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diff --git a/38327.txt b/38327.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..81b6793 --- /dev/null +++ b/38327.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2124 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of Sabatai Sevi, by John Evelyn + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The History of Sabatai Sevi + The Suppos'd Messiah of the Jews + +Author: John Evelyn + +Editor: Christopher W. Grose + +Release Date: December 17, 2011 [EBook #38327] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HISTORY OF SABATAI SEVI *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Moti Ben-Ari and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + +[Illustration: Cover] + + + + + THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY + + JOHN EVELYN + + THE HISTORY + OF + SABATAI SEVI, + _The Suppos'd Messiah_ + OF THE JEWS. + + (1669) + + _Introduction by_ + CHRISTOPHER W. GROSE + + PUBLICATION NUMBER 131 + WILLIAM ANDREWS CLARK MEMORIAL LIBRARY + UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES + + 1968 + + + + +GENERAL EDITORS + + George Robert Guffey, _University of California, Los Angeles_ + Maximillian E. Novak, _University of California, Los Angeles_ + Robert Vosper, _William Andrews Clark Memorial Library_ + + +ADVISORY EDITORS + + Richard C. Boys, _University of Michigan_ + James L. Clifford, _Columbia University_ + Ralph Cohen, _University of Virginia_ + Vinton A. Dearing, _University of California, Los Angeles_ + Arthur Friedman, _University of Chicago_ + Louis A. Landa, _Princeton University_ + Earl Miner, _University of California, Los Angeles_ + Samuel H. Monk, _University of Minnesota_ + Everett T. Moore, _University of California, Los Angeles_ + Lawrence Clark Powell, _William Andrews Clark Memorial Library_ + James Sutherland, _University College, London_ + H. T. Swedenberg, Jr., _University of California, Los Angeles_ + + +CORRESPONDING SECRETARY + +Edna C. Davis, _William Andrews Clark Memorial Library_ + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + _And you should if you please refuse + Till the conversion of the Jews._ + + +The reader of John Evelyn's _History of Sabatai Sevi, The Pretended +Messiah of the Jewes_ or of the _History of the Three Late Famous +Impostors_ (1669) in which it is the most significant part, discovers a +fascinating, if unoriginal, addition to the work of the great diarist +and dilettante, the amateur student of engraving and trees--and smoke. +Evelyn's work was almost totally derived from the account of Sir Paul +Rycaut, who was from 1661 secretary (and later consul) for the Levant +mercantile company in Smyrna. Rycaut was in fact responsible for what +first-hand reporting there is in the _History_, and Evelyn's book +preceded by only eleven years Rycaut's _History of the Turkish Empire +1623-1677_, where the story first appeared under the author's own name. + +What gives Evelyn's _Pretended Messiah_ its own interest is partly the +immediacy of the news of Sabatai Sevi, and partly the context in which +Evelyn places the story, a context to some extent indicated in the +title, _History of the Three Late Famous Impostors_. When the work was +published in 1669, Sevi was neither the amusing curiosity he is likely +to be for the modern reader, nor the impertinent confidence man +suggested by Evelyn's "impostor." Evelyn was reviewing for an English +audience one of the great crises in Jewish history, the career of the +man who has been called Judaism's "most notorious messianic +claimant."[1] That career was not entirely past history in 1669. Sevi +lived until 1675, and even after his humiliation and final banishment in +1673 he could write to his father-in-law in Salonica that men would see +in his lifetime the day of redemption and the return of the Jews to +Zion; "For God hath appointed me Lord of all Mizrayim."[2] Indeed, a +remnant of Judaeo-Turkish Shabbethaians called Doenmehs apparently +exists in Salonica to the present day. + +Whatever the appeal of Sevi's story may be for modern readers--as a mode +of fiction, perhaps, or an instance of mass hysteria--Evelyn's discovery +of an exemplum for religious and political enthusiasts may seem forced +or reductive. In 1669, however, the interest of Englishmen in Jewish +affairs was by no means merely academic--or narrowly commercial. There +were, it is true, English sportsmen in 1666 who were actually betting on +the Sevi career--ten to one that the "Messiah of Ismir" would be crowned +King of Jerusalem within two years. And what was most disturbing about +Sevi to the English nation as a whole was perhaps the disruption of +trade, in which Sevi's father was intimately involved, as the agent of +an English mercantile house. At the height of the furor, Jewish +merchants were dissolving businesses as well as unroofing their houses +in preparation for the return to Jerusalem. But the prime significance +for Evelyn--perhaps more than for Rycaut--is revealed in the instinctive +mental connection between Jewish and Christian history, or ways of +thinking about history, on the one hand, and political realities in +England on the other. Only nine years had passed since the return of +Charles II and the displacement of the Protectorate, with its remarkable +Jewish elements. As for the return of the Christian Messiah and an +imminent reign of the saints, Sevi might well have reminded Evelyn of +the English "impostor," the Quaker Jacob Naylor, whose messianic claims +were publicly examined at Bristol in 1657. Far more important to +Englishmen of the period, however, was the episode involving the mission +of the Amsterdam rabbi Menasseh ben Israel to Cromwell's England in +1655, a year after Naylor's first appearance. + +For two centuries after their expulsion from England by Edward I--that +is, until the seventeenth century--Jews either avoided England entirely +or lived there in deliberate obscurity. Some Spanish and Portuguese +Jewish refugees from the Inquisition did arrive in England; but +particularly after the execution for treason of Elizabeth's physician +Roderigo Lopez in 1594, they could remain only as "Crypto-Jews." It was +during the Puritan regime that the Jewish position in England really +improved, and the removal of the legal bar dates from the conference +summoned by Cromwell in response to the demands of Menasseh.[3] The +interest in Rabbinical literature displayed by learned men like Joseph +Scaliger, Johann Buxtorf, Hugo Grotius, and John Selden, together with a +general Old Testament emphasis in Protestant scriptural study, made +Judaism a more fashionable interest than it had been in previous years. +Cromwell's own encouragement of Menasseh is usually viewed as an +expression of his tolerationist principles and the hope that the return +of Jews to England would aid in extending trade with Spain and Portugal, +and even with the Levant. An additional facet of his general reception +of Menasseh is relevant to Evelyn's _Pretended Messiah_. A chief +argument in _The Humble Address of Menasseh ben Israel_ (November 5, +1655) was the Amsterdam rabbi's belief that since England was the only +country rejecting the Jews, their readmittance would be the signal for +the coming of the Messiah. Fifth-Monarchy enthusiasts recalled the +prophecies of _Daniel_ and _Revelations_ and linked them with the +relatively immediate experience of the Thirty Years' War; motives of +mercantile jealousy were to some extent offset by millenarian anxiety. +Indeed, the possibility of an imminent millennial reign of the saints +could be the strongest kind of argument for showing favor to the Jews. +Cromwell all but proselytized at the meetings of the conference; +ultimately, because of the opposition of commercial interests, he was +forced to dissolve it. + +We can perhaps best understand Evelyn's account of Sabatai Sevi, "the +Messiah of Ismir," against this background of English Protestant +millennial thinking, admirably summarized in Michael Fixler's recent +study.[4] As Fixler suggests, it was possibly to discredit the +Fifth-Monarchy men that Rycaut first included the account in what was to +become his _History of the Turkish Empire_. At any rate, Sevi himself +was hardly the mere con-man Rycaut and Evelyn portray; the mask, indeed, +is _erepta_ only with the greatest of difficulty. Because Rycaut was +interested in trade and cultural _mores_, his (and consequently, +Evelyn's) account neglects features of the story which are of primary +interest to more psychologically inclined readers. We are told almost +nothing, for example, of the details of Sevi's solitary youth; his +physical attractiveness; his clear voice as well suited to lascivious +Spanish love-songs (interpreted mystically) as to Psalms; and his early +rejection of the Talmud for the practical Cabala, with its strenuous, +self-mortifying asceticism. One would gather from Evelyn that only the +deluded followers of the "impostor" and not Sevi himself imposed such +punishments as self-burial, and bathing in the sea, even in midwinter. +More surprising, perhaps, is the almost total neglect of Sarah, Sevi's +third wife, mentioned in the _Pretended Messiah_ only as the "Ligornese +Lady" whom Sevi acquired after freeing himself "from the Incumbrances of +a Family." In fact, the beautiful and engaging Sarah seems to have +become an integral part of the movement, a movement which in its early +stages was all-male. A prostitute notorious in her own right, primarily +for her claims to be the destined bride of the Messiah, Sarah apparently +escaped miraculously from a Christian convent after being cared for as +an orphan of the savage Chmielnicki massacres in Poland. As he was later +to do with a more formidable rival to his exclusive claims (Nehemiah +ha-Kohen, who ultimately exposed him as a fraud) Sevi called Sarah to +Cairo in 1664, claiming to have dreamed of her as _his_ future bride. +Eventually, after his "conversion," she followed him even into the +Turkish seraglio where he bore the title Mahmed Effendi. + +Other details are missing from Evelyn's _Pretended Messiah_; the +interested reader may pursue the strange tale in Graetz's _History of +the Jews_ or the partly fictionalized biography by Joseph Kastein, _The +Messiah of Ismir_.[5] We may note in passing one additional incident. +After his first banishment from Smyrna (as a result of pronouncing the +sacred tetragrammaton in Hebrew), Sevi met the mystic Abraham ha-Yakini, +who subsequently forged in archaic characters and style a document +entitled "The Great Wisdom of Solomon"--a document accepted by Sevi as +an authentic "archeological" revelation. The event was shortly followed +by a bizarre celebration of Sevi's marriage as the Son of God ("En Sof") +with the Torah, and may have provided climactic metaphysical +confirmation of Sevi's hopes. In the manner of the old apocalypses, it +pronounced Sevi the "saviour of My people, Israel," one who in time +"shall overthrow the great dragon and kill the serpent."