+of fact Dr. Seaman appears to have embarked on a somewhat extensive
+undertaking, for in the period mentioned by far the greater majority of
+works issued from the press were of a religious nature. Still the
+incident is valuable from an antiquarian point of view, as it forms a
+good precedent for a large body of modern collectors who, like Seaman,
+follow the prevailing fashion of the day. This fashion on being analysed
+will be found to vary at different periods and to be of longer or
+shorter duration according to a variety of circumstances which appear to
+be entirely without the range of argumentative discussion.
+
+In the year 1699, for example, a book was published, entitled
+_Entretiens sur les Contes de Fees_, in which one of the characters is
+described as saying, "For some time past you know to what an extent the
+editions of the Elzevirs have been in demand. The fancy for them has
+penetrated far and wide to such an extent, indeed, that I know a man who
+starves himself for the sake of accumulating as many of these books as
+he can lay his hands on." In the chapter devoted to the Elzevir press,
+these important publications are treated as fully as space permits, so
+that at present it will be sufficient to say that for nearly 200 years
+many generations of collectors have made painstaking attempts to form a
+complete library of these little books, which, after all, excel only in
+the quality of the paper and the beauty of the type. For real scholarly
+merit the editions of Gryphius or Estienne are much to be preferred, but
+this makes no difference. The Elzevirs were fashionable, much more so
+than they are now, and accordingly they were valued. It is, moreover,
+quite possible that they may again rise in popular favour, in which
+event those far-seeing individuals who are even now imitating the
+example of the collector mentioned in the _Entretiens_ will reap a rich
+harvest in case they choose to avail themselves of it. The great
+guide-book on the productions of this famous press is that by Alphonse
+Willems, entitled _Les Elzevier, Histoire et Annales Typographiques_,
+published at Brussels in 1880, with the _Etudes sur la Bibliographie
+Elzevirienne_ of Dr. G. Berghman, a kind of supplement to it, published
+at Stockholm in 1885.[3]
+
+Each publication is given in the order in which it was issued, and what
+will be found especially useful is an appendix containing a list of the
+spurious Elzevirs issued from the Dutch presses and of the forgeries
+which have from time to time been foisted on the confiding amateur. With
+the assistance of this work, the Elzevir collector cannot go very far
+wrong, though he will undoubtedly have much to learn from his own
+practical experience. He will become more or less perfect in his lesson
+in time, and may take comfort in the reflection that nothing so quickly
+ensures perfection as a limited series of bad mistakes. As examples of
+the Elzevir press are of "right" and "wrong" editions, with and without
+red lines, and are, moreover, usually measured in millimetres with the
+assistance of a rule which the enthusiastic collector invariably carries
+about with him wherever he goes, it is evident that there is much to
+learn and a great deal to be carried in the memory before the amateur
+can trust himself to become his own mentor.
+
+Difficult as the subject of the Elzevir press is, that of the Aldine
+press is more so. It was established much earlier--_viz._, about
+1489--and examples are more numerous and altogether more confusing. As a
+general rule they are also more expensive, and none but rich collectors
+can afford to compete for examples of the best class. Still, good
+specimens may occasionally be got for reasonable sums; and as a guide to
+the subject as a whole Renouard's _Annales de l'Imprimerie des Alde_
+(1st ed., 2 vols., Paris, 1803; 2nd, 3 vols., _ib._, 1825; 3rd, 1 vol.,
+_ib._, 1834) occupies a unique position. This work is arranged on a
+similar plan to the _Elzevier_ and is quite as indispensable to the
+specialist. An ordinary copy of the 2nd ed. will cost about 30s., but
+the more recent edition can sometimes be got for considerably less.
+
+Those fortunate persons who succeed in forming a good library of early
+printed books usually consult Dibdin's _Bibliotheca Spenceriana_, which
+professes to be nothing more than a descriptive catalogue of books of
+the 15th century in the incomparable collection of Earl Spencer. It is,
+however, full of notes by one of the best of English bibliographers. The
+British Museum _Catalogue of Early Printed Books in English_, 3 vols.,
+1884, which is carried down to 1640, and Maitland's _Early Printed Books
+in Lambeth Library_, 1843, carried down to 1600, are also frequently
+consulted. These works are of course supplementary to Lowndes'
+_Bibliographer's Manual_ and Watt's _Bibliotheca Britannica_, which, as
+previously explained, are on the shelves of every collector worthy the
+name, be he a specialist or not. The department of early printed books
+may, however, be left without further comment, as not one person out of
+many thousands is able for obvious reasons to devote his serious
+attention to it. Public libraries and similar institutions, which may be
+said to have a continuing existence, frequently contain a good show of
+works of this class, and, in the opinion of many, are the only suitable
+repositories for them.
+
+Privately printed books are those which are issued either from a private
+press or for the benefit of private friends. They are never published in
+the ordinary acceptation of that term, and cannot be bought at first
+hand. A good collection of these is of course difficult, though by no
+means impossible, to acquire; and for the benefit of those who may wish
+to devote themselves to this department--uninteresting as it undoubtedly
+is--Martin's _Privately Printed Books_ (1834, 2nd ed., 1854), in 1 vol.
+8vo, is readily available. Many of these so-called "books" consist
+merely of single sheets of letterpress; others, on the contrary, are
+more pretentious. In the former case they are more correctly termed
+"broadsides"; and R. Lemon's _Catalogue of the Collection of Broadsides,
+in the possession of the Society of Antiquaries_ (8vo, 1866), though by
+no means a perfect book, is certainly the best that can be procured for
+our purpose.
+
+Early printed American books, or those which in any way relate to the
+American Continent, provided only they were published during the 16th or
+17th centuries, have lately become exceedingly scarce. In June, 1888,
+nine small quarto tracts, bound in one volume, brought, L66 by auction,
+a record entirely surpassed by the preceding lot, which, consisting of
+twelve similar tracts only, brought no less a sum than L555. These
+prices are of course highly exceptional; but so great is the desire to
+obtain books of this class that the amounts in question, exorbitant
+though they may appear to be, were perhaps not excessive.
+
+The amateur may in this instance follow the rule with every confidence.
+Should he at any time see a work relating to America, no matter where
+printed so long as it is dated before the year 1700, he should on no
+account pass it by without very careful consideration; and the same
+remark applies, though to a less extent, to all books printed in
+Scotland before that date. In both cases it is probable that the
+specimen offered for sale will have a most unprepossessing exterior, and
+in some instances the price asked may be small. This frequently happens,
+since the more uneducated class of dealers commence by valuing a book
+from its appearance, and while a coloured plate or two would at once put
+them on the _qui vive_ there is generally nothing about books of this
+kind which _looks_ valuable. It is no disparagement to the trade as a
+whole to say that some booksellers, particularly those who carry on
+business in small provincial towns, are absolutely ignorant of anything
+more than the first principles of their trade, and it is out of these
+that bargains are made. Henry Stevens' _Catalogue of the American Books
+in the Library of the British Museum_ (1886, 8vo) is from the pen of a
+late famous bookseller who made many "bargains" in his time and whose
+profound knowledge of the insides as well as of the outsides of his very
+valuable collection was in every way worthy of his success.
+
+Shakespearian collectors cannot do better than consult the article
+"Shakespeare" in Lowndes' _Bibliographer's Manual_, where every known
+edition, translation, and commentary professes to be catalogued and also
+in many cases collated and described. Some of Halliwell-Phillipps'
+works, though not absolutely indispensable, are nevertheless exceedingly
+useful.
+
+Bible collectors do not as a rule notice editions later than what is
+styled the "Vinegar" Bible, published in 1717. They commence with
+Coverdale's issue of 1535, and proceed onward in regular order, for the
+most part arranging their collection not according to date but under the
+various "versions". This subject is very extensive and exceedingly
+difficult to handle, so much so that, without a competent guide, it will
+be found impossible to make satisfactory progress. This is provided in
+Cotton's _Editions of the Bible and Parts thereof in English_ (1821, 2nd
+ed., 1852), and J. R. Dore's _Old Bibles_ (1876, 2nd ed., 1888). Mr.
+Dore is probably the best living authority upon English Bibles and
+Testaments, and his book is in itself amply sufficient for the amateur.
+It is published by Eyre & Spottiswoode at 5s.
+
+For works on botany consult Pritzel's _Thesaurus Literaturae Botanicae_
+(Leipsic, 1847-51, 2nd ed., 1872-7, 4to); and for books exclusively
+relating to tobacco, some of which are very rare and valuable, W.
+Bragge's _Bibliotheca Nicotiana_ (priv. prin., r. 8vo, 1880).
+
+Angling and the whole of the literature devoted to it is dealt with in
+Westwood's new _Bibliotheca Piscatoria_ (1883), and swimming in R.
+Thomas' _Bibliographical List of Works on Swimming_ (1868, 8vo).
+
+The Greek and Latin Classics were at one time great favourites with all
+classes of collectors, but of late they have fallen considerably from
+their high estate. Many of the early editions, being printed by famous
+houses, as the _editio princeps_ of Virgil's works was, which sold for
+L590 at the Hopetoun House dispersion, a few months ago, are still
+eagerly sought after, but not _qua_ classics--merely as specimens of
+ancient typography. Ordinary editions of Horace, Virgil, Sallust, Plato,
+Livy, and the rest can be bought now for a fourth or fifth part of the
+sum they would have cost thirty or forty years ago, and, from all
+appearances, they are likely to decline still further in the market. The
+great work on this subject is Dibdin's _Rare and Valuable Editions of
+the Greek and Latin Classics_ (2 vols., 1827), which can sometimes be
+bought by auction for as little as L1.
+
+Art books are so numerous, and so readily subdivided into an infinite
+number of classes, that they are rarely, if ever, collected as a whole.
+Amateurs invariably use the _Universal Catalogue of Books on Art_, which
+was compiled by order of the Lords of the Committee of the Council on
+Education, and published between the years 1870-7 (in 3 vols. sm. 4to).
+It is a work that would be exceedingly difficult to improve upon, though
+as time goes on it will of course be necessary to add to it.
+
+Works on Shorthand are catalogued by J. W. Gibson (Pitman & Sons, 1887),
+on Magic and Witchcraft in Scribner's _Bibliotheca Diabolica_ (New York,
+1874), while books on music and all about them are noted in C. Engel's
+_Literature of National Music_ (1879, 8vo).
+
+We now come to the point when a short description of the more modern
+methods of book collecting becomes a matter of necessity. For some years
+it has been the fashion to collect not so much works of a certain class
+as of particular authors, chiefly those which are embellished with
+plates. By common consent first editions are, with a few exceptions,
+alone worthy of note; and it is also an axiom that where a book was
+originally published in parts, those parts must on no account be bound
+up in volume form. If the collector should be so ill advised as to bind
+the parts, notwithstanding the decrees of fashion to the contrary, he
+may save his position no little by binding in the title-pages and also
+the lists of advertisements, but if he neglects to do this, then his
+case is hopeless. This is an example of the ridiculous rules which have
+been laid down by a generation of autocratic book lovers, not one of
+whom could in all probability give a satisfactory reason for his
+_dicta_. It is, however, the rule, and will have to be followed, since
+great pecuniary loss is certain to follow the slightest infraction of
+it. Although the amateur does not buy his books to sell again, still I
+apprehend it is a satisfaction to know that, in case he should ever be
+compelled, though against his will, to sell them, he will be able to do
+so without losing by his bargain. Original editions of Dickens' works
+find a ready market, at ever-increasing prices; but in addition to his
+better-known books, the very titles of which have now become household
+words, there are others which are not so generally known, such, for
+example, as the _Curious Dance_, the _Village Coquettes_ and many small
+pieces which are scattered about the pages of the magazines, and are
+usually classed under the heading _Dickensiana_. The same remarks, but
+even perhaps to a still greater extent, apply to Thackeray and his
+works, for that great author worked for many years before his genius
+became recognised. The bibliographer who has smoothed the way for the
+Dickens and Thackeray collector is Mr. C. P. Johnson, in his _Hints to
+Collectors of Original Editions of the Works of Charles Dickens_ (1885),
+and his _Hints to Collectors of Original Editions of the Works of W. M.
+Thackeray_ (1885).
+
+The same author's _Early Writings of William Makepeace Thackeray_ (1888)
+contains a list of all the pieces which can now be identified, and of
+the places where they are to be found, so as to put it readily in the
+power of the biographer, the collector, and the student to refer to them
+if he will. The _Snob_, _Gownsman_, _National Omnibus_, _National
+Standard_, _The Constitutional_, and _Fraser's Magazine_ all contain
+essays, articles, or tales from his able pen, which, but for Mr.
+Johnson's patient efforts, might have been lost in course of time, when
+the evidence to identify them would have been wanting.
+
+Bibliographies of the works of Carlyle, Swinburne, Ruskin, and Tennyson,
+as well as those of Dickens and Thackeray, have been compiled by R. H.
+Shepherd, and of the works of Hazlitt, Leigh Hunt, and Lamb by Alexander
+Ireland.
+
+That famous artist George Cruikshank illustrated a large number of
+books, all of which are eagerly sought after by certain bodies of
+collectors. As in the case of other illustrated books, the value mainly
+depends upon the earliness of impression of the plates, and the
+condition; and consequently original editions are more highly esteemed
+than those which followed. Some capacity for judging engravings is
+required of the amateur who makes this branch of the subject a
+speciality, but in other respects he will find almost everything he is
+likely to require in G. W. Reid's _Descriptive Catalogue of the Works of
+George Cruikshank_ (London, 1871, 8vo).
+
+Bewick collectors have an infallible guide in the Rev. T. Hugo's _Bewick
+Collector, a Descriptive Catalogue of the Works of T. and J. Bewick_
+(published, with the supplement, in 2 vols., 1866-8, 8vo). It is related
+of this author that he once found a battered and ragged specimen of a
+child's book got up on strong-laid paper by the famous engraver. Only
+one or two copies are known to exist, as Bewick found the enterprise too
+expensive to pay, and accordingly discontinued it. The owner of this
+treasure was an old woman, who had derived her infant ideas of lions and
+tigers from its well-thumbed leaves, and who refused to part with an old
+friend, though sorely and even desperately pressed to do so.
+
+How often is the enthusiastic book hunter thwarted when his hopes are on
+the point of being realised; how often must he succumb to what he may
+consider to be nothing better than prejudice or obstinacy? This is a
+question which every amateur learns in time to answer for himself.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[3] To those who do not read French or do not possess _Les Elzevier_,
+Mr. Goldsmid's _The Elzevir Presses_, published as part of his
+_Bibliotheca Curiosa_, may be of some assistance. It is a species of
+compendium of the work of M. Willems, and was issued in 1889. It is
+somewhat faulty and incomplete; but not without its value to beginners
+in the study of the Elzevir press.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+     PAPER-MAKING--DIFFERENT SIZES OF PAPER--DIFFERENT SIZES OF
+     BOOKS--MEASUREMENTS WATER-MARKS--BOOKS TO CONSULT.
+
+
+The mould used by paper-makers is a kind of sieve of an oblong shape,
+bottomed with the very finest wire strands, all of which run
+horizontally from end to end. From top to bottom, and about an inch
+apart, are placed "chain wires," and on the right-hand side of the mould
+the wire water-mark, which, together with the wire-marks, appears
+semi-transparent. The reason of this is that both water-mark and wires
+are slightly raised, and of course the pulp is thinner there than
+anywhere else. Any ordinary sheet of paper held up to the light will
+show this, and serve to extra illustrate the following diagram.
+
+[Illustration: PAPER-MAKER'S MOULD: JUG WATER-MARK.]
+
+Here CDEF is the mould which the workman drops into a vat of pulp, the
+fine strands run from G to H all the way down the mould, AA, &c., are
+the chain wires, and B is the water-mark, in this case a jug. The water
+in the pulp of course runs through the sieve, leaving a layer of soft
+matter, which after a while hardens into a sheet of paper. The
+water-mark was at one time the trade mark of the maker, but subsequently
+became merely a symbol denoting the size of the sheet of paper before it
+was folded. The smallest sheet was water-marked with a jug, as above,
+and termed "pot"; the next had a cap and bells, hence our term
+"foolscap"; the next a horn, hence "post". Others had a "crown," and so
+on. At the present day all water-marks have once more become trade
+symbols, and cannot be depended upon to afford any evidence of size; but
+at one time--_i.e._, before the year 1750--this was not so, and,
+therefore, these water-marks, irrespective of their antiquarian value,
+serve a useful purpose--namely, to point out in cases of doubt whether
+any given book is an octavo, quarto, or folio, or a variation of any of
+these sizes.
+
+To refer once more to the diagram. Take a sheet of paper supposed to
+have come from the mould and double it in half at the line AX. The
+water-mark will in that event appear in the centre of the half sheet,
+and the folded paper is of folio size. Now fold the paper the contrary
+way, and the water-mark will appear at the bottom, but cut in half; the
+paper thus folded is quarto (4to). Now fold it the contrary way again,
+and a section of the water-mark will appear at the top; the paper thus
+folded is octavo (8vo). We can go on folding, and in every subsequent
+case the watermark will appear at the edges, while, as the paper gets
+smaller and smaller, the sizes are styled 12mo, 16mo, 32mo, and so
+forth.
+
+In the example given, a book made of the sheet of paper in question
+would be a pot folio, pot 4to, pot 8vo, and so on; but as larger-sized
+papers were used, another book might be a post 8vo, or a crown 4to, &c.,
+according to circumstances.
+
+As stated, this is one way of finding out the size of an old book; but
+there is another way--by means of the "signatures," which consist of
+small letters or figures at the foot of the page of nearly every book.
+The leaves (not pages) must be counted between signature and signature,
+and then if there are two leaves the book is a folio, if four a 4to, if
+eight an 8vo, if twelve a 12mo, if sixteen a 16mo, and if thirty-two a
+32mo. Take, as an example, this very book you hold in your hand, and it
+will be found that there are eight leaves between signature and
+signature; hence it is an 8vo, though a small one, owing, of course, to
+the small size of the paper from which it has been made, _viz._, crown.
+Had it been a little smaller (still preserving its oblong shape) it
+would have been a foolscap 8vo, if somewhat larger a demy 8vo, if larger
+still a royal 8vo, and largest of all imperial 8vo. The quartos and
+folios are governed by identical rules, and hence in the trade the sizes
+of books are very numerous.
+
+Simple as this method of computation may appear, a great deal of
+controversy has taken place on the subject--so much so, indeed, that
+there are people to be found who stoutly maintain, and adduce proof to
+show, that what looks like a 4to is in reality an 8vo, or _vice versa_.
+It would be out of place to enter into a discussion of this nature, and,
+therefore, I should advise the young collector to count the leaves
+between signature and signature, and to abide by the result, regardless
+of all the learned arguments of specialists. If there are no signatures,
+and the book is an old one, then study the position of the water-mark.
+
+As examples, it will be sufficient to note that the _Illustrated London
+News_ is folio, _Punch_ is 4to, and the _Cornhill_ and nearly all the
+monthly magazines are large 8vos. There is a large number of varieties
+of each size, but on the whole books which approximate to the sizes of
+magazines are of the sizes named. Occasionally in judging by the eye in
+this manner a mistake may be made; but of one thing there is no doubt,
+that a vast amount of argument would have to be expended upon the
+subject before the judgment could be proved to be wrong.
+
+Paper-makers at one period made their sheets in frames of a given size,
+so that it was a comparatively easy matter to distinguish the size of a
+book at a glance. Now-a-days, however, there appears to be but little
+uniformity in this respect, and the difficulty is consequently
+considerably increased. The following measurements will, however, be
+found approximately correct, and they may be utilised in a practical
+manner by taking a sheet of brown paper of the required size and folding
+it as previously mentioned, thus forming crown 8vos, crown 4tos,
+elephant folios, &c., at will. The practice is good, and it will not
+need to be often repeated.
+
+    A sheet of foolscap measures about 17 in. x 13 in.
+        " post " 19 in. x 15 in.
+        " crown " 20 in. x 15 in.
+        " demy " 22 in. x 17 in.
+        " royal " 24 in. x 19 in.
+        " imperial " 30 in. x 22 in.
+        " elephant " 28 in. x 23 in.
+        " atlas " 34 in. x 26 in.
+
+The only paper used, as a general rule, for making up into 8vo books is
+foolscap, post, crown, demy, royal, and imperial; 4to books are made up
+of all the sizes; though elephant and atlas are chiefly devoted to
+folios.
+
+I now take leave of this branch of the subject, and return to
+water-marks, which, as previously stated, were formerly used, as they
+are now, for trade marks, and as trade marks only.
+
+Before the year 1320, paper was very rarely used to write upon, but
+still there are a few examples of it having been so employed extant, the
+chief of which is an account-book preserved at the Hague, commencing
+with the year 1301. The water-mark on the paper of this book is a globe
+surmounted by a cross, while on paper of a little later date the rude
+representation of a jug frequently appears. The globe and the jug are
+consequently the most ancient water-marks yet discovered, and these
+became the principal marks on paper, then exclusively manufactured in
+Holland and Belgium. The "can and reaping hook" appeared a little later,
+so did the "two cans," the "open hand," and the "half _fleur-de-lis_,"
+all executed, as might be expected, in the rudest possible manner.
+
+The Holbein family at Ravensburg--a town famous to this day for the
+manufacture of paper--used a "bull's head". Fust and Schoeffer (_circa_
+1460) used a "clapper" or rattle, which has a somewhat curious history.
+At Ravensburg there was an hospital for lepers, and whenever any of the
+inmates had occasion to leave the building he was strictly enjoined to
+flourish a rattle with which he was provided, so that healthy folk could
+get out of his way. Paper made at the town is often found marked with
+the rattle, that having grown, by reason of its frequent use, into an
+institution of the place.
+
+The next marks in point of date are in all probability the "unicorn,"
+"anchor," and the "P" and "Y," the initials of Philip of Burgundy and
+his wife Isabella, who were married in 1430.
+
+The famous English printer Caxton (_c._ A.D. 1424-91)[4] used the
+"bull's head" paper from Ravensburg, the "P" and "Y," the "open hand,"
+and the "unicorn"; sometimes even the "bunch of grapes," which came from
+Italy.
+
+The first folio of Shakespeare's works (1623) has paper marked with a
+"fool's cap" among other devices. The "post horn," another favourite
+device, which has given the name to a particular size of paper--namely,
+"post"--was first used about the year 1670, when the General Post Office
+was established, and it became the fashion for the postman to blow a
+horn.
+
+In modern times paper-marks have become so numerous that it would be
+next to impossible to classify them; nor would it be of much advantage
+to the book collector even if it could be done. With old marks it is
+different, for _fac-simile_ reprints of scarce and ancient volumes are
+frequently detected by looking at the water-mark on the paper. Of
+course, this also may be imitated, but there is often considerable
+difficulty in attaining the requisite degree of perfection; and, under
+any circumstance, some little knowledge of the early history and
+appearance of water-marks will be found useful as well as interesting.
+The best books to consult on the subject are Herring's _Paper and
+Papermaking_ and Sotheby's _Principia Typographica_, 1858, the latter of
+which is a masterpiece of learning and constructive skill.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[4] It is very improbable that Caxton was born in 1412, as nearly all
+his biographers state, but about ten or twelve years later. Evidence of
+this is contained in the records preserved at Mercers' Hall, Cheapside,
+London, where his name is inscribed as having been apprenticed in the
+year 1438, the age at which apprenticeship was entered upon being most
+commonly between twelve and fourteen years.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+     THE COLOPHON--TITLE-PAGE--THE FIRST BOOK WITH A
+     DATE--COLLATING--ROMAN NOTATION--LATINISED NAMES OF PLACES,
+     WITH THEIR MODERN EQUIVALENTS.
+
+
+It must be borne in mind that the title-page of a book, though
+constituting a very old method of showing at a glance the nature of the
+contents, together with the place of publication and frequently also the
+date, is by no means the earliest means of attaining that object. The
+title-page, such as we see it, was first adopted in England in 1490, the
+year before Caxton's death, having been introduced on the Continent in
+1470;[5] but previously--and, indeed, for some years after that
+date--the _Colophon_ was in general use.
+
+The term "Colophon" has its origin in the Greek proverb, "to put the
+colophon to the matter," that is, the "finishing stroke," and contains
+the place or year (or both), date of publication, printer's name, and
+other particulars considered necessary at the time for the
+identification of the volume. It frequently commences somewhat after the
+following form: _Explicit liber qui dicitur_, &c.[6] The colophon,
+moreover, is always found on the last page, and sometimes takes the form
+of an inverted pyramid. In the early days, when the printer was not
+unfrequently author or translator as well, the completion of a work upon
+which he had probably been engaged for many months--or, perhaps, in some
+instances, years--was rightly regarded as matter for much
+self-congratulation, as well as for thanks to the Divine Power, by
+whose permission alone he had been enabled to persevere. Hence the
+_Psalterium_ of Fust and Schoeffer, a folio of 175 lines to the page,
+and remarkable as being the first book in which large capital letters,
+printed in colours, were employed, has for its colophon a very
+characteristic inscription, which may be translated as follows:--
+
+"This book of Psalms, decorated with antique initials and sufficiently
+emphasised with rubricated letters, has been thus made by the masterly
+invention of printing and also type-making, without the writing of a
+pen, and is consummated to the service of God through the industry of
+Johann Fust, citizen of Mentz, and Peter Schoeffer, of Gernsheim, in the
+year of our Lord MCCCCLVII., on the eve of the Assumption".
+
+This Psalter is also the first known book which bears any date at all,
+and for that and other reasons is one of the most highly prized of
+volumes.
+
+From what has been said, the reader will no doubt clearly understand
+that it does not follow that, because an old book is minus a title-page,
+it is necessarily imperfect. He should turn to the last leaf for the
+colophon; but should that be wanting also, it is probable that the book
+is deficient, though even this is not a conclusive test. In cases of
+doubt the volume must be _collated_, that is, critically compared with
+some other specimen: each leaf must be examined carefully, and notes
+made of any differences that may appear during the course of the
+examination. There is a business-like way and the reverse of tabulating
+these notes, so much so that an adept can see at a glance whether it has
+been performed by a competent man. The following is the collation of a
+copy of the first edition of the famous Genevan version of the Bible
+printed by Rowland Hall in 1560, 4to: "Four prel. leaves. Text, Genesis
+to ii. Maccabees, 474 ll. folioed, N. T. 122 leaves, 'A Briefe Table' HH
+h iii to LLl iii., 13 ll. followed by 1 p. 'The order of the yeres from
+Paul's conversion,' &c., rev. blank."
+
+At first sight this may appear somewhat technical, but when a few of
+these collations are compared with actual copies of the works to which
+they refer, there will be no difficulty in understanding all the rest.
+The above, for instance, would read, when set out at full length, as
+follows: "There are four preliminary leaves, and then follows the Bible
+text proper, which, from Genesis to the 2nd of Maccabees, is on 474
+numbered leaves. The New Testament, which follows, has 122 leaves; then
+comes 'A Briefe Table,' extending from signature HH h iii to LL l iii,
+and comprising 13 leaves, followed by one page, 'The order of the yeres
+from Paul's conversion,' &c. The reverse side of this page is blank."
+The words "page" and "leaf" have distinct meanings, the latter, of
+course, containing two of the former, unless, indeed, one side happens
+to be blank, as in the above example. If both sides are blank, the
+description would be simply "i 1 blank".
+
+From 1457--the date of Fust and Schoeffer's Psalter, already described
+as being the first printed book disclosing on its face the year of
+publication--until comparatively recent times, it was customary to use
+Roman numerals on the colophon or title-page, as the case might be. This
+system of notation is so well understood, or can be so speedily mastered
+from almost any arithmetical treatise, that it is hardly worth while to
+enlarge upon it here. On some old books, however, there is a dual form
+of the "D" representing 500, which is sometimes the cause of
+considerable perplexity; e.g., MI[C]XL standing for the year 1540. In
+this example the I[C] is equivalent to D; in fact, it would appear
+as if the former numeral were merely a mutilation of the latter. Again,
+the form CI[C] is equivalent to M or 1000. A few instances will make the
+distinction apparent:--
+
+    M I[C] XXIV}
+    or M D XXIV} = 1524;
+
+    CI[C] I[C] CLXXXV}
+    or M D CLXXXV} = 1685;
+
+    CI[C] I[C] CLXI}
+    or M D CLXI} = 1661.
