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diff --git a/38340-h/38340-h.htm b/38340-h/38340-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e75c3d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/38340-h/38340-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,5127 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<!-- $Id: header.txt 236 2009-12-07 18:57:00Z vlsimpson $ --> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Rules and Practice for Adjusting Watches, by Walter J. Kleinlein. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.u {text-decoration: underline;} + +.caption {font-weight: bold;} + +/* Images */ +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +.figleft { + float: left; + clear: left; + margin-left: 0; + margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-right: 1em; + padding: 0; + text-align: center; +} + +.figright { + float: right; + clear: right; + margin-left: 1em; + margin-bottom: + 1em; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-right: 0; + padding: 0; + text-align: center; +} + +/* Footnotes */ +.footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + +/* Poetry */ +.poem { + margin-left:10%; + margin-right:10%; + text-align: left; +} + +.poem br {display: none;} + +.poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} + +.poem span.i0 { + display: block; + margin-left: 0em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + +.poem span.i2 { + display: block; + margin-left: 2em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + +.poem span.i4 { + display: block; + margin-left: 4em; + padding-left: 3em; + text-indent: -3em; +} + +.floatright1 {float: right; clear: both; padding-right: 4em;} +.floatright2 {float: right; clear: right; padding-right: 2em;} +.floatleft {float: left; padding-top: 1em;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Rules and Practice for Adjusting Watches, by +Walter J. Kleinlein + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Rules and Practice for Adjusting Watches + +Author: Walter J. Kleinlein + +Release Date: December 19, 2011 [EBook #38340] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RULES, PRACTICE--ADJUSTING WATCHES *** + + + + +Produced by Gísli Valgeirsson and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>RULES AND PRACTICE</h2> +<h3>FOR</h3> +<h1>Adjusting Watches</h1> + +<h3>BY</h3> + +<h2>WALTER J. KLEINLEIN</h2> + +<center><b>AUTHOR OF "THE WATCH ADJUSTER AND HIS WORK"</b></center> + +<hr style="width: 10%;" /> + +<center>Copyright, 1920, by Walter J. Kleinlein</center> + +<hr style="width: 5%;" /> + +<center><i>All rights reserved</i></center> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE"></a>PREFACE</h2> + + +<p>In the early days of horology the apprentice +was taught the art of making a complete watch. +Production was slow, very few duplicate watches +were constructed, and it was necessary that extra +material be made individually by hand in the +same way that the original part was produced. As +time passed the value of the repairer was indicated +by his ability to make new parts and to replace them +so that the watch would again be in running condition. +This was the prevailing situation for many +years and the repairer was judged according to his +skill in making and finishing the various parts.</p> + +<p>A similar method of judging ability is still in +force among some employers, although the development +of the industry into machine and specialized +work has made many changes in regard to the most +important duties of the repairer.</p> + +<p>It is no longer necessary for him to know how to +make a complete watch and only on occasional instances +is it necessary for him to make a part. +Genuine material for modern watches is supplied +by the manufacturer at less expense than it can be +produced by the individual and in this particular +branch of the work the repairer's requirements +have been very considerably curtailed.</p> + +<p>A more exacting and a higher standard of timekeeping +has developed, however, and in this field +the requirements of the watchmaker have increased +to the extent that it is no longer sufficient to merely +restore a good watch to running condition. It +must keep time. This development has grown +gradually and surely and the past twenty-five years +may be assumed as the period of greatest advance.</p> + +<p>It has been made possible by scientific and practical +refinements which permit the adjustment of +watches so that they will keep time within closely +defined allowances under varying conditions.</p> + +<p>The larger problem of the successful repairer of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span> +today, therefore, is that of understanding the +principles governing close time and of knowing how +and where to look for the causes of variation, so +that the higher standard of timekeeping may be +restored in case of damage since the original adjustment.</p> + +<p>It is naturally essential to know when material +is correct, how to make it fit in its proper place, and +how to make and finish some of the individual +parts. It is also commendable to be skilful in all +classes of lathe work, as this at times gains prestige +for the workman through restoring old model +watches to running condition.</p> + +<p>It is, however, a disadvantage to develop one's +ability in making parts for watches of a bygone age +and neglecting the training that happens to be most +essential and of daily advantage in repairing +modern watches so that they will keep time as consistently +after repairs have been made as they did +when new.</p> + +<p>The object of this book is to present the essential +points of watch adjusting in an elementary and +non-technical way that will interest the average +watchmaker and to enable him to have a convenient +source of information, covering the necessary refinements +that are fundamental in repairing, regulating +and adjusting the better class of watches.</p> + +<p>The author trusts that the experienced successful +watchmaker will read the book with interest and +also with profit and that the novice will be enabled +to foresee that there is something more to the art of +watchmaking and repairing than that of merely assembling +a watch and making it "tick."</p> + +<p>It so happens that the author has had many +years of experience in both factories and repair +shops and that a considerable part of his duties +have been devoted to instruction.</p> + +<p>He has for a long time felt the need of a book that +would, above all else, be practical in its description +of the rules that an adjuster follows and which would +prove its value in actual experience by being per<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span>sonal +as far as permissible in the same sense that +detailed shop instruction would be.</p> + +<p>Since writing the article entitled "The Watch +Adjuster and His Work" several years ago numerous +inquiries have been received, for this class of information +and the present book is an effort to meet +this demand in a manner that can be followed +without highly technical or theoretical education.</p> + +<p>To promote advancement and interest in everyday +practical results is the foremost consideration, +and to this end definite means are presented for +personal development and for obtaining better results +from high grade watches than can possibly be +obtained without a fair knowledge of the final details +which go so far toward assuring close time.</p> + +<div class="floatright1">WALTER J. KLEINLEIN,</div> +<div class="floatleft">July 21, 1920</div> +<div class="floatright2">Waltham, Mass.</div> + +<p> <br /><br /><br /></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2> + + +PART I.—THE ADJUSTMENT TO TEMPERATURE<br /> +<br /> +CHAPTER I<br /> +<a href='#Page_3'>The Compensation Balance, Controlling Factor</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec1.">1.</a> General Method of Obtaining Results</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec2.">2.</a> How to Place Screws When the Rate is Either Slow</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">or Fast in Heat Compared to Cold.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec3.">3.</a> Composition of and Distortions of Compensation</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">Balances.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec4.">4.</a> Tests and Experiments.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec5.">5.</a> Effect of Shifting Screws to Different Locations.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec6.">6.</a> Permanency of the Temperature Adjustment.</span><br /> +<br /> +CHAPTER II<br /> +<br /> + <a href='#Page_9'>Equipment for Temperature Adjusting</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec7.">7.</a> Various Methods Available.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec8.">8.</a> Electrically Equipped Oven, Description and Dimensions.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec9.">9.</a> The Lower Temperature Box.</span><br /> +<br /> +CHAPTER III<br /> +<br /> + <a href='#Page_13'>Difference in Observatory and Commercial Systems</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec10.">10.</a> Observatory System.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec11.">11.</a> Commercial System.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec12.">12.</a> Rating Card and Method of Calculating Variation</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec13.">13.</a> Value of the Normal Period Rate.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec14.">14.</a> Definition of the Characters Used on Rate Cards</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">for Gain or Loss in Time.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec15.">15.</a> Increasing or Decreasing the Extremes of Temperature.</span><br /> +<br /> +CHAPTER IV<br /> +<br /> + <a href='#Page_19'>Some Practical Methods of Correction</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec16.">16.</a> Example of Maintaining a Pleasing Appearance of</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">the Balance.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec17.">17.</a> Correction Varies When Screws are Above or Below</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Normal Size and Weight</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec18.">18.</a> Over or Under Compensation.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec19.">19.</a> Special Corrections for Over or Under Compensation.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec20.">20.</a> Example Illustrating that Temperature Variation</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">is Not Always Due to the Balance and Spring.</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span><br /> +CHAPTER V<br /> +<br /> + <a href='#Page_26'>The Middle Temperature Error</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec21.">21.</a> Why this Error Exists and What it Consists of.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec22.">22.</a> How Nickel Steel Balances Overcome this Error.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +PART II.—THE ADJUSTMENTS TO ISOCHRONISM AND POSITIONS<br /> +<br /> +CHAPTER VI<br /> +<br /> + <a href='#Page_31'>General Consideration</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec23.">23.</a> Optional Allowances for Variation.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec24.">24.</a> Some Necessary Requirements for Learning Adjusting.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec25.">25.</a> Train and Escapement Freedom.</span><br /> +<br /> +CHAPTER VII<br /> +<br /> + <a href='#Page_39'>Theory and Practice</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec26.">26.</a> Theory of Frictional Errors and the Isochronal</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Hairspring.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec27.">27.</a> How Theory Works Out in Practice and what</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Isochronism Consists of.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec28.">28.</a> Common Causes of Extreme Isochronal Variation.</span><br /> +<br /> +CHAPTER VIII<br /> +<br /> + <a href='#Page_43'>Relative Pinning Points of the Hairspring</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec29.">29.</a> Original Springing of Watches.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec30.">30.</a> How Pinning Point Alterations are Made.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec31.">31.</a> Even Coil Hairsprings Very Incorrect for Some Watches.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec32.">32.</a> How to Find the Correct Collet Pinning Point for Any Watch.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec33.">33.</a> Results in Vertical Position Rates due to Changing</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">the Pinning Point.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec34.">34.</a> The Natural Position Error and Why it Cannot be Eliminated.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec35.">35.</a> Principle of Pinning Point Alterations.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec36.">36.</a> Same Principles Apply in Case of American Hunting Models.</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span><br /> +CHAPTER IX<br /> +<br /> + <a href='#Page_51'>Manipulation of the Regulator Pins</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec37.">37.</a> Altering the Length of Spring by Regulator Pins</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec38.">38.</a> Method of Examining Vibration of Over Coil</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Between the Pins.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec39.">39.</a> Position Corrections Obtained by Spreading or Closing</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">the Regulator Pins.</span><br /> +<br /> +CHAPTER X<br /> +<br /> + <a href='#Page_53'>Factory and Repair Shop Adjusting</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec40.">40.</a> Routine Varies According to Circumstances.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec41.">41.</a> Considering the Watchmaker in the Small Shop of</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">One or Two Workmen.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec42.">42.</a> Advantages of Understanding Adjusting Even</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Though Watches are Not Tested in Positions or</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Isochronism.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec43.">43.</a> Concerning Watchmakers of Limited Experience.</span><br /> +<br /> +CHAPTER XI<br /> +<br /> + <a href='#Page_56'>Preliminary Notes and Practice for Beginners</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec44.">44.</a> Practical Suggestions.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec45.">45.</a> The First Point of Consideration in Learning to Adjust.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec46.">46.</a> Causes of Variation Between Dial Up and Dial Down.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec47.">47.</a> Short Motion Generally Indicates Where to Find Trouble.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec48.">48.</a> Short Motion Sometimes Caused by Burr on Opposite Pivot.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec49.">49.</a> Examining the Hairspring.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec50.">50.</a> Exceptions in Regard to Gaining Rate and Short Motion.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec51.">51.</a> Detailed Practice.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec52.">52.</a> Which Rate to Use as the Unit for Comparison.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec53.">53.</a> Damaged Pivots, Pitted End Stones and Methods of Correction.</span><br /> +<br /> +CHAPTER XII<br /> +<br /> + <a href='#Page_64'>Preliminary Notes and Practice on Vertical Corrections</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec54.">54.</a> Five Principal Causes and Corrections for Pendant Up Variation.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec55.">55.</a> Poor Motion, Cause and Effect.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec56.">56.</a> Regulator Pin Practice for Pendant Up Variation.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec57.">57.</a> Pendant Up Corrections Through Poise of Balance</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec58.">58.</a> Concentricity of the Hairspring.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec59.">59.</a> Correcting Pendant Up Variation Through Pinning</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Point Alterations.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec60.">60.</a> Percentage of Watches Requiring Correction of</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 3em;">Position Rates</span><br /> +<br /> +CHAPTER XIII<br /> +<br /> + <a href='#Page_70'>Concrete Examples Showing Definite Three Position Alterations and Labor Utilized</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec61.">61.</a> Order of Position Timing and Method of Calculating the Variation.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec62.">62.</a> Example No. 1, Three Positions, Columbus.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec63.">63.</a> Example No. 2, Three Positions, Ball.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec64.">64.</a> Example No. 3, Three Positions, Elgin.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec65.">65.</a> Example No. 4, Three Positions, Hampden.</span><br /> +<br /> +CHAPTER XIV<br /> +<br /> + <a href='#Page_77'>Concrete Examples Showing Definite Five Position Alterations and Labor Utilized</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec66.">66.</a> What Five Position Adjusting Consists of—Detailed Allowances.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec67.">67.</a> Example No. 5, Five Positions, Hamilton.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec68.">68.</a> Example No. 6, Five Positions, Elgin, B. W. R.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec69.">69.</a> Example No. 7, Five Positions, Waltham, Vang.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec70.">70.</a> Example No. 8, Five Positions, Vacheron and Constantin.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec71.">71.</a> Example No. 9, Five Positions, E. Howard</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec72.">72.</a> Example No. 10, Five Positions, Illinois, B. S.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec73.">73.</a> Causes of Extremely Fast Vertical Rates.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec74.">74.</a> How to Locate Defective Gearings.</span><br /> +<br /> +CHAPTER XV<br /> +<br /> + <a href='#Page_91'>Timing and Final Regulation</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec75.">75.</a> Mean Time Screws and Timing Washers.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec76.">76.</a> Importance of Properly Fitted Regulator.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec77.">77.</a> Effect of the Middle Temperature Error.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec78.">78.</a> Some Practical Reasons for Slow Rates.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +PART III.—SPECIAL NOTES<br /> +<br /> +CHAPTER XVI<br /> +<br /> + <a href='#Page_99'>Special Notes</a><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec79.">79.</a> Efficiency of Execution Analyzed (Two Examples)</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec80.">80.</a> Truing the Balance.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec81.">81.</a> Poising the Balance.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec82.">82.</a> Truing Hairsprings.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec83.">83.</a> Treating a Rusty Hairspring.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec84.">84.</a> Stopping by Escapement Locking when Hands are</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;">set Backward or When Watch Receives a Jar.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><a href="#sec85.">85.</a> Essentials and Non-Essentials in Cleaning Watches.</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + + +<h2>RULES AND PRACTICE</h2> +<h4>FOR</h4> +<h1>Adjusting Watches</h1> + + +<h3>PART I<br /> +<br /> +THE ADJUSTMENT TO TEMPERATURE</h3> + +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>CHAPTER I</h2> + +<h3>THE COMPENSATION BALANCE +CONTROLLING FACTOR</h3> + + +<h5><a name="sec1." id="sec1.">1. </a><i>General Method of Obtaining Results.</i></h5> + +<p>Only since the introduction of the compensation +balance which received its most substantial +early experiments as recently as the +year 1859, has it been possible to control the variation +in pocket timepieces which is caused by changes +in temperature. Previous to this introduction it +was not uncommon for the best watches to vary +as much as two or three minutes with changes of +forty or fifty degrees Fahr. Through experiment +and improvement in the quality and application +of balance materials, such advancement has been +made, that this variation has been reduced to seconds +and temperature adjusting is now quite universal +in the production of medium and high grade +watches.</p> + +<p>In the large factories, girls and young men of +very little previous experience are frequently +taught to make the alterations and to do the testing, +while men of experience in watchmaking +handle only the more intricate cases such as "stoppers" +and radical rates that may require investigation +of the inner workings of the movement. +The simplicity of the adjustment naturally becomes +more apparent with experience and the general +alterations consist merely of transferring the balance +screws in opposite pairs, either forward or +backward one or more holes, according to the extent +of the correction desired.</p> + +<p>As these alterations are quite positive the adjustment +can be undertaken with considerable +certainty of obtaining results in every instance.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p> + +<p>The repairer will not find as much daily necessity +for understanding temperature adjusting as he will +for being thorough in Position adjusting. The subject +is covered, however, for the benefit of those who +may desire practical experience in this branch of +adjusting and also for those who desire a general +knowledge of the details.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec2." id="sec2.">2.</a><i>How to Place Screws When the Rate is Either Slow or Fast in Heat Compared to Cold.</i></h5> + +<p>If a watch rates slow in heat compared to cold +it is necessary to shift screws in opposite pairs out +toward the cut or free end of the rims; because +when the metals expand the hairspring becomes +weaker and produces a loss in time. During this +period the free ends of the balance rims, carrying +the transferred weight are forced toward the center +and produce a gaining rate which compensates for +the loss caused by the weakened spring.</p> + +<p>As the metals contract in cold the free ends of +the balance are drawn outward from their true +form and the concentrated weight of these screws +near the ends reduces the fast rate in cold and in +principle works both ways in its action on the rate.</p> + +<p>Should the circumstances be just opposite, or +the rate be fast in heat compared to the rate in cold, +it will be necessary to move the screws away from +the free end of the rims. In doing this, less weight +will be carried toward the center as the free ends +curl inward and as a result, the rate in heat will +become slower and the slow rate in cold will be reduced.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec3." id="sec3.">3.</a><i>Composition of and Distortions of Compensation Balances.</i></h5> + +<p>Compensation balances are generally made of +one layer of brass and one of steel, with the brass +on the outside consisting of about three-fifths of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> +the total thickness and the steel on the inside consisting +of about two-fifths. These metals are +firmly soldered together and the distortions in +changes of temperature are as follows. In heat both +metals expand, which infers that the rims become +longer as well as wider and thicker. Brass expands +more than steel and because of its attachment to +the steel it cannot continue to lengthen in its true +circular form, due to the fact that the steel does +not become enough longer to maintain the true +curve, and the result is that the free ends of the +rims are forced inward.</p> + +<p>In cold the brass, contracting more than the +steel, pulls the rim outward at the free end which is +just in reverse of the operations in heat.</p> + +<p>The end of the rim which is attached to the balance +arm always moves in the opposite direction +from the free end, or outward from the center of +balance, when the free end moves in, and inward +when the free end moves out. In comparison, however, +this movement is negligible as will be noted +later in the results obtained in moving screws in +that direction.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec4." id="sec4.">4.</a><i>Tests and Experiments.