[6] + +Good as Evelyn's _Pretended Messiah_ may have been for contemporaries +as a review of recent "news," and we must not underestimate this +function, to the modern reader it seems closer to fiction, of a +peculiarly propagandistic and ironic kind. Aside from omissions from the +story--partly a matter of ignorance or failure in perception, and partly +deliberate exclusion of inconvenient material--Evelyn's enthusiastic +acceptance of his source's frequent theatrical metaphors is one measure +of the distance from history of the _Pretended Messiah_. When Evelyn's +Sevi is grave, it is a "formal and pharisaical gravitie" which is +"starcht on." His motives in general seem highly conscious, even +deliberate; and despite a certain doubleness in the point of view of the +_Pretended Messiah_, the reason for Sevi's comic simplicity is not +difficult to discover. Sir Paul Rycaut, as I have suggested, seems +primarily interested in the effects of the movement on trade. The most +vehement thinking of the book, though ascribed to an unnamed opponent of +Sevi, could well be that of Rycaut himself: + + [The opponent observed] in what a wilde manner the whole People + of the Jewes was transported, with the groundless beliefe of a + _Messiah_, leaving not onely their Trade, and course of living, + but publishing Prophesies of a speedy Kingdome, of rescue from + the Tyranny of the Turk, and leading the Grand Signior himself + Captive in Chaines; matters so dangerous and obnoxious to the + State wherein they lived, as might justly convict them of + Treason and Rebellion, and leave them to the Mercy of that + Justice, which on the least jealousie and suspicion of Matters + of this nature uses to extirpate Families, and subvert the + Mansion-houses of their own People, much rather of the Jewes, on + whom the Turkes would gladly take occasion to dispoile them of + their Estates, and condemn the whole Nation to perpetual + slavery. + + (pp. 78-79) + +Evelyn retains this and similar material, apparently never suspecting +that the Turks may well have been hesitant from real fear; but the +burden of his emphasis is more overtly political and religious. Evelyn +is less than ingenuous, perhaps, in associating Sevi with Peter Serini's +fake brother, or even with Mahomed Bei--another of the "late famous +impostors." But the connection does have the effect of putting Sevi in +an imaginary world where all masks will be discovered and the truth +known. Ultimately, Evelyn's Jews, like Dryden's and Milton's, are +English--"_our_ modern Enthusiasts and other prodigious Sects amongst +us, who Dreame of the like Carnal Expectations, and a Temporal Monarchy" +(sig. A8; italics mine). One hardly needs to fill out the reading. With +a traditional reminder that "the Time is not yet Accomplished," Evelyn +warns English sectarians to beware of misleading fictions--"to weigh how +nearly their Characters approach the Style and Design of those deluded +wretches." + +Evelyn's words here suggest something of the wider interest of the +_Pretended Messiah_. For in threatening the modern enthusiasts, as it +were, with the status of comic fiction, he also hinted at the literal +immediacy of such explicitly imaginative works as _Absalom and +Achitophel_, _Paradise Regained_, and _Samson Agonistes_. What Evelyn's +_Pretended Messiah_ helps to reveal, then, is not only the potential +metaphoric value of news itself, but also the peculiar proximity of +poetry to "history" in a period when historical thought was inseparable +from apocalyptic myth.[7] + + University of California, + Los Angeles + + + + +NOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION + + +[1] Michael Fixler, _Milton and the Kingdoms of God_ (London, 1964), p. +244. + +[2] Joseph Kastein, _The Messiah of Ismir_, trans. Huntley Paterson (New +York, 1931), p. 323. + +[3] For an account of the events leading to the extra-judicial opinion +of Glyn and Steele, see Samuel R. Gardiner, _History of the Commonwealth +and Protectorate, 1649-1660_, III (London, 1901), 216-222. + +[4] _Milton and the Kingdoms of God_ (London, 1964), especially pp. +237-249. + +[5] Heinrich Graetz, _History of the Jews_, V (Philadelphia, 1895), +118-167. See also Henry Malter, "Shabetai Zebi B. Mordecai," _The Jewish +Encyclopedia_, X (1905). + +[6] Kastein, p. 77. + +[7] For a provocative study of apocalypse in fiction, see Frank Kermode, +_The Sense of An Ending_ (Oxford, 1966). + + + + +BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE + + +The text of this edition is reproduced from a copy in the William +Andrews Clark Memorial Library. + + + + + THE + HISTORY + Of the THREE late famous + IMPOSTORS, + + {_Padre Ottomano_, + viz. {_Mahomed Bei_, and + {_Sabatai Sevi_. + + The _One_, pretended _Son_ and _Heir_ + to the late _Grand Signior_; + + The _Other_, a _Prince_ of the _Ottoman_ Family, + but in _truth_, a _Valachian Counterfeit_. + + And the Last, + The Suppos'd _MESSIAH_ of the _Jews_, + in the _Year_ of the true _Messiah_, 1666. + + With a brief _Account_ of the _Ground_, and _Occasion_ + of the present _War_ between the + _TURK_ and the _VENETIAN_. + + Together with the _Cause_ of the final + _Extirpation_, _Destruction_ and _Exile_ + of the _JEWS_ out of the + EMPIRE of PERSIA. + + * * * * * + + In the _SAVOY_, + Printed for _Henry Herringman_ at the Sign + of the _Anchor_ in the Lower-Walk of + the _New-Exchange_. 1669. + + + + +[Illustration: Title decoration] + +To the READER. + + +_The Great_ Scaliger _was wont commonly to say_, Omnis Historia bona, +_that all_ History _was_ good; _meaning, that it was_ worthy _of_ +notice, _so it were_ true, _and_ matter _of_ fact, _though the_ Subject +_of it were never so_ trivial. This, _though but a_ Pamphlet _in bulke, +is very_ considerable _for the_ Matters _it containes, and for that it +endeavours to informe, and disabuse_ _the_ World _of a current_ Error, +_which has mingled, and spread it selfe into divers grave_ Relations +_that have been_ Printed, _and confidently published many Yeares without +Suspition._ + +_How I came to be enlightned for these_ Pieces, _I have in part declar'd +in my_ Dedicatory _Addresses; and if I forbear to publish the_ Name _of +that Intelligent_ Stranger, _and that other_ Person, _from whom I +received my_ Informations; _You are to know, that it is not out of fear +of being detected of_ Imposture, _whil'st we declare against it, and +which cannot serve any_ Interest _of the_ Relators; _but because, being_ +Strangers, _or_ Itinerants, _and one of them upon his return into his_ +_Native_ Country _(which may possibly engage them to passe by_ Malta, +_and other_ Levantine _parts obnoxious to these_ Discourses) _it would +appear but ingrateful in us to expose them to an_ Inconvenience. _Let it +suffice to assure you, that they are_ Persons _of no mean_ Parts, +Ingenuity _and_ Candor; _well acquainted with the_ Eastern Countreys +_and_ Affaires, _and that have themselves been witnesses of most of +these Transactions._ + +_It were to be wish'd that our_ Christian Monarchs _had alwayes near +them some dextrous_ Person _of this_ Gentlemans _abilites; were it but +to_ Discover _such_ Cheates _as frequently appearing under the Disguise +of Distressed_ Princes, Merchants, _&c. are, to truth, but_ Spies, _and +bold_ Impostors, _and whom otherwise 'tis almost impossible to_ detect; +_not to suggest the many other good_ Offices, _as to the_ Eastern +Commerce _and_ Affaires, _they might be_ useful _in. But this is more +than I have_ Commission _to say from those who have no other design in +what they_ Relate, _than their_ Affection _to_ Truth. _It is not yet a +full_ Year _since there went a Crafty_ Varlet _about the_ Countrey, _who +pretended himself to be the_ Brother _of the famous_ Peter Serini +_(whose brave and_ Heroick Actions _had so celebrated him against the_ +Turkes) _and related a_ Story _by his feign'd_ Interpreter, _how he +fortun'd to be cast on shore on the_ West _of_ England, _as he was +conducting_ Supplies _from abroad._ This _he perform'd with a +confidence and success so happily, as caus'd him to be_ receiv'd, +presented, _and_ assisted (_like another_ Mahomed Bei) _by divers_ +Persons _of_ Quality, _and some of them my nearest_ Acquaintance, _in +his Pretended Journey to_ Court; _But being at last discover'd in a_ +Tipling-house _on the_ Rode, _where un-mindful of his_ Part _and_ +Character, _he call'd for a_ Pot _of_ Ale _in too good_ English, _and a +more natural_ Tone _than became so great a_ Stranger, _and the_ Person +_he put on, we heard no more of the_ Gamester: _I wish our_ Fin-land +Spirit, _who is of late dropt out of the_ Clouds _amongst us, prove not +one of his_ Disciples; _for the_ Age _is very fertile; and I am told, +that our_ Mahomed _having receiv'd his_ Ajuda de Costo _from the Bounty +and Charity of a great_ Person _of more easie_ Beliefe, _is slipt aside +for fear of the_ Porters-Lodge, _and yet 'tis_ possible _you may hear +more of him before his_ Ramble _be quite at a period._ + +_You have at the end of the last_ Impostor _an_ Account _of the_ Jews +_Exile out of that Vast_ Empire _of_ Persia, _happening but the other +day; which, together with the miscarriage of their late_ Messiah (_the_ +Twenty-Fifth _Pretender to it as I am credibly inform'd, it stands in +their own_ Records) _might, one would think, at last open the_ Eyes, +_and turne the_ hearts _of that_ obstinate _and miserable_ People: _But +whil'st the_ Time _not yet_ Accomplish'd, _I could_ _wish our modern_ +Enthusiasts, _and other prodigious_ Sects _amongst us, who Dreame of the +like Carnal_ Expectations, _and a_ Temporal Monarchy, _might seriously +weigh how nearly their_ Characters _approach the_ Style _and_ Design _of +these Deluded_ Wretches, _least they fall into the same_ Condemnation, +_and the Snare of the_ Devil. + + * * * * * + +ERRATA. + +_PAge 15, Line 17, Read_ deside. _l. 28 r. dignita, 18. 6. r. Spina +Longa, 21 l. 12. r._ DETECTED. _24 l. 23, r. It'aser. 30. 14. dele and. +58. l. 17. Essendo. l. 21. promessa per gli suoi Profeti e padri nostri. +59. l. 2. r. digjuni. 66. 11. r._ should be wrought. _77. l. 18. r._ not +onely. _85. 22. r._ one that (as it was said). _93. l. 22. r._ tenor. +_97.15. dele_ which, and read _it. 99. 7. r._ As that. _110. l. 12. r. +Cymeterie._ + + * * * * * + +THE END + + + + +[Illustration: Title decoration] + + THE + HISTORY + OF + _SABATAI SEVI_, + + The Pretended + _Messiah_ of the _Jewes_, + In the Year of our _Lord_, 1666. + The _Third Impostor_. + + +According to the Predictions of several _Christian_ Writers, especially +of such who Comment on the _Apocalyps_, or Revelations, this Year of +1666 was to prove a Year of Wonders, of strange Revolutions in the +World, and particularly of Blessing to the _Jewes_, either in respect of +their Conversion to the _Christian_ Faith, or of their Restoration to +their Temporal Kingdome: This Opinion was so dilated, and fixt in the +Countreys of the Reformed Religion, and in the Heads of Phanatical +_Enthusiasts_, who Dreamed of a Fift Monarchy, the downfall of the +_Pope_, and _Antichrist_, and the Greatness of the _Jewes_: In so much, +that this subtile People judged this Year the time to stir, and to fit +their Motion according to the season of the Modern Prophesies; whereupon +strange Reports flew from place to place, of the March of Multitudes of +People from unknown parts into the remote Desarts of _Arabia_, supposed +to be the _Ten Tribes_ and _halfe_, lost for so many Ages. That a Ship +was arrived in the Northern parts of _Scotland_ with her Sailes and +Cordage of Silke, Navigated by Mariners who spake nothing but _Hebrew_; +with this Motto on their Sailes, _The Twelve Tribes of Israel_. These +Reportes agreeing thus near to former Predictions, put the wild sort of +the World into an expectation of strange Accidents, this year should +produce in reference to the _Jewish_ Monarchy. + +In this manner Millions of People were possessed, when _Sabatai Sevi_ +first appear'd at _Smyrna_, and published himself to the _Jewes_ for +their _Messiah_, relating the greatness of their approaching Kingdome, +the strong hand whereby God was about to deliver them from Bondage, and +gather them from all partes of the World. It was strange to see how the +fancy took, and how fast the report of _Sabatai_ and his Doctrine flew +through all partes where _Turkes_ and _Jews_ inhabited; the latter of +which were so deeply possessed with a beliefe of their new Kingdome, and +Riches, and many of them with promotion to Offices of Government, +Renown, and Greatness, that in all parts from _Constantinople_ to _Buda_ +(which it was my fortune that year to Travel) I perceiv'd a strange +transport in the _Jewes_, none of them attending to any business unless +to winde up former negotiations, and to prepare themselves and Families +for a Journey to _Jerusalem_: All their Discourses, their