+
+The only part of a title-page which gives any real difficulty to a
+person who has a fair knowledge of the Latin language, in which most of
+these old books were printed, is the name of the place of publication,
+which, being in a Latinised form, frequently bears but a slight
+resemblance to the modern appellation. Dr. Cotton, many years ago now,
+collected a large number of these Latin forms, partly from his own
+reading and partly from the works of various bibliographers who had
+chanced occasionally to mention them in their works, and at the present
+day his collection stands unapproachable in point of the number of
+entries, as well as in general accuracy. The use of this compilation
+will be apparent to those who have occasion to consult it even for the
+first time, while to advanced collectors, who are not satisfied with
+mere possession, it will be found indispensable. The title-page of a
+book now before me runs as follows: "_Kanuti Episcopi Vibergensis Quedam
+breves expositos s legum et jurium cocordantie et allegatioes circa
+leges iucie_"; at the foot is "Ripis, M. Brand, MI[C]IIII". The question
+immediately arises: Where is Ripis, the place where the book was
+evidently printed by Brand? The best gazetteer may be consulted in vain,
+for the title is obsolete now; it is, in fact, the Roman name for Riben,
+a small place in Denmark. In like manner, Firenze frequently stands for
+Florence, Brixia for Breschia, Aug. Trinob. (Augusta Trinobantum) for
+London, Mutina for Modena, and so on. This being the case, some kind of
+tabulation becomes absolutely necessary, and the best that occurs to my
+mind is to place the Latin titles of all the chief centres of printing
+in alphabetical order, and append to each the English equivalent. The
+date is that of the first book known to have been printed at the
+particular town against which it is set. As the list is not complete,
+and could not be made so without the sacrifice of a great deal of space,
+the reader is referred to Dr. Cotton's _Typographical Antiquities_ for
+any further information he may require. The omissions will be found,
+however, to consist, for the most part, of unimportant places, from many
+of which only some half-dozen books or less are known to have been
+issued, so that the following list will be found sufficient in the vast
+majority of cases:--
+
+    1486. Abbatis Villa Abbeville.
+    1621. Abredonia Aberdeen.
+    1493. Alba Acqui (in Italy).
+    1480. Albani Villa St. Albans.
+    1501. Albia Albia (in Savoy).
+    1480. Aldenarda Oudenarde.
+    1473. Alostum Alost (in Flanders).
+    1467. Alta Villa Eltville, or Elfeld (near Mayence).
+    1523. Amsteloedamum Amsterdam.
+    1476. Andegavum Angers.
+          Aneda Edinburgh.
+    1491. Angolismum Angouleme.
+    1482. Antverpia Antwerp.
+    1482. Aquila Aquila (near Naples).
+    1456(?). Argentina, or Argentoratum Strassburg.
+    1477. Asculum Ascoli (in Ancona).
+    1474. Athenae Rauracae Basle.
+    1517. Atrebatum Arras.
+    1469. Augusta Vindelicorum Augsburg.
+    1480. Augusta Trinobantum London.
+    1481. Auracum Urach (in Wurtemberg).
+    1490. Aurelia Orleans.
+    1490. Aureliacum Orleans.
+    1497. Avenio Avignon.
+    1462. Bamberga Bamberg.
+    1478. Barchine Barcelona.
+    1497. Barcum Barco (in Italy).
+    1474. Basilea Basle.
+    1470. {Berona, or}
+          {Beronis Villa} Beron Minster (in Switzerland).
+    1487. Bisuntia Besancon.
+    1471. Bononia Bologna.
+    1485. Bravum Burgi Burgos.
+    1472. Brixia Breschia.
+    1475. Brugae Bruges.
+    1486. Brunna Brunn.
+    1476. Bruxellae Brussels.
+    1473. Buda Buda.
+    1485. Burgi Burgos.
+    1484. Buscum Ducis Bois-le-duc.
+    1478. Cabelia Chablies (in France).
+    1480. Cadomum Caen.
+    1475. Caesar Augusta, or Caragoca Saragossa.
+    1484. Camberiacum Chambery.
+    1521. Cantabrigia Cambridge.
+    1497. Carmagnola Carmagnola.
+    1622. Carnutum Chartres.
+    1494. Carpentoratum Carpentras.
+    1486. Casale Major Casal-Maggiore.
+    1475. Cassela Caselle (in Piedmont).
+    1484. Chamberium Chambery.
+    1482. Coburgum Coburg.
+    1466. Colonia Cologne.
+    1466. Colonia Agrippina Cologne.
+    1466. Colonia Claudia Cologne.
+    1460. Colonia Munatiana Basle.
+    1466. Colonia Ubiorum Cologne.
+    1474. Comum Como.
+    1516. Conimbrica Coimbra.
+    1505. Constantia Constance.
+    1487. Cordova Cordova.
+    1469. Coria Soria (in Old Castile).
+    1500(about). Cracovia Cracow (Poland).
+    1472. Cremona Cremona.
+    1480. Culemburgum Culembourg (in Holland).
+    1478. Cusentia Cosenza.
+    1475. Daventria Deventer (in Holland).
+    1477. Delphi Delft.
+    1491. Divio Dijon.
+    1490. Dola Dol (in France).
+    1564. Duacum Douay.
+          Eblana Dublin.
+    1509. Eboracum York.
+          Edemburgum Edinburgh.
+    1440(?). Elvetrorum Argentina Strassburg.
+    1491. Engolismum Angouleme.
+    1482. Erfordia Erfurt.
+    1472. Essium Jesi (in Italy).
+    1473. Esslinga Esslingen (in Wurtemberg).
+    1531. Ettelinga Etlingen.
+    1471. Ferrara Ferrara.
+    1471. Firenze Florence.
+    1472. Fivizanum Fivzziano (in Tuscany).
+    1471. Florentia Florence.
+    1495. Forum Livii Forli (in Italy).
+    1504. Francofurtum ad Moenum Frankfort on the Maine.
+    1504. Francofortum ad Oderam Frankfort on the Oder.
+    1495. Frisinga Freysingen.
+    1470. Fulgineum Foligno (in Italy).
+    1487. Gaietta Gaeta.
+    1490. Ganabum Orleans.
+    1483. Gandavvm, or Gand Ghent.
+    1478. Geneva Geneva.
+    1474. Genua Genoa.
+    1483. Gerunda Gerona (in Spain).
+    1477. Gouda Gouda.
+    1490. Gratianopolis Grenoble.
+    1493. Hafnia Copenhagen.
+          Haga Comitum The Hague.
+    1491. Hamburgum Hamburg.
+    1491. Hamnionia Hamburg.
+    1483. Harlemum (probably earlier date) Haarlem.
+    1504. Helenopolis Frankfort on the Maine.
+    1479. Herbipolis Wurtzburg.
+    1476. Hispalis, or Colonia Julia Romana Seville.
+    1483. Holmia Stockholm.
+    1487. Ingolstadium Ingolstadt.
+    1473. Lauginga Laugingen (in Bavaria).
+    1483. Leida Leyden.
+    1495. Lemovicense Castrum Limoges.
+    1566. Leodium Liege.
+    1503. Leucorea Wittemburg.
+    1480. Lipsia Leipsic.
+    1485. Lixboa Lisbon.
+    1474(?). Londinum London.
+    1474. Lovanium Louvain.
+    1475. Lubeca Lubec.
+    1477. Luca Lucca.
+    1473. Lugdunum Lyons.
+    1483. Lugdunum Batavorum Leyden.
+    1499. Madritum Madrid.
+    1483. Magdeburgum Magdeburg.
+    1442(?). Maguntia Mayence.
+    1732. Mancunium Manchester.
+    1472. Mantua Mantua.
+    1527. Marpurgum Marburg.
+    1473. Marsipolis Mersburg.
+    1493. Matisco Macon.
+    1470. Mediolanum Milan.
+    1473. Messana Messina.
+    1500. Monachium Munich.
+    1470. Monasterium Munster (in Switzerland).
+    1472. Mons Regalis Mondovi (in Piedmont).
+    1475. Mutina Modena.
+    1510. Nanceium Nancy.
+    1471. Neapolis Naples.
+    1493. Nannetes Nantes.
+    1525. Nerolinga Nordlingen (in Suabia).
+    1480. Nonantula Nonantola (in Modena).
+    1469. Norimberga Nuremberg.
+    1479. Novi Novi (near Genoa).
+    1479. Noviomagium Nimeguen.
+    1533. Neocomum Neuchatel.
+    1494. Oppenhemium Oppenheim.
+    1468. Oxonia Oxford (the date is disputed).
+    1477. Panormum Palermo.
+    1471. Papia Pavia.
+    1470. Parisii Paris.
+    1472. Parma Parma.
+    1481. Patavia Passau (in Bavaria).
+    1472. Patavium Padua.
+    1475. Perusia Perugia.
+    1479. Pictavium Poitiers.
+    1483. Pisa Pisa.
+    1472. Plebisacium Piobe de Sacco (in Italy).
+    1478. Praga Prague.
+    1495. Ratiastum Lemovicum Limoges.
+    1485. Ratisbona Ratisbon.
+    1480. Regium Reggio.
+    1482. Reutlinga Reutlingen.
+    1484. Rhedones Rennes.
+    1503. Ripa or Ripis Ripen (in Denmark).
+    1467. Roma Rome.
+    1487. Rothomagum Rouen.
+    1479. Saena Siena.
+    1480. Salmantice Salamanca.
+    1470. Savillianum Savigliano (in Piedmont).
+    1474. Savona Savona.
+    1483. Schedamum Schiedam.
+    1479. Senae Siena.
+    1484. Soncino Soncino (Italy).
+    1514. Southwark Southwark.
+    1471. Spira Spires (in Pavaria).
+    1465. Sublacense Monasterium. An independent monastery
+              about two miles distant from Subiaco, in the
+              Campagna di Roma.
+    1484. Sylva Ducis Bois-le-duc.
+    1471. Tarvisium Treviso (in Italy).
+    1474. Taurinum Turin.
+    1468. Theatrum Sheldonianum (the date is disputed) Oxford.
+    1521. Tigurum Zurich.
+    1479. Tholosa Toulouse.
+    1480. Toletum Toledo.
+    1473. Trajectum ad Rhenum Utrecht.
+    1504. Trajectum ad Viadrum Frankfort on the Oder.
+    1471. Trajectum Inferius Utrecht.
+    1470. Trebia Trevi (in Italy).
+    1483. Trecae Troyes.
+    1440 (?). Tribboccorum Strassburg.
+    1483. Tricasses Troyes.
+    1476. Tridentum Trent (in the Tyrol).
+    1498. Tubinga Tuebingen.
+    1521. Turigum Zurich.
+    1496. Turones Tours.
+    1479. Tusculanum Toscolano (in Italy).
+    1471(?). Ulma Ulm.
+    1471. Ultrajectum Utrecht.
+    1485. Ulyssipo Lisbon.
+    1481. Urbinum Urbino.
+    1474. Valentia Valentia.
+    1474. Vallis S. Mariae {Marienthal (an Augustine monastery
+                            {near Mentz, now suppressed).
+    1469. Venetiae Venice.
+    1485. Vercellae Vercelli.
+    1470. Verona Verona.
+    1487. Vesontio Besancon.
+    1473. Vicentia Vicenza.
+    1517. Vilna Wilna (in Russia).
+    1482. Vindobona Vienna.
+    1503. Vitemberga Wittemburg.
+    1488. Viterbium Viterbo.
+          Vratislavia Breslau.
+    1474. Westmonasterium Westminster.
+    1475. Wirceburgum Wurtzburg.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5] _Vide_ Pollard's _Last Words on the History of the Title-page_
+(Lond., 1891).
+
+[6] Some recent French publishers, such as Quantin and Rouveyre, have
+imitated the practice in their editions for bibliophiles.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+     THE REASONS WHICH MAKE A BOOK VALUABLE--SCARCITY--SUPPRESSED
+     WORKS--SOME BOOKS WHICH HAVE BEEN BURNED BY THE HANGMAN--WORKS
+     PRIVATELY SUPPRESSED--WORKS OF LIMITED ISSUE--TRANSACTIONS OF
+     LEARNED SOCIETIES--DEFECTS--"UNCUT" WORKS--IMPERFECT
+     COPIES--"MADE-UP" COPIES--FAC-SIMILE LEAVES--LAYING DOWN--BOOKS
+     PUBLISHED IN PARTS--LARGE-PAPER COPIES.
+
+
+The reasons which contribute to make up the pecuniary value of a book
+depend on a variety of circumstances by no means easy of explanation. It
+is a great mistake to suppose that because a given work is scarce, in
+the sense of not often being met with, it is necessarily valuable. It
+may certainly be so, but, on the other hand, plenty of books which are
+acquired with difficulty are hardly worth the paper they are printed
+upon, perhaps because there is no demand for them, or possibly because
+they are imperfect or mutilated.
+
+One of the first lessons I learned when applying myself to the study of
+old books was never, on any account or under any circumstances, to have
+anything to do with imperfect copies, and I have not so far had any
+occasion to regret my decision. It is perfectly true that no perfect
+copies are known of some works, such, for example, as the first or
+1562-3 English edition of Fox's _Book of Martyrs_; but books of this
+class will either never be met with during a lifetime, or will form, if
+met with, an obvious exception to the rule. Fragments of genuine
+Caxtons, again, sometimes sell by auction for two or three pounds a
+single leaf, and even a very imperfect copy of any of his productions
+would be considered a good exchange for a large cheque; but these are
+exceptions and nothing more--exceptions, moreover, of such rare
+practical occurrence as to be hardly worth noting. In the vast majority
+of instances, when a book is mutilated it is ruined; even the loss of a
+single plate out of many will often detract fifty per cent. or more from
+the normal value, while if the book is "cut down" the position is worse.
+This lesson as a rule is only learned by experience, and many young
+collectors resolutely shut their eyes to the most apparent of truisms,
+until such time as the consequences are brought fairly home to them. It
+is exceedingly dangerous to purchase imperfect or mutilated books, or to
+traffic in them at all. This position will be enlarged upon during the
+progress of the present chapter.
+
+To return to the reasons which contribute to the value of a book, it may
+be mentioned that "suppression" is one of the chief. This is a natural
+reason; others are merely artificial, which may be in full force to-day
+but non-existent to-morrow, depending as they do upon mere caprice and
+the vagaries of fashion: with these I have, in this volume at any rate,
+nothing to do.
+
+De Foe, in his _Essay on Projects_, observes: "I have heard a bookseller
+in King James's time say that if he would have a book sell, he would
+have it burned by the hands of the common hangman," by which he
+presupposed the existence of some little secret horde which should
+escape the general destruction, and which would consequently rise to ten
+times its value directly the persecution was diverted into other
+channels. This is so, for where an edition has been suppressed, and most
+of the copies destroyed, the remainder acquire an importance which the
+whole issue would never have enjoyed had it been left severely alone.
+The Inquisition has been the direct cause of elevating hundreds of books
+to a position far above their merit, and the same may be said of Henry
+VIII., who sent Catholic as well as Protestant books wholesale to the
+flames; of Mary, who condemned the latter; of Edward VI., who acquiesced
+in the destruction of the former; and of Elizabeth and the two
+succeeding sovereigns, who delighted in a holocaust of political
+pamphlets and libels.
+
+The Inquisition, with that brutal bigotry which characterised most of
+its proceedings, almost entirely destroyed Grafton's Paris Bible of
+1538, with the result that the printing presses, types, and workmen were
+brought to London, and the few copies saved were completed here, to be
+sold on rare occasions at the present day for as much as L160 apiece.
+There is nothing in the Bible more than in any other; it is not
+particularly well printed, but it has a history, just as the Scotch
+Bassandyne Bible has, though in that case the persecution was directed
+against persons who _declined_ to have the book in their houses, ready
+to be shown to the tax collector whenever he chose to call. One Dr.
+James Drake, who in the year 1703 had the temerity to publish in London
+his _Historia Anglo-Scotica_, which contained, as was alleged, many
+false and injurious reflections upon the sovereignty and independence of
+the Scottish nation, had the pleasure of hearing that his work had been
+publicly burned at the Mercat Cross of Edinburgh, a pleasure which was
+doubtless considerably enhanced when another venture--the
+_Memorial_--shared the same fate in London, two years later. Drake had
+the honour of hearing himself censured from the throne, of being
+imprisoned, and of having his books burned, distinctions which some
+people sigh for in vain at the present day. As a consequence, the
+_Historia_ and the _Memorial_ are both desirable books, and Drake's name
+has been rescued from oblivion.
+
+William Attwood's _Superiority and Direct Dominion of the Imperial Crown
+of England over the Crown and Kingdom of Scotland_ (London, 4to, 1705)
+is another book of good pedigree which would never have been worth the
+couple of guineas a modern bookseller will ask for it, had it not been
+burned by jealous Scotchmen immediately on its appearance.
+
+The massacre of St. Bartholomew produced a large crop of treatises, and
+any contemporary book on the Huguenot side is worth preservation, for a
+general search was made throughout France, and every work showing the
+slightest favour to the Protestants was seized and destroyed. Among them
+was Claude's _Defense de la Reformation_ (1683), which was burned not
+only abroad, but in England as well, so great an ascendency had the
+French Ambassador acquired over our Court.
+
+Bishop Burnet's _Pastoral letter to the Clergy of his Diocese_ (1689)
+was condemned and burned for ascribing the title of William III. to the
+Crown, to the right of conquest. The _Emilie_ and the _Contrat Social_
+of Jean Jacques Rousseau shared the same fate, as did also _Les
+Histoires_ of d'Aubigne and Augustus de Thou.
+
+Baxter's _Holy Commonwealth_ went the way of all obnoxious books, in
+1688; the _Boocke of Sportes upon the Lord's Day_, in 1643; the Duke of
+Monmouth's proclamation declaring James to be an usurper, in 1685;
+Claude's _Les Plaintes des Protestans_, in 1686.
+
+Harris' _Enquiry into the Causes of the Miscarriage of the Scots Colony
+at Darien_ (Glasgow, 1700); Bastwicke's _Elenchus Religionis Papisticae_
+(1634); Blount's _King William and Queen Mary, Conquerors_, &c. (1692);
+the second volume of Wood's _Athenae Oxoniensis_ (1793); De Foe's
+_Shortest Way with the Dissenters_ (1702); Pocklington's _Sunday no
+Sabbath and Altare Christianum_ (1640); Sacheverel's _Two Sermons_
+(1710); and Coward's _Second Thoughts concerning the Human Soul_ (1702),
+were all burned by the hangman, and copies destroyed wherever found.
+
+Perhaps the most extraordinary instance of a work being destroyed for
+positively nothing at all is furnished by Cowell's _Law Dictionary_,
+which was sent to the flames by order of King James the First himself.
+This dictionary, and indeed every one of the books mentioned as having
+been subjected to the purification of fire, are now rare historical
+landmarks, and consequently both extrinsically and intrinsically
+valuable. Hence the reason of the high prices frequently demanded for
+them and for other works of this class.
+
+The remaining copies of editions which were suppressed by their authors,
+or which have escaped accidental destruction, are frequently of
+considerable value. In the former class, Rochester's _Poems_ and Mrs.
+Seymour's _Account of the Origin of the Pickwick Papers_ are prominent
+examples; in the latter, the third folio edition of Shakespeare's Plays
+(1664), almost the entire impression of which was destroyed in the Great
+Fire of London. Dugdale's _Origines Juridiciales_ (London, folio, 1666)
+was also almost entirely destroyed at the same time. Books coming under
+one or other of these classes are to be met with, and the note-book
+should always be at hand, so that a memorandum can be jotted down before
+the reference is lost. This course is adopted by the most experienced
+bibliographers, as well as by the amateur who wishes to become
+proficient in a study which is pleasant and profitable when
+conscientiously undertaken, but difficult and worse than useless to
+those who will not take the trouble to learn the rudiments of their
+science.
+
+Works of limited issue are sometimes, but not always, nor indeed often,
+of especial value. It has been the practice for some years among
+publishers to issue works on what is nothing more nor less than the old
+subscription plan; but, unlike the hungry poets of old, who trudged the
+streets taking the price of copies in advance, the publishers keep faith
+with their subscribers. The edition is limited to a given number of
+copies, after which the type is distributed, and the plates--if the work
+is illustrated--broken up. Many speculators in books have endeavoured
+from time to time to "corner" editions so limited in quantity, buying at
+the published price, and subsequently selling again at an increased
+amount. In this way considerable sums have been _lost_, for works
+published on this plan have a decided tendency to fall in the market,
+and when this is the case they seldom if ever recover their former
+position. Hogarth's works, published in 1822, by Baldwin and Cradock, is
+a very good example of this tendency. The work was originally issued at
+L50, and the impressions, taken from Hogarth's original plates,
+restored, however, by Heath, are consequently of full size. There is a
+secret pocket at the end containing three suppressed and highly indecent
+plates, which considerably add to the value. I myself have many a time
+seen this large and sumptuous book knocked down in the auction room at
+sums varying from L3 to L5, and once bought a good copy by private
+contract for L4 10s. Ottley's _Italian School of Design_ is another
+example. This work when on large paper, with proof impressions of the 84
+tinted fac-similes of original drawings by Cimabue, Giotto, Guercino,
+and other famous painters, is worth about L3 by auction. The published
+price in 1823 was no less than L25 4s. The issue of each of these works
+was limited, but neither have succeeded in retaining its position in
+popular favour, and in all probability will decline still further in the
+market as time goes on.
+
+The lesson to be learned here is that such phrases as "only 100 copies
+printed," or "issue strictly limited to 50 copies," frequently to be
+observed in publishers' and auctioneers' catalogues, should be taken
+_cum grano salis_. The description may be accurate, but it does not
+follow that the limitation necessarily increases the value of the book.
+On the contrary, it may be well imagined that the publisher hesitated to
+launch the book entirely on its own merits, seeking rather the
+extraneous inducement of a "limited number". The earlier editions of
+Ruskin's works are an exception to the rule, for that author's
+reputation is deservedly great, and he is, moreover, master of his own
+books, which from choice he has, until the last year or two, preferred
+to render difficult of access.
+
+Volumes of transactions and proceedings of learned societies usually
+have a market value, which fluctuates much less than is usually the
+case. These being supplied to members only, and rarely published for
+purposes of sale, may be said to be both privately printed and limited
+in issue at the same time. As a rule they increase proportionately in
+value as the series becomes more complete, and a point once reached,
+they generally maintain it. Hence works of this character are safe
+investments--perhaps the safest of any.
+
+The result of every investigation into the causes which regulate the
+value of books has shown conclusively that no publication is of great
+worth merely _because_ it is scarce. The scarcity is a secondary and not
+a primary cause. Highly appreciated English publications of the
+sixteenth and two following centuries may be counted by thousands; but
+the number of inferior treatises, which have long ago sunk into eternal
+oblivion, which never were of any value, and never will be, are as the
+sand on the sea-shore.
+
+However scarce and valuable a book may be, it must be remembered that
+the element of perfection has yet to be taken into account. It does not
+by any means follow that, because a copy of one of Shakespeare's 4tos is
+worth L300, another copy of the same 4to edition will be of equal value.
+It may be worth more or less, and here it is that the critical eye of
+the _connoisseur_ and dealer tells. Defects, such as a tear in the cover
+or any of the leaves, stains, worm-holes, and the like, detract from the
+value; if these are entirely absent, the value may, on the contrary, be
+raised above the average. The fact of a rare book being "uncut," and in
+the original sound binding, clean, and free from blemishes, considerably
+add to its value.
+
+The first part of a book to get worn out is the binding, for some one or
+more of its previous owners are almost certain to have ill-treated it
+either by bending the covers until they crack, or by leaving the work
+exposed to the rain and damp. When the volume is coverless, and usually
+not before, it will have been re-bound, and the binder will, in
+ninety-nine cases out of every hundred, have trimmed the edges, that is
+to say, planed them smooth with a machine he has for the purpose.
+Sometimes he will have cut as much as half-an-inch from the top, and
+nearly as much from the other edges; on other occasions, he may have
+been more merciful; but the result is the same, the book is damaged
+beyond hope of redemption, and the only question is as to the extent of
+the injury. The term "uncut," so often seen in catalogues, is,
+therefore, a technical term, meaning that the edges are left in the same
+condition as they were when the book was originally issued. It does not
+mean that the leaves are "not cut open," as so many people appear to
+think, but simply that the binder, with a fine sense of what is due to a
+volume of importance, has for once kept his shears in his pocket. The
+value of a book which has been cut is reduced to an extent proportionate
+to the quantum of injury inflicted: from 50 to 75 per cent. is the usual
+reduction, but many works are altogether destroyed. If a scarce book is
+sent to be re-bound, the binder should have the clearest instructions,
+in writing, that he is not to trim the edges. Should he do so,
+notwithstanding the direction, a by no means impossible contingency, he
+will do it at his own risk, and can be made to suffer the consequences.
+
+Imperfect volumes are always a source of great inconvenience to the
+collector. First-class bookselling firms will not allow an imperfect
+book to leave their hands without notice to the purchaser, and, as a
+consequence, they charge a higher price than would be the case if the
+latter exercised his own judgment. There are mutual advantages to be
+gained in dealing with first-class people, for, if a mistake is made on
+one side or the other, there is usually no difficulty in rectifying it
+afterwards. Fine old crusted book-worms of the John Hill Burton type
+prefer, however, to exercise their own discretion in these matters,
+looking upon that as no inconsiderable part of the pleasure to be
+derived from the pursuit of their favourite occupation. They do not care
+to pay for being taught, at least not directly, and make it part of
+their business to find out for themselves whether a copy offered for
+sale is perfect or the reverse. As each page is usually numbered, there
+is no difficulty in ascertaining whether any are missing; not so with
+the plates, for, unless there is an index to these, the loss of one or
+two may hardly be noticed until the book comes to be collated with
+another copy known to be complete. This is a risk which the book buyer
+has to run, though, as a matter of practice, he protects himself when
+the purchase is an expensive one, and the dealer a man of credit.
+
+In buying books at a cheap rate, or, in other words, when making a
+bargain either at a shop or an ordinary street-stall, the purchaser will
+have to observe the maxim, "Caveat emptor," and it will probably not be
+until he arrives home with his treasure under his arm that he will have
+the satisfaction of ascertaining that his bargain is a real one, or the
+mortification of adding another imperfect book to the long row already
+on his shelf.
+
+Imperfect books are frequently what is called "made up," that is,
+completed from other copies, themselves imperfect in other respects. One
+complete book is worth more than two incomplete ones, and many desirable
+specimens, in the public libraries and elsewhere, are made up so well
+that it is frequently impossible to detect the hand of the renovator.
+
+So long as all the leaves of a made-up book are of the same measurement,
+there would not seem to be much objection to this practice, but there
+certainly is when the paper of the interpolated leaves is different from
+the rest, or smaller in size, which it will be if cut down by the
+binder. Great care must be taken to see that neither of these defects is
+present, especially when, from the value of a book offered for sale, it
+may have been worth anyone's while to perfect it.
+
+Another point to be observed in the purchase of very expensive and
+valuable works is, that none of the leaves have been fac-similed. These
+fac-similes are done by hand, and frequently so well that they cannot be
+detected without the aid of a strong glass. The late Henry Stevens tells
+a good story of a customer of his--Mr. Lenox, of New York, the founder
+of the Lenox Library, and a most indefatigable collector up to the last
+hour of his life. "Mr. Lenox was," says Stevens, "principled against
+raffles, wagers, lotteries, and games of chance generally, but I once
+led him into a sort of bet in this way, by which I won from him L4. I
+had acquired a fair copy of that gem of rare books, the quarto edition
+of _Hariot's Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginea_
+(London, Feb., 1588), wanting four leaves in the body of the book. These
+I had very skilfully traced by Harris, transferred to stone, printed off
+on old paper of a perfect match, the book and these leaves sized and
+coloured alike, and bound in morocco by Bedford. The volume was then
+sent to Mr. Lenox to be examined by him _de visu_, the price to be L25;
+but, if he could detect the four fac-simile leaves, and would point
+them out to me without error, the price was to be reduced to L21. By the
+first post, after the book was received, he remitted me the 20 guineas,
+with a list of the fac-similes, but on my informing him that two of
+_his_ fac-similes were originals, he immediately remitted the four
+pounds, and acknowledged his defeat."
+
+This Harris, whose name is prominently mentioned, was probably the
+greatest adept at this species of imitation who ever lived, and many
+important but defective works, now in the British Museum, left his
+hands, to all appearance, in first-rate order and condition.
+
+"Laying down" is a technical term used to express the process of
+re-backing a torn plate or engraving. Many of the Shakespeare folios
+have the portrait and verses by Ben Jonson laid down or "re-laid," as
+the catalogues generally describe it. This, of course, can be detected
+at a glance, and it may be stated positively that a laid-down plate,
+frontispiece, or title is looked upon as a serious blemish, inferior
+only to the entire absence of one or more of the three.