</i></h5> + +<p>It is generally understood that the purpose of the +compensation balance is to act in opposition to +the error caused principally by the hairspring. The +steel hairspring having no compensating qualities, +either grows stronger or weaker with changes in +temperature. When it becomes longer, wider and +thicker in heat, experiments seem to prove that +the increased width and thickness are not in proportion +to the increased length, for if they were, +the spring would actually be stronger; while timing +proves that it is weaker because of the loss in time. +In cold the shortening factor seems to dominate +because of a gain in time.</p> + +<p>In a series of tests with steel springs on uncut +steel brass balances, the temperature error in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> +extremes of 40 degrees and 90 degrees Fahrenheit +was found to be from eighty to one hundred and +sixty seconds. With the same balances cut the +error was reduced from seventy to one hundred +and thirty seconds in each instance, without any +correction of the balance screws.</p> + +<p>A former test with palladium springs on the same +balances, previous to having been cut, showed a +considerably reduced error, indicating that the +steel springs were mainly responsible for the temperature +variations.</p> + +<p>The above tests were in actual practice and results +are given as noted, regardless of scientific or +established formula relating to the cubic measurement +of metals in changes of temperature.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec5." id="sec5.">5.</a><i>Effect of Shifting Screws to Different Locations.</i></h5> + +<p>As a rule compensation balances generally have +five or six pairs of balance screws in addition to two +pairs of mean time screws. High grade Swiss and +some American models do not have mean time +screws and are therefore generally supplied with +seven or eight pairs of balance screws. The mean +time screws are never disturbed in making alterations +for temperature, such alterations being confined +to the balance screws only and the mean time +screws are reserved for timing.</p> + +<p>For appearance sake the balance screws should +be evenly distributed, although it is necessary at +times to closely assemble them to obtain temperature +results and they should not be disturbed in +making ordinary repairs, as the adjustment may be +destroyed in so doing. With the larger balances the +moving of one pair of screws for a distance of one +hole, generally makes a difference of four or five +seconds in the temperature rate. In the case of +smaller balances this alteration does not make as +much difference, although the weight and location +of the screws has considerable influence on the result.</p> + +<p>A pair of screws shifted from the second holes from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> +the cuts, to the holes adjoining the cuts, will generally +make a correction four or five times as great +as would be obtained by shifting a pair of screws +from the third to the fourth holes from the arms. +The same proportional difference is obtained in +moving a pair of screws from the center of the rims +out to the cut, compared to moving a pair of screws +from the holes nearest the arms out to the center of +the rims. This principle also obtains in moving +the screws in the opposite direction and is due to +the fact that while the metals composing the balance +follow the common laws of expansion and +contraction, the balance actually becomes smaller +in area during expansion and larger during contraction. +This condition is made possible entirely +through joining the metals in proper proportion +and then cutting the rims.</p> + +<p>In the factories where large quantities of a particular +model having a standard style balance are +handled, tests are usually made to determine as +to just what degree of correction will be obtained +by shifting various pairs of screws certain distances. +This information is then used in making alterations +with considerable certainty. The expert temperature +adjuster becomes fully informed as to the +peculiarities of various models and is capable of +getting larger percentages of watches within the +limits of allowance, after making alterations, than +he could obtain otherwise.</p> + +<p>Through understanding the various models individually, +he is also enabled to furnish information +that will cause intelligent arrangement of the balance +screws, for each model, when they are originally +fitted. The production thereby showing a +greater yield of good watches that do not require +alterations after the first test.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec6." id="sec6.">6.</a><i>Permanency of the Temperature Adjustment.</i></h5> + +<p>When the original temperature adjustment has +been carefully executed it is quite permanent and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +unless the screws have been mutilated or changed +in location there will seldom be an occasion for +readjusting. The balance may be retrued and repoised +many times and the spring may be retrued, +altered, or even changed, without seriously interfering +with the temperature rating, as long as the +screws are not shifted. In changing the spring, +however, it is necessary that the same number of +coils and the same size of spring be used, as otherwise +readjusting would be required.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>CHAPTER II</h2> + +<h3>EQUIPMENT FOR TEMPERATURE +ADJUSTING</h3> + + +<h5><a name="sec7." id="sec7.">7.</a><i>Various Methods Available.</i></h5> + +<p>Two boxes are necessary for temperature testing. +One fitted up to maintain a temperature +of about 90° Fahr. and the other maintaining +a temperature of about 40° Fahr.</p> + +<p>The method employed in obtaining the high temperature +varies in different styles of boxes, while +the low temperature is always obtained through +the use of ice. When only an occasional test is +made, any simple method whereby approximately +close results in the two extremes can be obtained, +may be used. For instance, the watch may be enclosed +in a tin box and placed in sand that is kept +at a temperature of 90 or 95 degrees F. A thermometer +placed in the sand indicates when the +temperature rises too high or falls too low. The +ordinary household refrigerator may be used for +testing the cold. Tests by this method are advisable +only for short periods and for an approximate +idea as to the extent of error.</p> + +<p>If frequent tests are made and accurate results +are expected, it is quite important that the special +boxes be used. Such boxes are often constructed +with a capacity of four or five hundred watches, or +they may be constructed to receive only half a +dozen watches. Some are made with a zinc or +copper tank in which warm water is placed and +which surrounds the chamber in which the watches +are deposited. The water is kept at the desired +temperature by means of a small adjustable flame. +In other instances electrical arrangements are used, +in which case no water is required.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p> + +<p>In either instance a thermostat controls the +source of heat.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec8." id="sec8.">8.</a><i>Electrically Equipped Oven, Description and Dimensions.</i></h5> + +<p>A very practical arrangement for testing a few +watches at a time in the higher temperature is +shown in Fig. 1. This is electrically equipped +and will maintain an even temperature at all times.</p> + +<p>The outside of the box is constructed of about +one-half inch lumber and the inside is lined with +asbestos. It is about fourteen inches high by ten +inches wide and eight inches deep.</p> + +<p>"A". Is an incandescent lamp set in a porcelain +base.</p> + +<p>"B". Is a porcelain plug through which the +wires "C" enter the box.</p> + +<p>"D" and "E". Are metal uprights with a thumbscrew +on the top, under each of which a wire terminates.</p> + +<p>"F". Is the compensating bar, one end of which +is fastened solidly to "D" with rivets.</p> + +<p>The opposite end is free and rests against the end +of a thumbscrew which passes through "E."</p> + +<p>The thumbscrew is to be adjusted so that the +free end of "F" will rest against it in a temperature +of 70° Fahr. or any lower temperature. As the +temperature rises the free end of the bar moves +away from the end of thumbscrew, breaking the +circuit and extinguishing the light, which cuts off +the source of heat. As the temperature decreases +the bar again comes into contact and creates the +circuit.</p> + +<p>This bar can be made of various compensating +metals, one combination of which is a strip of zinc +about six inches long by three eighths of an inch +wide and one thirty-second of an inch thick. On the +outside of this soft solder a strip of tin six inches +or a trifle less in length, by one fourth inch wide +and one thirty-second of an inch thick. Both<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> +metals should be bent to a curved form before they +are soldered together as shown in the cut.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 313px;"> +<img src="images/i023.png" width="313" height="400" alt="Fig. 1" title="Fig. 1" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 1</span> +</div> + +<p>It is generally preferable to have the bar taper to +a slightly narrower width at its free end, and near +this free end it is necessary +to solder a small +strip of platinum at the +point where the end of +thumbscrew comes in +contact.</p> + +<p>"G", "H", "I" and +"J" are ventilating holes +one inch in diameter and +covered by a swinging +slide so that the holes +can be opened or closed +as desired for regulating +the ventilation. +"K". Is a shelf of brass screen +located about five inches +from the top and on which the watches and a thermometer +are placed in testing.</p> + +<p>"L". Is a handle for the purpose of convenience +in carrying the box. The front is to be enclosed by +a door made in two parts, the upper section of +which is glass which will admit of observing the +thermometer. Proper adjustment of the thumbscrew +and bar makes the box ready for use.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec9." id="sec9.">9.</a><i>The Lower Temperature Box.</i></h5> + +<p>Fig. 2 shows a box specially made for testing +watches in cold. It is constructed of wood and +stands about twenty-four inches high without the +legs and about eighteen inches square.</p> + +<p>A double partition packed with about one inch +of sawdust will be most reliable.</p> + +<p>The upper half of the box should contain a watertight +zinc tank for holding cracked ice and about +an inch of space should be left above for circulation +of the air.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p> + +<p>The chamber for receiving the watches may be +about six inches square and supported by a crosspiece +and attachment to the front. It should be +covered above to prevent particles of ice from falling +on the watches which are to be placed on the +floor or on a shelf of the chamber, but the sides +may be left partly open to improve the circulation +of cold air. The door may also be filled with sawdust +but does not require glass as the moisture +would prevent observation of the thermometer +which should be inside +for checking up +the temperature +when the door is +opened.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 349px;"> +<img src="images/i024.png" width="349" height="400" alt="Fig. 2" title="Fig. 2" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 2</span> +</div> + +<p>The bottom of the +tank should be slightly +higher on one side +than on the other, +with a one-half inch +drain pipe fitted to +the low side. The +inlet end of the pipe +should be covered +with a fine screen to +prevent dirt from +accumulating in the pipe and the outlet may be +either at the extreme bottom or on one of the +sides as shown in the cut. The upper part or +cover of box should be made so that it can be easily +removed for filling and cleaning the tank.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>CHAPTER III</h2> + +<h3>DIFFERENCE IN OBSERVATORY AND +COMMERCIAL SYSTEMS</h3> + + +<h5><a name="sec10." id="sec10.">10.</a><i>Observatory System.</i></h5> + +<p>In the foreign observatories where watches +are generally tested for competition prize, or +certificate purposes, they are subjected to +either three or five day tests in each temperature, +preceded by one intermediate day at normal +temperature which is not considered in making the +deductions. The purpose of this is to allow the +metals to assume the natural condition before +being placed in, or changed from, one degree of +temperature to another. After the three or five +day test, according to the grade of the watch, the +average of the daily rates in each temperature is +considered in making the comparison and arriving +at the total variation. The total error is then considered +in the summary, as a fraction of a second +variation per each degree of temperature. As an +example we will consider that the total error between +the two averages is five seconds and that the +difference in the two extremes of temperature was +fifty degrees F. The variation would be given as +one-tenth of a second per each degree of temperature.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec11." id="sec11.">11.</a><i>Commercial System.</i></h5> + +<p>In manufacturing watches for commercial purposes, +both foreign and domestic, the tests are +generally made for twenty-four hours in each temperature +and the difference in the rates is considered +as the total error.</p> + +<p>Sometimes preliminary tests of four or six hours +in each temperature are made to obtain an estimate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +as to the extent of error, then alterations are made, +after which the watch is subjected to the regular +twenty-four hour test. There is nothing to be +gained by this in regular work, although for a special +rush job a day's time may be saved. Watches are +always expected to be in first-class condition and +such features as close fitting pivots or dirty oil will +prevent any dependable timing. It is also advisable +to time them closely before the test is made, as +too great mean time variation may confuse in estimating +the error, especially if the time is not taken +in each temperature exactly at the end of twenty-four +hours.</p> + +<p>The testing should preferably be done in the dial +up position to eliminate poise errors as much as +possible. The first test is made in heat at 90° +Fahr., then in normal temperature of sixty-five or +seventy degrees and finally in the lower extreme of +40° Fahr.</p> + +<p>When the watch is removed from the cold box it +will be covered with moisture which will immediately +begin to condense. The time should therefore +be quickly noted and the watch replaced in the +higher temperature box for four or five hours to +become thoroughly dry and prevent against rusting +of the steel parts.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec12." id="sec12.">12.</a><i>Rating Card and Method of Calculating Variation.</i></h5> + +<p>A card ruled similar to the cut shown in Fig. 3, +may be used for entering the rates and the watch +need only be set at the beginning of each test, as +deductions can be made from the entries on the +card and the variation accurately ascertained without +resetting or disturbing the time.</p> + +<p>Details as to the methods to be followed would be +about as follows: Wind and set the watch to correct +time, place it in the heat box and at the end of +twenty-four hours enter the variation from correct +time in the upper left hand square of the card.</p> + +<p>Assuming that the time is four seconds fast, enter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> +this as shown in the first column Fig. 3, then wind +but do not set the watch and place it in normal +temperature and at the end of twenty-four hours +enter the total variation noted in the second square +of first column. Assuming the time to be just correct, +place a zero as shown. Next wind the watch +and place it in the cold box, and assuming that the +variation is sixteen seconds fast at the end of twenty-four +hours, enter this in the lower square of the +first column as shown in Fig. 3. The watch is next +placed in the heat box to dry and the variation +shown in the three sets of figures in first column are +carried out as follows.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Fig. 3"><caption><b>Fig. 3</b></caption> +<tr><th colspan="5"> No. .................... Make...................</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> HEAT</td><td align="left">+ 4</td><td align="left">+ 4</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td align="left">+ 2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> NORMAL</td><td align="left">0</td><td align="left">- 4</td><td align="left">+ 6</td><td align="left">+ 4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> COLD</td><td align="left">+16</td><td align="left">+16</td><td align="left">+ 8</td><td align="left">+ 2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">12</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">0</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>In the upper square we find +4, enter this in +upper square of second column at its full value as +shown.</p> + +<p>Next we find a "0" in the second square of first +column, and as this is a loss of four seconds from +the entry shown in the square above we carry it +out in second column as -4. In the lower square of +first column we find +16 and as this is a gain of +sixteen seconds over the square above, it is necessary +to carry this to second column at its full value +as per illustration.</p> + +<p>To determine the extent of variation between +heat and cold, simply ignore the normal rate of -4 +in the second column and subtract +4, from +16, +which indicates an error of twelve seconds slow in +heat compared to cold.</p> + +<p>Or it may be determined as twelve seconds fast +in cold compared to heat. For convenience sake +it is advisable to form the habit of using one of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +temperatures as a unit for comparison and wherever +large quantities of watches are adjusted, it is +generally the custom to use the higher temperature +for this purpose and the rate is stated as either slow +or fast in heat. In this instance the rate is slow in +heat and it will be necessary to shift one or more +pairs of screws toward the cut as explained in +Chapter 1, No. 2.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec13." id="sec13.">13.</a><i>Value of the Normal Period Rate.</i></h5> + +<p>The rate in the normal period cannot be considered +as of any value, its importance consisting +only of allowing the metals to return to the natural +form and tension before being placed in the cold box.</p> + +<p>This is quite important in obtaining a true estimate +of the error, because of the fact that in transferring +the watch immediately from the extreme of +heat to the extreme of cold, there will be a period of +time during which the metals are readjusting +themselves to the natural form, and the variation +in time during this period will not be accounted for, +as the real comparative rate will not begin to develop +until after the natural form and tension is reached.</p> + +<p>If the limit of time devoted to testing is no object +and if a very fine rate is desired the observatory +method is of course to be preferred. However, by +allowing an intermediate day at normal temperature +we have the assurance that the hairspring is +at the same tension and that the balance has the +same form concentrically when the test begins in +cold that it had when the test began in heat.</p> + +<p>As the object is to find the variation between the +two temperature extremes the estimate will be +quite close enough and allows the saving of many +days' time. Some authorities advocate in addition +to the five days required for observatory testing in +each temperature that the watch be subjected to +an intermediate day in each, instead of in normal, +before considering the daily rate. This seems very +logical, as the time noted each day would be taken<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> +at the actual extremes in both instances and any +outside factor in the timing would be eliminated.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec14." id="sec14.">14.</a><i>Definition of the Characters Used on Rate Cards for Gain or Loss in Time.</i></h5> + +<p>In making entries on the rate cards and in figuring +the variations the sign + is used as denoting +that the watch is running faster than the standard +time and the sign - is used as denoting that it is +running slower than standard time.</p> + +<p>This is stated for the reason that in some instances, +generally foreign, the signs are used in reverse, +or as indicating that the watch requires a +correction of + or - the number of seconds indicated, +to attain the correct standard of time. +When the signs are identical in a column it is necessary +to subtract the lesser from the greater and the +result is the variation. There are often instances +however, when one rate will be + and the other - as +shown in second column of Fig. 4, and in these +instances it is necessary to add the figures to obtain +the variation.</p> + +<p>The first column is always the progressive rate +and the second column shows the variation carried +out. This example shows +8 in heat, the normal +rate in the second square is not considered, for +the reason previously explained and the rate in +cold is shown as -1. The total variation between +the extremes is therefore arrived at by adding ++8 and -1, which in this instance gives us a total +of nine seconds fast in heat.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Fig. 4"><caption><b>Fig. 4</b></caption> +<tr><th colspan="4"> No. .................... Make...................</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> HEAT</td><td align="left">+ 8</td><td align="left">+ 8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> NORMAL</td><td align="left">+20</td><td align="left">+12</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> COLD</td><td align="left">+19</td><td align="left">- 1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">12</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> + + +<h5><a name="sec15." id="sec15.">15.</a><i>Increasing or Decreasing the Extremes of Temperature.</i></h5> + +<p>The extremes of 40° and 90° Fahr. have been +used for the reason that they are best suited for +general purposes. When it is known, however, +that a watch is to be used in a warm climate the +extremes may be raised five or ten degrees to advantage. +If the watch is to be used in a cold climate, +the extremes may be lowered this amount. The +metals, however, can only stand the strain of expansion +and contraction to a certain degree, and still +maintain the positive qualities. Therefore it is +quite important that the extremes be not raised or +lowered very much beyond these figures.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>CHAPTER IV</h2> + +<h3>SOME PRACTICAL METHODS OF +CORRECTION</h3> + + +<h5><a name="sec16." id="sec16.">16.</a><i>Example of Maintaining a Pleasing Appearance of the Balance.</i></h5> + +<p>In altering the location of screws during +the temperature adjustment it is often possible +to either mar or improve the appearance of +the balance. As a demonstration of this point +the correction made in regard to Fig. 3 is analyzed. +The balance had twelve screw holes in each rim, +with the space between the first and second holes +from the arms equal to double the space between +any other two holes. There were seven screws in +each rim, equally divided as per cut Fig. 5, which +indicates screws in the first, second, fourth, sixth, +eighth, tenth and twelfth holes.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 367px;"> +<img src="images/i031.png" width="367" height="345" alt="Fig. 5" title="Fig. 5" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 5</span> +</div> + +<p>A correction of the +rate could have been +obtained by shifting +the screws in either the +sixth or eighth holes +forward three holes. +Or those in either the +first or second holes +could have been shifted +to the ninth holes and +those in the fourth holes +might have been shifted +to the ninth holes with +good results possible in either instance.</p> + +<p>Moving one pair of screws under any circumstances +however would have caused a massing of +three pairs of screws at some point and a vacant +space of three holes at another point which would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +not present a very good appearance for high grade +work. Therefore the alteration made was to move +the screws from the second to the third holes, +fourth to seventh, and +from the eighth to the +ninth holes as indicated +by the positions shown +in Fig. 6.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 369px;"> +<img src="images/i032.png" width="369" height="342" alt="Fig. 6" title="Fig. 6" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 6</span> +</div> + +<p>Examination of the +fourth column Fig. 3, +which gives the result +of the second test will +show that the desired +correction was obtained +with a better appearance +of the balance +than would have been possible if only one pair of +screws had been shifted.