Dreames, and +disposal of their Affaires tended to no other Design but a +re-establishment in the Land of Promise, to Greatness, Glory, Wisdome, +and Doctrine of the _Messiah_, whose Original, Birth, and Education are +first to be recounted. + +_Sabatai Sevi_ was Son of _Mordechai Sevi_, an Inhabitant, and Natural +of _Smyrna_, who gained his Livelihood by being _Broaker_ to an +_English_ Marchant in that place; a person, who before his death was +very decrepit in his Body, and full of the Goute, and other Infirmities, +but his Son _Sabatai Sevi_ addicting himself to Study, became a notable +Proficient in the _Hebrew_ and _Metaphysicks_; and arrived to that point +of _Sophistry_ in _Divinity_ and _Metaphysicks_, that he vented a New +Doctrine in their Law, drawing to the Profession of it so many +Disciples, as raised one day a Tumult in the _Synagogue_; for which +afterwards he was by a Censure of the _Chochams_ (who are Expounders of +the Law) banished the City. + +During the time of his Exile, he Travelled to _Thessalonica_, now called +_Salonica_, where he Marryed a very handsome Woman; but either not +having that part of Oeconomy as to govern a Wife, or being Impotent +towards Women, as was pretended, or that she found not favour in his +Eyes, she was divorced from him: Again, he took a second Wife, more +beautiful then the former, but the same causes of discontent raising a +difference between them, he obtained another Divorce from this Wife +also. And being now free from the Incumbrances of a Family, his wandring +Head mov'd him to Travel through the _Morea_, thence to _Tripoli_ in +_Syria_, _Gaza_, and _Jerusalem_; and by the way picked up a _Ligornese_ +Lady, whom he made his third Wife, the Daughter of some _Polonian_ or +_German_, her Original and Parentage not being very well known. And +being now at _Jerusalem_ he began to Reforme the _Law_ of the _Jewes_, +and Abolish the _Fast_ of _Tamuz_ (which they keep in the Moneth of +_June_) and there meeting with a certain _Jew_ called _Nathan_, a proper +Instrument to promote his Design; he communicated to him his Condition, +his Course of Life, and Intentions, to Proclaime himself _Messiah_ of +the World, so long expected and desired by the _Jewes_. This Design took +wonderfully with _Nathan_; and because it was thought necessary +according to _Scripture_, and Antient _Prophesies_, that _Elias_ was to +precede the _Messiah_, as St. _John Baptist_ was the fore-runner of +_Christ_: _Nathan_ thought no man so proper to Act the Part of the +_Prophet_ as himself; and so no sooner had _Sabatai_ declared himself +the _Messiah_, but _Nathan_ discovers himself to be his Prophet, +forbiding all the Fasts of the _Jewes_ in _Jerusalem_; and declaring, +that the Bridegroom being come, nothing but Joy, and Triumph ought to +dwell in their Habitations; Writing to all the Assemblies of the +_Jewes_, to perswade them to the same beliefe. + +And now the Schisme being begun, and many _Jewes_ really believing what +they so much desired, _Nathan_ took the courage and boldness to +Prophesie, That one Year from the 27th of _Kislev_, (which is the moneth +of _June_) the _Messiah_ shall appear before the _Grand Signor_, & take +from him his Crown and lead him in Chaines like a Captive. + +_Sabatai_ also at _Gaza_ Preached Repentance to the _Jewes_, and +Obedience to Himself and Doctrine, for that the coming of the _Messiah_ +was at hand: which Novelties so Affected the _Jewish_ Inhabitants of +those partes, that they gave up themselves wholly to their Prayers, +Almes, and Devotions; and to confirme this beliefe the more, it hapned, +that at the same time that Newes hereof, with all perticulars were +dispatched from _Gaza_, to acquaint the Brethren in Forrain Partes: The +Rumour of the _Messiah_ hath flown so swift, and gained such reception, +that Intelligence came from all Partes and Countreys where the _Jewes_ +inhabit, by Letters to _Gaza_, and _Jerusalem_, Congratulating the +happiness of their Deliverance, and expiration of the time of their +Servitude, by the Appearance of the _Messiah_. To which they adjoyned +other Prophesies, relating to that Dominion the _Messiah_ was to have +over all the World: that for Nine Moneths after he was to disappeare; +during which time the _Jewes_ were to suffer, and many of them to +undergoe Martyrdom: but then returning again Mounted on a Coelestial +_Lyon_, with his Bridle made of _Serpents_ with seven heads, accompanyed +with his Brethren the _Jewes_, who Inhabited on the other side of the +River _Sabation_, he should be acknowledged for the Sole Monarch of the +Universe; and then the _Holy Temple_ should descend from Heaven already +built, framed, and beautified, wherein they should offer Sacrifice for +ever. + +And here I leave you to consider, how strangely this Deceived People was +Amused, when these Confident, and vain Reports, and Dreams of Power, and +Kingdomes, had wholly transported them from the ordinary course of their +Trade, and Interest. + +This noise and rumour of the _Messiah_, having begun to fill all places, +_Sabatai Sevi_ resolved to Travel towards _Smyrna_, the Country of his +Nativity; and thence to _Constantinople_ the Capital City, where the +principal Work of Preaching was to have been performed: _Nathan_ thought +it not fit to be long after him, and therefore Travels by the way of +_Damascus_, where resolving to continue some time for better Propagation +of this New Doctrine; in the meane while Writes this Letter to _Sabatai +Sevi_, as followeth. + + 22. _Kesvan_ of this YEAR. + + T_o the_ King, _our_ King, Lord _of our_ Lords, _who gathers the + Dispersed of_ Israel, _who Redeems our_ Captivity, _the Man + elevated to the height of all sublimity, the_ Messiah _of the_ + God _of_ Jacob, _the true_ Messiah, _the_ Coelestial Lyon, + Sabatai Sevi, _whose Honour be exalted, and his Dominion raised + in a short time, and for ever_, Amen. _After having kissed your + hands, and swept the Dust from your Feet, as my Duty is to the_ + King _of_ Kings, _whose Majesty be exalted, and his Empire + enlarged. These are to make known to the Supreme Excellency of + that Place, which is adorned with the Beauty of your Sanctity, + that the Word of the_ King, _and of his Law, hath enlightned our + Faces: that day hath been a solemn day unto_ Israel, _and a day + of light unto our Rulers, for immediately we applyed our selves + to performe your Commands, as our duty is. And though we have + heard of many strange things,_ _yet we are couragious, and our + heart is as the heart of a Lyon; nor ought we to enquire a + reason of your Doings, for your Workes are Marvellous, and past + finding out: And we are Confirmed in our Fidelity without all + exception, resigning up our very Souls for the holiness of your + Name: And now we are come as far as_ Damascus, _intending + shortly to proceed in our Journey to_ Scanderone, _according as + you have commanded us; that so we may ascend, and see the Face + of God in light, as the light of the Face of the King of Life: + And we, servants of your servants shall cleanse the dust from + your Feet, beseeching the Majesty of your Excellency and Glory + to vouchsafe from your habitation to have a care of us, and help + us with the Force of your Right Hand of Strength, and shorten + our way which is before us: And we have our Eyes towards_ Jah, + Jah, _who will make hast to help us, and save us, that the + Children of Iniquity shall not hurt us; and towards whom our + hearts pant, and are consumed within us: who shall give us + Tallons of Iron to be worthy to stand under the shadow of your_ + Asse. _These are the Words of the Servant of your servants, who + prostrates himself to be trod on by the soles of your feet,_ + + Nathan Benjamine. + +And that he might Publish this Doctrine of himself, and the _Messiah_ +more plainly, he Wrote from _Damascus_ this following Letter, to the +_Jewes_ at _Aleppo_, and parts thereabouts. + + To the Residue or Remnant of the _Israelites_, Peace without end. + + [Sidenote: Sabatai _Wrote a Letter to Elect one Man out of every + Tribe_.] + + _These my words are, to give you notice, how that I am Arrived + in Peace at_ Damascus, _and behold I go to meet the Face of our + Lord, whose Majesty be exalted, for he is the Soveraign of the + King of Kings, whose Empire be enlarged. According as he hath + Commanded us and the_ 12 Tribes _to elect unto Him_ 12 _Men, so + have we done: And we now go to_ Scanderone _by his command, to + shew our faces together, with part of the principal of those + particular Friends to whom he hath given Licence to assemble in + that same place. And now I come to make known unto you, that + though you have heard strange things of our Lord, yet let not + your hearts faint, or fear, but rather fortifie your selves in + your Faith, because all his Actions are Miraculous, and Secret, + which Humane understanding cannot comprehend, and who can + penetrate into the depth of them. In a short time all things + shall be Manifested to you clearly in their Purity: and you + shall know, and consider, and be instructed by the Inventor + himself; Blessed is he who can expect, and arrive to the + Salvation of the true_ Messiah, _who will speedily publish his + Authority and Empire over us now, and for ever._ + + _Nathan._ + +And now all the _Cities_ of _Turky_ where the _Jewes_ Inhabited were +full of the expectation of the _Messiah_; no Trade, nor course of Gaine +was followed: every one imagin'd that dayly Provisions, Riches, Honours, +and Government, were to descend upon them by some unknown and Miraculous +manner: an example of which is most observable in the _Jewes_ at +_Thessalonica_, who now full of Assurance that the Restoration of their +Kingdome, and the Accomplishment of the time for the coming of the +_Messiah_ was at hand, judged themselves obliged to double their +Devotions, and Purifie their Consciences from all Sins and Enormities +which might be obvious to the scrutiny of him who was now come to +Penetrate into the very Thoughts and Imaginations of Mankinde. In which +Work certain _Chochams_ were appointed to direct the People how to +Regulate their Prayers, Fasts, and other Acts of Devotion. But so +forward was every one now in his Acts of Penance, that they stay'd not +for the Sentence of the _Chocham_, or prescription of any Rules, but +apply'd themselves immediately to Fasting: And some in that manner +beyond the abilities of Nature, that having for the space of seven +dayes taken no sustenance, were famished to death. Others buryed +themselves in their Gardens, covering their naked Bodies with Earth, +their heads onely excepted, remained in their Beds of dirt until their +Bodies were stifned with the cold and moisture: others would indure to +have melted Wax dropt upon their shoulders, others to rowle themselves +in Snow, and throw their Bodies in the Coldest season of Winter Into the +Sea, or Frozen Waters. But the most common way of Mortification was +first to prick their Backs and Sides with Thornes, and then to give +themselves thirty nine Lashes. All Business was laid aside, none Worked, +or opened Shop, unless to clear his Warehouse of Merchandize at any +Price: who had superfluity in Houshold-stuffe, sold it for what he +could; but yet not to _Iewes_, for they were Interdicted from Bargaines +or Sales, on the pain of Excommunication, Pecuniary Mulcts, or Corporal +Punishments; for all Business and Imployment was esteemed the Test, and +Touchstone of their Faith. It being the general Tenent, that in the +dayes that the _Messiah_ appeares, the _Iewes_ shall become Masters of +the Estates and Inheritance of _Infidels_; until when they are to +content themselves with Matters onely necessary to maintain and support +Life. But because every one was not Master of so much Fortune and +Provision, as to live without dayly Labour, therefore to quiet the +Clamours of the Poor, and prevent the Enormous lives of some, who upon +these occasions