+
+Worm-holes, stains, fox-marks, and other flaws also detract from value;
+but as many of these may be removed by a judicious application of proper
+remedies, a special chapter will be reserved for their consideration.
+The market value of a book is thus composed of many elements, the chief
+of which is "condition"--above all things, a broad margin, and next, to
+that, leaves of spotless white.
+
+I have already stated that where editions of the works of famous modern
+authors containing plates were originally issued in parts, such parts
+should, on no account, be bound up in volume form. The result of such a
+course cannot be better illustrated than by taking the well-known
+_Pickwick Papers_ as our example, and studying the following prices, all
+realised at auction quite recently:--
+
+_Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club_, original ed., with
+illustrations by Seymour & Browne, and the Buss plates, _complete in
+numbers_, 1837, 8vo, L8 10s.; L12 14s.; L8 10s.; L6 5s.; L11 5s.
+
+_Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club_, original ed. (_bound_), with
+illustrations by Seymour & Browne, and the Buss plates, 1837, 8vo, L1
+(half calf), L1 1s. (half calf), L3 (calf extra), L2 12s. (half morocco
+extra), L2 5s. (half calf extra), L1 7s. (half morocco extra), L3 10s.
+(calf, gilt, an unusually clean copy, recently sold at the Mackenzie
+sale). The evidence furnished by these quotations is conclusive, and
+illustrates the principle better than anything else can do, that, in the
+present state of the English book market, it is the height of folly to
+bind up original parts of this nature. If, however, it must be done, the
+depreciation in value may be reduced to a minimum by binding in the best
+style, and taking care that not only all the covers, but even the pages
+of advertisements, are bound up also. On no account must the edges be
+cut, or in any way tampered with, or the value will sink from pounds to
+shillings on the instant.
+
+I shall conclude this chapter by calling attention to the expression
+"large paper," so often noticed. It has been the practice for many
+years, on publishing certain classes of books, to print off a limited
+number of copies on "large paper," or paper of a larger size than that
+used for the ordinary copies. Thus, the second edition of Bewick's
+_Birds_, in 2 vols., 1804, is found in no less than three sizes,
+ordinary copies in demy 8vo, large paper copies in royal 8vo, and
+largest paper in imperial 8vo. The text is in each instance precisely
+the same, but the books themselves are larger in size as we ascend the
+scale. The well-known _Badminton Library_ of sports and pastimes is
+printed in two sizes, and as large paper copies are invariably limited
+in number, their value is always greater than that of their more humble
+brethren. Whether they maintain their original published value is
+another question which can only be solved by reference to particular
+cases as and when they arise.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+     THE RENOVATION OF BOOKS--DAMP--GREASE MARKS--SURFACE
+     STAINS--BOOK WORMS AND OTHER PESTS.
+
+
+The great enemy of books is unquestionably damp, which corrodes the
+paper, covering it with reddish brown spots, or, in extreme cases,
+patches. These unsightly marks, if once they have taken a firm hold,
+cannot be removed, and the most that can be hoped for is some preventive
+against an aggravation of the evil. Damp, unlike mere surface stains,
+attacks the tissue of the paper, rotting it completely through, and not
+infrequently destroying it altogether. It is like a vital disease which
+insinuates itself into the very seat of life, and, with more or less
+despatch, consumes its victim.
+
+Unslaked lime, as is well known, has a strong affinity for moisture of
+every kind, and when there is plenty of this substance about, damp is
+irresistibly attracted to it. Small saucers full of lime should
+therefore be placed in close proximity to valuable books, on the shelves
+if necessary, but never in immediate contact with the books themselves,
+or the remedy will be as bad as the disease to be guarded against. The
+action of lime upon moisture has been very well known for centuries, yet
+no one seems to have thought of applying it to this useful purpose, and
+books have been doomed to slow but sure destruction for the want of a
+precaution as simple as it is obvious. Only the other day a
+correspondent, writing to an American bibliographical journal, pointed
+out what he called a new remedy against damp, which turned out to be
+based upon nothing else than the well-known relationship which exists
+between lime and water. If damp has only just commenced its attack, the
+part affected should first be touched with a wash of spirits of wine,
+and when dry with a very weak solution of oxalic acid. If the "fox
+spots," as they are called, do not then disappear, the injury is
+permanent and no remedy exists, as far as we at present know.
+
+A really valuable book which stands in need of a thorough cleaning
+should be placed in the hands of some competent person, as considerable
+experience is necessary before even a reasonable degree of success can
+be assured. If the marks to be obliterated are numerous, the book had
+better be taken to pieces by removing the cover and separating the
+leaves, first cutting the binder's threads and taking especial care not
+to _tear_ anything. Each leaf must then be examined, both on the flat
+and when held up to the light, for it is essential that the particular
+description of dirt should be identified as closely as possible.
+
+If grease is apparent, it should first of all be removed, as its
+presence will interfere with some of the subsequent processes. With this
+object, the leaf must be laid perfectly flat on a sheet of glass and the
+grease marks damped out with a pad of cotton wool moistened with
+benzine. Rubbing is never resorted to; the spots must be merely patted
+over and over again until they disappear, which they will do after a
+time. Sometimes the text itself will vanish as well, but whether it will
+do so or not depends upon the character of the paper and the quality of
+the printer's ink. If there is any danger, benzine should not be used,
+as the whole sheet may be cleared of grease marks almost equally well by
+covering it with a layer of chalk, placing a piece of blotting paper on
+the top of it, and pressing with a hot iron. Each leaf will, if
+necessary, have to be treated in the same way, and it may occasionally
+be found necessary to work on both sides of the paper.
+
+When this process is complete, the next step is to give each leaf a good
+general cleaning, and this may be done effectually by placing it in a
+leaden trough and pouring upon it a shallow surface of water. Two or
+three days of exposure to the rays of the sun will bleach the paper
+perfectly white, and all kinds of stains except fixed dyes will come
+out. The leaf is then dried (not in the sun or it will turn yellow), and
+is ready for the next process. It may happen that the sun is not
+available for this, or, indeed, any other purpose, and when such is the
+case, the surface dirt may be bleached off with a solution of chloride
+of lime in the proportion of one part to forty of water. The paper must
+be soaked in cold water before this mixture is poured on it, and both
+sides must be operated upon. This solution being essentially weak--if it
+were otherwise it would eat into the material--it is possible that it
+may be found unequal to the task of removing some of the more obstinate
+stains, which must therefore be touched with nitro-hydrochloric acid.
+Finally, the leaf must be well washed in a stream of running water, and
+allowed to dry naturally.
+
+Another method of removing surface stains sometimes used by restorers is
+to cover the paper with a thin layer of fine powdered salt. Lemon juice
+is then squeezed on the surface in sufficient quantities to dissolve the
+mineral, and the subject finally washed in boiling water. The chief
+objection to this process is the use of hot water, which, as may well be
+imagined, is apt to pulp the paper, or in some cases even to efface the
+printed text.
+
+Stains which cannot be removed by these processes are of several kinds.
+Lead pencil marks, for instance, will become fixed if the paper is
+damped, and they should therefore be helped out first of all with fine
+bread crumbs. Indian ink stains give way before a camel's hair brush and
+a cup of hot water, and all kinds of grease marks yield to benzine,
+turpentine, or ammonia.
+
+Lead stains can be got rid of by an application of peroxide of hydrogen,
+or even hydrochloric acid; but the greatest care will have to be
+exercised in handling the latter, or it will corrode the paper in a very
+short time, causing it to crack and break to pieces. If mixed with its
+own weight of water, and to three parts of this compound one part of red
+oxide of lead is added, its power for evil will be very materially
+diminished; but even under these circumstances it is dangerous to use.
+
+Each of these remedies has to be very carefully undertaken, as the fatty
+matters in the printer's ink are exceedingly liable to resolve, in which
+case the book will be spoiled. With care and attention I doubt not that
+almost any book can be very materially improved, if not made quite as
+good as new, by a combination of the processes described; and the best
+plan is to practise on some dirty and worthless specimen until the
+requisite degree of proficiency is attained.
+
+A "Literary Note" in the magazine entitled _Book Lore_ for July, 1887,
+observes as follows: "The renovation of books is, of course, a work of
+art in itself, and so clever are experts in the manipulation thereof,
+that many a dirty and decrepit volume has left their hands looking
+quite fresh and new. One of the most difficult processes has hitherto
+been to take dirt off the leaves without injuring the print. With this
+object bread crumbs were at one time used; but modern science has
+discovered three ways of effecting the same object in a much more
+satisfactory manner. Oxalic acid, citric acid, and tartaric acid, when
+in solution, will eliminate every trace of dirt without in any way
+acting on the printer's ink. Writing ink is not, however, proof against
+the attack of any one of the three, and this, too, being considered for
+the most part as 'dirt,' comes out with the rest. If the leaf is
+afterwards bleached with chloride of lime, the regenerating process is
+complete. The remedy for oil stains, it may be observed, is sulphuric
+ether. If the stains are extensive, it is best to roll up each leaf and
+insert it into a wide-mouthed bottle half full of ether, shaking it
+gently up and down for a minute or so. On its removal the oil marks will
+be found to have disappeared, and, as ether rapidly evaporates, a little
+cold water is all that is afterwards required. Mineral naphtha and
+benzoline each possess the property of dissolving oils fixed and
+volatile, tallow, lard, wax, and other substances of this class."
+
+Worm-holes, another source of disquietude to the collector, are caused
+by grubs, which are popularly supposed to be the larvae of beetles. They
+bore a circular hole through all the leaves, utterly destroying the
+appearance of any volume upon which they have fixed their attention.
+
+The book worm has a pedigree in comparison with which the family tree of
+a Howard or a Talbot is a wretched weed. Lucian, in days remote, chides
+the voracious worm, and other ancient authors have called attention to
+its ravages. Another pest, called the "acarus," feeds on the paste and
+glue in the binding; in fact, these two parasites between them will very
+quickly digest the contents of an ordinary-sized book unless steps are
+taken for their destruction. The late Sir Thomas Phillipps, in a
+communication to the British Association in 1837, observes: "My library
+being much infested with insects, I have for some time turned my
+attention to the modes of destroying them, in the course of which I
+observed that the larva of certain kinds of beetles does not seek the
+paper for food, nor the leather, but the paste. To prevent their
+attacks, therefore, in future bound books the paste used should be mixed
+up with a solution of corrosive sublimate, or, indeed, with any other
+poisonous ingredient. But to catch the perfect insects themselves, I
+adopt the following plan: _Anobium striatum_ commonly deposits its ova
+in beech wood, and is more partial, apparently, to that than any other
+wood. I have beech planks cut, and smear them over, in summer, with pure
+fresh paste (_i.e._, not containing anything poisonous). I then place
+them in different parts of the library where they are not likely to be
+disturbed; the beetles flying about the room in summer time readily
+discover these pieces of wood, and soon deposit their eggs in them. In
+winter (chiefly) the larva is produced, and about January, February, and
+March I discover what pieces of wood contain any larvae by the sawdust
+lying under the planks, or where it is thrown up in hillocks on the top
+of them. All the wood which is attacked is then burnt for firewood: by
+this simple method I have nearly extirpated _Anobia_ from my library."
+
+To surprise and capture a book worm was at one time looked upon as an
+impossible task; but lately a few successes have been chronicled, but
+only a few. In order to ward off their insidious attacks, many devices
+more or less satisfactory have been proposed, but none appear to be
+absolutely preventative. Dr. Hermann, a noted bibliophile of Strassburg,
+after careful experiments, has come to the conclusion that a combination
+of safeguards such as he suggests will have the desired effect of
+putting to flight not only the worm itself but all other enemies of the
+library, always excepting biblioklepts and borrowers, against whom there
+is no defence. The combination suggested by Dr. Hermann certainly seems
+sufficiently powerful to resist almost any attack, in the same degree
+that a huge man-of-war may be considered invulnerable when exposed to
+the assaults of some cockle-shell of a boat. The only objection is the
+immense amount of trouble and labour involved in preparation, as will
+readily be perceived after a perusal of the preventives, ten in number.
+
+1. Abolish the use of any wood in the binding processes. 2. Recommend
+the bookbinder to use glue mixed with alum in place of paste. 3. Brush
+all worm-eaten wood in the repositories of books with oil or lac
+varnish. 4. Preserve books bound in calf by brushing over with thin lac
+varnish. 5. No book to lie flat. 6. Papers, letters, documents, &c., may
+be preserved in drawers without any danger provided the wafers are cut
+out and that no paste, &c., is between them. 7. The bookbinder is not
+to use any woollen cloth, and to wax the thread. 8. Air and dust the
+books often. 9. Use laths separated one from the other one inch in place
+of shelves. 10. Brush over the insides of bookcases and the laths with
+lac varnish.
+
+Dr. Hermann cannot at any rate be charged with any such sentimental
+regard for "vermin" as that which influenced Mr. Day, a well-known book
+hunter of the earlier part of the present century. One day, upon
+removing some books at the chambers of Sir William Jones, a large spider
+dropped upon the floor, upon which Sir William, with some warmth, said,
+"Kill that spider, Day! Kill that spider!" "No," said Mr. Day, with that
+coolness for which he was so conspicuous, "I will not kill that spider,
+Jones; I do not know that I have a right to do so. Suppose, when you are
+going in your carriage to Westminster Hall, a superior being, who
+perhaps may have as much power over you as you have over this insect,
+should say to his companion, 'Kill that lawyer! Kill that lawyer!' How
+should you like that? I am sure to most people a lawyer is a more
+noxious insect than a spider."
+
+The simplest protection yet discovered against book worms is a liberal
+use of common snuff, which should be sprinkled all over the shelves, the
+process being repeated every three or four months. This is almost
+infallible, and probably quite as effectual as Dr. Hermann's ten
+preventives rolled into one. There is no magic in the art of preserving
+books--the great art is to be able to get them, and to know what to buy
+and how much to give for them. This acquired, the rest will come easily
+enough. The contents of a whole treatise on the custody and preservation
+of books might be very accurately and succinctly summed up in a few
+lines. Keep out damp, let the shelves be lined if possible with good
+leather, and last, but by no means least, look at the insides of your
+books as well as at the outsides.
+
+Collectors of books are continually being asked to lend volumes which
+happen to take the passing fancy of a friend or even chance
+acquaintance, and it is frequently a matter of some delicacy to refuse.
+Not one person in a hundred knows how to treat a book properly, and the
+borrower is therefore usually regarded as but one degree removed from an
+enemy. Curiously enough, the famous bibliophile, Grolier, stamped his
+books with a motto of invitation, "_Jo Grolierii et Amicorum_". So did
+Charles de Savigny, who went to even greater lengths still with his
+legend, "_Non mihi sed aliis_". The private history of neither of these
+enthusiasts states how they fared, or how many choice tomes were
+returned dog-eared and stained, even if they were returned at all. For
+my part I possess no books that I should fear to lend, as my whole
+library consists of "working copies," useful, probably, but not
+valuable. The amateur who is the proud owner of a single book out of the
+common should hide it from the borrower even as from a book worm. He may
+well lay the couplet which graced the library doors of Pixerecourt to
+his heart:--
+
+    "_Tel est le triste sort de tout livre prete
+    Souvent il est perdu, toujours il est gate_".
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE ALDINE PRESS.
+
+
+The revival of classical literature in Europe is generally assigned to
+the middle of the fifteenth century, and is, perhaps, coeval with the
+invention of printing, when for the first time it became possible to
+multiply books not only rapidly but without the multitude of mistakes
+which invariably occurred in ordinary manuscripts. We have seen that in
+the palmy days of Rome some of the large publishing houses were quite
+capable of turning out extensive editions at a few hours' notice. No
+modern type-setter could possibly keep pace with one of the trained
+slaves of Atticus, and when some hundreds of the latter were assembled
+in a room transcribing the MS. of some favourite author through the
+medium of a professional reader, many copies would be completed in an
+incredibly short space of time. If, however, the reader made a mistake,
+it would be faithfully and universally reproduced, while in addition
+each transcriber might fairly be credited with a number of errors of his
+own. To this extent the printing press was a great improvement. If it
+did its work more slowly, less workmen were required; and though each
+movement of the machine would perpetuate the same errors, these might be
+reduced to a minimum by the very simple expedient of carefully reading
+and correcting the "proofs".
+
+The year 1450 ushered in, as is supposed, the great art which was
+destined to revolutionise the world; and although the pen was employed
+for many years after that, it gradually gave place to its more
+convenient if less nimble rival, taking at last a position more
+congenial to it. "The pen for the brain, the press for reproduction,"
+became henceforth a motto which had for its basis a new division of
+labour as convenient as it was efficacious.
+
+In the same year,[7] at Sermonetta, a little Italian town, Aldus
+Manutius, the great printer and editor, first saw the light. The earlier
+portion of his life was devoted entirely to scholastic duties and in
+preparing himself, by hard and assiduous study of the Greek and Latin
+classics, for the more important work of revising and printing the text.
+It was not until 1490 that the preliminaries were complete, and he found
+himself, with a little money and an immense stock of knowledge, a
+comparative stranger at Venice, where already 160 printers and
+publishers had been engaged for some time in glutting the market with
+almost worthless books. The old Greek manuscripts especially were a
+source of inconceivable trouble and continual annoyance. They were
+written for the most part in bastard characters, and crowded with
+mistakes and omissions, the result of some hundreds of years of repeated
+transcriptions. They were, moreover, almost as difficult to procure as
+they were corrupt in text. Nor was this the only difficulty that faced
+the intrepid pioneer editor. Greek was a language but rarely used,
+having given place to Latin in all but the most cultivated circles; the
+demand for books in that character was accordingly limited, while even
+at that early period competition was ruinous. To say nothing of the army
+of printers at Venice, there was a large number at Rome who more than
+supplied the Italian and foreign markets, turning out books in such
+profusion that the important and oldest printing house, that of
+Sweinheym & Pannartz, was compelled to petition the Pope to save
+themselves from bankruptcy. In their petition they state that they had
+printed no less than 12,475 separate volumes, a statement most likely
+exaggerated, but none the less cogent evidence of the fierce struggle
+which was being carried on when Aldus determined to swell the ranks of
+the already crowded profession.
+
+He was disgusted with the slipshod efforts of the ignorant proprietors
+of these numerous printing shops, who were so eager to forestall one
+another that they could not pay any attention to the quality of their
+work, even assuming they had the aptitude for doing so. He took his
+stand upon his accomplishments alone, apparently not doubting for an
+instant that conscientious work, coupled with a superior education,
+would in the long run repay him for the years of anxious toil which he
+well knew would be his lot.
+
+The Greek types of Rome, Milan, and Florence, hitherto in use, and all
+cut to a single pattern, were abominable, and Aldus commenced by casting
+types of his own. A fount of Roman and Italian letters consisted of only
+24 capital and an equal number of small letters--the J and U were the
+same as I and V--but a complete collection of Greek types with all the
+varied accents and double characters, with which the language abounds,
+amounted to no less than 600. Many of these he was compelled at the
+outstart to forego, and he set to work upon his first book, the
+_Grammatica Graeca_ of Lascaris, with barely a tithe of that number. It
+was well that Aldus should commence with this work, for it was the first
+which had been printed in Greek, some eighteen years previously by
+Paravisinus, of Milan, whose small and crabbed type presents a
+remarkable contrast to that of Manutius. Closely following upon this
+venture comes the _Editio Princeps_ of Aristotle, which, in its 5 vols.
+folio, is unquestionably the most splendid and lasting monument of the
+Aldine press. It was issued, one volume at a time, between the years
+1495-8, and was sold by the editor and publisher for a sum equivalent to
+about L5 of our money. Next comes the _Editio Princeps_ of Aristophanes,
+also in folio, and dated 1498, which, like all the other productions of
+this press at that early date, was printed from large open types with
+broad margins. The expense of production and consequent cost of these
+sumptuous volumes were great, too great in fact to command a speedy
+sale, and Aldus at last began to realise that it was infinitely
+preferable to print and sell a large number of works at a cheap price
+than a smaller number at a high one. Accordingly he had a more minute
+fount of type cast, and in April, 1501, published his famous _Virgil_, a
+small book of 228 unpaged leaves, measuring not quite 8 inches by 4. The
+text, so it is said, was modelled after the neat handwriting of
+Petrarch, and became known throughout Italy as the Aldino type, though
+in France it was called _Italic_, the name it goes by to this day
+throughout Europe. This book was sold for about 2s. of our money, and
+was the first serious attempt ever made to produce cheap printed
+classics.
+
+No sooner was the success of this venture assured than an unknown
+printer of Lyons took advantage of the opportunity to issue a wretched
+reprint, alike in every detail except the quality of the workmanship.
+Aldus' painstaking textual corrections were slavishly copied: even his
+title-page was stolen, and the whole immoral production foisted on the
+public as a genuine example from Venice, and at a little more than half
+the cost. Horace and Juvenal, Martial and Ovid, shared the same fate as
+fast as they issued from the legitimate press; the Lyonnese printer was
+as persevering as he had proved himself unscrupulous, and kept good time
+with the movements of Aldus. But the fame of the latter was proof
+against servile imitations, his types alone being so extravagantly
+praised by his admirers that there were some who seriously contended
+that their beauty was owing to the silver of which they were made. There
+is, indeed, no mistaking them, and the collector has only to place an
+original side by side with one of the reprints from Lyons, to fix the
+superiority distinctly and irrevocably in his mind. Aldus during his
+life printed altogether 126 editions known to bibliographers, 78 of
+which are in quarto or folio, and many in two or more volumes. Some of
+these consist of choice copies printed on white linen paper, notably the
+_Opera_ of Ovid and Plutarch, and many more passed through several
+editions during his lifetime and after his death, which, to the great
+loss of the world of letters, took place on the 6th February, 1515, when
+he was 65 years of age.
+
+The distinguishing mark of the Aldine press is the well-known dolphin
+and anchor which first makes its appearance on the edition of the _Terze
+Rime_ of Dante of 1502, and with few exceptions on all the books
+afterwards issued from the press. The story is that Aldus was engaged in
+printing Columna's _Hypnerotomachia Poliphili_, which appeared in 1499
+(a good copy sold in February last for L80), and which contained
+numerous illustrations, most probably by Andrea Mantegna. One of these
+represents a dolphin twining about an anchor, a mark so pleasing to
+Aldus that he subsequently adopted it, using it over his office door as
+well as on the title-pages of all his books.
+
+[Illustration: _The first Aldine Anchor, 1502-1515._]
+
+[Illustration: _Mark of A. Torresano, and that of his Sons._]
+
+At the death of Aldus Manutius his son Paolo, or Paulus, being only
+three years of age, went to reside with his maternal uncle Andrea
+Torresano, himself a famous printer of Asola, who subsequently, with his
+sons, carried on the Aldine press at Venice for the benefit of the
+parties interested. From that date until 1524 most, if not all, of the
+books printed at the press bear the imprint: "In aedibus Aldi et Andreae
+Asulani soceri," and though, as usual, bearing the anchor, a fresh block
+had been cut which slightly alters its appearance.
+
+[Illustration: _The second Aldine Anchor, 1519-1524. Last appearing in
+this form on the "Homer" of 1524, the first anchor being again used from
+1524 to 1540._]
+
+From the year 1524 to 1529, when Torresano died, an exact copy of the
+_first_ anchor was again employed and continued to be so used until
+1540, when Paulus Manutius, the son of Aldus, took exclusive possession
+of his father's business. It will be noted that during the three years
+following the death of Torresano (1530-31-32) no books were issued from
+the press; and when it recommenced operations in 1533, it was for the
+benefit of Paulus Manutius and the representatives of Torresano "In
+aedibus haeredum Aldi Manutii et Andreae Asulani soceri". In 1540, as
+before stated, Paulus Manutius took entire control of the business, and
+a third variation of the anchor was introduced, the inscription on the
+title-pages being "apud Aldi Filios".
+
+[Illustration: _The third Aldine Anchor, 1540-1546, called the Ancora
+grassa._]
+
+[Illustration: _The fourth Aldine Anchor, 1546-1554._]
+
+From 1546 to 1554 yet another variation of the anchor was adopted,
+sometimes without the surrounding device. In 1555 a slight modification
+of the _third_ anchor, surrounded sometimes with scroll work, came into
+fashion again, and so continued until the death of Paulus Manutius on
+the 6th of April, 1574.
+
+[Illustration: _Modification of the third Anchor, 1555-1574._]
+
+With the death of Paulus, the glory of the Aldine press departed. He,
+like his father, had patiently striven to infuse neatness and accuracy
+into his work, and is said to have been in every respect his equal.
+
+Aldus, the son of Paulus, who is known among bibliographers as "the
+younger," had not perhaps the same opportunities as were afforded to his
+predecessors. The art of printing had advanced universally, and there
+was not so much room for improvement as there had been formerly. He
+printed in a good, but by no means exceptional, style, from 1574 until
+the time of his death in 1597, when the Aldine press ceased to exist.
+During a period of 103 years some 823 books had been issued, many of
+which are among the prizes of book collecting.[8]
+
+Aldus Junior, like his father and grandfather, used the anchor, but
+between the years 1575-81 it is so hidden in the foliage of a
+magnificent coat-of-arms which had been granted to the family by the
+Emperor Maximilian, that it is likely to be overlooked by any who have
+not made the Aldine press their special study.
+
+[Illustration: _The Aldine Anchor, enclosed in a coat-of-arms, as used
+by Aldus Junior, 1575-1581. On some occasions, and always after the
+latter date, he used the anchor alone, sometimes without the word
+ALDVS._]
+
+The collector will need to be cautioned against accepting every work
+bearing the anchor as a genuine example from the Aldine press. Some are
+mere forgeries, but so badly executed as to deceive nobody who has seen
+half-a-dozen of any of the originals. Some printers assumed the mark by
+licence, as did Torresano, who used Anchor No. 3, with the words "Ex
+Aldina Bibliotheca," and occasionally Anchor No. 1, but, these
+exceptions apart, it may usually be taken for granted that a book if
+well printed and bearing the mark in question is authentic. If any
+doubt exists it is easy to turn to the pages of Renouard, where every
+genuine example is catalogued and described. Some fifty years ago,
+Aldine collectors were more numerous than they are now, and as a
+consequence prices were higher. This particular branch of bibliography
+demands the sacrifice of much time, and cannot be even approached
+without a fair knowledge of Latin, Greek, and French. As a consequence,
+the new school of collectors, whose knowledge of those languages is not
+always as well grounded as it might be, have long since severed their
+allegiance from old traditions and now confine their attention to sober
+English, where, it must be admitted, there is plenty of scope for good
+work.
+
+Even yet, however, the earlier productions of the Aldine press maintain
+their former position: perhaps they have even surpassed it, for as
+specimens of ancient typography they stand unrivalled. Reference is made
+chiefly to works dated before 1500, and to such exceptional specimens as
+the _Virgil_ of 1501, some of which are still worth more than their
+weight in gold. The majority of works from this famous press have,
+however, fallen enormously in value of late years, as witness the fine
+copy of Augurellus, 1505, 8vo, beautifully bound in blue morocco, which
+quite recently was sold by auction for less than a sovereign: some few
+years ago it would have brought three times the amount, and been
+considered cheap even then.
+
+By way of illustration, I cannot do better than give a few examples of
+modern prices, comparing them with the approximate amounts which would
+have been obtained some twenty-five or thirty years ago.
+
+     _Homeri Opera_, 2 vols. 8vo, red morocco extra, gilt edges,
+     _Venetiis_, Aldus, 1524, L3 15s. Would have sold for L9 or L10.
+
+     _Silius Italicus de Bello Punico_, old Venetian binding, gold
+     tooling, lettered in gold, gilt edges, _Venetiis_, Aldus, 1523,
+     L1 18s. Would have sold for about L5.
+
+     _Virgilius, cura Aldi Pii Manulii_, red morocco, gilt edges, by
+     Roger Payne, _Venetiis_, Aldus, 1514, L4 5s. Sold in 1825 at
+     from L10 to L12 in equally good binding.
+
+     _Psalterium Graece_, a fine copy, in blue morocco, with gilt
+     edges, _Venetiis_, Aldus, no date, but about 1498, L12.
+     Notwithstanding the fact that this is one of the few fifteenth
+     century books from the Aldine press, its value has declined
+     about 25 per cent.
+
+     _Quintiliani Institutiones_, fine copy in russia, gilt edges,
+     _Venetiis_, Aldus, 1521, on title 1522, 14s. Former price about
+     L4.
+
+     _Aristophanis Comoediae_, first edition, fine copy in russia,
+     gilt edges, _Venetiis_, Aldus, 1498, a rare book, L4. Former
+     price about L15.