</p> + +<p>In following the logic of the alterations made we +must consider that the screws moved from the +second to third holes made no correction, due to +the fact that the balance rims remain almost stationary +at this point, the alteration being for appearance +only, those moved from the fourth to the +seventh holes were estimated for a correction of +seven or eight seconds only, for the reason that the +alteration did not carry them beyond the center of +the rims where the greatest curvature takes place. +The screws moved from the eighth to the ninth +holes however were estimated for the full correction +of four or five seconds which is to be expected +through shifting a normal pair of screws from one +hole to another beyond the center of the rim on +sixteen or eighteen size balances. In moving a +pair of screws one hole between the first quarter +and the center of the rims, a correction of from two +to three seconds can be expected and from the +center to the cut the difference for one hole is +generally four or five seconds, while an alteration +between the arm and the first quarter seldom yields +any correction.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p> + +<p>The matter of appearance should at all times be +respected, for it is just as easy to obtain results in +most instances and also have a well-appearing +balance. There is also less disturbance of the poise +usually in moving several pairs of screws a short +distance than there is in moving one pair a longer +distance.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec17." id="sec17.">17.</a><i>Correction Varies When Screws are Above or Below Normal Size and Weight.</i></h5> + +<p>Normal corrections can only be realized when +normal screws are shifted. Some balances have +one half, or quarter head screws which of course +will not produce a correction as great as will be +obtained by shifting regular screws. Sometimes +platinum, or other extra heavy screws will be +found in balances and these will produce a correction +almost double that of ordinary screws of the same +size.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec18." id="sec18.">18.</a><i>Over or Under Compensation.</i></h5> + +<p>On some occasions it will be found impossible to +maintain a pleasing arrangement of the screws because +the temperature variation will make it necessary +to mass all of the screws either in the holes +nearest the cuts or in those nearest the arms.</p> + +<p>This is due to either over or under compensation +of the balance. Over compensation is caused by +too large a proportion of brass in the rims, which +causes them to curve inward too far at the free +ends in heat and outward too far in cold. When +the extent of this error is so great that the rate is +still fast in heat, with the screws massed in the +holes nearest the arm, a correction can be obtained +by fitting heavier screws in the holes adjacent to +the arms and lighter screws in the holes nearer the +free ends.</p> + +<p>When the rate in heat is slow with the screws +massed at the free ends of rims the balance is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> +under compensated, which is caused by too large a +proportion of steel compared to the proportion of +brass in the rims. This prevents the free ends of +rims from curving inward far enough to carry the +weight the proper distance toward the center of +balance. A correction for this can be obtained by +fitting heavier screws in the holes adjacent to the +cuts and lighter screws in the holes toward the +center of rims.</p> + +<p>In changing the weight of screws as stated above +it should be remembered that the gross weight of +all screws must remain the same or the timing will +be seriously affected. It is also important that the +poise be tested whenever a considerable degree of +alteration is made, as this will assist in obtaining +an accurate rate.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec19." id="sec19.">19.</a><i>Special Corrections for Over or Under Compensation.</i></h5> + +<p>Balances having the extreme degree of over or +under compensation will seldom be found in high +grade watches. In any instance, however, it is possible +to obtain a better distribution of the screws +by fitting either a larger or a smaller hairspring. +For instance, we will assume a case of under compensation +in which the screws have all been massed at +the holes nearest the cuts. If the spring has +seventeen coils, a correction of from five to ten seconds +can be obtained by selecting and fitting a +spring of the same make that will have eighteen coils, +and the correction obtained will permit of shifting +one or two pairs of screws back toward the arms.</p> + +<p>In case of over compensation a spring of the +same make, one coil smaller, will permit of shifting +one or two pairs of screws toward the free ends of +rims.</p> + +<p>In a series of tests it was demonstrated that by +duplicating or changing springs of the same make +and size, on balances that had previously been +compensated, there was very slight difference in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +the temperature variation of the watch. Also by +changing pinning points or breaking out one-fourth +to one-half of the coil around collet and adding +weight to the balances to correct the mean time the +difference in the variation was almost negligible.</p> + +<p>On the other hand it was found that by replacing +the springs with others of larger or smaller size, +variations of from three to ten seconds were noted +in all instances.</p> + +<p>In selecting and fitting a spring that will be one +coil larger or smaller, it should be noted that the +inner coil of the original spring and that of the new +spring are approximately the same distance from +the collet. For if there was considerable space between +the collet and inner coil of the original spring, +and the new spring was colleted quite close, there +might be the addition of an extra coil in the inside +only. This was found to produce only a very +slight correction, compared to that obtained by +the addition of a complete outer coil. These tests +indicate that the proportion of strength of the +spring in the temperatures varies with any appreciable +change in length while slight changes make +practically no difference.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec20." id="sec20.">20.</a><i>Example Demonstrating that Temperature Variation is not Always Due to the Balance and Spring.</i></h5> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Fig. 7"><caption><b>Fig. 7</b></caption> +<tr><th colspan="8"> No. .................... Make...................</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> HEAT</td><td align="left">-10</td><td align="left">-10</td><td align="left">+ 4</td><td align="left">+ 4</td><td align="left">+ 1</td><td align="left">+ 1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> NORMAL</td><td align="left">- 6</td><td align="left">+ 4</td><td align="left">+ 5</td><td align="left">+ 1</td><td align="left">+ 4</td><td align="left">+ 3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> COLD</td><td align="left">+12</td><td align="left">+18</td><td align="left">+ 1</td><td align="left">- 4</td><td align="left">+ 7</td><td align="left">+ 3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">28</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">8</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">2</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The following example is submitted to show that +temperature variation is not always due to the +balance and spring, and that the general condition +of the watch may be responsible. The second +column of Fig. 7, indicates an error of twenty-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>eight +seconds slow in heat with all screws assembled +in the holes nearest the free ends of the rims.</p> + +<p>Examination proved that the motion of the balance +in cold was reduced to about one-fourth of a +turn. In heat the arc of motion was at least one +full turn. This difference in motion was sufficient +to prove that there was some binding in the train.</p> + +<p>A very close fitting of the escape pivots was +found and this undoubtedly caused binding of the +pivots in heat due to slight expansion. Expansion +of the stone would also tend to close the hole, and +while the degree of temperature would hardly have +any bearing on this point it is sufficient to show in +what direction the tendency would be. The +fourth wheel end shake was very close and probably +caused binding of the wheel in cold, due to +greater contraction of the bridge than of the fourth +pinion. Furthermore the mainspring was only +0.02 of a millimeter narrower than the space in +the barrel box. This no doubt also caused binding +through greater contraction of the barrel than occurred +in the mainspring.</p> + +<p>The above defects were remedied and the rate +was found to be eight seconds plus in heat as per +third and fourth columns Fig. 7.</p> + +<p>This made it necessary to shift several of the +screws away from the cut, in almost the same position +in which they were before the alteration which +caused the close assembling of the screws was made. +The final rate was two seconds slow in heat as +shown in fifth and sixth columns.</p> + +<p>The variation of thirty-six seconds between the +second and fourth columns was entirely erroneous, +and was due to condition of the watch irrespective +of the balance and hairspring. Should the variation +with the screws assembled have been by +chance within the limits of allowance the watch +would undoubtedly have been a very unreliable +timepiece. The errors in the watch would no doubt +have been corrected during the position adjustment +later, but the large error in temperature<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> +which would have been introduced by wrongly +moving the screws, would have prevented reliable +timing until possibly at some future period a test in +temperature would have been made and the screws +replaced in the proper positions.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a>CHAPTER V</h2> + +<h3>THE MIDDLE TEMPERATURE ERROR</h3> + + +<h5><a name="sec21." id="sec21.">21.</a><i>Why This Error Exists and What it Consists Of.</i></h5> + +<p>In adjusting watches to temperature it is +not always possible nor expected to obtain a +perfect rate between the two extremes, manufacturers +generally allowing from two to ten seconds +variation according to the grade.</p> + +<p>Even when the rate obtained is perfect it will +only be so at the two extremes and there will always +be a few seconds variation in the middle or +normal temperature.</p> + +<p>This variation will always be a gain of from two +to four seconds in the higher grades of steel brass +balances and usually more in cheaper balances.</p> + +<p>As there is no possible correction for this irregularity +in ordinary balances it has long been known +as the middle temperature error and for many years +was one of the most perplexing problems that the +manufacturer of specially fine timepieces had to +deal with.</p> + +<p>Various devices were originated from time to +time for the purpose of counteracting the error but +they were always too infinitely complicated to be +of commercial or scientific value, and none of them +were ever adopted as a solution of the problem.</p> + +<p>In chapter I, No. 3, will be found a description +of the distortions of compensation balances in the +extremes of temperature and the cause of the middle +error is due entirely to the fact that these distortions +are not exactly equal in both directions. +The free ends of the rims are drawn outward from +the concentric form to a slightly greater proportional +degree as the temperature decreases from normal +and they are not forced inward at an even proportional +degree with increase of temperature.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> + + +<h5><a name="sec22." id="sec22.">22.</a><i>How Nickel Steel Balances Overcome the Middle Temperature Error.</i></h5> + +<p>Through extensive experiment in the foreign +laboratories balances containing nickel steel have +been found to almost eliminate the middle error, +which is reduced to one second or less, making it +possible to obtain perfect adjustment in various +temperatures.</p> + +<p>All highest prize watches passing through the +Geneva Observatory are equipped with these balances +and they have been adopted for commercial +use to a large extent by the manufacturers of the +finer grades of watches.</p> + +<p>From the same source success has recently been +attained in applying this metal to hairsprings and +using them in connection with uncut balances, +but owing to the necessary high cost of production, +their general use may be delayed for some years to +come. Their general use however would revolutionize +the present-day methods of adjusting to +temperature as there would be practically no expansion +or contraction to deal with.</p> + +<p>Nickel steel balances will always be found to +have the cuts about one eighth of the circle distant +from the arms instead of close to the arms. This +is made necessary by the fact that the coefficient +of nickel steel is about ten times less than that of +ordinary steel, and if the cuts were made close to +the arms the brass in expansion would force the +free end of the rims to curve inward to such an +extent that it would cause an abnormally fast rate +in heat.</p> + +<p>By making the cuts more central the length of +the segments are reduced, thereby causing less +curvature of the extreme ends and more nearly +equalizing the extent of curvature both ways from +the concentric form. This equalization is what +causes the reduction in the middle error and its +absence in ordinary balances is what causes the +larger error.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p> + +<p>Non-magnetic or palladium balances are also +credited with a smaller middle temperature error +than the ordinary steel brass balance, but owing to +the unstable nature of the metal they have not +proved to be as reliable in other respects and are +not used to any large extent.</p> + +<p>The middle temperature error is of course a small +factor in the larger sense of obtaining time from +commercial watches but its influence is apparent in +timing and it will therefore be considered further in +the section devoted to Final Regulation, Chapter +XV, No. 77.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p> + + + + + +<h3>PART II<br /> +<br /> +THE ADJUSTMENT TO ISOCHRONISM +AND POSITIONS</h3> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a>CHAPTER VI</h2> + +<h3>GENERAL CONSIDERATION</h3> + + +<h5><a name="sec23." id="sec23.">23.</a><i>Optional Allowances for Variation.</i></h5> + +<p>The phrase "Adjusted to Isochronism and +Positions" does not always indicate the same +high quality or the expense assumed in obtaining +close rating in different kinds of watches.</p> + +<p>One particular model may be stamped "Adjusted +to Five Positions" and this may indicate that the +manufacturer of this model has tested all watches +of this grade for twenty-four hours in each of five +positions and that the extreme extent of variation +from one position to any other, among any of these +watches, did not exceed six seconds. Another +model may be stamped in exactly the same way and +it may indicate that all watches of that particular +grade have been tested in exactly the same way and +that the extreme extent of variation from one +position to any other, did not exceed twenty-five +seconds.</p> + +<p>The statement regarding the number of positions +to which the watch has been adjusted is just as +legitimate in the latter instance as it is in the former, +for the watches are really tested in five positions +and required to perform within specified allowances.</p> + +<p>The important difference is in the established +limits of requirement, one demanding an extreme of +only six seconds variation and the other allowing +twenty-five seconds. Both watches may have the +same number of jewels and there is no way to discern +the actual variation except through a test in +positions.</p> + +<p>Technically it would be just as legitimate to +stamp and advertise watches as above and have an +allowance of fifty or more seconds, providing that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> +they were actually tested and not allowed to pass +with a variation greater than this limit.</p> + +<p>Close limits of allowance require adjusters of +greater skill and material of a finer degree of accuracy, +however, than do greater allowances, but +the dealer and consumer are generally not informed +in regard to this particular point. Some watchmakers +also do not understand this feature clearly +and the limits of variation to which watches have +been adjusted are seldom considered.</p> + +<p>Should the difference in allowances and identical +advertising be interpreted as an injustice to the +manufacturer who maintains close limits for his +various grades of watches, it must be remembered +that they speak for themselves after passing over +the counter and into the hands of satisfied customers. +His reputation after a period of years will be more +firmly established than will that of his less particular +competitor in the high grade field. A similar +situation prevails in the repair shop, and the fact +that many of the leading dealers and railroad watch +inspectors require at least a three position adjustment +in the repairing of high grade watches, is +convincing evidence that position rating demonstrates +its importance in actual service when applied +to repair work, as surely as it does when +applied to new watches.</p> + +<p>In placing limits of allowance for variation in +various grades it is not intended that all watches +of a particular grade will have the extreme variation. +It is possible that an individual watch in the +twenty-five seconds allowance class may have an +even better rate than another watch that is in the +six seconds class. It is also possible for a watch in +either class to have a perfect rate, although these +would be rather exceptional instances.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec24." id="sec24.">24.</a><i>Some Necessary Requirements for Learning Adjusting.</i></h5> + +<p>The adjustments to isochronism and positions +are not permanent to the same extent that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> +temperature adjustment is, and they can be damaged +or destroyed entirely by the average workman +in making ordinary repairs unless he is familiar +with the common principles governing their production +and maintenance.</p> + +<p>Experienced workmen who are familiar with +these principles avoid unconsciously doing any +damage and make practical repairs in a manner +that will maintain or improve the original adjustment +and time-keeping qualities of the watch.</p> + +<p>To know and to make use of these principles does +not make a "putterer" of the workman, in fact +the consequence is just the reverse, because the +training acquired tends to eliminate guess work +and enables him to determine more readily as to +just what the trouble may be, how to correct it, +and as to just what degree of perfection is required +in a particular instance.</p> + +<p>Certain practical requirements are necessary in +reaching this standard of workmanship and it +would not be profitable to attempt to do adjusting +unless one has first had a reasonable degree of +training as a watchmaker or repairer, especially in +such branches of the work as truing and poising +balances; truing, leveling and centering hairsprings; +matching the escapement; finishing pivots, and +properly cleaning and assembling watches.</p> + +<p>These mechanical requirements and experiences +alone are not sufficient, however, and a certain +amount of study must be consolidated with them in +order to become proficient. This study should not +deal so much with the problems of manufacture of +the watch, or its various parts, as it does with the +problems pertaining to the finished results that are +to be obtained through refinement and intelligent +assembly of these parts. The workman's willingness +to indulge in such study is a very large asset +among the requirements, and it only remains for +him to obtain the proper class of instruction and +then to conscientiously follow correct methods in +his practice and to make personal experiments,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> +conforming to the instruction, so that his confidence +will become more enduring.</p> + +<p>It is further required that he be capable of realizing +the difference between genuine and imitation +materials, especially such essentials as balance +staffs, hole jewels, mainsprings and roller jewels, +which are the most frequently changed and most +frequently substituted parts of watches. Imitation +materials may be less expensive as a matter of +first cost but staffs may have pivots and shoulders +out of line, or out of true; hole jewels may be +rough, out of round or extremely thick; mainsprings +soft, or of improper proportion, and roller +jewels may have sharp edges which cause rubbing +in the fork and "hanging up" when the second hand +is reversed. It is most satisfactory to depend upon +the materials supplied by the manufacturer of the +watch, as imitation goods are seldom any better.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec25." id="sec25.">25.</a><i>Train and Escapement Freedom.</i></h5> + +<p>Beyond a general insight of high class watch-work +this book is not intended to meet the requirements +of beginners. It is designed principally for +watchmakers of some experience, and cannot presume +to cover details that would be essential for +those in early apprenticeship. It is thought essential, +however, to consider some matters in a general +way and among these are the subjects of side shakes +and end shakes, and the escapement, as far as +they pertain to general inspection of the watch +without consideration of details that refer to correction +of irregularities which are presumed to have +been acquired in earlier training.</p> + +<p>Thoroughness of mechanical ability always demands +a system of inspection and of making corrections +and it is quite necessary to follow some +method that will reveal any point or points that +may not be up to standard.</p> + +<p>As a rule it is best to begin at either end of the +watch, and if it is to be taken down the best place<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +to begin is usually with the balance and examine +each part as it is removed until the barrel has been +reached. If it is not to be taken down, just as good +results will be obtained by beginning the examination +at the barrel and finishing with the balance. +Sometimes watchmakers of considerable ability +will demand as a basic consideration that pivots be +fitted with very little side shake and that end shakes +also be quite close if close time is to be expected.</p> + +<p>These presumed to be, wide side shakes and long +end shakes, very often have nothing whatever to +do with the absence of a close position rate and +frequently are absolutely necessary for good performance +of the watch and proper space for oil.</p> + +<p>The importance of reasonable limits is of course +granted, but it is very detrimental to have pivots +too close fitting and more stoppage and irregular +time keeping can be traced to lack of freedom than +can be traced to excessive shakes.</p> + +<p>If the repairer is not familiar with accepted +standards of side and end shakes, he can improve +his judgment by examining watches of the higher +grades and comparing the results with those found +in cheaper makes of watches.</p> + +<p>Such examination will invariably disclose the +fact that fine watches receive very careful consideration +in this respect. The center, third and fourth +wheels generally having from 0.03 mm. to 0.05 mm. +freedom for end shake and 0.015 mm. to 0.02 mm. +for side shake. The escape wheel, pallet and +balance will be found to run quite uniform at from +0.02 mm. to 0.03 mm. freedom for end shake and +from 0.0075 mm. to 0.0125 mm. for side shake. +The smaller and thinner watches generally favoring +the lesser figures and the larger and thicker watches +favoring the higher.</p> + +<p>This uniformity of freedom will be found absent +in cheaper watches; for instance, a center wheel may +have 0.02 mm. end shake and 0.01 mm. side shake +which would be very close fitting for large pivots. +The fourth wheel may have as much as 0.08 mm.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> +end shake and 0.03 mm. side shake which would +be too great. The pallet may have 0.05 mm. end +shake and the balance 0.01 mm. and in this instance +the short end shake of the balance would be +more detrimental in most instances than would the +longer end shake of the pallet. The variation will +even be found to exceed these figures and when +they are found in connection with thick, straight +hole jewels they often interfere with a close position +rate and with regularity of time in service. The interference +in timekeeping is considerably aggravated +in cases where one pivot has excessive side shake +and the opposite pivot is close fitting, as this tends +to cause almost certain binding of the close fitting +pivot as soon as the power of the mainspring is +applied.</p> + +<p>The end shake and side shake allowance for the +barrel depends considerably upon its style of +construction. Safety barrels constructed so that +the arbor revolves with the main wheel, when the +watch is running, may have about the same end +shake and side shake as applied to the center, third +and fourth wheels, and if the pivots of the arbor are +quite large they may have a trifle more side shake.</p> + +<p>As a rule larger pivots will stand more side shake +than smaller pivots; this, however, does not apply +in the case of large bearings, such as safety main +wheels that revolve around a stationary arbor, or +going barrels where the entire barrel revolves around +the stationary arbor when the watch is running.</p> + +<p>In such instances the main wheel or barrel should +have from 0.03 mm. to 0.05 mm. end shake on the +arbor and should be just free for side shake.