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diff --git a/38326-tei/38326-tei.tei b/38326-tei/38326-tei.tei new file mode 100644 index 0000000..15e4293 --- /dev/null +++ b/38326-tei/38326-tei.tei @@ -0,0 +1,28376 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> + +<!DOCTYPE TEI.2 SYSTEM "http://www.gutenberg.org/tei/marcello/0.4/dtd/pgtei.dtd" [ + +<!ENTITY u5 "http://www.tei-c.org/Lite/"> + +]> + +<TEI.2 lang="en"> +<teiHeader> + <fileDesc> + <titleStmt> + <title>Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England</title> + <author><name reg="Bede">Bede</name></author> + <respStmt><resp>Translated by</resp> <name>A. M. Sellar</name></respStmt> + </titleStmt> + <editionStmt> + <edition n="1">Edition 1</edition> + </editionStmt> + <publicationStmt> + <publisher>Project Gutenberg</publisher> + <date>December 17, 2011</date> + <idno type="etext-no">38326</idno> + <availability> + <p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and + with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it + away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg + License online at www.gutenberg.org/license</p> + </availability> + </publicationStmt> + <sourceDesc> + <bibl> + Created electronically. + </bibl> + </sourceDesc> + </fileDesc> + <encodingDesc> + </encodingDesc> + <profileDesc> + <langUsage> + <language id="en"></language> + <language id="la"></language> + <language id="cy"></language> + <language id="ga"></language> + </langUsage> + </profileDesc> + <revisionDesc> + <change> + <date value="2011-12-17">December 17, 2011</date> + <respStmt> + <name> + Produced by Carla Foust, David King, and the Online + Distributed Proofreading Team at <http://www.pgdp.net/>. + (This book was produced from scanned images of + public domain material from the Google Print project.) + </name> + </respStmt> + <item>Project Gutenberg TEI edition 1</item> + </change> + </revisionDesc> +</teiHeader> + +<pgExtensions> + <pgStyleSheet> + .boxed { x-class: boxed } + .shaded { x-class: shaded } + .rules { x-class: rules; rules: all } + .indent { margin-left: 2 } + .bold { font-weight: bold } + .italic { font-style: italic } + .smallcaps { font-variant: small-caps } + </pgStyleSheet> + + <pgCharMap formats="txt.iso-8859-1"> + <char id="U0x2014"> + <charName>mdash</charName> + <desc>EM DASH</desc> + <mapping>--</mapping> + </char> + <char id="U0x2003"> + <charName>emsp</charName> + <desc>EM SPACE</desc> + <mapping> </mapping> + </char> + <char id="U0x2026"> + <charName>hellip</charName> + <desc>HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS</desc> + <mapping>...</mapping> + </char> + </pgCharMap> +</pgExtensions> + +<text lang="en"> + <front> + <div> + <divGen type="pgheader" /> + </div> + <div> + <divGen type="encodingDesc" /> + </div> + + <div rend="page-break-before: always"> + <p rend="font-size: xx-large; text-align: center">Bede's Ecclesiastical History of England</p> + <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">A Revised Translation</p> + <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">With Introduction, Life, and Notes</p> + <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">By</p> + <p rend="font-size: x-large; text-align: center">A. M. Sellar</p> + <p rend="font-size: large; text-align: center">Late Vice-Principal of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford</p> + <p rend="text-align: center">London</p> + <p rend="text-align: center">George Bell and Sons</p> + <p rend="text-align: center">1907</p> + </div> + <div rend="page-break-before: always"> + <head>Contents</head> + <divGen type="toc" /> + </div> + + </front> +<body> + +<pb n='v'/><anchor id='Pgv'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Editor's Preface</head> + +<p> +The English version of the <q>Ecclesiastical History</q> +in the following pages is a revision of the translation +of Dr. Giles, which is itself a revision of the earlier +rendering of Stevens. In the present edition very considerable +alterations have been made, but the work of +Dr. Giles remains the basis of the translation. The Latin +text used throughout is Mr. Plummer's. Since the edition +of Dr. Giles appeared in 1842, so much fresh work +on the subject has been done, and recent research has +brought so many new facts to light, that it has been +found necessary to rewrite the notes almost entirely, and +to add a new introduction. After the appearance of Mr. +Plummer's edition of the Historical Works of Bede, it +might seem superfluous, for the present at least, to write +any notes at all on the <q>Ecclesiastical History.</q> The present +volume, however, is intended to fulfil a different and +much humbler function. There has been no attempt at +any original work, and no new theories are advanced. +The object of the book is merely to present in a short +and convenient form the substance of the views held by +trustworthy authorities, and it is hoped that it may be +found useful by those students who have either no time +or no inclination to deal with more important works. +</p> + +<p> +Among the books of which most use has been made, +are Mr. Plummer's edition of the <q>Ecclesiastical History,</q> +<pb n='vi'/><anchor id='Pgvi'/> +Messrs. Mayor and Lumby's edition of Books III and +IV, Dr. Bright's <q>Early English Church History,</q> and +Dr. Hunt's <q>History of the English Church from its +foundation to the Norman Conquest.</q> Many of the +articles in the <q>Dictionary of Christian Biography</q> and +the <q>Dictionary of Christian Antiquities,</q> Dr. Mason's +<q>Mission of St. Augustine,</q> Dr. Rhŷs's <q>Celtic Britain,</q> +and a number of other books, mentioned in the notes, +have been consulted. +</p> + +<p> +For help received in different ways I wish to express +my gratitude to various correspondents and friends. I +am particularly indebted to Mr. Edward Bell, who has +kindly revised my proofs and made many valuable suggestions. +For information on certain points I have to +thank the Rev. Charles Plummer, Fellow of Corpus +Christi College, Oxford, Professor Lindsay of St. Andrews +University, Miss Wordsworth, Principal, and Miss +Lodge, Vice-Principal of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford; +and in a very special sense I wish to acknowledge my +obligations to Miss Paterson, Assistant Librarian at the +University Library, St. Andrews, whose unfailing kindness +in verifying references, and supplying me with +books, has greatly lightened my labours. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='xix'/><anchor id='Pgxix'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Introduction</head> + +<p> +There are, it has been estimated, in England and +on the Continent, in all about 140 manuscripts of +the <q>Ecclesiastical History.</q> Of these, four date from the +eighth century: the Moore MS. (Cambridge), so called, +because, after being sold by auction in the reign of +William III, it came into the possession of Bishop +Moore, who bequeathed it to the University of Cambridge; +Cotton, Tiberius A, xiv; Cotton, Tiberius C, +ii; and the Namur MS. A detailed account of these, as +well as of a great number of other manuscripts, will be +found in Mr. Plummer's Introduction to his edition of +Bede's Historical Works. He has been the first to collate +the four oldest MSS., besides examining numerous others +and collating them in certain passages. He has pointed +out that two of the MSS. dating from the eighth century +(the century in which Bede died), the Moore MS. +and Cotton, Tiberius A, xiv, point to a common original +which cannot be far removed from Bede's autograph. +We are thus brought very near to our author, and may +have more than in most cases the assurance that we have +before us what he actually meant to say. +</p> + +<p> +The earliest editions were printed on the Continent; +the <q>editio princeps</q> is believed to date from 1475. A +number of editions followed in the sixteenth and seventeenth +centuries; the first in England was published by +Abraham Whelock at Cambridge in 1643-4. Smith's +<pb n='xx'/><anchor id='Pgxx'/> +edition in 1722 marked a new era in the history of the +book. It was the first critical edition, the text being +based on the Moore MS. collated with three others, of +which two were eighth century MSS.; and succeeding +editors, Stevenson (1841), Giles (1842), Hussey (1846), +the editor in the <q>Monumenta Historica Britannica</q> +(1848), Moberly (1869), Holder (1882), base their work +mainly on Smith's. Mr. Mayor and Mr. Lumby together +edited Books III and IV with excellent notes in 1878. +Their text <q>reproduces exactly the Moore MS.</q> which +they collated with some other Cambridge MSS. (cf. +Mayor and Lumby, Excursus II). In 1896 the Rev. C. +Plummer published his edition of Bede's Historical Works, +the first critical edition since Smith's, and <q>the very first +which exhibits in an <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>apparatus criticus</foreign> the various readings +of the MSS. on which the text is based.</q> For the +student of Bede this admirable book is of the highest +value, and the labours of all succeeding editors are made +comparatively light. Besides the most minute and accurate +work on the text, it contains a copious and interesting +commentary and the fullest references to the +various sources upon which the editor has drawn. +</p> + +<p> +The first translation of the <q>Ecclesiastical History</q> is +the Anglo-Saxon version, executed either by Alfred himself +or under his immediate supervision. Of this version +Dr. Hodgkin says: <q>As this book had become a kind +of classic among churchmen, Alfred allowed himself here +less liberty than in some of his other translations. Some +letters, epitaphs, and similar documents are omitted, +and there is an almost complete erasure of the chapters +relating to the wearisome Paschal controversy. In other +respects the king's translation seems to be a fairly accurate +reproduction of the original work.</q> Mr. Plummer, +however, finds it <q>very rarely available for the settlement +of minute differences of reading.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='xxi'/><anchor id='Pgxxi'/> + +<p> +The first modern English translation is Thomas Stapleton's +(1565), published at Antwerp. It is a controversial +work, intended to point out to Queen Elizabeth +<q>in how many and weighty pointes the pretended refourmers +of the Church ... have departed from the +patern of that sounde and Catholike faith planted first +among Englishmen by holy S. Augustin, our Apostle, +and his vertuous company, described truly and sincerely +by Venerable Bede, so called in all Christendom for his +passing vertues and rare lerning, the Author of this +History.</q> To save Elizabeth's time <q>in espying out the +particulars,</q> the translator has <q>gathered out of the +whole History a number of diversities between the pretended +religion of Protestants and the primitive faith of +the english Church.</q> If charm and appropriateness of +style were the only qualities to be aimed at in a translation, +we might well content ourselves with this rendering, +which fills with despair the translator of to-day, debarred +by his date from writing Elizabethan English. +</p> + +<p> +The work was again translated by John Stevens (1723), +and a third time (with some omissions) by W. Hurst in +1814. In 1840 Dr. Giles published a new edition of +Stevens's translation with certain alterations; and a +second edition of the same volume was published in 1842, +and incorporated in the collected works of Bede, edited +by Dr. Giles. In 1870 a literal translation by the Rev. +L. Gidley was published. The present volume is a revision +of the translation of Dr. Giles. +</p> + +<p> +A brief analysis of the work may be of some use to +the student in keeping distinct the different threads of +the narrative, as owing to the variety of subjects introduced, +and the want of strict chronological order, it is +difficult to grasp the sequence of events as a coherent +whole. +</p> + +<p> +The sources from which Bede draws his material are +<pb n='xxii'/><anchor id='Pgxxii'/> +briefly indicated in the dedication to King Ceolwulf +which forms the Preface, and in it he acknowledges his +obligations to the friends and correspondents who have +helped and encouraged him. For the greater part of +Book I (cc. 1-22), which forms the introduction to his +real subject, he depends on earlier authors. Here he +does not specify his sources, but indicates them generally +as <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>priorum scripta</foreign>. These authors are mainly Pliny, +Solinus, Orosius, Eutropius, and the British historian +Gildas. In the story of Germanus and Lupus he follows +closely the Life of Germanus by Constantius of Lyons. +Prosper of Aquitaine also supplies him with some materials. +When he comes to his main subject, the History +of the English Church, he appears to rely but little upon +books. Only a very few are referred to here and there, +<hi rend='italic'>e.g.</hi>, The Life of St. Fursa, The Life of St. Ethelburg, +Adamnan's work on the Holy Places, and the +Anonymous Life of St. Cuthbert. That some form of +annalistic records existed before his time, and that these +were consulted by him, we may infer from some of his +chronological references (cf. iii, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_I'>1</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_IX'>9</ref>). Local information +with regard to provinces other than Northumbria he +obtains from his correspondents in various parts of England, +and these are expressly mentioned in the Preface. +</p> + +<p> +For the history of the Roman mission and of Kent +generally, as well as some particulars with regard to the +conversion of other provinces, his chief source is the +Church of Canterbury, which apparently possessed, besides +oral tradition, written documents relating to the +first beginnings of the Church. Moreover, Nothelm, who +was the bearer of much important material, had been to +Rome and had permission to search the papal archives. +But it is in dealing with the history of Northumbria, as +is natural, that Bede's information is most varied and +copious. Much of it is apparently obtained directly from +<pb n='xxiii'/><anchor id='Pgxxiii'/> +eye-witnesses of the events, much would doubtless be +preserved in the records of the Church of Lindisfarne, to +which he had access, perhaps also in his own monastery. +We know that the monasteries kept calendars in which +the death-days of saints and others were entered, and +other records of similar nature (cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIV'>iv, 14</ref>), and that these +were used as materials for history. +</p> + +<p> +Passing to the history itself, we may trace a division +of subjects or periods roughly analogous to the division +into books. Book I contains the long introduction, the +sending of the Roman mission, and the foundation of the +Church; Books II and III, the period of missionary activity +and the establishment of Christianity throughout +the land. Book IV may be said to describe the period of +organization. In Book V the English Church itself becomes +a missionary centre, planting the faith in Germany, +and drawing the Celtic Churches into conformity +with Rome. +</p> + +<milestone unit='tb' rend='rule: 50%'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Book I.</hi>—In Book I, cc. 1-22, Bede sketches the early +history of Britain, describing the country and giving +some account of the various races by whom it was inhabited. +The story of the Roman occupation is narrated +at some length, the invasions of the Picts and Scots and +consequent miseries of the Britons, their appeals for help +to the Romans, the final departure of their protectors, +and the coming of the Saxons are described. We have +some shadowy outlines of British Church History in the +legendary account of the conversion of King Lucius, in +the story of St. Alban, affording evidence of a great persecution +of Christians during the Roman occupation, in +the allusions to the Arian and Pelagian heresies, and in +the mission of Germanus and Lupus. A brief allusion to +the mission of Palladius is all that we hear of the Irish +Church at this period. +</p> + +<p> +These chapters are introductory to the main subject, +the History of the English Church, which begins in +<pb n='xxiv'/><anchor id='Pgxxiv'/> +Chapter 23 with the mission of St. Augustine in 597 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> +The reception of the Christian faith in the kingdom of +Kent and the foundation of a national Church occupy the +remaining chapters of the book. Various letters of Pope +Gregory relating to the mission and his answers to the +questions of Augustine are given at length; and the +Book concludes with a piece of Northumbrian history, +Ethelfrid's conquests of the Britons and the defeat of +Aedan, king of the Dalriadic Scots, at Degsastan in +603 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Book II.</hi>—Book II opens with a biographical sketch +of Gregory the Great, the founder of the Mission. This +is followed by an account of Augustine's negotiations +with the leaders of the British Church with regard to the +Paschal question and some other matters, his failure to +win them over (a failure apparently largely due to his +own want of tact in dealing with the susceptible Celtic +temperament), his alleged prophecy of disaster and its +fulfilment some time after at the battle of Chester. Then +we have the consecration of Mellitus to London, as +Bishop of the East Saxons, and Justus to Rochester +(604 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>); the evangelization of the East Saxons by +Mellitus; the death of Augustine and succession of +Laurentius as Archbishop (no date is given; it may have +been in 605); fresh attempts at union with the Celtic +Churches, in which again we can perceive a failure of +courtesy on the one side met by an obstinate pride on the +other. The death of Ethelbert in Kent (616 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>) and +that of Sabert in Essex, soon after, lead to a pagan reaction +in both provinces; Mellitus and Justus take refuge +on the Continent; Laurentius, intending to follow them, +is stopped by a vision which leads to the conversion of +King Eadbald and the recovery of Kent for Christianity. +Essex, however, continues to be pagan. On the death of +Laurentius (619 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>), Mellitus succeeds to Canterbury +and is himself succeeded by Justus (in 624). In Chapter 9 +we enter upon a new development of the highest importance +in the work of the mission. The marriage of Edwin, +king of Northumbria, and the Kentish princess, Ethelberg, +brings about the conversion of Northumbria +<pb n='xxv'/><anchor id='Pgxxv'/> +through the preaching of Paulinus. The story is told in +detail. Letters from Pope Boniface to Edwin and his +consort are quoted at length, Edwin's early history with +its bearing on the great crisis of his life is related; finally +we have the decisive debate in the Witenagemot at Goodmanham +and the baptism of the king at Easter, 627 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> +Through the influence of Edwin on Earpwald, king of +East Anglia, that province is next converted, but on the +death of Earpwald the people lapse into paganism for +three years, till Christianity is finally established by the +labours of Bishop Felix, under the enlightened King Sigbert, +who had himself been drawn to the faith in Gaul. +</p> + +<p> +Meanwhile, peace and prosperity reign in Northumbria, +and Paulinus extends his preaching to Lindsey. He re-receives +the pall from Pope Honorius, in accordance +with the original intention of Gregory that the Bishop of +York should rank as a metropolitan. At Canterbury, +Justus is succeeded by Archbishop Honorius. Parenthetically +we have extracts from letters, probably of the +year 640 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>, addressed by the Roman see to the Irish +clergy on the Paschal question and the Pelagian heresy. +</p> + +<p> +In Chapter 20 we have a dramatic climax to the book +in the overthrow and death of Edwin at the battle of +Hatfield in 633 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>; the devastation of Northumbria by +the British king, Caedwalla, and Penda of Mercia; and +the flight of Paulinus, taking with him Ethelberg and +Eanfled to Kent, where he ends his life in charge of the +Church of Rochester. His work in Northumbria seems +for the time, at least, wholly overthrown. Only James +the Deacon remains heroically at his post to keep alive +the smouldering embers of the faith. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Book III.</hi>—Book III opens with the story of the +apostasy of the Northumbrian kings and the miseries of +the <q>Hateful Year,</q> terminated by the victory of Oswald +at Heavenfield in 634 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> Christianity is brought again +to Northumbria (635 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>) by the Celtic Mission, sent +from Iona at the request of Oswald, who nobly co-operates +with Aidan in the work of evangelization. Aidan +fixes his see at Lindisfarne. The mention of Iona leads +to a short account of the mission of St. Columba to the +<pb n='xxvi'/><anchor id='Pgxxvi'/> +Northern Picts in 565 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>, and incidentally of St. +Ninian's mission to the Southern Picts <q>long before</q>; +the grant of Iona to St. Columba, and its constitution, +the character of its monks and their error with regard to +Easter. The characters of Aidan and Oswald are described; +and the union of Deira and Bernicia under +Oswald is briefly mentioned. +</p> + +<p> +In Chapter 7 we pass to a fresh missionary enterprise. +Birinus, sent to Britain by Pope Honorius, converts the +West Saxons. Their king, Cynegils, is baptized, and a +see is established at Dorchester, in Oxfordshire. Under +Coinwalch, the successor of Cynegils, the province passes +through various vicissitudes, political and ecclesiastical, +and finally the West Saxon see is fixed at Winchester. +</p> + +<p> +In Kent, Earconbert succeeds Eadbald in 640 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>, and +takes vigorous measures for the suppression of idolatry. +His daughter, Earcongota, and many other high-born +English ladies enter the religious life in Gaul, for convents +are still scarce in England. +</p> + +<p> +In Chapter 9, reverting to the history of Northumbria, +Bede tells us of the death of Oswald at Maserfelth in +642, and relates at length various miracles wrought by +his relics. Oswald is succeeded by Oswy in Bernicia and +in Deira by Oswin. The latter is treacherously murdered +by Oswy; his character is described. The death of +Aidan (in 651) immediately follows that of his beloved +king; Aidan's miracles are related, and a warm tribute +is paid to his character, in spite of the inevitable error +with regard to Easter, which is severely condemned. +</p> + +<p> +In Chapter 18, passing again to East Anglian history, +we hear of King Sigbert's services to education, and of +his retirement to a monastery from which he was forcibly +drawn to fall in battle against the Mercians. (The +chronology is here very vague.) A vision of the Irish St. +Fursa, who founded the monastery of Cnobheresburg in +East Anglia is told in detail. Changes in the episcopate +in East Anglia and elsewhere are mentioned. Deusdedit +succeeds Honorius as Archbishop of Canterbury in 654. +</p> + +<p> +Again, a Northumbrian prince gives a fresh impulse +to the spread of Christianity. In 653 the Middle Angles +<pb n='xxvii'/><anchor id='Pgxxvii'/> +(who occupied a part of Mercia) are converted, their +prince, Peada, being persuaded chiefly by his brother-in-law, +Alchfrid, a son of Oswy. Four priests are sent to +them to preach and baptize, Cedd, Adda, Betti, and +Diuma, and Diuma becomes bishop of the Middle Angles +and Mercians. Similarly, at this time, King Sigbert of +Essex listens to the exhortations of his friend, King +Oswy, and, at the preaching of Cedd, the East Saxons +receive the faith a second time. Cedd becomes their +bishop. Sigbert's tragic death is related. His successor, +Suidhelm, receives baptism at the hands of Cedd. The +foundation of Lastingham by Ethelwald of Deira and its +consecration by Cedd are described. Cedd dies of the +plague of 664. +</p> + +<p> +Meanwhile, important political changes have taken +place in the north: the defeat and death of Penda at the +Winwaed in 655 are followed by Oswy's rule, which +established Christianity in Mercia, in spite of a successful +rebellion after three years, when the Mercians threw off +the yoke of Northumbria and set up Penda's son, Wulfhere, +as their king. +</p> + +<p> +In Chapter 25 we come to the Synod of Whitby (664 +<hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>), which settled the Easter question for the English +Church. Wilfrid comes to the front as a champion of +the Catholic rules. The opposing party either retire or +conform. The self-denial and devotion of the Celtic +missionaries are highly praised, and some account of the +life led by English students in Ireland follows, with the +story of the self-dedication of Egbert, who is destined to +play a prominent part afterwards in the history of the +Church. +</p> + +<p> +The consecration of both Wilfrid and Ceadda (664 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>), +as bishops of Northumbria leads to complications in the +episcopate. An important step towards the unity of the +English nation in ecclesiastical matters is taken when +Wighard is sent to Rome by the kings Oswy and Egbert, +acting in concert, to be consecrated as Archbishop of +Canterbury (667 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>). Wighard dies there, and Pope +Vitalian undertakes to find an archbishop for the English +Church. +</p> + +<pb n='xxviii'/><anchor id='Pgxxviii'/> + +<p> +The book ends with a fresh apostasy in Essex during +the miseries of the great plague of 664. Mercia, so lately +itself evangelized, becomes a new missionary centre, +King Wulfhere sending Bishop Jaruman to recall the +East Saxons to the faith. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Book IV.</hi>—In all but one of the kingdoms of England +Christianity is now, at least in name, established, and the +Church settles down to the work of organization. The +man for this task is found in Theodore of Tarsus, consecrated +Archbishop of the English in 668. He arrives +at Canterbury in 669. We hear at once of the vigorous +impulse given by him and Abbot Hadrian to the various +departments of education there. Finding an irregularity +in Ceadda's orders, he completes his ordination and +makes him Bishop of the Mercians (probably in 669), +with his see at Lichfield. Ceadda's death (672 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>), his +character, and the miracles and visions connected with +him are described. Parenthetically we get an account of +Colman's activity in Ireland after his retirement, in consequence +of the decision at Whitby. The most important +political events at this time are the death of Oswy and +succession of Egfrid in Northumbria in 670 or 671, and +the death of Egbert and succession of Hlothere in Kent +in 673. +</p> + +<p> +In the same year the Council of Hertford, the first +English provincial council, is held, and marks the strength +and independence of the Church. Theodore proceeds with +his reforms in the episcopate. Various events of ecclesiastical +importance follow; the East Anglian diocese is +divided about this time, and other changes are effected. +</p> + +<p> +Essex, so long prone to lapses into paganism, becomes +at this time a centre of religious life under its Bishop +Earconwald and its king Sebbi. Earconwald, whose +holiness is attested by many miraculous circumstances, +was the founder of the monasteries of Chertsey and +Barking, the latter of which was ruled by his sister, the +saintly Ethelburg. Various miracles are related in connection +with her and her monastery. The king of the +East Saxons, Sebbi, is a man of unusual piety who resigns +his kingdom and receives the tonsure. +</p> + +<pb n='xxix'/><anchor id='Pgxxix'/> + +<p> +After a brief allusion to West Saxon history, the devastation +of Kent by Ethelred of Mercia in 676, and +certain changes in the episcopate, we come to an important +step in the organization of the Church taken by +Theodore. In pursuance of his policy of increasing the +number of bishops, he subdivides the great Northumbrian +diocese. Wilfrid is expelled (678 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>). From these +events we pass summarily to the evangelization of the +South Saxons by Wilfrid, who extends his labours to the +Isle of Wight, and thus the last of the English provinces +is won for the faith. +</p> + +<p> +In the Council of Hatfield (680 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>) the English +Church asserts its orthodoxy and unites with the continental +Churches in repudiating the heresy of the Monothelites. +Turning to Northumbrian history, we have +the story of Egfrid's queen, Ethelthryth, and a hymn +composed in her honour by Bede. The war between +Mercia and Northumbria in 679 is ended by the mediation +of Theodore, and a miracle in connection with the +battle of the Trent is related. +</p> + +<p> +The remainder of the book is occupied mainly with +Northumbrian history, the life and death of Hilda, Abbess +of Whitby, the story of the poet Caedmon, the destruction +of Coldingham, prophesied by the monk Adamnan, +Egfrid's invasion of Ireland (684 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>) and of the country +of the Picts (685 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>), his defeat and death in that year, +the decline of Northumbria, the flight of Bishop Trumwine +from Abercorn, and the succession of Aldfrid to the +kingdom. The death of Hlothere of Kent (685 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>) is +followed by anarchy in that province, till Wictred succeeds +and restores peace. +</p> + +<p> +In Chapters 27-32 we have an account of the life of +St. Cuthbert and stories of the miracles wrought by his +relics. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='smallcaps'>Book V.</hi>—Book V opens with the story of the holy +Ethelwald, who succeeded Cuthbert as anchorite at +Farne, and a miracle wrought through his intercession. +This is followed (cc. 2-6) by an account of John of +Beverley, Bishop of Hexham, and the miracles attributed +to him. In Chapter 7 we have a piece of West Saxon +<pb n='xxx'/><anchor id='Pgxxx'/> +history: Caedwalla, King of Wessex, after a life of war +and bloodshed, goes to Rome to receive baptism there, +and dies immediately after his admission into the Church +(689 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>). He is succeeded by Ini, who in 725 likewise +ended his days at Rome. +</p> + +<p> +In 690 Theodore dies, after an episcopate of twenty-two +years. Bertwald succeeds him at Canterbury in 693. +</p> + +<p> +At this time Englishmen begin to extend their missionary +enterprise abroad. Various missions are undertaken +by men who have lived long in Ireland and caught the +Celtic zeal for the work of evangelization. The story is +told of the attempted mission of Egbert to Germany and +the unsuccessful venture of Witbert. Wilbrord (in 690) +and others plant the faith among the German tribes. +</p> + +<p> +The vision of Drythelm is inserted here, probably on +chronological grounds (<q>his temporibus</q>), and other +visions of the future world follow. +</p> + +<p> +Apparently about the same time a change is effected +in the attitude of the greater part of the Celtic Church +towards the Paschal question. The Northern Irish are +converted to the Roman usages by Adamnan, Abbot of +Iona, whose book on the <q>Holy Places</q> is here described +(cc. 16-17). +</p> + +<p> +The death of Aldfrid and succession of Osred in +Northumbria in 705 are the next events narrated. +</p> + +<p> +About this time the division of the West Saxon diocese +is carried out, Aldhelm being appointed to Sherborne +and Daniel to Winchester; the South Saxons receive a +bishop of their own for the first time. In 709 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> Coenred +of Mercia and Offa of Essex receive the tonsure at +Rome, and in the same year Bishop Wilfrid dies. The +story of his life is told. +</p> + +<p> +Not long after, Hadrian dies and is succeeded by +Albinus as Abbot of St. Augustine's. Bede's friend, +Acca, succeeds Wilfrid as Bishop of Hexham. His services +to the Church are enumerated. +</p> + +<p> +An important step is taken at this time by the Northern +Picts in the acceptance of the Roman rules with regard +to Easter and the tonsure. The letter of Abbot Ceolfrid +of Wearmouth and Jarrow to the Pictish king Naiton +<pb n='xxxi'/><anchor id='Pgxxxi'/> +on this subject is quoted at length. Soon after, Iona +yields to the preaching of Egbert, and receives the Catholic +usages. Egbert dies in 729. In Chapter 23 a +number of events are briefly mentioned; the death of +Wictred of Kent in 725, and the succession of his sons, +the death of the learned Tobias, Bishop of Rochester, in +726, the appearance of two comets in 729, followed by +the devastation of Gaul by the Saracens, the death of +the Northumbrian king Osric, and succession of Ceolwulf +in 729; finally, the death of Archbishop Bertwald in 731 +and the succession of Tatwine. Then follows an account +of the state of the English episcopate in 731, the year +in which Bede finished the History. The relations of the +English with Picts, Scots, and Britons are described, and +some allusion is made to the growth of monasticism in +this time of external peace. +</p> + +<p> +The book closes in Chapter 24 with a chronological +summary of the whole work, an autobiographical sketch +of the author, and a list of his works. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='xxxiii'/><anchor id='Pgxxxiii'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Life Of Bede</head> + +<p> +Few lives afford less material for the biographer +than Bede's; few seem to possess a more irresistible +fascination. Often as the simple story has been told, the +desire to tell it afresh appears to be perennial. And yet +it is perhaps as wholly devoid of incident as any life +could be. The short autobiographical sketch at the end +of the <q>Ecclesiastical History</q> tells us practically all: +that he was born in the territory of the twin monastery +of Wearmouth and Jarrow; that at the age of seven he +was sent by his kinsfolk to be brought up, first under +the Abbot Benedict, afterwards under Ceolfrid; that in +his nineteenth year (the canonical age was twenty-five) +he was admitted to the diaconate, and received priest's +orders in his thirtieth year, in both instances at the hands +of John, Bishop of Hexham, and by order of the Abbot +Ceolfrid; that he spent his whole life in the monastery in +learning, in teaching, and in writing, and in the observance +of the monastic rule and attendance at the daily +services of the Church. Of his family we know nothing; +the name Beda appears to have been not uncommon. +The fact that he was handed over by kinsmen (<q>cura +propinquorum</q>) to Abbot Benedict would seem to imply +that he was an orphan when he entered the monastery +at the age of seven, but it was not unusual for parents +to dedicate their infant children to the religious life, in +many cases even at an earlier age than Bede's. We may +compare the story of the little boy, Aesica, at Barking, +related by Bede, and of Elfled, the daughter of Oswy, +dedicated by her father before she was a year old. +</p> + +<pb n='xxxiv'/><anchor id='Pgxxxiv'/> + +<p> +The epithet <q>Venerable,</q> commonly attached to his +name, has given rise to more than one legend. It was +apparently first applied to him in the ninth century, and +is said to have been an appellation of priests. The best +known of these legends is Fuller's story of a certain +<q>dunce monk</q> who set about writing Bede's epitaph, +and being unable to complete the verse, <q>Hic sunt in +fossa Bedae ... ossa,</q> went to bed with his task unfinished. +Returning to it in the morning, he found that +an angel had filled the gap with the word <q>venerabilis.</q> +Another account tells how Bede, in his old age, when his +eyes were dim, was induced by certain <q>mockers</q> to +preach, under the mistaken belief that the people were +assembled to hear him. As he ended his sermon with a +solemn invocation of the Trinity, the angels (in one +version it is the stones of a rocky valley) responded +<q>Amen, very venerable Bede.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The land on which Bede was born was granted by +Egfrid to Benedict Biscop for the foundation of the +monasteries a short time after the birth of Bede. Wearmouth +was founded in 674, Jarrow in 681 or 682. Bede +was among those members of the community who were +transferred to Jarrow under Abbot Ceolfrid, and under +his rule and that of his successor, Huaetbert, he passed +his life. With regard to the chief dates, the authorities +differ, Simeon of Durham and others placing his birth as +late as 677. Bede himself tells us that he was in his +fifty-ninth year when he wrote the short autobiography +at the end of the History. That work was finished in +731, and there seems to be no good reason to suppose +that the autobiographical sketch was written at a later +time. We may infer then that he was born in 673, that +he was ordained deacon in 691 and priest in 702. For +his death, 735, the date given in the <ref target='Continuation'><q>Continuation,</q></ref> +seems to be supported by the evidence of the letter of +Cuthbert to Cuthwin (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi>). From this it appears +that he died on a Wednesday, which nevertheless is +called Ascension Day, implying, doubtless, that his death +occurred on the eve, after the festival had begun, according +to ecclesiastical reckoning. It is further explained +<pb n='xxxv'/><anchor id='Pgxxxv'/> +that Ascension Day was on the 26th of May (<q>VII +Kal. Junii</q>),<note place='foot'>The St. Gallen MS. (ninth century) has, however, <q>VII Id. +Mai.</q> Messrs. Mayor and Lumby, adopting this reading, place +his death as late as 742, in which year the eve of Ascension Day +fell on May 9th. For their argument, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Mayor and Lumby, pp. +401, 402.</note> which was actually the case in the year +735. +</p> + +<p> +Beyond the testimony borne to his exceptional diligence +as a student in a letter from Alcuin to the monks of +Wearmouth and Jarrow, we hear nothing of his childhood +and early youth. One anecdote in the Anonymous +History of the Abbots may perhaps refer to him, though +no name is given. It tells how, when the plague of 686 +devastated the monastery, the Abbot Ceolfrid, for lack +of fit persons to assist at the daily offices, decided to +recite the psalms without antiphons, except at vespers +and matins. But after a week's trial, unable to bear it +any longer, he restored the antiphons to their proper +place, and with the help of one little boy carried on the +services in the usual manner. This little boy is described +as being, at the time the History was written, a priest of +that monastery who <q>duly, both by his words and +writings, commends the Abbot's praiseworthy deeds to +all who seek to know them,</q> and he has generally been +supposed to be Bede. +</p> + +<p> +In the <q>Ecclesiastical History</q> (IV, 3) there is an +allusion to Bede's teachers, one of whom, Trumbert, +educated at Lastingham under Ceadda, is mentioned by +name. The monastery of Wearmouth and Jarrow must +have offered exceptional facilities for study. Benedict +had enriched it with many treasures which he brought +with him from his travels. Chief among these was the +famous library which he founded and which was enlarged +by Abbot Ceolfrid. Here Bede acquired that wide and +varied learning revealed in his historical, scientific, and +theological works. He studied with particular care and +reverence the patristic writings; his theological treatises +were, as he says, <q>compiled out of the works of the +venerable Fathers.</q> He must have had a considerable +<pb n='xxxvi'/><anchor id='Pgxxxvi'/> +knowledge of Greek, probably he knew some Hebrew. +Though he is not wholly free from the mediaeval churchman's +distrust of pagan authors, he constantly betrays +his acquaintance with them, and the sense of form which +must unconsciously influence the student of classical +literature has passed into his own writings and preserved +him from the barbarism of monkish Latin. His style is +singularly clear, simple, and fluent, as free from obscurity +as from affectation and bombast. +</p> + +<p> +Thus was the foundation laid of that sound learning +upon which his widespread influence both as a teacher +and writer was reared. <q>I always took delight,</q> he +tells us, <q>in learning, or teaching, or writing.</q> Probably +his writing was, as is so often the case, the outcome +of his teaching; his object in both is to meet <q>the +needs of the brethren.</q> One of his pupils was Archbishop +Egbert, the founder of the school of York, which gave +a fresh impulse to learning, not only in England, but +through Alcuin in France, at a time when a revival was +most to be desired. +</p> + +<p> +It was to Egbert that he paid one of the only two +visits which he records. In the <q>Epistola ad Ecgbertum</q> +he alludes to a short stay he had made with him the year +before, and declines, on account of the illness which +proved to be his last, an invitation to visit him again. +He visited Lindisfarne in connection with his task of +writing the life of Cuthbert. Otherwise we have no +authentic record of any absence from the monastery. +The story that he went to Rome at the request of Pope +Sergius, founded on a statement of William of Malmesbury, +is now regarded as highly improbable. The oldest +MS. of the letter of Sergius, requesting Ceolfrid to send +one of his monks to Rome, has no mention of the name +of Bede. If such an event had ever disturbed his accustomed +course of life, it is inconceivable that he should +nowhere allude to it. Still less is the assertion that he +lived and taught at Cambridge one which need be +seriously debated by the present generation. +</p> + +<p> +We may fairly assume that, except for a few short +absences such as the visits to York and Lindisfarne, his +<pb n='xxxvii'/><anchor id='Pgxxxvii'/> +whole life was spent in the monastery. It must have +been a life of unremitting toil. His writings, numerous +as they are, covering a wide range of subjects and involving +the severest study, can only have been a part of +his work; he had, besides, his duties as priest, teacher, +and member of a religious community to fulfil. Even the +manual labour of his literary work must have been considerable. +He did not employ an amanuensis, and he +had not the advantages with regard to copyists which a +member of one of the larger monasteries might have +had. <q>Ipse mihi dictator simul notarius (= shorthand +writer) et librarius (= copyist),</q> he writes. Yet he never +flags. Through all the outward monotony of his days +his own interest remains fresh. He <q>takes delight</q> +(<q>dulce habui</q>) in it all. It is a life full of eager activity +in intellectual things, of a keen and patriotic interest in +the wider life beyond the monastery walls, which shows +itself sadly enough in his reflections on the evils of the +times, of the ardent charity which spends itself in labour +for the brethren, and, pervading the whole, that spirit of +quiet obedience and devotion which his own simple +words describe as <q>the observance of monastic rule and +the daily charge of singing in the Church.</q> We can +picture him, at the appointed hours, breaking off his +absorbing occupations to take his place at the daily +offices, lest, as he believed, he should fail to meet the +angels there. Alcuin records a saying of his, <q>I know +that angels visit the canonical hours and the congregations +of the brethren. What if they do not find me +among the brethren? May they not say, <q>Where is +Bede?</q></q> +</p> + +<p> +It is probably here, in this harmony of work and devotion, +that we may find the secret of the fascination in the +record of his uneventful days. It reconciles the sharp +antithesis between the active and the contemplative life. +It seems to attain to that ideal of <q>toil unsever'd from +tranquillity</q> which haunts us all, but which we have +almost ceased to associate with the life of man under +present conditions. Balance, moderation, or rather, that +rare quality which has been well called <q>the sanity of +<pb n='xxxviii'/><anchor id='Pgxxxviii'/> +saintliness,</q><note place='foot'>The phrase is the present Bishop of Oxford's in <q>Studies in +the Christian Character.</q></note> these give a unity to the life of Bede and +preserve him from the exaggerations of the conventual +ideal. With all his admiration for the ascetic life, he +recognizes human limitations. It is cheering to find that +even he felt the need of a holiday. <q>Having completed,</q> +he writes, <q>the third book of the Commentary on +Samuel, I thought I would rest awhile, and, after recovering +in that way my delight in study and writing, +proceed to take in hand the fourth.</q> Intellectual power +commands his homage, but his mind is open to the appreciation +of all forms of excellence. It is the unlearned +brother, unfit for study and occupied in manual labour, +to whom, in his story, it is vouchsafed to hear the singing +of the angels who came to summon Ceadda to his rest. +The life of devotion ranks highest in his estimation, but +he records with approval how St. Cuthbert thought <q>that +to afford the weak brethren the help of his exhortation +stood in the stead of prayer, knowing that He Who said +<q>Thou shalt love the Lord thy God,</q> said likewise, +<q>Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.</q></q> He tells +us how St. Gregory bewailed his own loss in being +forced by his office to be entangled in worldly affairs. +<q>But,</q> adds the human-hearted biographer, <q>it behoves +us to believe that he lost nothing of his monastic +perfection by reason of his pastoral charge, but rather +that he gained greater profit through the labour of converting +many, than by the former calm of his private +life.</q> Yet he holds that this immunity from the evil influence +of the world was chiefly due to Gregory's care in +organizing his house like a monastery and safeguarding +the opportunities for prayer and devotional study, even +while he was immersed in affairs at the court of Constantinople, +and afterwards, when he held the most +onerous office in the Church. +</p> + +<p> +This quality of sanity shows itself again in an unusual +degree of fairness to opponents. The Paschal error, +indeed, moves his indignation in a manner which is incomprehensible +<pb n='xxxix'/><anchor id='Pgxxxix'/> +and distasteful to the modern reader, but +even in the perverse and erring Celts he can recognize +<q>a zeal of God, though not according to knowledge.</q> +Aidan's holiness of life wins from him a warm tribute of +admiration. In the monks of Iona, the stronghold of +the Celtic system, he can perceive the fruit of good +works and find an excuse for their error in their isolated +situation. In the British Church it is the lack of missionary +zeal, rather than their attitude towards the Easter +question, which calls forth his strongest condemnation. +</p> + +<p> +A characteristic akin to this is his love of truth. As a +historian, it shows itself in his scrupulous care in investigating +evidence and in acknowledging the sources +from which he draws. Nowhere is his intellectual honesty +more apparent than in dealing with what he believes to +be the miraculous element in his history. In whatever +way we may regard these anecdotes, there can be no +doubt that Bede took the utmost pains to assure himself +of their authenticity. He is careful to acquire, if possible, +first-hand evidence; where this cannot be obtained, +he scrupulously mentions the lack of it. He admits only +the testimony of witnesses of high character and generally +quotes them by name. +</p> + +<p> +These are but a few of the glimpses afforded us of the +personality of Bede, a personality never obtruded, but +everywhere unconsciously revealed in his work. Everywhere +we find the impress of a mind of wide intellectual +grasp, a character of the highest saintliness, and a gentle +refinement of thought and feeling. The lofty spirituality +of Bede, his great learning and scholarly attainment are +the more striking when we reflect how recently his nation +had emerged from barbarism and received Christianity +and the culture which it brought with it to these shores. +</p> + +<p> +The letter in which he declines Egbert's invitation on +the plea of illness is dated November, 734. If we may +assume that his death took place on the eve of Ascension +Day in 735, no long period of enfeebled health clouded +the close of his life, and weakness never interrupted his +work. His death has been described by his pupil, Cuthbert, +who afterwards became Abbot of Wearmouth and +<pb n='xl'/><anchor id='Pgxl'/> +Jarrow in succession to Huaetbert, in the letter quoted +below. He was first buried at Jarrow but, according to +Simeon of Durham, his relics were stolen by the priest, +Elfred, and carried to Durham. In 1104, when the bones +of Cuthbert were translated to the new Cathedral, those +of Bede were found with them. Not long after, Hugh de +Puisac erected a shrine of gold and silver, adorned with +jewels, in which he placed them, along with the relics of +many other saints. The shrine disappeared at the Reformation, +and only the stone on which it rested remains.<note place='foot'>Stevenson, <q>Church Historians,</q> vol. i.</note> +</p> + +<div> +<head>Letter of Cuthbert to Cuthwin.</head> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>To his fellow-lector, Cuthwin, beloved in Christ, +Cuthbert, his fellow-student, greeting and salvation for +ever in the Lord. I have very gladly received the gift +which thou sentest to me, and with much joy have read +thy devout and learned letter, wherein I found that which +I greatly desired, to wit, that masses and holy prayers +are diligently offered by you for our father and master +Bede, beloved of God. Wherefore I rejoice, rather for +love of him than from confidence in my own power, to +relate in few words after what manner he departed out +of this world, understanding also that thou hast desired +and asked this of me. He was troubled with weakness +and chiefly with difficulty in breathing, yet almost without +pain, for about a fortnight before the day of our +Lord's Resurrection; and thus he afterwards passed his +time, cheerful and rejoicing, giving thanks to Almighty +God every day and night, nay, every hour, till the day of +our Lord's Ascension, to wit, the twenty-sixth day of May, +and daily gave lessons to us, his disciples; and whatsoever +remained of the day he spent in singing psalms, as +far as he was able; he also strove to pass all the night +joyfully in prayer and thanksgiving to God, save only +when a short sleep prevented it; and then he no sooner +awoke than he straightway began again to repeat the +well-known sacred songs, and ceased not to give thanks +<pb n='xli'/><anchor id='Pgxli'/> +to God with uplifted hands. I declare with truth that +I have never seen with my eyes, or heard with my ears, +any man so earnest in giving thanks to the living God. +O truly blessed man! He repeated the words of St. Paul +the Apostle, <q>It is a fearful thing to fall into the hands +of the living God,</q> and much more out of Holy Scripture; +wherein also he admonished us to think of our last hour, +and to arise out of the sleep of the soul; and being +learned in our native poetry, he said also in our tongue, +concerning the dread parting of souls from the body:</q> +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<lg> +<l>Fore then neidfaerae</l> +<l>naenig uiuurthit</l> +<l>thonc suotturra</l> +<l>than him tharf sie</l> +<l>to ymb hycggannae</l> +<l>aer his hin iongae</l> +<l>huaet his gastae</l> +<l>godaes aeththa yflaes</l> +<l>aefter deothdaege</l> +<l>doemid uueorthae.</l> +</lg> +</quote> + +<p> +Which being interpreted is: <q>Before the inevitable +journey hence, no man is wiser than is needful that he +may consider, ere the soul departs, what good or evil it +hath done and how it shall be judged after its departure.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>He also sang antiphons for our comfort and his own. +One of these is, <q>O King of Glory, Lord of all power, +Who, triumphing this day, didst ascend above all the +heavens, leave us not comfortless, but send to us the +promise of the Father, even the Spirit of Truth—Hallelujah.</q> +And when he came to the words, <q>leave us not +comfortless,</q> he burst into tears and wept much. And +an hour after, he fell to repeating what he had begun. +And this he did the whole day, and we, hearing it, +mourned with him and wept. Now we read and now we +lamented, nay, we wept even as we read. In such rapture +we passed the fifty days' festival<note place='foot'>From Easter to Whitsuntide.</note> till the aforesaid day; +and he rejoiced greatly and gave God thanks, because he +had been accounted worthy to suffer such weakness. +And he often said, <q>God scourgeth every son whom He +<pb n='xlii'/><anchor id='Pgxlii'/> +receiveth</q>; and the words of St. Ambrose, <q>I have not +so lived as to be ashamed to live among you; but neither +do I fear to die, because we have a merciful Lord.</q> And +during those days, besides the lessons we had daily from +him, and the singing of the Psalms, there were two +memorable works, which he strove to finish; to wit, his +translation of the Gospel of St. John, from the beginning, +as far as the words, <q>But what are they among so +many?</q> into our own tongue, for the benefit of the +Church of God; and some selections from the books of +Bishop Isidore, saying, <q>I would not have my boys read +a lie, nor labour herein without profit after my death.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>When the Tuesday before the Ascension of our Lord +came, he began to suffer still more in his breathing, and +there was some swelling in his feet. But he went on +teaching all that day and dictating cheerfully, and now +and then said among other things, <q>Learn quickly, I +know not how long I shall endure, and whether my +Maker will not soon take me away.</q> But to us it seemed +that haply he knew well the time of his departure; and +so he spent the night, awake, in giving of thanks. And +when the morning dawned, that is, on the Wednesday, +he bade us write with all speed what we had begun. +And this we did until the third hour. And from the third +hour we walked in procession with the relics of the +saints, according to the custom of that day.<note place='foot'>Rogation Wednesday.</note> And there +was one of us with him who said to him, <q>There is still +one chapter wanting of the book which thou hast been +dictating, but I deem it burdensome for thee to be questioned +any further.</q> He answered, <q>Nay, it is light, +take thy pen and make ready, and write quickly.</q> And +this was done. But at the ninth hour he said to me, +<q>I have certain treasures in my coffer, some spices, +napkins and incense; run quickly and bring the priests +of our monastery to me, that I may distribute among +them the gifts which God has bestowed on me.</q> And +this I did trembling, and when they were come, he spoke +to every one of them, admonishing and entreating them +<pb n='xliii'/><anchor id='Pgxliii'/> +that they should diligently offer masses and prayers for +him, and they promised readily. But they all mourned +and wept, sorrowing most of all for the words which he +spake, because they thought that they should see his +face no long time in this world. But they rejoiced for +that he said, <q>It is time for me, if it be my Maker's will, +to be set free from the flesh, and come to Him Who, +when as yet I was not, formed me out of nothing. I +have lived long; and well has my pitiful judge disposed +my life for me; the time of my release is at hand; for +my soul longs to see Christ my King in His beauty.</q> +Having said this and much more for our profit and edification, +he passed his last day in gladness till the evening; +and the aforesaid boy, whose name was Wilbert, +still said, <q>Dear master, there is yet one sentence not +written.</q> He answered, <q>It is well, write it.</q> Soon +after, the boy said, <q>Now it is written.</q> And he said, +<q>It is well, thou hast said truly, it is finished. Take my +head in thy hands, for I rejoice greatly to sit facing my +holy place where I was wont to pray, that I too, sitting +there, may call upon my Father.</q> And thus on the +pavement of his little cell, chanting <q>Glory be to the +Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost,</q> and the +rest, he breathed his last.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>And without doubt we must believe that inasmuch as +he had always been devout and earnest on earth in the +praise of God, his soul was carried by angels to the joys +of Heaven which he desired. And all who heard him or +beheld the death of our father Bede, said that they had +never seen any other end his life in so great devotion and +peace. For, as thou hast heard, so long as the soul +abode in the body, he chanted the <q>Gloria Patri</q> and +other words to the glory of God, and with outstretched +hands ceased not to give thanks to God.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>But know this, that much could be told and written +concerning him, but my want of learning cuts short my +words. Nevertheless, with the help of God, I purpose at +leisure to write more fully concerning him, of those things +which I saw with my own eyes and heard with my own +ears.</q> +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<pb n='xlv'/><anchor id='Pgxlv'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Errata</head> + +<p> +Page <ref target='Pg009'>9</ref>, headline, <hi rend='italic'>for</hi> <q>54 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></q> <hi rend='italic'>read</hi> <q>54 <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi></q> +</p> + +<p> +Page <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref>, headline, <hi rend='italic'>for</hi> <q>394 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></q> <hi rend='italic'>read</hi> <q>395 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></q> +</p> + +<p> +Page <ref target='Pg214'>214</ref>, note 4, <hi rend='italic'>for</hi> <q>cc.</q> <hi rend='italic'>read</hi> <q>pp.</q> [Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to Bright.] +</p> + +<p> +Page <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>, note 1, <hi rend='italic'>for</hi> <q>St. James <q>the Less</q></q> <hi rend='italic'>read</hi> +<q>James, <q>the Lord's brother.</q></q> +[Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote to <q>the Eastern.</q>] +</p> + +<p> +Page <ref target='Pg220'>220</ref>, note 2, <hi rend='italic'>for</hi> <q>Lumley</q> <hi rend='italic'>read</hi> <q>Lumby.</q> +[Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote starting <q>A stone.</q>] +</p> + +<p> +Page <ref target='Pg254'>254</ref>, note 1, line 4, <hi rend='italic'>for</hi> <q>existence</q> <hi rend='italic'>read</hi> <q>co-existence.</q> +[Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote starting <q>Eutyches was Archimandrite.</q>] +</p> + +<p> +Page <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref>, line 7, <hi rend='italic'>for</hi> <q>Gedmund</q> <hi rend='italic'>read</hi> <q>Gebmund.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Page <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref>, note 6, <hi rend='italic'>for</hi> <q>p. 56</q> <hi rend='italic'>read</hi> <q>p. 356.</q> +[Transcriber's Note: This is the footnote starting <q>Ripon, <hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi></q>] +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='001'/><anchor id='Pg001'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Preface'/> +<head>Preface</head> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>To the most glorious king Ceolwulf.<note place='foot'>King of Northumbria, cf. V, 23. He succeeded Osric, 729 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> +In a revolt he was forcibly tonsured, 731, but restored. He voluntarily +became a monk in Lindisfarne in 737. The fact that Bede +submitted the Ecclesiastical History to him for revision bears +witness to his piety and learning.</note> Bede, the servant of +Christ and Priest.</hi> +</p> + +<p> +I formerly, at your request, most readily sent to you the +Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, which I had +lately published, for you to read and judge; and I now +send it again to be transcribed, and more fully studied at +your leisure. And I rejoice greatly at the sincerity and +zeal, with which you not only diligently give ear to hear +the words of Holy Scripture, but also industriously take +care to become acquainted with the actions and sayings +of former men of renown, especially of our own +nation. For if history relates good things of good men, +the attentive hearer is excited to imitate that which is +good; or if it recounts evil things of wicked persons, +none the less the conscientious and devout hearer or +reader, shunning that which is hurtful and wrong, is the +more earnestly fired to perform those things which he +knows to be good, and worthy of the service of God. +And as you have carefully marked this, you are desirous +that the said history should be more fully made known to +yourself, and to those over whom the Divine Authority +has appointed you governor, from your great regard to +the common good. But to the end that I may remove +all occasion of doubting what I have written, both from +<pb n='002'/><anchor id='Pg002'/> +yourself and other readers or hearers of this history, I +will take care briefly to show you from what authors I +chiefly learned the same. +</p> + +<p> +My principal authority and aid in this work was the +most learned and reverend Abbot Albinus;<note place='foot'>Albinus, the first English abbot of the monastery of SS. Peter +and Paul at Canterbury, succeeded Hadrian in 709 or 710. On his +scholarship, cf. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XX'>V, 20</ref>.</note> who, educated +in the Church of Canterbury by those venerable +and learned men, Archbishop Theodore<note place='foot'>Theodore, the great archbishop, noted for his organization of +the English Church and his services to education, consecrated in +668, at the age of sixty-five, by Pope Vitalian, on the recommendation +of Hadrian, who had himself twice declined the office of archbishop. +Theodore was a native of Tarsus, in Cilicia, a man of +great learning and scholarly attainments. Cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_I'>IV, 1</ref>.</note> of blessed +memory, and the Abbot Hadrian,<note place='foot'>Hadrian (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> previous note, cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_I'>IV, 1</ref>), an African by birth, sent +to England by Pope Vitalian along with Theodore, became Abbot +of SS. Peter and Paul, Canterbury. He co-operated with Theodore +in his educational work.</note> transmitted to me by +Nothelm,<note place='foot'>A presbyter of London, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, +735. Received the <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>pallium</foreign> (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> I, 27, p. <ref target='Pg054'>54</ref>, note) in 736.</note> the pious priest of the Church of London, +either in writing, or by word of mouth of the same +Nothelm, all that he thought worthy of memory that +had been done in the province of Kent, or the adjacent +parts, by the disciples of the blessed Pope Gregory,<note place='foot'>Gregory I (the Great), who sent the Roman mission to England.</note> as +he had learned the same either from written records, or +the traditions of his predecessors. The same Nothelm, +afterwards went to Rome, and having, with leave of +the present Pope Gregory,<note place='foot'>Gregory II, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Plummer <hi rend='italic'>ad loc.</hi> for arguments showing conclusively +that Gregory III cannot be meant.</note> searched into the archives of +the Holy Roman Church, found there some epistles of +the blessed Pope Gregory, and other popes; and, returning +home, by the advice of the aforesaid most reverend +father Albinus, brought them to me, to be inserted in my +history. Thus, from the beginning of this volume to the +time when the English nation received the faith of Christ, +we have acquired matter from the writings of former men, +<pb n='003'/><anchor id='Pg003'/> +gathered from various sources; but from that time till the +present, what was transacted in the Church of Canterbury +by the disciples of the blessed Pope Gregory or their successors, +and under what kings the same happened, has +been conveyed to us, as we have said, by Nothelm through +the industry of the aforesaid Abbot Albinus. They also +partly informed me by what bishops and under what +kings the provinces of the East and West Saxons, as +also of the East Angles, and of the Northumbrians, received +the grace of the Gospel. In short, I was chiefly +encouraged to undertake this work by the exhortations +of the same Albinus. In like manner, Daniel,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVI'>IV, 16</ref>, and <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'>V, 18</ref>. In <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIII'>V, 23</ref> he is more accurately described +as <q>Ventanus antistes.</q> He was consecrated Bishop of Winchester +when the West Saxon bishopric was divided in 705; and +his diocese comprised only the smaller part of Wessex. He was +the friend and counsellor of St. Boniface.</note> the most +reverend Bishop of the West Saxons, who is still living, +communicated to me in writing some things relating to +the Ecclesiastical History of that province, and the adjoining +one of the South Saxons, as also of the Isle of +Wight. But how, by the ministry of those holy priests +of Christ, Cedd<note place='foot'>Bishop of the East Saxons, cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXI'>III, 21</ref> foll.</note> and Ceadda,<note place='foot'>St. Chad, Bishop of the Northumbrians, afterwards of Lichfield; +brother of Cedd: <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> III, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIII'>23</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVIII'>28</ref>; IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_II'>2</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_III'>3</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIX'>V, 19</ref>.</note> the province of the Mercians +was brought to the faith of Christ, which they knew +not before, and how that of the East Saxons recovered +the faith after having rejected it, and how those fathers +lived and died, we learned from the brethren of the +monastery, which was built by them, and is called Laestingaeu.<note place='foot'>Lastingham, near Pickering in Yorkshire N.R., <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIII'>III, 23</ref>.</note> +Further, what ecclesiastical matters took place in +the province of the East Angles, was partly made known +to us from the writings and tradition of former men, and +partly by the account of the most reverend Abbot Esi.<note place='foot'>Nothing further is known of him.</note> +What was done with regard to the faith of Christ, and +what was the episcopal succession in the province of Lindsey,<note place='foot'>The district to the north of the Wash.</note> +we had either from the letters of the most reverend +<pb n='004'/><anchor id='Pg004'/> +prelate Cynibert,<note place='foot'>Bishop of Sidnacester, in the province of Lindsey. He died +in 732: <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>IV, 12</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIII'>V, 23</ref>.