+
+     _Thucydidis Historia_, first edition, and one of the few copies
+     printed on fine paper, old russia, gilt, _Venetiis_, Aldus,
+     1502, a very scarce book in this condition, L2 14s. Former
+     price from L12 to L15.
+
+The above examples are taken from a single catalogue, and, if occasion
+demanded, the list could be indefinitely increased. They will, however,
+be sufficient to show that if the good old days when Eliot's _Indian
+Bible_ of 1661, now worth considerably more than L500, could have been
+got for thirty shillings or less, are not likely to return, there is yet
+plenty of opportunity for picking up rare books at a moderate price, and
+for much less than would at one time have had to be paid for them.
+
+Who knows that the fashion will not change again some day, and that the
+most coveted of all volumes will not be choice examples from the Aldine
+press?
+
+[Illustration: _The Elzevir Buffalo's Head, from the "Caesar" of Leyden,
+1635._]
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[7] M. Firmin-Didot inclines to the year 1449 for the date of Aldus'
+birth--_vide_ his _Alde Manuce et l'Hellenisme a Venise_, p. 1, Paris,
+1875.
+
+[8] In addition to this number there are about sixty "Doubtful
+Editions". The number of recognised Forgeries is about forty-five.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+THE ELZEVIR PRESS.
+
+
+If Aldine collectors were at one time numerous and enthusiastic,
+amateurs who affected the Elzevir press, and were never tired of
+extolling the excellence of the little books which issued therefrom,
+were more so. Long before the death of the last member of the great
+printing family, a whole mass of rules, some of them arbitrary, others
+founded on subtle distinctions, were already regarded as binding on the
+community of bibliomaniacs which looked upon _L'Aimable Mere de Jesus_
+as their pole-star, and _Le Pastissier Francois_ as something to be seen
+only on rare occasions, and to be touched, if touched at all, with bated
+breath.
+
+There is something harsh, comparatively speaking, about Aldus and his
+works. He was the taciturn, frugal-living man of letters, who for five
+years, as he himself confesses, never spent a single peaceful hour save
+when he was asleep. His very doors were barred with the inscription--
+
+     "Whoever you are, Aldus entreats you to be brief. When you have
+     spoken, leave him."
+
+Compared with this grim old editor-printer of a bygone age, the Elzevirs
+one and all were literary children, playing with their master's
+text--children who never grew old, and whose many liberties were not
+only endured, but excused out of consideration for their engaging ways.
+They were pirates, too, without exception, but they turned you out well.
+If they mutilated your text, they at any rate supplied you with the best
+of paper, ornaments and type; from their hands you emerged a
+well-dressed gentleman, a little ignorant perhaps, but decidedly
+aristocratic.
+
+A short sketch of the history of the Elzevir family will be found useful
+for reference:--
+
+The founder of the family, Louis, was born at Louvain in 1540, and,
+curiously enough, as in the case of Aldus Manutius, did not establish
+himself at the scene of his future labours until he was forty years old.
+In 1580 he started as a bookbinder and bookseller at the University city
+of Leyden, and at first confined his attention entirely to retailing
+such works as fell into his hands. Three years later, however, he set up
+a press and printed his first book, the _Drusii Ebraicarum quaestionum ac
+responsionum_, 8vo, 1583, which, though desirable, is not to be
+compared, either in intrinsic merit or in value, with some of the latter
+productions of the press; in fact, what are known as the "good dates" do
+not commence until the latter portion of the year 1625. Louis died in
+1617, and is remarkable only as the founder of a famous family of
+printers; not one of his 123 different books can be considered important
+from a collector's point of view; and although a specialist would no
+doubt endeavour to make his collection as complete as possible, and with
+that object might be disposed to pay more for these early examples than
+anyone else might think it worth his while to pay, even he, if well
+advised, would draw the line at anything like lavish expenditure. Louis
+left five sons, whom, with a view to further development, it is
+necessary to bear in mind--Matthieu, Louis, Gilles (Giles), Joost
+(Justus), and Bonaventure. The last-named son--Bonaventure--commenced
+business on his own account as a printer in 1608, and on the death of
+his father in 1617 he took the management of the Elzevir press. In 1626
+he took into partnership Abraham, a son of Matthieu, and the
+newly-constituted firm, which continued to exist until 1652, are
+entitled to most of the credit which attaches to the name of Elzevir.
+
+Though the Greek and Hebrew works issued by this firm are inferior to
+those of Aldus and the Estiennes, their small editions of the Latin and
+French Classics in 12mo, 16mo, and 24mo cannot be surpassed for elegance
+of design, neatness, clearness, and regularity of type, as well as for
+the beauty of the paper which they used. Mention may be made especially
+of the _Novum Testamentum Graecum_, 1624 and 1633; the _Psalterium
+Davidis_, 1635 and 1653; the _Virgil_ of 1636; and the _Comediae_ of
+Terence, 1635; though the works which gave the press its chief
+celebrity were the collection of French authors on History and Politics,
+in 24mo, known as _Petites Republiques_, and the series of Latin,
+French, and Italian Classics, in small 12mo.
+
+It seems to be an almost universal belief that all the works issued from
+the Elzevir press are small in bulk, and various terms, more or less
+foolish, have been invented by careless or incompetent persons to give
+expression to this idea. One of them, and perhaps the most hideous of
+them all, is "dumpy twelves". In the first place, works issued from the
+Elzevir press in 12mo are perfectly symmetrical in shape, and not at all
+dumpy; and, secondly, many books are in 4to, some even in folio, as, for
+example, the _Academie de l'Espee_, printed by Bonaventure and Abraham
+in 1628. The amateur must avoid being misled by the poetical effusions
+which from time to time make their appearance, and which for the most
+part are written by persons who know nothing whatever of the subject. To
+obtain a rhyme for "Elzevir" is difficult, but it has been done at much
+sacrifice of common-sense.
+
+Jean, the son of Abraham above mentioned, was introduced into the firm
+in 1647, five years before it came to an end through the death of the
+two partners in 1652. On this latter event taking place, he entered into
+partnership with Daniel, the son of Bonaventure, but the firm was not
+very successful, and was dissolved by mutual consent in 1655. Jean
+continued to trade on his own account until 1661, when he died, and
+Daniel joined Louis, the third of that name, and son of the second
+Louis, who had been printing at Amsterdam since 1638.
+
+From 1655 to 1666 Daniel and Louis printed a series of Latin Classics in
+various sizes. Louis died in 1670, and Daniel ten years later.
+
+We now come to the closing years of the press, though reference must be
+made _en passant_ to Isaac, another son of Matthieu, who established a
+press at Leyden in 1616, and continued to print there until 1625. None
+of his editions, however, attained any fame.
+
+The last representatives of the Elzevir family were Peter, the grandson
+of Joost, who, during the years 1667-75, printed seven or eight volumes
+of little consequence, which were published at Utrecht, and Abraham, the
+grandson of the first Abraham, who, from 1681 to 1712, was University
+printer at Leyden. As the family pedigree is considerably involved, or,
+like most other pedigrees, appears to be so at first sight, I give a
+chart for the convenience of the reader, with the dates during which
+each member of the family flourished, omitting, however, the names of
+many other members of the family, who do not enter into the scope of the
+inquiry, and who were, in fact, not printers at all.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------
+                                _Louis_,
+                           Printer at Leyden,
+                              1583-1617.
+                                  |
+        ___________________________________________________________
+       |               |          |                 |             |
+   _Matthieu_,      Louis,       Gilles,           Josse,    _Bonaventure_,
+Printer at Leyden, a Bookseller  a Bookseller  a Bookseller   Printer at
+    1616-22.      at La Haye.[9] at La Haye.   at Utrecht.    Leyden,
+        |              |                            |           1617-52.
+        |              |                            |             |
+        |          _Louis_,                       Peter.      _Daniel_,
+        |    Printer at Amsterdam,                  |         Printer at
+        |          1638-64.                         |         Leyden,
+        |                                           |         1652-55;
+        |                                           |         at Amsterdam,
+    ____|___________________                        |           1655-80.
+        |                   |                       |
+     _Abraham_,         _Isaac_,                    |
+Printer at Leyden, Printer at Leyden,               |
+    1626-52.            1617-25.                    |
+        |                                           |
+        |                                           |
+      _Jean_,                                    _Peter_,
+Printer at Leyden,                         Publisher at Utrecht,
+    1652-61.                                     1667-75.
+        |
+        |
+     _Abraham_,
+Printer at Leyden,
+    1681-1712.
+
+
+The number of works issued from the press of the Elzevirs, whether at
+Leyden, Amsterdam, or Utrecht, numbers, according to Willems, 1608
+different publications, of which 1213 bear the name or mark of the firm
+which issued them. Of these latter, 968 are in Latin, 126 in French, and
+the remainder in Greek, Flemish, German, Italian, and Hebrew. There is
+also a single volume, printed in English, which seems to have escaped
+the notice of bibliographers. It is entitled "_Confession_ _of Faith,
+and the Larger and Shorter Catechisme, &c._, Amsterdam, printed by Luice
+Elsever, for Andrew Wilson, and are to be sold at his shop in Edinburgh,
+1649". It is usually stated in works of reference that none of the
+Elzevir publications were printed in English, but the above, if it is
+genuine, affords an exception.
+
+As every amateur is aware, the Elzevirs frequently--but not
+always--marked their title-pages with devices, of which the most
+frequent were the Sphere, the Hermit, Minerva, and the Eagle on a cippus
+(low column) holding in its claws a sheaf of seven arrows. As each firm
+adopted or relinquished the family marks to suit its convenience at the
+time, it becomes necessary to tabulate them for the purpose of avoiding
+confusion. The number in brackets gives the total number of books, not
+including catalogues, produced by the firm to which it is annexed.
+
+    THE LEYDEN PRESS.
+
+    _Louis Elzevir._ 1583-1617 (102 books).
+        Marks.--A hand, with the device--"AEqvabilitate".
+                An angel with a book.
+                The Eagle (with seven darts representing the
+                  seven provinces of the Netherlands) on a
+                  cippus, with the inscription--"Concordia res
+                  parvae crescunt" (most frequent).
+                A book of music, opened.
+
+    _Matthieu and Bonaventure Elzevir._ 1617-1622 (71 books).
+        Marks.--The Eagle on a cippus.
+                The book of music, opened.
+                The Hermit, first appearing on the _Acta Synodi
+                  Nationalis_, 1620 (Isaac Elzevir), motto--"Non
+                  solus".
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Of the three marks mentioned above the first and last were more usually
+employed.
+
+    _Isaac Elzevir._ 1617-1625.
+        Marks.--Two hands holding a cornucopia (rare).
+                The Eagle on the cippus.
+                The Hermit.
+
+    _Bonaventure and Abraham Elzevir._ 1622-1652 (514 books).
+        Marks.--The Hermit (most frequent).
+                The Eagle on a cippus.
+                The Sphere, first appearing on the _Sphaera
+                  Johannis de Sacro-Bosco_, 1626.
+                The Arms of the University.
+                A palm tree with the device "Assvrgo pressa".[10]
+                Minerva, with her attributes (the olive tree and
+                  the owl) and the motto "Ne extra oleas".
+
+[Illustration]
+
+    _Jean and Daniel Elzevir_. 1652-1655 (55 books).
+        Marks.--The Sphere (frequent).
+        The Hermit (frequent).
+        The Arms of the University.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+    _Jean Elzevir._ 1655-1661 (113 books).
+      Marks.--The Hermit.
+              The Sphere.
+
+    _The Widow and Heirs of Jean Elzevir._ 1661-1681 (48 books).
+      Marks.--The Hermit.
+              Two Angels holding an open book; motto--"Immortalite".
+
+Of the books printed by this firm, some bear the imprint: "A Leide, chez
+Pierre Didier," and also "Ex Officina Danielis et Abrahami a Gaasbeeck".
+
+    _Abraham Elzevir._ 1681-1712 (24 books).
+      Marks.--The Hermit (most frequent).
+              The Arms of the University; motto--"Haec
+                libertatis ergo".
+
+[The total number of books printed by the Leyden firm from 1583 to 1712
+(129 years) is thus 938.]
+
+
+    THE HAGUE PRESS.
+
+    _Louis Elzevir II._ 1590-1621 (9 books).
+
+    _Jacob._ 1621-1636 (3 books).
+      [A total of 12 books in 31 years.]
+
+
+    THE AMSTERDAM PRESS.
+
+    _Louis Elzevir III._ 1638-1655 (231 books).
+      Marks.--The Sphere.
+              Minerva (most frequent).
+
+    _Louis and Daniel Elzevir._ 1655-1664 (150 books).
+      Marks.--The Sphere.
+              Minerva (most frequent).
+
+    _Daniel Elzevir._ 1664-1680 (260 books).
+      Marks.--The Sphere.
+              Minerva.
+
+    _The Widow of Daniel Elzevir._ 1680-1681 (7 books).
+      Marks.--Minerva.
+              The Sphere; motto--"Indefessus Agendo".
+              The Eagle; motto--"Movendo".
+
+[A total of 658 books in 43 years.]
+
+After seven books had been published by the representative of Daniel
+Elzevir, the business was wound up. The ornamental punches, &c., by
+Christopher Van Dyck, were sold, and most probably melted down.
+
+    THE UTRECHT PRESS (so called, though it was merely a
+                                publishing centre).
+
+    _Peter Elzevir._ 1667-1675 (10 books).
+      Marks.--The Sphere.
+              The Hermit.
+              Minerva sitting under an olive tree; motto--"Pallas
+                Trajectina semper Augusta".
+
+[The total number of books produced by the whole family during 129 years
+amounts to 1618 works.]
+
+The above are the chief, but by no means the only, marks used by the
+various members of the family. The few which have not been noticed occur
+only at rare intervals, and are of but little importance. One device,
+representing a bees' nest, with a fox and the motto "Quaerendo," though
+frequently ascribed to the Elzevirs, is in reality none of theirs, being
+the mark of Abraham Wolfgang, a Dutch printer of considerable repute.
+
+The Elzevirs, as before stated, were pirates, who thought nothing of
+reproducing the full title-page, with the original publisher's name,
+and, when this is the case, it is often a matter of very great
+difficulty to distinguish between the original and the reprint. Again,
+when these printers did not wish to put their name to any particular
+work, for fear of embroiling themselves with the Government, they either
+marked it with the Sphere or else adopted a pseudonym. Thus Jean and
+Daniel frequently marked their title-pages "A Leyde, chez Jean Sambix,"
+the Amsterdam printers occasionally adopted "Jacques le Jeune," while
+"Nic Schouter" was a favourite fictitious name. These pseudonyms are,
+however, much less numerous than was at one time supposed. The first
+reproduction of the _Provincial Letters_, by Louis and Daniel Elzevir,
+of Amsterdam, bears on the title-page, "A Cologne, ches Pierre de la
+Vallee, 1657"; that of 1659, by Jean Elzevir, of Leyden, has "A Cologne,
+chez Nicolas Schoute". A _Recueil de Diverses Pieces servant a
+l'Histoire de Henry III._, &c., bears "A Cologne, chez Pierre du
+Marteau"; _Les Imaginaires_, of the Sieur de Damvilliers, in its two
+parts purports to be issued "A Liege, chez Adolphe Beyers". _Il Divortio
+Celeste_, with other works of Pallavicini, dates from Villafranca, while
+other undoubted productions of the Elzevir press were ostensibly
+published "A Mons, chez Gaspard Migeot; Londini, typis Du Guardianis;
+Stampati in Cosmopoli," and so on, through a list which, difficult
+enough to remember, is yet not very extensive.
+
+It will be readily seen that the knowledge requisite for a collector to
+possess, if indeed he wishes to become a master of his subject, is of no
+mean order, for not only must he have the family pedigree at his
+fingers' ends, and be capable of detecting a pseudonymous or pirated
+work, but he must also be in a position to appreciate the "right dates,"
+and to detect an improper head or tail piece when he sees it. Some books
+which pass as Elzevirs are in reality spurious, even though marked with
+the "Sphere" or other device; others, though coming from the press, are
+inferior editions, "not of the right date," as the specialist puts it.
+
+One of the most beautiful little books ever issued from the Elzevir or
+any other press is the _Caesar_ of 1635, which, on referring to the
+table, we shall see must have been printed by Bonaventure and Abraham at
+Leyden.[11] It is in 12mo, and there are no less than three editions,
+the first and second being so much alike that no one could detect the
+difference without the most careful of careful inspections. The "right"
+_Caesar_ is the first, and may be recognised from the Buffalo's Head on a
+scroll at the head of the dedication. Pages 149, 335, and 475 are
+misprinted 153, 345, and 375 respectively in the first edition, and
+there are 35 lines to the page. The second edition, which has not,
+pecuniarily speaking, a tenth part of the value, has 37 lines to the
+page, and the misprints are corrected. Another fine work, the _Comediae_
+of Terence, Leyden, 1635, 12mo, passed through five editions, all of
+which are very much alike. The first and "right" edition has, however,
+on page 51, the word _laches_ printed in red, while page 101 is
+improperly numbered 69. In the second edition _laches_ is in black, in
+the fifth it changes to red again, so that the greatest caution has to
+be exercised lest the first and fifth editions should be confounded. The
+former is worth much more than the latter, as the unfortunate purchaser
+will find to his cost when he comes to sell again.
+
+As previously stated, the "good dates" begin from 1625, the year when
+Bonaventure and Abraham went into partnership at Leyden, and any books
+dated from that year to 1655, when Jean and Daniel dissolved
+partnership, are most likely to be of value, provided only the right
+edition is forthcoming. Daniel was, however, by far the best printer in
+the family, though some make an exception in favour of Bonaventure and
+Abraham; and as he continued in business at Amsterdam, either by himself
+or in conjunction with Louis from 1655 to 1680, those dates must also be
+considered "good". From the Amsterdam press, in 1655, issued that prize
+of Elzevir collectors, the _Pastissier Francois_, and the splendid
+_Virgil_ of 1676 in _grand_ as well as _petit format_, or as we should
+say in English, on large and small paper. The halcyon days of the press
+at Leyden date from 1625 to 1655; those of the press at Amsterdam from
+1655 to 1680.
+
+It is, of course, impossible for anyone, be he dealer or amateur, to
+carry in his head all these details and distinguishing marks, and
+reference in cases of doubt will have to be made to Willem's _Les
+Elzevier_, a work which has superseded all others on the subject. With
+this book at hand it is difficult to go wrong, as the minutest points of
+difference are chronicled with great fidelity.
+
+We will now take it for granted that the amateur is in full possession
+of, or can obtain, all the information necessary to enable him to
+distinguish between a right and a wrong date. He has still, however, to
+bear in mind that even a right-dated volume may be in such a wretched
+condition as to be hardly worth purchasing. If he will take a walk down
+Holywell Street he may frequently meet with genuine Elzevirs which the
+dealers will be only too glad to dispose of for a shilling or two each.
+The reason of this is that, not only are the works offered for sale
+_not_ "of the good date" (_i.e._, inferior editions), but they are
+also, in the vast majority of instances, battered, dirty, and, worse
+than all, "cropped," sometimes even to the very headlines. For a dirty
+book there is some hope, since it may be possible to clean it, but for a
+cropped specimen there is none: like Lucifer, it has fallen from its
+high estate "never to rise again".
+
+As the measurement of these small books is always made in millimetres,
+25.4 of which go to the inch, the enthusiastic collector carries with
+him an ivory rule on which the French measures are marked. The _Ovid_ of
+1629, 3 vols. 16mo, runs to 127 millimetres; the _Caesar_ of 1635 to 130
+millimetres--anything below 125 millimetres is hardly worth looking at;
+the _Virgil_ of 1676, if uncut, reaches as high as 148 millimetres, or,
+if in _grand format_, even to 184 millimetres. A book of high
+measurement, or entirely uncut, may be worth L100 or more, according to
+its quality; but if cropped below the fashionable height it would not
+bring as many shillings. A copy of _Le Pastissier Francois_, 128
+millimetres high, was not long ago offered at 1500 francs, or L60; an
+entirely uncut copy brought 10,000 francs, or L400; and yet between the
+two there could not have been a greater difference in height than three,
+or at the most four, millimetres. The truth is that Elzevirs are
+measured with the same accuracy observable in the weighing of precious
+stones, and the 25th part of an inch makes a wonderful difference.
+
+That book collectors sometimes go to extreme lengths cannot be doubted
+by anyone who has spent much time in their company; but the English
+bibliophiles are not to be compared in this respect with their French
+brethren. The latter are _the_ collectors of Elzevirs, and will
+frequently spend enormous sums on specimens which from their appearance
+and real practical utility are worth hardly anything at all. What can be
+more incorrect than the Leyden _Virgil_ of 1636? It is literally crammed
+with the most shameful errors, so much so that Heyne says it is
+destitute of the slightest trace of any good quality. Yet the famous
+Charles Nodier spent nearly all his life searching for a genuine copy of
+the first edition, which, when obtained, filled a place purposely left
+vacant for it. Up to that time he had declined to "profane" his shelves
+with any _Virgil_ at all.
+
+Thus much for the Elzevir press, which, like the Aldine, is not regarded
+with the same favour by collectors as it formerly was. Nevertheless
+there are many, particularly in France, who yet make a speciality of
+these little books with "good dates," and it is, therefore, necessary to
+know something of them. Of one thing the collector may be quite
+confident: he has here plenty of material for the study of a lifetime,
+and, what is greatly to the point, ample opportunity of accumulating a
+representative series of examples of the press. Good Elzevirs, though
+rare, are not hopelessly so; while bad ones are as plentiful as
+blackberries. In this respect, at any rate, the Elzevir collector has a
+great advantage over many of his fellows, whose hunting-grounds are
+circumscribed, and who frequently would give anything to obtain even a
+mutilated copy from the press of their favourite printer.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[9] Louis Elzevir II. (1590-1621) produced nine books, one, however, the
+_Navigatio ac Itinerarium_ of Linschoten, 1599, bearing the name of
+Gilles Elzevir (probably inserted whilst he was temporarily managing the
+business of his brother, who in 1599 was called to Leyden to help his
+father, Louis I.).
+
+[10] This was the mark of Erpenius, whose stock was purchased by the
+Elzevirs.
+
+[11] The imprint is merely _Lvgdvni Batavorum, ex officina Elzeviriana_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+THE EARLY ENGLISH PRESSES.
+
+
+In the short time that intervened between the invention of printing by
+means of movable type and the end of the fifteenth century some 20,000
+different works are known to have been issued from the European press.
+Many copies of these are doubtless hidden away in old lumber rooms, or
+in the recesses of imperfectly catalogued libraries of obscure and
+decaying towns. Some have altogether perished, leaving no trace of their
+ephemeral existence; others are known by name, but have themselves
+vanished as effectually as if they had never existed. What, for
+instance, has become of the fifteen books of Ovid's _Metamorphoses_
+which Caxton, in his preface to the _Golden Legende_, says that he
+printed? Hitherto no copy has been unearthed, nor any fragment of a
+copy. Where is the _Lyfe of Robert Erle of Oxenford_ mentioned in the
+preface to the _Four Sons of Aymon_? What was the great printer doing
+between the years 1486-8, during which time, so far as can be
+discovered, he printed nothing? These and many similar questions are
+important, as raising a very strong probability that the bibliography of
+Caxton is very far from being complete. The same remarks apply more or
+less to nearly every other fifteenth century printer. There is a field
+here which has never been fully explored, and which, in all probability,
+never will be until some Augustus shall arise, and by a wave of his hand
+throw open the dwellings, the libraries, and even the outhouses of the
+world to his troop of eager agents. In the meantime, a single discovery
+of a hitherto unknown book of the fifteenth century acquires an
+importance proportionate to the exceptional nature of the occurrence;
+and though the book hunter never despairs, he knows only too well that
+such rarities fall only to fortunate mortals like the French
+bibliophile Resbecq, whose extraordinary luck was proverbial, or to
+those whose ignorance is so dense that they seem provided, as
+compensation, with more than a fair share of attractive power. It seems
+a pity that the unappreciative should often obtain chances which are
+denied to those who could utilise them to advantage, but it is often the
+case. The merest tyro sometimes experiences a success which the
+experienced bibliophile sighs for in vain.
+
+Glowing as this picture appears, the collector must not run away with
+the idea that all early printed books are valuable. Some, even of the
+fifteenth century, are not worth an Englishman's ransom by a long way.
+The question of value depends mainly on the name of, and the degree of
+reputation acquired by, the printer. Thus, books printed by Fust and
+Schoeffer, Gutenberg and Fust, Sweynham and Pannartz, and many others of
+the oldest continental printers, are scarce and valuable in the extreme;
+so are any books from the presses of the early English printers. On the
+other hand, the Estienne, Giunta, and Plantin presses are comparatively
+neglected. Here, again, it is a question of reputation, only, in this
+case, the inquiry is directed not to the book itself, but to the
+printer, a reversal of the usual rule, and one that is productive of an
+extraordinary result, namely, that trivial books are often the most
+valuable, simply because they have not been worth keeping. Let no one,
+then, look, in the first instance, to the character of an early printed
+book, but let him rather study that of the craftsman, keeping in mind
+the current of popular favour and the direction in which it flows. If he
+does this, he will find that, so far as this country is concerned, there
+is a scope amply sufficient to satisfy the most earnest aspirations. The
+long line of printers from Caxton, in 1477, to Day, in 1546, and, in a
+lesser degree, those of the subsequent fifty years, discloses names
+which are graven on the heart of the collector, who often accounts
+himself fortunate if he can procure a single specimen from the early
+English press. As the chance of his doing so, though remote, is by no
+means impossible, seeing that copies are frequently offered for sale
+while many others must be hidden away, it is necessary that he should
+have some ideas of his own. To let slip a chance which fortune throws in
+his way, and which may never occur again, would be productive of
+never-ending regret, especially as, with a little care and attention,
+there is no reason why such a disaster should occur.
+
+The subject of the early English press could not, of course, be entered
+upon fully without occupying considerable space, and I must content
+myself with such a _resume_ as can conveniently be compressed within the
+compass of a few pages.
+
+It is worthy of note that many of these old English printers were, like
+Aldus Manutius, editors as well. In the early days labour was not
+divided as it is now, and it is well known that Caxton, for example, not
+merely translated many of his publications, but cast his own type and
+bound the sheets when ready for publication. Each of these processes was
+perfected in his own office, and so well that to this day his handiwork
+is seldom surpassed. Improved apparatus cannot always hold its own
+against manual dexterity--an observation which becomes more than ever
+accentuated when we apply it to the art of Typography, perfect in its
+results almost from infancy.
+
+
+    WILLIAM CAXTON, 1474(?).
+
+[Illustration:]
+
+Caxton, as, indeed, many of the other printers whose names are
+subsequently mentioned, used several devices, of which, I think, it will
+be sufficient to give the chief. This pioneer English printer learned
+his art during the years 1474-5 in the office of Colard Mansion at
+Bruges. Sometime about the year 1477 he established himself as a printer
+at Westminster, where he died in 1491. There are certain distinguishing
+features by which any of Caxton's works may be known, even if the
+colophon is lost or the book a mere fragment. His type is _always_
+Gothic or old English; he never used catchwords nor commas; and although
+works from the press of Lettou and Machlinia of London (1480) are
+exactly like Caxton's in these respects, the measurement of any given
+space occupied by 20 or 22 lines, according to the description of type
+used, varies considerably. Since 1819, some twenty hitherto unknown
+works by Caxton have been identified by the measurement test, for a full
+explanation of which the collector is referred to Blades' _Life of
+Caxton_.
+
+Among the works printed by this great master may be mentioned the
+following, which have brought the prices affixed at auction, within the
+last few years:--
+
+     _The Game and Playe of Chesse_, small folio, 31st March, 1474,
+     the first book of Caxton with a date, and a perfect copy, but
+     wanting the two blank leaves (10-1/8 in. x 7-1/8 in.), old
+     calf, L645.
+
+     _Dictes and Sayinges of the Philosophers_ (11-1/2 in. x 8 in.),
+     1477, folio, morocco extra, perfect, L650.
+
+     _Higden's Discripcion of Britayne_, evidently made up from two
+     imperfect copies (11-1/2 in. x 8 in.), morocco extra, 1480,
+     folio, L195.
+
+     _Chronicles of Englonde_, 1480, folio, wanted part of the index
+     and otherwise greatly imperfect, L67; another copy (9-1/2 in x
+     7 in.), perfect, L470.
+
+     _Higden's Polychronicon_, 1482, 4to, a very imperfect copy,
+     containing only 205 leaves, L31.
+
+     _Ryal Book, or Book for a King_, perfect, but several leaves
+     mended (11-1/8 in. x 8-1/8 in.), no date (1487?), folio, L365.