</p> + +<p>The arbor which turns only when the watch is +wound requires merely freedom for end shake between +the plates, as well as for side shake where +the pivots pass through the plates.</p> + +<p>With reference to the escapement, good watchmakers +often have different methods of examining +the various points and of making corrections and it +is not of so much importance as to just how correct<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> +conditions are obtained, as it is that they actually be +obtained.</p> + +<p>Whatever the method may be it is certain that +each escape wheel tooth must have positive locking +on each pallet stone and that there must be positive +space for drop between the back of each stone and +the pointed end of each escape wheel tooth. There +must also be sufficient draw when each tooth and +stone are locked to hold the fork against the bankings.</p> + +<p>When the lock, drop and draw are correct it is +next necessary to see that the fork length and guard +pin freedom are correct.</p> + +<p>There is only one positive method of determining +as to when the fork length is correct, and this is +through closing the bankings to drop.</p> + +<p>This can be done either before or after placing +the balance in the watch and merely requires +turning the banking screws so that the excentric +pins will close in on the fork until the fork arrives +at the pins, at the same instant that the tooth +drops on the pallet stone. This eliminates any +slide of the stone on the tooth beyond the actual +locking and in this condition it is required that the +roller jewel pass through the fork slot and out of +the fork horn entirely on both sides with perfect +freedom.</p> + +<p>Should it touch on both sides of the fork, then +the fork is either too long or the roller jewel is too +far forward, and if it touches on one side only it +may require simply equalization of the freedom. +The guard pin length also must be obtained with +the bankings closed to drop and should be just free +from the safety roller on both sides.</p> + +<p>When the inspection proves that these conditions +have been properly provided for, it is necessary to +slightly open the bankings so that there will be just +a trifle of slide of each stone, on each tooth, after +the locking takes place.</p> + +<p>Extremely wide side shakes of the escape, pallet +or balance pivots will sometimes cause striking of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> +the roller jewel when conditions are otherwise correct, +and these side shakes should not be very +much beyond the extreme limits mentioned in this +number. The fact of this feature, however, should +not be construed as a recommendation that these +pivots be closely fitted, for reasonable freedom is +to be desired because it is positively necessary.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a>CHAPTER VII</h2> + +<h3>THEORY AND PRACTICE</h3> + + +<h5><a name="sec26." id="sec26.">26.</a><i>Theory of Frictional Errors and the Isochronal Hairspring.</i></h5> + +<p>Theory teaches us in brief, that the position +adjustment is made necessary principally because +of frictional errors. It would therefore +seem that if the watch was mechanically correct +there would be little or no requirement for position +alterations.</p> + +<p>We are also advised that an isochronal hairspring +is one which will cause the long and short +arcs of the balance to be made in equal time and +that to attain this, the center of gravity of the spring +must coincide with the center of gravity of the balance +and that a certain pinning point is necessary +in producing this result.</p> + +<p>Now if we have a watch of correct mechanical +construction and fitted with an isochronal spring +it would seem that a close rating timepiece would +be assured.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec27." id="sec27.">27.</a><i>How Theory Works Out in Practice and What Isochronism Consists of.</i></h5> + +<p>Practical adjusting, however, proves that such is +not the case, for even when the construction and +alterations produce watches as nearly correct as +scientific methods can determine, there is often +considerable variation in the position rates. A +twenty-four hour test in any position may prove +that the long and short arcs are made in equal +time showing the spring to be isochronous and +yet the position variations have not been accounted +for. In this connection experience proves that a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> +spring showing a perfect isochronal rate may have +its collet pinning point changed, in relation to the +pinning point at the stud and that through such an +alteration, a correction in positions can be obtained, +without in the least disturbing the perfect isochronal +rate.</p> + +<p>This indicates that the separation of the two adjustments +which is possible in theory, does not +hold good in practice, because a spring showing a +perfect isochronal rate has been altered for the +purpose of counteracting some position error and +thereby producing a practical center of gravity of +the balance and spring combined, instead of +separately.</p> + +<p>This may be further explained as creating an +error in a spring which is supposed to be theoretically +isochronous, with the idea of making it act in opposition +to the position error and the combination +thus obtained produces practical isochronism as +well as a corrected position rate.</p> + +<p>It is not suggested that these relative pinning +points be altered for the purpose of overcoming +position variation such as may be caused by dirt +and gummy oil, damaged pivots, or balances that +are out of poise. The watch should be in first-class +condition and have a good motion in every position +and then the alterations may be safely undertaken +in accordance with the principles.</p> + +<p>Adjusted to isochronism indicates that the watch +functions uniformly during the entire twenty-four +hours running. It is immaterial as to whether the +rate be perfect or whether it be a gain or a loss, so +long as it is uniform.</p> + +<p>The watch is not isochronous if there is both a +gain and a loss in the rate, even though the time +be perfect at the expiration of twenty-four hours.</p> + +<p>Experiment will demonstrate that watches carefully +adjusted to positions will also have a very +close isochronal rate. These isochronal experiments +can be made by timing watches for twenty-four +hours in any one of the vertical positions and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> +noting the variation in periods of from four to +twelve hours and by comparing the variation in the +first period, during which time the arc of motion +is long, with the variation in the latter period when +the mainspring power is weaker and the arc of +motion is short.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec28." id="sec28.">28.</a><i>Common Causes of Extreme Isochronal Variation.</i></h5> + +<p>The most common causes of isochronal variation +with which the repairer has to deal and which are +often very destructive to position rates, as well as +to general time keeping, may be found in the factor +of, out of poise and uneven motive force, which is +one of the elementary principles of adjusting. This +feature should be thoroughly understood by all +watchmakers, so that as good results as possible +may be obtained from all watches above low grade, +even though no test for adjustment is to be made.</p> + +<p>When the balance is slightly out of poise and the +motion is exactly one and one-fourth turn during +the twenty-four hours, this out of poise will not +affect the isochronism. When the motion varies +and reaches approximately one and one-half turn +during the first few hours after winding and then +drops to one and one-quarter turn and finally to one +turn or less during the latter part of the twenty-four +hours, the poise error will have considerable effect. +This factor is not perceptible in the flat positions, +but shows up to the full extent in the vertical positions +and the variation differs according to the location +of the point that is heavy. For example, if +the balance is heavy on the lower side when at rest, +the watch will lose during the hours that the arc of +motion is over one and one-fourth turn and will +gain when the motion drops to one turn or less.</p> + +<p>Should the heavy point be on the top side of +balance the result will be reversed and the watch +will gain when the motion is over one and one-fourth +turn and will lose when it drops to one turn +or less.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p> + +<p>The total variation may be either seconds or +minutes, depending upon the extent of the poise +error and experiments will prove that serious isochronal +variations can be traced to the simple +cause of lack of poise and irregular motion in more +instances than to any other cause.</p> + +<p>The arc of one and one-fourth turn is the ideal +motion, as slight poise errors are neutralized at this +point, but very few watches will maintain this motion +for twenty-four hours, therefore the poise +must be as nearly perfect as possible. The nearest +approach to even motion of modern watches is +found in the fine Swiss grades equipped with stop +work, which causes only the best part of the mainspring +to be utilized.</p> + +<p>Such watches also receive the most expert attention +as to gearings of wheels and pinions and the +train wheels are specially rounded up on their respective +staffs. This latter feature has been adopted +by at least two of the American manufacturers of +fine watches during the past few years with considerable +benefit in producing even motion and the use +of lighter mainsprings. It should be definitely +understood that these tests refer to the vertical +positions of the watch only and that the horizontal +positions are not affected in the same way by lack +of poise.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a>CHAPTER VIII</h2> + +<h3>RELATIVE PINNING POINTS OF THE +HAIRSPRING</h3> + + +<h5><a name="sec29." id="sec29.">29.</a><i>Original Springing of Watches.</i></h5> + +<p>Theory and practice agree that different +models of watches have important relative +points of attachment of the spring to collet +and stud. In the original springing and adjusting of +high grade watches, these points receive careful +consideration, and only a very small percentage +ever require future alterations.</p> + +<p>There are instances, however, where the original +allowance of position variation has been considerable, +also medium grades where no attention has +been directed to pinning points and in which an +occasional alteration may be required before a close +position rate can be obtained.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec30." id="sec30.">30.</a><i>How Pinning Point Alterations are Made.</i></h5> + +<p>These alterations are generally made by breaking +off or letting out a small section of the inner coil at +the collet. In making such alterations a quarter +of a coil broken away at the collet will have the +same effect as will a quarter of a coil broken off at +the outer end and will require less weighting of the +balance to correct the mean time. It will also avoid +breaking and remaking the over coil and the possible +necessity of readjustment to temperature. Letting +out the spring can be accomplished by unpinning +and repinning the spring at collet with less of the +coil entered in the pinhole. This is not a positive +alteration, however, because very often the segment +in the pinhole is as short as it can be with safety.</p> + +<p>A more substantial correction is that of reforming<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> +the over coil in a manner that will cause the end +holding the stud to be shifted further forward.</p> + +<p>The method of obtaining this correction is illustrated +in Fig. 8. The broken line shows the original +formation of the over coil with the stud on the +line "B". The solid lines show the corrections with +the stud shifted to the line A.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 347px;"> +<img src="images/i056.png" width="347" height="272" alt="Fig. 8" title="Fig. 8" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 8</span> +</div> + +<p>When the collet is +turned to replace the +spring in beat, the stud +will be in its original location +on the line "B."</p> + +<p>This will cause the pinning +point at collet to be +shifted from "A" to "B" +and bring it that much +nearer to the horizontal +line "C."</p> + +<p>This alteration has the same effect as that of +letting out the spring at the collet or of moving the +stud forward on the over coil, with the advantage +of eliminating any change in the mean time.</p> + +<p>It should be definitely understood that the objective +in making the above alterations and as illustrated +with the aid of the following cuts, is the relation +of the pinning point at collet to the pinning +point at stud, and that the change in length of the +spring has no bearing on the matter whatever as +far as the position rate is concerned.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec31." id="sec31.">31.</a><i>Even Coil Hairsprings Very Incorrect for Some Models.</i></h5> + +<p>It is often supposed that hairsprings having +exactly even coils are correct for close position and +isochronal rating. Such springs do approximate the +nearest correct relation in more instances than any +other relation. They are precisely correct for very +few models, however, and are very incorrect for many +models, as will be seen through study of the follow<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>ing +cuts showing the various points of attachment +and the different results obtainable in each.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec32." id="sec32.">32.</a><i>How to Find the Correct Collet Pinning Point for Any Watch.</i></h5> + +<p>A very simple method of locating the proper +point of attachment of the spring to collet is to +face the train side of the movement and hold the +balance stationary with a small twig, and with the +pallet fork just +midway between +the two +bankings.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/i057a.png" width="400" height="390" alt="Fig. 9" title="Fig. 9" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 9</span> +</div> + +<p>Presume the +existence of a +vertical line +through the +center of hairspring +and collet +as shown +at "A B" Fig. +9. Then presume +a horizontal +line as +shown at "C +D" on the same +cut.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 368px;"> +<img src="images/i057b.png" width="368" height="368" alt="Fig. 10" title="Fig. 10" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 10</span> +</div> + +<p>The proper +pinning point +is at the intersection +of the +collet and horizontal +line; the +spring may be +either over or +under even +coils, depending +entirely up<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>on +the location of the stud hole in the balance bridge +as demonstrated by Figures 9, 10, 14, 15.</p> + +<p>When the spring develops to the right from collet +as shown in Fig. 9, for example, the proper point of +attachment is on the right side of collet as shown +at "E" Fig. 9, and also at "J" Fig. 14.</p> + +<p>If it develops to the left as the springs of all +fine Swiss watches do, the proper point of attachment +is on the left side of collet as shown at "F" +Fig. 10.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec33." id="sec33.">33.</a><i>Results in Vertical Position Rates Due to Changing the Pinning Point.</i></h5> + +<p>In either of the above instances the spring will +develop upward as it leaves the collet. These +points of attachment always produce a fast pendant +up rate when compared to the opposite, or pendant +down rate, and all high grade watches are originally +fitted with springs conforming to this principle.</p> + +<p>If these points of attachment were changed to the +opposite side of collet so that the spring would +develop downward as shown at "G" Fig. 11, and +"H" Fig. 12, the results would be reversed and the +pendant up rate would be slow in comparison to the +pendant down rate.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 379px;"> +<img src="images/i058.png" width="379" height="400" alt="Fig. 11" title="Fig. 11" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 11</span> +</div> + +<p>This point of attachment +in which +the spring develops +downward from the +collet is generally +known as the slow +point among adjusters, +and when a +spring is pinned at +either the slow or +fast point the pendant +right and left +positions generally +compare quite closely +to each other in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> +timing, provided that the poise and other conditions +of the watch are correct.</p> + +<p>If the pinning point was changed to the intersection +of the collet and vertical line as shown in "I" +Fig. 13, the pendant up and down rates would +compare nearly equal to each other and the pendant +right position would be slow compared to the +pendant left position.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 380px;"> +<img src="images/i059a.png" width="380" height="400" alt="Fig. 12" title="Fig. 12" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 12</span> +</div> + +<p>If it were pinned +at the intersection +of the collet +and vertical +line just opposite +to that shown in +Fig. 13, the pendant +left position +would be slow +compared to the +pendant right position.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 384px;"> +<img src="images/i059b.png" width="384" height="400" alt="Fig. 13" title="Fig. 13" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 13</span> +</div> + +<p>The vertical +points of attachment +are seldom +used, for the reason +that the variation +between +the pendant right +and left positions +would be very +difficult to control +within close limits, +due to the existence +of the natural +error. As +these positions, +together with the +pendant up position +are the most +important of the four vertical positions, they are +given preference, and the natural error is placed in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> +the pendant down position where it will be the least +detrimental to the performance of the watch.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec34." id="sec34.">34.</a><i>The Natural Position Error and Why it Cannot be Eliminated.</i></h5> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 334px;"> +<img src="images/i060.png" width="334" height="400" alt="Fig. 14" title="Fig. 14" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 14</span> +</div> + +<p>The natural error +generally consists +of from +twelve to fifteen +seconds in finely +constructed +watches, and exists +because of the +fact that it is impossible +to perfectly +poise a spiral +spring. The +location of the heavy point, however, may be shifted +by changing the point of attachment at collet as +described in No. 33, this Chapter. The nearest +approximation of a poised spiral spring is probably +attained through L. Lossier's inner terminal curve. +Results are not positive, however, and any deviation +from the required precision makes the curve valueless. +It is possible to obtain perfect adjustment +between three vertical quarter positions and the +two horizontal positions, but all four quarter positions +cannot be perfectly adjusted because the +natural error will show up in one of them. Manufacturers +of fine watches do not of course presume to +supply perfect adjustment in the five positions. +Some however, have considerably closer limits of +allowance for variation than do others and it is +logical to presume that a line of high grade watches +having a five position allowance of six seconds from +one position to any other would show better results +than another line which had even a six position ad<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>justment +and an allowance of fifteen seconds from +one position to any other.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec35." id="sec35.">35.</a><i>Principle of Pinning Point Alterations.</i></h5> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 313px;"> +<img src="images/i061.png" width="313" height="400" alt="Fig. 15" title="Fig. 15" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 15</span> +</div> + +<p>When an alteration +of any pinning +point is necessary, +the extent and direction +of the alteration +are determined +by the rate of the +watch. For instance, +if a spring is pinned +at the fast point and +if a slightly slower +pendant up rate is +desired, the spring +can be broken off at the collet and pinned one-eighth +above the horizontal line.</p> + +<p>If the rate is to be made slightly faster, the +spring can be let out a trifle at the collet, the over +coil reformed or the stud moved forward on the +over coil so that the collet point of attachment will +come slightly below the horizontal line when the +spring is placed in beat. The former alteration +causes an approach toward the slow point and in +making the latter alteration we assume that the +fast point is a trifle below the horizontal line on that +particular watch. When altering springs from the +extreme fast point to the extreme slow point, it is +advisable to remove a trifle less of the inner coil than +the extreme calculation. This will cause the point +of attachment to be slightly above the horizontal +line on the slow side and will most always produce +the result desired and if it does not, there is still a +possibility of further alteration. The same principle +applies in making an alteration from the extreme +slow to the extreme fast point and in this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> +case the point of attachment to collet may be just +a trifle below the horizontal line.</p> + +<p>The theory of this is that all shortening of the +coil from the fast to the slow point produces a slower +rate pendant up, until the extreme slow point is +reached. After passing this extreme slow point the +pendant up rate begins to grow faster until the extreme +fast point is reached. +<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a>The +designations "right" and "left" in regard to +pinning points are used with the explicit understanding +that the individual is facing the train side +of the movement. The same designations used as +referring to position rates, or results to be expected +in positions should be interpreted to mean with +the individual facing the dial side of the watch.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec36." id="sec36.">36.</a><i>Same Principles Apply in Case of American Hunting Models.</i></h5> + +<p>The points shown in Figures 14 and 15 refer +generally to American hunting models. In all +other high grade watches the location of the balance +and spring will be found either to the right or left +of the center of the watch.</p> + +<p>In American hunting models the balance and +spring are located in the lower center of the watch.</p> + +<p>This is due to the fact that American manufacturers +do not construct separate models for hunting +watches as is done by foreign manufacturers.</p> + +<p>Instead of producing an entirely separate model, +the method simply calls for a change in the construction +of the barrel bridge by reversing the position +of the barrel and winding wheels. This places +the winding sleeve at figure three on the dial, +which is customary on hunting watches and causes +the entire movement to be shifted by ninety degrees +with the balance just about opposite the pendant.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Important Note.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a>CHAPTER IX</h2> + +<h3>MANIPULATION OF THE REGULATOR PINS</h3> + + +<h5><a name="sec37." id="sec37.">37.</a><i>Altering the Length of Spring by Regulator Pins.</i></h5> + +<p>On some occasions when the pinning points +seem to be comparatively close and the watch +is in good condition with the balance in +poise, it is possible to obtain corrections by closing +or opening the regulator pins.</p> + +<p>This, however, can only be resorted to, to a limited +extent, as otherwise the value of the regulator may +be impaired.</p> + +<p>The pins should not be closed tight enough to +cause "kinking" of the over coil and they should +not be spread apart any more than enough to make +the mean rate about 2 seconds per hour slower.</p> + +<p>Some models of watches consistently require that +the pins be closed, while other models require that +they be slightly spread, and it is therefore advisable +not to disturb the pins when cleaning watches unless +they have been bent by incompetent hands.</p> + +<p>It is better to reserve the majority of pin alterations +for such time as the position rate determines +the necessity of an alteration. When the pins are +open, however, it is necessary to adjust the coil so +that its vibration will be equal.</p> + +<p>Correct execution in spreading or closing the pins +will very often make it possible to obtain a correction +of six or eight seconds between the vertical and +horizontal positions.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec38." id="sec38.">38.</a><i>Method of Examining Vibration of Over Coil Between the Pins.</i></h5> + +<p>The proper method of examining this vibration +is to stop the balance and observe the movement of +the coil between the pins.