</note> or by word of mouth from other persons +of good credit. But what was done in the Church in the +different parts of the province of Northumbria from the +time when they received the faith of Christ till this present, +I received not on the authority of any one man, but +by the faithful testimony of innumerable witnesses, who +might know or remember the same; besides what I had +of my own knowledge. Wherein it is to be observed, +that what I have written concerning our most holy father, +Bishop Cuthbert,<note place='foot'>The saint and hermit who was for two years Bishop of Lindisfarne, +685-687: <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVI'>IV, 26-32</ref>. Bede wrote his life both in prose and +verse.</note> either in this volume, or in my account +of his life and actions, I partly took from what I found +written of him by the brethren of the Church of Lindisfarne,<note place='foot'>Holy Island, off the coast of Northumberland. Aidan chose +it as the place of his see and monastery in 635: <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_III_Chap_III'>III, 3</ref>.</note> +accepting without reserve the statements I found +there; but at the same time took care to add such +things as I could myself have knowledge of by the faithful +testimony of trustworthy informants. And I humbly +entreat the reader, that if he shall find in these our +writings anything not delivered according to the truth, +he will not lay the blame of it on me, for, as the true +rule of history requires, withholding nothing, I have laboured +to commit to writing such things as I could gather +from common report, for the instruction of posterity. +</p> + +<p> +Moreover, I beseech all men who shall hear or read +this history of our nation, that for my infirmities both of +mind and body, they will offer up frequent intercessions +to the throne of Grace. And I further pray, that in recompense +for the labour wherewith I have recorded in +the several provinces and more important places those +events which I considered worthy of note and of interest +to their inhabitants, I may for my reward have the benefit +of their pious prayers. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='005'/><anchor id='Pg005'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Book I</head> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_I_Chap_I'/> +<head>Chap. I. Of the Situation of Britain and Ireland, and +of their ancient inhabitants.</head> + +<p> +Britain, an island in the Atlantic, formerly called Albion, +lies to the north-west, facing, though at a considerable +distance, the coasts of Germany, France, and Spain, +which form the greatest part of Europe. It extends 800 +miles in length towards the north, and is 200 miles in +breadth, except where several promontories extend further +in breadth, by which its compass is made to be +4,875 miles.<note place='foot'>This total varies in different authors. The first few pages of +Bede are to a great extent copied out of Pliny, Solinus, Orosius, +and Gildas.</note> To the south lies Belgic Gaul. To its +nearest shore there is an easy passage from the city of +Rutubi Portus, by the English now corrupted into Reptacaestir.<note place='foot'>Richborough, Kent.</note> +The distance from here across the sea to Gessoriacum,<note place='foot'>Boulogne.</note> +the nearest shore in the territory of the Morini,<note place='foot'>Cf. Caes., B.G., <hi rend='italic'>passim</hi>; Verg., Aen., VIII, 727.</note> +is fifty miles, or as some writers say, 450 furlongs. On +the other side of the island, where it opens upon the +boundless ocean, it has the islands called Orcades. +Britain is rich in grain and trees, and is well adapted for +feeding cattle and beasts of burden. It also produces +vines in some places, and has plenty of land and water +fowl of divers sorts; it is remarkable also for rivers +abounding in fish, and plentiful springs. It has the +greatest plenty of salmon and eels; seals are also frequently +taken, and dolphins, as also whales; besides +many sorts of shell-fish, such as mussels, in which are +often found excellent pearls of all colours, red, purple, +violet and green, but chiefly white. There is also a great +abundance of snails, of which the scarlet dye is made, a +most beautiful red, which never fades with the heat of +the sun or exposure to rain, but the older it is, the +more beautiful it becomes. It has both salt and hot +<pb n='006'/><anchor id='Pg006'/> +springs, and from them flow rivers which furnish hot +baths, proper for all ages and both sexes, in separate +places, according to their requirements. For water, as +St. Basil says,<note place='foot'>In his Hexameron.</note> receives the quality of heat, when it runs +along certain metals, and becomes not only hot but +scalding. Britain is rich also in veins of metals, as copper, +iron, lead, and silver; it produces a great deal of +excellent jet, which is black and sparkling, and burns +when put to the fire, and when set on fire, drives away +serpents; being warmed with rubbing, it attracts whatever +is applied to it, like amber. The island was formerly +distinguished by twenty-eight famous cities, besides innumerable +forts, which were all strongly secured with +walls, towers, gates, and bars. And, because it lies +almost under the North Pole, the nights are light in +summer, so that at midnight the beholders are often in +doubt whether the evening twilight still continues, or +that of the morning has come; since the sun at night +returns to the east in the northern regions without passing +far beneath the earth. For this reason the days are +of a great length in summer, and on the other hand, the +nights in winter are eighteen hours long, for the sun +then withdraws into southern parts. In like manner the +nights are very short in summer, and the days in winter, +that is, only six equinoctial hours. Whereas, in Armenia, +Macedonia, Italy, and other countries of the same latitude, +the longest day or night extends but to fifteen +hours, and the shortest to nine. +</p> + +<p> +There are in the island at present, following the number +of the books in which the Divine Law was written, five<note place='foot'>Latin is included as being the ecclesiastical language common +to all. Bede does not imply that there was a Latin-speaking race +still in the island.</note> +languages of different nations employed in the study and +confession of the one self-same knowledge, which is of +highest truth and true sublimity, to wit, English, British, +Scottish, Pictish, and Latin, the last having become +common to all by the study of the Scriptures. But at +first this island had no other inhabitants but the Britons, +<pb n='007'/><anchor id='Pg007'/> +from whom it derived its name, and who, coming over +into Britain, as is reported, from Armorica,<note place='foot'>In Caesar's time, the whole district lying along the north-western +coast of Gaul, afterwards narrowed down to the modern +Brittany. That the Britons (or Brythons) came from Gaul is doubtless +a fact. Another branch of the Celtic race, the Goidels or Gaels, +appears to have been in possession in Britain before them.</note> possessed +themselves of the southern parts thereof. Starting from +the south, they had occupied the greater part of the +island, when it happened, that the nation of the Picts, +putting to sea from Scythia,<note place='foot'>By Scythia Bede means Scandinavia. He only mentions this +account as a tradition. The problem of the Picts has not been +solved yet. According to one view, they belonged to the pre-Aryan +inhabitants of Britain, pushed westward and northward by +the Celtic invaders. In Scotland they held their own for a considerable +time in a wide tract of country, and they may have to +some extent amalgamated with the Celts who dispossessed them +(Rhŷs). Others regard them as Celts of the same branch as Welsh, +Cornish, and Britons, being probably nearest to Cornish. The +absence of all but the scantiest remains of their language makes +the question of their origin one of great difficulty.</note> as is reported, in a few +ships of war, and being driven by the winds beyond the +bounds of Britain, came to Ireland and landed on its +northern shores. There, finding the nation of the Scots, +they begged to be allowed to settle among them, but +could not succeed in obtaining their request. Ireland is +the largest island next to Britain, and lies to the west of +it; but as it is shorter than Britain to the north, so, on +the other hand, it runs out far beyond it to the south, +over against the northern part of Spain, though a wide +sea lies between them. The Picts then, as has been said, +arriving in this island by sea, desired to have a place +granted them in which they might settle. The Scots +answered that the island could not contain them both; +but <q>We can give you good counsel,</q> said they, <q>whereby +you may know what to do; we know there is another +island, not far from ours, to the eastward, which we often +see at a distance, when the days are clear. If you will go +thither, you can obtain settlements; or, if any should oppose +you, we will help you.</q> The Picts, accordingly, sailing +over into Britain, began to inhabit the northern parts +<pb n='008'/><anchor id='Pg008'/> +thereof, for the Britons had possessed themselves of the +southern. Now the Picts had no wives, and asked them +of the Scots; who would not consent to grant them upon +any other terms, than that when any question should arise, +they should choose a king from the female royal race +rather than from the male: which custom, as is well +known, has been observed among the Picts to this day.<note place='foot'>The legend is an attempt to account for the law of Pictish +succession, which was vested in the mother, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Rhŷs, <q>Celtic +Britain,</q> pp. 170-171.</note> +In process of time, Britain, besides the Britons and the +Picts, received a third nation, the Scots, who, migrating +from Ireland under their leader, Reuda, either by fair +means, or by force of arms, secured to themselves those +settlements among the Picts which they still possess. +From the name of their commander, they are to this day +called Dalreudini; for, in their language, Dal signifies a +part.<note place='foot'><q>Dal,</q> a division or part, is common in Irish names. Dalriada +was a district in the north-eastern part of Ulster. From there, a +tribe of Scots (a Celtic race who settled in Ireland at some unknown +period) came to Kintyre and spread along the coasts of Argyll, +which took from them the name of Dalriada (probably <hi rend='italic'>circ.</hi> 500 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>). +They brought the Christian religion with them. Bede follows that +version of the legend which makes Cairbre Riada, the eponymous +hero of the Irish Dalriada (<hi rend='italic'>circ.</hi> 200 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>), himself found the colony +in Scotland.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Ireland is broader than Britain and has a much healthier +and milder climate; for the snow scarcely ever lies there +above three days: no man makes hay in the summer for +winter's provision, or builds stables for his beasts of +burden. No reptiles are found there, and no snake can +live there; for, though snakes are often carried thither +out of Britain, as soon as the ship comes near the shore, +and the scent of the air reaches them, they die. On the +contrary, almost all things in the island are efficacious +against poison. In truth, we have known that when men +have been bitten by serpents, the scrapings of leaves of +books that were brought out of Ireland, being put into +water, and given them to drink, have immediately absorbed +the spreading poison, and assuaged the swelling. +</p> + +<pb n='009'/><anchor id='Pg009'/> + +<p> +The island abounds in milk and honey, nor is there any +lack of vines, fish, or fowl; and it is noted for the hunting +of stags and roe-deer. It is properly the country of +the Scots, who, migrating from thence, as has been said, +formed the third nation in Britain in addition to the +Britons and the Picts. +</p> + +<p> +There is a very large gulf of the sea, which formerly +divided the nation of the Britons from the Picts; it runs +from the west far into the land, where, to this day, stands +a strong city of the Britons, called Alcluith.<note place='foot'>Dumbarton; <hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi> c. 12, p. <ref target='Pg024'>24</ref> and note.</note> The Scots, +arriving on the north side of this bay, settled themselves +there. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_I_Chap_II'/> +<head>Chap. II. How Caius Julius Caesar was the first Roman +that came into Britain.</head> + +<p> +Now Britain had never been visited by the Romans, and +was entirely unknown to them before the time of Caius +Julius Caesar, who, in the year 693 after the foundation +of Rome, but the sixtieth year<note place='foot'>Caesar's invasion took place <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.u.c.</hi> 699 and 700; <hi rend='smallcaps'>b.c.</hi> 55 and 54.</note> before the Incarnation of +our Lord, was consul with Lucius Bibulus. While he +was making war upon the Germans and the Gauls, +who were divided only by the river Rhine, he came into +the province of the Morini, whence is the nearest and +shortest passage into Britain. Here, having provided +about eighty ships of burden and fast-sailing vessels, he +sailed over into Britain; where, being first roughly +handled in a battle, and then caught in a storm, he lost +a considerable part of his fleet, no small number of foot-soldiers, +and almost all his cavalry. Returning into Gaul, +he put his legions into winter-quarters, and gave orders +for building six hundred sail of both sorts. With these +he again crossed over early in spring into Britain, but, +whilst he was marching with the army against the enemy, +the ships, riding at anchor, were caught in a storm and +either dashed one against another, or driven upon the +sands and wrecked. Forty of them were lost, the rest +<pb n='010'/><anchor id='Pg010'/> +were, with much difficulty, repaired. Caesar's cavalry +was, at the first encounter, defeated by the Britons, and +there Labienus, the tribune, was slain. In the second +engagement, with great hazard to his men, he defeated +the Britons and put them to flight. Thence he proceeded +to the river Thames, where a great multitude of the enemy +had posted themselves on the farther side of the river, +under the command of Cassobellaunus,<note place='foot'>Cf. Caes., B.G., V, 11, 18 ff. A powerful British chief. His +territory lay north and north-east of the Thames, roughly comprising +Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire, and Berkshire, but the +exact limits are uncertain. His people were the Catuvellauni (the +name is Gaulish in form).</note> and fenced the +bank of the river and almost all the ford under water with +sharp stakes: the remains of these are to be seen to this +day, apparently about the thickness of a man's thigh, +cased with lead, and fixed immovably in the bottom of the +river. This being perceived and avoided by the Romans, +the barbarians, not able to stand the charge of the +legions, hid themselves in the woods, whence they grievously +harassed the Romans with repeated sallies. In the +meantime, the strong state of the Trinovantes,<note place='foot'>Cf. Caes., B.G., V, 20. The Trinovantes occupied Essex and +part of Middlesex.</note> with +their commander Androgius,<note place='foot'>Variations of this name given by ancient authors are Andragius +and Androgorius. Caesar calls him Mandubracius.</note> surrendered to Caesar, +giving him forty hostages. Many other cities, following +their example, made a treaty with the Romans. Guided +by them, Caesar at length, after severe fighting, took the +town of Cassobellaunus,<note place='foot'>The position of this place is unknown.</note> situated between two marshes, +fortified by sheltering woods, and plentifully furnished +with all necessaries. After this, Caesar returned from +Britain into Gaul, but he had no sooner put his legions +into winter quarters, than he was suddenly beset and +distracted with wars and sudden risings on every side. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='011'/><anchor id='Pg011'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_I_Chap_III'/> +<head>Chap. III. How Claudius, the second of the Romans +who came into Britain, brought the islands Orcades +into subjection to the Roman empire; and Vespasian, +sent by him, reduced the Isle of Wight under the +dominion of the Romans.</head> + +<p> +In the year of Rome 798,<note place='foot'>Claudius came to Britain <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.u.c.</hi> 796, 43 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> Claudius, fourth emperor from +Augustus, being desirous to approve himself a prince +beneficial to the republic, and eagerly bent upon war and +conquest on every side, undertook an expedition into +Britain, which as it appeared, was roused to rebellion by +the refusal of the Romans to give up certain deserters. +No one before or after Julius Caesar had dared to land +upon the island. Claudius crossed over to it, and within +a very few days, without any fighting or bloodshed, the +greater part of the island was surrendered into his hands. +He also added to the Roman empire the Orcades,<note place='foot'>He can only have done so in name; it was probably Agricola +who first conquered the Orkneys. Cf. Tac., Agric., 10.</note> which +lie in the ocean beyond Britain, and, returning to Rome in +the sixth month after his departure, he gave his son the +title of Britannicus. This war he concluded in the fourth +year of his reign, which is the forty-sixth from the Incarnation +of our Lord. In which year there came to pass +a most grievous famine in Syria, which is recorded in the +Acts of the Apostles to have been foretold by the prophet +Agabus. +</p> + +<p> +Vespasian,<note place='foot'>Cf. Tac., Agric., 13.</note> who was emperor after Nero, being sent +into Britain by the same Claudius, brought also under +the Roman dominion the Isle of Wight, which is close +to Britain on the south, and is about thirty miles in length +from east to west, and twelve from north to south; being +six miles distant from the southern coast of Britain at +the east end, and three at the west. Nero, succeeding +Claudius in the empire, undertook no wars at all; and, +therefore, among countless other disasters brought by +him upon the Roman state, he almost lost Britain; for +<pb n='012'/><anchor id='Pg012'/> +in his time two most notable towns were there taken and +destroyed. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_I_Chap_IV'/> +<head>Chap. IV. How Lucius, king of Britain, writing to Pope +Eleutherus, desired to be made a Christian.</head> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord 156, Marcus Antoninus Verus,<note place='foot'>Marcus Antoninus Verus, commonly called Marcus Aurelius, +succeeded in 161 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> His colleague in the empire was his adopted +brother, Lucius Verus, whose full adoptive name was Lucius +Aurelius Antoninus Verus Commodus. He died in 169. Eleutherus +became Pope between 171 and 177. Bede's chronology is therefore +wrong.</note> +the fourteenth from Augustus, was made emperor, together +with his brother, Aurelius Commodus. In their +time, whilst the holy Eleutherus presided over the Roman +Church, Lucius, king of Britain, sent a letter to him, entreating +that by a mandate from him he might be made +a Christian.<note place='foot'>Most modern authorities consider the story fabulous. But cf. +Bright, <q>Early English Church History,</q> pp. 3-5.</note> He soon obtained his pious request, and +the Britons preserved the faith, which they had received, +uncorrupted and entire, in peace and tranquillity until the +time of the Emperor Diocletian. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_I_Chap_V'/> +<head>Chap. V. How the Emperor Severus divided from the +rest by a rampart that part of Britain which had been +recovered.</head> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord 189, Severus, an African, born +at Leptis, in the province of Tripolis, became emperor.<note place='foot'>Severus succeeded in 193 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> He died in 211.</note> +He was the seventeenth from Augustus, and reigned +seventeen years. Being naturally of a harsh disposition, +and engaged in many wars, he governed the state vigorously, +but with much trouble. Having been victorious in +all the grievous civil wars which happened in his time, he +was drawn into Britain by the revolt of almost all the confederated +tribes; and, after many great and severe battles, +he thought fit to divide that part of the island, which he +had recovered, from the other unconquered nations, not +<pb n='013'/><anchor id='Pg013'/> +with a wall, as some imagine, but with a rampart.<note place='foot'>This is the earthwork which runs parallel to the wall of Hadrian, +between the Solway and the Tyne, at an interval of from 30 to +1,300 yards from it. Its origin and purpose are doubtful. Ancient +authorities afford conflicting evidence with regard to the Roman +walls in Britain. Modern research seems to show that Severus +built no wall or rampart, though some ancient historians assert +that he did (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Haverfield, quoted by Plummer, <hi rend='italic'>ad loc.</hi>; cf. <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi> +c. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XII'>12</ref> and note).</note> For a +wall is made of stones, but a rampart, with which camps +are fortified to repel the assaults of enemies, is made of +sods, cut out of the earth, and raised high above the +ground, like a wall, having in front of it the trench +whence the sods were taken, with strong stakes of wood +fixed above it. Thus Severus drew a great trench and +strong rampart, fortified with several towers, from sea +to sea. And there, at York, he fell sick afterwards and +died, leaving two sons, Bassianus and Geta;<note place='foot'>Bassianus Antoninus, surnamed Caracalla. Geta was murdered +by Caracalla.</note> of whom +Geta died, adjudged an enemy of the State; but Bassianus, +having taken the surname of Antonius, obtained +the empire. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_I_Chap_VI'/> +<head>Chap. VI. Of the reign of Diocletian, and how he persecuted +the Christians.</head> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord 286,<note place='foot'>Diocletian succeeded in 284.</note> Diocletian, the thirty-third +from Augustus, and chosen emperor by the army, reigned +twenty years, and created Maximian, surnamed Herculius, +his colleague in the empire. In their time, one +Carausius,<note place='foot'>Carausius was a native of Menapia, in Belgium, appointed to +command the Roman fleet stationed at Boulogne to guard the +coasts. He took the fleet with him when he usurped imperial +authority in Britain. Maximian, failing to reduce him, recognized +his authority and gave him the title of Augustus. He governed +vigorously and prosperously.</note> of very mean birth, but a man of great ability +and energy, being appointed to guard the sea-coasts, +then infested by the Franks and Saxons, acted more to +the prejudice than to the advantage of the commonwealth, +by not restoring to its owners any of the booty taken +<pb n='014'/><anchor id='Pg014'/> +from the robbers, but keeping all to himself; thus giving +rise to the suspicion that by intentional neglect he suffered +the enemy to infest the frontiers. When, therefore, an +order was sent by Maximian that he should be put to +death, he took upon him the imperial purple, and possessed +himself of Britain, and having most valiantly +conquered and held it for the space of seven years, he +was at length put to death by the treachery of his associate +Allectus.<note place='foot'>Allectus was a follower of Carausius. His revolt was apparently +supported by the independent tribes, probably Caledonians.</note> The usurper, having thus got the island +from Carausius, held it three years, and was then vanquished +by Asclepiodotus,<note place='foot'>Asclepiodotus was serving under Constantius Chlorus (one of +the reigning Caesars), who sailed to Britain and marched against +Allectus.</note> the captain of the Praetorian +guards, who thus at the end of ten years restored Britain +to the Roman empire. +</p> + +<p> +Meanwhile, Diocletian in the east, and Maximian Herculius +in the west, commanded the churches to be destroyed, +and the Christians to be persecuted and slain. +This persecution was the tenth since the reign of Nero, +and was more lasting and cruel than almost any before it; +for it was carried on incessantly for the space of ten years, +with burning of churches, proscription of innocent persons, +and the slaughter of martyrs. Finally, Britain also attained +to the great glory of bearing faithful witness to God. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chap. VII. The Passion of St. Alban and his companions, +who at that time shed their blood for our Lord.</head> + +<p> +At that time suffered St. Alban,<note place='foot'>The statement that the Diocletian persecution extended to +Britain rests on no trustworthy evidence at all. Yet though the +time assigned is probably wrong, there seems to be no reason to +doubt the existence of the British Protomartyr. The story rests +upon a local tradition traceable up to the visit of Germanus in +429 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>, <hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XVIII'>18</ref>.</note> of whom the priest +Fortunatus,<note place='foot'>Venantius Fortunatus, a Christian poet, Bishop of Poitiers, +b. 530 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> He was the last Latin poet of any note in Gaul.</note> in the Praise of Virgins, where he makes +<pb n='015'/><anchor id='Pg015'/> +mention of the blessed martyrs that came to the Lord +from all parts of the world, says: +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +<lg> +<l>And fruitful Britain noble Alban rears.</l> +</lg> +</quote> + +<p> +This Alban, being yet a pagan, at the time when at +the bidding of unbelieving rulers all manner of cruelty +was practised against the Christians, gave entertainment +in his house to a certain clerk,<note place='foot'>In the lives of St. Alban (all later than Bede) this clerk is called +St. Amphibalus, a name probably invented from his cloak (<foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>amphibalus</foreign>).</note> flying from his persecutors. +This man he observed to be engaged in continual prayer +and watching day and night; when on a sudden the Divine +grace shining on him, he began to imitate the example +of faith and piety which was set before him, and being +gradually instructed by his wholesome admonitions, he +cast off the darkness of idolatry, and became a Christian +in all sincerity of heart. The aforesaid clerk having been +some days entertained by him, it came to the ears of the +impious prince, that a confessor of Christ, to whom a +martyr's place had not yet been assigned, was concealed +at Alban's house. Whereupon he sent some soldiers to +make a strict search after him. When they came to the +martyr's hut, St. Alban presently came forth to the +soldiers, instead of his guest and master, in the habit or +long coat which he wore, and was bound and led before +the judge. +</p> + +<p> +It happened that the judge, at the time when Alban +was carried before him, was standing at the altar, and +offering sacrifice to devils. When he saw Alban, being +much enraged that he should thus, of his own accord, +dare to put himself into the hands of the soldiers, and +incur such danger on behalf of the guest whom he had +harboured, he commanded him to be dragged to the +images of the devils, before which he stood, saying, +<q>Because you have chosen to conceal a rebellious and +sacrilegious man, rather than to deliver him up to the +soldiers, that his contempt of the gods might meet with +the penalty due to such blasphemy, you shall undergo all +<pb n='016'/><anchor id='Pg016'/> +the punishment that was due to him, if you seek to +abandon the worship of our religion.</q> But St. Alban, +who had voluntarily declared himself a Christian to the +persecutors of the faith, was not at all daunted by the +prince's threats, but putting on the armour of spiritual +warfare, publicly declared that he would not obey his +command. Then said the judge, <q>Of what family or +race are you?</q>—<q>What does it concern you,</q> answered +Alban, <q>of what stock I am? If you desire to hear the +truth of my religion, be it known to you, that I am now +a Christian, and free to fulfil Christian duties.</q>—<q>I ask +your name,</q> said the judge; <q>tell me it immediately.</q>—<q>I +am called Alban by my parents,</q> replied he; <q>and I +worship ever and adore the true and living God, Who +created all things.</q> Then the judge, filled with anger, +said, <q>If you would enjoy the happiness of eternal life, +do not delay to offer sacrifice to the great gods.</q> Alban +rejoined, <q>These sacrifices, which by you are offered to +devils, neither can avail the worshippers, nor fulfil the +desires and petitions of the suppliants. Rather, whosoever +shall offer sacrifice to these images, shall receive the +everlasting pains of hell for his reward.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The judge, hearing these words, and being much incensed, +ordered this holy confessor of God to be scourged +by the executioners, believing that he might by stripes +shake that constancy of heart, on which he could not prevail +by words. He, being most cruelly tortured, bore the +same patiently, or rather joyfully, for our Lord's sake. +When the judge perceived that he was not to be overcome +by tortures, or withdrawn from the exercise of the Christian +religion, he ordered him to be put to death. Being +led to execution, he came to a river, which, with a most +rapid course, ran between the wall of the town and the +arena where he was to be executed.<note place='foot'>The text of this passage is probably corrupt, but all the MSS. +agree. I believe the above gives the intended meaning.</note> He there saw a great +multitude of persons of both sexes, and of divers ages +and conditions, who were doubtless assembled by Divine +inspiration, to attend the blessed confessor and martyr, +<pb n='017'/><anchor id='Pg017'/> +and had so filled the bridge over the river, that he could +scarce pass over that evening. In truth, almost all had +gone out, so that the judge remained in the city without +attendance. St. Alban, therefore, urged by an ardent +and devout wish to attain the sooner to martyrdom, drew +near to the stream, and lifted up his eyes to heaven, +whereupon the channel was immediately dried up, and +he perceived that the water had given place and made +way for him to pass. Among the rest, the executioner, +who should have put him to death, observed this, and +moved doubtless by Divine inspiration hastened to meet +him at the appointed place of execution, and casting +away the sword which he had carried ready drawn, fell +at his feet, praying earnestly that he might rather be +accounted worthy to suffer with the martyr, whom he +was ordered to execute, or, if possible, instead of him. +</p> + +<p> +Whilst he was thus changed from a persecutor into a +companion in the faith and truth, and the other executioners +rightly hesitated to take up the sword which was +lying on the ground, the holy confessor, accompanied by +the multitude, ascended a hill, about half a mile from +the arena, beautiful, as was fitting, and of most pleasing +appearance, adorned, or rather clothed, everywhere with +flowers of many colours, nowhere steep or precipitous or +of sheer descent, but with a long, smooth natural slope, +like a plain, on its sides, a place altogether worthy from +of old, by reason of its native beauty, to be consecrated +by the blood of a blessed martyr. On the top of this hill, +St. Alban prayed that God would give him water, and +immediately a living spring, confined in its channel, +sprang up at his feet, so that all men acknowledged +that even the stream had yielded its service to the martyr. +For it was impossible that the martyr, who had left no +water remaining in the river, should desire it on the top +of the hill, unless he thought it fitting. The river then +having done service and fulfilled the pious duty, returned +to its natural course, leaving a testimony of its obedience.<note place='foot'>There is again probably some confusion in the text.</note> +Here, therefore, the head of the undaunted martyr was +<pb n='018'/><anchor id='Pg018'/> +struck off, and here he received the crown of life, which +God has promised to them that love him. But he who +laid impious hands on the holy man's neck was not permitted +to rejoice over his dead body; for his eyes dropped +upon the ground at the same moment as the blessed +martyr's head fell. +</p> + +<p> +At the same time was also beheaded the soldier, who +before, through the Divine admonition, refused to strike +the holy confessor. Of whom it is apparent, that though +he was not purified by the waters of baptism, yet he was +cleansed by the washing of his own blood, and rendered +worthy to enter the kingdom of heaven. Then the judge, +astonished at the unwonted sight of so many heavenly +miracles, ordered the persecution to cease immediately, +and began to honour the death of the saints, by which +he once thought that they might have been turned from +their zeal for the Christian faith. The blessed Alban +suffered death on the twenty-second day of June, near +the city of Verulam,<note place='foot'>Now St. Albans in Hertfordshire, on the Watling Street, hence +probably the name, Vaeclingacaestir.</note> which is now by the English nation +called Verlamacaestir, or Vaeclingacaestir, where afterwards, +when peaceable Christian times were restored, a +church of wonderful workmanship, and altogether worthy +to commemorate his martyrdom, was erected.<note place='foot'>The place was afterwards called Holmhurst. The church +mentioned by Bede was superseded by the monastery of St. +Alban, the foundation of which is attributed to Offa, <hi rend='italic'>circ.</hi> 793 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> +Certain extraordinary privileges were granted to it, and its abbot +obtained a superiority over all other English abbots (Dugdale, +<q>Monasticon</q>).</note> In which +place the cure of sick persons and the frequent working +of wonders cease not to this day. +</p> + +<p> +At that time suffered Aaron and Julius,<note place='foot'>The evidence for their martyrdom is very doubtful.