+
+     _The Prouffitable Boke for Mannes Soule, called The Chastysing
+     of Goddes Children_, no date, folio, quite complete; and
+     another called _The Tretyse of the Love of Jhesu Christ by_
+     _Wynkyn de Worde_, 1493, folio, both in one volume, L305.
+
+     _Boecius de Consolacione Philosophie_, in Latin and English, a
+     complete copy, several leaves stained (10-3/4 in. x 7-1/2 in.),
+     old calf, no date, folio, L156.
+
+Contemporary with Caxton were the printers Lettou and Machlinia,
+previously mentioned, who carried on business in the city of London,
+where they established a press in 1480. Machlinia had previously worked
+under Caxton. Their productions are scarce, but not so much so as those
+of Caxton. An inferior copy of their _Vieux Abrigement des Statutes_, no
+date, but about 1481, folio, sold by auction in August, 1887, for L8
+10s., and occasionally other and better specimens may be picked up for
+two or three times that amount.
+
+
+    WYNKYN DE WORDE, 1491.
+
+[Illustration:]
+
+In all probability this famous printer was one of Caxton's assistants or
+workmen, when the latter was living at Bruges, but without doubt he was
+employed in his office at Westminster until 1491, when he commenced
+business on his own account, having in his possession a considerable
+quantity of Caxton's type. Wynkyn de Worde, who was one of the founders
+of the Stationers' Company, died in 1534, after having printed no less
+than 410 books known to bibliographers, the earliest of which bearing a
+date is the _Liber Festivalis_, 4to, 1493. The whole of these works,
+especially when in good condition, are excessively scarce, and
+invariably bring high prices. A wormed copy of the _Descrypcion of
+Englonde, Wales, and Scotlonde_ brought L10 at the Gibson Craig sale in
+July, 1887, and the _Vitas Patrum_, 1495, folio, L71, at the Crawford
+sale in the same month. Voragine's _Golden Legend_, printed by de Worde
+in 1527, brought L81 a short time ago; his _Higden's Polychronicon_,
+1495, folio, wanting title, L16 5s.; the _Nova Legenda Anglie_, 1516,
+folio (wormed), L28; and Dame Juliana Berner's _Fysyhing with an Angle_,
+1496, folio (frontispiece inlaid), L120.
+
+
+    RICHARD PYNSON, 1493.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+This early English printer was by birth a Norman, but became naturalised
+in England by letters patent and was appointed king's printer. He was
+the first to introduce the Roman letter into this country, though this
+honour is by some attributed to Wynkyn de Worde. The Italian penmen of
+the fifteenth century furnished the model for the round character which
+has been successively adopted in most of the typographical foundries
+since the days of Pynson, and which is known as the Roman character; and
+these penmen are supposed to have imitated the writing of the
+Carlovingian MSS. Thus the small alphabet used by our printers is a copy
+of that adopted in the churches of France in the time of Charlemagne.
+
+Among Pynson's works may be mentioned the following. The prices affixed
+have, as before, been realised at auction within the last few years.
+
+     Sebastian Brant's _Shyp of Folys of the Worlde_, translated by
+     Barclay, black letter, woodcuts, morocco extra, imperfect,
+     1509, folio, L23.
+
+     _Jeronimi de Sancto Marcho Opusculum_, &c., woodcut signs of
+     the Zodiac and Pynson's device on title, a fine copy in morocco
+     extra, bound by Bedford (1509), 4to, L85.
+
+     _Intrationum Liber_, woodcut of royal arms, perfect, old
+     russia, 1510, folio, L36 15s.
+
+
+    JULIAN NOTARY, 1498.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The periods of the birth and death of this ancient typographical artist
+are entirely unknown. One of his books, the _Missale Secundum vsvm
+Sarvm_, dates from Westminster, the 20th December, 1498, and one or two
+others are dated 1520, so that it is safe to say that he flourished
+between those dates. One of the most extraordinary books issued at this
+early time is the _Shepherd's Calendar_, printed by Julian Notary. It is
+full of quaint woodcuts, illustrative of religious myths, which,
+considering the times, are excellently executed. An edition of this
+calendar was also printed and published by Richard Pynson. The total
+number of books known to have been printed by Julian Notary is 23.
+
+
+    WILLIAM FAQUES, 1499.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+This printer is known in connection with a few books, about half-a-dozen
+in number, which, as usual, are excessively scarce and very valuable.
+The dates of his birth and death are uncertain. The first of his books,
+however, is dated 1499, and the last 1508.
+
+
+    RICHARD FAWKES, 1509.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Although the date of the first book printed by Richard Fawkes is given
+as 1509, it is more than likely that the date on the title-page (_Salus
+Corporis, Salus Anime_, folio, 1509) is a misprint. The next in point of
+date is a book of _Hours_, 1521, and it is hardly likely that twelve
+years should have elapsed without his printing anything. Still, time has
+spared such a few of this printer's publications that it is quite
+possible the date may be correct. Specimens from Fawkes' press are
+excessively rare, none having been offered for sale, so far as I am
+aware, for many years.
+
+
+    PETER TREVERIS, 1514.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Our information about this printer is very meagre, so much so that
+little seems to be known of him beyond the fact that he was the first
+printer in the borough of Southwark. He printed for John Reynes, a
+bookseller in St. Paul's Churchyard in 1527; also for Laurence Andrewe,
+who carried on business in Fleet Street about the same date. Anthony a
+Wood, in his _History and Antiquities of Oxford_, says that Treveris
+printed some of Whitinton's pieces there in 1527, but no evidence of the
+fact appears to be forthcoming. The first book known to have issued from
+his press is the _Disticha Moralia_, 4to, 1514, though some
+bibliographers deny that Treveris was the printer. The whole number of
+his productions, inclusive of the grammatical treatises of Whitinton,
+which, on the authority of Wood and for purposes of convenience, are
+ascribed to him, does not amount to 30. They are, as usual, very scarce.
+
+     _The Grete herball whiche gyueth parfyt Knowledge_, &c., black
+     letter, woodcuts, badly cut down, 1529, folio, L5.
+
+
+    ROBERT COPLAND, 1515.
+[Illustration]
+
+This printer was one of the assistants of Wynkyn de Worde, and a legatee
+under his will. He was also a stationer and bookseller, dwelling at the
+Rose Garland in Fleet Street, where he carried on business from about
+1515 to the year 1547 or beginning of 1548. His productions are not only
+few in number, but very rarely ever met with. He seems to have been fond
+of small and fugitive pieces, of which, doubtless, a large number have
+perished owing to the popularity which formerly attended publications of
+this kind. The number of his works catalogued by Ames amounts to 12.
+This printer must not be confounded with William Copland (_post_), whose
+productions are, comparatively speaking, common.
+
+
+    JOHN RASTELL, 1520.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+According to Bale, this printer was a citizen of London, and married the
+sister of Sir Thomas More. The date of his birth is not known, but he
+died in 1536, leaving two sons, one of whom, William, succeeded to his
+business. Ames mentions 31 works printed by John Rastell and 15 by
+William, and among the former is the famous _Pastyme of People, or
+Cronycles of Englond_, of which only three perfect copies are known to
+exist. A fac-simile reprint was issued in 1811 by Dr. Dibdin. An
+original copy of this work, which contains 18 woodcut full-length
+portraits of the kings, was, though imperfect, sold at the Wimpole sale,
+in June, 1888, for as much as L79. A copy of the reprint is worth about
+30s.
+
+
+    JOHN SKOT, 1521.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Books printed by this workman, which are only 13 in number, are seldom
+seen. Much--and probably it is no exaggeration to say, most--of the work
+of the English printers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries has
+been destroyed, and it is probable that between the years 1521 and 1537,
+when John Skot, or Scott, as he sometimes spelled his name, is known to
+have been working, a large number of publications was issued from his
+press, of which not a trace remains. There is a good copy of the
+diminutive tract known as _The Rosary_, printed by Skot in 1537, in the
+library of Earl Spencer at Althorpe.
+
+    ROBERT REDMAN, 1523.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Robert Redman set up a printing press at the house quitted by Pynson,
+just outside Temple Bar, and called the George. He seems also to have
+adopted a colourable imitation of his device, and altogether to have
+taken great advantage of his opportunities to undermine the business of
+his rival. In the 1525 edition of _Lyttleton's Tenures_, printed by
+Pynson, the latter takes Redman roundly to task, and in an edition of
+_Magna Charter_, dated 1527, a similar strain of abuse is maintained.
+The first book known to have been printed by Redman bears date 1523. He
+died somewhere about the year 1540.
+
+     Fitzherbert's _Diuersite de Courtes_, black letter, 24 ff.,
+     1528, 16mo, L2 10s.
+
+
+    ROBERT WYER, 1527.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+This prolific printer was in business, "in the felde besyde Charynge
+Crosse," from 1527 to about 1542, but as the greater number of his books
+were published without dates, it is possible that he may have lived
+beyond the year given. The number of his books catalogued amounts to 68,
+and they consist chiefly of treatises on Astrology, Medicine, and, more
+rarely, Poetry.
+
+
+    THOMAS BERTHELET, 1530.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Towards the middle of the sixteenth century the popular demand for
+biblical legends and treatises on scholastic divinity began to decline,
+and a taste for classical literature to take its place. The productions
+of Berthelet, which give evidence of the improvement in this respect to
+no slight degree, are intrinsically valuable, as well as unusually
+numerous. Berthelet died about Christmas, 1555, as appears by an entry
+in the Stationers' Hall books for 26th of January, 1555-6. The number of
+his works, as catalogued, amounts to 190.
+
+     _The Praise of Folie_, by Erasmus, translated by Chaloner,
+     black letter, wormed, and title mended, 1549, 4to, L2 8s.
+
+     Gower's _De Confessione Amantis_, black letter, Berthelet's
+     first edition, wormed, oak boards, covered in stamped leather,
+     1532, folio, L8.
+
+     _Institution of a Christen Man_, black letter, woodcut border
+     to title by Holbein, morocco extra, 1537, 4to, L22 10s.
+
+     _Necessary Doctrine and Erudition for any Christen man_, black
+     letter, morocco extra, 1543, 4to, L12.
+
+     _Psalms or Prayers_, black letter, wanting title and signature
+     Lv, calf, no date (1548), 8vo, L10 5s.
+
+     _Henrici VIII. Pia et Catholica Christiani Hominis Institutio_,
+     morocco extra, by Pratt, fine copy, 1544, 4to, L5 5s.
+
+
+    JOHN BYDDELL, 1533.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+John Byddell first carried on business at the sign of "Our Lady of
+Pity," and seems to have borrowed his device from one of the earlier
+pages of Corio's _History of Milan_, 1505. Subsequently he removed to
+the "Sun," in Fleet Street, formerly occupied by Wynkyn de Worde. This
+printer died somewhere about 1544, having published 29 volumes,
+according to Ames, most of which are of a serious character.
+
+     _Prymer in Englishe, with Calendar and Almanake_ (1535-54),
+     black letter, title in fac-simile, russia extra, 16th June,
+     1535, 4to, L97.
+
+     _Bible in English_ (by R. Tavener), black letter, several
+     leaves mended, morocco extra, by Bedford, folio, 1539, L57.
+
+
+    RICHARD GRAFTON, 1537.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Richard Grafton, the king's printer, was at one time a citizen and
+grocer of London, and seems to have been brought up as a merchant. He
+commenced business as a printer with Edward Whitchurche in or about the
+year 1537, and from that date to 1541 they continually printed in
+partnership. The dissolution was probably due to the persecution to
+which they were subjected on account of the Act of the Six Articles.
+Whitchurche, whose device is given below, is said to have married the
+widow of Archbishop Cranmer, and is known to have been living in 1560.
+Grafton, who was continually in difficulties, and on one occasion
+narrowly escaped with his life, is supposed to have died about the year
+1572.
+
+     _Boke of Common Praier_, black letter, blue morocco extra, by
+     Riviere, August, 1552, folio, L60.
+
+     _Primer in Englishe_ (black letter) _and Latyn_ (roman type),
+     brown morocco extra, by Bedford, 1545, 4to, L28.
+
+     _Orarium seu Libellus Precationum_, woodcuts, blue morocco,
+     16mo, 1546, L20 10s.
+
+     Marbeck's _Concordance of the Bible_, black letter, title
+     inlaid, russia, small folio, 1550, L1 6s.
+
+     Halle's _Chronicle_, black letter, russia extra, by Bedford,
+     folio, 1550, L9.
+
+     Harding's _Chronicle_, black letter, morocco extra, by Bedford,
+     1543, 4to, L11 5s.
+
+     _The Order of the Communion_, black letter, wanted title,
+     morocco, 8th March, 1548, sm. 4to (the only copy known), L55.
+
+
+    EDWARD WHITCHURCHE, 1537.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+     _Byble in Englyshe_ (Cranmer's), black letter, cut down at the
+     top, morocco extra, by Bedford, folio, 1541, L50.
+
+     _Booke of Common Prayer_, black letter, first edition of Edward
+     VI.'s Prayer Book, with the rare order for the price, a fine
+     copy in blue morocco extra, folio, 1549, L155.
+
+     _Boke of Common Prayer_, second edition of Edward VI.'s Prayer
+     Book, a fine copy in blue morocco, folio, 1552, L100.
+
+     _Book of Prayers used in the Queen's_ (Catherine Parr's)
+     _House_, black letter, a fragment of an unknown edition, 32mo,
+     1550, L2.
+
+Grafton and Whitchurche, in conjunction, printed the first issue of the
+_Great_ or _Cromwell's Bible_, a folio book dated 1539, a fair copy of
+which was sold at the Crawford sale for L111; also the _New Testament,
+both in Latin and English, after the vulgare texte_ (Coverdale's
+version), 1538-39, 8vo, partly printed at Paris by Regnault and
+completed in London. Nearly the entire impression was seized and burnt
+by order of the Inquisition, and the few copies that remain are
+extraordinarily rare and valuable.
+
+
+    JOHN WAYLANDE, 1537.
+
+A printer who, according to the best authorities, lived at the sign of
+the "Blue Garland in Fleet Street," and, in the year 1541, at the sign
+of the "Sun, against the Conduit". He was in business in 1558.
+
+     _The Primer in English and Latin, after Salisburye Use_, some
+     leaves in fac-simile, bound by Riviere in morocco, 22nd August,
+     1558, 12mo, L20.
+
+     _Tragedies of all such Princes as fell from their estates
+     throughe the Mutabilitie of Fortune, translated into Englysh by
+     John Lidgate_, black letter, some leaves mended, no date,
+     folio, L4 10s.
+
+     _Prymer in Latin and Englishe ...and Almanacke_ (1555-71), black
+     letter, brown morocco extra, by Riviere, 1555, sm. 4to, L27.
+
+     _Prymer in Englishe_ (black letter) _and Latine_ (roman type),
+     _after Salisbury Use, with Calendar, &c._, woodcuts, calf, 1557,
+     16mo (only six copies are known), L13.
+
+     _Prymer in Englyshe, with Calendar_, black letter, title in
+     fac-simile, brown morocco extra, _Ihon Mayler for Ihon
+     Waylande_, 1539, sm. 4to (only four copies are known), L91.
+
+
+    WILLIAM MYDDYLTON, 1541.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+William Myddylton, or Middleton, succeeded to the business of Robert
+Redman, which he carried on at the sign of the "George, next to St.
+Dunstan's Church, in Fleet Street". This printer turned out some 30
+different publications, known to bibliographers. There is no doubt,
+however, that many more must be lost, or remain undiscovered. Myddylton
+probably died somewhere about the year 1550. Another printer, by name
+Henry Middleton, flourished about the year 1579. His works are scarce,
+but not nearly so valuable as those of William.
+
+     Froissart's _Cronycles of Englande, &c._, translated by
+     Bourchier, 2 vols., black letter, 1525, folio, russia extra,
+     (printed by Myddylton and Pinson), L9 12s.
+
+
+    REYNOLD WOLFE, 1542.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+The king's printer, was in all probability a foreigner by extraction, if
+not by birth. He commenced printing in 1542, but a great portion of his
+time was spent in collecting materials for an _Universal Cosmography of
+all Nations_, which, though undigested at his death in 1573, laid the
+foundation for Holinshed's _Chronicles_. His works are described as
+being 59 in number, and, as is always the case where any specimens from
+the presses of early English printers are concerned, are scarce and
+valuable. After the death of Reynold, his widow, Joan, printed three
+books, which bear her name. The last of these is dated in 1580, about
+which time, doubtless, the press ceased to exist.
+
+Care must be taken that this printer is not confounded with others of
+the same name, who, for the most part, carried on business in France and
+Holland.
+
+
+    JOHN DAY, 1546.
+
+Next to Caxton and Wynkyn de Worde, this printer certainly ranks the
+highest in the opinion of bibliographers. Herbert says that Day first
+began printing a little above Holborn Conduit, and about 1549 removed to
+Aldersgate. He kept also at the same time several shops in different
+parts of the town, where his books were sold. Day was the first printer
+who used Saxon characters, and brought those of the Greek and Italic to
+perfection. He died in 1584 after having followed the business of a
+printer for nearly forty years.
+
+The name of John Day will sometimes be found in conjunction with that of
+William Seres, but rarely, if ever, after 1550. This William Seres was a
+printer, who, on dissolving partnership with Day in 1550, carried on
+business by himself for some twenty or twenty-five years in London.
+
+     _A Short Catechism_, black letter, morocco extra, 1553, 16mo,
+     L12.
+
+     _Booke of Christian Prayers Collected out of the Ancient
+     Writers_, black letter, blue morocco extra, by Pratt, 1578,
+     4to, L26 10s.
+
+     _Certaine Select Prayers Gathered out of S. Augustine's
+     Meditations_, 2 vols., 1575, sm. 8vo, L5 15s.
+
+     _Psalmes in Metre with Music_, black letter, 1571, sm. 4to,
+     L140. This work was sold with another by Jugge and Cawood, and
+     was bound in an exceptionally fine Elizabethan style.
+
+     _Preces Privatae in Studiosorum_, first ed., 1564, 16mo, also
+     another edition of 1573, 16mo, in two volumes (both printed by
+     William Seres), L3.
+
+
+    WILLIAM COPLAND, 1548.
+
+Probably a son of Robert Copland, though the relationship is very
+doubtful. It has been supposed that William was a younger brother of
+Robert, and worked in the office of the latter up to the time of his
+death, in the same manner as Robert worked in the office of Wynkyn de
+Worde. It is evident that both William and Robert used the same battered
+types, which they set up with an equal amount of carelessness.
+Notwithstanding the workmanship, however, these books are valuable, and
+always command high prices. The first book of William Copland's
+printing found with a date is the _Understandinge of the Lorde's
+Supper_, 1548, 8vo; and between that year and 1568, the time of his
+death, he is credited with over 60 different publications.
+
+     _Story of the most noble and worthy Kynge Arthur_, black
+     letter, woodcuts, the title and several leaves in fac-simile,
+     morocco extra, 1557, sm. folio, L10; another copy, quite
+     perfect, L30.
+
+     _The right plesaunt and goodly Historie of the foure sonnes of
+     Aimon_, black letter, woodcuts, the title and several leaves in
+     fac-simile, no date or name, but printed by W. Copland in 1554,
+     small folio, L14.
+
+     _Hystorie of the two Valyaunte Brethren, Valentyne and Orson_,
+     black letter, woodcuts, a defective copy, several leaves having
+     been repaired, no date, small 4to, L21.
+
+Among the other old English printers, whose names frequently appear on
+the title-pages of books, may be mentioned:--
+
+     WALTER LYNNE, 1548-50, whose _Cattechismus_, in small 8vo,
+     1548, brought L59 in June, 1889.
+
+     RICHARD JUGGE, 1548-77, _The Holie Bible_, Bishops' Version,
+     black letter, 1568, folio, L70.
+
+     THOMAS MARSHE, 1549-87, _Certaine Tragicall Discourses_, black
+     letter, 1567, 4to, L15; also _Heywoode's Woorkes_, 1576-77,
+     4to, L9 9s.
+
+     JOHN CAWOOD, 1550-72, who printed the first collected edition
+     of _Sir Thomas More's Works_, 1557, now worth from L15 to L20,
+     the _Stultifera Navis_ of Brant, black letter, woodcuts, folio,
+     1570, L12, and many others.
+
+     RICHARD TOTTEL, 1553-94.
+
+     HUGH SINGLETON, 1553-88, _The Supplication of Doctour Barnes_,
+     &c., black letter, morocco extra, by Riviere, no date, 8vo,
+     L10.
+
+     JOHN KYNGSTON, 1553-84, the printer of the best folio edition
+     of _Fabian's Chronicle_, 1559.
+
+     ROWLAND HALL, 1559-63.
+
+     JOHN ALLDE, 1561-96.
+
+     ROBERT REDBORNE (cir. 1576), whose only known work is entitled
+     _The history of the moost noble and valyaunt knyght, Arthur, of
+     lytell brytayne_, folio, no date, but about 1576. Of this work
+     only two perfect copies are known. One sold at the Crawford
+     sale in June, 1889, for L27 10s.
+
+     THOMAS EST (_cir._ 1592), _Whole Booke of Psalmes_, 1592, 8vo,
+     L15 10s. Wilbye's _Second Set of Madrigales_, half morocco,
+     1609, 4to, L6. Yonge's Musica Transalpina, 1588, 4to, L7.
+     Yonge's _Musica Transalpina_, the seconde booke, half morocco,
+     1597, 4to, L11.
+
+With the advent of the seventeenth century presses became very numerous
+all over England. Christopher and Robert Barker at London, and John
+Field at Cambridge, are perhaps the best known printers of that era, but
+the importance and value of their works depend upon circumstances, and
+cease to exist as a matter of course. It is indeed from this point that
+the study of English bibliography becomes more difficult and confusing,
+and here precisely that the young collector is apt to go astray.
+
+The most famous English printer of modern times was undoubtedly John
+Baskerville; in fact, he seems to have been the only one possessed of
+exceptional merit. Everyone has heard of Baskerville: he rises the one
+solitary genius out of the multitude of labourers in the same field, and
+towers so high above the rest as to eclipse them entirely. Baskerville
+started as a printer in Birmingham in 1756, having spent hundreds of
+pounds in the experimental casting of type, which he ultimately brought
+to the highest state of perfection. Every book printed by him is a
+masterpiece: his paper is clear and elegant and of a very fine quality,
+while the uniformity of colour throughout testifies to the care taken in
+printing every sheet. At one time works from the Birmingham press,
+presided over by Baskerville, were much sought after, but of late years
+the fashion has changed and prices have consequently much diminished.
+The splendid edition of Addison's works, 4 vols., 4to, with portraits
+and plates, 1761, a beautiful copy bound by Derome in red morocco,
+brought L10 a short time ago, a depreciation of at least a third in the
+value, while in some other instances the fall is much more marked.
+Baskerville appears at one time to have studied the workmanship of the
+Elzevirs, and on one or two of his books, notably the _Elegantiae Latini
+Sermonis_ of Meursius, 1757, he has dated the title-page as from _Lugd.
+Bat. Typis Elzevirianis_. This little volume is a fit tribute to a
+family of famous printers of the seventeenth century, from a no less
+excellent workman of the eighteenth, and I feel certain that some day
+collectors will again vie with each other in collecting choice examples
+from his press.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+     ON BINDINGS OLD AND NEW.
+
+
+Books cannot live long without being bound, and the more expensive and
+artistic the appearance of the binding, the greater the chance of
+preservation for the whole. A book is sometimes handled gently, not
+because of any merits of its own, but simply on account of its cover,
+which thus becomes its protector in a double sense. Like those old
+earthen boxes, which on being broken are found to contain the clay
+tablets of Assyria, many of which run as far back as 1500 years before
+the Christian era, bindings were doubtless originally intended to act
+the part of preservatives; beauty of design and even neatness would be
+after-considerations, and entirely subservient to the sole object, that
+of protection. By degrees the book lover made demands upon art, and, in
+obedience to an universal law, the supply answered to his call. Cicero,
+we are told, was a connoisseur of bindings, and himself employed famous
+workmen to glorify his rolls of papyrus and vellum, or to bind up his
+diptychs in the manner of our modern books, but more expensively, if the
+tastes of the old Roman are not belied, than the majority of book lovers
+can afford to do in these latter days.
+
+In the palmy days of Rome, art in all its varied forms was probably as
+advanced as it is now, and we cannot doubt that Virgil and Homer, the
+representative poets of Rome and Greece, were to be found in a score of
+palaces, dressed as befitted their high reputation, in the most noble
+and expensive of coverings. Two thousand years have, however, made a
+clean sweep of Roman artist and Roman bookman alike, and we have nothing
+to guide us beyond the casual remarks of one or two diarists and
+historians of the day, whose chronicles have happened, almost by chance,
+to come down to us. The names of none of the ancient binders survive,
+and not a trace of their workmanship remains; we know only that there
+were such beings, who occasionally threw into their work great taste and
+skill, and that bibliophiles vied with each other in gaining possession
+of their choicest examples.
+
+When, therefore, the question is asked, Who was the first binder known
+to fame? we cannot look to Greece or to Rome for an answer, nor yet to
+Italy. Curiously enough it is to Ireland that we must turn, for there
+the monk Dagaeus practised the art so long ago as 520 A.D. One example
+only of his handiwork has survived to our own day, and is now to be
+found in the library of the British Museum along with the _Textus
+Sanctus Cuthberti_ bound by the first English workman, one Bilfred, a
+monk of Durham, who flourished nearly 1200 years ago. This _Textus_, so
+the old legend says, was once swallowed up by the sea, which, respectful
+of the merits of the saint, gracefully retired fully three miles of its
+own accord, and so restored the cherished volume to its owners. As the
+monks were the sole multipliers of books, so also they were, until the
+invention of printing in 1450, the only binders. Manuscripts of the
+ninth century are extant, heavily encased in ivory-carved covers or
+confined between gold and silver plates studded with precious stones.
+More often than not these expensive coverings were destined to be their
+ruin, for, to say nothing of private peculation, the sumptuous bindings
+were ripped off at the time of the Reformation for the sake of the metal
+or stones, and the manuscripts thrown in thousands upon the tender
+mercies of the vandals into whose hands they fell.
+
+In the fourteenth century Petrarch was knocked down by one of his own
+tomes, and was within an ace of breaking his leg, but this was at a
+period when monastic bindings ordinarily consisted of wood, covered with
+leather and protected by metallic bosses, corner plates, and massive
+clasps of iron. Bulk and weight were then the great desiderata, though
+every now and then the richest materials were still employed in binding,
+as when a king's library was added to, or some rich monastery gave
+orders for a sacred volume to be covered with the enamels of Limoges,
+ivory, gold or silver, and encrusted with jewels.
+
+From the end of the fifth to the middle of the fifteenth century, books
+were excessively rare and costly, and comparatively few bindings
+illustrative of the art during the dark ages have been preserved. The
+few that have survived are wonderful specimens of art, and in every way
+worthy of the illuminated manuscripts they enclose.
+
+The period of the Renaissance, which is usually assigned to the
+Pontificate of Leo X., was witness of another change. The ponderous
+tomes, whose weight was alone a protection, gradually gave way to
+smaller-sized volumes, and these were often bound in velvet or silk,
+beautifully embroidered by lady amateurs, perhaps also by professed
+binders. At other times the monastic covering of wood and leather is
+observable, and often the leather gave way to seal and shark skin
+without any tooling or other ornamentation.
+
+These different styles of binding continued in vogue side by side until
+the introduction of typography, when the Venetians introduced morocco
+from the East and found out the virtues of calf. Books now became bound
+in oak boards covered with these leathers or in thick parchment or pig
+skin, old manuscripts often being cut up and of course destroyed for the
+purpose: boards, clasps, and bosses became obsolete, while silken
+embroidery maintained a precarious existence, dependent solely on the
+spasmodic efforts of accomplished amateurs whose tastes and inclinations
+were swayed by fashion. Finally, parchment disappeared and leather
+bindings held universal sway, and have so maintained it to our own time,
+though the English cloth-bound book is now employed whenever expense is
+an object.
+
+Such is a short history of the development of the art of bookbinding, as
+necessary to be understood and remembered as any other branch of our
+subject.
+
+Some of the better-known and more valuable descriptions of ornamental
+bindings, whether Italian, French, or English, derive their entire
+importance by reason of their having come from the libraries of noted
+collectors, who bound their books after a model pattern. Many of these
+specimens are of the greatest rarity and often of great value. As works
+of art, too, they are frequently far superior to anything that can be,
+or at any rate is, produced at the present day. A really well bound book
+by Le Gascon, or one of the Eves, for example, is a beautiful object.