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p> + +<p>The vibration should be equal at the slightest +oscillation of the balance as well as during the +longer arcs. The coil should not rest against one +or the other of the pins at any time unless they are +both closed. Emphasis is placed upon equal +vibration of the coil when the pins are open because +of its importance, and if results are not obtained (as +expected) the examination should be repeated to see +if correct conditions have been attained. Examination +of this vibration should be made from both +sides of the pins and usually the best estimate can +be obtained by looking between the pins from the +stud side.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec39." id="sec39.">39.</a><i>Position Corrections Obtained by Spreading or Closing the Regulator Pins.</i></h5> + +<p>When the regulator pins are tightly closed and +the watch has a fast pendant up position rate, it +will be possible to obtain a slower rate by slightly +spreading the pins.</p> + +<p>When the pins are spread and vibration of the +coil between them can be discerned, and the pendant +up rate is slow, a faster rate can be obtained by +closing them.</p> + +<p>In spreading the pins they should be drawn away +from the coil equally, as otherwise the coil will strike +one pin with more force than the other, which will +not produce results as expected and will cause +uncertain regulation. In closing the pins they +should be drawn together one at a time until both +are in equal contact. They should not be merely +squeezed together, as this causes distortion of the +coil at the point of contact.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a>CHAPTER X</h2> + +<h3>FACTORY AND REPAIR SHOP ADJUSTING</h3> + + +<h5><a name="sec40." id="sec40.">40.</a><i>Routine Varies According to Circumstances.</i></h5> + +<p>The principles covering the adjustment of +watches are the same in the repair shop as +they are in the factory and they are equally +the same in the various lines of high grade watches +regardless as to whether they are of American or +foreign extraction.</p> + +<p>The routine covering the work to be done, however, +may vary, depending upon the quantity of +watches that are turned out. In the factories +where large numbers of watches are adjusted the +adjuster is trained in the various branches of watch +work and eventually devotes his entire time to +adjusting. The watches are generally turned over +to him after they are all assembled and ready for +the final balance and spring work, or after they +have been finished and rated, in which instance he +receives only those that are not within the requirements +and he then makes the necessary alterations, +after which they are again tested for results.</p> + +<p>In some repair shops where large numbers of fine +watches are handled, a similar system is used and +one competent adjuster devotes his time principally +to the work of timing and adjusting.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec41." id="sec41.">41.</a><i>Considering the Watchmaker in the Small Shop One or Two Workmen.</i></h5> + +<p>By far the greater number of watchmakers are +employed in stores having only one or two workmen +who are required to do the cleaning and to make all +repairs. For this reason an adjuster of equal skill +could not do as much actual adjusting as could be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> +done in either of the two previous instances, but +for the same reason he would not be expected to do +as much.</p> + +<p>He can, however, adjust the high grade watches +that he repairs just as closely, and he should not permit +himself to feel that time and the nature of his +position prohibits him from doing so. Whether it +does, or does not prevent him from obtaining close +rates depends entirely upon his training and understanding +of the necessary details. If he is skilful and +accurate, his output of work in the long run will not +be reduced, his work will give better satisfaction +and he will have less "comebacks" to take up his +valuable time.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec42." id="sec42.">42.</a><i>Advantage of Understanding Adjusting Even Though Watches are Not Tested in Positions or Isochronism.</i></h5> + +<p>To understand position adjusting thoroughly is +of the greatest advantage in obtaining satisfactory +time from any medium or high grade watches even +though they are not to be tested in positions because +vital points will receive intelligent observation +where they would otherwise be overlooked.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec43." id="sec43.">43.</a><i>Concerning Watchmakers of Limited Experience.</i></h5> + +<p>The previous notes and rules covering pinning +points of the hairspring as detailed by the cuts and +descriptions, together with the concrete adjusting +examples to follow would no doubt be of sufficient +note for watchmakers of considerable experience.</p> + +<p>There are, however, many ambitious workmen who +have not devoted any time whatever to the study +or practice of adjusting and to whom some elementary +study and practice may be quite indispensable.</p> + +<p>To be of service to this class of workmen chapters +XI and XII are devoted to preliminary notes and +practice lessons.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span></p> + +<p>The contents of these chapters can be worked out +in practice by almost any workman who is capable +of holding a position as watchmaker and it is substantially +necessary that they be mastered before +finished results are to be expected.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a>CHAPTER XI</h2> + +<h3>PRELIMINARY NOTES AND PRACTICE +FOR BEGINNERS</h3> + + +<h5><a name="sec44." id="sec44.">44.</a><i>Practical Suggestions.</i></h5> + +<p>Experience will eventually prove that most +of the variations in positions are caused by +apparently insignificant details. The mistake +made by the average repairer is generally that of +failing to detect these details and to make slight corrections +where necessary, as he proceeds with the +ordinary cleaning and repairing of the watch.</p> + +<p>This oversight often prevents what would otherwise +be excellent results in timekeeping and makes +it necessary to utilize extra time and labor in the +effort to obtain more consistent timekeeping.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec45." id="sec45.">45.</a><i>The First Point of Consideration in Learning to Adjust.</i></h5> + +<p>The first consideration in position adjusting +should be directed toward equalizing the time in +the two horizontal positions. This equalization +should be accomplished entirely by attention to +details that can be plainly seen before arriving at +the point of actual timing of the watch. The principal +requirement for equal time between dial up +and dial down is equal arc of motion of the balance +in each of the two positions, and the adjuster should +become capable of obtaining this equal arc of motion +before attempting to obtain close rating in the +other positions.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec46." id="sec46.">46.</a><i>Causes of Variation Between Dial Up and Dial Down.</i></h5> + +<p>Variations between dial up and dial down may +be due to one or more of the following causes which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> +have been arranged in two groups, the first group +consisting of the most frequent and common causes, +while the second group consists of causes equally +detrimental but less common.</p> + + +<p>Group No. 1</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">1. Dirt or thick oil in one or both balance jewels.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">2. Burred or marred balance pivots.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">3. End of one balance pivot flat or rough and opposite pivot polished.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">4. Ends of both balance pivots polished but not same form.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">5. Balance pivot bent.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">6. Hairspring rubbing balance arm or stud.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">7. Hairspring concave or convex in form instead of perfectly level.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">8. Over coil rubbing under balance cock.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">9. Over coil rubbing center wheel. (Some watches).</span> +</p> + + +<p>Group No. 2</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">10. Balance pivots fitted too close in jewels.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">11. One pivot having excessive side shake and the opposite close fitting.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">12. Escape or pallet pivots bent or damaged.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">13. Balance end stone pitted or badly out of flat.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">14. Over coil rubbing outside coil, at point where it curves over spring.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">15. Balance arm or screw touching pallet bridge.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">16. Balance screw out too far, touching bridge or train wheel.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">17. Safety roller rubbing dial plate or jewel setting.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">18. Fork rubbing impulse roller.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">19. Guard pin rubbing edge of safety roller.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">20. Roller jewel long and rubs guard pin.</span> +</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec47." id="sec47.">47.</a><i>Short Motion Generally Indicates Where to Find Trouble.</i></h5> + +<p>Any of the above irregularities will cause a variation +in motion between dial up and dial down and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> +invariably the trouble will be found on the side +which has the shorter motion. For instance, a pivot +that is flat or rough on the end will cause a shorter +motion, when it is down, than will the opposite +pivot when it is down, provided that its end +is slightly rounded and highly polished. The same +is true when the oil is gummy or dirty in one jewel +and the opposite jewel is clean and freshly oiled.</p> + +<p>Capped escape or pallet pivots when flat or +rough on one end have the same effect to a lesser +degree.</p> + +<p>It is never proper to make the end of a pivot flat +or rough and thereby shorten and equalize the +motion. Neither should the ends of both balance +pivots be flattened at any time. On the contrary, +the ends of pivots should always be slightly rounded +and highly polished: there is no logical reason for +having them otherwise.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec48." id="sec48.">48.</a><i>Short Motion Sometimes Caused by Burr on Opposite Pivot.</i></h5> + +<p>There are occasionally instances where a poor +motion on one pivot is caused by a slight burr on +the opposite pivot. This is usually due to the fact +that while the burred pivot is running on its own +end stone, there is space enough between the end +stone and jewel to give the burr clearance, but when +the position of the watch is reversed, the balance +end shake allowance causes the burr to rub on the +top of jewel hole and prevents perfect freedom of +motion when the good pivot is downward.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec49." id="sec49.">49.</a><i>Examining the Hairspring.</i></h5> + +<p>The hairspring may be true and level but it +should be carefully examined to see that there is no +possibility of touching at any point. The observation +should take place during the full arc of motion +of the balance, for there are some instances in which +no rubbing takes place until the motion accelerates. +The watch should be held at different angles and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> +the space between the balance arm and spring, and +the stud and spring, closely scrutinized for possible +contact. The space between the spring and over +coil at the point where the over coil rises and curves +over the spring should be at least equal to the width +of the coils and care should be taken to see that the +over coil just before the point of rising has the usual +space between it and the next coil. Either position +in which the hairspring may rub will have a shorter +motion and a gain in time compared to the opposite +position in which there is no interference.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec50." id="sec50.">50.</a><i>Exceptions in Regard to Gaining Rate and Short Motion.</i></h5> + +<p>Invariably the arc of motion which is the shortest +will gain time compared to the opposite position +which has a longer motion. There are, however, +some few instances in which there are exceptions to +this rule, and knowledge of these exceptions is +quite valuable in preventing confusion and doubtfulness +in the certainty of making specific alterations. +As an example in the horizontal positions; if both +end stones are perfect and the freedom of one pivot +in the jewel is correct while the opposite pivot has +entirely too much freedom, the motion may be +somewhat shorter with the proper fitting pivot +downward while the rate may be slower compared to +the opposite position. This is caused by the balance +describing a larger circle when the large hole +jewel is upward, as the pivot is allowed to travel a +greater distance from the center of the hole as it +wavers from side to side during the oscillations.</p> + +<p>When the watch is reversed the weight of the +balance prevents the pivot from wobbling in the +large hole and eliminates the possibility of compensating +for the larger circle described by the balance +in the opposite position.</p> + +<p>The same results are possible when the freedom +of both pivots is correct and when one end stone is +pitted, as the pit in the stone causes a short motion<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> +when downward and prevents the pivot from having +any side play whatever, while the opposite pivot +enjoys full play to whatever freedom there may be +and through this causing a somewhat larger circle +to be described by the balance and a slower rate in +time.</p> + +<p>It should be understood that this does not refer +to instances where the end stone surface is merely +slightly worn, but to pittings in which the surface +of the stone has been actually pierced. In most +instances of slight wear the motion will be shorter +and the rate fast which conforms to the general rule +covering rate and motion.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec51." id="sec51.">51.</a><i>Detailed Practice.</i></h5> + +<p>For preliminary practice in position adjusting, +select a watch of about 17 jewels which has just been +cleaned and put in order to the best of one's ability.</p> + +<p>Regulate it so that it will time within ten seconds +in twenty-four hours. Then run it dial up for +twenty-four hours and make a notation as to the +number of seconds either fast or slow. Next run +it dial down for twenty-four hours and make note +of the number of seconds fast or slow in this +position. If there is a variation in time between the +two positions it will be found that the position +having the faster rate of the two will also have a +shorter arc of motion.<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p> + +<p>The exact arc of motion in each position can be +known by observing the arms of the balance and +comparing the extent of the arc with some point on +the pallet bridge.</p> + +<p>A variation of one-eighth of an inch in motion +will generally make a difference of four or five seconds +in the rate and greater variations will make +corresponding increases in the difference.</p> + +<p>When a watch is in good order a correct motion +for the horizontal positions is generally considered +to be that of one and one-half turn, which consists<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> +of three-quarters of a revolution of the balance in +each direction.</p> + +<p>Should the motion be very much below this, in +both positions, there may be something wrong with +the general condition of the watch or possibly there +may be a weak mainspring at fault, or an imitation +spring that is too long and thick may take up too +much room in the barrel and cause poor motion as +surely as will one that is two weak.</p> + +<p>Assuming, however, that the motion is good in +one position and drops off in the other, it is quite +probable that only an ordinary position correction +will be required and the immediate problem to be +considered is that of causing the short arc of motion +to accelerate enough to equal the longer arc. The +precise correction required will most probably be +found among the causes listed in No. 46, this +Chapter.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec52." id="sec52.">52.</a><i>Which Rate to Use as the Unit for Comparison.</i></h5> + +<p>The horizontal position which has the slower rate +of the two should be considered as the unit which +is correct and it will always have the longer motion +of the two, barring the occasional exception as described +in No. 50.</p> + +<p>This longer arc of motion is universally due to a +better condition, while the shorter motion indicates +that something is wrong, and it should always be +the aim of the adjuster to improve some condition +that is below standard, rather than to make some +good condition a little worse in order to equalize +the rates.</p> + +<p>It may be possible to equalize horizontal rates by +flattening the ends of pivots, but it does not require +much more time to improve the motion in one position +than it does to make it a little worse in another. +The advantage is all one way and results either +good or bad depend entirely upon the viewpoint +of the worker and how he applies himself to the +situation.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p> + + +<h5><a name="sec53." id="sec53.">53.</a><i>Damaged Pivots, Pitted End Stones and Methods of Correction.</i></h5> + +<p>In the examination of pivots, end stones and +jewels, it is necessary to use a stronger glass than the +one used for ordinary work.</p> + +<p>Damaged pivots can often be detected by looking +through the end stone with a strong glass while the +balance is moving. If imperfect they will appear +dark or display a slight waver or flash and if they +are in good condition they will appear bright and +seem to stand still. They can also be examined in +the lathe and a good true enclosed balance chuck is +of immense value in detecting burrs, chipped edges, +rings on the sides, slight bends and poorly shaped +ends. The complete balance and spring can be inserted +and the pivots can be refinished without disturbing +the roller or hairspring. The chuck should +be revolving very slowly when making the examination +and moving the belt with the hand will enable +one to see more than can be seen when the lathe is +running at regular speed. Some watchmakers +use small bow lathes for examining and finishing +pivots, or the Jacot lathe, which is excellent for this +kind of work. An end stone that has been deeply +pitted should always be discarded and a new one +supplied. If the hole is very slight, however, it can +be removed entirely and the surface of the stone re-polished +on a lap charged with No. 5 diamond +powder, but the stone and setting should be +thoroughly cleansed by brushing and pithing before +replacement.</p> + +<p>Should a slight particle of diamond or any other +hard stone powder possibly remain on the stone or +in the bezel it might eventually enter the end of +pivot and again cause pitting. In case that the end +stone is of the type that is flat and highly polished +on both sides, such as is usually found on detachable +dome foreign watches, it can be punched out with a +piece of brass wire or peg wood and replaced in +reverse position, after which the bezel can be closed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> +and the stone will be just as serviceable as a new +one.</p> + +<p>Pivots that have been running on pitted end +stones are generally rough on the end which is +charged with some hard substance. They require +special treatment to remove the cause of the +pitting and the following method of refinishing is +very good. Place the balance in the lathe and +draw a soft Arkansas oil stone over the end of pivot +with pressure enough to remove a bit of the metal. +This will drag out any hard particles that may be +lodged in the end and after this has been done the +pivot should be pithed clean and polished with a +smooth hard steel burnisher covered with oil.</p> + +<p>A hard stone such as sapphire or jasper, or a steel +burnisher should not be used on the pivot until the +Arkansas stone has first done its work, because a +hard instrument of this description will force the +small particles that cause the pitting further into +the end of the pivot instead of removing them +entirely.</p> + +<p>A pivot that has been treated in this way will not +pit the end stone a second time unless carelessness +in the use of hard powder permits additional particles +to come in contact with the pivot or end stone.</p> + +<p>There are some instances in which the steel is +highly carbonized but manufacturers generally use +the best steel obtainable for balance staffs and excessive +carbon can generally be detected with a magnifying +glass. Free use of diamond powder and +emery wheel dust are more often responsible. The +holes of jewels should never be enlarged or polished +with diamond powder after the jewels have once +been placed in their permanent settings, as this +allows the powder to lodge between the jewel and +the setting where it cannot be removed by cleaning +but where it will be drawn out by the oil and charge +any pivot that may be run in the jewel. The grey +powder in such instances may be seen through the +top of jewel with a strong glass.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Note Exceptions in No. 50.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a>CHAPTER XII</h2> + +<h3>PRELIMINARY NOTES AND PRACTICE ON +VERTICAL CORRECTIONS</h3> + + +<h5><a name="sec54." id="sec54.">54.</a><i>Five Principal Causes and Corrections for Pendant Up Variation.</i></h5> + +<p>The first of the vertical positions to be considered +is that of Pendant Up and to understand +the causes of and corrections for variations +in this position completes what is known as +three position adjusting.</p> + +<p>The usual causes of variation in the pendant up +position as compared to the horizontal positions are +as follows.</p> + +<p> +Poor Motion Pendant Up.<br /> +Regulator Pins not properly adjusted.<br /> +Balance not in poise.<br /> +Hairspring not in circle.<br /> +Hairspring not pinned at proper point.<br /> +</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec55." id="sec55.">55.</a><i>Poor Motion, Cause and Effect.</i></h5> + +<p>Among these causes that of Poor Motion covers a +number of troubles such as roller jewel rubbing +in fork, guard pin rubbing roller, strong lock on +the escapement, or no lock on some teeth.</p> + +<p>Such causes may not prevent close rating between +the horizontal positions because of non-interference +until the position of the watch is changed.</p> + +<p>The pendant up motion should therefore be the +first vertical point of investigation and if at fault +the cause should be eliminated. In this connection +it should not be expected that the arc of motion in +the pendant up or any other vertical position will +be as long as it will be in the horizontal positions,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> +for when a watch is in excellent condition in every +particular the vertical arcs are always approximately +one-fourth of a turn shorter than the horizontal.</p> + +<p>This is due to frictions and is impossible of correction +and therefore should not be confused with a +poor motion of greater extent which has removable +causes that are practical of execution.</p> + +<p>A good motion is to be considered as one of the +results to be expected in overhauling and putting +a watch in good order and it should not be understood +that it is particularly to be associated with adjusting +only, nor should any watch be slighted in +cleaning and assembling with the idea that adjusting +will correct it in a few minutes' time. On the +other hand it should be understood as fundamental +that no watch can be a close time keeper unless it +has a good motion and no good adjuster will attempt +to obtain close time in one position or a close rate +in different positions until the motion is first what +it should be. If it is what it should be, about +ninety per cent of the necessary work required for +obtaining close position rates will have been completed.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec56." id="sec56.">56.</a><i>Regulator Pin Practice for Pendant Up Variation.</i></h5> + +<p>When the watch is in reasonably satisfactory +condition and a three position test proves that the +pendant up position has a variation of from ten to +twenty seconds either fast or slow compared to the +horizontal positions, the regulator pins may be the +first point of examination. If there is considerable +vibration of the coil between them, and the pendant +rate is slow, it will be necessary to close the pins and +if the rate is fast and the pins are found to be +closed so that there is no vibration of the coil, it +will be necessary to spread them slightly. Closing +the pins will of course make the general timing of +the watch faster and spreading them will make it +slower and therefore it will be necessary to regulate +the watch for one or two seconds per hour before<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> +again testing it in positions. The result of either +operation, however, will be to cause the rate in the +pendant up position to conform more closely to +the horizontal rates.