</note> citizens of +the City of Legions,<note place='foot'>Caerleon-on-Usk, the headquarters of the Second legion, is +here meant (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Merivale, H.R., vi, 248), though the name was also +applied to Chester, seat of the Twentieth legion (cf. II, 2, p. <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref>, +<q>civitas legionum</q>).</note> and many more of both sexes in +divers places; who, after that they had endured sundry +torments, and their limbs had been mangled after an unheard-of +<pb n='019'/><anchor id='Pg019'/> +manner, when their warfare was accomplished, +yielded their souls up to the joys of the heavenly city. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_I_Chap_VIII'/> +<head>Chap. VIII. How, when the persecution ceased, the +Church in Britain enjoyed peace till the time of the +Arian heresy.</head> + +<p> +When the storm of persecution ceased, the faithful +Christians, who, during the time of danger, had hidden +themselves in woods and deserts and secret caves, came +forth and rebuilt the churches which had been levelled +to the ground; founded, erected, and finished the +cathedrals raised in honour of the holy martyrs, and, as +if displaying their conquering standards in all places, +celebrated festivals and performed their sacred rites with +pure hearts and lips. This peace continued in the Christian +churches of Britain until the time of the Arian madness, +which, having corrupted the whole world, infected +this island also, so far removed from the rest of the +world, with the poison of its error; and when once a way +was opened across the sea for that plague, straightway +all the taint of every heresy fell upon the island, ever +desirous to hear some new thing, and never holding firm +to any sure belief. +</p> + +<p> +At this time Constantius, who, whilst Diocletian was +alive, governed Gaul and Spain, a man of great clemency +and urbanity, died in Britain. This man left his son +Constantine,<note place='foot'>Constantine the Great. For the legality of the marriage, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> +Dict. of Christian Biography, article <q>Helena.</q></note> born of Helena, his concubine, emperor of +the Gauls. Eutropius writes that Constantine, being +created emperor in Britain, succeeded his father in the +sovereignty. In his time the Arian heresy broke out, and +although it was exposed and condemned in the Council of +Nicaea,<note place='foot'>The First General Council, 325 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> It asserted the doctrine +of the ὁμοούσιον against Arius. For a short account of the heresy, +<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Gore, Bampton Lectures, pp. 89-92. All the evidence goes to +show that this heresy affected Britain much less than Bede, on +the authority of Gildas, here implies.</note> nevertheless, the deadly poison of its evil spread, +<pb n='020'/><anchor id='Pg020'/> +as has been said, to the Churches in the islands, as well +as to those of the rest of the world. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_I_Chap_IX'/> +<head>Chap. IX. How during the reign of Gratian, Maximus, +being created Emperor in Britain, returned into Gaul +with a mighty army.</head> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord 377,<note place='foot'>Valens died 378.</note> Gratian, the fortieth from +Augustus, held the empire for six years after the death +of Valens; though he had long before reigned with his +uncle Valens, and his brother Valentinian. Finding the +condition of the commonwealth much impaired, and +almost gone to ruin, and impelled by the necessity of +restoring it, he invested the Spaniard, Theodosius, with +the purple at Sirmium, and made him emperor of Thrace +and the Eastern provinces. At that time, Maximus,<note place='foot'>Another of the insular usurpers (cf. c. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_VI'>6</ref>). He had served under +the elder Theodosius in Britain. He revolted from Rome, successfully +repressed incursions of Picts and Scots, then crossed to Gaul, +where he maintained himself for four years, but was killed by the +Emperor, the younger Theodosius, at Aquileia, in 388.</note> a +man of energy and probity, and worthy of the title of +Augustus, if he had not broken his oath of allegiance, +was made emperor by the army somewhat against his +will, passed over into Gaul, and there by treachery slew +the Emperor Gratian, who in consternation at his sudden +invasion, was attempting to escape into Italy. His +brother, the Emperor Valentinian, expelled from Italy, +fled into the East, where he was entertained by Theodosius +with fatherly affection, and soon restored to the +empire, for Maximus the tyrant, being shut up in Aquileia, +was there taken by them and put to death. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_I_Chap_X'/> +<head>Chap. X. How, in the reign of Arcadius, Pelagius, a +Briton, insolently impugned the Grace of God.</head> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord 394,<note place='foot'>The real date is 395.</note> Arcadius, the son of Theodosius, +the forty-third from Augustus, succeeding to +<pb n='021'/><anchor id='Pg021'/> +the empire, with his brother Honorius, held it thirteen +years. In his time, Pelagius,<note place='foot'>Pelagius, the founder of the heresy known as Pelagianism, was +probably born in 370 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>, and is said to have been a Briton, but +the tradition that his real name was Morgan (Marigena, Graecised +Πελάγιος), and that he was a native of Bangor, rests on very doubtful +authority. His great opponent, St. Augustine, speaks of him +as a good and holy man; later slanders are to be attributed to +Jerome's abusive language. The cardinal point in his doctrine is +his denial of original sin, involving a too great reliance on the +human will in achieving holiness, and a limitation of the action of +the grace of God.</note> a Briton, spread far and +near the infection of his perfidious doctrine, denying the +assistance of the Divine grace, being seconded therein +by his associate Julianus of Campania,<note place='foot'>Julianus of Campania is regarded as the founder of semi-Pelagianism, +<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, an intermediate position between the orthodox +view and the heresy of Pelagius. He was Bishop of Eclanum, +near Beneventum, and was along with seventeen other Italian +bishops deposed in 418 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> for refusing to sign the circular letter of +Pope Zosimus condemning the heresy.</note> who was impelled +by an uncontrolled desire to recover his bishopric, of +which he had been deprived. St. Augustine, and the +other orthodox fathers, quoted many thousand catholic +authorities against them, but failed to amend their folly; +nay, more, their madness being rebuked was rather increased +by contradiction than suffered by them to be +purified through adherence to the truth; which Prosper, +the rhetorician,<note place='foot'>A native of Aquitaine, born probably about 403 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>, a strong +opponent of the Pelagians. It is uncertain whether he was in Holy +Orders or not. He wrote in prose and verse; his longest poem is +called <q>De Ingratis</q> (<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, opponents of the grace of God). His +best known work is a Chronicle, not to be confused with the +shorter chronicle of Prosper Tiro.</note> has beautifully expressed thus in heroic<note place='foot'>Bede includes elegiacs under this term, cf. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_VIII'>V, 8</ref>.</note> +verse:— +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +They tell that one, erewhile consumed with gnawing spite, +snake-like attacked Augustine in his writings. Who urged the +wretched viper to raise from the ground his head, howsoever hidden +in dens of darkness? Either the sea-girt Britons reared him with +the fruit of their soil, or fed on Campanian pastures his heart +swells with pride. +</quote> + +</div> + +<pb n='022'/><anchor id='Pg022'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_I_Chap_XI'/> +<head>Chap. XI. How during the reign of Honorius, Gratian +and Constantine were created tyrants in Britain; and +soon after the former was slain in Britain, and the latter +in Gaul.</head> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord 407,<note place='foot'>The date of Honorius is correct, but the invasion of Alaric is +put a year too late, if Bede refers to the first siege of Rome, in 408.</note> Honorius, the younger son +of Theodosius, and the forty-fourth from Augustus, being +emperor, two years before the invasion of Rome by +Alaric, king of the Goths, when the nations of the Alani, +Suevi, Vandals, and many others with them, having +defeated the Franks and passed the Rhine, ravaged all +Gaul, Gratianus, a citizen of the country, was set up as +tyrant in Britain and killed. In his place, Constantine, +one of the meanest soldiers, only for the hope afforded by +his name, and without any worth to recommend him, was +chosen emperor. As soon as he had taken upon him +the command, he crossed over into Gaul, where being +often imposed upon by the barbarians with untrustworthy +treaties, he did more harm than good to the Commonwealth.<note place='foot'>The British army, alarmed by the inroads of barbarians, and +actuated by a spirit of revolt against Roman authority, set up +three local emperors in rapid succession: Marcus, Gratian, and +Constantine. The first two they summarily deposed and killed, +but Constantine by a great victory made himself master of Gaul +and Britain and extorted from the Emperor Honorius a share in +the Imperial authority. Meanwhile, the Britons expelled the few +remaining Roman officials, and Honorius avenged himself on Constantine +for the loss of Britain in the manner described in the text.</note> +Whereupon Count Constantius,<note place='foot'>A Roman general, afterwards associated with Honorius in +the empire for a few months.</note> by the command +of Honorius, marching into Gaul with an army, +besieged him in the city of Arles, took him prisoner, and +put him to death. His son Constans, a monk, whom +he had created Caesar, was also put to death by his own +follower Count Gerontius,<note place='foot'>Gerontius (Welsh <foreign lang='cy' rend='italic'>Geraint</foreign>, akin to Irish <foreign lang='ga' rend='italic'>Gerat</foreign> or <foreign lang='ga' rend='italic'>Gerait</foreign>, a +champion), was a Briton, one of Constantine's generals. Turning +against his master, he invited the Germans to invade Gaul and +Britain, probably intending to secure Britain for himself. But his +own men conspired against him and he died by his own hand.</note> at Vienne. +</p> + +<pb n='023'/><anchor id='Pg023'/> + +<p> +Rome was taken by the Goths, in the year from its +foundation, 1164.<note place='foot'>Rome was taken 1163 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.u.c.</hi>; 410 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> Then the Romans ceased to rule in +Britain, almost 470 years after Caius Julius Caesar +came to the island. They dwelt within the rampart, +which, as we have mentioned, Severus made across the +island, on the south side of it, as the cities, watch-towers,<note place='foot'>Possibly <q>light-houses.</q></note> +bridges, and paved roads there made testify +to this day; but they had a right of dominion over the +farther parts of Britain, as also over the islands that are +beyond Britain. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_I_Chap_XII'/> +<head>Chap. XII. How the Britons, being ravaged by the +Scots and Picts, sought succour from the Romans, who +coming a second time, built a wall across the island; but +when this was broken down at once by the aforesaid +enemies, they were reduced to greater distress than +before.</head> + +<p> +From that time, the British part of Britain, destitute of +armed soldiers, of all military stores, and of the whole +flower of its active youth, who had been led away by +the rashness of the tyrants never to return, was wholly +exposed to rapine, the people being altogether ignorant +of the use of weapons. Whereupon they suffered many +years from the sudden invasions of two very savage +nations from beyond the sea, the Scots from the west, +and the Picts from the north. We call these nations from +beyond the sea, not on account of their being seated out +of Britain, but because they were separated from that part +of it which was possessed by the Britons, two broad and +long inlets of the sea lying between them, one of which +runs into the interior of Britain, from the Eastern Sea, +and the other from the Western, though they do not reach +so far as to touch one another. The eastern has in the +midst of it the city Giudi.<note place='foot'>Probably Inchkeith in the Forth. The Irish called the Firth of +Forth the <q>Sea of Giudan</q> (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Reeves' <q>Culdees,</q> p. 124). But +Professor Rhŷs is inclined to think that Bede has confused the +island Giudi with Urbs Giudi, which may perhaps be identified +with the Urbs Iudeu of Nennius, probably either Carriden or Edinburgh +(Rhŷs, <q>Celtic Britain</q>).</note> On the Western Sea, that is, +<pb n='024'/><anchor id='Pg024'/> +on its right shore, stands the city of Alcluith,<note place='foot'>Alcluith is the Welsh name (Ail = a rock). The Goidels called it +Dúnbrettan = the fortress of the Britons. Hence its modern name, +Dumbarton. The river is, of course, the Clyde.</note> which in +their language signifies the Rock Cluith, for it is close by +the river of that name. +</p> + +<p> +On account of the attacks of these nations, the Britons +sent messengers to Rome with letters piteously praying +for succour, and promising perpetual subjection, provided +that the impending enemy should be driven away. +An armed legion was immediately sent them, which, +arriving in the island, and engaging the enemy, slew a +great multitude of them, drove the rest out of the territories +of their allies, and having in the meanwhile delivered +them from their worst distress, advised them to build a +wall between the two seas across the island, that it +might secure them by keeping off the enemy. So they +returned home with great triumph. But the islanders +building the wall which they had been told to raise, not +of stone, since they had no workmen capable of such a +work, but of sods, made it of no use. Nevertheless, they +carried it for many miles between the two bays or inlets +of the sea of which we have spoken;<note place='foot'>This is the earthen rampart, about thirty-five miles in length, +between the Clyde and the Forth, now attributed to Antoninus +Pius. Little is known about it, and it is probable that it was soon +abandoned.</note> to the end that +where the protection of the water was wanting, they +might use the rampart to defend their borders from the +irruptions of the enemies. Of the work there erected, +that is, of a rampart of great breadth and height, there +are evident remains to be seen at this day. It begins at +about two miles' distance from the monastery of Aebbercurnig,<note place='foot'>Abercorn, a village on the south bank of the Firth of Forth.</note> +west of it, at a place called in the Pictish +language Peanfahel,<note place='foot'>The name is probably Celtic (Goidelic), though, if the view +which regards the Picts as a non-Celtic people be correct, it may +show traces of Pictish influence. It seems to be connected with +the Latin term <q>penna valli</q> = wing of (<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, pinnacle or turret at +end of) the <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>vallum</foreign>. Readers of Scott's <q>Antiquary</q> will remember +the celebrated dispute with regard to this word. The Anglian +<foreign rend='italic'>Penneltun</foreign> is derived from the Goidelic name.</note> but in the English tongue, Penneltun, +<pb n='025'/><anchor id='Pg025'/> +and running westward, ends near the city of +Alcluith. +</p> + +<p> +But the former enemies, when they perceived that the +Roman soldiers were gone, immediately coming by sea, +broke into the borders, trampled and overran all places, +and like men mowing ripe corn, bore down all before +them. Hereupon messengers were again sent to Rome +miserably imploring aid, lest their wretched country +should be utterly blotted out, and the name of a Roman +province, so long renowned among them, overthrown by +the cruelties of foreign races, might become utterly contemptible. +A legion was accordingly sent again, and, +arriving unexpectedly in autumn, made great slaughter +of the enemy, obliging all those that could escape, to flee +beyond the sea; whereas before, they were wont yearly +to carry off their booty without any opposition. Then +the Romans declared to the Britons, that they could not +for the future undertake such troublesome expeditions for +their sake, and advised them rather to take up arms and +make an effort to engage their enemies, who could not +prove too powerful for them, unless they themselves +were enervated by cowardice. Moreover, thinking that +it might be some help to the allies, whom they were +forced to abandon, they constructed a strong stone wall +from sea to sea, in a straight line between the towns +that had been there built for fear of the enemy, where +Severus also had formerly built a rampart.<note place='foot'>This probably refers to the wall now attributed to Hadrian +(<hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_V'>5</ref> note). It ran for a distance of about eighty-five miles from +Bowness-on-Solway to Wallsend-on-Tyne. Bede's authorities are +Orosius and Gildas. The accounts he gives here and in c. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_V'>5</ref> are +an attempt to explain the difficulties and conflicting evidence with +regard to these walls.</note> This famous +wall, which is still to be seen, was raised at public and +private expense, the Britons also lending their assistance. +It is eight feet in breadth, and twelve in height, in +a straight line from east to west, as is still evident to +<pb n='026'/><anchor id='Pg026'/> +beholders. This being presently finished, they gave the +dispirited people good advice, and showed them how to +furnish themselves with arms. Besides, they built towers +to command a view of the sea, at intervals, on the +southern coast, where their ships lay, because there also +the invasions of the barbarians were apprehended, and +so took leave of their allies, never to return again. +</p> + +<p> +After their departure to their own country, the Scots +and Picts, understanding that they had refused to return, +at once came back, and growing more confident than +they had been before, occupied all the northern and +farthest part of the island, driving out the natives, as far +as the wall. Hereupon a timorous guard was placed upon +the fortification, where, dazed with fear, they became +ever more dispirited day by day. On the other side, the +enemy constantly attacked them with barbed weapons, +by which the cowardly defenders were dragged in piteous +fashion from the wall, and dashed against the ground. +At last, the Britons, forsaking their cities and wall, took +to flight and were scattered. The enemy pursued, and +forthwith followed a massacre more grievous than ever +before; for the wretched natives were torn in pieces by +their enemies, as lambs are torn by wild beasts. Thus, +being expelled from their dwellings and lands, they saved +themselves from the immediate danger of starvation by +robbing and plundering one another, adding to the +calamities inflicted by the enemy their own domestic +broils, till the whole country was left destitute of food +except such as could be procured in the chase. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_I_Chap_XIII'/> +<head>Chap. XIII. How in the reign of Theodosius the younger, +in whose time Palladius was sent to the Scots that believed +in Christ, the Britons begging assistance of Ætius, the +consul, could not obtain it. [446 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord 423, Theodosius, the younger, +the forty-fifth from Augustus, succeeded Honorius and +governed the Roman empire twenty-six years. In the +<pb n='027'/><anchor id='Pg027'/> +eighth year of his reign,<note place='foot'>In 431 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> There is much confusion with regard to the mission +of Palladius. According to later accounts, he was an unsuccessful +forerunner of St. Patrick, but Bede here, following Prosper of +Aquitaine, represents the Irish (Scotti) as in part already Christian. +The origin of Irish Christianity is very obscure, and some have +even doubted the existence of St. Patrick. Bede only mentions +him once, viz., in the <q>Martyrology,</q> which has been largely interpolated, +and is, perhaps, not his genuine work. St. Patrick's latest +biographer, Professor Bury, has, however, clearly established a +certain amount of fact underlying much legendary matter. Some +later authorities represent Palladius as preaching to the Scots (in +the modern sense) and Patrick to the Irish.</note> Palladius was sent by Celestinus, +the Roman pontiff, to the Scots that believed in Christ, +to be their first bishop. In the twenty-third year of his +reign, Aetius,<note place='foot'>The great Roman general who preserved the Western Empire +against the invasions of the barbarians for many years. He was +assassinated by Valentinian in 454 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> a man of note and a patrician, discharged +his third consulship with Symmachus for his colleague. +To him the wretched remnant of the Britons sent a letter, +which began thus:—<q>To Aetius, thrice Consul, the +groans of the Britons.</q> And in the sequel of the letter +they thus unfolded their woes:—<q>The barbarians drive +us to the sea; the sea drives us back to the barbarians: +between them we are exposed to two sorts of death; we +are either slaughtered or drowned.</q> Yet, for all this, +they could not obtain any help from him, as he was then +engaged in most serious wars with Bledla and Attila, +kings of the Huns. And though the year before this<note place='foot'>Really two years before, 444 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> +Bledla had been murdered by the treachery of his own +brother Attila, yet Attila himself remained so intolerable +an enemy to the Republic, that he ravaged almost all +Europe, attacking and destroying cities and castles. At +the same time there was a famine at Constantinople, and +soon after a plague followed; moreover, a great part of +the wall of that city, with fifty-seven towers, fell to the +ground. Many cities also went to ruin, and the famine +and pestilential state of the air destroyed thousands of +men and cattle. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='028'/><anchor id='Pg028'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chap. XIV. How the Britons, compelled by the great +famine, drove the barbarians out of their territories; +and soon after there ensued, along with abundance of +corn, decay of morals, pestilence, and the downfall of +the nation.</head> + +<p> +In the meantime, the aforesaid famine distressing the +Britons more and more, and leaving to posterity a lasting +memory of its mischievous effects, obliged many of +them to submit themselves to the depredators; though +others still held out, putting their trust in God, when +human help failed. These continually made raids from +the mountains, caves, and woods, and, at length, began +to inflict severe losses on their enemies, who had been +for so many years plundering the country. The bold +Irish robbers thereupon returned home, intending to +come again before long. The Picts then settled down in +the farthest part of the island and afterwards remained +there, but they did not fail to plunder and harass the +Britons from time to time. +</p> + +<p> +Now, when the ravages of the enemy at length abated, +the island began to abound with such plenty of grain as +had never been known in any age before; along with +plenty, evil living increased, and this was immediately +attended by the taint of all manner of crime; in particular, +cruelty, hatred of truth, and love of falsehood; +insomuch, that if any one among them happened to be +milder than the rest, and more inclined to truth, all the +rest abhorred and persecuted him unrestrainedly, as if +he had been the enemy of Britain. Nor were the laity +only guilty of these things, but even our Lord's own +flock, with its shepherds, casting off the easy yoke of +Christ, gave themselves up to drunkenness, enmity, +quarrels, strife, envy, and other such sins. In the meantime, +on a sudden, a grievous plague fell upon that +corrupt generation, which soon destroyed such numbers +of them, that the living scarcely availed to bury the dead: +yet, those that survived, could not be recalled from the +spiritual death, which they had incurred through their +<pb n='029'/><anchor id='Pg029'/> +sins, either by the death of their friends, or the fear of +death. Whereupon, not long after, a more severe vengeance +for their fearful crimes fell upon the sinful nation. +They held a council to determine what was to be done, +and where they should seek help to prevent or repel the +cruel and frequent incursions of the northern nations; +and in concert with their King Vortigern,<note place='foot'>Though he is the subject of many legends, Vortigern is doubtless +a historical figure, a ruler of south-eastern Britain. Bede's form +of the name, Uurtigernus, is right. It is a British word, meaning +<q>supreme lord</q> (Rhŷs).</note> it was unanimously +decided to call the Saxons to their aid from beyond +the sea, which, as the event plainly showed, was brought +about by the Lord's will, that evil might fall upon them +for their wicked deeds. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_I_Chap_XV'/> +<head>Chap. XV. How the Angles, being invited into Britain, +at first drove off the enemy; but not long after, making +a league with them, turned their weapons against their +allies.</head> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord 449,<note place='foot'>The date of Marcian's succession is 450.</note> Marcian, the forty-sixth from +Augustus, being made emperor with Valentinian, ruled +the empire seven years. Then the nation of the Angles, +or Saxons,<note place='foot'>Bede only professes to give the date of the invasion approximately: +cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXIV'>V, 24</ref> (<q>quorum tempore</q>), <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXIII'>I, 23</ref>; <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XIV'>II, 14</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIII'>V, 23</ref> (<q>circiter</q>), +calculating in round numbers apparently. He refers here +to their first settlement, which, of course, does not preclude earlier +attacks.</note> being invited by the aforesaid king,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, Vortigern.</note> arrived +in Britain with three ships of war and had a place in +which to settle assigned to them by the same king, in +the eastern part of the island, on the pretext of fighting +in defence of their country, whilst their real intentions +were to conquer it. Accordingly they engaged with the +enemy, who were come from the north to give battle, +and the Saxons obtained the victory. When the news of +their success and of the fertility of the country, and the +cowardice of the Britons, reached their own home, a +<pb n='030'/><anchor id='Pg030'/> +more considerable fleet was quickly sent over, bringing +a greater number of men, and these, being added to the +former army, made up an invincible force. The newcomers +received of the Britons a place to inhabit among +them, upon condition that they should wage war against +their enemies for the peace and security of the country, +whilst the Britons agreed to furnish them with pay. +Those who came over were of the three most powerful +nations of Germany—Saxons, Angles, and Jutes. From +the Jutes are descended the people of Kent, and of the +Isle of Wight, including those in the province of the +West-Saxons who are to this day called Jutes, seated +opposite to the Isle of Wight. From the Saxons, that +is, the country which is now called Old Saxony, came +the East-Saxons, the South-Saxons, and the West-Saxons. +From the Angles, that is, the country which is +called Angulus,<note place='foot'><foreign rend='italic'>Anglia</foreign> was believed to be derived from <foreign rend='italic'>Angulus</foreign>. The country +is the modern Schleswig, which the Angles appear to have almost +entirely evacuated. For the Continental Saxons, cf. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_IX'>V, 9</ref>. It has +been supposed that the Jutes came from Jutland, where, at a later +period, they mingled with the Danes (<hi rend='italic'>ibid.</hi>), but this is now regarded +as doubtful.</note> and which is said, from that time, to +have remained desert to this day, between the provinces +of the Jutes and the Saxons, are descended the East-Angles, +the Midland-Angles, the Mercians, all the race of +the Northumbrians, that is, of those nations that dwell +on the north side of the river Humber, and the other +nations of the Angles. The first commanders are said +to have been the two brothers Hengist and Horsa. +Of these Horsa was afterwards slain in battle by the +Britons,<note place='foot'>At Aylesford, in Kent. Horsted is the traditional burial-place +of Horsa.</note> and a monument, bearing his name, is still +in existence in the eastern parts of Kent. They were +the sons of Victgilsus, whose father was Vitta, son of +Vecta, son of Woden; from whose stock the royal +race of many provinces trace their descent. In a short +time, swarms of the aforesaid nations came over into the +island, and the foreigners began to increase so much, +that they became a source of terror to the natives themselves +<pb n='031'/><anchor id='Pg031'/> +who had invited them. Then, having on a sudden +entered into league with the Picts, whom they had by +this time repelled by force of arms, they began to turn +their weapons against their allies. At first, they obliged +them to furnish a greater quantity of provisions; and, +seeking an occasion of quarrel, protested, that unless +more plentiful supplies were brought them, they would +break the league, and ravage all the island; nor were +they backward in putting their threats into execution. +In short, the fire kindled by the hands of the pagans, +proved God's just vengeance for the crimes of the people; +not unlike that which, being of old lighted by the Chaldeans, +consumed the walls and all the buildings of Jerusalem. +For here, too, through the agency of the pitiless +conqueror, yet by the disposal of the just Judge, it +ravaged all the neighbouring cities and country, spread +the conflagration from the eastern to the western sea, +without any opposition, and overran the whole face of +the doomed island. Public as well as private buildings +were overturned; the priests were everywhere slain +before the altars; no respect was shown for office, the +prelates with the people were destroyed with fire and +sword; nor were there any left to bury those who had been +thus cruelly slaughtered. Some of the miserable remnant, +being taken in the mountains, were butchered in heaps. +Others, spent with hunger, came forth and submitted +themselves to the enemy, to undergo for the sake of food +perpetual servitude, if they were not killed upon the +spot. Some, with sorrowful hearts, fled beyond the seas. +Others, remaining in their own country, led a miserable +life of terror and anxiety of mind among the mountains, +woods and crags. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_I_Chap_XVI'/> +<head>Chap. XVI. How the Britons obtained their first victory +over the Angles, under the command of Ambrosius, a +Roman.</head> + +<p> +When the army of the enemy, having destroyed and dispersed +the natives, had returned home to their own +<pb n='032'/><anchor id='Pg032'/> +settlements,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, in Thanet.</note> the Britons began by degrees to take heart, +and gather strength, sallying out of the lurking places +where they had concealed themselves, and with one +accord imploring the Divine help, that they might not +utterly be destroyed. They had at that time for their +leader, Ambrosius Aurelianus,<note place='foot'>The most probable view is that he was the last of those +Romans who usurped imperial authority in Britain (<hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> cc. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_VI'>6</ref>, <ref target='Book_I_Chap_IX'>9</ref>).</note> a man of worth, who +alone, by chance, of the Roman nation had survived the +storm, in which his parents, who were of the royal race, +had perished. Under him the Britons revived, and offering +battle to the victors, by the help of God, gained +the victory. From that day, sometimes the natives, and +sometimes their enemies, prevailed, till the year of the +siege of Badon-hill,<note place='foot'>The identification of this place with Badbury, in Dorsetshire +(Guest, followed by Freeman and Green) seems to be disproved +(W. H. Stevenson, in the <q>English Historical Review,</q> xvii, pp. +633, 634). The locality is quite uncertain; Skene actually places it +near Linlithgow. According to Bede's reckoning the date of the +battle would be 493 approximately. The <q>Annales Cambriae</q> +give 516. For a full discussion of the question, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Plummer, <hi rend='italic'>ad loc.</hi> +Cf. also Mr. Stevenson's article.</note> when they made no small slaughter +of those enemies, about forty-four years after their arrival +in England. But of this hereafter. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_I_Chap_XVII'/> +<head>Chap. XVII. How Germanus the Bishop, sailing into +Britain with Lupus, first quelled the tempest of the sea, +and afterwards that of the Pelagians, by Divine power. +[429 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Some few years before their arrival, the Pelagian heresy, +brought over by Agricola, the son of Severianus,<note place='foot'>Nothing more is known of them. Pelagius left Britain in early +life and did not himself spread his heresy there.