+The covers, of the choicest calf or morocco, are tooled in patterns,
+_i.e._, hand engraved, in gold; the edges are of gilt, _gauffre_, that
+is to say, designs are impressed on them also; the whole is a splendid
+specimen of bibliopegistic skill. Such artists as these disdained blind
+tooling, where the patterns are worked out and left without their meed
+of gold. Half-bound volumes with their back and corners of leather and
+their sides of vulgar paper or boards they were either ignorant of or
+despised.
+
+All this excellence of course cost money, which then, as now, was in the
+hands of the few, and it must not for a moment be supposed that examples
+of high-class binding were at all common even during the era in which
+they were produced. They are scarcer now, for time and fire have claimed
+their share of spoil, but it was only the great collectors of almost
+unlimited means, popes, kings, and cardinals, and their favourites, who
+could afford at any time to furnish a library where beautiful bindings
+predominated.
+
+These collections have for the most part been dispersed over the world,
+and an amateur of the true old-fashioned type will not allow himself to
+be looked upon as fortunate, if his shelves do not contain one or two
+examples at least from the magnificent libraries of brother amateurs
+long since passed away.
+
+The Italians were the first to awake to the enormity of binding their
+books in pig skin, or encasing them between clumsy wooden boards; and
+readily profiting by the teachings of the great master painters, who
+made Italy their peculiar home, they began to use calf and morocco,
+elaborately tooled to geometrical patterns. Leo X. (1513-21) had a good
+library, and one book at least is extant, bound by an Italian artist in
+red morocco, with the Papal arms on the sides. Some years previously to
+this, Aldus Manutius had bound his own books at Venice, and he took as
+much care of their dress as he did of the text. Some of these bindings
+appear to be imitations of the designs sculptured on the walls of
+mosques, and it was from the East therefore that the great Venetian
+school obtained its first instruction in the art. The book lover
+rejoices exceedingly when he meets with any of these ancient Italian
+bindings, but if he can only possess a Maioli, his cup of happiness
+literally overflows.
+
+This Maioli--who or what he was are alike unknown--this Maioli had an
+extensive library, and all his books were sumptuously bound in the
+choicest leathers and tooled in gold on the backs and sides. On an
+embossed shield was the title of the work, and underneath, that
+inscription afterwards imitated by Grolier, "Tho Maioli et Amicorum".
+Let not the collector be deceived however:--there were two Maiolis:
+Thomasso, above mentioned, whose choice bindings are sought after all
+the world over, and Michel, whose artistic tastes were less fully
+developed, and who perhaps knew better than to invite his friends to
+borrow from his store.
+
+Cardinal Bonelli (1541-98) and Canevari, the physician to Pope Urban
+VIII. (1559-1625), were both enamoured of costly bindings, the latter
+especially, for on the sides of his books appears a gorgeous object
+representing Apollo in gold, driving his chariot in blue or red over a
+silver sea.
+
+Lorenzo de Medici, Prince of Florence, scholar and patron of art and
+literature, called the Magnificent, who died in 1492, stamped his books
+with the Medici arms, together with a laurel branch and the motto
+_Semper_. Others of the Medici family had splendid libraries, and their
+books were often covered with silver and gold beautifully inlaid, after
+the designs of painters of the highest eminence.
+
+Amongst other Italian collectors whose fondness for calf and morocco
+carried them perhaps just a little too near the border line of
+extravagance, were Pietro Accolti, Cardinal of Ancona (1445-1532),
+Antonio Alemanni, the poet (1500), and Pasqual Cicogna, Doge of Venice,
+who died in 1595. Specimens from the libraries of any of these, and
+others besides, are sometimes worth far more than their weight in gold.
+
+The Italian bookbinders were the instructors of the French, who
+subsequently rivalled and finally eclipsed their masters. At first the
+French merely imitated, but towards the close of the reign of Francis I.
+(_cir._ 1540), they struck out fresh lines of their own.
+
+Jean Grolier is the representative collector of the early French school,
+but he was, at the same time, the most famous judge of bindings that the
+world has yet seen. He was born at Lyons in 1479, and died in 1565,
+having spent nearly the whole of his life in the collection of books.
+His opinion of French binders appears to have been the reverse of
+complimentary, for he went to Italy to find a workman after his own
+heart, and one who could be relied upon to satisfy his fastidious taste.
+Many people think that Grolier was by trade a bookbinder, but this is a
+mistake--he was merely an enthusiastic amateur who allowed his passion
+for bindings to become his master. Some of his designs he prepared
+himself; others are undoubted imitations of those adopted by Maioli,
+whom he so greatly admired, that even his motto is reproduced, with of
+course the necessary variation, "Io Grolierii et Amicorum". This appears
+on the sides of most of his books, and there is consequently no
+difficulty in identifying them. Others bear an emblem, and in a scroll,
+"AEque difficulter," and others again the words of the Psalmist arranged
+so as to form a triangle, "Portio mea Domine sit in terra
+viventium".[12] Most of Grolier's books were printed by Aldus at Venice,
+and they are generally found lettered on the back, a practice which was
+not in vogue before his day. But however bound, and whatever device,
+maxim, or motto he employed, the name of Grolier invariably causes great
+excitement among amateurs. The value of any of his books is proverbial,
+and their scarcity equally so. A rare book may occasionally be snapped
+up for a hundredth part of its worth, not so a magnificent specimen of
+binding, which courts further inquiries on the part of the vendor, and,
+as we all know, "further inquiries" are usually fatal to the would-be
+snapper-up of unconsidered valuables.
+
+Louis de Sainte-Maure was a contemporary of Grolier, and like him an
+enthusiastic book hunter. His bindings are said to be even rarer still.
+They too are tooled with geometrical figures, and on the side, in the
+centre, is the inscription, "Invia virtuti nulla est via".
+
+Diana of Poitiers, the mistress of Henri II. of France (_cir._ 1540),
+was another famous collector, who spent vast sums on binding her books.
+The designs were made in all probability by Le Petit Bernard, one of the
+most famous engravers of his day, and her books, like those of Grolier,
+were gold tooled on both back and sides. Diana's device consisted of a
+bow and a crescent, sometimes with a sheaf of arrows. Those books which
+the infatuated Henri sent to his mistress bear the H. surmounted by a
+crown and flanked by the _fleur-de-lys_. Henri was himself a collector
+of no mean order, and his volumes, like those belonging to the fair
+Diana, have their countless worshippers. The king, whatever the laxity
+of his morals, was a stickler for etiquette, and drew a wide distinction
+between a mistress and a wife. Some of his books are stamped with the
+interwoven initials H. and D., and ornamented with the usual emblems of
+the chase, but no crown is observable. That makes its appearance over a
+solitary H., banished, so to speak, to the remoter regions of the
+cover. Sometimes the initials are changed to H. C., interwoven and
+surmounted by the crown, and then we know that Henri chose to honour his
+wife Catherine de Medicis with notice.
+
+Diana's library at the Chateau d'Anet was dispersed by auction in 1723:
+it contained volumes of the most varied descriptions, lives of the
+saints and lewd songs jostling one another with impudent familiarity.
+
+Catherine de Medicis herself had the taste of Diana for beautiful
+bindings, and kept a staff of workmen, who vied with each other in the
+production of beautiful specimens of ornamentation. She had the mania of
+the true book collector, for on the death of the Marechal de Strozzi,
+she laid violent hands on his choice and valuable library, promising to
+pay for it sometime, but ultimately dying herself without doing so.
+
+The books of Francis I. (1515-47), if bound for his use while Dauphin of
+France, are marked with a dolphin, in addition to the ordinary kingly
+stamps of the Royal Arms, a salamander, and the letter F. The motto in
+each case is the same: "Nutrio et extinguo". Specimens of binding having
+the dolphin are extraordinarily rare.
+
+Henri III. (1574-89) did much to reduce the extravagant cost of
+bookbinding, for, in 1583, he made a decree that ordinary citizens
+should not decorate any single book with more than four diamonds, or the
+nobility with more than five; he himself and a few other scapegraces of
+the Royal House were under no restriction. The same King instituted the
+order of the "Penitents" as some little compensation for a life of
+shameless vice and crime, and celebrated the occurrence by the invention
+of a new binding, the originality of which is undoubted. On black
+morocco, and sometimes with the Arms of France, appear a death's head,
+cross-bones, tears, and other emblems of woe, including a joke in the
+form of a motto, "Spes mea Deus". Henri, when Duke of Anjou, loved Mary
+of Cleves, and subsequently consoled himself for her untimely death by
+binding a quantity of books in his library. Skulls, tears, and
+_fleurs-de-lys_ are thrown about in profusion; the motto, "Memento
+mori," looks out at you from among floreated ornaments; Jesus and Marie
+are placed on a level. When ordered to attend the Court after the death
+of his beloved Mary, he made his appearance in a black robe, embroidered
+all over with the usual funereal emblems.
+
+The gloomy bindings of Henri III. brought on a reaction, giving rise to
+a style of decoration known as _a la fanfare_. No sooner was the King
+gathered to his fathers than his sister, Margaret of Valois, exchanged
+the death's heads for a fanciful decoration, consisting of a profusion
+of foliage, sprinkled with daisies. Bindings of this period are very
+choice, but not so elaborate as the development of the _fanfare_
+eventually made them. The foliage became much more delicate, and the
+clusters of leaves and flowers at last resembled lace work, under the
+magic touch of the great binder Le Gascon.
+
+We now leave Royal personages, and descend to a lower level, meeting at
+the very threshold the historian Thuanus, better known as De Thou
+(1553-1617). This celebrated amateur and patron of bookbinding was an
+intimate friend of Grolier, and president of the Paris Parliament in the
+reign of Henri IV. All his books, of which he possessed a large number,
+were bound in morocco or gilded calf skin in a style which varied with
+the different periods of his life. His bachelor's library was
+embellished with his arms in silver, between two branches of laurel,
+with his name below. After his marriage in 1587, his wife's escutcheon
+is stamped alongside his own with the initials J. A. M. below, and also
+on the backs of his volumes. During his life as a widower, a wreath of
+twining-stems tipped with red berries, and his own and dead wife's
+initials interlaced, take the place of other ornaments. After his second
+marriage in 1603, his new wife's escutcheon appears in conjunction with
+his own, but the initials are changed to J. A. G.
+
+This splendid library remained intact for more than 200 years, and it
+was not until 1677 that it was sold almost as it stood to the Marquis de
+Menars. At his death in 1718, it was purchased by Cardinal de Rohan, but
+in 1789, his heirs, impoverished by legal proceedings, were compelled to
+disperse the collection. The binders principally employed by De Thou
+were the Eves (Nicholas, Clovis, and Robert), whose splendid workmanship
+is a model for such of our modern binders as follow the higher branches
+of the art.
+
+Le Gascon, the binder to the Duke of Orleans, who seems to have
+flourished between the years 1620 and 1640, was another workman of the
+first rank. The Duke was a great collector, whose shelves were covered
+with green velvet, garnished with gold lace and fringe, and whose
+bindings by Le Gascon were similarly ornamented.
+
+Among the large number of French bibliophiles who now appeared on the
+scene, and competed with each other in the beauty of their bindings, one
+or two must necessarily be mentioned, since the modern collector envies
+or admires their taste.
+
+Chancellor Seguier, at the end of the seventeenth century, employed
+Ruette to make the bindings _au mouton d'or_, which graced his shelves;
+and a little later still, the Baron de Longepierre utilised the
+well-known ornament of the Golden Fleece, which, when found on any book,
+no matter how intrinsically worthless, greatly enhances its price. These
+are the prizes of book collecting, seldom met with, and always strongly
+competed for.
+
+The Colberts stamped the sides of their books with their crest, in which
+the climbing adder is always conspicuous. There were no less than seven
+members of this family who loved books, and all embellished them with
+the adder in a shield surmounted by a crown.
+
+Nicholas (1680) and Charles Louis Fouquet (1684-1761) each adopted the
+coat of arms with a squirrel--looking for all the world like a lion--and
+the motto, "Quo non ascendam". Cardinal Mazarin, who died at Vincennes
+on the 9th of March, 1661, had many devices, the most common of which is
+the coat of arms, consisting of an axe bound up in a bundle of fasces,
+and surmounted by a cardinal's hat. These and many other figures which
+generations of bibliophiles have caused to be tooled on their books,
+point conclusively to what library any given specimen formerly belonged,
+though, as might be expected, it is sometimes a matter of great
+difficulty, or even impossibility, to identify particular volumes. Some
+amateurs discarded their own crests, and adopted others, for reasons
+which are not apparent, while women, as, for example, the Duchesse du
+Maine, who decorated her books at Sceaux with a golden bee-hive, appear
+to have possessed the most intricate armorial bearings, or to have been
+guided by mere caprice, in their choice of emblems. Many books bearing
+crests or coats of arms cannot, therefore, be identified, and for this
+reason, amongst others, the few books which have been written on this
+branch of the art of binding are necessarily incomplete. One of the
+best--which, moreover, contains some hundreds of woodcuts illustrative
+of various devices--is Guigard's _Armorial du Bibliophile_, 2 vols.,
+8vo, Paris, 1870-3, but this is strictly confined to French devices.
+Even Hobson's choice, however, is often better than none.[13]
+
+Although the sixteenth century was _par excellence_ the era of
+ornamental bindings, it cannot be said that England made much progress
+in the art. Up to the reign of Elizabeth we seem to have persisted in
+the use of clumsy oak boards or stiff parchment covers, and when a
+really choice and expensive binding was required, it took the form of
+embroidered silks and velvets. Queen Elizabeth herself was very expert
+in this method of ornamentation, which continued to exist, in all
+probability, simply because it was fashionable.
+
+The first English bookbinder of any repute was John Reynes, a printer,
+who lived in the reigns of Henry VII. and VIII. Specimens of his work
+are very rare, though, when compared with the French bindings of the
+same date, they appear miserably inferior. The truth is that England
+was--and, indeed, is--much behind some other countries in everything
+relating to bibliography, and binding in particular.
+
+Robert Dudley, the great Earl of Leicester, was the first English book
+collector who was possessed of any degree of taste. His cognisance of
+the "bear and the ragged staff" appears on the sides of a (generally)
+quite plain binding, although sometimes a rough attempt at ornamentation
+is found. Archbishop Parker, and Burghley the Lord Treasurer, had good
+libraries of well-bound books, and one specimen from Bothwell's
+collection is known to exist. This, the _Larismetique et Geometrie_ of
+La Roche, _Lyon_, 1538, was in the possession of the late Mr.
+Gibson-Craig, and is mentioned by him in his _Fac-similes of Old
+Book-Binding_. It is in the original calf gilt, with gilt _gaufre_
+edges, and on the sides are the arms of James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell.
+Although Bothwell is known to have possessed literary tastes, books from
+his library are excessively rare. This fine book belonged originally to
+the family of Forbes of Tolquhon, and a signature and date 1588 written
+on the title-page show that it had been acquired by them a few years
+after the outlawry and death of the original proprietor. At the
+Gibson-Craig sale this fine specimen was knocked down for L81.
+
+James I. was a bibliophile, as well as a reputed _savant_, and paid much
+attention to the binding of his books, some of which, now to be seen in
+the British Museum, are ornamented with thistles and _fleurs-de-lys_.
+Lord Clarendon, who died in 1674, had a very fine collection of books,
+many of which were bound by Notts, the most experienced English workman
+of that day, and who was, it appears, also patronised by Pepys, the
+diarist.
+
+It was not, however, until the eighteenth century that we made in this
+country any real advance in bookbinding. Robert Harley, the first Earl
+of Oxford (1661-1724), had established a library, and this had not only
+been added to by his son, but bound in a most expensive manner, by two
+workmen named Elliott and Chapman, who seem to have attained a certain
+amount of proficiency, and whose efforts gave rise to a new style of
+ornamentation known as the "Harleian". Though much inferior to the
+Continental designs, this had a beauty of its own, and was a vast
+improvement upon anything hitherto attempted by English binders.
+
+Thomas Hollis, the _litterateur_ and antiquary, who died in 1774, bound
+his extensive collection in calf, adding, in each instance, a device
+suitable to the contents of the work. Thus, as the owl is the symbol of
+wisdom, his scientific books bear the figure of an owl stamped on the
+covers. Military works have the short Roman stabbing sword, and so on.
+
+If we except, perhaps, the French emigrants who made their home in this
+country at the end of the eighteenth century, there really was no binder
+of any note until the advent of Roger Payne (1739-1797). This workman,
+though dissolute, had, nevertheless, a reputation in his line second to
+none. In person, he is stated to have been dirty and untidy, but
+certainly neither of these defects appear in his bindings, which, though
+not, as a rule, heavily gilt, are tooled to neat classical or
+geometrical designs after the Venetian style. Where Payne made his mark
+was, perhaps, in the _appropriateness_ of his bindings. His judgment, in
+this respect, appears to have been sound and popular.
+
+After Payne followed Walther, Charles Hering, and Charles Lewis, all of
+whom, the last particularly, did very good work. In more recent times
+still we have Hayday, Riviere, Francis Bedford, Ramage, and last, but
+by no means least, Zaehnsdorf, whose son yet carries on business in
+London.
+
+The ordinary cloth bindings, such as we see every day in the
+booksellers' shops, are purely English, and have been in use since 1823,
+when they were invented by Lawson, and adopted by Pickering, the
+publisher. In Continental countries they use paper covers, and even the
+most expensive works are issued originally in this form. There they bind
+their books after publication if they are found to be worth binding. In
+this country cloth is now largely used, and is certainly a great
+improvement on the old clumsy covers of a bygone age, or on the paper
+wrappers of this.
+
+Bookbinding in the higher styles is now done fairly well in England,
+though, in the opinion of many, the workmanship is not equal to that of
+the French artists of three hundred years ago.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[12] See Guigard, _Armorial du Bibliophile_, vol. i. p. 248.
+
+[13] Mr. Quaritch, the bookseller, has in preparation a _Dictionary of
+English Book Collectors_, somewhat after the scheme of M. Guigard's
+book.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+     BOOKS TO BUY.
+
+
+One of the most difficult branches of bibliography is that which treats
+of the books to choose and those to avoid, with reference mainly to
+their pecuniary value. Few collectors, who are not specialists, care
+very much for the utility of their libraries; in many cases, indeed, it
+is not a question of utility at all, but of extent, though I apprehend
+that no one would wish to crowd his shelves with rubbish merely for the
+sake of filling them. As an immense proportion of the books which have
+been published during the sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, and
+nineteenth centuries clearly come under that category, the collector has
+much to avoid, and stands in need of considerable experience to enable
+him to make a selection.
+
+Naude, the apologist for "great men suspected of magic," whose patron,
+by the way, was Cardinal Mazarin, had a method of purchasing which, if
+not unique, was at any rate uncommon. His favourite plan was to buy up
+entire libraries, and sort them at his leisure; or when these were not
+available in the bulk, he would, as Rossi relates, enter a shop with a
+yard measure in his hand, and buy his books by the ell. Wherever he
+went, paper and print became scarce: "the stalls he encountered were
+like the towns through which Attila had swept with ruin in his train".
+Richard Heber, the bibliotaph, too, had collections of miscellaneous
+books at Paris, Antwerp, Brussels, and other continental towns, to say
+nothing of London, where the aristocracy among his treasures were
+deposited. The books were sold by auction after his death; the sale
+occupied 202 days, and flooded the market with rubbish--a worthy
+termination to a life of sweeping and gigantic purchases, made in the
+hope of acquiring single grains of wheat among his tons of worthless
+chaff.
+
+But Naude had the wealth of Mazarin at his back, and free licence to
+purchase as and where he would at the Cardinal's expense, while Heber
+was rich beyond the dreams of avarice; the modern book hunter, whose
+means we will suppose are limited, must discard the yard measure and the
+scales, and rely on his judgment, taking care to get the utmost value
+for his money. He will have to make up his mind to buy or not to buy on
+the spur of the moment, for while he is consulting his books of
+reference at home, a golden opportunity may be missed. This is his
+capital difficulty, and one which it will take years of experience to
+surmount, for there is no _vade mecum_ capable of being carried in the
+waistcoat pocket, which will enable him to spot a rarity at a glance;
+nothing, in fact, which can compensate for a lack of practical
+knowledge. I have often thought that a register of scarce but
+mean-looking English books, of such a convenient size as to be carried
+in the palm of the hand, might be of assistance to those who haunt the
+stalls, and delve among the rubbish usually to be found there; some day,
+perhaps, it may be worth while to try the experiment, _sed Gloria,
+quantalibet quid erit; si gloria tantum est_? What will be the value of
+ever so much glory, if it be glory and nothing else?
+
+In turning over the contents of an old book-stall, the major portion of
+the heap will be found to consist of volumes of sermons, and other
+theological treatises, recipe books, odd historical volumes, and
+poetical effusions, besides periodical literature of the _Spectator_ and
+_Tatler_ brand. Books of this class are, as a rule, merely rubbish; but
+still there are a few exceptions. Sermons of John Knox and Dr.
+Sacheverell, or any of Mather's tracts, are invariably worth purchasing;
+as also are first editions of sermons by Cardinals Manning or Newman.
+Early editions of Mrs. Glasse's cookery book, or any recipe books of the
+seventeenth century, may safely be speculated in; so may early editions
+of poetical works, if written by authors whose reputation subsequently
+became established. Third, fourth, or later editions are seldom of much
+value, no matter who the author may be, and no matter of what character
+or description, provided they come under one or other of the heads
+enumerated above. In purchasing books of the class generally found on
+second-hand stalls, there are two preliminary questions to be asked:
+first, was the author of sufficient reputation to make his name well
+known? and secondly, is the particular copy of his works offered for
+sale an early edition? If an affirmative answer can be given to each of
+these inquiries, it will be advisable to tender the small sum likely to
+be asked, and to run the risk.
+
+Another point to be observed is that where a printer's device appears on
+the title-page, or indeed on any other part of an _old_ book, it is more
+likely than not to have a value, and it ought never to be passed over
+without a careful scrutiny.
+
+Should the collector be fortunate enough to pick up a rare French book,
+his best policy will be to have it suitably bound in France by a
+first-rate binder. Though already valuable, its importance will be still
+further increased by this manoeuvre; for when the inevitable day of
+parting shall arrive, the French bibliophiles will be more inclined to
+welcome native talent than any English imitation of it.
+
+Volumes containing separate tracts should always be examined, as it
+sometimes happens that rare pieces are found bound up with a mass of
+worthless matter. I once heard of original editions of two of Moliere's
+plays being found in this way; and as these stand pretty much in the
+same position, so far as rarity and consequent value is concerned, to
+the early Shakespearean quartos, the importance of the "find" to the
+lucky discoverer can hardly be exaggerated. This is only another example
+of the rule which can never be too often repeated, since it can never be
+sufficiently understood. If the author is "big enough," and the edition
+is early enough, buy. The probability is you may not realise the full
+importance of what you have got until you have had time to consult some
+book of reference; it may indeed turn out that a wretched and dirty
+reprint has done duty for the original, or it may so be that the book is
+worthless on its merits. This is one of the risks of book collecting,
+and, it may be added, one of its charms. Hundreds of thousands of dead
+and forgotten books must be annually disposed of, for nominal sums, in
+London alone, and there is no telling how often these and others may
+have been turned over and flung aside by passers-by before they
+eventually find a market. Among all this profusion of rubbish, a certain
+percentage of valuable pieces must necessarily exist, and these, from
+the very circumstances under which they are offered for sale, will be
+unknown, and more or less unbound and uncut. Every year some of these
+princes in disguise are rescued from the wind and rain, and henceforth
+considered a fair exchange for gold instead of copper; but alas! we
+cannot both eat our cake and have it too. "Finds," as they are called,
+are not so numerous as they once were, nor hucksters so ignorant as in
+the merry days of Dibdin and Burton, to say nothing of such foreign
+Nimrods as Colbert, Grolier, and the great Pixerecourt.
+
+The same rules which guide the haunter of the stalls are suitable to
+those who purchase from the regular booksellers. There is so much to be
+learned, so many artificial rules and distinctions to be observed in
+everything relating to books, that mistakes are of frequent occurrence.
+Ignorant assistants have before now unwittingly thrown shabby little
+books, like Burns' Poems (Kilmarnock, 1786), into the sixpenny-box at
+the shop door; others have been too lazy to sort the "parcels" as they
+have come in from the auctioneers, and have bundled the whole contents
+into the same repository. There are a hundred and one accidents in
+favour of the book hunter, but he needs experience in order to take
+advantage of them, and this cannot be got without the expenditure of
+much time and money and the suffering of many disappointments, which,
+indeed, seem to increase as he grows older, rather than to diminish.
+This is doubtless because the sphere of his operations becomes wider
+until it exceeds that of his experience; the seventh age of the
+Bibliophile is even as his first.
+
+Apart from the books which are fashionable for the time being and
+invariably command fancy prices, there are others which may be styled
+"standards," that is to say, are sold over and over again, both by
+auction and private contract, for sums which vary only according to
+condition. These for the most part are in several volumes, 8vo,
+frequently also in 4to or folio. Their very appearance precludes any
+prospect of a bargain; indeed the purchaser, unless well versed in
+book-lore, stands a very good chance of paying for mere bulk. When the
+library at Sion College took fire, the attendants at the risk of their
+lives rescued a pile of books from the flames, and it is said that the
+librarian wept when he found that the porters had taken it for granted
+that the value of a book was in exact proportion to its size. To this
+day the impression that big books contain wisdom is all but universal.
+This has always been so, as witness the temporary reputation of Nicholas
+de Lyra, who wrote and printed 1800 folios of Commentary on the Bible,
+and of Aldrovandus, whose thirteen large folio volumes on General
+Zoology (1599-1668) have greatly perplexed the scientific world ever
+since they were published. Let not the collector be led away by massive
+tomes, nor imagine that standard works of acknowledged reputation can
+often be got for less than they are worth.
+
+Of late years there has been a violent competition for books and even
+tracts published in or in any way relating to the American Continent
+provided only that they were published during the sixteenth,
+seventeenth, and sometimes also the eighteenth centuries. Thus Cotton's
+_Abstract of the Laws of New England_, 1641; _The Description of
+Jamaica_, 1657; Brereton's _Relation of the Discoverie of the North Part
+of Virginia_, 1602, and many other obscure little 4to tracts--not
+books--would be cheap at twenty guineas each, while others are worth
+even more. American collectors are largely responsible for this. In the
+same way treatises of any kind which have a Scotch local interest, and
+are dated about the same period, are always worth two or three guineas
+at the least, and in many cases far more than those amounts.
+
+The earliest book printed in Scotland is _The Knightly Tale of Golagrus
+and Gawane and other ancient poems_ (Edinburgh, 1508), 4to, which was
+reprinted in fac-simile under the superintendence of Dr. Laing in 1827.
+As might be expected, the original is so scarce as to be unprocurable,
+and even the reprint is of considerable value. Early Scotch-printed
+books by such workmen as Walter Chepman, Androu Myllar, Andro Hart,
+Alexander Arbuthnot, Thomas Davidson, Anthony Marlar, James Watson,
+Andrew Anderson and his widow the would-be monopolist, Robert Freebairn,
+and several others, some of whom carried on business into the eighteenth
+century, should never be overlooked or discarded. These are just the
+kind of books which are occasionally discovered on stalls in obscure
+streets, and which may be expected to be bought for a few pence. They
+are scarce, of course, or it would not be worth while to mention them;
+but they look insignificant, and many, for anything I know, may this
+very day be making their weary pilgrimage on costermongers' barrows in
+the New Cut, despised and rejected of men.
+
+Specimens of typography from the presses of Caxton, Wynkyn de Worde, and
+other early English printers, some of which have already been mentioned,
+are essentially curiosities, and it is almost useless to hope for even
+the semblance of a bargain so far as they are concerned. Still,
+occasional finds are from time to time reported from out-of-the-way
+villages whose inhabitants have not yet wakened from their mediaeval
+slumbers, and great is the rejoicing of the explorer, and many the
+paragraphs with which the discovery is heralded in the newspapers. The
+collector who is fortunate enough to come across a work of this
+class--he can hardly expect a repetition of such extraordinary
+luck--will have crowned his labours, be they great or small, and can
+henceforth pride himself on his success. If he never handles a book
+again, he will have earned his laurels.