would become Vagabonds, and desert their _Cities_, due +order was taken to make Collections, which were so liberally bestow'd, +that in _Thessalonica_ onely 400 Poore were supported by the meer +charity of the Richer. And as they indeavour'd to purge their +_Consciences_ of Sin, and to apply themselves to good Workes, that the +_Messiah_ might find the City prepared for his Reception; so, least he +should accuse them of any omission in the Law, and particularly in their +neglect of that Antient Precept of Increase and Multiply; they marryed +together Children of ten yeares of age, and some under, without respect +to Riches, or Poverty, Condition or Quality: But, being promiscuously +joyned, to the number of 6 or 700 Couple, upon better and cooler +thoughts, after the deceipt of the false _Messiah_ was discover'd, or +the expectation of his Coming grew cold, were Divorced, or by Consent +separated from each other. + +In the heat of all this Talk and Rumor, comes _Sabatai Sevi_ to +_Smyrna_, the City of his Nativity, infinitely desir'd there by the +common _Iewes_; but by the _Chochams_, or _Doctors_ of their _Law_, who +gave little or no credence to what he pretended, was ill receiv'd, not +knowing what mischief or ruine this Doctrine and Prophesie of a New +Kingdome might produce. Yet _Sabatai_ bringing with him testimonials of +his Sanctity, Holy Life, Wisdom, and Gift of Prophesie, so deeply fixed +himself in the heart of the Generality, both as being Holy and Wise, +that thereupon he took courage and boldness to enter into Dispute with +the Grand _Chocham_ (who is the Head, and Chief Expositer of the _Law_ +and superintendent of their will and Government) between whom the +Arguments grew so high, and Language so hot, that the _Iewes_ who +favoured the Doctrine of _Sabatai_, and feared the Authority of the +_Chocham_, doubtful what might be the issue of the Contest, appear'd in +great numbers before the _Cadi_ of _Smyrna_, in justification of their +New Prophet, before so much as any Accusation came against him: The +_Cadi_ (according to the Custome of the _Turkes_,) swallows Mony on both +sides, and afterwards remits them to the determination of their own +Justice. In this manner _Sabatai_ gaines ground dayly; and the Grand +_Chocham_ with his Party, losing both the affection and obedience of his +People, is displaced from his Office, and another Constituted, more +affectionate, and agreeable to the New Prophet, whose power daily +increased by those confident Reports. That his Enemies were struck with +Phrensies and Madness, until being restor'd to their former temper and +wits by him, became his Friends, Admirers, and Disciples. No Invitation +was now made in _Smyrna_ by the _Iewes_, nor Marriage, or Circumcision +solemnized, where _Sabatai_ was not present, accompanyed with a +multitude of his Followers, and the Streets cover'd with Carpits, or +fine Cloath for him to tread on; but the Humility of this _Pharisee_ +appear'd such, that he would stoop and turne them aside, and so pass. +And having thus fixed himself in the Opinion and Admiration of the +People, he began to take on himself the Title of _Messiah_, and the +_Son_ of _God_; and to make this following Declaration to all the Nation +of the _Iewes_, which being wrote Originally in _Hebrew_, was Translated +for me faithfully into _Italian_, in this manner. + + _L'unico figliolo, e primogenito d' dio_, Sabatai Sevi, _il_ + Messiah, _e_ Salvatore _d'_ Israel _eletti di_ dio _pace + bessendo che sete fatti degni di veder quel grangiorno della + deliberatione e Salvatione d'_ Israel, _e consummatione delle + parole di_ dio, _promess per li sua Profeti, e padri notri, per + il suo diletto figlio d'_ Israel, _ogni vestra amaritudine si + converta in allegrezza, e li vestri diginguiti facino feste, + per che non piangerete O miei figliole d'_Israel _havendovi + dati_ iddio _la consolatione inenarrabile, festegiate contimpani + e musiche, ringratiando quello chi ha adempito il promesso dalli + secoli, facendo ogni giorno quelle cose che solete fare nelle + callende, e quel giorno dedicato ali' afflictione e mestitia, + convertite lo in giorno giocondo per la mia comparsa, e non + spaventate niente, per che haverete Dominio sopra, le genti, non + solamente di quelle, che si vedodono in terra, ma quelle che + sono in fondi del mare, il tutto pro vestra consolatione & + allegrezza._ + +Which Translated into _English_, runs thus; + + The Onely, and First-borne Son of _God_, _Sabatai Sevi_, the + _Messiah_ and _Saviour_ of _Israel_, to all the Sons of + _Israel_, peace. Since that you are made worthy to see that + great Day of Deliverance, and Salvation unto _Israel_, and + Accomplishment of the Word of God, Promised by his Prophets, and + our forefathers, and by his Beloved Son of _Israel_: let your + bitter sorrowes be turned into Joy, and your Fasts into + festivals, for you shall weep no more, O my sons of _Israel_, + for God having given you this unspeakable Comfort, rejoyce with + _Drums_, _Organs_, and _Musick_, giving thanks to him for + performing his Promise from all Ages; doing that every day, + which is usual for you to do upon the _New-Moons_; and, that Day + Dedicated to affliction and sorrow convert you into a Day of + Mirth for my appearance: and fear you nothing, for you shall + have Dominion over the Nations, and not onely over those who are + on Earth, but over those Creatures also which are in the depth + of the Sea. All which is for your Consolation and Rejoycing. + + _Sabatai Sevi._ + +Notwithstanding the Disciples of _Sabatai Sevi_ were not so numerous, +but many opposed his doctrine, publiquely avouching that he was an +_Impostor_, and Deceiver of the people, amongst which was one _Samuel +Pennia_, a man of a good estate and reputation in _Smyrna_, who arguing +in the _Synagogue_, that the present signs of the coming of the +_Messiah_ were not apparent, either according to Scripture, or the +doctrine of the _Rabbins_, raised such a sedition and tumult amongst the +_Jews_, as not onely prevailed against arguments, but had also against +his life, had he not timely conveyed himself out of the _Synagogue_, and +thereby escaped the hands of the multitude, who now could more easily +endure blasphemy against the _Law_ of _Moses_, and the prophanation of +the _Sanctuary_, than contradiction, or misbelief of the doctrine of +_Sabatai_. But howsoever it fell out, _Pennia_ in short time becomes a +convert, and preaches up _Sabatai_ for the _Son_ of _God_, and +_deliverer_ of the _Jews_: and not onely he, but his whole family; his +daughters prophesie, and fall into strange extasies; and not onely his +house, but four hundred men and women prophesie of the growing kingdom +of _Sabatai_, and young infants who could yet scarce stammer out a +syllable to their mothers, repeat, and pronounce plainly the name of +_Sabatai_ the _Messiah_, and Son of God. For thus farr had God permitted +the devil to delude this people, that their very children were for a +time possessed, and voices heard to sound from their stomacks, and +intrails: those of riper years fell first into a trance, foamed at the +mouth, and recounted the future prosperitie, and deliverance of the +_Israelites_, their visions of the _Lion_ of _Judah_, and the triumphs +of _Sabatai_, all which were certainly true, being effects of +_Diabolical_ delusions: as the _Jews_ themselves since have confessed +unto me. + +With these concomitant accidents, and successes, _Sabatai Sevi_ growing +more presumptuous, that he might correspond with the Prophesies of +greatness, and dominion of the _Messiah_, proceeds to an election of +those Princes which were to govern the _Israelites_ in their march +towards the _Holy-Land_, and to dispence Judgement and Justice after +their Restoration. The names of them were these which follow, men well +known at _Smyrna_, who never (God knows) had ambition to aspire to the +title of Princes, until a strange spirit of deceit and delusion had +moved them, not onely to hope for it as possible, but to expect it as +certain. + + _Isaac Silvera._ King _David._ + _Salomon Lagnado._ was _Salomon._ + _Salom Lagnado_ jun. named _Zovah._ + _Joseph Cohen._ _Uzziah._ + _Moses Galente._ _Josaphat._ + _Daniel Pinto._ _Hilkiah._ + _Abraham Scandale._ _Jotham._ + _Mokiah Gaspar._ _Zedekiah._ + _Abraham Leon._ _Achas._ + _Ephraim Arditi._ _Joram._ + _Salom Carmona._ _Achab._ + _Matassia Aschenesi._ _Asa._ + _Meir Alcaira._ _Rehoboam._ + _Jacob Loxas._ _Ammon._ + _Mordecai Jesserun._ _Jehoachim._ + _Chaim Inegna._ _Jeroboam._ + _Joseph Scavillo._ _Abia._ + _Conor Nehemias._ was _Zarobabel._ + _Joseph del Caire._ named _Joas._ + _Elcukin Schavit._ _Amasia._ + _Abraham Rubio._ _Josiah._ + + _Elias Sevi_ had the title of the _King_ of the _king_ of _kings_. + _Elias Azar_ his _Vice-king_, or _Vizier._ + _Joseph Sevi_, the _king_ of the _kings_ of _Judah_. + _Joseph Inernuch_ his _vice-king_. + +In this manner things ran to a strange height of madness amongst the +_Jews_ at _Smyrna_, where appear'd such pageantry of greatness, that no +Comedy could equal the mock-shews they represented, and though none +durst openly profess any scruple, or doubt of this common received +belief, yet for confirmation of the _Jews_ in their Faith, and +astonishment of the _Gentiles_, it was judged no less than necessary +that _Sabatai_ should shew some miracles, whereby to evince to all the +World that he was the true _Messiah_: and as the present occasion seemed +to require an evidence infallible of this truth, so it was daily +expected by the vulgar, with an impatience sutable to humors disposed to +Noveltie; who out of every action and motion of their Prophet began to +fancy something extraordinary and supernatural. _Sabatai_ was now +horribly puzzled for a Miracle, though the imagination of the people was +so vitiated that any _legerdemaine_, or slight of hand would have +passed more easily with them for a wonder than _Moses_ striking the rock +for water, or dividing the _red sea_. And occasion happening that +_Sabatai_ was, in behalf of his Subjects, to appear before the _Cadi_, +or judge of the Citie to demand ease, and relief of some oppressions +which aggrieved them: It was thought necessary a Miracle should now or +never, when _Sabatai_ appearing with a formal and _pharisaical_ +gravitie, which he had starcht on: Some on a sudden avouched to see a +pillar of fire between him and the _Cadi_, which report presently was +heard through the whole room, filled with _Jews_ that accompanied +_Sabatai_, some of whom, who strongly fancied it, vow'd, and swore they +saw it; others in the outward yard, or that could not come near to hear, +or see for the crowd, as speedily took the alarm, and the rumour ran, +and belief receiv'd by the Women and Children at home in a moment, so +that _Sabatai Sevi_ returned to his house triumphant, fixed in the +hearts of his people, who now needed no further Miracles to confirm +them in their faith. And thus was _Sabatai_ exalted, when no man was +thought worthy of communication who did not believe him to be the +_Messiah_: others were called _Kophrim_, infidels or hereticks, liable +to the censure of excommunication, with whom it was not lawful so much +as to eat: every man produc'd his treasure, his Gold and Jewels, +offering them at the feet of _Sabatai_; so that he could have commanded +all the wealth of _Smyrna_, but he was too subtil to accept their money, +least he should render his design suspected by any act of covetousness. +_Sabatai Sevi_ having thus fully fixed himself in _Smyrna_, and filled +other places with rumors of his fame; declared that he was called by God +to visit _Constantinople_, where the greatest part of his work was to be +accomplisht; in order whereunto he privately ships himself, with some +few attendants in a _Turkish Saick_, in the Moneth of _January_ 1666. +least the crowd of his disciples, and such who would press to follow +him, should endanger