</note> a +Pelagian bishop, had corrupted with its foul taint the +faith of the Britons. But whereas they absolutely refused +to embrace that perverse doctrine, and blaspheme the +grace of Christ, yet were not able of themselves to confute +the subtilty of the unholy belief by force of argument, +<pb n='033'/><anchor id='Pg033'/> +they bethought them of wholesome counsels and +determined to crave aid of the Gallican prelates in that +spiritual warfare. Hereupon, these, having assembled a +great synod, consulted together to determine what persons +should be sent thither to sustain the faith, and by +unanimous consent, choice was made of the apostolic +prelates, Germanus, Bishop of Auxerre, and Lupus of +Troyes,<note place='foot'>The life of Germanus was written by Constantius, a priest of +Lyons, who is Bede's authority for cc. 17-21. According to him, +these bishops were sent to Britain by a Gallican Synod. Prosper of +Aquitaine attributes the origin of the mission to Pope Celestine, +<q>acting on the advice of the deacon Palladius</q> (probably the +missionary to the Irish mentioned c. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XIII'>13</ref>). The two statements are +not irreconcilable (cf. Bright, p. 18). There are churches dedicated +to SS. Germanus and Lupus in Wales and Cornwall. Both had +been trained in the school of Lérins, a monastery in the group of +islands off the coast at Cannes.</note> to go into Britain to confirm the people's faith +in the grace of God. With ready zeal they complied with +the request and commands of the Holy Church, and put +to sea. The ship sped safely with favouring winds till +they were halfway between the coast of Gaul and Britain. +There on a sudden they were obstructed by the malevolence +of demons, who were jealous that men of such +eminence and piety should be sent to bring back the +people to salvation. They raised storms, and darkened +the sky with clouds. The sails could not support the +fury of the winds, the sailors' skill was forced to give +way, the ship was sustained by prayer, not by strength, +and as it happened, their spiritual leader and bishop, +being spent with weariness, had fallen asleep. Then, +as if because resistance flagged, the tempest gathered +strength, and the ship, overwhelmed by the waves, was +ready to sink. Then the blessed Lupus and all the rest, +greatly troubled, awakened their elder, that he might +oppose the raging elements. He, showing himself the +more resolute in proportion to the greatness of the +danger, called upon Christ, and having, in the name +of the Holy Trinity, taken and sprinkled a little water, +quelled the raging waves, admonished his companion, +encouraged all, and all with one consent uplifted their +<pb n='034'/><anchor id='Pg034'/> +voices in prayer. Divine help was granted, the enemies +were put to flight, a cloudless calm ensued, the winds +veering about set themselves again to forward their +voyage, the sea was soon traversed, and they reached +the quiet of the wished-for shore. A multitude flocking +thither from all parts, received the bishops, whose +coming had been foretold by the predictions even of +their adversaries. For the evil spirits declared their fear, +and when the bishops expelled them from the bodies of +the possessed, they made known the nature of the +tempest, and the dangers they had occasioned, and confessed +that they had been overcome by the merits and +authority of these men. +</p> + +<p> +In the meantime the bishops speedily filled the island +of Britain with the fame of their preaching and miracles; +and the Word of God was by them daily preached, not +only in the churches, but even in the streets and fields, +so that the faithful and Catholic were everywhere confirmed, +and those who had been perverted accepted the +way of amendment. Like the Apostles, they acquired +honour and authority through a good conscience, learning +through the study of letters, and the power of working +miracles through their merits. Thus the whole +country readily came over to their way of thinking; the +authors of the erroneous belief kept themselves in hiding, +and, like evil spirits, grieved for the loss of the people +that were rescued from them. At length, after long +deliberation, they had the boldness to enter the lists.<note place='foot'>This conference is said to have been held at Verulam.</note> +They came forward in all the splendour of their wealth, +with gorgeous apparel, and supported by a numerous +following; choosing rather to hazard the contest, than +to undergo among the people whom they had led astray, +the reproach of having been silenced, lest they should +seem by saying nothing to condemn themselves. An +immense multitude had been attracted thither with their +wives and children. The people were present as spectators +and judges; the two parties stood there in very different +case; on the one side was Divine faith, on the other +<pb n='035'/><anchor id='Pg035'/> +human presumption; on the one side piety, on the other +pride; on the one side Pelagius, the founder of their +faith, on the other Christ. The blessed bishops permitted +their adversaries to speak first, and their empty speech +long took up the time and filled the ears with meaningless +words. Then the venerable prelates poured forth +the torrent of their eloquence and showered upon them +the words of Apostles and Evangelists, mingling the +Scriptures with their own discourse and supporting their +strongest assertions by the testimony of the written +Word. Vainglory was vanquished and unbelief refuted; +and the heretics, at every argument put before them, not +being able to reply, confessed their errors. The people, +giving judgement, could scarce refrain from violence, +and signified their verdict by their acclamations. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_I_Chap_XVIII'/> +<head>Chap. XVIII. How the some holy man gave sight to the +blind daughter of a tribune, and then coming to St. +Alban, there received of his relics, and left other relics +of the blessed Apostles and other martyrs. [429 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +After this, a certain man, who held the office of tribune, +came forward with his wife, and brought his blind +daughter, a child of ten years of age, to be healed of the +bishops. They ordered her to be brought to their adversaries, +who, being rebuked by their own conscience, +joined their entreaties to those of the child's parents, and +besought the bishops that she might be healed. They, +therefore, perceiving their adversaries to yield, poured +forth a short prayer, and then Germanus, full of the +Holy Ghost, invoking the Trinity, at once drew from his +side a casket which hung about his neck, containing +relics of the saints, and, taking it in his hands, applied +it in the sight of all to the girl's eyes, which were immediately +delivered from darkness and filled with the +light of truth. The parents rejoiced, and the people were +filled with awe at the miracle; and after that day, the +heretical beliefs were so fully obliterated from the minds +<pb n='036'/><anchor id='Pg036'/> +of all, that they thirsted for and sought after the doctrine +of the bishops. +</p> + +<p> +This damnable heresy being thus suppressed, and the +authors thereof confuted, and all the people settled in +the purity of the faith, the bishops went to the tomb of +the martyr, the blessed Alban, to give thanks to God +through him. There Germanus, having with him relics of +all the Apostles, and of divers martyrs, after offering up +his prayers, commanded the tomb to be opened, that he +might lay therein the precious gifts; judging it fitting, +that the limbs of saints brought together from divers +countries, as their equal merits had procured them admission +into heaven, should find shelter in one tomb. +These being honourably bestowed, and laid together, he +took up a handful of dust from the place where the +blessed martyr's blood had been shed, to carry away +with him. In this dust the blood had been preserved, +showing that the slaughter of the martyrs was red, though +the persecutor was pale in death.<note place='foot'>Bede's authority, Constantius, shows here the first trace of any +acquaintance of early historians with the story of St. Alban. The +last sentence is somewhat obscure. Probably the idea is that the +blood of the martyrs continues to cry aloud for vengeance.</note> In consequence of +these things, an innumerable multitude of people was +that day converted to the Lord. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chap. XIX. How the same holy man, being detained +there by sickness, by his prayers quenched a fire that had +broken out among the houses, and was himself cured of +his infirmity by a vision. [429 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +As they were returning thence, the treacherous enemy, +having, as it chanced, prepared a snare, caused Germanus +to bruise his foot by a fall, not knowing that, as it was +with the blessed Job, his merits would be but increased +by bodily affliction. Whilst he was thus detained some +time in the same place by his infirmity, a fire broke out +in a cottage neighbouring to that in which he was; and +having burned down the other houses which were thatched +<pb n='037'/><anchor id='Pg037'/> +with reed, fanned by the wind, was carried on to the +dwelling in which he lay. The people all flocked to the +prelate, entreating that they might lift him in their arms, +and save him from the impending danger. But he rebuked +them, and in the assurance of his faith, would +not suffer himself to be removed. The whole multitude, +in terror and despair, ran to oppose the conflagration; +but, for the greater manifestation of the Divine power, +whatsoever the crowd endeavoured to save, was destroyed; +and what the sick and helpless man defended, +the flame avoided and passed by, though the house that +sheltered the holy man lay open to it,<note place='foot'>Reading <q>reserato.</q> The reading <q>reservato</q> is perhaps +easier and has some MS. authority.</note> and while the fire +raged on every side, the place in which he lay appeared +untouched, amid the general conflagration. The multitude +rejoiced at the miracle, and was gladly vanquished +by the power of God. A great crowd of people watched +day and night before the humble cottage; some to have +their souls healed, and some their bodies. All that +Christ wrought in the person of his servant, all the +wonders the sick man performed cannot be told. Moreover, +he would suffer no medicines to be applied to his +infirmity; but one night he saw one clad in garments as +white as snow, standing by him, who reaching out his +hand, seemed to raise him up, and ordered him to stand +firm upon his feet; from which time his pain ceased, and +he was so perfectly restored, that when the day came, +with good courage he set forth upon his journey. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chap. XX. How the same Bishops brought help from +Heaven to the Britons in a battle, and then returned +home. [430 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the meantime, the Saxons and Picts, with their united +forces, made war upon the Britons, who in these straits +were compelled to take up arms. In their terror thinking +themselves unequal to their enemies, they implored the +<pb n='038'/><anchor id='Pg038'/> +assistance of the holy bishops; who, hastening to them +as they had promised, inspired so much confidence into +these fearful people, that one would have thought they +had been joined by a mighty army. Thus, by these apostolic +leaders, Christ Himself commanded in their camp. +The holy days of Lent were also at hand, and were +rendered more sacred by the presence of the bishops, insomuch +that the people being instructed by daily sermons, +came together eagerly to receive the grace of baptism. +For a great multitude of the army desired admission to +the saving waters, and a wattled church was constructed +for the Feast of the Resurrection of our Lord, and so +fitted up for the army in the field as if it were in a city. +Still wet with the baptismal water the troops set forth; +the faith of the people was fired; and where arms had +been deemed of no avail, they looked to the help of God. +News reached the enemy of the manner and method of +their purification,<note place='foot'>Reading <q>castitatis,</q> from which it is difficult to extract any +meaning. The above strains the Latin unduly. Constantius has +<q>castrorum,</q> which gives a better sense.</note> who, assured of success, as if they +had to deal with an unarmed host, hastened forward +with renewed eagerness. But their approach was made +known by scouts. When, after the celebration of Easter, +the greater part of the army, fresh from the font, began +to take up arms and prepare for war, Germanus offered +to be their leader. He picked out the most active, explored +the country round about, and observed, in the +way by which the enemy was expected, a valley encompassed +by hills<note place='foot'>Maes-y-Garmon (<q>The Field of Germanus</q>), near Mold, in +Flintshire, has been fixed upon as the scene of the Hallelujah +Victory, and the river in which the army was baptized is said to be +the Alyn (Ussher, <q>Antiqq.</q>). The story is generally regarded +as legendary.</note> of moderate height. In that place he +drew up his untried troops, himself acting as their +general. And now a formidable host of foes drew near, +visible, as they approached, to his men lying in ambush. +Then, on a sudden, Germanus, bearing the standard, +exhorted his men, and bade them all in a loud voice repeat +<pb n='039'/><anchor id='Pg039'/> +his words. As the enemy advanced in all security, +thinking to take them by surprise, the bishops three +times cried, <q>Hallelujah.</q> A universal shout of the +same word followed, and the echoes from the surrounding +hills gave back the cry on all sides, the enemy was +panic-stricken, fearing, not only the neighbouring rocks, +but even the very frame of heaven above them; and such +was their terror, that their feet were not swift enough to +save them. They fled in disorder, casting away their +arms, and well satisfied if, even with unprotected bodies, +they could escape the danger; many of them, flying headlong +in their fear, were engulfed by the river which they +had crossed. The Britons, without a blow, inactive +spectators of the victory they had gained, beheld their +vengeance complete. The scattered spoils were gathered +up, and the devout soldiers rejoiced in the success which +Heaven had granted them. The prelates thus triumphed +over the enemy without bloodshed, and gained a victory +by faith, without the aid of human force. Thus, having +settled the affairs of the island, and restored tranquillity +by the defeat of the invisible foes, as well as of enemies +in the flesh, they prepared to return home. Their own +merits, and the intercession of the blessed martyr Alban, +obtained for them a calm passage, and the happy vessel +restored them in peace to the desires of their people. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chap. XXI. How, when the Pelagian heresy began to +spring up afresh, Germanus, returning to Britain with +Severus, first restored bodily strength to a lame youth, +then spiritual health to the people of God, having condemned +or converted the Heretics. [447 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Not long after, news was brought from the same island, +that certain persons were again attempting to teach and +spread abroad the Pelagian heresy, and again the holy +Germanus was entreated by all the priests, that he would +defend the cause of God, which he had before maintained. +He speedily complied with their request; and taking +<pb n='040'/><anchor id='Pg040'/> +with him Severus,<note place='foot'>Thirteenth bishop of Trèves. This account sums up nearly all +that is known of him.</note> a man of singular sanctity, who was +disciple to the blessed father, Lupus, bishop of Troyes, +and at that time, having been ordained bishop of the +Treveri, was preaching the Word of God to the tribes of +Upper Germany, put to sea, and with favouring winds +and calm waters sailed to Britain.<note place='foot'>This second voyage of St. Germanus is supposed to have taken +place about eighteen years after the first, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, in 447.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In the meantime, the evil spirits, speeding through the +whole island, were constrained against their will to foretell +that Germanus was coming, insomuch, that one +Elafius, a chief of that region, without tidings from any +visible messenger, hastened to meet the holy men, carrying +with him his son, who in the very flower of his youth +laboured under a grievous infirmity; for the sinews of +the knee were wasted and shrunk, so that the withered +limb was denied the power to walk. All the country +followed this Elafius. The bishops arrived, and were +met by the ignorant multitude, whom they blessed, and +preached the Word of God to them. They found the +people constant in the faith as they had left them; and +learning that but few had gone astray, they sought out +the authors of the evil and condemned them. Then +suddenly Elafius cast himself at the feet of the bishops, +presenting his son, whose distress was visible and needed +no words to express it. All were grieved, but especially +the bishops, who, filled with pity, invoked the mercy of +God; and straightway the blessed Germanus, causing +the youth to sit down, touched the bent and feeble knee +and passed his healing hand over all the diseased part. +At once health was restored by the power of his touch, +the withered limb regained its vigour, the sinews resumed +their task, and the youth was, in the presence of all the +people, delivered whole to his father. The multitude was +amazed at the miracle, and the Catholic faith was firmly +established in the hearts of all; after which, they were, +in a sermon, exhorted to amend their error. By the judgement +of all, the exponents of the heresy, who had been +<pb n='041'/><anchor id='Pg041'/> +banished from the island, were brought before the bishops, +to be conveyed into the continent, that the country might +be rid of them, and they corrected of their errors. So it +came to pass that the faith in those parts continued long +after pure and untainted. Thus when they had settled +all things, the blessed prelates returned home as prosperously +as they had come. +</p> + +<p> +But Germanus, after this, went to Ravenna to intercede +for the tranquillity of the Armoricans,<note place='foot'>The Armoricans had revolted, and Aetius (<hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XIII'>13</ref> and note) +had enlisted the services of the Alani against them. Germanus, +who had at one time been duke of the Armoricans, went to the +Imperial Court at Ravenna to intercede for them.</note> where, after being +very honourably received by Valentinian and his mother, +Placidia, he departed hence to Christ; his body was conveyed +to his own city with a splendid retinue, and mighty +works attended his passage to the grave. Not long after, +Valentinian was murdered by the followers of Aetius, the +patrician, whom he had put to death, in the sixth<note place='foot'>Really the fifth (16th March, 455 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>). Romulus Augustulus +is usually regarded as the last emperor of the west. He was overthrown +in 476 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> year +of the reign of Marcian, and with him ended the empire +of the West. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chap. XXII. How the Britons, being for a time at rest +from foreign invasions, wore themselves out by civil wars, +and at the same time gave themselves up to more heinous +crimes.</head> + +<p> +In the meantime, in Britain, there was some respite from +foreign, but not from civil war. The cities destroyed by +the enemy and abandoned remained in ruins; and the +natives, who had escaped the enemy, now fought against +each other. Nevertheless, the kings, priests, private men, +and the nobility, still remembering the late calamities +and slaughters, in some measure kept within bounds; +but when these died, and another generation succeeded, +which knew nothing of those times, and was only acquainted +with the existing peaceable state of things, all +<pb n='042'/><anchor id='Pg042'/> +the bonds of truth and justice were so entirely broken, +that there was not only no trace of them remaining, but +only very few persons seemed to retain any memory of +them at all. To other crimes beyond description, which +their own historian, Gildas,<note place='foot'>The British historian, author of the <q>De Excidio Liber Querulus,</q> +so called from the historian's denunciations of the sins of the +Britons. He himself tells us that he was born in the year of the +battle of Badon Hill (Mons Badonicus), and that he wrote his +History forty-four years after that date. According to Bede (cf. +c. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XV'>15</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi>, and c. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XVI'>16</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi>) this would place his birth +approximately in the year 493, but see note on c. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XVI'>16</ref>.</note> mournfully relates, they +added this—that they never preached the faith to the +Saxons, or English, who dwelt amongst them. Nevertheless, +the goodness of God did not forsake his people, +whom he foreknew, but sent to the aforesaid nation much +more worthy heralds of the truth, to bring it to the faith. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_I_Chap_XXIII'/> +<head>Chap. XXIII. How the holy Pope Gregory sent Augustine, +with other monks, to preach to the English nation, +and encouraged them by a letter of exhortation, not to +desist from their labour. [596 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord 582, Maurice, the fifty-fourth +from Augustus, ascended the throne, and reigned twenty-one +years. In the tenth year of his reign, Gregory,<note place='foot'>Gregory the Great. Cf. <ref target='Preface'>Preface</ref>. Bede places the date of his +accession a year too late as well as that of his death (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi>, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_I'>II, 1</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad +init.</hi>, but in the same chapter he rightly places his death in the +second year of Phocas, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, 604).</note> a +man eminent in learning and the conduct of affairs, was +promoted to the Apostolic see of Rome, and presided +over it thirteen years, six months and ten days. He, +being moved by Divine inspiration, in the fourteenth +year of the same emperor, and about the one hundred +and fiftieth after the coming of the English into Britain, +sent the servant of God, Augustine,<note place='foot'>Augustine was prior of St. Gregory's Monastery dedicated to +St. Andrew in Rome.</note> and with him divers +other monks, who feared the Lord, to preach the Word +of God to the English nation. They having, in obedience +<pb n='043'/><anchor id='Pg043'/> +to the pope's commands, undertaken that work, when +they had gone but a little way on their journey, were +seized with craven terror, and began to think of returning +home, rather than proceed to a barbarous, fierce, +and unbelieving nation, to whose very language they were +strangers; and by common consent they decided that this +was the safer course. At once Augustine, who had been +appointed to be consecrated bishop, if they should be +received by the English, was sent back, that he might, by +humble entreaty, obtain of the blessed Gregory, that +they should not be compelled to undertake so dangerous, +toilsome, and uncertain a journey. The pope, in reply, +sent them a letter of exhortation, persuading them to set +forth to the work of the Divine Word, and rely on the help +of God. The purport of which letter was as follows: +</p> + +<p> +<q><hi rend='italic'>Gregory, the servant of the servants of God, to the +servants of our Lord.</hi> Forasmuch as it had been better +not to begin a good work, than to think of desisting from +one which has been begun, it behoves you, my beloved +sons, to fulfil with all diligence the good work, which, by +the help of the Lord, you have undertaken. Let not, +therefore, the toil of the journey, nor the tongues of evil-speaking +men, discourage you; but with all earnestness +and zeal perform, by God's guidance, that which you have +set about; being assured, that great labour is followed +by the greater glory of an eternal reward. When +Augustine, your Superior, returns, whom we also constitute +your abbot, humbly obey him in all things; knowing, +that whatsoever you shall do by his direction, will, +in all respects, be profitable to your souls. Almighty +God protect you with His grace, and grant that I may, in +the heavenly country, see the fruits of your labour, inasmuch +as, though I cannot labour with you, I shall partake +in the joy of the reward, because I am willing to +labour. God keep you in safety, my most beloved sons. +Given the 23rd of July, in the fourteenth year of the reign +of our most religious lord, Mauritius Tiberius Augustus, +the thirteenth year after the consulship of our lord aforesaid, +and the fourteenth indiction.</q><note place='foot'>Cf. IV, 5, p. <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref>, note.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='044'/><anchor id='Pg044'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_I_Chap_XXIV'/> +<head>Chap. XXIV. How he wrote to the bishop of Arles to +entertain them. [596 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +The same venerable pope also sent at the same time +a letter to Aetherius, archbishop of Arles,<note place='foot'>This is a mistake. Aetherius was archbishop of Lyons. Vergilius +was archbishop of Arles. The letter given here, however, is +the letter sent to Aetherius. Similar letters were despatched to +other bishops at this time; among them one to Vergilius of Arles.</note> exhorting him +to give favourable entertainment to Augustine on his way +to Britain; which letter was in these words: +</p> + +<p> +<q><hi rend='italic'>To his most reverend and holy brother and fellow +bishop Aetherius, Gregory, the servant of the servants of +God.</hi> Although religious men stand in need of no recommendation +with priests who have the charity which +is pleasing to God; yet because an opportunity of writing +has occurred, we have thought fit to send this letter to +you, Brother, to inform you, that with the help of +God we have directed thither, for the good of souls, +the bearer of these presents, Augustine, the servant of +God, of whose zeal we are assured, with other servants +of God, whom it is requisite that your Holiness readily +assist with priestly zeal, affording him all the comfort +in your power. And to the end that you may be the more +ready in your help, we have enjoined him to inform you +particularly of the occasion of his coming; knowing, +that when you are acquainted with it, you will, as the +matter requires, for the sake of God, dutifully dispose +yourself to give him comfort. We also in all things +recommend to your charity, Candidus,<note place='foot'>A presbyter sent into Gaul by Gregory in 595 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> to administer +the little patrimony of St. Peter in Gaul, to collect its revenues +and to invest them in raiment for the poor, or in English slave lads +to serve in the monasteries and receive a Christian education.</note> the priest, our +common son, whom we have transferred to the administration +of a small patrimony in our Church. God keep +you in safety, most reverend brother. Given the 23rd +day of July, in the fourteenth year of the reign of our +most religious lord, Mauritius Tiberius Augustus, the +<pb n='045'/><anchor id='Pg045'/> +thirteenth year after the consulship of our lord aforesaid, +and the fourteenth indiction.</q> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_I_Chap_XXV'/> +<head>Chap. XXV. How Augustine, coming into Britain, first +preached in the Isle of Thanet to the King of Kent, and +having obtained licence from him, went into Kent, in +order to preach therein. [597 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Augustine, thus strengthened by the encouragement of +the blessed Father Gregory, returned to the work of the +Word of God, with the servants of Christ who were with +him, and arrived in Britain. The powerful Ethelbert was +at that time king of Kent;<note place='foot'>Ethelbert was the third Bretwalda or dominant king. He had +established a practical hegemony over the East Anglians, the +Mercians of the Trent Valley, the South Saxons, East Saxons, +and even the West Saxons (cf. II, 5, p. <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>).</note> he had extended his dominions +as far as the boundary formed by the great river Humber, +by which the Southern Saxons are divided from the +Northern. On the east of Kent is the large Isle of Thanet, +containing, according to the English way of reckoning, +600 families,<note place='foot'>Families, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, <foreign rend='italic'>hides</foreign>. The hide, probably, was as much land as +would support a family, hence the extent must have varied with +the different conditions in different parts of the country.</note> divided from the mainland by the river +Wantsum,<note place='foot'>In Bede's time Thanet was divided from the rest of Kent by a +broad channel called the Wantsum, now partly represented by the +River Stour.</note> which is about three furlongs in breadth, and +which can be crossed only in two places; for at both ends +it runs into the sea. On this island landed<note place='foot'>The conjecture that they landed at Ebbsfleet, which is also +traditionally regarded as the landing-place of Hengist, has been +generally adopted. Other possible landing-places are Stonar and +Richborough. For a full discussion of the question, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <q>The +Mission of St. Augustine,</q> ed. Rev. A. T. Mason, D.D.</note> the servant +of the Lord, Augustine, and his companions, being, as is +reported, nearly forty men. They had obtained, by order +of the blessed Pope Gregory, interpreters of the nation of +the Franks,<note place='foot'>It has been supposed, on the strength of this passage, that the +speech of the Franks and the English was still mutually intelligible. +This is supported by a statement of Gregory (letter to Theoderic +and Theodebert) that he had desired Augustine to take some +Frankish priests with him. It is assumed that these priests were +the interpreters. On the other hand, in view of the fact that only +fifty years later we find the language of the Franks regarded in +England as a <q>barbara loquella</q> (<ref target='Book_III_Chap_VII'>III, 7</ref>), it has been inferred that +the interpreters were men who had acquired a knowledge of the +dialect of Kent through commerce or otherwise.</note> and sending to Ethelbert, signified that they +<pb n='046'/><anchor id='Pg046'/> +were come from Rome, and brought a joyful message, +which most undoubtedly assured to those that hearkened +to it everlasting joys in heaven, and a kingdom that +would never end, with the living and true God. The king +hearing this, gave orders that they should stay in the +island where they had landed, and be furnished with necessaries, +till he should consider what to do with them. +For he had before heard of the Christian religion, having +a Christian wife of the royal family of the Franks, called +Bertha;<note place='foot'>Daughter of Charibert, king of Paris.</note> whom he had received from her parents, upon +condition that she should be permitted to preserve +inviolate the rites of her religion with the Bishop Liudhard,<note place='foot'>Said (on doubtful authority) to have been bishop of Senlis. +He acted as the queen's private chaplain. There is nothing to +show that either he or Bertha attempted to spread their religion in +England, though probably their influence may not have been without +effect on Ethelbert.</note> +who was sent with her to support her in the faith. +Some days after, the king came into the island, and sitting +in the open air, ordered Augustine and his companions +to come and hold a conference with him. For +he had taken precaution that they should not come to +him in any house, lest, by so coming, according to an +ancient superstition, if they practised any magical arts, +they might impose upon him, and so get the better of +him. But they came endued with Divine, not with magic +power, bearing a silver cross for their banner, and the +image of our Lord and Saviour painted on a board; and +chanting litanies, they offered up their prayers to the +Lord for the eternal salvation both of themselves and of +those to whom and for whom they had come. When +they had sat down, in obedience to the king's commands, +and preached to him and his attendants there present +<pb n='047'/><anchor id='Pg047'/> +the Word of life, the king answered thus: <q>Your words +and promises are fair, but because they are new to us, +and of uncertain import, I cannot consent to them so far +as to forsake that which I have so long observed with +the whole English nation. But because you are come from +far as strangers into my kingdom, and, as I conceive, +are desirous to impart to us those things which you +believe to be true, and most beneficial, we desire not to +harm you, but will give you favourable entertainment, +and take care to supply you with all things necessary to +your sustenance; nor do we forbid you to preach and +gain as many as you can to your religion.</q> Accordingly +he gave them an abode in the city of Canterbury,<note place='foot'>The old Roman town of Doruvernis, which is the name Bede +gives to it throughout the History.