</p> + +<p>Preliminary and profitable two position experiments +can be made between dial up and pendant +up, by having the pins closed on most any watch +that is in good order and timing it within five or ten +seconds in twenty-four hours, then rating it in these +two positions. Next spread the pins slightly, re-time +the watch and rate it in the same two positions +and compare the variations. A few experiments of +this description will soon demonstrate as to the extent +of correction that can be obtained in this way.<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a> +The rule of equal vibration of the coil between +the pins after they have been spread must be rigidly +enforced.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec57." id="sec57.">57.</a><i>Pendant Up Corrections Through Poise of Balance.</i></h5> + +<p>Assuming that the motion and regulator pins +seem to be satisfactory, the next point of investigation +should be the poise of balance. The hairspring +should be removed and the pivots known to +be straight and polished before testing. The rollers +are of course a part of the balance and are not to be +removed. A perfectly poised balance can be stopped +at any point on the tool and it should at least remain +stationary at each of the four quarters of its +circumference. No. 28, Chapter VII, should be +consulted for details on poise corrections.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec58." id="sec58.">58.</a><i>Concentricity of the Hairspring.</i></h5> + +<p>The next point of consideration may be the concentricity +of the hairspring, and it is quite important +that the spring be centered as nearly perfect as the +trained eye can determine. Any unusual pressure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> +of the spring in one direction will cause undue friction +and a fast rate compared to the opposite direction.</p> + +<p>There are several easy tests for determining as to +how nearly the spring may be centered. One of +these is to look straight down upon the spring and +examine the space between the coils that extend +beyond the circumference of the dome. This test +may be made in three ways, one with the balance at +rest, one with the coils of the spring wound up and +the third with the coils unwound. With the balance +at rest and the spring centered there will be +the same space between the coils all around as +though the spring were out of the watch entirely +and laying on the bench.</p> + +<p>If it is not properly centered there will be more +space between the coils on one side than there will be +on the opposite. The same conditions will be apparent +when the spring is wound up, although the +coils will all be nearer to each other than they +were with the balance at rest, and when they are +unwound the coils will all be farther apart with the +same apparent difference on opposite sides when +the centering is not correct.</p> + +<p>The winding and unwinding of the spring is +alternating and almost instantaneous, as the balance +oscillates from one extreme to the other. For +observation of the spring when it is wound or unwound +it is necessary to stop the balance with the +finger or camel's hair brush as it reaches its extreme +arc of motion, then hold it stationary for a few +seconds while the space between the coils is being +examined. The balance should then be allowed to +swing to the opposite extreme, when it should again +be held for examination of the coils. In one of +these extremes the coils will be wound and in the +other they will be unwound and after a few experiments +in stopping and starting the balance it will +be found that the entire examination will not require +over ten seconds' time.</p> + +<p>When the spring is not properly centered the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> +reason is of course found in some curve of the over +coil and the most usual point at fault is the section +or curve on which the regulator pins act. If the +coils open too wide on the side where the regulator +pins are located this section of the coil will be too +near the center and should be moved outward, +possibly equal to one-half or one full space of the +coils. If the coils are too close on the side where +the pins are it will probably be found that the +section requires shifting toward the center slightly. +The balance should be removed from the watch in +either instance and the coil circled with the over-coiling +tweezer, although experienced workmen can +frequently make excellent corrections with a fine +pointed tweezer without removing the balance.</p> + +<p>Finely adjusted watches will always be found to +have springs as nearly perfectly centered as it is +possible for expert workmen to get them and it is +quite interesting and instructive to observe the vibration +of a perfect spring by any one interested in +the work.</p> + +<p>Some watchmakers center the spring on the balance +cock before it is staked on the balance and +very good results can be obtained in this way. The +balance cock is placed on the bench in the inverted +position which makes it easy to locate the point or +curve requiring alteration.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec59." id="sec59.">59.</a><i>Correcting Pendant Up Variation Through Pinning Point Alterations.</i></h5> + +<p>Should most careful investigation of the condition +of the watch indicate that the Motion, +Regulator Pins, Poise of Balance and Centering of +the Hairspring as well as the general condition of +the watch are satisfactory and the rating show that +there is still considerable variation between the +horizontal positions and the pendant up position +there is still one source through which positive +correction may be obtained.</p> + +<p>This refers to the relative positions of the collet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> +and stud pinning points which is defined with explanatory +cuts and formula in Chapter VIII.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec60." id="sec60.">60.</a><i>Percentage of Watches Requiring Correction of Position Rates.</i></h5> + +<p>In constructing this chapter and the preceding +one it has been preferred to go into detail for the +purpose of defining the possible corrections and +alterations, together with the results to be expected. +Not every watch demanding position correction +would require the extent of investigation and possible +alteration that is pointed out and in most +instances the direct cause will be disclosed with +very little investigation. In fact, the experienced +adjuster can tell almost immediately where to look +for trouble by merely observing the position rate as +entered on the card.</p> + +<p>It should also be clearly understood by the student +that when the repairing and cleaning of high grade +watches is done by one who understands the details +of adjusting, there will be only a very small proportion +of the watches requiring position corrections. +As a rule among experienced adjusters there will be +about seventy per cent of the watches that will +have very close rates. If, therefore, one hundred +watches are put in order and tested in positions +there should be seventy that do not require any +correction, while about thirty will require either +minor or major alteration. The time required for +making alterations on this thirty per cent of the +watches will be offset by a smaller percentage of +unsatisfactory returns and a better reputation for +doing good work.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> See Chapter IX, on Regulator Pin Alterations.</p></div> +</div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIII" id="CHAPTER_XIII"></a>CHAPTER XIII</h2> + +<h3>CONCRETE EXAMPLES SHOWING DEFINITE +THREE POSITION ALTERATIONS +AND LABOR UTILIZED</h3> + + +<h5><a name="sec61." id="sec61.">61.</a><i>Order of Position Timing and Method of Calculating the Variation.</i></h5> + +<p>In submitting the previous chapters it is assumed +that the average ambitious watchmaker will +gain enough knowledge from the various details +to enable him to understand the meaning of the +adjustment of watches, the causes of variations and +the principal alterations for obtaining corrections.</p> + +<p>There are many features covered that will enable +him to develop in practice and to experiment +in individual points of importance, without running +up against mathematical deductions that halt and +discourage further interest in the subject.</p> + +<p>To understand the principles constitutes a large +percentage of the qualifications required and to be +able to execute the practical alterations and corrections +required in different kinds of variations +completes the general qualifications. It would +hardly be sufficient, however, to conclude the work +at this point without giving more definite examples +for comparison, together with some indication as to +the approximate time that may ordinarily be utilized +in doing the work and also showing some instances +of a possible choice of several alterations and why a +particular alteration is advisable. For this reason +the following examples will be found to have an +important part in fulfilling the mission of this book.</p> + +<p>In selecting these examples the fineness of results +has not been the principal consideration. The +deciding factor was the differences in variation and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> +alterations, and the fact that they cover the widest +field for general instruction that could be selected +from hundreds of equally good rates among various +models of watches which, with three exceptions, were +put in order for railroad service.</p> + +<p>The method of computing the variation from one +position to any other is similar to that used in +temperature adjusting as described in Chapter 3, +No. 13. The watch should first be timed closely +and then rated for twenty-four hours in each position. +It should be wound before being started in each position +but should be set only on the first day so that +the time is never disturbed.</p> + +<p>The first position to be rated is universally Dial +Up, then in succession Dial Down, Pendant Up, +Pendant Right and Pendant Left. The daily +total number of seconds fast or slow should be +entered in the first column of the rate card after +each twenty-four hours run. This column then +constitutes the progressive rate from which the +actual variation between the different positions is +ascertained.</p> + +<p>The figure in the upper square is first carried out +to the adjoining column at its full value and then +the difference between this figure and that of the +second square is entered in the second square of second +column, and so on until the difference between +each of the succeeding squares of first column is +registered in the second column.</p> + +<p>If the figure in a square of first column is greater +than that in the preceding square the carried out +figure would be entered in second column as + +If the figure is less than the preceding square it +would be carried out as-.</p> + +<p>The total variation in positions is obtained from +the figures entered in second column. If these +figures are all entered as either plus or minus it is +necessary to merely subtract the lesser figure from +the greater. If, however, some figures are entered +as plus and others as minus it will be necessary to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> +add the greater figure of each of the two denominations.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec62." id="sec62.">62.</a><i>Example No. 1, Three Positions.</i></h5> + +<p>Columbus, No. 358846, Open Face, 17 Jewels.</p> + +<p>Repairs Made. New balance staff, two balance +screws changed, hairspring trued and cleaned.</p> + +<p>After timing the watch closely it was tested in +three positions and found to have a variation of +eleven seconds fast pendant up as per second +column, Fig. 16.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Fig. 16"><caption><b>Fig. 16</b></caption> +<tr><th colspan="7"> No. 358846 Make: Columbus</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> D U</td><td align="left">+ 1</td><td align="left">+ 1</td><td align="left">+ 4</td><td align="left">+ 4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> D D</td><td align="left"> 0</td><td align="left">- 1</td><td align="left">+ 7</td><td align="left">+ 3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> P U</td><td align="left">+10</td><td align="left">+10</td><td align="left">+14</td><td align="left">+ 7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"></td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">11</td><td align="left"></td><td align="left">4</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Investigation showed the hairspring to be pinned +nearly correct, true level and in circle; balance true; +regulator pins closed and motion satisfactory. A +correction could have been made in one of several +ways; either by making a slight alteration of the +pinning point at the collet; correcting a possible +slight error in poise or by slightly spreading the +regulator pins.</p> + +<p>As the extent of variation did not indicate any +serious error at any particular point for a watch +of this description the possible poise error and the +slight variation in the pinning point were waived +and the regulator pins were spread just enough so +that slight equal vibration of the coil could be seen +with a double eyeglass. After this alteration the +mean time was found to be one second per hour<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> +slow which was corrected on the mean time screws +and the next test showed that the variation had +been reduced to four second as per fourth column, +Fig. 16. The time consumed in making the alteration +aside from the repairing was less than ten +minutes.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec63." id="sec63.">63.</a><i>Example No. 2, Three Positions.</i></h5> + +<p>Ball No. B060816, Open Face, 17 Jewels.</p> + +<p>Repairs made. Refinished balance pivots and +cleaned. The first test in positions disclosed a +variation of thirty-five seconds as per second +column Fig. 17.</p> + +<p>Investigation found the balance true; hairspring +true, level and circle; regulator pins very nearly +closed and the motion one and one-eighth turn. This +rate like example No. 1, was also fast in the pendant +up position, but the greater extent of the error indicated +that there must be some serious poise error, +and upon investigation this was found to be the case. +A screw on the roller jewel side or at the bottom when +the balance was at rest was found to be heavy. This +was corrected and the next test showed a much +improved rate although there was still a variation +of eight seconds fast pendant up as per fourth +column Fig. 17.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Fig. 17"><caption><b>Fig. 17</b></caption> +<tr><th colspan="8">No. ...B060816.......... Make...Ball............</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> D U</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td align="left">+ 7</td><td align="left">+ 7</td><td align="left">+ 7</td><td align="left">+ 7</td><td rowspan="3">P</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> D D</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td align="left"> 0</td><td align="left">+14</td><td align="left">+ 7</td><td align="left">+14</td><td align="left">+ 7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> P U</td><td align="left">+37</td><td align="left">+35</td><td align="left">+29</td><td align="left">+15</td><td align="left">+24</td><td align="left">+10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 35</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 8</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 3</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>A better rate than this was desired and further +examination proved that the locking of the pallet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> +stones and escape teeth was quite strong and caused +the pendant up motion to have a shorter arc than +would have been entirely desirable. An alteration +was made by pushing the receiving stone further +back into the slot and rebanking the escapement. +The third position test showed an improved motion +and a variation of three seconds as per sixth column. +The total time required for making the alterations +was about three quarters of an hour.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec64." id="sec64.">64.</a><i>Example No. 3, Three Positions.</i></h5> + +<p>Elgin No. 7457488. Open Face, 21 Jewels.</p> + +<p>Repairs made. Cleaned; polished pivots and +new mainspring fitted. The first position test +showed a variation of nineteen seconds as per +second column, Fig. 18.</p> + +<p>It will be noted that this example differs from +Nos. 1 and 2, in that the rate is slow in the pendant +up position. Examination showed all points satisfactory +except that the regulator pins were spread +considerably and allowed too much freedom of +vibration for the coil.</p> + +<p>Had this vibration been slight it would have been +advisable to examine the poise. As it was considerable, +however, the alteration made was to close +the pins so that only slight vibration was visible +with a strong glass.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Fig. 18"><caption><b>Fig. 18</b></caption> +<tr><th colspan="8">No. ...7457488.......... Make...Elgin...........</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> D U</td><td align="left">- 9</td><td align="left">- 9</td><td align="left">+ 5</td><td align="left">+ 5</td><td rowspan="3">P</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> D D</td><td align="left">-18</td><td align="left">- 9</td><td align="left">+ 8</td><td align="left">+ 3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> P U</td><td align="left">-46</td><td align="left">-28</td><td align="left">+ 9</td><td align="left">+ 1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 19</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 4</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>This watch was not equipped with mean time +screws and it was therefore necessary to fit a pair<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> +of thin timing washers because closing the pins +caused a gaining rate of two seconds per hour in +the mean time. The next position test showed a +variation of four seconds as per fourth column Fig. 18.</p> + +<p>The time consumed in making the alteration and +fitting the washers was about ten minutes.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec65." id="sec65.">65.</a><i>Example No. 4, Three Positions.</i></h5> + +<p>Hampden No. 1438676, Open Face, 21 Jewels.</p> + +<p>Repairs made. New balance staff and hole +jewel fitted and cleaned.</p> + +<p>The first position test showed a variation of +twelve seconds slow pendant up as per second +column Fig. 19.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Fig. 19"><caption><b>Fig. 19</b></caption> +<tr><th colspan="8">No. ...1438676.......... Make...Hampden.........</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> D U</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td rowspan="3">P</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> D D</td><td align="left">+ 4</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td align="left">+ 6</td><td align="left">+ 4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> P U</td><td align="left">- 6</td><td align="left">-10</td><td align="left">+ 9</td><td align="left">+ 3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 12</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 2</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Investigation found all points such as balance +true, hairspring true, level and circle and the +regulator pins reasonably satisfactory. The motion, +however, was not as good as it should have +been when the spring was nearly wound up. It +was let down to where it would ordinarily be after +about twenty-hours run and found to have barely +one turn pendant up and a trifle over one turn in +the flat positions. This proved that the motion +was not satisfactory for a watch that had just been +put in order and all pivots were examined for close +end or side shake; they were found to be satisfactory +and the mainspring was removed for examination +and found to be somewhat set and about +0.01 mm. thinner than those generally used for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> +this grade watch. A new mainspring was fitted +and the motion was improved by about one-fourth +of a turn and the next position test showed a variation +of two seconds as per fourth column Fig. 19. +The time consumed in examination and changing +the mainspring was about twenty-five minutes.</p> + +<p>The three position limit of variation allowed by +most manufacturers and railroad inspectors is +seven seconds from one position to any other. +Records of thousands of watches on which the +work has been carefully done in putting the watches +in order, show that about seventy per cent of the +watches will rate within five seconds in the three +positions without making alterations and that only +ten per cent will be close to the limit of seven seconds, +while about twenty per cent will require alterations +such as shown in the four examples above. +(See Chapter XII, No. 60.)</p> + +<p>One or two more examples might be introduced +to show variations and corrections between dial +up and dial down; this feature has been pretty +well covered however in Chapter XI, and five position +example No. 9 also shows a variation of the +horizontal rates with correction.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XIV" id="CHAPTER_XIV"></a>CHAPTER XIV</h2> + +<h3>CONCRETE EXAMPLES SHOWING DEFINITE +FIVE POSITION ALTERATIONS +AND LABOR UTILIZED</h3> + + +<h5><a name="sec66." id="sec66.">66.</a><i>What Five Position Adjusting Consists of—Detailed Allowances.</i></h5> + +<p>Five position adjusting consists of a further +refinement of the condition of the watch. The +fact that a very close rate is shown in the first +three positions is not an indication that the watch +will be an excellent timepiece under all conditions.</p> + +<p>In fact there are instances where there may be +an excellent three position rate and a further test +in the pendant right and left positions may disclose +some error that would positively prevent close +timing in service. Even under the five position +test the limit of allowance must be reasonably close +or unfavorable conditions may exist and cause +irregularity in timing.</p> + +<p>A popular allowance for very fine watches among +Swiss and some American manufacturers is six +seconds variation for the five positions as an extreme +limit, and for medium high grades ten seconds extreme +variation is considered a fair allowance. +These allowances are graduated, however, and a six +seconds extreme allowance watch would have an +allowance not exceeding three seconds in the horizontal +positions, with two seconds additional in the +pendant up position and one second additional in +either the pendant right or pendant left positions.</p> + +<p>Watches having an extreme allowance of ten +seconds may be permitted to have not more than +five seconds variation between the two horizontal +positions, with two seconds additional for the pen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>dant +up position and still three seconds additional in +either the pendant right or left positions.</p> + +<p>It will be noted that there is considerable difference +between six or ten second allowances of this +description and straight limits of six or ten seconds.</p> + +<p>Some manufacturers have greater limits of allowance, +sometimes as great as twenty-five seconds for +the five positions, but as a rule the first three positions +are required to rate within seven seconds and +the difference of eighteen seconds is divided between +the right and left positions.</p> + +<p>Under limits of this description a watch that +would not be tolerated under the six or ten seconds +class would be considered as good. Watches +having such large allowances, however, and rating +close to the limit are hardly justified in being considered +as adjusted to five positions. The fact +that they are so considered however, is the reason +why watchmakers will sometimes fine wide variation +in new watches before they have been damaged or +mishandled. The following five position examples +were selected with the same care as were the three +position specimens and will be found to cover a +wide field of variation for comparison with rates +that the adjuster may desire to correct.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec67." id="sec67.">67.</a><i>Example No. 5.</i></h5> + +<p>Hamilton, No. 248027; Open Face, 21 Jewels.</p> + +<p>Repairs made. New balance staff and cleaned. +The first test in five positions showed a variation +of twenty seconds as per second column Fig. 20. +It will be noted that in four of the positions the +rate was quite close and that the pendant right +position had an extremely fast rate.</p> + +<p>A casual investigation indicated that all points +relating to the spring, regulator pins and balance +were reasonably satisfactory but that there was a +slight falling off in motion in the pendant right position. +Further investigation of this feature disclosed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> +a slight striking sound when the watch was held to +the ear in this position. The dial was removed and +the bankings were closed to drop whereupon it was +discovered that the fork was long on the inside, or +when the receiving stone was locked on the escape +teeth. This prevented the roller jewel from passing +through the fork freely as it did on the opposite +side.