him in the Eyes of the _Turks_, who already began +to be scandalized at the reports and prophesies concerning his person. +But though _Sabatai_ took few into the Vessel to him, yet a multitude of +_Jews_ travell'd over land to meet him again at _Constantinople_, on +whom all their Eyes and Expectations were intent. The wind proving +northernly, as commonly it is in the _Helespont_ and _Propontis_; +_Sabatai_ was thirtie nine days in his voyage, and yet the Vessel not +arriv'd, so little power had this _Messiah_ over the Sea and Winds, in +which time news being come to _Constantinople_ that the _Jews Messiah_ +was near, all that people prepared to receive him with the same Joy and +Impatience as was exprest in other parts where he arrived; the great +_Vizier_ (then also at _Constantinople_, being not yet departed on his +expedition for _Candia_) having heard some rumors of this man, and the +disorder and madness he had raised amongst the _Jews_; sent two Boats, +whil'st the _Saick_ was detained by contrary winds, with commands to +bring him up Prisoner to the Port, where accordingly _Sabatai_ being +come, was committed to the most loathsom and darkest Dungeon in the +Town, there to remain in farther expectation of the _Viziers_ sentence: +The _Jews_ were not at all discouraged at this ill treatment of their +prophet, but rather confirmed in their belief of him, as being the +accomplishment of the prophesie of those things which ought to precede +his glory and dominion; which consideration induc'd the chiefest persons +amongst the _Jews_ to make their visits and addresses to him with the +same ceremony and respect in the Dungeon as they would have done had he +then sat exalted on the throne of _Israel_: several of them, with one +_Anacago_, by name, a man of great esteem amongst the _Jews_, attended a +whole day before him, with their Eyes cast down, their bodies bending +forward, and hands crost before them (which are postures of humility, +and service in the Eastern Countreys) the undecency of the place, and +present subjection, not having in the least abated their high thoughts, +and reverence towards his person. The _Jews_ in _Constantinople_ were +now become as mad and distracted as they were in other places, all +trade and trafficque forbidden, and those who owed money, in no manner +careful how to satisfie it: amongst which wild crew some were indebted +to our Merchants at _Galata_, who not knowing the way to receive their +money, partly for their interest, and partly for curiosity thought fit +to visit this _Sabatai_, complayning that such particular _Jews_, upon +his coming, took upon them the boldness to defraud them of their right, +desired he would be pleased to signifie to these his Subjects, his +pleasure to have satisfaction given: whereupon _Sabatai_ with much +affectation took Pen and Paper, and wrote to this effect. + + To you of the Nation of the _Jews_, who expect the appearance of + the _Messiah_, and the Salvation of _Israel_, Peace without end. + Whereas we are informed that you are indebted to several of the + _English_ Nation: It seemeth right unto us to enorder you to + make satisfaction to these your just debts: which if you refuse + to do, and not obey us herein: Know you, that then you are not + to enter with us into our Joys and Dominions. + +In this manner _Sabatai Sevi_ remained a Prisoner at _Constantinople_ +for the space of two Moneths; at the end of which, the _Vizier_ having +designed his expedition for _Candia_; and considering the rumor and +disturbance the presence of _Sabatai_ had made already at +_Constantinople_, thought it not secure to suffer him to remain in the +Imperial Citie, whil'st both the _Grand Signior_ and himself were +absent: and therefore changes his prison to the _Dardanelli_, otherwise +called the _Castle_ of _Abydos_, being on the _Europe_ side of the +_Helespont_, opposite to _Sestos_, places famous in _Greek_ Poetrie. +This removal of _Sabatai_ from a worse Prison to one of a better air; +confirmed the _Jews_ with greater confidence of his being the +_Messiah_, supposing that had it been in the power of the _Vizier_, or +other Officers of the _Turks_, to have destroyed his person, they would +never have permitted him to have lived to that time, in regard their +_Maximes_ enforce them to quit all jealousies and suspitions of ruine to +their state by the death of the party feared, which much rather they +ought to execute on _Sabatai_, who had not onely declared himself the +_King_ of _Israel_, but also published Prophesies fatal to the _Grand +Signior_ and his Kingdoms. + +With this consideration, and others preceding, the _Jews_ flock in great +numbers to the _Castle_, where he was imprisoned, not onely from the +neighbouring parts, but also from _Poland_, _Germanie_, _Legorne_, +_Venice_, _Amsterdam_, and other places where the _Jews_ reside: on all +whom, as a reward of the expence, and labours of their pilgrimage, +_Sabatai_ bestowed plenty of his benedictions, promising encrease of +their store, and enlargement of their Possessions in the _Holy-Land_. +And so great was the confluence of the _Jews_ to this place, that the +_Turks_ thought it requisite to make their advantage thereof, and so +not onely raised the price of their Provision, Lodgings, and other +Necessaries, but also denied to admit any to the presence of _Sabatai_, +unless for money, setting the price, sometimes at five, sometimes at ten +_Dollers_, or more or less, according as they guessed at their +abilities, or zeal of the person, by which gain and advantage to the +_Turks_ no complaints or advices were carried to _Adrianople_, either of +the concourse of people, or arguments amongst the _Jews_ in that place; +but rather all civilities, and libertie indulged unto them, which served +as a farther argument to ensnare this poor people in the belief of their +_Messiah_. + +During this time of confinement, _Sabatai_ had leisure to compose and +institute a new method of Worship for the _Jews_, and principally the +manner of the celebration of the day of his _Nativity_, which he +prescribed in this manner. + + Brethren, and my People, men of _Religion_ inhabiting the _City_ + of _Smyrna_ the renowned, where live men, and women, and + families; Peace be unto you from the Lord of Peace, and from me + his beloved son, King _Salomon_. I command you that the ninth + day of the Moneth of _Ab_ (which according to our account + answered that year to the Moneth of _June_) next to come, you + make a day of Invitation, and of great Joy, celebrating it with + choice meats and pleasing drinks, with many Candles and Lamps, + with Musick and Songs, because it is the day of the Birth of + _Sabatai Sevi_, the high King above all kings of the Earth. And + as to matters of labour, and other things of like nature, do, as + becomes you, upon a day of Festival, adorned with your finest + garments. As to your Prayers, let the same order be used as upon + Festivals. To converse with _Christians_ on that day is + unlawful, though your Discourse be of matters indifferent, all + labour is forbidden, but to sound instruments is lawful. This + shall be the method and substance of your Prayers on this day of + Festival: After you have said, Blessed be thou, O holy God! then + proceed and say, Thou hast chosen us before all people, and + hast loved us, and hast been delighted with us, and hast humbled + us more than all other Nations, and hast sanctified us with thy + Precepts, and hast brought us near to thy service, and the + service of our King. Thy holy, great, and terrible Name thou + hast published amongst us: and hast given us, O Lord God, + according to thy love, time of Joy, of Festivals, and times of + Mirth, and this day of Consolation for a solemn Convocation of + Holiness, for the Birth of our King the _Messiah, Sabatai Sevi_ + thy servant, and first-born son in love, through whom we + commemorate our coming out of _Egypt_. And then you shall read + for your Lesson the 1, 2, and 3 Chapters of _Deut._ to the 17 + verse, appointing for the reading thereof five men, in a perfect + and uncorrupted Bible, adding thereunto the Blessings of the + Morning, as are prescribed for days of Festival: and for the + Lesson out of the Prophets usually read in the _Synagogue_ every + _Sabbath_: you shall read the 31 Chapt. of _Jeremiah_. To your + Prayer called _Mussaf_ (used in the _Synagogue_ every _Sabbath_ + and solemn Festival) you shall adjoyn that of the present + Festival; In stead of the sacrifice of Addition, of the + returning of the _Bible_ to its place, you shall read with an + Audible Voice, Clear Sound, the _Psalm_ 95. And at the first + Praises in the Morning, after you have Sang _Psalm_ 91, and just + before you Sing _Psalm_ 98, you shall repeate _Psalm_ 132 but in + the last Verse, where it is said, _As for his Enemies I shall + cloath them with shame, but upon himself shall his Crown + flourish_; in the place of (_upon himself_) you shall read _upon + the most High_: after which shall follow the 126 _Psalm_, and + then the 113 to the 119. + + At the Consecration of the Wine upon the Vigil, or Even, you + shall make mention of the Feast of Consolation, which is the day + of the Birth of our King the Messiah _Sabatai Sevi_ thy Servant, + and First-born Son, giving the Blessing as followeth: Blessed be + thou our God, King of the World, who hast made us to live, and + hast maintain'd us, and hast kept us alive unto this time. Upon + the Eve of this day you shall Read also the 81 _Psalm_, as also + the 132 and 126 _Psalmes_, which are appointed for the Morning + Praises. And this day shall be unto you for a Remembrance of a + Solemn Day unto eternal Ages, and a perpetual testimony between + me, and the Sons of _Israel_. + + _Audite Audiendo & manducate bonam._ + +Besides which Order, and Method of Prayers for Solemnization of his +Birth, he prescribed other Rules for Divine Service, and particularly +published the same Indulgence and Priviledge to every one who should +Pray at the Tomb of his Mother; as if he had taken on him a Pilgrimage +to Pray, and Sacrifice at _Jerusalem_. + +The Devotion of the _Jewes_ toward this pretended _Messiah_ increased +still more and more, so that onely the Chief of the City went to attend, +and proffer their service toward him in the time of his Imprisonment, +but likewise decked their _Synagogue_ with _S. S._ in Letters of Gold, +making for him on the Wall a Crown, in the Circle of which was wrote the +91 _Psalm_ at length, in faire and legible Characters; attributing the +same titles to _Sabatai_, and Expounding the _Scriptures_ in the same +manner in favour of his Appearance, as we do of our _Saviour_. However +some of the _Jewes_ remain'd in their Wits all this time, amongst which +was a certain _Chocham_ at _Smyrna_, one zealous of his Law, and of the +good and safety of his Nation: and observing in what a wilde manner the +whole People of the _Jewes_ was transported, with the groundless beliefe +of a _Messiah_, leaving not onely their Trade, and course of living, but +publishing Prophesies of a speedy Kingdome, of rescue from the Tyranny +of the _Turk_, and leading the Grand _Signior_ himself Captive in +Chaines; matters so dangerous and obnoxious to the State wherein they +lived, as might justly convict them of Treason and Rebellion, and leave +them to the Mercy of that Justice, which on the least jealousie and +suspicion of Matters of this nature, uses to extirpate Families, and +subvert the Mansion-houses of their own People, much rather of the +_Jewes_, on whom the _Turkes_ would gladly take occasion to dispoile +them of their Estates, and condemn the whole Nation to perpetual +slavery. And indeed it would have been a greater wonder then ever +_Sabatai_ shewed, that the _Turkes_ took no advantage from all these +extravagances, to dreine the _Jewes_ of a considerable Sum of Money, and +set their whole Race in _Turky_ at a Ransome, had not these Passages +yielded them