+
+Inferior County Histories in one volume, generally 8vo, are always worth
+buying if they can be got for a few pence, as is often the case, for
+there are very few of them which are not worth as many shillings at the
+least. Topographical works are now being inquired for to a much greater
+extent than was the case several years ago, and the booksellers can
+dispose of almost any quantity. Such examples as are likely to be
+casually met with are, however, very small game; yet they represent the
+average amount of success likely to be achieved at one time in these
+days of widespread knowledge. The demand for book rarities is very
+great, and every hole and corner, likely and unlikely, is periodically
+ransacked by booksellers' "jackals," to say nothing of the army of
+amateurs ever on the look-out for bargains. Accident is, however,
+productive of occasional successes, and every man has, or may have, if
+he thinks proper to put it to the test, an equal chance.
+
+In addition to the ready-made bargains, which do more than anything else
+to delight the heart of the book lover and encourage him to further
+exertions, there is such a thing as playing upon popular likes and
+dislikes, or, in other words, speculating on the vagaries of fashion. At
+present the rage is for original editions of modern authors, principally
+those with plates, coloured or uncoloured. Some day the fashion will
+change, and books hitherto neglected will suddenly take their place and
+increase many times in value. Such books should be bought while they are
+cheap, and they doubtless would be if there was such a thing as a
+literary barometer capable of forecasting the state of the market; but
+there is not, and it is impossible to foretell the direction in which
+the mass of book lovers will turn when once they are tired of
+picture-books.
+
+Every bookseller is of necessity a speculator, for it is his business to
+buy at a low price and to sell at a higher. The amateur, however,
+should, if he would preserve his title, abstain from traffic of this
+kind and be satisfied to pay for the privilege of forming a library
+without regard to the ultimate profit or loss. His pleasure should
+consist in acquisition and the opportunity afforded of fondling his
+store while there is time, for he may be absolutely certain that the
+whole assortment--bookcases, shelves, and all--will find their way to
+the auctioneer directly he has done with them. This mournful prospect
+has been the indirect means of founding a new school, that of the
+semi-amateurs, which, while claiming for itself all the attributes of
+the book lover, has, nevertheless, an eye to the main chance, and is
+prepared at a moment's notice to transfer an entire collection _inter
+vivos_ if the required sum be forthcoming. As an ardent Waltonian would
+regard a brother of the angle who went a-fishing with the object of
+selling his catch, so the old-fashioned bibliophile views this
+degenerate school--that is to say, with unfeigned disgust. It makes no
+difference, nay, if anything it is an aggravation, that the culprit is
+"well up" in his subject and knows a book when he sees one. "Fancy!"
+says a member of the old academy, "here is an educated man who for years
+has occupied his leisure hours in studies the most delightful, and among
+friends the most courteous and refined. He knows them, can put his hand
+upon any in the dark, and yet----;" but here the power of words fails to
+describe the heartless greed which alone could send a row of life's
+companions to the block. Nevertheless this is being done every day, and,
+however vexed the respectable book lover may be, the fact remains that
+the new school is just now showing remarkable activity and is running
+the booksellers very close indeed. The advisability of purchasing
+depends upon the answer to a single question, "Will this book go up?"
+Never mind the author, or a syllable of what he wrote, but take especial
+care to see that the work is perfect, clean, and uncut, and then ask
+yourself this solitary question. This is the first and last commandment
+of the semi-amateur, whose method of procedure it may be interesting to
+analyse.
+
+Let us suppose that a London publisher advertises a new edition of some
+famous work, tastefully got up and luxuriously bound and illustrated.
+The issue of course is limited, as the price is high, and
+discriminating purchasers must be tempted. The old-fashioned amateur is
+not to be charmed because he persuades himself that there is plenty of
+time, and what matter if a few years later he has to pay a slightly
+enhanced price? The book will be worth it, for it will be scarce, and,
+moreover, have attained a respectable degree of antiquity, and so he
+passes it by. Not so the new school, which we will assume has answered
+its solitary question in the affirmative. The edition is snapped up in a
+moment, and single members will buy as many duplicates as they can
+afford to invest in--buy to sell again ultimately, and in the meantime
+to gloat over, like so many jackdaws eying a secreted heap of stolen
+goods. This is commonly called "cornering" an edition; and when several
+persons possessing the same opinions and the same tastes join their
+forces, it will readily be perceived that if a book will not go up of
+its own accord it may readily be forced up by judicious retention and
+self-denial. This, of course, is nothing more nor less than
+Stock-Exchange speculation, and it is satisfactory to find that
+sometimes the greedy purchaser makes a mistake and is saddled with a
+small stock of waste-paper.
+
+As previously stated in the fifth chapter, a book which has perhaps been
+cornered as often as any other, and never successfully, is Ottley's
+_Italian School of Design_, on large paper, with proof impressions. The
+published price was L25 4s., the present value is about L3 by auction.
+Here is a dreadful falling off, and the adherents of the new school have
+never yet been able to understand the reason, or to cease persuading
+themselves that the day must surely come when the book will go up. If
+anything, however, it is going down, and in the opinion of many experts
+it can never again take a respectable position in the market.
+
+Another book which has also been speculated in, and with even more
+disastrous results still, is _Hogarth's Works_, from the original
+plates, restored by Heath, and published by Baldwin and Cradock, in
+1822, at L50. This is a large and sumptuous work, with a secret pocket
+at the end, in which are, or should be, found the three suppressed
+plates. The present auction value is not much more than L4, and, judging
+from appearances, it is very unlikely to get any higher. How many people
+have burned their fingers over these two tempting works it would be very
+difficult even to guess; suffice it to say, that the amateur speculator
+often has half-a-dozen of each on his shelves, and in nine cases out of
+ten he finds them an encumbrance and a loss. As John Hill Burton truly
+says, "No good comes of gentlemen amateurs buying and selling". This is,
+of course, as it should be; but rejoicing at the fate of the enemy is
+likely to be turned into gall when it is discovered that defeat is
+bolstered up with the inevitable axiom "Better luck next time".
+
+It cannot be denied that, from a practical everyday stand-point, the
+collector who buys to sell has everything in his favour. Why should he
+not employ his knowledge to advantage? why be compelled to stock his
+library at a loss which will fall chiefly on his immediate descendants?
+why suffer the pain and mortification of ever remembering that after all
+his books are only lent to him on hire, and that as others have parted
+with the identical volumes before, so he must also part with them in his
+turn? The pleasure of possession is mixed with an alloy which is
+disquieting to the man who loves his books too well. Still, after all,
+there is one pleasure which the votaries of the new school can never
+hope to enjoy, and that is the communion with old friends. Their books
+are strangers, and even though they should learn them by heart, they
+would be strangers still. The remembrance of happy hours spent with a
+lost volume is to them as nothing compared with the ringing metal which
+replaces it; or to put the case as pleasantly as possible, we will say
+that the speculator regards a book as possessing an interest quite apart
+from its literary or domestic value. How such an one would hunger after
+the treasures secured by an eager collector at a fishmonger's shop in
+Hungerford Market some fifty years ago--"Autograph signatures of
+Godolphin, Sunderland, Ashley, Lauderdale, Ministers of James II.,
+accounts of the Exchequer Office signed by Henry VII. and Henry VIII.,
+wardrobe accounts of Queen Anne, secret service accounts marked with the
+'E. G.' of Nell Gwynne, a treatise on the Eucharist in the boyish hand
+of Edward VI., and a disquisition on the Order of the Garter, in the
+scholarly writing of Elizabeth," all of which, as Mr. Rogers Rees
+narrates, had been included in waste-paper cleared out of Somerset House
+at L7 a ton.
+
+
+
+
+PRINCIPAL SECOND-HAND BOOKSELLERS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM WHO PUBLISH
+CATALOGUES.
+
+[***] _The Date Appended is that of the Firm's Establishment._
+
+Free use has been made of Mr. Clegg's _Directory of Second-hand
+Booksellers_ in the preparation of this list; but reference has also
+been made to each firm personally.
+
+=GENERAL.=
+
+    _Aberdeen_--Bisset, Jas. G., 1879.
+      Middleton, Geo.
+      Murray, James, 1825.
+      Nicoll, Thomas P.
+      Walker & Co.
+      Wilson, J.
+      Wyllie & Son, D., _c._ 1830.
+
+    _Accrington_--Wardleworth, Jno., 1864.
+
+    _Barton-on-Humber_--Ball, Henry William, 1856.
+
+    _Bath_--Cleaver, H.
+      Gregory, George, 1879.
+      Meehan, B. & J. F., 1867.
+      Pickering, G. & F., 1852.
+
+    _Belfast_--Burns, Alex., _jun._
+      Dargan.
+      Shone, J., & Co., 1885.
+
+    _Birmingham_--Baker, Edw., 1884.
+      Brough, Wm., & Sons, 1845.
+      Downing, William, 1830.
+      Hitchman, John, 1855.
+      Lowe, Charles.
+      Midland Educ. Trading Co., Limited.
+      Thistlewood, Alf.
+      Wilson, James.
+
+    _Bournemouth_--Commin, H. G.
+      Gilbert, H. M.
+
+    _Bradford_--Hart, James.
+      Matthews & Brooke, 1840.
+      Miles, Thomas, 1879.
+
+    _Brechin_--Black & Johnston, 1817.
+
+    _Brighton_--Smith, W. J.
+      Thorpe, James.
+
+    _Bristol_--George, James.
+      George's, William, Sons, 1847.
+      Jefferies, Charles S.
+      Matthews, J., & Son.
+      Nield, Ashton.
+        " Walter.
+
+    _Burnley_--Coulston, William.
+      Lupton Brothers.
+
+    _Burton-on-Trent_--Waller, Thos.
+
+    _Bury, Lancs._--Vickerman, Chas.
+
+    _Cambridge_--Deighton, Bell & Co.
+      Hall, J., & Son, 1798.
+      Johnson, Elijah.
+      Macmillan & Bowes.
+      Tomlin, W.
+      Tomson, Octavus.
+
+    _Canterbury_--Goulden, W. E.
+
+    _Carlisle_--Grant, George S.
+
+    _Carnarvon_--Jones, John D.
+
+    _Carrickfergus_--Weatherup, Jas.
+
+    _Cheltenham_--Pink, John Wm.
+      Rawlings, H. E., 1880.
+
+    _Chester_--Edwards, J. W. P., 1870.
+
+    _Cirencester_--Baily & Son.
+
+    _Colchester_--Forster, Thos., 1883.
+      Harwood, William H. (private dealer).
+
+    _Cork_--Massey, Nassau, 1840.
+
+    _Derby_--Clayton, Mrs.
+      Murray, Frank, 1884.
+
+    _Devizes_--Colwell, John.
+
+    _Devonport_--Clarke, Josiah, & Sons.
+
+    _Dover_--Johnson, Wm., 1843.
+
+    _Dublin_--Carson Brothers.
+      Combridge.
+      Rooney, M. W., 1842.
+      Traynor, Patrick, 1849.
+
+    _Dumfries_--Anderson, John, & Son.
+
+    _Dundee_--M'Gregor, Mrs.
+      Maxwell, Alexander.
+      Petrie, George, 1875.
+
+    _Edinburgh_--Baxendine, A.
+      Brown, W.
+      Bryce, William, 1885.
+      Cameron, Richard, 1868.
+      Clay, Wm. F.
+      Dunn, James, 1888.
+      Elliot, Andrew, 1854.
+      Grant, John.
+      Hossack, T. M., 1875.
+      Hunter, R. W. (su'r. to Gemmell).
+      Johnston, George P., 1880.
+      Johnstone, Thomas.
+      Mackay, James.
+      Mackenzie, John, 1861.
+      Macleod, Norman.
+      Macniven & Wallace.
+      Macphail, Alexander.
+      Melville, Thomas.
+      Stevenson, Thos. George, 1824.
+      Stillie, James, 1826.
+      Thin, James, 1847.
+
+    _Elgin_--Watson, J. and J. A., 1775.
+
+    _Ennis_ (_Ireland_)--Hayes, James.
+
+    _Exeter_--Commin, James G.
+      Drayton, S., & Sons, 1838.
+
+    _Fritchley_ (_Derbysh._)--Wake, Hy. Thomas, 1863.
+
+    _Glasgow_--Forrester, J. P.
+      Forrester, Robert, 1850.
+      Hannah, J.
+      Hopkins, Hugh.
+      Kerr & Richardson, 1827.
+      MacLehose & Sons, 1838.
+      Muir.
+      Sime, W. S., 1837.
+
+    _Halifax_--Teal, J., 1880.
+
+    _Hastings_--Watts.
+
+    _Hull_--Annandale, R. C.
+      Cook, Robert.
+      Tutin, J. R., 1882.
+
+    _Inverness_--Melven Brothers, 1864.
+      Noble, J., 1859.
+      Snowie, William M., 1887.
+
+    _Ipswich_--Read & Barrett, 1827.
+
+    _Lancaster_--Duxbury, John, 1879.
+      West, G. S., 1877.
+
+    _Leamington_--Collier, John.
+      Kennard, Tho., 1875.
+
+    _Leeds_--Ashworth, J. H. and A., 1830.
+      Dodgson, Joseph.
+      Jackson, R.
+      Lees, F. R., & Co., 1880.
+      Miles, James.
+      Milligan, Thomas, 1859.
+      Symington, John S., 1881.
+
+    _Leicester_--Holyoak, W. H., 1880.
+      Murray, Frank.
+      Spencer, Jno. and Thos., 1853.
+
+    _Lichfield_--Asher, Henry, 1877.
+
+    _Liverpool_--Gibbons, F. and E.
+      Hales & Co., 1869.
+      Howell, Edward.
+      Parry & Co.
+      Potter, William.
+      Young, Henry, & Sons, 1849.
+
+    _London_--Alexander, S., 42 Kingsland Rd., E.
+      Bailey Brothers, 36A Newington Butts, S.E., 1875.
+      Bain, Jas., 1 Haymarket, S.W.
+      Bensberg Bros., 344 Holloway Rd., N.
+      Bickers & Son, 1 Leicester Sq., W.C.
+      Brown, C. and E., 13 Bishop's Rd., Paddington, W., 1876.
+      Buchanan, J., 49 Great Queen St., W.C.
+      Bull & Auvache, 35 Hart St., W.C.
+      Bumpus, Edw., Holborn Bars, W.C.
+      Bumpus, John, 350 Oxford St., W., 1840.
+      Cooper, Alf., 234 and 236 King St., Hammersmith, W., & 8 Newland
+        Terrace, High St., Kensington, W.
+      Cornish, Jas., & Sons, 297 High Holborn, W.C., _c._ 1840.
+      Edwards, Francis, 83 High St., Marylebone, 1860.
+      Edwards, Thomas, & Co., Northumberland Avenue, W.C.
+      Evans, M., & Co., 61 Charing Cross Rd., W.C.
+      Galwey, John, 17 Garrick St., W.C., 1890.
+      Garrett, J. E., & Co., 48 Southampton Row, W.C.
+      Gladwell, T., 101-3 Goswell Rd., E.C., 1860.
+      Glaisher, George, Southampton Row, W.C., 1841.
+      Grose, Wm., 17 Panton Street, Haymarket, W., 1875.
+      Gunn, James, 49 Bedford St., W.C., 1870.
+      Hartley, H. H., 81 Park St., Camden Town, N.W., 1888.
+        [_Specialite_: 18th cent. Literature.]
+      Hayes, T., 50 Broke Rd., Dalston, N.E.
+      Herbert, C., 319 Goswell Rd., E.C.
+      Higham, Chas., 27A Farringdon St., E.C., 1862.
+      Hill, H. R., & Son, 1 Booksellers' Row, W.C., 1849.
+      Hindley, C., 41 Booksellers' Row, W.C.
+      Jackson, Alb., G. Portland St., W.
+      Jarvis, J. W., & Son, 28 King William St., Strand.
+      Jones, F. R., 82 Ilbert Street, Queen's Park, W.
+      Lazarus, S. H., 3 and 51 Booksellers' Row, W.C.
+      McCaskie, R., 110 Iverson Rd., N.W.
+      Maggs, Uriah, 159 Church St., Paddington Gr., W., 1860.
+      Maurice, A., & Co., St. Martin's House, Gresham St., E.C.
+      May, 225 Edgware Rd., W., 1878.
+      May, George H., 9 Royal Arcade, Old Bond St., W., 1882.
+      Menken, E., 3 Bury St., Oxford St., W.C.
+      Mills, T. B., 2 Palace Street, Buckingham Gate, S.W., 1880.
+      Myers, A. I., & Co., 49 Booksellers' Row, W.C., 1889.
+      Nicholls, Wardour St., W.
+      Nutt, David, 270-1 Strand, W.C., 1830.
+      Parker, R. J., 204 High Holborn, W.C.
+      Parsons, E., & Sons, 45 Brompton Rd., S.W., 1858.
+      Quaritch, B., 15 Piccadilly, W.
+      Reader, A., 1 Orange St., Red Lion Square, W.C.
+      Reeves & Turner, 196 Strand, W.C., 1848.
+      Ridler, W., 45 Booksellers' Row, W.C.
+      Roche, J., 38 New Oxford St., W.C., 1850. [_Specialite_:
+        Standard Library Editions.]
+      Rogers, H. A., 83 Hanley Rd., Strand Green, N.
+      Sabin, F. T., 118 Shaftesbury Avenue, W.
+      Salisbury, Jesse, 11 New Court, Farringdon Street, E.C.
+      Salkeld, John, 315 Clapham Rd., S.W.
+      Sandell & Smith, 136 City Rd., E.C., 1830.
+      Selwyn, Henry, 74 Brompton Rd., S.W., _c._ 1876.
+      Sotheran, Henry, & Co., 36 Piccadilly and 136 Strand.
+      Simmons, New Oxford St., W.C.
+      Streletzki, L., 19 Newcastle St., Whitechapel, E.
+      Westell, J., 114 New Oxford St., W.C., 1841.
+      Wright, W., 34 Cranbourn St.
+
+    _Manchester_--Battle, F.
+      Cornish, J. E., 1854.
+      Maddocks, J. J. [_Specialites_: Shakespeare, Wordsworth,
+        Coleridge.]
+      Sotheran, Henry, & Co., 1816.
+      Sutton, Albert, 1848.
+        " R. H.
+      Wilson, James, 1866.
+      Wilson, Thomas, 1840.
+
+    _Merthyr Tydvil_--Wilkins, W.
+
+    _Montrose_--Davidson, David P.
+      Nairn, John, & Son.
+
+    _Nairn_--Melven Brothers.
+
+    _Newcastle-on-Tyne_--Bond, Wm. B., 1881.
+      Browne & Browne, 1884.
+      Thorne, Thomas.
+
+    _Northampton_--Billingham, Wm., 1850.
+      Mutton, Fred., 1876.
+      Taylor & Son.
+
+    _Norwich_--Hunt, Wm., 1860.
+      Jarrold & Sons.
+
+    _Nottingham_--Bryan, George.
+      Murray, Frank, 1881.
+
+    _Oban_--Boyd, Thos. [_Specialite_: Gaelic.]
+
+    _Omagh_--Carson, Nathaniel, 1870.
+
+    _Oxford_--Blackwell, B. H., 1879.
+      Gee, W. H.
+      Parker & Co., Jas., _c._ 1800.
+      Shrimpton, T., & Son, _c._ 1790.
+      Slatter & Rose.
+      Thornton, Joseph, & Son, 1835.
+
+    _Paisley_--Ballantyne, Jno., & Son, 1877.
+
+    _Penzance_--Kinsman, John.
+
+    _Plymouth_--Attwood, G. H.
+
+    _Portsmouth_--Griffin & Co. [naval only].
+      Long, W. H., 1876.
+      Trayte, George.
+
+    _Preston_--Halewood, William.
+      Robinson, Henry, 1860.
+
+    _Reading_--The Lovejoy Library, 1832 (Miss Langley).
+      Poynder, E.
+      Smith, William, 1874.
+      Thorp, Thomas, 1860.
+
+    _Retford_--Smith, Jno. Martin, 1870.
+
+    _Richmond, Surrey_--Hiscoke & Son, 1851.
+      Palmer, George M.
+
+    _Rochdale_--Clegg, James, 1857.
+
+    _Rugby_--Lawrence, Alf., 1834.
+      Over, George E., 1882.
+
+    _St. Neots_--Tomson, David Rich., 1860.
+
+    _Salisbury_--Broadbere, Benj.
+      Brown & Co.
+      Simmonds, N., & Co., 1881.
+
+    _Scarborough_--Hargreaves & Inger.
+      Yule, John.
+
+    _Sheffield_--Warde, Thomas.
+
+    _Shrewsbury_--Bennett, John.
+
+    _Southampton_--Gilbert, H. M.
+      James, T., & Co., 1849.
+
+    _Southport_--Ashworth, Jno., 1885.
+
+    _Stirling_--Cook, William B.
+
+    _Stockton-on-Tees_--Brown, John.
+
+    _Stratford-on-Avon_--Miss Trimming.
+
+    _Stroud, Gloucs._--Collins, William, 1881.
+
+    _Swansea_--Price, Thomas, 1874.
+
+    _Taunton_--Barnicott & Pearce.
+      Butland, Reuben.
+
+    _Teddington_--Miss Millard.
+
+    _Tiverton_--Masland, Wm., _c._ 1840.
+
+    _Torquay_--Iredale, Andrew, 1872.
+      King, Charles.
+
+    _Truro_--Clyma, William J.
+      Pollard, Joseph.
+
+    _Walsall_--Robinson, George.
+
+    _Walthamstow_--Mayhew, F.
+
+    _Weymouth_--Wheeler, Harry.
+
+    _Wigan_--Starr, James, 1886.
+
+    _Winchester_--Warren & Son, 1835.
+
+    _Worcester_--Humphreys, E. G., 1805.
+
+    _Worksop_--White, Robert, 1847.
+
+    _York_--Sampson, John B.
+
+
+=The majority of the Undermentioned Booksellers are also General
+Booksellers, but their Specialities are as indicated.=
+
+
+BOOKS ON AMERICA AND THE COLONIES.
+
+    _Bath_--Meehan, B. & J. F., 1867.
+
+    _Brighton_--Smith, W. J.
+
+    _Bristol_--George's, Wm., Sons, 1847.
+
+    _Exeter_--Commin, James G.
+
+    _Leeds_--Ashworth, J. H. and A., 1830.
+      Milligan, Thomas, 1859.
+
+    _London_--Brentano's, 430 Strand, W.C.
+      Edwards, Francis, 83 High St., Marylebone, 1860.
+      Gray, Henry, 47 Leicester Sq., W.C.
+      Maggs, Uriah, 159 Church St., Paddington Gr., W., 1860.
+      Petherick, E. A., & Co., 33 Paternoster Row, E.C. [Colonial
+        books].
+      Pickering & Chatto, 66 Haymarket, S.W., 1820.
+      Quaritch, Bernard, 15 Piccadilly, W.
+      Stevens, B. F., 4 Trafalgar Sq., W.C.
+      Stevens, Henry, & Son, 39 Great Russell Street, W.C.
+
+    _Walthamstow_--Mayhew, F.
+
+
+    =AUCTIONEERS (BOOK).=
+
+    _Leeds_--Symington, John S., 1881.
+
+    _London_--Christie, Manson, & Woods, 8 King St., S.W.
+      Hodgson, H. H., & Co., 115 Chancery Lane, W.C.
+      Puttick & Simpson, 47 Leicester Square, W.C.
+      Sotheby, Wilkinson, & Hodge, 13 Wellington St., Strand, W.C.
+
+
+    =AUTOGRAPHS=.
+
+    _Barton-on-Humber_--Ball, H. W.
+
+    _Birmingham_--Conway, Noel, & Co.
+
+    _Colchester_--Golding, Chas., 1873.
+
+    _Edinburgh_--Brown, A.
+      Brown, William, 1877.
+
+    _London_--Barker, Fred., 41 Gunterstone Rd., W., 1882.
+      Davey, Sam. J., 47 Gt. Russell St., W.C.
+      Fawcett, H., 14 King Street, Covent Garden, W.C.
+      Pearson, J., & Co., 5 Pall Mall Place, S.W.
+      Robson & Kerslake, 23 Coventry St., W., 1870.
+
+    _Teddington_--Miss Millard.
+
+
+    =CLASSICS AND COLLEGE BOOKS.=
+
+    _Aberdeen_--Bisset, Jas. G., 1879.
+
+    _Bath_--Gregory, George, 1879.
+
+    _Cambridge_--_See_ General.
+
+    _Durham_--Slack, John.
+
+    _Edinburgh_--Bryce, William, 1885.
+      Hossack, T. M., 1875.
+      Mackenzie, John, 1861.
+      Thin, James, 1847.
+
+    _Glasgow_--Sime, W. S., 1837.
+
+    _Leeds_--Symington, Jno. S., 1881.
+
+    _Liverpool_--Howell, Edward.
+      Parry & Co.
+
+    _Oxford_--_See_ General.
+
+
+    =FINE ARTS AND ARCHITECTURE.=
+
+    _Belfast_--Dargan.
+      Shone, J., & Co.
+
+    _Birmingham_--Crees, Wm. Henry, 1884 [water-col. drawings].
+      Downing, William.
+
+    _Bristol_--George, James.
+
+    _Glasgow_--Forrester, Robert.
+      M'Clure, Robert, 1880.
+      Muir.
+
+    _Ilkley_--Watson, Wm.
+
+    _London_--Bain, Jas., 1 Haymarket, S.W.
+      Batsford, B. T., 52 High Holborn, W.C., 1843 [specially
+        architecture, engineering, &c.].
+      Bickers & Son, 1 Leicester Sq.
+      Bumpus, Edw., Holborn Bars, W.C.
+      Bumpus, John, 350 Oxford St., W., 1840.
+      Jackson, A., 224 Great Portland St., W.
+      Parsons, E., & Sons, 45 Brompton Rd., S.W., 1858.
+      Quaritch, B., 15 Piccadilly, W.
+      Rimell, J., & Son, 91 Oxford St., W.
+      Selwyn, H., 74 Brompton Rd., S.W.
+      Sotheran, H., & Co., 36 Piccadilly and 136 Strand.
+      Ward, William, 28 Southampton St., Strand.
+
+    _Rugby_--A. J. Lawrence.
+
+
+    =FINE BINDINGS.=
+
+    _Liverpool_--Howell, Edward.
+
+    _London_--Bickers & Son, 1 Leicester Sq., W.C.
+      Bumpus, Jno., 350 Oxford St., W., 1840.
+      Ellis & Elvey, 29 New Bond St., W.
+      Pickering & Chatto, 66 Haymarket, S.W., 1820.
+      Quaritch, Bernard, 15 Piccadilly, W.
+      Robson & Kerslake, 23 Coventry St., W., 1870.
+      Sotheran, H., & Co., 36 Piccadilly, and 136 Strand.
+      Tregaskis, J. & M. L., 232 High Holborn, W.C.
+      Zaehnsdorf, Shaftesbury Av., 1840.
+
+
+    =FIRST EDITIONS OF MODERN BOOKS.=
+
+    [***] _See also_ RARE BOOKS.
+
+    _Bath_--Meehan, B. & J. F., 1867.
+
+    _Birmingham_--Baker, Edward.
+      Hitchman, J., 1855.
+
+    _Bournemouth_--Commin, H. G.
+
+    _Burnley_--Lupton Brothers.
+
+    _Derby_--Murray, Frank, 1884.
+
+    _Edinburgh_--Brown, Wm., 1877.
+      Stillie, James, 1826.
+
+    _Exeter_--Commin, J. G.
+
+    _Leeds_--Milligan, Thos.
+
+    _Leicester_--Murray, Frank, 1884.
+
+    _Liverpool_--Parry & Co.
+      Young, Hy., & Sons, 1849.
+
+    _London_--Bain, Jas., 1 Haymarket, S.W.
+      Bickers & Son, 1 Leicester Sq.
+      Bumpus, Edw., Holborn Bars.
+      Bumpus, Jno., 350 Oxford St., W., 1840.
+      Dobell, B., Charing Cross Rd.
+      Hubbard, J. R., 10 Allen Terr., High Street, Kensington.
+      Hutt, F. H., 10 Clement's Inn Pass., Strand.
+      Hutt, Wm., 3 Hyde St., Oxford Street, W.C.
+      Lachlan, F. C, 60 Canonbury Road, N., 1876.
+      Maggs, Uriah, 159 Church St., Paddington Gr., W., 1860.
+      Mathews (Elkin) & Lane (John), Vigo St., W.
+      Maurice, A., & Co., Gresham St.
+      May, B., 225 Edgware Rd., W., 1878.
+      Menken, E., 3 Bury St., Oxford Street, W.C.
+      Parsons, E., & Sons, 45 Brompton Road, S.W., 1858.
+      Pickering & Chatto, 66 Haymarket, S.W., 1820.
+      Robson & Kerslake, 23 Coventry St., W., 1870.
+      Sabin, F. T., 118 Shaftesbury Avenue, W.