</note> which +was the metropolis of all his dominions, and, as he had +promised, besides supplying them with sustenance, did +not refuse them liberty to preach. It is told that, as they +drew near to the city, after their manner, with the holy +cross, and the image of our sovereign Lord and King, +Jesus Christ, they sang in concert this litany: <q>We beseech +thee, O Lord, for Thy great mercy, that Thy wrath +and anger be turned away from this city, and from Thy +holy house, for we have sinned. Hallelujah.</q> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chap. XXVI. How St. Augustine in Kent followed the +doctrine and manner of life of the primitive Church, +and settled his episcopal see in the royal city. [597 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +As soon as they entered the dwelling-place assigned to +them, they began to imitate the Apostolic manner of life +in the primitive Church; applying themselves to constant +prayer, watchings, and fastings; preaching the Word of +life to as many as they could; despising all worldly +things, as in nowise concerning them; receiving only +their necessary food from those they taught; living themselves +in all respects conformably to what they taught, +and being always ready to suffer any adversity, and even +<pb n='048'/><anchor id='Pg048'/> +to die for that truth which they preached. In brief, some +believed and were baptized, admiring the simplicity of +their blameless life, and the sweetness of their heavenly +doctrine. There was on the east side of the city, a church +dedicated of old to the honour of St. Martin,<note place='foot'>St. Martin was regarded with special reverence in Britain and +Ireland. Possibly some of the earliest missionaries may have been +his disciples, <hi rend='italic'>e.g.</hi>, St. Ninian and St. Patrick. The Roman church +of St. Martin at Canterbury has been frequently altered and partly +rebuilt, so that <q>small portions only of the Roman walls remain. +Roman bricks are used as old materials in the parts rebuilt</q> +(Parker).</note> built whilst +the Romans were still in the island, wherein the queen, +who, as has been said before, was a Christian, was wont +to pray. In this they also first began to come together, +to chant the Psalms, to pray, to celebrate Mass, to +preach, and to baptize, till when the king had been converted +to the faith, they obtained greater liberty to preach +everywhere and build or repair churches. +</p> + +<p> +When he, among the rest, believed and was baptized, +attracted by the pure life of these holy men and their +gracious promises, the truth of which they established +by many miracles, greater numbers began daily to flock +together to hear the Word, and, forsaking their heathen +rites, to have fellowship, through faith, in the unity of +Christ's Holy Church. It is told that the king, while he +rejoiced at their conversion and their faith, yet compelled +none to embrace Christianity, but only showed more +affection to the believers, as to his fellow citizens in the +kingdom of Heaven. For he had learned from those who +had instructed him and guided him to salvation, that the +service of Christ ought to be voluntary, not by compulsion. +Nor was it long before he gave his teachers a +settled residence suited to their degree in his metropolis +of Canterbury, with such possessions of divers sorts as +were necessary for them. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='049'/><anchor id='Pg049'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_I_Chap_XXVII'/> +<head>Chap. XXVII. How St. Augustine, being made a +bishop, sent to acquaint Pope Gregory with what had +been done in Britain, and asked and received replies, +of which he stood in need. [597-601 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the meantime, Augustine, the man of God, went to +Arles, and, according to the orders received from the +holy Father Gregory, was ordained archbishop of the +English nation,<note place='foot'>Augustine was not consecrated as archbishop either of London +or Canterbury, but by the general title of <q>Archbishop of the +English.</q> According to Gregory's original scheme, London, not +Canterbury, was to have been the seat of the primacy of southern +England (cf. c. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXIX'>29</ref>), London and York being doubtless the most +important cities of south and north known to him from their +history during the Roman occupation. But Christianity was not +permanently established in London till it was too late to remove +the see from Canterbury, which would obviously commend itself to +Augustine as the most suitable place to be the metropolitan city.</note> by Aetherius,<note place='foot'>For Aetherius read Vergilius (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>, note). <q>The occupant +of the see of Arles was in some sense primate of France at this +time, and, as such, Vergilius received the <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>pallium</foreign> and the papal +vice-gerentship in the kingdom of Childebert</q> (Dict. Christ. +Biog.).</note> archbishop of that city. +Then returning into Britain, he sent Laurentius the +the priest<note place='foot'>He succeeded Augustine as archbishop. For his history, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> II, +<ref target='Book_II_Chap_VI'>6</ref>, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_VII'>7</ref>.</note> and Peter the monk<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXXIII'>33</ref>.</note> to Rome, to acquaint +Pope Gregory, that the English nation had received the +faith of Christ, and that he was himself made their bishop. +At the same time, he desired his solution of some doubts +which seemed urgent to him. He soon received fitting +answers to his questions, which we have also thought +meet to insert in this our history: +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>The First Question of the blessed Augustine, Bishop of +the Church of Canterbury.</hi>—Concerning bishops, what +should be their manner of conversation towards their +clergy? or into how many portions the offerings of the +faithful at the altar are to be divided? and how the +bishop is to act in the Church? +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Gregory, Pope of the City of Rome, answers.</hi>—Holy +<pb n='050'/><anchor id='Pg050'/> +Scripture, in which we doubt not you are well versed, +testifies to this, and in particular the Epistles of the +Blessed Paul to Timothy, wherein he endeavours to show +him what should be his manner of conversation in the +house of God; but it is the custom of the Apostolic see to +prescribe these rules to bishops when they are ordained: +that all emoluments which accrue, are to be divided into +four portions;—one for the bishop and his household, for +hospitality and entertainment of guests; another for the +clergy; a third for the poor; and the fourth for the repair +of churches. But in that you, my brother, having been +instructed in monastic rules, must not live apart from +your clergy in the Church of the English, which has been +lately, by the will of God, converted to the faith, you +must establish the manner of conversation of our fathers +in the primitive Church, among whom, none said that +aught of the things which they possessed was his own, +but they had all things common. +</p> + +<p> +But if there are any clerks not received into holy orders,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, those in minor orders; all below the subdiaconate.</note> +who cannot live continent, they are to take wives, and +receive their stipends outside of the community; because +we know that it is written concerning the same fathers +of whom we have spoken that a distribution was made +unto every man according as he had need. Care is also +to be taken of their stipends, and provision to be made, +and they are to be kept under ecclesiastical rule, that +they may live orderly, and attend to singing of psalms, +and, by the help of God, preserve their hearts and +tongues and bodies from all that is unlawful. But as for +those that live in common, there is no need to say anything +of assigning portions, or dispensing hospitality and +showing mercy; inasmuch as all that they have over is to +be spent in pious and religious works, according to the +teaching of Him who is the Lord and Master of all, +<q>Give alms of such things as ye have over, and behold +all things are clean unto you.</q><note place='foot'>St. Luke, xi, 41. <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>Quod superest</foreign> (Vulgate) = πλήν (R.V.,<q>Howbeit</q>; +A.V., <q>But rather</q>), adverbial. Gregory takes it to mean +<q>what is over.</q></note> +</p> + +<pb n='051'/><anchor id='Pg051'/> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Augustine's Second Question.</hi>—Whereas the faith is one +and the same, are there different customs in different +Churches? and is one custom of Masses observed in the +holy Roman Church, and another in the Church of Gaul?<note place='foot'>Augustine must have observed these differences of ritual as he +travelled through Gaul. Presumably also he found the Gallic use +adopted at St. Martin's, Canterbury, by Liudhard. Dr. Bright summarizes +these differences, <q>Early English Church History,</q> p. 64.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Pope Gregory answers.</hi>—You know, my brother, the +custom of the Roman Church in which you remember +that you were bred up. But my will is, that if you have +found anything, either in the Roman, or the Gallican, or +any other Church, which may be more acceptable to +Almighty God, you should carefully make choice of the +same, and sedulously teach the Church of the English, +which as yet is new in the faith, whatsoever you can +gather from the several Churches. For things are not to +be loved for the sake of places, but places for the sake of +good things. Choose, therefore, from every Church those +things that are pious, religious, and right, and when you +have, as it were, made them up into one bundle, let the +minds of the English be accustomed thereto. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Augustine's Third Question.</hi>—I beseech you, what +punishment must be inflicted on one who steals anything +from a church? +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Gregory answers.</hi>—You may judge, my brother, by the +condition of the thief, in what manner he is to be corrected. +For there are some, who, having substance, +commit theft; and there are others, who transgress in +this matter through want. Wherefore it is requisite, +that some be punished with fines, others with stripes; +some with more severity, and some more mildly. And +when the severity is greater, it is to proceed from charity, +not from anger; because this is done for the sake of him +who is corrected, that he may not be delivered up to the +fires of Hell. For it behoves us to maintain discipline +among the faithful, as good parents do with their children +according to the flesh, whom they punish with stripes +for their faults, and yet they design to make those whom +they chastise their heirs, and preserve their possessions +<pb n='052'/><anchor id='Pg052'/> +for those whom they seem to visit in wrath. This charity +is, therefore, to be kept in mind, and it dictates the +measure of the punishment, so that the mind may do +nothing beyond the rule prescribed by reason. You will +add to this, how men are to restore those things which +they have stolen from the church. But let not the Church +take more than it has lost of its worldly possessions, or +seek gain from vanities. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Augustine's Fourth Question.</hi>—Whether two full +brothers may marry two sisters, who are of a family far +removed from them? +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Gregory answers.</hi>—Most assuredly this may lawfully be +done; for nothing is found in Holy Writ on this matter +that seems to contradict it. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Augustine's Fifth Question.</hi>—To what degree may the +faithful marry with their kindred? and is it lawful to +marry a stepmother or a brother's wife? +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Gregory answers.</hi>—A certain secular law in the Roman +commonwealth allows, that the son and daughter of a +brother and sister,<note place='foot'>Reading <q>fratris et sororis</q> (for <q>frater et soror</q>), as the +sense requires, but there is no MS. authority for the change.</note> or of two full brothers, or two sisters, +may be joined in matrimony; but we have found, by experience, +that the offspring of such wedlock cannot grow +up; and the Divine law forbids a man to <q>uncover the +nakedness of his kindred.</q> Hence of necessity it must +be the third or fourth generation of the faithful, that can +be lawfully joined in matrimony; for the second, which +we have mentioned, must altogether abstain from one +another. To marry with one's stepmother is a heinous +crime, because it is written in the Law, <q>Thou shalt not +uncover the nakedness of thy father:</q> now the son, indeed, +cannot uncover his father's nakedness; but in +regard that it is written, <q>They twain shall be one flesh,</q> +he that presumes to uncover the nakedness of his stepmother, +who was one flesh with his father, certainly uncovers +the nakedness of his father. It is also prohibited +to marry with a sister-in-law, because by the former +union she is become the brother's flesh. For which thing +<pb n='053'/><anchor id='Pg053'/> +also John the Baptist was beheaded, and obtained the +crown of holy martyrdom. For, though he was not +ordered to deny Christ, and it was not for confessing +Christ that he was killed, yet inasmuch as the same +Jesus Christ, our Lord, said, <q>I am the Truth,</q> because +John was killed for the truth, he also shed his blood for +Christ. +</p> + +<p> +But forasmuch as there are many of the English, who, +whilst they were still heathens, are said to have been +joined in this unholy union, when they attain to the faith +they are to be admonished to abstain, and be made to +know that this is a grievous sin. Let them fear the dread +judgement of God, lest, for the gratification of their carnal +desires, they incur the torments of eternal punishment. +Yet they are not on this account to be deprived of the +Communion of the Body and Blood of Christ, lest they +should seem to be punished for those things which they +did through ignorance before they had received Baptism. +For in these times the Holy Church chastises some things +with zeal, and tolerates some in mercy, and is blind to +some in her wisdom, and so, by forbearance and blindness +often suppresses the evil that stands in her way. But all +that come to the faith are to be admonished not to presume +to do such things. And if any shall be guilty of +them, they are to be excluded from the Communion of the +Body and Blood of Christ. For as the offence is, in some +measure, to be tolerated in those who did it through +ignorance, so it is to be rigorously punished in those +who do not fear to sin knowingly. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Augustine's Sixth Question.</hi>—Whether a bishop may +be consecrated without other bishops being present, if +there be so great a distance between them, that they +cannot easily come together? +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Gregory answers.</hi>—In the Church of England, of which +you are as yet the only bishop, you cannot otherwise +ordain a bishop than in the absence of other bishops. +For when do bishops come over from Gaul, that they +may be present as witnesses to you in ordaining a bishop? +But we would have you, my brother, to ordain bishops +in such a manner, that the said bishops may not be far +<pb n='054'/><anchor id='Pg054'/> +asunder, to the end that there be no lack, but that at the +ordination of a bishop other pastors also, whose presence +is of great benefit, should easily come together.<note place='foot'>The text of this passage is corrupt, but no very satisfactory +emendations have been suggested.</note> +Thus, when, by the help of God, bishops shall have been +ordained in places near to one another, no ordination of +a bishop is to take place without assembling three or four +bishops. For, even in spiritual affairs, we may take +example by the temporal, that they may be wisely and +discreetly conducted. For surely, when marriages are +celebrated in the world, some married persons are assembled, +that those who went before in the way of +matrimony, may also partake in the joy of the new union. +Why, then, at this spiritual ordinance, wherein, by means +of the sacred ministry, man is joined to God, should not +such persons be assembled, as may either rejoice in the +advancement of the new bishop, or jointly pour forth +their prayers to Almighty God for his preservation? +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Augustine's Seventh Question.</hi>—How are we to deal +with the bishops of Gaul and Britain? +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Gregory answers.</hi>—We give you no authority over the +bishops of Gaul, because the bishop of Arles received +the pall<note place='foot'>The <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>Pallium</foreign> is a long strip of fine cloth ornamented with +crosses. It is made from wool of lambs reared in the convent of +St. Agnes at Rome, and is laid for a night on the tomb of St. Peter. +It is worn passing over the shoulders, with the ends hanging down +in front and behind, somewhat in the form of the letter Y. (The +form has varied at different times.) In the east it is called <q>omophorion:</q> +the bishops wear it during the celebration of the Eucharist. +It originally formed part of the imperial habit and was granted +by the emperor as a special mark of honour. Afterwards the pope +claimed the exclusive right of bestowing it, and its possession +became restricted to metropolitans, and was considered necessary +for the exercise of their functions.</note> in the old times of my predecessors, and we +must by no means deprive him of the authority he has +received. If it shall therefore happen, my brother, that +you go over into the province of Gaul, you are to concert +with the said bishop of Arles, how, if there be any faults +among the bishops, they may be amended. And if he +shall be lukewarm in keeping up discipline, he is to be +<pb n='055'/><anchor id='Pg055'/> +fired by your zeal; to whom we have also written, that +aided by the presence of your Holiness in Gaul, he should +exert himself to the utmost, and put away from the +behaviour of the bishops all that is opposed to the +command of our Creator. But you shall not have power +to go beyond your own authority and judge the bishops +of Gaul, but by persuading, and winning them, and +showing good works for them to imitate, you shall recall +the perverted to the pursuit of holiness; for it is written +in the Law, <q>When thou comest into the standing corn +of thy neighbour, then thou mayest bruise the ears with +thine hand and eat; but thou shalt not move a sickle +unto thy neighbours' standing corn.</q><note place='foot'>Deut., xxiii, 25.</note> For thou mayest +not apply the sickle of judgement in that harvest which +thou seest to have been committed to another; but by the +influence of good works thou shalt clear the Lord's wheat +of the chaff of its vices, and convert it by exhortation and +persuasion in the body of the Church, as it were, by eating. +But whatsoever is to be done by authority, must be +transacted with the aforesaid bishop of Arles, lest that +should be omitted, which the ancient institution of the +fathers has appointed.<note place='foot'>The reference may be to the third General Council held at +Ephesus in 431 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>, at which the rule was laid down <q>that no +bishop may act in any province which has not always been subject +to him.</q></note> But as for all the bishops of +Britain, we commit them to your care, that the unlearned +may be taught, the weak strengthened by persuasion, +and the perverse corrected by authority. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Augustine's Eighth Question.</hi>—Whether a woman with +child ought to be baptized? Or when she has brought +forth, after what time she may come into the church? +As also, after how many days the infant born may be +baptized, lest he be prevented by death? Or how long +after her husband may have carnal knowledge of her? +Or whether it is lawful for her to come into the church +when she has her courses, or to receive the Sacrament of +Holy Communion? Or whether a man, under certain +circumstances, may come into the church before he has +<pb n='056'/><anchor id='Pg056'/> +washed with water? Or approach to receive the Mystery +of the Holy Communion? All which things are requisite +to be known by the ignorant nation of the English. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Gregory answers.</hi>—I do not doubt but that these questions +have been put to you, my brother, and I think I +have already answered you therein. But I believe you +would wish the opinion which you yourself might give +and hold to be confirmed by my reply also. Why should +not a woman with child be baptized, since the fruitfulness +of the flesh is no offence in the eyes of Almighty God? +For when our first parents sinned in Paradise, they forfeited +the immortality which they had received, by the +just judgement of God. Because, therefore, Almighty +God would not for their fault wholly destroy the human +race, he both deprived man of immortality for his sin, +and, at the same time, of his great goodness and loving-kindness, +reserved to him the power of propagating his +race after him. On what ground, then, can that which +is preserved to human nature by the free gift of Almighty +God, be excluded from the privilege of Holy Baptism? +For it is very foolish to imagine that the gift can be +opposed to grace in that Mystery in which all sin is +blotted out. When a woman is delivered, after how +many days she may come into the church, you have +learnt from the teaching of the Old Testament, to wit, +that she is to abstain for a male child thirty-three days, +and sixty-six for a female. Now you must know that +this is to be received in a mystery; for if she enters the +church the very hour that she is delivered, to return thanks, +she is not guilty of any sin; because the pleasure of the +flesh is a fault, and not the pain; but the pleasure is in +the copulation of the flesh, whereas there is pain in bringing +forth the child. Wherefore it is said to the first +mother of all, <q>In sorrow thou shalt bring forth children.</q> +If, therefore, we forbid a woman that has brought +forth, to enter the church, we make a crime of her very +punishment. To baptize either a woman who has brought +forth, if there be danger of death, even the very hour +that she brings forth, or that which she has brought forth +the very hour it is born, is in no way prohibited, because, +<pb n='057'/><anchor id='Pg057'/> +as the grace of the Holy Mystery is to be with much discretion +provided for those who are in full life and capable +of understanding, so is it to be without any delay administered +to the dying; lest, while a further time is +sought to confer the Mystery of redemption, if a small +delay intervene, the person that is to be redeemed be +dead and gone. +</p> + +<p> +Her husband is not to approach her, till the infant +born be weaned. An evil custom is sprung up in the +lives of married people, in that women disdain to suckle +the children whom they bring forth, and give them to +other women to suckle; which seems to have been invented +on no other account but incontinency; because, +as they will not be continent, they will not suckle the +children whom they bear. Those women, therefore, who, +from evil custom, give their children to others to bring +up, must not approach their husbands till the time of +purification is past. For even when there has been no +child-birth, women are forbidden to do so, whilst they +have their courses, insomuch that the Law condemns +to death any man that shall approach unto a woman +during her uncleanness. Yet the woman, nevertheless, +must not be forbidden to come into the church whilst +she has her courses; because the superfluity of nature +cannot be imputed to her as a crime; and it is not +just that she should be refused admittance into the +church, for that which she suffers against her will. +For we know, that the woman who had the issue of +blood, humbly approaching behind our Lord's back, +touched the hem of his garment, and her infirmity immediately +departed from her. If, therefore, she that had +an issue of blood might commendably touch the garment +of our Lord, why may not she, who has her courses, +lawfully enter into the church of God? But you may +say, Her infirmity compelled her, whereas these we +speak of are bound by custom. Consider, then, most +dear brother, that all we suffer in this mortal flesh, +through the infirmity of our nature, is ordained by the +just judgement of God after the fall; for to hunger, to +thirst, to be hot, to be cold, to be weary, is from the +<pb n='058'/><anchor id='Pg058'/> +infirmity of our nature; and what else is it to seek food +against hunger, drink against thirst, air against heat, +clothes against cold, rest against weariness, than to procure +a remedy against distempers? Thus to a woman +her courses are a distemper. If, therefore, it was a commendable +boldness in her, who in her disease touched +our Lord's garment, why may not that which is allowed +to one infirm person, be granted to all women, who, +through the fault of their nature, are rendered infirm? +</p> + +<p> +She must not, therefore, be forbidden to receive the +Mystery of the Holy Communion during those days. +But if any one out of profound respect does not presume +to do it, she is to be commended; yet if she receives it, she +is not to be judged. For it is the part of noble minds in +some manner to acknowledge their faults, even when +there is no fault; because very often that is done without +a fault, which, nevertheless, proceeded from a fault. +Thus, when we are hungry, it is no sin to eat; yet our +being hungry proceeds from the sin of the first man. +The courses are no sin in women, because they happen +naturally; yet, because our nature itself is so depraved, +that it appears to be defiled even without the concurrence +of the will, a defect arises from sin, and thereby +human nature may itself know what it is become by +judgement. And let man, who wilfully committed the +offence, bear the guilt of that offence against his will. +And, therefore, let women consider with themselves, and +if they do not presume, during their courses, to approach +the Sacrament of the Body and Blood of our Lord, they +are to be commended for their praiseworthy consideration; +but when they are carried away with love of the +same Mystery to receive it according to the custom of +the religious life, they are not to be restrained, as we +said before. For as in the Old Testament the outward +works are observed, so in the New Testament, that +which is outwardly done, is not so diligently regarded as +that which is inwardly thought, that the punishment may +be with discernment. For whereas the Law forbids the +eating of many things as unclean, yet our Lord says in +the Gospel, <q>Not that which goeth into the mouth defileth +<pb n='059'/><anchor id='Pg059'/> +a man; but that which cometh out of the mouth, +this defileth a man.</q> And afterwards he added, expounding +the same, <q>Out of the heart proceed evil thoughts.</q> +Where it is abundantly shown, that that is declared by +Almighty God to be polluted in deed, which springs from +the root of a polluted thought. Whence also Paul the +Apostle says, <q>Unto the pure all things are pure, but +unto them that are defiled and unbelieving, nothing is +pure.</q> And presently, declaring the cause of that defilement, +he adds, <q>For even their mind and conscience is +defiled.</q> If, therefore, meat is not unclean to him whose +mind is not unclean, why shall that which a woman +suffers according to nature, with a clean mind, be imputed +to her as uncleanness? +</p> + +<p> +A man who has approached his own wife is not to +enter the church unless washed with water, nor is he to +enter immediately although washed. The Law prescribed +to the ancient people, that a man in such cases should +be washed with water, and not enter into the church +before the setting of the sun. Which, nevertheless, may +be understood spiritually, because a man acts so when +the mind is led by the imagination to unlawful concupiscence; +for unless the fire of concupiscence be first +driven from his mind, he is not to think himself worthy +of the congregation of the brethren, while he sees himself +burdened by the iniquity of a perverted will. For +though divers nations have divers opinions concerning +this affair, and seem to observe different rules, it was +always the custom of the Romans, from ancient times, +for such an one to seek to be cleansed by washing, +and for some time reverently to forbear entering the +church. Nor do we, in so saying, assign matrimony to +be a fault; but forasmuch as lawful intercourse cannot +be had without the pleasure of the flesh, it is proper to +forbear entering the holy place, because the pleasure +itself cannot be without a fault. For he was not born of +adultery or fornication, but of lawful marriage, who +said, <q>Behold I was conceived in iniquity, and in sin +my mother brought me forth.</q> For he who knew himself +to have been conceived in iniquity, lamented that he +<pb n='060'/><anchor id='Pg060'/> +was born from sin, because he bears the defect, as a tree +bears in its bough the sap it drew from the root. In +which words, however, he does not call the union of the +married couple iniquity, but the will itself. For there are +many things which are lawful and permitted, and yet we +are somewhat defiled in doing them. As very often by +being angry we correct faults, and at the same time disturb +our own peace of mind; and though that which we +do is right, yet it is not to be approved that our mind +should be disturbed. For he who said, <q>My eye was +disturbed with anger,</q> had been angry at the vices of +sinners. Now, seeing that only a calm mind can rest +in the light of contemplation, he grieved that his eye was +disturbed with anger; because, whilst he was correcting +evil actions below, he was obliged to be confused and +disturbed with regard to the contemplation of the highest +things. Anger against vice is, therefore, commendable, +and yet painful to a man, because he thinks that by his +mind being agitated, he has incurred some guilt. Lawful +commerce, therefore, must be for the sake of children, +not of pleasure; and must be to procure offspring, not to +satisfy vices. But if any man is led not by the desire of +pleasure, but only for the sake of getting children, such +a man is certainly to be left to his own judgement, either +as to entering the church, or as to receiving the Mystery +of the Body and Blood of our Lord, which he, who being +placed in the fire cannot burn, is not to be forbidden by +us to receive. But when, not the love of getting children, +but of pleasure prevails, the pair have cause to lament +their deed. For this the holy preaching concedes to them, +and yet fills the mind with dread of the very concession. +For when Paul the Apostle said, <q>Let him that cannot +contain have his own wife;</q> he presently took care to +subjoin, <q>But this I say by way of permission, not of +commandment.</q> For that is not granted by way of permission +which is lawful, because it is just; and, therefore, +that which he said he permitted, he showed to be +an offence. +</p> + +<p> +It is seriously to be considered, that when God was +about to speak to the people on Mount Sinai, He first +<pb n='061'/><anchor id='Pg061'/> +commanded them to abstain from women. And if purity +of body was there so carefully required, where God spoke +to the people by the means of a creature as His representative, +that those who were to hear the words of God +should abstain; how much more ought women, who +receive the Body of Almighty God, to preserve themselves +in purity of flesh, lest they be burdened with the very +greatness of that inestimable Mystery? For this reason +also, it was said to David, concerning his men, by the +priest, that if they were clean in this particular, they +should receive the shewbread, which they would not have +received at all, had not David first declared them to be +clean. Then the man, who, afterwards, has been washed +with water, is also capable of receiving the Mystery of +the Holy Communion, when it is lawful for him, according +to what has been before declared, to enter the +church. +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Augustine's Ninth Question.</hi>—Whether after an illusion, +such as is wont to happen in a dream, any man may +receive the Body of our Lord, or if he be a priest, celebrate +the Divine Mysteries? +</p> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>Gregory answers.