matter of Pastime, and been the Subject of the _Turkes_ +Laughter and Scorne; supposing it a Disparagement to the greatness of +the _Ottoman_ Empire, to be concerned for the Rumors and Combustions of +this Dispersed People. With these considerations this _Chocham_, that he +might clear himself of the blood and guilt of his Countrey-men, and +concern'd in the common destruction, goes before the _Cadi_, and there +protests against the present Doctrine; Declaring, that he had no hand in +setting up of _Sabatai_, but was an Enemy both to him and to his whole +Sect. This freedome of the _Chocham_ so enraged and scandalized the +_Jewes_, that they judged no Condemnation or Punishment too severe +against such an Offender and Blasphemer of their Law, and Holiness of +the _Messiah_; and therefore with Money and Presents to the _Cadi_, +accusing him as Disobedient in a Capital nature to their Government, +obtain'd sentence against him, to have his Beard shaved, and to be +condemn'd to the _Gallies_. There wanted nothing now to the appearance +of the _Messiah_, and the solemnity of his coming, but the presence of +_Elias_, whom the _Jewes_ began to expect hourely, and with that +attention and earnestness, that every Dreame, or Phantasme to a weak +head was judged to be _Elias_; it being taught, and averred, that he was +seen in divers formes and shapes, not to be certainly discovered or +known, before the coming of the _Messiah_; for this superstition is so +far fixed amongst them, that generally in their Families they spread a +Table for _Elias_ the Prophet, to which they make an Invitation of Poor +people, leaving the chief place for the Lord _Elias_, whom they believe +to be invisibly present at the entertainment, and there to Eate, and +Drink, without dimunition, either of the Dishes, or of the Cup. One +person amongst the _Jewes_ commanded his Wife after a supper of this +kind, to leave the Cup filled with Wine, and the Meat standing all +night, for _Elias_ to Feast, and Rejoyce alone; And in the morning +arising early, affirmed, that _Elias_ took this Banquet so kindly, that +in token of gratitude, and acceptance, he had replenish'd the Cup with +Oyle, in stead of Wine. It is a certain Custome amongst the _Jewes_ on +the Evening of the _Sabbath_, to repeate certain Praises of God (called +_Havdila_) which signifies a distinction, or separation of the Sabbath +from the prophane dayes (as they call them) which Praises they observe +to performe in this manner. One takes a Cup filled with Wine, and drops +it through the whole House, saying, _Elias_ the Prophet, _Elias_ the +Prophet, _Elias_ the Prophet, come quickly to us with the _Messiah_, the +_Son_ of _God_, and _David_; and this they affirme to be so acceptable +to _Elias_, that he never failes to preserve that family, so devoted to +him, and augment it with the blessings of Increase. Many other things +the _Jewes_ avouch of _Elias_, so ridiculous, as are not fit to be +declar'd, amongst which this one is not far from our purpose, that at +the Circumcision there is alwayes a Chair set for _Elias_: And _Sabatai +Sevi_ being once Invited at _Smyrna_ to the Circumcision of the +First-borne Son of one _Abraham Gutiere_, a Kinsman of _Sabatai_, and +all things ready for the Ceremony, _Sabatai Sevi_ exhorted the Parents +of the Child to expect a while until his farther Order: After a good +halfe hour, _Sabatai_ order'd them to proceed and cut the _Prepuce_ of +the Child, which was instantly perform'd with all joy and satisfaction +to the Parents: and being afterwards demanded the reason why he retarded +the performance of that Function, his answer was, That _Elias_ had not +as yet taken his Seat, whom, as soon as he saw placed, he ordered them +to proceed; and that now shortly _Elias_ would discover himself openly, +and proclaime the newes of the general Redemption. + +This being the common Opinion amongst the _Jewes_, and that _Sabatai +Sevi_ was the _Messiah_, being become an Article of Faith, it was not +hard to perswade them, that _Elias_ was come already, that they met him +in their Dishes, in the darke, in their Bed chambers, or any where else +invisible, in the same manner as our common People in _England_ believe +of _Hobgoblins_, and _Fairies_. For so it was, when _Solomon Cremona_, +an Inhabitant of _Smyrna_, making a great Feast, to which the Principal +_Jewes_ of the _City_ were Invited, after they had eaten and drank +freely, one starts from his Seat, and avouches, that he saw _Elias_ upon +the Wall, and with that bowes to him, and Complements him with all +Reverence and humility: Some others having in like manner their Fancies +prepossessed, and their Eyes with the Fume of Wine ill prepared to +distinguish shadowes, immediately agreed upon the Object, and then there +was not one in the Company who would say he did not see him: at which +surprize every one was struck with reverence and awe; and the most +Eloquent amongst them, having their Tongues loosed with Joy, and Wine, +directed _Orations_, _Encomiums_, and acts of Thankfulness to _Elias_, +courting and complementing him, as distracted Lovers doe the supposed +presence of their Mistresses. Another _Jew_ at _Constantinople_ +reported, that he met _Elias_ in the Streets, habited like a _Turke_, +with whom he had a long Communication; and that he enjoyn'd the +Observation of many neglected Ceremonies, and particularly the _Zezit_, +_Numb._ 15. _v._ 38. _Speak unto the children of_ Israel, _and bid them +that they make_ Fringes _in the Borders of their Garments, throughout +their Generations, and that they put upon the Fringe of the Border a_ +Ribbon _of blue_. Also the _Peos_, Levit. 19. v. 27. _Ye shall not round +the corners of your Head, nor marr the corners of your Beard_: This +Apparition of _Elias_ being believed as soon as Published, every one +began to obey the Vision, by Fringing their Garments; and for their +Heads, though alwayes shaved, according to the _Turkish_ and Eastern +Fashion, and that the suffering Hair to grow, to men not accustomed, was +heavy, and incommodious to their healths and heads; yet to begin again +to renew, as far as was possible, the antient Ceremonies, every one +nourished a lock of hair on each side, which might be visible beneath +their Caps; which soon after began to be a Sign of distinction between +the _Believers_ and _Kophrims_, a name of dishonour, signifying as much +as _Unbelievers_; or _Hereticks_, given to those who confessed not +_Sabatai_ to be the _Messiah_; which particulars, if not observed, it +was declared, as a Menace of _Elias_, that the People of the _Jewes_, +who come from the River _Sabation_ as is specifyed in the second +_Esdras_, Chap. 13. shall take vengeance of those who are guilty of +these Omissions. + +But to return again to _Sabatai Sevi_ himself, we find him still +remaining a Prisoner in the _Castle_ of _Abydos_ upon the _Hellespont_, +admir'd and ador'd by his Brethren, with more honor then before, and +visited by Pilgrimes from all parts where the fame of the coming of the +_Messiah_ had arriv'd; amongst which one from _Poland_, named _Nehemiah +Cohen_, was of special note, and renown, learned in the _Hebrew_, +_Syriack_, and _Chaldee_, and versed in the Doctrine and _Kabala_ of the +_Rabines_, as well as _Sabatai_ himself, one (of whom it was said) had +not this _Sevi_ anticipated the Design, esteemed himself as able a +Fellow to Act the Part of a _Messiah_ as the other: Howsoever, it being +now too late to publish any such Pretence, _Sabatai_ having now eleven +Points of the Law by Possession of the Office, and with that the Hearts +and Belief of the _Jewes_: _Nehemiah_ was contented with some small +appendage, or Relation to a _Messiah_; and therefore to lay his Design +the better, desired a Private Conference with _Sabatai_: These two great +Rabbines being together, a hot Dispute arose between them; For _Cohen_ +alleadged that according to Scripture, and Exposition of the Learned +thereupon, there were to be two _Messiahs_, one called _Ben Ephraim_, +and the other _Ben David_: the first was to be a Preacher of the _Law_, +poor, and despised, and a Servant of the Second, and his Fore-runner; +the other was to be great and rich, to restore the _Jewes_ to +_Jerusalem_, to sit upon the Throne of _David_, and to performe and act +all those Triumphs and Conquests which were expected from _Sabatai_. +_Nehemiah_ was contented to be _Ben Ephraim_, the afflicted and poor +_Messiah_; And _Sabatai_ (for any thing I hear) was well enough +contented he should be so: but that _Nehemiah_ accused him for being too +forward in publishing himself the latter _Messiah_, before _Ben Ephraim_ +had first been known unto the World. _Sabatai_ took this reprehension +so ill, either out of pride, and thoughts of his own infallibility, or +that he suspected _Nehemiah_, being once admitted for _Ben Ephraim_, +would quickly (being a subtile and learned person) perswade the World +that he was _Ben David_, would by no means understand, or admit of this +Doctrine, or of _Ben Ephraim_ for a necessary Officer: And thereupon the +Dispute grew so hot, and the Controversie so irreconcileable, as was +taken notice of by the _Jewes_, and controverted amongst them, as every +one fancy'd: But _Sabatai_ being of greater Authority, his Sentence +prevail'd, and _Nehemiah_ was rejected, as _Schismatical_, and an Enemy +to the _Messiah_, which afterward proved the ruine and downfal of this +_Impostor_. + +For _Nehemiah_ being thus baffled, and being a person of Authority, and +a haughty Spirit, meditated nothing but revenge; to execute which to the +full, he takes a Journey to _Adrianople_, and there informes the Chief +Ministers of State, and Officers of the Court, who (by reason of the +gain the _Turks_ made of their Prisoner at the _Castle_ on the +_Hellespont_) heard nothing of all this Concourse of People, and +Prophesies of the Revolt of the _Jews_ from their Obedience to the +_Grand Signior_; and taking likewise to his _Counsel_ some certain +discontented and unbelieving _Chochams_, who being zealous for their +Nation, and jealous of the ill-consequences of this long-continued, and +increasing Madness, took liberty to informe the _Chimacham_ (who was +Deputy of the Great _Vizier_ then at _Candia_) that the _Jew_, Prisoner +at the _Castle_, called _Sabatai Sevi_, was a Lewd Person, and one who +indeavoured to debauch the mindes of the _Jewes_, and divert them from +their honest course of livelihood, and Obedience to the _Grand Signior_; +and that therefore it was necessary to clear the World of so Factious +and dangerous a Spirit: The _Chimacham_ being thus informed, could do no +less then acquaint the _Grand Signior_ with all the particulars of this +Mans Condition, Course of Life, and Doctrine; which were no sooner +understood, but a _Chiaux_, or _Messenger_, was immediately dispatched, +to bring up _Sabatai Sevi_ to _Adrianople_. The _Chiaux_ executed his +Commission after the _Turkish_ fashion in hast, and brought _Sabatai_ +in a few days to _Adrianople_, without further excuse or ceremony; not +affording him an hours space to take a solemn farewel of his Friends, +his Followers and Adorers; who now were come to the vertical point of +all their hopes and expectations. + +The _Grand Signior_ having by this time received divers informations of +the madness of the _Jews_, and the pretences of _Sabatai_; grew big with +desire and expectation to see him: so that he no sooner arrived at +_Adrianople_, but the same hour he was brought before the _Grand +Signior_: _Sabatai_ appeared much dejected, and failing of that courage +which he shewed in the _Synagogue_; and being demanded several Questions +in _Turkish_ by the _Grand Signior_, he would not trust so farr to the +vertue of his _Messiahship_, as to deliver himself in the _Turkish +Language_; but desired a _Doctor_ of _Physick_, (who had from a _Jew_ +turned _Turk_,) to be his interpreter, which was granted to him; but