</p> + +<p>The balance pivots had the limit of allowance +for side shake which aided the cause of the roller +jewel in striking.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Fig. 20"><caption><b>Fig. 20</b></caption> +<tr><th colspan="8">No. ...248027........... Make...Hamilton........</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> D U</td><td align="left">+ 1</td><td align="left">+ 1</td><td align="left">+ 3</td><td align="left">+ 3</td><td rowspan="5">P</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> D D</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td align="left">+ 1</td><td align="left">+ 7</td><td align="left">+ 4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> P U</td><td align="left">+ 4</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td align="left">+ 8</td><td align="left">+ 1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> P R</td><td align="left">+22</td><td align="left">+18</td><td align="left">+12</td><td align="left">+ 4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> P L</td><td align="left">+20</td><td align="left">- 2</td><td align="left">+ 8</td><td align="left">- 4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 20</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 8</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>After correcting the roller jewel shake and readjusting +the slide and guard pin freedom the next +test showed a variation of eight seconds in the five +positions as per fourth column Fig. 20. The side +shake of the balance pivots was not detrimental +after the real cause of the variation had been removed +and therefore no correction was required +in this respect.</p> + +<p>If the error in the escapement had not existed +and if the watch had shown the same rate with all +points appearing to be satisfactory, the trouble +would most likely have been found in the poise of +balance with the upper side heavy in the pendant +right position.</p> + +<p>The time consumed in making the correction was +about one half hour.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p> + + +<h5><a name="sec68." id="sec68.">68.</a><i>Example No. 6.</i></h5> + +<p>Elgin. B. W. Raymond. No. 4,109,543, Open +Face, 15 Jewels.</p> + +<p>Repairs made. New fourth pinion; new end +stone; mainspring; refinished balance pivots and +cleaned. Note that this was only a 15-Jewel watch.</p> + +<p>It belonged to a railroad engineer, however, who +wanted it placed in first class condition, as it had +not been satisfactory. The first five position test +showed an error of twenty-four seconds as per second +column Fig. 21.</p> + +<p>Examination of the motion, pivots, regulator +pins, escapement and poise proved them to be satisfactory.</p> + +<p>The hairspring however, was found to be pinned +at the slow pendant up point as per illustration in +Fig. 22.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Fig. 21"><caption><b>Fig. 21</b></caption> +<tr><th colspan="8">No. ...248027........... Make...Hamilton........</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> D U</td><td align="left">+ 8</td><td align="left">+ 8</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td rowspan="5">P</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> D D</td><td align="left">+16</td><td align="left">+ 8</td><td align="left">+ 3</td><td align="left">+ 1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> P U</td><td align="left"> 0</td><td align="left">-16</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td align="left">- 1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> P R</td><td align="left">+ 4</td><td align="left">+ 4</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td align="left">- 3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> P L</td><td align="left">- 1</td><td align="left">- 5</td><td align="left">- 6</td><td align="left">- 5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 24</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 7</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The alteration made was to break out one-half +of the inner coil at collet so that it was pinned at +the fast point as illustrated in Fig. 23.</p> + +<p>A pair of balance screws were removed and a +heavier pair fitted to correct the mean time, which +would have been about ten minutes fast in twenty-four +hours because of shortening the spring.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span></p> + +<p>The balance was repoised and the next test in +positions showed a variation of seven seconds as +per fourth column Fig. 21.</p> + +<p>The time required for making the alteration was +about one half hour.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 252px;"> +<img src="images/i093.png" width="252" height="600" alt="Fig. 22-23" title="Fig. 22-23" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 22-23</span> +</div> + +<p>This watch was a full plate model with the train +developing to the left from the center and illustra<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>tions +No. 22 and 23 are given to show that, while +the train follows the Swiss development, the spring +follows the American method and develops to the +right from the collet even though it is located to the +left of the watch center. The principle remains +the same as that illustrated by Figs. 9 and 11 and +explained in Chapter VIII.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec69." id="sec69.">69.</a><i>Example No. 7.</i></h5> + +<p>Waltham. No. 10504112. Open Face, Vanguard +model, 23 Jewels.</p> + +<p>Repairs made. Cleaned and new hole jewel.</p> + +<p>First five position test showed a very erratic rate +as per second column Fig. 24.</p> + +<p>Investigation proved that the motion dropped off +considerably after a few hours run and that the +mainspring was too weak for this grade of watch. +A proper mainspring was fitted which in turn corrected +the motion, but the next test in positions +proved that there was still a variation of eighteen +seconds as per fourth column Fig. 24.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Fig. 24"><caption><b>Fig. 24</b></caption> +<tr><th colspan="8">No. ...10504112......... Make...Waltham.........</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> D U</td><td align="left"> 0</td><td align="left"> 0</td><td align="left">- 2</td><td align="left">- 2</td><td align="left">- 1</td><td align="left">- 1</td><td rowspan="5">P</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> D D</td><td align="left"> 0</td><td align="left"> 0</td><td align="left">- 5</td><td align="left">- 3</td><td align="left">- 1</td><td align="left"> 0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> P U</td><td align="left">+14</td><td align="left">+14</td><td align="left">-21</td><td align="left">-16</td><td align="left">- 4</td><td align="left">- 3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> P R</td><td align="left">+ 4</td><td align="left">-10</td><td align="left">-19</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td align="left">- 5</td><td align="left">- 1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> P L</td><td align="left">+16</td><td align="left">+12</td><td align="left">-25</td><td align="left">- 6</td><td align="left">- 3</td><td align="left">+ 2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 24</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 18</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 5</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The balance and spring were removed and considerable +poise trouble was discovered. The trouble +was at different points of the balance and no one location +seemed to be heavy at all times. The balance +pivots were carefully gauged with a metric<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> +micrometer and found to be out of round, or to be +exact, more oval in form than cylindrical. A new +staff with round pivots was fitted, after which the +balance was easily poised and the next test showed a +variation of five seconds as per sixth column Fig. 24. +The total time required for making the examination +and alterations was about one hour.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec70." id="sec70.">70.</a><i>Example No. 8.</i></h5> + +<p>Vacheron and Constantin. No. 272,854, Open +Face, 21 Jewels.</p> + +<p>Repairs made. New balance staff, hole jewel, +cap jewel, glass, and cleaned.</p> + +<p>The first test after making the repairs showed a +variation of twelve seconds as per second column +Fig. 25.</p> + +<p>It will be observed that the rates in the horizontal +positions are on the fast side and those in the vertical +positions are on the slow side. In this instance the +hairspring developed to the left from the collet +similar to the illustration shown in Fig. 10, page 45.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Fig. 25"><caption><b>Fig. 25</b></caption> +<tr><th colspan="8">No. ...272854........... Make...V. & C. ........</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> D U</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td align="left">- 4</td><td align="left">- 4</td><td rowspan="5">P</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> D D</td><td align="left">+ 5</td><td align="left">+ 3</td><td align="left">- 8</td><td align="left">- 4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> P U</td><td align="left">- 1</td><td align="left">- 6</td><td align="left">-14</td><td align="left">- 6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> P R</td><td align="left">- 8</td><td align="left">- 7</td><td align="left">-21</td><td align="left">- 7</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> P L</td><td align="left">-17</td><td align="left">- 9</td><td align="left">-15</td><td align="left">- 4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 12</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 3</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Investigation found the escapement, regulator +pins and pinning point satisfactory; the motion was +one and one-fourth turn in the vertical positions +when fully wound and only a trifle less when partially +let down. In the flat positions, however, the motion +was very little better than in the vertical, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> +indicated either pivot or end stone trouble as under +normal conditions the flat motion would be about +one-fourth turn greater than that of the vertical.</p> + +<p>Inspection of the end stones proved that they +were satisfactory but the ends of the balance pivots +were found to be somewhat flat and not perfectly +polished.</p> + +<p>The ends of the pivots were slightly rounded and +highly polished, the jewels and end stones cleaned +and reoiled and the balance replaced, after which +the motion in the flat positions was one and one-half +turn with the mainspring fully wound and only +slightly less when partially let down.</p> + +<p>The motion in the vertical positions was also +slightly improved and the next test in position +showed a variation of three seconds as per fourth +column Fig. 25.</p> + +<p>Time required for making the above alteration +was about one-half hour.</p> + +<p>In the study of this example it should be clearly +understood that when the ends of balance pivots +are flat, burred or not well polished, or when the +end stones are dry or dirty the motion in the horizontal +positions will be shorter than normal and +this will always cause the rate to be faster than it +should be. Acceleration of the motion in such instances +by means of refinishing the pivot ends or by +cleaning and reoiling the jewels and end stones will +always produce a slower rate through causing a +longer arc of motion.</p> + +<p>This point is covered in Chapter XI, No. 47.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec71." id="sec71.">71.</a><i>Example No. 9.</i></h5> + +<p>E. Howard. No. 1,116,735. Open Face, 23 +Jewels.</p> + +<p>Repairs made. New balance staff; hole jewel; +mainspring and cleaned.</p> + +<p>The first test in positions showed a variation of +eleven seconds. The rate in all positions was fast<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> +with the exception of the dial down rate, which was +slow. See Fig. 26.</p> + +<p>At first glance it might appear that by causing a +faster rate of six or seven seconds in the dial down +position the watch would have a very good rate. +This, however, would not be consistent unless the +rate was due to the exception referred to in Chapter +XI, No. 50.</p> + +<p>Examination of the motion in the horizontal +positions proved that it was about one fourth turn +better in the dial down position than it was in the +dial up position which rate compared very closely +with the vertical positions. It was therefore evident +that the dial up rate was not true and investigation +found the oil in the upper jewel had become +thickened by the entrance of dirt which caused +the short motion and fast rate when the balance was +running on this end stone.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Fig. 26"><caption><b>Fig. 26</b></caption> +<tr><th colspan="8">No. ...1116735.......... Make...E. Howard.......</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> D U</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td align="left">- 5</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td rowspan="5">P</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> D D</td><td align="left">- 3</td><td align="left">- 5</td><td align="left">-10</td><td align="left">- 5</td><td align="left">+ 4</td><td align="left">+ 2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> P U</td><td align="left">+ 1</td><td align="left">+ 4</td><td align="left">- 6</td><td align="left">+ 4</td><td align="left">+ 9</td><td align="left">+ 5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> P R</td><td align="left">+ 7</td><td align="left">+ 6</td><td align="left"> 0</td><td align="left">+ 6</td><td align="left">+10</td><td align="left">+ 1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> P L</td><td align="left">+ 9</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td align="left">+ 2</td><td align="left">+14</td><td align="left">+ 4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 11</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 11</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> 4</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>After thoroughly cleaning the jewel, end stone +and pivot, the motion in the dial up position was improved +and equaled that of the dial down position.</p> + +<p>The next position test showed the horizontal +rates to be equal but the variation of eleven seconds +in the five positions still existed as per fourth column +Fig. 26. The vertical rates were all fast compared +to the horizontal; the regulator pins were found to +be slightly open which prevented a correction at +this point. The locking of the escapement was ex<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>amined +and found to be satisfactory, so the balance +was again removed and tested for poise which was +also found satisfactory.</p> + +<p>The hairspring was pinned at the usual fast +point as per illustration in Fig. 9, Chapter VIII. +The most positive alteration to be made under the +circumstances was to break off the spring at the +collet and repin it at about 45° above the horizontal +line. This would be slightly approaching the slow +point as explained in detail in Chapter VIII, No. 35.</p> + +<p>The mean rate of the watch would necessarily be +faster after shortening the spring; the mean time +screws were found to be turned in close to the rim +and were each turned out about one full turn to +compensate for the gain. The poise was tested and +found to remain correct and the next position test +showed a variation of four seconds as per sixth +column Fig. 26.</p> + +<p>The total time required for the alterations was +about one hour.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec72." id="sec72.">72.</a><i>Example No. 10.</i></h5> + +<p>Illinois. No. 1,483,023, Open Face, 21 Jewels.</p> + +<p>Repairs made. Trued and poised balance, new +balance jewel and cleaned.</p> + +<p>This example has been selected for the purpose of +illustrating a test in the sixth or pendant down position +and to give a practical demonstration showing +that the rates in the pendant down and pendant +up positions can be reversed, with positive results, +through reversing the collet pinning point of the +spring, as covered in "Relative Pinning Points" +Chapter VIII.</p> + +<p>This alteration can be undertaken with assurance +of results even though there may be serious errors +of construction in the watch.</p> + +<p>The first five position test proved that the rate +pendant up was extremely fast compared to all +other rates as per second column Fig. 27.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span></p> + +<p>Investigation proved that the hairspring was +properly centered and pinned at the fast pendant +point and that the regulator pins were slightly spread +with equal vibration of the coil between +them. The motion was about one and one-fourth +turn pendant up and over one and one-half turn in +the horizontal positions when the mainspring was +nearly full wound. The ends of balance pivots +were found to be perfectly flat, which was no doubt +due to an effort to produce a faster rate in the flat +positions to cause them to compare more favorably +with the pendant up rate. This, however, was unsuccessful +as indicated by the rate.</p> + +<p>It is quite possible that if the watch ever was +closely rated it was due to counterpoise of the balance +as with the present rate the poise, escapement +and regulator pins were satisfactory and did not +admit of further corrections that would be of advantage.</p> + +<p>By examining the P. U. rate in second column +Fig. 27, it will be found to be twelve seconds fast +and then by referring to the separate P. D. (Pendant +Down) rate at the bottom, it will be found to be four +seconds slow. Adding these figures gives a total variation +of sixteen seconds between these two positions.</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Fig. 27"><caption><b>Fig. 27</b></caption> +<tr><th colspan="8">No. ...1483023.......... Make...Illinois........</th></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> D U</td><td align="left">- 3</td><td align="left">- 3</td><td align="left">- 1</td><td align="left">- 1</td><td rowspan="5">P</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> D D</td><td align="left">- 8</td><td align="left">- 5</td><td align="left">- 2</td><td align="left">- 1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> P U</td><td align="left">+ 4</td><td align="left">+12</td><td align="left">- 6</td><td align="left">- 4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> P R</td><td align="left"> 0</td><td align="left">- 4</td><td align="left">- 4</td><td align="left">+ 2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> P L</td><td align="left">- 6</td><td align="left">- 6</td><td align="left">- 7</td><td align="left">- 3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">- 4</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">+11</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>Now if these rates were reversed and the P. D. +rate was in the place of the P. U. rate the watch<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> +would have shown a very good position rate in the +first five positions and the greater part of the sixteen +seconds variation would have been in the pendant +down position where it would be of the least disadvantage. +In order to obtain this condition the +collet pinning point was changed from the fast to +the slow point, or from "E", Fig. 9, to "G", Fig. 11, +Chapter VIII.</p> + +<p>A pair of heavier screws were fitted to the balance +to compensate for the difference in time caused by +shortening the spring and the next five position test +showed a variation of six seconds. A separate pendant +down test proved that the pendant up and +pendant down rates had been practically reversed +as shown in the fourth column.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec73." id="sec73.">73.</a><i>Causes of Extremely Fast Vertical Rates.</i></h5> + +<p>Extremely fast pendant up rates are not particularly +unusual, although the causes and corrections +may be widely different.</p> + +<p>For instance, the poise and motion feature, No. +28, Chapter VII, may be responsible, or the balance +may be in poise and the collet having a wide slot +may cause out of poise and be responsible if the +slot is located at the proper point. A defective +escapement or regulator pins tightly closed may +also be responsible. Should these points be found +satisfactory, however, the rate is generally due to +one of three causes.</p> + +<p>1. Excessive side friction of pivots because of +being too large in diameter.</p> + +<p>2. Train wheels and pinions being of incorrect +proportion and causing irregular motion and affecting +the vertical positions mostly.</p> + +<p>3. Centrifugal force, which would cause the +balance rims to spring outward in the longer arcs +of vibration and thereby produce an abnormal +slow rate in the horizontal positions where the arc<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> +of motion is always longest. This is due to the +balance rims being too heavy in proportion to the +arms or center bar.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>When either of these three conditions are found +there will be others among the same lot of watches, +but as a rule they are only found on older watches +made before correct proportions were firmly established.</p> + +<p>Train depthings can often be improved if the +workman is equipped with a rounding up machine +and knows how to use it. Otherwise the watch +can be sent to the factory for correction and the +only alternative of the repairer is to cut the spring +to the slow point, or counterpoise, with the intention +of eliminating expense and getting as good results +as can be expected for the financial returns +that are to be received.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec74." id="sec74.">74.</a><i>How to Locate Defective Gearings.</i></h5> + +<p>Defective gear or depthing of wheels can be detected +in two ways, one by observing the engaging +surfaces of the wheel teeth and another by testing +the engagement of wheel and pinion.</p> + +<p>If the gearing is correct, observation will show that +the engaging surfaces of the wheel teeth are smooth +and either dark or possibly polished from wearing +away of the plating. If the gearings are not correct +the engaging surfaces will have cuts or ridges +crosswise which have been produced by the pinion +leaves.</p> + +<p>The cause of this cutting is due to either a faulty +construction of the teeth or to the fact that the +pitch circle of the wheel is too small while that of +the pinion is too large.</p> + +<p>Testing the gearing in the watch is accomplished +by placing the engaging wheel and pinion in the +watch so that they are free to turn without engaging +with any other wheel. A piece of ivory or celluloid +several inches long and about the diameter of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> +piece of peg wood should be pointed at one end +and this end should be held between the upper +pivot and oil cup of the jewel, with enough pressure +of the left hand to cause friction in turning the +pinion. The larger wheel should then be turned in +the direction in which it revolves when running; +this is accomplished with a piece of peg wood held +in the right hand.</p> + +<p>If the gearing is perfect there will be smoothness +as the wheel and pinion turn and if it is imperfect +there will be a butting effect in the action. Should +there be a slight intermittent stepping action due to +drop of the wheel teeth on the pinion leaves it +should not be mistaken for butting as this is not +detrimental and will not cause cutting of the teeth.</p> + +<p>Watches that have below standard train gearings +require considerably stronger mainsprings than +do those which have correct gearing and they will +seldom take a reasonably good motion without a +strong spring.</p> + +<p>A safe way to judge gearings if in doubt is by +the motion and the engaging surfaces of the wheel +teeth. If the motion is steady and the teeth are +not cut by the pinion leaves they may be considered +as satisfactory. If the motion is steady for a time +and then suddenly drops off there is generally something +wrong in the gearing. The wheel and pinion +in error can be determined by noting at what particular +intervals the motion decreases. In nearly +all instances this condition will cause a gaining rate +in the vertical positions because of the fact that the +vertical arcs are shorter and comparatively more +easily affected than the horizontal arcs.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XV" id="CHAPTER_XV"></a>CHAPTER XV</h2> + +<h3>TIMING AND FINAL REGULATION</h3> + + +<h5><a name="sec75." id="sec75.">75.</a><i>Mean Time Screws and Timing Washers.</i></h5> + +<p>In the general overhauling of watches, changing +staffs, retruing and repoising of balances it +is often necessary to make corrections of several +minutes per day in the mean time.</p> + +<p>For this reason and for the convenience of the +future some manufacturers have provided from two +to four mean time screws in the balances. A complete +revolution of these screws either in or out, +generally corrects any variation that may be required +and frequently considerably less is all that +is required in bringing the watch to time.