+      Spencer, W. T., 27 New Oxford Street, W.C., 1884.
+      Tregaskis, J. & M. L., 232 High Holborn, W.C.
+
+    _Nottingham_--Murray, Frank, 1884.
+
+    _Salisbury_--Simmonds, N., & Co., 1881.
+
+
+    =FOREIGN.=
+
+    _Birmingham_--Hector, E., 1886.
+
+    _Cambridge_--Deighton, Bell & Co.
+
+    _Edinburgh_--Williams & Norgate.
+      Young, George Adam, & Co.
+
+    _Liverpool_--Hales & Co., 1869.
+      [Specialite: Spanish Books.]
+
+    _London_--Asher & Co., 1864.
+      Dulau & Co., Soho Sq., W.
+      Grevel, H., & Co., 33 King St., Covent Garden, W.C.
+      Kolckmann, J. W., 2 Langham Place, W.
+      Luzac & Co., 46 Great Russell Street, W.C., 1890.
+      Menken, E., 3 Bury St., Oxford St., W.C.
+      Nutt, David, 270-1 Strand, W.C., 1830.
+      Paul (Kegan), Trench, Truebner & Co., Ld., Charing Cross Road, W.C.
+      Siegle, A., 30 Lime St., E.C.
+      Thimm & Co. (Franz), 24 Brook St., W., 1841.
+      Williams & Norgate, 14 Henrietta Street, W.C.
+
+
+    =FREETHOUGHT.=
+
+    _Leicester_--Holyoak, W. H., 1880.
+
+    _London_--Forder, G., Stonecutter St., E.C.
+      Watts & Co., 17 Johnson's Ct., Fleet St., 1860.
+
+    _Walthamstow_--Mayhew, F.
+
+    =GENEALOGY AND HERALDRY.=
+
+    _Birmingham_--Hitchman, J., 1855.
+
+    _Bristol_--George's, Wm., Sons, 1847.
+
+    _London_--Mitchell & Hughes, 140 Wardour Street, W., 1797.
+      Parsons, E., & Sons, 45 Brompton Rd., S.W., 1858.
+
+
+    =LAW.=
+
+    _Edinburgh_--Green, Wm., & Sons, 1874.
+
+    _London_--Amer, R., Lincoln's Inn Gate, W.C., Carey St., 1848.
+      The Kelly Book Co., Ld., Lincoln's Inn Gate, W.C.
+      King, P. S., & Son, 5 King St., Westminster [Parliamentary papers
+        and books].
+      Reeves & Turner, 100 Chancery Lane, W.C.
+      Stevens & Sons, Ld., 119-20 Chancery Lane, 1810.
+      Sweet & Maxwell, Ld., 3 Chancery Lane.
+      Wildy & Sons, Lincoln's Inn Archway, W.C., 1830.
+
+
+    =MUSIC.=
+
+    _Birmingham_--Thistlewood, A.
+
+    _London_--Gladwell, Thos., 101-3 Goswell Rd., E.C.
+      Reeves, Wm., 185 Fleet St., E.C.
+      Salisbury, J., 11 New Court, Farringdon St., E.C., 1884.
+
+
+    =NATURAL HISTORY.=
+
+    _Bath_--Marsden, Herbt. W., 1875.
+
+    _Colchester_--Harwood, Wm. H. (private dealer).
+
+    _Exeter_--Commin, James G.
+
+    _London_--Bain, Jas., 1 Haymarket.
+      Bickers & Son, 1 Leicester Sq., W.C.
+      Irvine, J., 28 Upper Manor St., Chelsea, 1863.
+      Maurice, A., & Co., Gresham St.
+      Porter, R. H., 18 Princes St., Cavendish Sq., W., 1875.
+      Quaritch, Bernard, 15 Piccadilly, W.
+      Sotheran, H., & Co., 36 Piccadilly, and 136 Strand.
+      Wesley, W., & Son, 28 Essex St., Strand, W.C.
+      Wheldon, J., 58 Great Queen Street, W.C., 1838.
+
+
+    =NUMISMATICS.=
+
+    _Colchester_--Forster, Thos., 1883.
+      Golding, Chas., 1873.
+
+    _Inverness_--Snowie, Wm. M., 1887.
+
+    _London_--Quaritch, Bernard, 15 Piccadilly, W.
+
+
+    =ODD VOLS. AND BACK NOS.=
+
+    _London_--Baxter, Sam., 20 Paternoster Row, E.C.
+      Dent, W., 34 Southampton Rd., Kentish Town, N.W.
+      George, E., 231 Whitechapel Road, E.
+      Platnauer, Fetter Lane, E.C.
+
+
+    =ORIENTAL LITERATURE.=
+
+    _London_--Allen, W. H., & Co., Ld., Waterloo Place, S.W.
+      Quaritch, Bernard, 15 Piccadilly, W.
+
+    _See also_ Luzac, Nutt, Williams & Norgate, _under_ FOREIGN.
+
+
+    =QUAKERS.=
+
+    _Fritchley, Derby_--Wake, H. T., 1863.
+
+    _London_--Hicks, E., _jun._, 14 Bishopsgate St., E.C.
+      Smith, Joseph, 6 Oxford St., Whitechapel, 1848.
+
+
+    =RARE BOOKS. EARLY-PRINTED BOOKS.=
+
+    _Bath_--Gregory, Geo., 1879.
+      Meehan, B. & J. F., 1867.
+
+    _Belfast_--Dargan.
+
+    _Brighton_--Bohn, Jno.
+      Smith, W. J.
+      Toon, Thomas.
+
+    _Edinburgh_--Brown, Wm., 1877.
+      Johnston, Geo. P., 1880.
+      Stillie, James, 1826.
+
+    _Glasgow_--Kerr & Richardson, 1827.
+
+    _Liverpool_--Young, H., & Sons, 1849.
+
+    _London_--Bain, Jas., 1 Haymarket, S.W.
+      Ellis & Elvey, 29 New Bond Street, W.
+      Harvey, Frcs., 4 St. James's St., S.W.
+      Leighton, J. & J., 40 Brewer St., Golden Sq., W.
+      Maggs, Uriah, Paddington Green, W.
+      Nattali, H. C., 23 Bedford St., Strand, W.C., 1825.
+      Nutt, David, 270-1 Strand, W.C., 1830.
+      Pearson, J., & Co., 5 Pall Mall Place, S.W.
+      Pickering & Chatto, 66 Haymarket, S.W., 1820.
+      Quaritch, Bernard, 15 Piccadilly, W.
+      Robson & Kerslake, 23 Coventry Street, W., 1870.
+      Sabin, F. T., 118 Shaftesbury Avenue, W.
+      Sotheran, H., & Co., 36 Piccadilly, and 136 Strand.
+      Tregaskis, J. and M. L., 232 High Holborn, W.C.
+
+
+    ="REMAINDERS."=
+
+    _Edinburgh_--Grant, John.
+
+    _Exeter_--Commin, J. G.
+
+    _London_--Avery, E., 63 Greek St., Soho, 1879.
+      Gibbings, W. W., 18 Bury St., W.C. (Trade only.)
+      Glaisher, Wm., 265 High Holborn, W.C., 1853.
+      Herbert, C., 319 Goswell Rd., E.C.
+      Miles, T., & Co., 95 Upper St., Islington, N.
+      Reeves & Turner, 196 Strand, W.C.
+      Smith, W. H., & Son, 186 Strand, W.C.
+
+    [***] _Most General Booksellers also
+    deal in "Remainders" now._
+
+
+    =ROMAN CATHOLIC.=
+
+    _London_--Baker, Thos., 1 Soho Sq., W., 1849.
+      Burns & Oates, Ld., Orchard St., W.
+      Washbourne, R., 18 Paternoster Row, E.C., 1866.
+
+    _See also_ THEOLOGY.
+
+
+    =SCIENCE AND MEDICINE.=
+
+    _Aberdeen_--Bisset, Jas. G., 1879.
+
+    _Birmingham_--Hector, E., 1886.
+
+    _Cambridge_--_See_ General.
+
+    _Edinburgh_--Bryce, Wm., 1885.
+      Clay, W. F. [_Specialite_: Chemistry and Allied Sciences.]
+      Livingstone, E. and S., 1863.
+      Pentland, Young J.
+      Thin, James, 1847.
+
+    _Glasgow_--Sime, W. S., 1837.
+      Stenhouse, Alex., 1860.
+
+    _Liverpool_--Howell, Edward.
+
+    _London_--Kimpton, Rich., 126 Wardour St., W.
+      Lewis, H. K., 136 Gower St., W.C., 1844.
+      Pentland, Young J., 38 West Smithfield, E.C.
+      Poole, Jos., & Co., 39 Booksellers' Row, W.C., 1854.
+
+    _Oxford_--_See_ General.
+
+
+    =SHORTHAND.=
+
+    _Edinburgh_--Mackay.
+
+    _London_--McCaskie, R., 110 Iverson Rd., N.W.
+
+
+    =SPORTS AND RURAL BOOKS.=
+
+    _Bradford_--Miles, Thomas, 1879.
+
+    _Exeter_--Commin, James G.
+
+    _Kelso_--Rutherford, J. and J. H., 1802.
+
+    _London_--Robson & Kerslake, 23 Coventry St., W., 1870.
+      Pickering & Chatto, 66 Haymarket, S.W., 1820.
+      Spencer, W. J., 27 New Oxford St., W.C., 1884.
+      Toovey, Jas., 177 Piccadilly, W.
+      Wheldon, J., 58 Great Queen Street, W.C., 1838.
+
+    _York_--Sampson, John B.
+
+
+    =SURPLUS LIBRARY BOOKS.=
+
+    _Edinburgh_--Douglas & Foulis.
+      Grant & Son.
+      Macniven & Wallace, 1878.
+
+    _Glasgow_--Bryce, David, & Son.
+      MacLehose & Sons, 1838.
+
+    _London_--Cawthorn & Hutt, 24 Cockspur St., S.W., 1740.
+      Day, John, & Son, 96 Mount St., W., 1771.
+      Mudie's Select Library, Ld., 30-4 New Oxford St., W.C., 1842.
+      Smith, W. H., & Son, 186 Strand.
+
+    _Manchester_--Mudie's Select Lib. Co., Ld.
+
+
+    =TEMPERANCE.=
+
+    _Leeds_--Lees, F. R., & Co., 1880.
+
+
+    =THEATRE.=
+
+    _London_--Kornman, F., 168 High Holborn, W.C., 1882.
+      Suckling & Galloway, 13 Garrick St., W.C., 1889.
+
+
+    =THEOLOGY.=
+
+    _Aberdeen_--Milne, A. and R., 1852.
+      Murray, Jas.
+
+    _Barton-on-Humber_--Ball, H. W.
+
+    _Bath_--Gregory, Geo., 1879.
+
+    _Birmingham_--Crees, W. H., 1884.
+
+    _Bournemouth_--Commin, H. G.
+
+    _Bristol_--Fawn, Jas., & Son.
+      George's, Wm., Sons, 1847.
+
+    _Burton-on-Trent_--Waller, Thos.
+
+    _Cambridge_--Johnson, Elijah.
+
+    _Devonport_--Clarke, Josiah, & Sons.
+
+    _Durham_--Slack, Jno.
+
+    _Edinburgh_--Dunn, Jas., 1888.
+      Elliot, Andrew, 1854.
+      Hunter, R. W. (successor to Gemmell, 1873).
+      Mackenzie, John, 1861.
+      Macniven & Wallace.
+      Thin, Jas., 1847.
+      Young, Geo. Adam, & Co.
+
+    _Ely_--Creak, W. B.
+
+    _Exeter_--Drayton, S., & Sons.
+
+    _Hull_--Annandale, R. C.
+
+    _Liverpool_--Parry & Co.
+
+    _London_--Baker, Thos., 1 Soho Sq., W., 1849.
+      Barton, Jno., 11 St. George's Rd., S.E.
+      Bull & Auvache, 35 Hart St., W.C.
+      Cooper, Alfred--_See_ General.
+      Dickinson, R. D., 89 Farringdon St., E.C., 1876.
+      Harding, Geo., 6 Hyde St., Oxford St., W.C.
+      Harper, Wm., 58 Tabernacle St., E.C., 1842.
+      Higham, C., 27A Farringdon St., E.C., 1862. [_Specialite_:
+        Hymnology.]
+      Sandell & Smith, 136 City Rd., E.C., 1830.
+      Skeffington & Son, 163 Piccadilly, W.
+      Westell, J., 114 New Oxford St., W.C., 1841.
+
+    _Nairn_--Melven Brothers.
+
+    _Northampton_--Billingham, Wm., 1850.
+
+    _Oxford_--Parker & Co., Jas., _c._ 1800.
+
+    _Worcester_--Humphreys, E. G., 1805.
+
+
+    =THEOSOPHY & OCCULTISM.=
+
+    _Edinburgh_--Thomson Brothers, 1875.
+
+    _Glasgow_--Thomson & Co., 1870.
+
+    _London_--Burns, J., Southampton Row, W.C.
+      Dobell, B., Charing Cross Rd., W.C.
+      Foulsham, W., 4 Pilgrim St., E.C.
+      Maggs, Uriah, 159 Church St., Paddington Green, W., 1860.
+      Menken, E., 3 Bury St., Oxford St., W.C.
+
+
+    =TOPOGRAPHY & ANTIQUITIES.=
+
+    _Aberdeen_--Wyllie, D., & Son, _c._ 1830.
+      Murray, Jas.
+
+    _Barton-on-Humber_--Ball, Hy. W.
+
+    _Bath_--Gregory, Geo., 1845.
+      Meehan, B. & J. F., 1867.
+
+    _Belfast_--Shone, J., & Co.
+
+    _Birmingham_--Downing, William.
+      Hitchman, John, 1855.
+
+    _Bournemouth_--Commin, H. G.
+
+    _Bradford_--Miles, Thos., 1879.
+
+    _Brechin_--Black & Johnston, 1817.
+
+    _Brighton_--Smith, W. J.
+
+    _Bristol_--Fawn, Jas., & Son.
+      George's, Wm., Sons, 1847.
+
+    _Cambridge_--Macmillan & Bowes.
+
+    _Canterbury_--Goulden, W. E.
+
+    _Colchester_--Forster, Thos., 1883.
+      Golding, Chas., 1873.
+
+    _Cork_--Massey, Nassau, 1840.
+
+    _Devonport_--Clarke, Josiah, & Sons.
+
+    _Dublin_--Carson Brothers.
+      Traynor, Patrick, 1849.
+      Weldrick, J. F.
+
+    _Dundee_--Maxwell, Alex.
+      Petrie, Geo., 1875.
+
+    _Durham_--Slack, Jno.
+
+    _Edinburgh_--Brown, Wm., 1877.
+      Cameron, Rich., 1868.
+      Clay, W. F.
+      Stillie, James, 1826.
+
+    _Exeter_--Commin, J. G.
+      Drayton, S., & Sons.
+
+    _Glasgow_--McClure, Rob., 1880.
+
+    _Gravesend_--Ridgway, Alf., 1885.
+
+    _Guildford_--Farnfield, S., & Co.
+
+    _Hull_--Annandale, R. C.
+
+    _Inverness_--Noble, J., 1859 [also Gaelic books].
+
+    _Ipswich_--Read & Barrett, 1827.
+
+    _Kelso_--Rutherford, J. & J. H., 1802.
+
+    _Leamington_--Kennard, Tos., 1875.
+
+    _Leeds_--Ashworth, J. H. & A., 1830.
+      Milligan, Thomas, 1859.
+      Symington, John S., 1881.
+
+    _Leicester_--Murray, Frank, 1884.
+      Spencer, Jno. and Thos., 1853.
+
+    _Liverpool_--Howell, Edward.
+      Young, Henry, & Sons, 1849.
+
+    _London_--Bain, Jas., 1 Haymarket, S.W.
+      Bickers & Son, 1 Leicester Sq.
+      Daniell, W. V., 53 Mortimer St., W.
+      Ellington, Robert, 15 Fitzroy St., W.
+      Gray, Henry, 47 Leicester Sq., W.C.
+      Harding, George, 6 Hyde St., Oxford St., W.C.
+      Leighton, J. and J., 40 Brewer St., Golden Sq., W.
+      Maggs, Uriah, 159 Church St., Paddington Gr., W., 1860.
+      Millard, Miss, Teddington, W.
+      Nield, Jon, 14 Great Russell St., W.C.
+      Palmer, C. S., 100 Southampton Row, W.C., 1819.
+      Parsons, E., & Sons, 45 Brompton Rd., S.W., 1858.
+      Quaritch, Bernard, 15 Piccadilly, W.
+      Ridler, W., 45 Booksellers' Row, W.C.
+      Rimell, J., & Son, 91 Oxford St., W.C.
+      Sotheran, H., & Co., 36 Piccadilly and 136 Strand.
+      Toovey, Jas., 177 Piccadilly, W.
+
+    _Nairn_--Melven Brothers.
+
+    _Northampton_--Taylor & Son.
+
+    _Norwich_--Hunt, Wm., 1860.
+      Jarrold & Sons.
+
+    _Oxford_--Parker & Co., Jas., _c._ 1800.
+      Shrimpton, T., & Son, _c._ 1790.
+
+    _Penzance_--Kinsman, John.
+
+    _Rochdale_--Clegg, James, 1857.
+
+    _Salisbury_--Brown & Co.
+
+    _Stirling_--Cook, William B.
+
+    _Torquay_--Iredale, Andrew.
+      King, Charles.
+
+    _Worksop_--White, Robert, 1847.
+
+    _York_--Sampson, John B.
+
+
+    TRAVEL.
+
+    _Bath_--Meehan, B. & J. F., 1867.
+
+    _Bristol_--George's, Wm., Sons, 1847.
+
+    _London_--Bain, Jas., 1 Haymarket, S.W.
+      Bickers & Son, 1 Leicester Sq., W.C.
+      Maggs, Uriah, 159 Church St., Paddington Gr., W., 1860.
+
+
+
+
+    SPINK & SON,
+    THE OLDEST ESTABLISHED
+    DEALERS IN COINS AND MEDALS,
+    2, GRACECHURCH STREET, CORNHILL, LONDON, E.C.
+
+List of a few Specialities on View and for Sale.
+
+
+GOLD.
+
+    =NOBLES.=    Edward III.    Edward IV.    from  L1 10 0
+        Half do.      "            "            "    1  0 0
+        Quarter do.   "                         "    0 10 0
+
+    =ANGELS.= Edwd. IV. Henry VII. Henry VIII.  "    1  5 0
+
+    =SOVEREIGNS.= Elizabeth.                    "    2 10 0
+        Half do.      "                         "    1 10 0
+        Quarter do.   "                         "    1  0 0
+
+    =SOVEREIGNS.= James I. Charles I.           "    1  8 0
+        Half do.      "        "                "    1  0 0
+        Quarter do.   "        "                "    0 10 0
+
+    =SOVEREIGNS.= Commonwealth                  "    2 10 0
+        Half do.       "                        "    3 10 0
+        Quarter do.    "                        "    2  5 0
+
+    =FIVE GUINEA PIECES.= various reigns        "    6 10 0
+        Two Guinea do.         "                "    2 10 0
+        Guineas                "                "    1  2 6
+        Half do.               "                "    0 11 6
+        Quarter do. Geo. I. Geo. III.           "    0  8 6
+        Seven Shilling Pieces                   "    0  8 0
+        Greek Staters and divisions, Prices on application
+        Roman Aurei                          "
+        Jubilee Coins at close prices        "
+
+
+SILVER. Early Pennies.
+
+    Ethelred II. various Mints                 from  0  2 6
+    Canute             "                         "   0  2 6
+    William I.         "                         "   0  4 6
+    Henry II. & III.   " (_long or short cross_) "   0  1 0
+    Edward I. & II.    "                         "   0  1 0
+
+
+GROATS.
+
+    Edward III.                                  "   0  1 6
+    Edward IV.                                   "   0  2 0
+    Henry V., VI., VII., VIII.                   "   O  1 6
+
+
+                Crowns.  Half-Crowns.  Shillings.  Sixpences.
+
+    Charles I. from 20/- from 3/6      from 1/6    from 9d.
+    Charles II.  "  5/9    "  3/6        "  1/6      "  8/6
+    James II.    "  7/6    "  6/6        "  8/6      "  8/6
+    William & Mary  20/-   "  3/6        "  5/-      "  7/6
+
+[P.T.O.
+
+
+
+
+    E. SUMNER'S
+    Naturalists' Stores,
+    135 OXFORD ST., LONDON, W.
+
+    The
+    Kensington
+    Insectarium.
+
+[Illustration: PATENTED.]
+
+    The
+    Kensington
+    Reptilarium.
+
+
+This most ingenious invention is designed for the rearing of all living
+objects of Natural History, and is of the greatest assistance in the
+scientific study (under the most favourable conditions) of the wonderful
+economy and transformation of nature, and so constructed as to enable
+the specimen to develop to the fullest perfection.
+
+=No. 1=, as illustrated, is a Ventilated Lid or Cover, with deep rim
+(which fits inside of glass case, No. 2), deep enough to prevent larvae
+from spinning on the glass, thus allowing the cover, with cocoons and
+pupae attached, to be removed for inspection, or stored away in large
+cages until they emerge.
+
+=No. 2=, Glass Case, which permits the full power of light to freely
+enter on all parts of the specimens from every point of view.
+
+=No. 3=, The Base (which the Case No. 2 fits into) is made to contain
+earth for the growing of plants, or for the use of those insects who
+bury during pupa state. The bottom of the base is perforated to allow
+the air to pass through the case, thus preventing over-heating,
+steaming, or mildew of the specimens, earth, or plants, which is very
+difficult to prevent in other forms of cases.
+
+=No. 4=, Is a small movable Pot to contain water in which the stems of
+food plants may be placed that cannot be grown in the case, such as the
+cuttings of trees, etc., which last for a considerable time in this
+case.
+
+The Pot has a perforated india-rubber cover to prevent the larvae from
+entering the water.
+
+
+    Height. Diameter. Price. | Height. Diameter. Price.
+    6 in. 2-3/4 in. 2/-| 9 in. 4-1/4 in. 3/6
+    7 in. 3-1/4 in. 2/6 | 10 in. 4-3/4 in. 5/6
+    8 in. 3-3/4 in. 3/-| 11 in. 5-1/4 in. 7/6
+
+    NOTE.--_The various parts are supplied separately._
+
+E. SUMNER, 135 Oxford Street, London, W.
+
+
+
+
+E. SUMNER'S
+
+NATURALISTS' STORES.
+
+=The Largest and Cheapest Establishment in the World for every
+description of Natural History Apparatus, etc.=
+
+   ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+                     {British and Foreign Birds, Eggs, and Nests;
+    Ornithological   {Aviaries, Cages, and Parrot Stands for the
+      Department.    {Drawing Room, Conservatory, or Garden;
+                     {Wirework of every description.
+
+   ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+                     {Larvae and Pupae of Lepidoptera; Scientific
+    Entomological    {Insect Cabinets, Cases, Setting Boards, Cork,
+      Department.    {Killing Bottles, Spinning Wheels, Silkworms,
+                     {Butterflies and Moths.
+                     {=KENSINGTON INSECTARIUM, 2/6, 3/6, 4/6.=
+   ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+                     {Gold Fish, Carp, Roach, Tench, Dace, Golden
+    Piscatorial      {Orfe, Minnows, Snails, Beetles and Water
+      Department.    {Plants; Aquariums, Globes, Fountains, Rocks,
+                     {Cork Models, Swiss Chalets, Running Windmills,
+                     {Nets and Syphons.
+                     {=Sumner's Fish Food, 2d. pkt. Ants' Eggs, 6d. pt.=
+   ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+                     {Snakes, Slowworms, Lizards, Chameleons,
+    Reptilian        {Land and Water Tortoises, etc., in great
+      Department.    {variety from all parts of the globe.
+                     {=KENSINGTON REPTILARIUM, 2/-, 2/6, 3/6, 5/6.=
+   ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+                     {Green Tree Frogs, Fire Frogs, Common and
+    Amphibian        {Edible Frogs, Toads, Salamanders, Newts,
+      Department.    {etc.
+                     {Mexican Axoloti of every description.
+   ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Experienced Workmen in all branches kept on the premises for special
+orders, etc.
+
+BOOKS AND EVERY REQUISITE FOR ALL BRANCHES OF NATURAL HISTORY.
+
+
+
+
+=WATKINS & DONCASTER=
+
+NATURALISTS,
+
+36, STRAND, W.C.
+
+LONDON.
+
+(_Five doors from Charing Cross._)
+
+
+Every description of Apparatus and Cabinets of the best make for
+Entomology and general Natural History, &c.
+
+Wire or Cane Ring Net and Stick, 1s. 8d., 2s., and 2s. 3d. Umbrella Net
+(self-acting), 7s. 6d. Pocket Folding Net (wire or cane), 3s. 9d. and
+4s. 6d. Corked Pocket Boxes, 6d., 9d., 1s. and 1s. 6d. Zinc Relaxing
+Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. and 2s. Chip Boxes, nested, 4 doz., 8d.
+Entomological Pins, mixed, 1s. per oz. Pocket Lantern, 2s. 6d. to 5s.,
+Napthaline, 1-1/2d. per oz. Sugaring Tin (with brush), 1s. 6d. and 2s.
+Best Killing Bottles, 1s. 6d. Store Boxes, 2s. 6d., 4s., 5s., and 6s.
+Setting Boards, from 5d.; complete Set, 10s. 6d. Setting Houses., 9s.
+6d., 11s. 6d., and 14s. Larva Boxes, 9d., 1s., 1s. 6d. Breeding Cages,
+2s. 6d., 4s., and 5s.
+
+Finest Stock of British and Foreign Butterflies, Beetles, Birds' Eggs,
+&c., in the Kingdom.
+
+Throughout the winter and early spring, a large stock of live pupae of
+British and Foreign Butterflies and Moths, including the gigantic Atlas
+and other Exotic Moths.
+
+Collections of Natural-History objects, carefully named and arranged.
+
+New and Second-hand Works on Entomology.
+
+Label Lists of every description. The complete Label List of British
+Lepidoptera (Latin and English names), 1s. 6d., post free.
+
+One each of all the British Butterflies in a Case, 25s.
+
+A magnificent assortment of Preserved Caterpillars always in Stock.
+
+Birds and Animals stuffed and mounted in the best style by skilled
+workmen on the premises.
+
+_A full Catalogue sent post free on application._
+
+
+
+
+JAMES GARDNER,
+
+Manufacturer of all kinds of Entomological Apparatus,
+
+29, OXFORD STREET,
+
+=Dealer in Insects, Birds' Eggs, Skins. &c.=
+
+
+Plain Ring Net, cane or wire, 2s. Umbrella Net, 5s. 6d., 6s. 6d., 7s.
+6d., and 10s. 6d. Folding Nets, cane or iron, 4s. 6d. Pocket Box, wood,
+6d. and 1s. Ditto, metal, 1s. 6d. and 2s. Store Box, 1s. 9d., 2s. 6d.,
+4s., 5s., and 6s. Larva Box, 1s. Larva Cage, 2s. 6d., 3s., 3s. 6d., and
+5s. Sugaring Tin, 1s., 1s. 6d., 2s., and 2s. 6d. Entomological Pins,
+from 1s. per ounce, assorted or mixed. Willow Chip Box, four sizes,
+Nested, the packet of four dozen, 9d. Setting Boards, 6d. to 2s.; a
+Complete Set, 10s.
+
+All Articles Guaranteed.
+
+_EXCHANGED IF NOT APPROVED OF._
+
+Price Lists on Application.
+
+29, OXFORD STREET.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+    TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
+
+    The book does not have a table of contents; one has been added by the
+    transcriber.
+
+    Seven [oe] ligatures have been simplified to oe.
+
+    The reversed-C symbol is indicated by [C].
+
+    The following obvious typos have been corrected:
+    p. 36 "Defense de la Reformation" has been changed to "Defense de la
+    Reformation".
+    p. 105 After "in a double sense" a period has been added.
+    p. 105 "specime nof" has been amended to "specimen of".
+    p. 106 "Momento" has been amended to "Memento".
+    p. 124 "Specialites" has been amended to "Specialities".
+
+    Other possible typos (for example "caligraphy" on p. 6, "horde" on p. 35
+    and "neither have succeeded" on p. 43) have been left unchanged as they
+    may reflect the spelling choice of the author.
+
+    Variations in hyphenation have been retained as in the original.
+
+    The asterism symbol on pages 126, 131 and 133 is indicated by [***].
+
+    The three advertisement pages at the start of the book have been moved
+    to the end, to follow other advertisements.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Book Collecting, by John Herbert Slater
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