not +without reflection of the standers by; that had he been the _Messiah_, +and _Son of God_, as he formerly pretended, his tongue would have flown +with varietie, as well as with the perfection of Languages. But the +_Grand Signior_ would not be put off without a _Miracle_, and it must be +one of his own choice: which was, that _Sabatai_ should be stript naked, +and set as a mark to his dexterous Archers: if the Arrows passed not his +body, but that his flesh and skin was proof like armour, then he would +believe him to be the _Messiah_, and the person whom God had design'd to +those Dominions, and Greatnesses, he pretended. But now _Sabatai_ not +having faith enough to stand to so sharp a trial, renounced all his +title to Kingdoms and Governments, alledging that he was an ordinary +_Chocham_, and a poor _Jew_, as others were, and had nothing of +Priviledge, or Vertue above the rest. The _Grand Signior_ +notwithstanding, not wholly satisfied with this plain confession, +declared, that having given publique scandal to the Professors of the +_Mahometan_ religion, and done dishonour to his Soveraign authoritie, by +pretending to draw such a considerable portion from him, as the Land of +_Palestine_; his treason and crime was not to be expiated by any other +means then by a conversion to the _Mahometan_ faith, which if he refus'd +to do, the stake was ready at the gate of the _Seraglio_ to empale him. +_Sabatai_ being now reduced to extremitie of his latter game; not being +the least doubtful what to do; for to die for what he was assured was +false, was against nature, and the death of a mad man: replyed with much +chearfulness, that he was contented to turn _Turk_, and that it was not +of force, but of choice, having been a long time desirous of so glorious +a Profession, he esteemed himself much honored, that he had opportunity +to own it; first in the presence of the _Grand Signior_. And here was +the _non plus ultra_ of all the bluster and noise of this vain Impostor. +And now the _Reader_ may be pleased to pause a while and contemplate the +strange point of consternation, shame, and silence, to which the _Jews_ +were reduc't, when they understood how speedily their hopes were +vanished, and how poorly and ignominiously all their fancies and +promises of a new Kingdom, their _Pageantry_, and Offices of Devotion, +were past like a tale, or a midnights dream: And as this was concluded, +and the _Jews_ sunk on a sudden, and fallen flat in their hopes, without +so much as a line of comfort, or excuse from _Sabatai_; more than in +general, to all the brethren. That now they should apply themselves to +their Callings and services of God, as formerly, for that matters +relating unto him were finished and the sentence past. The news that +_Sabatai_ was turned _Turk_, and the _Messiah_ to a _Mahumetan_, quickly +filled all parts of _Turky_. The _Jews_ were strangely surprized at it, +and ashamed of their easie belief, of the arguments with which they had +perswaded one the other, and of the Proselytes they had made in their +own families. Abroad they became the common derision of the Towns where +they inhabited: the Boys shouted after them, coyning a new word at +_Smyrna_ (_Ponftai_) which every one seeing a _Jew_, with a finger +pointed out, would pronounce with scorn and contempt: so that this +deceived people for a long time after remained with confusion, silence, +and dejection of spirit. And yet most of them affirm that _Sabatai_ is +not turned _Turk_, but his shadow onely remains on earth, and walks with +a white head, and in the habit of a _Mahumetan_: but that his natural +body and soul are taken into heaven, there to reside until the time +appointed for accomplishment of these wonders: and this opinion began so +commonly to take place, as if this people resolved never to be +undeceived, using the forms and rules for Devotion prescribed them by +their _Mahumetan Messiah_: Insomuch that the _Chochams_ of +_Constantinople_, fearing the danger of this error might creep up, and +equal the former, condemned the belief of _Sabatai_ being _Messiah_, as +damnable, and enjoyned them to return to the antient Method and Service +of God upon pain of _Excommunication_. The style and tenure of them was +as followeth. + + _To you who have the power of Priesthood, and are the knowing, + learned, and magnanimous Governours and Princes, residing in the + Citie of_ Smyrna, _may the Almighty God protect you_, Amen: _for + so is his will_. + + These our Letters, which we send in the midst of your + habitations, are upon occasion of certain rumors and tumults + come to our ears from that Citie of your Holiness. For there is + a sort of men amongst you, who fortifie themselves in their + error, and say, let such a one our King, live, and bless him in + their publique _Synagogues_ every _Sabbath day_: + + [Sidenote: The _Jews_ scruple to say, the _head_ of _Israel_.] + + And also adjoyn Psalms and Hymns, invented by that man, for + certain days, with Rules and Methods for Prayer, which ought not + to be done, and yet they will still remain obstinate therein; + and now behold it is known unto you, how many swelling Waters + have passed over our Souls, for his sake, for had it not been + for the Mercies of God, which are without end, and the merit of + our forefathers, which hath assisted us; the _foot_ of _Israel_ + had been razed out by their enemies. And yet you continue + obstinate in things which do not help, but rather do mischief, + which God avert. Turn you therefore, for this is not the true + way, but restore the Crown to the antient custom and use of + your forefathers, and the law, and from thence do not move; We + command you that with your authoritie, under pain of + _Excommunication_, and other penalties, that all those + Ordinances and Prayers, as well those delivered by the mouth of + that man, as those which he enjoyned by the mouth of others, be + all abolished and made void, and to be found no more, and that + they never enter more into your hearts, but judge according to + the antient commandment of your Forefathers, repeating the same + Lessons and Prayers every _Sabbath_, as hath been accustomary, + as also _Collects_ for Kings, Potentates, and anointed, &c. And + bless the King, _Sultan Mahomet_, for in his days hath great + Salvation been wrought for _Israel_, and become not Rebels to + his Kingdom, which God forbid. For after all this, which is + past, the least motion will be a cause of jealousie, and you + will bring ruine upon your own persons, and upon all which is + near and dear to you, wherefore abstain from the thoughts of + this man, and let not so much as his name proceed out of your + mouths. For know, if you will not obey us herein, which will be + known, who, and what those men are, who refuse to conform unto + us, we are resolved to prosecute them, as our duty is. He that + doth hear, and obey us, may the Blessing of God rest upon him. + These are the words of those who seek your Peace and Good, + having in _Constantinople_, on _Sunday_ the fifth of the Moneth + _Sevat_, underwrot their names. + + _Joam Tob_ son of _Chananiah Ben-Jacar_. + _Isaac Alnacagna._ + _Joseph Kazabi._ + _Manasseh Barndo._ + _Kalib_ son of _Samuel_. + _Eliezer Castie._ + _Eliezer Gherson._ + _Joseph Accohen._ + _Eliezer Aluff._ + +During the time of all these transactions and passages at +_Constantinople_, _Smyrna_, _Abydos_, upon the _Helespont_, and +_Adrianople_, the _Jews_ leaving their Merchantile course, and advices, +what prizes commodities bear and matters of Traffique, stuffed their +Letters for _Italy_ and other parts, with nothing but wonders and +miracles wrought by their false _Messiah_. As then when the _Grand +Signior_ sent to take him, he caused all the Messengers immediately to +die, upon which other _Janizaries_ being again sent, they all fell dead +with a word only from his mouth; and being desired to revive them again, +he immediately recall'd them to life; but of them onely such who were +true _Turks_, and not those who had denied that faith in which they were +born, and had profest. After this they added, that he went voluntarily +to prison, and though the gates were barr'd and shut with strong Locks +of Iron, yet that _Sabatai_ was seen to walk through the streets with a +numerous attendance, and when they laid Shackles on his neck and feet, +they not onely fell from him, but were converted into Gold, with which +he gratified his true and faithful believers and disciples. Some +Miracles also were reported of _Nathan_, that onely at reading the name +of any particular man, or woman, he would immediately recount the Story +of his, or her life, their sins or defaults, and accordingly impose just +correction and penance for them. These strong reports coming thus +confidently into _Italy_ and all parts, the _Jews_ of _Casel di +Monferrato_ resolved to send three persons in behalf of their society, +in the nature of extraordinary _Legates_, to _Smyrna_, to make inquiry +after the truth of all these rumors, who accordingly arriving in +_Smyrna_, full of expectation and hopes, intending to present themselves +with great Humility and Submission before their _Messiah_ and his +Prophet _Nathan_, were entertain'd with the sad news, that _Sabatai_ was +turned _Turk_, by which information the Character of their _Embassy_ in +a manner ceasing, every one of them laying aside the formalitie of his +function, endeavoured to lodge himself best to his own convenience. But +that they might return to their brethren at home, with the certain +particulars of the Success of the affairs, they made a visit to the +brother of _Sabatai_; who still continued to perswade them, that +_Sabatai_ was notwithstanding the true _Messiah_, that it was not he who +had taken on him the habit and form of a _Turk_, but his _Angel_ or +_Spirit_, his body being ascended into Heaven, until God shall again see +the season, and time to restore it, adding further, that an effect +hereof they should see by the prophet _Nathan_, certified, now every day +expected, who having wrought _Miracles_ in many places, would also for +their Consolation, reveal hidden secrets unto them, with which they +should not onely remain satisfied, but astonished. With this onely hope +of _Nathan_, these _Legates_ were a little comforted, resolving to +attend his arrival, in regard they had a Letter to consign into his +hands, and according to their instructions, were to demand of him the +grounds he had for his Prophesies, and what assurance he had, that he +was divinely inspir'd, and how these things were reveal'd unto him, +which he had committed to Paper, and dispersed to all parts of the +World. At length _Nathan_ arrives near _Smyrna_, on Friday the third of +_March_, towards the Evening, and on _Sunday_ these _Legates_ made their +visit to him: But _Nathan_, upon news of the success of his beloved +_Messiah_, began to grow sullen and reserved; So that the _Legates_ +could scarce procure admittance to him; all that they could do was to +inform him, that they had a Letter to him from the brother-hood of +_Italy_, and commission to conferr with him concerning the foundation +and authority he had for his prophesies; but _Nathan_ refused to take +the Letter, ordering _Kain Abolafio_ a _Chocham_ of the City of _Smyrna_ +to receive it; so that the _Legates_ returned ill contented, but yet +with hopes at _Nathan_'s arrival at _Smyrna_ to receive better +satisfaction. + +But whilst _Nathan_ intended to enter into _Smyrna_, the _Chochams_ of +_Constantinople_, being before advised of his resolution to take a +Journey into their parts, not knowing by which way he might come, sent +their Letters and Orders to _Smyrna_, _Prussia_, and every way round, to +hinder his passage, and interrupt his journey; fearing that things +beginning now to compose, the _Turks_ appeas'd for the former disorders, +and the minds of the _Jews_ in some manner setled, might be moved, and +combustions