</p> + +<p>It is of course necessary that these screws be +turned in opposite pairs as well as equal distances +and that they be fitted with enough friction to +prevent looseness and not too tight to cause bending +of the pivots when they are turned.</p> + +<p>If properly used for the purpose for which they +were intended they are of inestimable value to the +repairing fraternity in producing results.</p> + +<p>The manufacturers of some watches do not supply +mean time screws with the balances and the repairer +is obliged to depend entirely upon timing +washers for fast corrections, for it is, of course, not to +be expected that repair shops will carry an assortment +of all different kinds of screws such as the +factories are able to maintain.</p> + +<p>Occasionally a jeweler or watchmaker will be +found who has strenuous objections to the use of +timing washers in any sense, but unless they are +supplied with a large assortment of the various +makes and weights of screws and are willing to use<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> +the extra time required for properly changing the +screws it is difficult to see just what legitimate +alternative they can adopt. Investigation of this +point disclosed the fact that the method employed +by some watchmakers was to spread the regulator +pins, which would of course make the mean time +slower but would certainly destroy the adjustment +to positions and make it practically impossible to +obtain results from the regulator.</p> + +<p>It is admittedly poor workmanship to use ill-fitting +washers and poor taste to use brass washers +on high grade gold screw balances, but the fact +should not be overlooked that the manufacturers of +many fine watches use washers to a limited extent, +even when an abundance of balance screws are available +and very fine Swiss models are often supplied +with a pair of thin platinum washers which are not +easily detected. The regulator should not be moved +from the center of the index in correcting the mean +time but should be used for minor final regulation +only. The length of the hairspring should also +not be disturbed in correcting the mean time of an +adjusted watch and while a slow rate can be corrected +by reducing the weight of a pair of balance +screws it is necessary to use either heavier screws +or washers for correcting a fast rate.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec76." id="sec76.">76.</a><i>Importance of Properly Fitted Regulator.</i></h5> + +<p>Final regulation of watches is necessary after +making repairs regardless as to whether they have +been adjusted to positions or not. Position rating +does not necessarily suggest that the timing has been +completed as the object is only to limit the variations +from one position to any other and a test of +three or four days should always be made in one +position after the position rating has been completed. +This additional timing has for its purpose the close +regulation of the watch either in the pendant up +position or in the position it is carried. The last +column on the rate card is reserved for this purpose.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> +In this respect the repairer who comes in contact +with the customer may gain considerable advantage +by noting in which pocket the watch is usually +carried and then being guided in the final regulation +by this knowledge. The method of doing this +regulating consists generally of moving the regulator +which requires certain attention to be effective +when it is moved.</p> + +<p>The regulator should be carefully fitted around +the dome and all attachments in connection should +be tightly fitted to the plate or bridge so that they +will remain rigid when regulation takes place.</p> + +<p>The tension around the dome should be even and +if a tension spring is used in connection it should +be strong enough to keep the regulator against the +screw constantly without sticking at any point as +the screw is moved forward and backward.</p> + +<p>It should also be closely examined to see that +there is no shake. This can be determined by +lightly taking hold of the segment holding the +regulator pins and moving it up and down and side +ways before the tension spring is fitted. This should +be examined with a glass and a correction made if +any looseness is noted.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec77." id="sec77.">77.</a><i>Effect of the Middle Temperature Error.</i></h5> + +<p>In the final regulation of watches it is important +that the middle temperature error receive due consideration. +This error is always a few seconds fast +as explained in temperature adjusting Chapter V, +No. 21, and is of some consequence in the larger +number of complaints regarding losing rates in the +pocket, compared to complaints of gaining rates.</p> + +<p>The position rating as well as the final regulation +is generally done in normal temperature which +produces a rate from two to four seconds faster than +the heat extreme and it is to be expected that the +pocket rate will be slower because the temperature +will be higher than normal. This loss may not be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> +the full amount of the middle error as it would depend +upon the actual temperature encountered for +the entire twenty-four hours and the watch may +only be subjected to the pocket temperature for a +part of this period. This works in exactly the same +way in a lower temperature, as the variation is a +loss in either direction from the middle or normal +temperature and in case that the watch should be +subjected to a freezing temperature at night the +result will be a loss during that period.</p> + +<p>As an example we will assume the regulation of a +watch in which the temperature rate at the extremes +of 40° and 90° Fahr. is perfect, while at the temperature +of 70° it will time four seconds fast.</p> + +<p>Now if this watch is regulated to no variation in +the normal temperature it will be plainly seen that +there will be a loss of four seconds per day if the +watch is placed in service at either of the temperature +extremes. If it had been regulated to run four +seconds fast in the middle or normal temperature +it would time more nearly correct in the pocket.</p> + +<p>It is safe to assume that the watch will lose its +proportional rate with a lesser change in temperature +and for this reason it is of advantage to finally +regulate all watches from two to four seconds fast +in the rack rather than to time them just correct.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec78." id="sec78.">78.</a><i>Some Practical Reasons for Slow Rates.</i></h5> + +<p>There are additional reasons for the suggestion of +timing watches a few seconds fast rather than just +correct. Among them may be mentioned the fact +that many watches are carried in the left vest pocket, +and that in this instance they very often assume +the pendant right position which is generally a +trifle slow compared to pendant up in most watches +of close adjustment. Magnetism to any extent whatever +always causes a slow rate and this will have its +effect whenever the balance, hairspring, regulator, +regulator spring or pallet are slightly effected or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> +when the mainspring, large winding wheels or case +springs are considerably charged and experiments +have shown that in no instance has a fast rate been +produced from this cause.</p> + +<p>The gradual weakening or loss of elastic force +of the hairspring is also a factor to be considered.</p> + +<p>There are some influences which cause a gaining +rate that to some extent may offset these losses, although +in the absence of necessity for cleaning or +other repairs these influences are slight in comparison +to the natural and possible causes for a slow rate.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p> + + + + + +<h3>PART III<br /> +<br /> +SPECIAL NOTES</h3> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XVI" id="CHAPTER_XVI"></a>CHAPTER XVI</h2> + +<h3>SPECIAL NOTES</h3> + + +<h5><a name="sec79." id="sec79.">79.</a><i>Efficiency of Execution Analyzed (Two Examples).</i></h5> + +<p>In performance of the various alterations and +corrections that have been touched upon in +the chapters devoted to position adjusting there +are some points that deserve special note. This +refers to positive execution of the correction which +the watchmaker sets out to make.</p> + +<p>As an example we may analyze the simple feature +of polishing a pivot and cleaning and reoiling a jewel +to improve the motion in one of the horizontal +positions. Ordinarily this would seem to be a very +simple proceeding requiring no additional remarks.</p> + +<p>It is, however, quite possible to go through all of +the operations of removing, cleaning and reoiling +the jewel and polishing the pivot and then find that +no improvement has been made in the motion.</p> + +<p>Invariably the workman of moderate experience +will say that he has just cleaned and reoiled the +jewel and polished the pivot and that it must be +all right.</p> + +<p>Investigation, however, will sometimes show that +the pivot has again been marred or that a particle +of dirt has found its way into the jewel hole during +replacement either through dust in the oil or through +clinging to the end of the pivot when the balance was +laying on the bench.</p> + +<p>This experience is one that comes occasionally to +the best and most careful adjusters and if it is +found that results have not been obtained the first +time it will be necessary to go over the operations a +second time.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p> + +<p>It is possible to almost entirely eliminate this +duplication of work if proper care is exercised in +examining the pivot and jewel with a good glass +before replacing and in using oil from a closed receptacle +in which it has not been possible for dust +to collect.</p> + +<p>The point raised in this instance is that the improvement +desired is not assured because of merely +going through the operations of doing the work.</p> + +<p>It is necessary to actually remove the cause and +then keep it removed. The proof is found in the +improved motion and it would hardly be worth +while to retest in positions until this improvement +was obtained.</p> + +<p>Proper curvature of the over coil within the range +of the regulator pins is another feature that may be +corrected and the correction unconsciously destroyed +in replacing the balance or in centering the +spring.</p> + +<p>A slight kink in the coil close to the regulator pins +may cause the spring to be forced out of center +when the regulator is moved, or it may cause the +coil to lay against one pin and cease vibrating between +the pins. This would cause a gain of some +seconds per day when the regulator had actually +been moved to cause a slower rate.</p> + +<p>These two examples are introduced to convey +the idea that it is necessary to actually produce the +corrections or alterations in any instance and that +close timing and close position rates depend more +upon this practical execution and understanding as +displayed by the watch repairer than they do upon +a high degree of technical knowledge.</p> + +<p>Personal instruction of watchmakers in adjusting +has demonstrated in most instances that the refinements +are not considered seriously enough at +first, but that consistent practice and reference to +the rules soon make the proper impression, after +which results are attained in less time than was at +first required for faulty execution.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p> + + +<h5><a name="sec80." id="sec80.">80.</a><i>Truing the Balance.</i></h5> + +<p>The balance should invariably be true in the +round and flat and always in poise before it is placed +in the watch.</p> + +<p>It is at times pardonable to pass a balance that is +not perfectly true in the round, especially when the +watch has been repaired on several occasions and it +is noted that the rims have a tendency to become +set slightly inward or outward after having been +perfectly trued. This shows a natural tendency +of the metals to find a permanent position which +may be slightly away from the true concentric +form. A balance of this description may be poised +as it is and often will produce better timing results +than would be gained by perfect truing and +subsequent regulation during readjustment of the +metals.</p> + +<p>It is advisable to always have the flat true as by +doing so any slightly bent pivots will be detected +through wavering of the balance and the flat is not +very frequently affected by setting of the metals.</p> + +<p>Balances should generally be trued and poised in +normal or slightly above normal temperature. If +they are trued in a low temperature they will be +out of true and possibly out of poise in the temperature +to which they are mostly subjected. +Compensation balances are not presumed to be +true in the round under variations of temperature +and therefore inspection for true is necessary in +somewhere near the same temperature in which +they are trued.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec81." id="sec81.">81.</a><i>Poising the Balance.</i></h5> + +<p>In poising balances it is necessary to consider +the mean rate of the watch and several details in +connection therewith.</p> + +<p>If the rate is known to be fast, weight should be +added to the light side, and if it is known to be slow +weight may be removed from the heavy side.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p> + +<p>If the rims of the balance have been trued outward +it is a safe rule to remove weight from the +heavy side in poising and if they have been bent +inward to get the balance true, weight should be +added to the light side in poising.</p> + +<p>A balance that is in perfect poise can be brought +to a perfect stop on a fine jeweled poising tool at +any point of its circumference. For ordinary work +it is generally considered as satisfactory if it can be +brought to a perfect stop at each of the four quarters. +When the heavy point seems to be first at one place +and then just opposite it is proof that either a pivot +is bent or oval in form instead of round.</p> + +<p>In some instances balances will be found to +swing slightly and stop at several different places. +This is usually an indication that there are several +flat places on one or both pivots and if the watch +is a fine one the staff will require changing or the +pivots may be rounded up on a Jacot Lathe. A +fine edge jeweled poising tool is best for fine work +as defects in pivots and variations in poise can be +more easily discovered than with calipers.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec82." id="sec82.">82.</a><i>Truing Hairsprings.</i></h5> + +<p>Original truing of the hairspring is made necessary +by the fact of attaching the collet to its center. +When springs are turned out by the manufacturer +they are perfectly true, that is, the coils are level +and perfectly spiral in form and the deviation from +this spiral form, made necessary in attaching the +collet, is what demands certain forming of the inner +terminal so that it will blend with the other coils of +the spring which have not been disturbed.</p> + +<p>In attaching the collet it is first necessary to have +the spring level before the pin is forced tightly in +place. This can be fairly well determined by +sighting across the flat of the spring and focusing +upon the inner coil to see that it is level for at least +one half of its length from the point of exit. After<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> +this operation has been completed and the pin has +been set up tight, with the surplus ends cut off +flush with the collet it will be necessary to slightly +pull the coil up or down, providing it is not perfectly +level. The next operation will be that of truing +the round and all work and bending of the spring +for this operation is concentrated within the first +quarter of the coil from its point of attachment and +it is seldom ever necessary to make any bends +beyond the first eighth of the coil from the attached +point.</p> + +<p>Figure 28 may be of some value in gaining an +idea as to just how this inner coil should appear +when it has been trued.</p> + +<p>The broken lines illustrate a condition after colleting +and before truing. The heavy lines illustrate +two positions into either of which the coil may be +formed in getting the spring true.</p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/i115.png" width="400" height="376" alt="Fig. 28" title="Fig. 28" /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 28</span> +</div> + +<p>The outer black line shows the most adaptable +form for most instances. The inner black line +shows the most practical form for use in instances +where there is unusual space between the collet +and the inner coil. It will be noted that these two +forms blend into the true spiral form of the spring +at about one-eighth of the coil distant from the +collet. These forms may be used as a basis for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> +truing the spring in any instance in which it has +been bent or mishandled around the collet after +its original truing.</p> + +<p>Experts always true springs after they have been +staked to the balance and a light weight calipers +tapered on one end to a smaller diameter than the +collet is used for spinning the balance, making +observations, and corrections.</p> + +<p>Considerable progress can be made by some watchmakers +in removing the spring from the balance +and placing it on a colleting tool or tapered broach +and then truing the flat and round as good as possible, +after which it should be perfected in the +calipers. When the balance is spinning in the +calipers and the spring is true in the flat there +will be no jumping or quivering of the coils as +observation is made across the top of the inner four +or five coils.</p> + +<p>When it is perfectly true in the round and the +balance is spinning in one direction the coils will +seem to be whirling into a hole of which the collet +is the center. When spinning the balance in the +opposite direction the effect of the coils will be +similar to the waves produced by dropping a small +stone in still water and they will appear to be +whirling away from the center. This effect in both +instances is caused by the eye following the spiral +form of the coils as the spring revolves.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec83." id="sec83.">83.</a><i>Treating a Rusty Hairspring.</i></h5> + +<p>When rust begins its attack upon any point of a +hairspring there will be a constant loss in time until +its advance is stopped.</p> + +<p>Should considerable headway have been made by +the rust before the watchmaker's attention is enlisted +for an examination it may be necessary to +change the spring entirely before good results can +again be obtained.</p> + +<p>There are many instances, however, in which +proper care at the right time will produce as good +results as will a new spring.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span></p> + +<p>The first appearance of rust is generally indicated +by one or more spots of a light brown shade and in +such instances it has hardly attacked the metal to +any serious extent, although usually enough to cause +a slightly losing rate. At this stage the spots may +be scraped with a piece of peg wood after which the +spring can be placed in a small copper pan containing +lard oil to a depth of about one-fourth inch.</p> + +<p>This pan should then be held over an alcohol lamp +until the oil becomes hot enough to smoke, after +which the spring should be removed, immersed in +benzine for about thirty seconds and then dried in +sawdust. This treatment will stop further rust +and the only indication of previous rust may be a +removal of the color from the spot which had been +affected.</p> + +<p>In case that the rust has reached a stage far +enough advanced to seriously pit the metal, good +results cannot be expected from the spring even +though further rusting may be prevented.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec84." id="sec84.">84.</a><i>Stopping by Escapement Locking When Hands +are Set Backward, or When Watch Receives a Jar.</i></h5> + +<p>This is sometimes a very annoying trouble and +while it should not occur on high grade watches at +all, it does show up just often enough to cause a +certain degree of unpleasantness for the owner of +the watch as well as for the watchmaker.</p> + +<p>There are two principal causes for the difficulty. +One is due to the back of discharging pallet stone +having a very sharp corner combined with a +slightly rough edge on the back of the escape wheel +teeth and when the two factors meet with some +slight force, such as is caused by reversal of the train +wheels the sharp corner of the stone wedges itself +into the rough surface of the tooth and holds until +pulled away by some small instrument. This can +be remedied by removing the sharp edge of the +stone on a diamond charged polishing lap and a +very slight correction is sufficient.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span></p> + +<p>The second principal cause is due to sharp edges +on the roller jewel. First quality roller jewels +always have these edges rounded, as otherwise they +may wedge into the horn of the fork and often will +not release through ordinary shaking of the watch.</p> + +<p>A short guard pin can also cause the trouble by +allowing the roller jewel to catch on the end of the +fork horn before it enters, or the guard pin may +catch on the edge of the crescent on the safety roller, +but the two causes mentioned above will allow +"hanging up" even when the guard pin, roller jewel +and all other shakes are correct.</p> + +<p>When the above conditions are correct and all +setting connections are properly fitted, the hands +may be set either forward or backward without in +any way disturbing the time. There are instances, +however, where the watch will stop when the hands +are reversed and at times the second hand will actually +turn backward although the watch will immediately +begin to run as soon as the backward +pressure on the hands is discontinued.</p> + +<p>This is caused by the cannon pinion being so +tightly fitted that turning it backward will require +more force than that which is supplied by the +mainspring. A condition of this description is +more pronounced when the mainspring is nearly +run down and sometimes it will happen at such +times and will not occur when the spring is fully +wound.</p> + + +<h5><a name="sec85." id="sec85.">85.</a><i>Essentials and Non-Essentials in Cleaning Watches.</i></h5> + +<p>It would be difficult to suggest a best method for +general cleaning of watches. Different watchmakers +have different methods and good results are attained +in more than one way. Whatever the method, however, +there are certain definite requirements that are +fundamental.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p> + +<p>Among these are the thorough cleansing of pivots, +jewels, pinion leaves, wheel teeth, mainspring and +winding parts.</p> + +<p>It is not sufficient to depend upon routine and +simply dip the parts in various solutions, brush and +reassemble the watch. There are many instances +in which the oil becomes gummy and sticks to the +jewels and pivots to such an extent that peg wood +and pith must be applied with considerable energy +to obtain perfectly clean surfaces and holes.</p> + +<p>The essential feature is that of actually +removing every particle of dirt from the contact +surface.</p> + +<p>It is not essential that the plate and bridges +should have a high lustre, as this does not facilitate +the running. If it is desired and if facilities are +available, the plates and bridges may be dipped in +benzine and dried in sawdust, then washed and +brushed in a solution of hot water, borax and castile +soap, then rinsed in fresh water, dipped in alcohol +and dried in sawdust. This produces a lustre to +the plate bridges and wheels. When it is not convenient +to use hot water the parts may be dipped and +brushed in benzine for at least one minute and dried +in sawdust, then dipped in alcohol and again dried in +sawdust. In either event thorough pegging and +pithing of the jewels, pivot holes and pivots is +necessary as well as brushing and examining all +wheel teeth and pinion leaves. The steel parts +should be examined and gummy oil eliminated. +Fresh oil should be applied in proper quantities +in the proper places. This requires some study, as +either too much or too little oil is detrimental.</p> + +<p>When a watch is cleaned annually by the same +workman it is not necessary that the mainspring +be removed and reoiled each time, for a mainspring +properly oiled will last for two or three years before +requiring cleaning and reoiling.</p> + +<p>It is well known that mainsprings frequently +break shortly after being removed and cleaned and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> +this annoyance may be avoided in many instances +by intelligent use of this rule.</p> + +<p>Balances should not be dipped in acid solutions, as +the liquid gathers under the screws and will often +cause them to discolor in a short time. It is better +to polish them with fine rouge and cotton thread +arranged on a wire bow as the lustre will be more +lasting.</p> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Rules and Practice for Adjusting +Watches, by Walter J. 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