</hi>—The Testament of the Old Law, as +has been said already in the article above, calls such a +man polluted, and allows him not to enter into the church +till the evening, after being washed with water. Which, +nevertheless, a spiritual people, taking in another sense, +will understand in the same manner as above; because +he is imposed upon as it were in a dream, who, being +tempted with uncleanness, is defiled by real representations +in thought, and he is to be washed with water, +that he may cleanse away the sins of thought with tears; +and unless the fire of temptation depart before, may know +himself to be in a manner guilty until the evening. But +a distinction is very necessary in that illusion, and one +must carefully consider what causes it to arise in the +mind of the person sleeping; for sometimes it proceeds +from excess of eating or drinking; sometimes from the +superfluity or infirmity of nature, and sometimes from +the thoughts. And when it happens either through +superfluity or infirmity of nature, such an illusion is not +<pb n='062'/><anchor id='Pg062'/> +to be feared at all, because it is to be lamented, that +the mind of the person, who knew nothing of it, suffers +the same, rather than that he occasioned it. But when +the appetite of gluttony commits excess in food, and +thereupon the receptacles of the humours are oppressed, +the mind thence contracts some guilt; yet not so much +as to hinder the receiving of the Holy Mystery, or celebrating +Mass, when a holy day requires it, or necessity +obliges the Mystery to be shown forth, because there is +no other priest in the place; for if there be others who +can perform the ministry, the illusion proceeding from +over-eating ought not to exclude a man from receiving the +sacred Mystery; but I am of opinion he ought humbly to +abstain from offering the sacrifice of the Mystery, but +not from receiving it, unless the mind of the person +sleeping has been disturbed with some foul imagination. +For there are some, who for the most part so suffer the +illusion, that their mind, even during the sleep of the +body, is not defiled with filthy thoughts. In which case, +one thing is evident, that the mind is guilty, not being +acquitted even in its own judgement; for though it does +not remember to have seen anything whilst the body was +sleeping, yet it calls to mind that, when the body was +awake, it fell into gluttony. But if the illusion of the sleeper +proceeds from evil thoughts when he was awake, then +its guilt is manifest to the mind; for the man perceives +from what root that defilement sprang, because what he +had consciously thought of, that he afterwards unconsciously +endured. But it is to be considered, whether +that thought was no more than a suggestion, or proceeded +to delight, or, what is worse, consented to sin. +For all sin is committed in three ways, viz., by suggestion, +by delight, and by consent. Suggestion comes +from the Devil, delight from the flesh, and consent from +the spirit. For the serpent suggested the first offence, +and Eve, as flesh, took delight in it, but Adam, as the +spirit, consented. And when the mind sits in judgement +on itself, it must clearly distinguish between suggestion +and delight, and between delight and consent. For when +the evil spirit suggests a sin to the mind, if there ensue +<pb n='063'/><anchor id='Pg063'/> +no delight in the sin, the sin is in no way committed; +but when the flesh begins to take delight in it, then sin +begins to arise. But if it deliberately consents, then the +sin is known to be full-grown. The seed, therefore, of +sin is in the suggestion, the nourishment of it in delight, +its maturity in the consent. And it often happens that +what the evil spirit sows in the thought, in that the flesh +begins to find delight, and yet the soul does not consent +to that delight. And whereas the flesh cannot be delighted +without the mind, yet the mind struggling against the +pleasures of the flesh, is after a manner unwillingly bound +by the carnal delight, so that through reason it opposes +it, and does not consent, yet being bound by delight, it +grievously laments being so bound. Wherefore that +great soldier of our Lord's host, groaned and said, <q>I +see another law in my members warring against the law +of my mind, and bringing me into captivity to the law of +sin, which is in my members.</q> Now if he was a captive, +he did not fight; but he did fight; wherefore he was a +captive and at the same time therefore fought against the +law of the mind, which the law that is in the members +opposed; but if he fought, he was no captive. Thus, +then, man is, as I may say, a captive and yet free. Free +on account of justice, which he loves, a captive by the +delight which he unwillingly bears within him. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chap. XXVIII. How Pope Gregory wrote to the bishop +of Arles to help Augustine in the work of God. [601 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Thus far the answers of the holy Pope Gregory, to the +questions of the most reverend prelate, Augustine. Now +the letter, which he says he had written to the bishop of +Arles, was directed to Vergilius, successor to Aetherius,<note place='foot'>This is Bede's attempt to reconcile the discrepancy created by +his mistake in cc. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref> and <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXVII'>27</ref>.</note> +and was in the following words: +</p> + +<p> +<q><hi rend='italic'>To his most reverend and holy brother and fellow +bishop, Vergilius; Gregory, servant of the servants of God.</hi> +<pb n='064'/><anchor id='Pg064'/> +With how much kindness brethren, coming of their own +accord, are to be entertained, is shown by this, that they +are for the most part invited for the sake of brotherly +love. Therefore, if our common brother, Bishop Augustine, +shall happen to come to you, let your love, as is becoming, +receive him with so great kindness and affection, +that it may refresh him by the benefit of its consolation +and show to others how brotherly charity is to be cultivated. +And, since it often happens that those who are +at a distance first learn from others the things that need +correction, if he bring before you, my brother, any sins +of bishops or others, do you, in conjunction with him, +carefully inquire into the same, and show yourself so +strict and earnest with regard to those things which +offend God and provoke His wrath, that for the amendment +of others, the punishment may fall upon the guilty, +and the innocent may not suffer under false report. God +keep you in safety, most reverend brother. Given the +22nd day of June, in the nineteenth year of the reign of +our most religious lord, Mauritius Tiberius Augustus, the +eighteenth year after the consulship of our said lord, and +the fourth indiction.</q> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_I_Chap_XXIX'/> +<head>Chap. XXIX. How the same Pope sent to Augustine +the Pall and a letter, along with several ministers of +the Word. [601 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Moreover, the same Pope Gregory, hearing from Bishop +Augustine, that the harvest which he had was great and +the labourers but few, sent to him, together with his +aforesaid envoys, certain fellow labourers and ministers +of the Word, of whom the chief and foremost were Mellitus, +Justus, Paulinus, and Rufinianus,<note place='foot'>Mellitus was consecrated Bishop of London in 604, and succeeded +Laurentius in the see of Canterbury in 619. Justus was +consecrated Bishop of Rochester in 604, and succeeded Mellitus as +Primate in 624 (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_II_Chap_III'>II, 3</ref>, foll.). Paulinus was the great missionary +bishop of the Northumbrians (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_II_Chap_IX'>II, 9</ref>, foll.). Rufinianus was the +third abbot of St. Augustine's monastery (SS. Peter and Paul).</note> and by them all +<pb n='065'/><anchor id='Pg065'/> +things in general that were necessary for the worship +and service of the Church, to wit, sacred vessels and +altar-cloths, also church-furniture, and vestments for the +bishops and clerks, as likewise relics of the holy Apostles +and martyrs; besides many manuscripts. He also sent +a letter, wherein he signified that he had despatched the +pall to him, and at the same time directed how he should +constitute bishops in Britain. The letter was in these +words: +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'><hi rend='italic'>To his most reverend and holy brother and fellow +bishop, Augustine; Gregory, the servant of the servants of +God.</hi> Though it be certain, that the unspeakable rewards +of the eternal kingdom are reserved for those who labour +for Almighty God, yet it is requisite that we bestow on +them the benefit of honours, to the end that they may by +this recompense be encouraged the more vigorously to +apply themselves to the care of their spiritual work. +And, seeing that the new Church of the English is, +through the bounty of the Lord, and your labours, +brought to the grace of God, we grant you the use of the +pall in the same, only for the celebration of the solemn +service of the Mass; that so you may ordain twelve +bishops in different places, who shall be subject to your +jurisdiction. But the bishop of London shall, for the +future, be always consecrated by his own synod, and +receive the pall, which is the token of his office, from +this holy and Apostolic see, which I, by the grace of +God, now serve. But we would have you send to the +city of York such a bishop as you shall think fit to ordain; +yet so, that if that city, with the places adjoining, shall +receive the Word of God, that bishop shall also ordain +twelve bishops, and enjoy the honour of a metropolitan; +for we design, if we live, by the help of God, to bestow +on him also the pall; and yet we would have him to be +subject to your authority, my brother; but after your +decease, he shall so preside over the bishops he shall have +ordained, as to be in no way subject to the jurisdiction of +the bishop of London. But for the future let there be +this distinction as regards honour between the bishops +of the cities of London and York, that he who has been +<pb n='066'/><anchor id='Pg066'/> +first ordained have the precedence.<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXVII'>27</ref> <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi>, note. Gregory's symmetrical scheme was +never carried out, and it was not till 735 that York became a +metropolitan see.</note> But let them take +counsel and act in concert and with one mind dispose +whatsoever is to be done for zeal of Christ; let them +judge rightly, and carry out their judgement without +dissension.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>But to you, my brother, shall, by the authority of +our God and Lord Jesus Christ, be subject not only +those bishops whom you shall ordain, and those that +shall be ordained by the bishop of York, but also all the +prelates in Britain; to the end that from the words and +manner of life of your Holiness they may learn the rule of +a right belief and a good life, and fulfilling their office in +faith and righteousness, they may, when it shall please +the Lord, attain to the kingdom of Heaven. God preserve +you in safety, most reverend brother.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Given the 22nd of June, in the nineteenth year of the +reign of our most religious lord, Mauritius Tiberius +Augustus, the eighteenth year after the consulship of our +said lord, and the fourth indiction.</q> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chap. XXX. A copy of the letter which Pope Gregory +sent to the Abbot Mellitus, then going into Britain. +[601 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +The aforesaid envoys having departed, the blessed Father +Gregory sent after them a letter worthy to be recorded, +wherein he plainly shows how carefully he watched over +the salvation of our country. The letter was as follows: +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'><hi rend='italic'>To his most beloved son, the Abbot Mellitus; Gregory, +the servant of the servants of God.</hi> We have been much +concerned, since the departure of our people that are +with you, because we have received no account of the +success of your journey. Howbeit, when Almighty God +has led you to the most reverend Bishop Augustine, +our brother, tell him what I have long been considering +<pb n='067'/><anchor id='Pg067'/> +in my own mind concerning the matter of the English +people; to wit, that the temples of the idols in that +nation ought not to be destroyed; but let the idols that +are in them be destroyed; let water be consecrated and +sprinkled in the said temples, let altars be erected, and +relics placed there. For if those temples are well built, it +is requisite that they be converted from the worship of +devils to the service of the true God; that the nation, +seeing that their temples are not destroyed, may remove +error from their hearts, and knowing and adoring the +true God, may the more freely resort to the places to +which they have been accustomed. And because they are +used to slaughter many oxen in sacrifice to devils, some +solemnity must be given them in exchange for this, as +that on the day of the dedication, or the nativities of the +holy martyrs, whose relics are there deposited, they +should build themselves huts of the boughs of trees +about those churches which have been turned to that use +from being temples, and celebrate the solemnity with +religious feasting, and no more offer animals to the +Devil, but kill cattle and glorify God in their feast, and +return thanks to the Giver of all things for their abundance; +to the end that, whilst some outward gratifications +are retained, they may the more easily consent to the +inward joys. For there is no doubt that it is impossible +to cut off every thing at once from their rude natures; +because he who endeavours to ascend to the highest +place rises by degrees or steps, and not by leaps. Thus +the Lord made Himself known to the people of Israel in +Egypt; and yet He allowed them the use, in His own +worship, of the sacrifices which they were wont to offer +to the Devil, commanding them in His sacrifice to kill +animals, to the end that, with changed hearts, they +might lay aside one part of the sacrifice, whilst they +retained another; and although the animals were the +same as those which they were wont to offer, they should +offer them to the true God, and not to idols; and thus +they would no longer be the same sacrifices. This then, +dearly beloved, it behoves you to communicate to our +aforesaid brother, that he, being placed where he is at +<pb n='068'/><anchor id='Pg068'/> +present, may consider how he is to order all things. +God preserve you in safety, most beloved son.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Given the 17th of June,<note place='foot'>The date is obviously wrong, as it makes this letter earlier +than that in c. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXIX'>29</ref>. The name of the month is omitted in two of the +oldest MSS. A satisfactory emendation (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Plummer, <hi rend='italic'>ad loc.</hi>) is +<foreign rend='italic'>Augustarum</foreign> (for <foreign rend='italic'>Juliarum</foreign>), the last month in Maurice's reign (XV +Kal. Aug., <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> 18th July).</note> in the nineteenth year of the +reign of our most religious lord, Mauritius Tiberius +Augustus, the eighteenth year after the consulship of +our said lord, and the fourth indiction.</q> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chap. XXXI. How Pope Gregory, by letter, exhorted +Augustine not to glory in his miracles. [601 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +At which time he also sent Augustine a letter concerning +the miracles that he had heard had been wrought by him; +wherein he admonishes him not to incur the danger of +being puffed up by the number of them. The letter was +in these words: +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>I know, dearly beloved brother, that Almighty God, +by means of you, shows forth great miracles to the +nation which it was His will to choose. Wherefore you +must needs rejoice with fear, and fear with joy concerning +that heavenly gift; for you will rejoice because the +souls of the English are by outward miracles drawn to +inward grace; but you will fear, lest, amidst the wonders +that are wrought, the weak mind may be puffed up with +self-esteem, and that whereby it is outwardly raised to +honour cause it inwardly to fall through vain-glory. +For we must call to mind, that when the disciples returned +with joy from preaching, and said to their Heavenly +Master, <q>Lord, even the devils are subject to us through +Thy Name;</q> forthwith they received the reply, <q>In this +rejoice not; but rather rejoice, because your names +are written in heaven.</q><note place='foot'>St. Luke, x, 17-20.</note> For their minds were set on +private and temporal joys, when they rejoiced in miracles; +but they are recalled from the private to the common +<pb n='069'/><anchor id='Pg069'/> +joy, and from the temporal to the eternal, when it is said +to them, <q>Rejoice in this, because your names are written +in heaven.</q> For all the elect do not work miracles, +and yet the names of all are written in heaven. For those +who are disciples of the truth ought not to rejoice, save +for that good thing which all men enjoy as well as they, +and in which their joy shall be without end.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>It remains, therefore, most dear brother, that amidst +those outward actions, which you perform through the +power of the Lord, you should always carefully judge +yourself in your heart, and carefully understand both +what you are yourself, and how much grace is bestowed +upon that same nation, for the conversion of which you +have received even the gift of working miracles. And if +you remember that you have at any time sinned against +our Creator, either by word or deed, always call it to +mind, to the end that the remembrance of your guilt may +crush the vanity which rises in your heart. And whatsoever +gift of working miracles you either shall receive, or +have received, consider the same, not as conferred on you, +but on those for whose salvation it has been given you.</q> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chap. XXXII. How Pope Gregory sent letters and gifts +to King Ethelbert. [601 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +The same blessed Pope Gregory, at the same time, sent +a letter to King Ethelbert, with many gifts of divers +sorts; being desirous to glorify the king with temporal +honours, at the same time that he rejoiced that through +his own labour and zeal he had attained to the knowledge +of heavenly glory. The copy of the said letter is as +follows: +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'><hi rend='italic'>To the most glorious lord, and his most excellent son, +Ethelbert, king of the English, Bishop Gregory.</hi> Almighty +God advances good men to the government of nations, +that He may by their means bestow the gifts of His loving-kindness +on those over whom they are placed. This we +know to have come to pass in the English nation, over +whom your Highness was placed, to the end, that by +<pb n='070'/><anchor id='Pg070'/> +means of the blessings which are granted to you, heavenly +benefits might also be conferred on your subjects. Therefore, +my illustrious son, do you carefully guard the grace +which you have received from the Divine goodness, and +be eager to spread the Christian faith among the people +under your rule; in all uprightness increase your zeal +for their conversion; suppress the worship of idols; +overthrow the structures of the temples; establish the +manners of your subjects by much cleanness of life, exhorting, +terrifying, winning, correcting, and showing +forth an example of good works, that you may obtain +your reward in Heaven from Him, Whose Name and the +knowledge of Whom you have spread abroad upon earth. +For He, Whose honour you seek and maintain among +the nations, will also render your Majesty's name more +glorious even to posterity.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>For even so the most pious emperor, Constantine, of +old, recovering the Roman commonwealth from the false +worship of idols, brought it with himself into subjection to +Almighty God, our Lord Jesus Christ, and turned to Him +with his whole mind, together with the nations under his +rule. Whence it followed, that his praises transcended +the fame of former princes; and he excelled his predecessors +in renown as much as in good works. Now, +therefore, let your Highness hasten to impart to the +kings and peoples that are subject to you, the knowledge +of one God, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; that you may +surpass the ancient kings of your nation in praise and +merit, and while you cause the sins of others among +your own subjects to be blotted out, become the more +free from anxiety with regard to your own sins before +the dread judgement of Almighty God.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Willingly hear, devoutly perform, and studiously +retain in your memory, whatsoever counsel shall be given +you by our most reverend brother, Bishop Augustine, +who is trained up in the monastic rule, full of the knowledge +of Holy Scripture, and, by the help of God, endued +with good works; for if you give ear to him when he +speaks on behalf of Almighty God, the sooner will Almighty +God hear his prayers for you. But if (which God +<pb n='071'/><anchor id='Pg071'/> +forbid!) you slight his words, how shall Almighty God +hear him on your behalf, when you neglect to hear him +on behalf of God? Unite yourself, therefore, to him with +all your mind, in the fervour of faith, and further his +endeavours, by that virtue which God has given you, +that He may make you partaker of His kingdom, Whose +faith you cause to be received and maintained in your own.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Besides, we would have your Highness know that, +as we find in Holy Scripture from the words of the Almighty +Lord, the end of this present world, and the kingdom +of the saints, which will never come to an end, is at +hand. But as the end of the world draws near, many +things are about to come upon us which were not before, +to wit, changes in the air, and terrors from heaven, +and tempests out of the order of the seasons, wars, +famines, pestilences, earthquakes in divers places; +which things will not, nevertheless, all happen in our +days, but will all follow after our days. If, therefore, +you perceive that any of these things come to pass in +your country, let not your mind be in any way disturbed; +for these signs of the end of the world are sent before, +for this reason, that we may take heed to our souls, and +be watchful for the hour of death, and may be found prepared +with good works to meet our Judge. Thus much, +my illustrious son, I have said in few words, with intent +that when the Christian faith is spread abroad in your +kingdom, our discourse to you may also be more copious, +and we may desire to say the more, as joy for the full +conversion of your nation is increased in our mind.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>I have sent you some small gifts, which will not +appear small to you, when received by you with the +blessing of the blessed Apostle, Peter. May Almighty +God, therefore, perfect in you His grace which He has +begun, and prolong your life here through a course of +many years, and in the fulness of time receive you into +the congregation of the heavenly country. May the grace +of God preserve you in safety, my most excellent lord +and son.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Given the 22nd day of June, in the nineteenth year +of the reign of our most religious lord, Mauritius +<pb n='072'/><anchor id='Pg072'/> +Tiberius Augustus, in the eighteenth year after his consulship, +and the fourth indiction.</q> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_I_Chap_XXXIII'/> +<head>Chap. XXXIII. How Augustine repaired the church of +our Saviour, and built the monastery of the blessed +Peter the Apostle; and concerning Peter the first abbot +of the same.</head> + +<p> +Augustine having had his episcopal see granted him in +the royal city, as has been said, recovered therein, with +the support of the king, a church, which he was informed +had been built of old by the faithful among the Romans, +and consecrated it in the name of the Holy Saviour, our +Divine Lord Jesus Christ, and there established a residence +for himself and all his successors.<note place='foot'>The Cathedral: Christchurch, Canterbury; but the original +structure was destroyed by fire about 1067. It was rebuilt by +Lanfranc, and enlarged under his successor, St. Anselm. Prior +Conrad finished and decorated the chancel, and the Church was +dedicated in 1130. The choir was again burnt down in 1174, but +at once rebuilt. It was completed in 1184. A new nave and transept +were built between 1378 and 1410, and the great central tower +was carried up to its present height by the end of the fifteenth +century.</note> He also built a +monastery not far from the city to the eastward, in +which, by his advice, Ethelbert erected from the foundation +the church of the blessed Apostles, Peter and Paul,<note place='foot'>Afterwards called St. Augustine's Abbey.</note> +and enriched it with divers gifts; wherein the bodies of +the same Augustine, and of all the bishops of Canterbury, +and of the kings of Kent, might be buried. Nevertheless, +it was not Augustine himself who consecrated +that church, but Laurentius, his successor. +</p> + +<p> +The first abbot of that monastery was the priest Peter,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXVII'>27</ref> <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi></note> +who, being sent on a mission into Gaul, was drowned +in a bay of the sea, which is called Amfleat,<note place='foot'>Ambleteuse, a small sea-port, about six miles to the north of +Boulogne.</note> and committed +to a humble tomb by the inhabitants of the place; +but since it was the will of Almighty God to reveal his +<pb n='073'/><anchor id='Pg073'/> +merits, a light from Heaven was seen over his grave +every night; till the neighbouring people who saw it, +perceiving that he had been a holy man that was buried +there, and inquiring who and whence he was, carried +away the body, and interred it in the church, in the city +of Boulogne, with the honour due to so great a person. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_I_Chap_XXXIV'/> +<head>Chap. XXXIV. How Ethelfrid, king of the Northumbrians, +having vanquished the nations of the Scots, expelled +them from the territories of the English. [603 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +At this time, the brave and ambitious king, Ethelfrid,<note place='foot'>II, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_II'>2</ref>, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XII'>12</ref>; <ref target='Book_III_Chap_I'>III, 1</ref>. He was the grandson of Ida, first king of +Bernicia (V, 24, and note). His father, Ethelric, seized Deira on +the death of Aelli (II, 1, p. <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref>), and Ethelfrid ruled over both the +Northumbrian kingdoms from 593 to 617.</note> +governed the kingdom of the Northumbrians, and ravaged +the Britons more than all the chiefs of the English, insomuch +that he might be compared to Saul of old, king of +the Israelites, save only in this, that he was ignorant of +Divine religion. For he conquered more territories from +the Britons than any other chieftain or king, either +subduing the inhabitants and making them tributary, or +driving them out and planting the English in their places. +To him might justly be applied the saying of the patriarch +blessing his son in the person of Saul, <q>Benjamin shall +ravin as a wolf; in the morning he shall devour the +prey, and at night he shall divide the spoil.</q><note place='foot'>Gen., xlix, 27.</note> Hereupon, +Aedan, king of the Scots that dwell in Britain,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, the Dalriadic Scots, <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_I'>1</ref>, and note. For Aedan and +his wars, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Rhŷs, <q>Celtic Britain,</q> pp. 157-159.</note> being +alarmed by his success, came against him with a great +and mighty army, but was defeated and fled with a few +followers; for almost all his army was cut to pieces at a +famous place, called Degsastan, that is, Degsa Stone.<note place='foot'>Perhaps Dalston, near Carlisle; more probably, on philological +grounds, Dawstane Rig in Liddesdale; <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Skene, <q>Celtic +Scotland,</q> I, p. 162.</note> +In which battle also Theodbald, brother to Ethelfrid, +<pb n='074'/><anchor id='Pg074'/> +was killed, with almost all the forces he commanded. +This war Ethelfrid brought to an end in the year of our +Lord 603, the eleventh of his own reign, which lasted +twenty-four years, and the first year of the reign of +Phocas, who then was at the head of the Roman empire. +From that time, no king of the Scots durst come into +Britain to make war on the English to this day. +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<pb n='075'/><anchor id='Pg075'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Book II</head> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_II_Chap_I'/> +<head>Chap. I. Of the death of the blessed Pope Gregory.<note place='foot'>For a detailed study of St. Gregory, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <q>Gregory the Great, +his place in History and Thought,</q> by F. Homes Dudden, B.D. +(1905). The oldest biographies are: (1) a Life of Gregory, written +by a monk of Whitby, probably about 713 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>, recently discovered +in a MS. belonging to the Monastery of St. Gallen; (2) the Life +by Paul the Deacon, written towards the end of the eighth century; +(3) the Life by John the Deacon, written about the end of the +ninth century.</note> +[604 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +At this time, that is, in the year of our Lord 605,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXIII'>I, 23</ref>. Gregory's pontificate extended from 590 to 604.</note> the +blessed Pope Gregory, after having most gloriously +governed the Roman Apostolic see thirteen years, six +months, and ten days, died, and was translated to an +eternal abode in the kingdom of Heaven. Of whom, +seeing that by his zeal he converted our nation, the +English, from the power of Satan to the faith of Christ, +it behoves us to discourse more at large in our Ecclesiastical +History, for we may rightly, nay, we must, call him +our apostle; because, as soon as he began to wield the +pontifical power over all the world, and was placed over +the Churches long before converted to the true faith, he +made our nation, till then enslaved to idols, the Church +of Christ, so that concerning him we may use those +words of the Apostle; <q>if he be not an apostle to others, +yet doubtless he is to us; for the seal of his apostleship +are we in the Lord.</q><note place='foot'>1 Cor., ix, 2.</note> +</p> + +<p> +He was by nation a Roman, son of Gordianus, tracing +his descent from ancestors that were not only noble, but +religious. Moreover Felix, once bishop of the same +Apostolic see, a man of great honour in Christ and in +the Church, was his forefather.<note place='foot'>We cannot be certain which Felix is meant. The choice seems +to lie between Felix III, Bishop of Rome, 483-492, and Felix IV, +526-530. Mr. Homes Dudden decides in favour of the latter, on the +authority of John the Deacon. In either case, the word <foreign rend='italic'>atavus</foreign> +cannot be used in its strict sense.</note> Nor did he show his +<pb n='076'/><anchor id='Pg076'/> +nobility in religion by less strength of devotion than his +parents and kindred. But that nobility of this world which +was seen in him, by the help of the Divine Grace, he used +only to gain the glory of eternal dignity; for soon quitting +his secular habit, he entered a monastery, wherein +he began to live with so much grace of perfection that +(as he was wont afterwards with tears to testify) his +mind was above all transitory things; that he rose +superior to all that is subject to change; that he used to +think of nothing but what was heavenly; that, whilst detained +by the body, he broke through the bonds of the +flesh by contemplation; and that he even loved death, +which is a penalty to almost all men, as the entrance into +life, and the reward of his labours. This he used to say +of himself, not to boast of his progress in virtue, but +rather to bewail the falling off which he imagined he +had sustained through his pastoral charge. Indeed, once +in a private conversation with his deacon, Peter, after +having enumerated the former virtues of his soul, he +added sorrowfully, <q>But now, on account of the pastoral +charge, it is entangled with the affairs of laymen, and, +after so fair an appearance of inward peace, is defiled with +the dust of earthly action. And having wasted itself on +outward things, by turning aside to the affairs of many +men, even when it desires the inward things, it returns to +them undoubtedly impaired. I therefore consider what I +endure, I consider what I have lost, and when I behold +what I have thrown away, that which I bear appears the +more grievous.</q> +</p> + +<p> +So spake the holy man constrained by his great +humility. But it behoves us to believe that he lost nothing +of his monastic perfection by reason of his pastoral +charge, but rather that he gained greater profit through +the labour of converting many, than by the former calm +of his private life, and chiefly because, whilst holding the +pontifical office, he set about organizing his house like a +monastery. And when first drawn from the monastery, +<pb n='077'/><anchor id='Pg077'/> +ordained to the ministry of the altar, and sent to Constantinople +as representative<note place='foot'><foreign rend='italic'>Apocrisiarius</foreign>, official representative of the see of Rome at the +Imperial Court of Constantinople (Latin: <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>responsalis</foreign>). Ducange +explains the word as: <q>nomen inditum legatis, quod ἀποκρίσεις +seu responsa principum deferrent.