burst out afresh, by the appearance of this new _Impostor_; +And therefore dispatched this Letter as followeth. + + _To you who are the Shepherds of Israel, and Rulers, who reside + for the great God of the whole World, in the_ Citie _of_ Smyrna, + _which is_ Mother _in_ Israel, _to her Princes, her Priests, her + Judges, and especially to the perfect wise men, and of great + experience, may the Lord God cause you to live before him, and + delight in the multitude of Peace_, Amen, _so be the will of the + Lord_. + + These our Letters are dispatched unto you, to let you + understand, that in the place of your Holiness, we have heard + that the learned man, which was in _Gaza_, called _Nathan_, + _Benjamin_, hath published Vaine Doctrines, and made the World + Tremble at his Words and Inventions; And that at this time we + have receiv'd Advice, that this man some dayes since, departed + from _Gaza_, and took his Journey by the way of _Scanderone_, + intending there to Imbarke for _Smyrna_, and thence to go to + _Constantinople_, or _Adrianople_: And though it seem a strange + thing unto us, that any Man should have a desire to throw + himself into a place of Flames, and Fire, and into the Sparkes + of _Hell_; notwithstanding we ought to fear, and suspect it; + _For the Feet of Man alwayes guide him to the worst_: Wherefore + we Under-written do Advertise you, that this Man coming within + the compass of your Jurisdiction, you give a stop to his + Journey, and not suffer him to proceed farther, but presently to + return back. For we would have you know, that at his coming, he + will again begin to move those Tumults, which have been caused + through the Imaginations of a New Kingdome; _And that Miracles + are not to be Wrought every day_. + + God forbid that by his coming the People of God should be + destroy'd in all places where they are, of which he will be the + first, whose Blood be upon his own Head: For in this + Conjuncture, every little Error or Fault is made Capital. You + may remember the Danger of the first Combustion: And it is very + probable that he will be an occasion of greater, which the + Tongue is not able to express with Words. And therefore by + Vertue of Ours, and Your own Authority, you are to hinder him + from proceeding farther in his Journey, upon paine of all those + Excommunications which Our _Law_ can Impose, and to force him to + return back again, both he, and his Company. But if he shall in + any manner Oppose you, and Rebel against your Word, your + Indeavours and Law are sufficient to hinder him, for it will be + well for him and all _Israel_. + + For the Love of God, let these Words enter into your Eares, + since they are not vain things; for the Lives of all the + _Jewes_, and his also, consist therein. And the Lord God behold + from Heaven, and have pitty upon his People _Israel_, Amen. So + be his holy Will: Written by those who seek your Peace. + + _Joam Tob_, Son of _Chanania Jacar_. + _Moise Benveniste._ + _Caleb_ Son of _Chocham, Samuel_ deceased. + _Isaac Aloenacagne._ + _Joseph Kazabi._ + _Samuel Acazsine._ + _Moise Barndo._ + _Elihezer Aluff._ + _Jehoshuah Raphael Benveniste._ + +By these meanes _Nathan_ being disappointed of his Wandring Progress, +and partly ashamed of the event of Things contrary to his Prophesie, +was resolved, without entring _Smyrna_, to returne again: Howsoever he +obtained leave to visit the _Sepulcher_ of his _Mother_, and there to +receive Pardon of his Sins (according to the Institution of _Sabatai_ +before mentioned) but first washed himself in the Sea, in manner of +Purification, and said his _Tephilla_, or _Prayers_, at the Fountain, +called by us the Fountain _Sancta Veneranda_, which is near to the +_Cymetry_ of the _Jewes_, and then departed for _Zion_ with two +Companions, a Servant, and three _Turks_, to conduct him, without +admitting the _Legates_ to Audience, or answering the Letter which was +sent him, from all the Communities of the _Jewes_ in _Italy_. And thus +the Embassy of these Legates was concluded, and they returned from the +place from whence they came, and the _Iewes_ again to their Wits, +following their Trade of Merchandize and Brokage as formerly, with more +quiet, and advantage, then the meanes of regaining their Possessions in +the Land of Promise. And thus ended this mad _Phrensie_ amongst the +_Iewes_, which might have cost them dear, had not _Sabatai_ Renounce't +his _Messiaship_ at the Feet of _Mahomet_. + +THE END + + + + +THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY + +WILLIAM ANDREWS CLARK +MEMORIAL LIBRARY +UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. LOS ANGELES + +PUBLICATIONS IN PRINT + +[Illustration: Decoration] + +1948-1949 +16. Henry Nevil Payne, _The Fatal Jealousie_ (1673). +18. Anonymous, "Of Genius," in _The Occasional Paper_, Vol. III, No. 10 +(1719), and Aaron Hill, Preface to _The Creation_ (1720). + +1949-1950 +19. Susanna Centlivre, _The Busie Body_ (1709). +20. Lewis Theobald, _Preface to the Works of Shakespeare_ (1734). +22. Samuel Johnson, _The Vanity of Human Wishes_ (1749), and two +_Rambler_ papers (1750). +23. John Dryden, _His Majesties Declaration Defended_ (1681). + +1950-1951 +26. Charles Macklin, _The Man of the World_ (1792). + +1951-1952 +31. Thomas Gray, _An Elegy Wrote in a Country Churchyard_ (1751), and +_The Eton College Manuscript_. + +1952-1953 +41. Bernard Mandeville, _A Letter to Dion_ (1732). + +1962-1963 +98. _Select Hymns Taken Out of Mr. Herbert's Temple_ (1697). + +1963-1964 +104. Thomas D'Urfey, _Wonders in the Sun_; or, _The Kingdom of the +Birds_ (1706). + +1964-1965 +110. John Tutchin, _Selected Poems_ (1685-1700). +111. Anonymous, _Political Justice_ (1736). +112. Robert Dodsley, _An Essay on Fable_ (1764). +113. T. R., _An Essay Concerning Critical and Curious Learning_ (1698). +114. _Two Poems Against Pope_: Leonard Welsted, _One Epistle to Mr. A. +Pope_ (1730), and Anonymous, _The Blatant Beast_ (1742). + +1965-1966 +115. Daniel Defoe and others, _Accounts of the Apparition of Mrs. Veal_. +116. Charles Macklin, _The Covent Garden Theatre_ (1752). +117. Sir George L'Estrange, _Citt and Bumpkin_ (1680). +118. Henry More, _Enthusiasmus Triumphatus_ (1662). +119. Thomas Traherne, _Meditations on the Six Days of the Creation_ +(1717). +120. Bernard Mandeville, _Aesop Dress'd or a Collection of Fables_ +(1704). + +1966-1967 +122. James MacPherson, _Fragments of Ancient Poetry_ (1760). +123. Edmond Malone, _Cursory Observations on the Poems Attributed to Mr. +Thomas Rowley_ (1782). +124. Anonymous, _The Female Wits_ (1704). +125. Anonymous, _The Scribleriad_ (1742). Lord Hervey, _The Difference +Between Verbal and Practical Virtue_ (1742). +126. _Le Lutrin: an Heroick Poem, Written Originally in French by +Monsieur Boileau: Made English by N. O._ (1682). + + * * * * * + +Subsequent publications may be checked in the annual prospectus. + +Publications #1 through 90, of the first fifteen years of Augustan +Reprint Society, are available in bound units at $14.00 per unit of six +from: + + KRAUS REPRINT CORPORATION + 16 East 46th Street + New York, N.Y. 10017 + +Publications in print are available at the regular membership rate of +$5.00 yearly. Prices of single issues may be obtained upon request. + + + + +William Andrews Clark Memorial Library: +University of California, Los Angeles + +THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY + +_General Editors_: George Robert Guffey, +University of California, Los Angeles; + +Maximillian E. Novak, University of California, Los Angeles; +Robert Vosper, William Andrews Clark Memorial Library. + +_Corresponding Secretary_: +Mrs. Edna C. Davis, William Andrews Clark Memorial Library. + + The Society's purpose is to publish reprints (usually facsimile + reproductions) of rare seventeenth and eighteenth century works. + All income of the Society is devoted to defraying costs of + publication and mailing. + + Correspondence concerning memberships in the United States and + Canada should be addressed to the William Andrews Clark Memorial + Library, 2520 Cimarron St., Los Angeles, California. + Correspondence concerning editorial matters may be addressed to + any of the general editors at the same address. Manuscripts of + introductions should conform to the recommendations of the MLA + _Style Sheet_. The membership fee is $5.00 a year in the United + States and Canada and 30/- in Great Britain and Europe. British + and European prospective members should address B. H. Blackwell, + Broad Street, Oxford, England. Copies of back issues in print + may be obtained from the Corresponding Secretary. + + +PUBLICATIONS FOR 1967-1968 + +127-128. Charles Macklin, _A Will and No Will, or a Bone for the +Lawyers_ (1746). _The New Play Criticiz'd, or The Plague of Envy_ +(1747). Introduction by Jean B. Kern. +129. Lawrence Echard, Prefaces to _Terence's Comedies_ (1694) and +_Plautus's Comedies_ (1694). Introduction by John Barnard. +130. Henry More, _Democritus Platonissans_ (1646). Introduction by P. G. +Stanwood. +131. John Evelyn, _The History of ... Sabatai Sevi ... The Suppos'd +Messiah of the Jews_ (1669). Introduction by Christopher W. Grose. +132. Walter Harte, _An Essay on Satire, Particularly on the Dunciad_ +(1730). Introduction by Thomas B. Gilmore. + + +ANNOUNCEMENTS: + + Next in the series of special publications by the Society will + be a volume including Elkanah Settle's _The Empress of Morocco_ + (1673) with six plates; _Notes and Observations on the Empress + of Morocco_ (1674) by John Dryden, John Crowne and Thomas + Shadwell; _Notes and Observations on the Empress of Morocco + Revised_ (1674) by Elkanah Settle; and _The Empress of Morocco. + A Farce_ (1674) by Thomas Duffet, with an Introduction by + Maximillian E. Novak. Already published in this series are + reprints of John Ogilby's _The Fables of Aesop Paraphras'd in + Verse_ (1668), with an Introduction by Earl Miner and John Gay's + _Fables_ (1727, 1738), with an Introduction by Vinton A. + Dearing. Publication is assisted by funds from the Chancellor of + the University of California, Los Angeles. Price to members of + the Society, $2.50 for the first copy and $3.25 for additional + copies. Price to non-members, $4.00. + + +THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY +William Andrews Clark Memorial Library +2520 CIMARRON STREET AT WEST ADAMS BOULEVARD, +LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90018 + +Make check or money order payable to THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF +CALIFORNIA. + + * * * * * + + +Transcriber's Notes + +Obvious punctuation errors repaired. + +Illegible and missing letters repaired from the context. + +Third page of "To the Reader": "Transastions" changed to "Transactions" +(most of these Transactions). + +Hyphen removed: "fore[-]fathers" (p. 60). + +Page 45: "Tamnz" changed to "Tamuz". + +Page 46: "Kislen" changed to "Kislev". + +Page 47: "Caelestial" changed to "Coelestial". + +Page 66: duplicate "with" deleted (passed more easily with them). + +Page 72: "Jewt" changed to "Jews" (where the Jews reside). + +Page 78: "Chochan" changed to "Chocham". + +Page 79: "Cocham" changed to "Chocham". + +Page 82: "assoon" changed to "as soon" (as soon as he saw placed). + +Page 99: "Merchantlie" changed to "Merchantile" (leaving their +Merchantile course). + +Page 110: "Xio" changed to "Zion", although this is far from certain. + +Page 110: "rerurned" changed to "returned" (they returned from the +place). + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The History of Sabatai Sevi, by John Evelyn + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE HISTORY OF SABATAI SEVI *** + +***** This file should be named 38327.txt or 38327.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/3/2/38327/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Moti Ben-Ari and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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