</q></note> of the Apostolic see, though +he now took part in the secular affairs of the palace, yet +he did not abandon the fixed course of his heavenly life; +for some of the brethren of his monastery, who had +followed him to the royal city in their brotherly love, he +employed for the better observance of monastic rule, to +the end that at all times, by their example, as he writes +himself, he might be held fast to the calm shore of prayer, +as it were, with the cable of an anchor, whilst he should +be tossed up and down by the ceaseless waves of worldly +affairs; and daily in the intercourse of studious reading +with them, strengthen his mind shaken with temporal +concerns. By their company he was not only guarded +against the assaults of the world, but more and more +roused to the exercises of a heavenly life. +</p> + +<p> +For they persuaded him to interpret by a mystical exposition +the book of the blessed Job,<note place='foot'>His <q>Moralia,</q> a commentary on the Book of Job, expounding +it historically, allegorically, and in its practical bearing on morals. +His other undoubtedly genuine works are those mentioned in the +text: Twenty-two homilies on Ezekiel; forty homilies on the +Gospels for the day, preached by himself at various times; the +<q>Liber Regulae Pastoralis,</q> on the duties and responsibilities of +the pastoral office, a very widely studied book; four books of +Dialogues, <q>De vita et miraculis patrum Italicorum et de aeternitate +animae,</q> also one of his most famous works; and fourteen +books of letters to various persons on many subjects. There are also +some doubtful works. Of these, the <q>Liber Sacramentorum</q> (<hi rend='italic'>v. +infra</hi>), the <q>Liber Antiphonarius</q> (a collection of Antiphons for +Mass), and the Hymns have been generally regarded as genuine, +but recent research seems to show that they cannot be attributed +to Gregory. That he introduced the <q>Cantus Gregorianus</q> can +also probably be no longer maintained; <hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XX'>20</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi> note.</note> which is involved in +great obscurity; nor could he refuse to undertake that +work, which brotherly affection imposed on him for the +future benefit of many; but in a wonderful manner, in five +and thirty books of exposition, he taught how that same +book is to be understood literally; how to be referred to +<pb n='078'/><anchor id='Pg078'/> +the mysteries of Christ and the Church; and in what +sense it is to be adapted to every one of the faithful. +This work he began as papal representative in the royal +city, but finished it at Rome after being made pope. +Whilst he was still in the royal city, by the help of the +grace of Catholic truth, he crushed in its first rise a new +heresy which sprang up there, concerning the state of our +resurrection. For Eutychius,<note place='foot'>Patriarch of Constantinople, celebrated as a saint by the +Greeks. He was born at Theium in Phrygia, <hi rend='italic'>circ.</hi> 512 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> Towards +the end of his life he maintained the above theory in a book +on the Resurrection. He was opposed by Gregory, and the book +was burnt by order of the Emperor Tiberius, who, however, visited +him when he fell ill soon after, and received his blessing. He died +on Easter Day, 582, and the <q>heresy</q> was suffered to rest. (He +is, of course, not to be confused with Eutyches, author of the +heresy known as <q>Eutychianism,</q> <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVII'>IV, 17</ref>.)</note> bishop of that city, taught, +that our body, in the glory of resurrection, would be +impalpable, and more subtile than wind and air. The +blessed Gregory hearing this, proved by force of truth, +and by the instance of the Resurrection of our Lord, that +this doctrine was every way opposed to the orthodox +faith. For the Catholic faith holds that our body, raised +by the glory of immortality, is indeed rendered subtile by +the effect of spiritual power, but is palpable by the reality +of nature; according to the example of our Lord's Body, +concerning which, when risen from the dead, He Himself +says to His disciples, <q>Handle Me and see, for a spirit +hath not flesh and bones, as ye see Me have.</q><note place='foot'>St. Luke, xxiv, 39.</note> In maintaining +this faith, the venerable Father Gregory so +earnestly strove against the rising heresy, and with the +help of the most pious emperor, Tiberius Constantine,<note place='foot'>Tiberius II, emperor of the East, 578-582 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> +so fully suppressed it, that none has been since found to +revive it. +</p> + +<p> +He likewise composed another notable book, the +<q>Liber Pastoralis,</q> wherein he clearly showed what sort +of persons ought to be preferred to rule the Church; how +such rulers ought to live; with how much discrimination +they ought to instruct the different classes of their hearers, +<pb n='079'/><anchor id='Pg079'/> +and how seriously to reflect every day on their own +frailty. He also wrote forty homilies on the Gospel, +which he divided equally into two volumes; and composed +four books of Dialogues, in which, at the request +of his deacon, Peter, he recounted the virtues of the +more renowned saints of Italy, whom he had either +known or heard of, as a pattern of life for posterity; to +the end that, as he taught in his books of Expositions +what virtues men ought to strive after, so by describing +the miracles of saints, he might make known the glory +of those virtues. Further, in twenty-two homilies, he +showed how much light is latent in the first and last parts +of the prophet Ezekiel, which seemed the most obscure. +Besides which, he wrote the <q>Book of Answers,</q><note place='foot'>I, 27.</note> to +the questions of the holy Augustine, the first bishop of +the English nation, as we have shown above, inserting +the same book entire in this history; and the useful little +<q>Synodical Book,</q><note place='foot'>A Synodical epistle, such as newly-elected bishops were in +the habit of sending to other bishops. The subject-matter is the +same as that of the <q>Pastoral Care.</q></note> which he composed with the bishops +of Italy on necessary matters of the Church; as well +as private letters to certain persons. And it is the more +wonderful that he could write so many lengthy works, +seeing that almost all the time of his youth, to use his +own words, he was frequently tormented with internal +pain, constantly enfeebled by the weakness of his digestion, +and oppressed by a low but persistent fever. But +in all these troubles, forasmuch as he carefully reflected +that, as the Scripture testifies,<note place='foot'>Heb., xii, 6.</note> <q>He scourgeth every +son whom He receiveth,</q> the more severely he suffered +under those present evils, the more he assured himself +of his eternal hope. +</p> + +<p> +Thus much may be said of his immortal genius, which +could not be crushed by such severe bodily pains. Other +popes applied themselves to building churches or adorning +them with gold and silver, but Gregory was wholly +intent upon gaining souls. Whatsoever money he had, +<pb n='080'/><anchor id='Pg080'/> +he took care to distribute diligently and give to the poor, +that his righteousness might endure for ever, and his +horn be exalted with honour; so that the words of the +blessed Job might be truly said of him,<note place='foot'>Job, xxix, 11-17.</note> <q>When the ear +heard me, then it blessed me; and when the eye saw me, +it gave witness to me: because I delivered the poor that +cried, and the fatherless, and him that had none to help +him. The blessing of him that was ready to perish came +upon me, and I caused the widow's heart to sing for joy. +I put on righteousness, and it clothed me; my judgement +was as a robe and a diadem. I was eyes to the blind, and +feet was I to the lame. I was a father to the poor; and +the cause which I knew not, I searched out. And I brake +the jaws of the wicked, and plucked the spoil out of his +teeth.</q> And a little after: <q>If I have withheld,</q> says +he, <q>the poor from their desire; or have caused the eyes +of the widow to fail; or have eaten my morsel myself +alone, and the fatherless hath not eaten thereof: (for +from my youth compassion grew up with me, and from +my mother's womb it came forth with me.</q><note place='foot'>The quotation is from the Vulgate (Job, xxxi, 16-18). The +sentence is finished in v. 22: <q>Then let mine arm fall from my +shoulder blade....</q></note>) +</p> + +<p> +To his works of piety and righteousness this also may +be added, that he saved our nation, by the preachers he +sent hither, from the teeth of the old enemy, and made it +partaker of eternal liberty. Rejoicing in the faith and +salvation of our race, and worthily commending it with +praise, he says, in his exposition of the blessed Job, +<q>Behold, the tongue of Britain, which only knew how +to utter barbarous cries, has long since begun to raise +the Hebrew Hallelujah to the praise of God! Behold, the +once swelling ocean now serves prostrate at the feet of +the saints; and its wild upheavals, which earthly princes +could not subdue with the sword, are now, through the +fear of God, bound by the lips of priests with words +alone; and the heathen that stood not in awe of troops +of warriors, now believes and fears the tongues of the +humble! For he has received a message from on high +<pb n='081'/><anchor id='Pg081'/> +and mighty works are revealed; the strength of the +knowledge of God is given him, and restrained by the +fear of the Lord, he dreads to do evil, and with all his +heart desires to attain to everlasting grace.</q> In which +words the blessed Gregory shows us this also, that St. +Augustine and his companions brought the English to +receive the truth, not only by the preaching of words, +but also by showing forth heavenly signs. +</p> + +<p> +The blessed Pope Gregory, among other things, caused +Masses to be celebrated in the churches of the holy +Apostles, Peter and Paul, over their bodies. And in the +celebration of Masses, he added three petitions of the +utmost perfection: <q>And dispose our days in thy peace, +and bid us to be preserved from eternal damnation, and +to be numbered in the flock of thine elect.</q><note place='foot'>John the Deacon attributes to Gregory the <q>Liber Sacramentorum,</q> +or Gregorian Sacramentary, a revision of the Gelasian +Sacramentary. It seems probable, however, that it is of much later +date. Only a few alterations in the Liturgy and in the ceremonial +of the Mass are proved to have been effected by Gregory. In the +Canon of the Mass he introduced two changes, viz.: (1) he inserted +the words here quoted; (2) he altered the position of the Lord's +Prayer (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Homes Dudden, pp. 264-271).</note> +</p> + +<p> +He governed the Church in the days of the Emperors +Mauritius and Phocas, and passing out of this life in the +second year of the same Phocas,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, 604 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>, cf. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXIII'>I, 23</ref>; <ref target='Book_II_Chap_I'>II, 1</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi>, note.</note> he departed to the true +life which is in Heaven. His body was buried in the +church of the blessed Apostle Peter before the sacristy, +on the 12th day of March, to rise one day in the same +body in glory with the rest of the holy pastors of the +Church. On his tomb was written this epitaph: +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> +Receive, O Earth, his body taken from thine own; thou canst +restore it, when God calls to life. His spirit rises to the stars; the +claims of death shall not avail against him, for death itself is but +the way to new life. In this tomb are laid the limbs of a great +pontiff, who yet lives for ever in all places in countless deeds of +mercy. Hunger and cold he overcame with food and raiment, and +shielded souls from the enemy by his holy teaching. And whatsoever +he taught in word, that he fulfilled in deed, that he might be +a pattern, even as he spake words of mystic meaning. By his +<pb n='082'/><anchor id='Pg082'/> +guiding love he brought the Angles to Christ, gaining armies for +the Faith from a new people. This was thy toil, thy task, thy care, +thy aim as shepherd, to offer to thy Lord abundant increase of the +flock. So, Consul of God, rejoice in this thy triumph, for now thou +hast the reward of thy works for evermore. +</quote> + +<p> +Nor must we pass by in silence the story of the +blessed Gregory, handed down to us by the tradition +of our ancestors, which explains his earnest care for the +salvation of our nation. It is said that one day, when +some merchants had lately arrived at Rome, many things +were exposed for sale in the market place, and much +people resorted thither to buy: Gregory himself went +with the rest, and saw among other wares some boys +put up for sale, of fair complexion, with pleasing countenances, +and very beautiful hair. When he beheld them, he +asked, it is said, from what region or country they were +brought? and was told, from the island of Britain, and +that the inhabitants were like that in appearance. He +again inquired whether those islanders were Christians, +or still involved in the errors of paganism, and was informed +that they were pagans. Then fetching a deep +sigh from the bottom of his heart, <q>Alas! what pity,</q> +said he, <q>that the author of darkness should own men +of such fair countenances; and that with such grace of +outward form, their minds should be void of inward +grace.</q> He therefore again asked, what was the name of +that nation? and was answered, that they were called +Angles. <q>Right,</q> said he, <q>for they have an angelic +face, and it is meet that such should be co-heirs with the +Angels in heaven. What is the name of the province from +which they are brought?</q> It was replied, that the +natives of that province were called Deiri.<note place='foot'>Deira was the southern part of the province of Northumbria, +the northern part being Bernicia. Deira was bounded on the south +by the Humber; on the north, according to some authorities, by +the Tyne, according to others, by the Tees. The discrepancy +doubtless arose from the fact that the part between the two latter +rivers was a desert subject to no authority. To the west lay the +British kingdoms.</note> <q>Truly are +they <foreign rend='italic'>De ira</foreign>,</q> said he, <q>saved from wrath, and called to +the mercy of Christ. How is the king of that province +<pb n='083'/><anchor id='Pg083'/> +called?</q> They told him his name was Aelli;<note place='foot'>The son of Yffi, the first king of Deira. The ancient pedigrees +trace the descent of the royal houses of Deira and Bernicia from +two sons of Woden.</note> and he, +playing upon the name, said, <q>Allelujah, the praise of +God the Creator must be sung in those parts.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Then he went to the bishop of the Roman Apostolic +see<note place='foot'>This pope was either Benedict I (574-578) or Pelagius II (578-590), +the immediate predecessor of Gregory. The oldest extant life +of Gregory (<hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> p. <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref>, note) makes him Benedict, and is followed +by John the Deacon. If this is right, the incident related in the +text must be placed before Gregory's departure to Constantinople +in 579. Paul the Deacon places it after his return in 585 or 586, +and asserts that the pope was Pelagius II.</note> (for he was not himself then made pope), and entreated +him to send some ministers of the Word into +Britain to the nation of the English, that it might be +converted to Christ by them; declaring himself ready to +carry out that work with the help of God, if the Apostolic +Pope should think fit to have it done. But not being then +able to perform this task, because, though the Pope was +willing to grant his request, yet the citizens of Rome +could not be brought to consent that he should depart so +far from the city, as soon as he was himself made Pope, +he carried out the long-desired work, sending, indeed, +other preachers, but himself by his exhortations and +prayers helping the preaching to bear fruit. This account, +which we have received from a past generation, +we have thought fit to insert in our Ecclesiastical +History. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_II_Chap_II'/> +<head>Chap. II. How Augustine admonished the bishops of the +Britons on behalf of Catholic peace, and to that end +wrought a heavenly miracle in their presence; and of +the vengeance that pursued them for their contempt. +[<hi rend='italic'>Circ.</hi> 603 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the meantime, Augustine, with the help of King +Ethelbert, drew together to a conference the bishops and +doctors of the nearest province of the Britons, at a place +<pb n='084'/><anchor id='Pg084'/> +which is to this day called, in the English language, +Augustine's Ác, that is, Augustine's Oak,<note place='foot'>The date of the synod is uncertain. It was probably about +602 or 603 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>, after the arrival of Gregory's <q>Responsa.</q> The +<q>nearest province</q> must mean what we call South Wales, though it +is possible that the Britons of Cornwall were also represented. The +scene of the conference has been generally supposed to be Aust, +on the Severn, opposite Chepstow, and the name may possibly +preserve the memory of Augustine, though more probably it is +derived from <q>Trajectus Augusti</q> (Haddan and Stubbs). Other +possible sites are Malmesbury (Green, <q>Making of England</q>), +and a spot called <q>the Oak,</q> near Cricklade, on the Upper +Thames, which would be on the borders of the Hwiccas and West +Saxons (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Plummer, <hi rend='italic'>ad loc.</hi>).</note> on the borders +of the Hwiccas<note place='foot'>The Hwiccas were in the present Gloucestershire and Worcestershire, +north-west of Wessex.</note> and West Saxons; and began by +brotherly admonitions to persuade them to preserve +Catholic peace with him, and undertake the common +labour of preaching the Gospel to the heathen for the +Lord's sake. For they did not keep Easter Sunday at +the proper time, but from the fourteenth to the twentieth +moon; which computation is contained in a cycle of +eighty-four years.<note place='foot'><p>Cf. especially <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXV'>III, 25</ref>, and <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXI'>V, 21</ref>. (Other references are: II, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_IV'>4</ref>, +<ref target='Book_II_Chap_XIX'>19</ref>; III, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_III'>3</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_IV'>4</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVI'>26</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIX'>29</ref>; V, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XV'>15</ref>, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXII'>22</ref>.) +</p> +<p> +A full discussion of this involved question is beyond our scope. +Readers are referred to Plummer (Excursus on Paschal Controversy), +Bright, or Hunt. Here, the point at issue may be briefly +stated. It was regarded as essential by the Roman Church that +Easter Day should be kept on a Sunday, in the third week of the +first month, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, the month in which the full moon occurred on or +after the vernal equinox. The Celts observed the Feast on Sunday, +and were, therefore, not rightly called <q>Quartodecimans</q> (the +name given to those who observed it on the 14th of the month +Nisan, the day of the Jewish Passover, without regard to the day +of the week). They differed from the Romans in fixing the vernal +equinox at March 25th, instead of March 21st, and in their reckoning +of the third week, holding it to be from the 14th to the 20th +of the moon inclusive. The Roman Church originally reckoned +it from the 16th to the 22nd, but ultimately fixed it from the 15th +to the 21st (cf. V, 21, p. <ref target='Pg365'>365</ref>). +</p> +<p> +There was a further divergence in the <q>cycles</q> adopted to +ascertain the day in each year on which the Paschal moon would +fall. The Celts retained an old cycle of eighty-four years, while +the Romans had finally adopted one of nineteen. It is obvious that +these differences must necessarily lead to great divergence in +practice and consequently serious inconvenience. The real importance +of this and the other points of difference, settled afterwards +at the Synod of Whitby, lay in the question whether England was +to conform to the practice of the Catholic Church, or to isolate +herself from it by local peculiarities (cf. the reply of the British to +Augustine: <q>They would do none of those things nor receive him +as their archbishop</q>).</p></note> Besides, they did many other things +<pb n='085'/><anchor id='Pg085'/> +which were opposed to the unity of the church.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>E.g.</hi>, Consecration of bishops by a single bishop, certain +differences of ritual (Gregory's <q>Responsa</q> admit of some latitude +in these matters), and the tonsure, which was a more controversial +point (cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVI'>III, 26</ref>, and <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXI'>V, 21</ref>). The Romans shaved only +the top of the head, letting the hair grow in the form of a crown. +The Celts shaved the whole front of the head from ear to ear, +leaving the hair at the back. A third method was the Oriental, +which consisted in shaving the whole head (cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_I'>IV, 1</ref>).</note> When, +after a long disputation, they did not comply with the +entreaties, exhortations, or rebukes of Augustine and his +companions, but preferred their own traditions before all +the Churches which are united in Christ throughout the +world, the holy father, Augustine, put an end to this +troublesome and tedious contention, saying, <q>Let us +entreat God, who maketh men to be of one mind in His +Father's house, to vouchsafe, by signs from Heaven, to +declare to us which tradition is to be followed; and by +what path we are to strive to enter His kingdom. Let +some sick man be brought, and let the faith and practice +of him, by whose prayers he shall be healed, be looked +upon as hallowed in God's sight and such as should be +adopted by all.</q> His adversaries unwillingly consenting, +a blind man of the English race was brought, who having +been presented to the British bishops, found no benefit +or healing from their ministry; at length, Augustine, +compelled by strict necessity, bowed his knees to the +Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, praying that He would +restore his lost sight to the blind man, and by the bodily +enlightenment of one kindle the grace of spiritual light +in the hearts of many of the faithful. Immediately the +blind man received sight, and Augustine was proclaimed +by all to be a true herald of the light from Heaven. The +Britons then confessed that they perceived that it was the +<pb n='086'/><anchor id='Pg086'/> +true way of righteousness which Augustine taught; but +that they could not depart from their ancient customs +without the consent and sanction of their people. They +therefore desired that a second time a synod might be appointed, +at which more of their number should be present. +</p> + +<p> +This being decreed, there came, it is said, seven +bishops of the Britons,<note place='foot'>The place of the second conference is not mentioned. It is +generally assumed that it was the same as that of the first. All +attempts to determine the names and sees of these bishops rest +upon the most uncertain evidence.</note> and many men of great learning, +particularly from their most celebrated monastery, which +is called, in the English tongue, Bancornaburg,<note place='foot'>Probably Bangor-is-Coed, in Flintshire, from which it appears +that North Wales was represented at the second conference. The +size and importance of the monastery are inferred by William of +Malmesbury, writing in the twelfth century, from the extent of the +ruins, which were all that was left of it in his time.</note> and over +which the Abbot Dinoot<note place='foot'>Dunawd, or Dunod; Latin: Donatus (Rhŷs).</note> is said to have presided at that +time. They that were to go to the aforesaid council, betook +themselves first to a certain holy and discreet man, +who was wont to lead the life of a hermit among them, +to consult with him, whether they ought, at the preaching +of Augustine, to forsake their traditions. He +answered, <q>If he is a man of God, follow him.</q>—<q>How +shall we know that?</q> said they. He replied, +<q>Our Lord saith, Take My yoke upon you, and learn of +Me, for I am meek and lowly in heart; if therefore, +Augustine is meek and lowly of heart, it is to be believed +that he bears the yoke of Christ himself, and offers it to +you to bear. But, if he is harsh and proud, it is plain +that he is not of God, nor are we to regard his words.</q> +They said again, <q>And how shall we discern even this?</q>—<q>Do +you contrive,</q> said the anchorite, <q>that he first +arrive with his company at the place where the synod is +to be held; and if at your approach he rises up to you, +hear him submissively, being assured that he is the servant +of Christ; but if he despises you, and does not rise +up to you, whereas you are more in number, let him also +be despised by you.</q> +</p> + +<pb n='087'/><anchor id='Pg087'/> + +<p> +They did as he directed; and it happened, that as they +approached, Augustine was sitting on a chair. When +they perceived it, they were angry, and charging him +with pride, set themselves to contradict all he said. He +said to them, <q>Many things ye do which are contrary to +our custom, or rather the custom of the universal Church, +and yet, if you will comply with me in these three matters, +to wit, to keep Easter at the due time; to fulfil the +ministry of Baptism, by which we are born again to God, +according to the custom of the holy Roman Apostolic +Church;<note place='foot'>It is not known in what way the practice of the British Church +differed from that of the Romans in the rite of Baptism. It may +have been by the neglect of Confirmation as the completion of +Baptism (cf. <q>compleatis</q> in the text). Other suggestions are: +single immersion (but this was permitted in Spain); the omission +of chrism, an omission which was affirmed of the Irish at a later +period; some defect in the invocation of the Trinity. This conjecture +rests on a canon respecting Baptism established in the +English Church from the time of Augustine (quoted by Haddan +and Stubbs from a letter of Pope Zacharias to Boniface), which +enforces the full invocation.</note> and to join with us in preaching the Word of +God to the English nation, we will gladly suffer all the +other things you do, though contrary to our customs.</q> +They answered that they would do none of those things, +nor receive him as their archbishop; for they said among +themselves, <q>if he would not rise up to us now, how +much more will he despise us, as of no account, if we +begin to be under his subjection?</q> Then the man of +God, Augustine, is said to have threatened them, that +if they would not accept peace with their brethren, they +should have war from their enemies; and, if they would +not preach the way of life to the English nation, they +should suffer at their hands the vengeance of death. All +which, through the dispensation of the Divine judgement, +fell out exactly as he had predicted. +</p> + +<p> +For afterwards the warlike king of the English, Ethelfrid,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXXIV'>I, 34</ref>.</note> +of whom we have spoken, having raised a mighty +army, made a very great slaughter of that heretical +nation, at the city of Legions,<note place='foot'>Chester, the seat of the Twentieth legion. <q>Legionum civitas, +quae nunc simpliciter Cestra vocatur.</q> (William of Malmesbury.) +Cf. note on I, 7, p. <ref target='Pg018'>18</ref>. The date of the battle cannot be accurately +fixed. The <q>Annales Cambriae</q> give 613, but it may have been +a few years later. Bede only tells us that it was a considerable time +after Augustine's death, which was probably in 604 or 605.</note> which by the English is +<pb n='088'/><anchor id='Pg088'/> +called Legacaestir, but by the Britons more rightly Carlegion. +Being about to give battle, he observed their +priests, who were come together to offer up their prayers +to God for the combatants, standing apart in a place of +greater safety; he inquired who they were, and what +they came together to do in that place. Most of them +were of the monastery of Bangor,<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>supra</hi> p. <ref target='Pg086'>86</ref>, note 2.</note> in which, it is said, +there was so great a number of monks, that the monastery +being divided into seven parts, with a superior set +over each, none of those parts contained less than three +hundred men, who all lived by the labour of their hands. +Many of these, having observed a fast of three days, had +come together along with others to pray at the aforesaid +battle, having one Brocmail<note place='foot'>Nothing certain is known of this Welsh prince.</note> for their protector, to defend +them, whilst they were intent upon their prayers, against +the swords of the barbarians. King Ethelfrid being informed +of the occasion of their coming, said, <q>If then +they cry to their God against us, in truth, though they +do not bear arms, yet they fight against us, because they +assail us with their curses.</q> He, therefore, commanded +them to be attacked first, and then destroyed the rest of +the impious army, not without great loss of his own +forces. About twelve hundred of those that came to pray +are said to have been killed, and only fifty to have +escaped by flight. Brocmail, turning his back with his +men, at the first approach of the enemy, left those whom +he ought to have defended unarmed and exposed to the +swords of the assailants. Thus was fulfilled the prophecy +of the holy Bishop Augustine, though he himself had +been long before taken up into the heavenly kingdom, +that the heretics should feel the vengeance of temporal +death also, because they had despised the offer of eternal +salvation. +</p> + + +</div> + +<pb n='089'/><anchor id='Pg089'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_II_Chap_III'/> +<head>Chap. III. How St. Augustine made Mellitus and Justus +bishops; and of his death. [604 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord 604, Augustine, Archbishop of +Britain, ordained two bishops, to wit, Mellitus and +Justus;<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXIX'>I, 29</ref>, and note.</note> Mellitus to preach to the province of the East-Saxons, +who are divided from Kent by the river Thames, +and border on the Eastern sea. Their metropolis is the +city of London, which is situated on the bank of the +aforesaid river, and is the mart of many nations resorting +to it by sea and land. At that time, Sabert, nephew +to Ethelbert through his sister Ricula, reigned over the +nation, though he was under subjection to Ethelbert, +who, as has been said above, had command over all the +nations of the English as far as the river Humber. But +when this province also received the word of truth, by the +preaching of Mellitus, King Ethelbert built the church of +St. Paul the Apostle,<note place='foot'>The site is covered by the present cathedral.</note> in the city of London, where he +and his successors should have their episcopal see. As +for Justus, Augustine ordained him bishop in Kent, at +the city of Dorubrevis, which the English call Hrofaescaestrae,<note place='foot'>Rochester. The new see was closely dependent on Canterbury, +and till 1148 the archbishop had the appointment to this bishopric.</note> +from one that was formerly the chief man of +it, called Hrof. It is about twenty-four miles distant +from the city of Canterbury to the westward, and in it +King Ethelbert dedicated a church to the blessed Apostle +Andrew,<note place='foot'>Probably in memory of his monastery on the Coelian (cf. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXIII'>I, 23</ref>). +According to Rochester tradition, Ethelbert gave to the church +some land called Priestfield to the south of the city, and other +lands to the north. There exists a charter of Ethelbert to the city +of Rochester, believed to be genuine.</note> and bestowed many gifts on the bishops of +both those churches, as well as on the Bishop of Canterbury, +adding lands and possessions for the use of those +who were associated with the bishops. +</p> + +<p> +After this, the beloved of God, our father Augustine, +<pb n='090'/><anchor id='Pg090'/> +died,<note place='foot'>The year is not given, and is not certainly known. It is generally +assumed to have been 604 or 605.</note> and his body was laid outside, close by the church +of the blessed Apostles, Peter and Paul, above spoken of, +because it was not yet finished, nor consecrated, but as +soon as it was consecrated,<note place='foot'>This was in 613, by Laurentius. St. Augustine's body was +translated on September 13th. It was moved again in the twelfth +century and placed under the high altar.</note> the body was brought in, +and fittingly buried in the north chapel<note place='foot'><q>Porticus</q>; variously translated: <q>porch,</q> <q>aisle,</q> <q>transept,</q> +and <q>chapel.</q> Ducange explains it as <q>aedis sacrae +propylaeum in porticus formam exstructum,</q> and says it was also +used improperly for the sanctuary. Plummer (<hi rend='italic'>ad loc.</hi>) says it means +side chapel, as often. The mention of the altar just below seems +to support this meaning (if, indeed, <foreign rend='italic'>haec</foreign> refers to the <q>porticus,</q> +and not to the church itself, as is assumed in the A.S. version).</note> thereof; wherein +also were interred the bodies of all the succeeding archbishops, +except two only, Theodore and Bertwald, +whose bodies are in the church itself, because the aforesaid +chapel could contain no more.<note place='foot'>For Theodore <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Preface'>Preface</ref>, p. <ref target='Pg002'>2</ref>, note 2; <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_I'>IV, 1</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_VIII'>V, 8</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>et saep.</hi>; +and for Bertwald, V, 8. Cuthbert (740-758) was the first archbishop +buried in Christ Church, Canterbury, instead of at St. Augustine's.</note> Almost in the midst +of this chapel is an altar dedicated in honour of the +blessed Pope Gregory, at which every Saturday memorial +Masses are celebrated for the archbishops by a priest of +that place. On the tomb of Augustine is inscribed this +epitaph: +</p> + +<p> +<q>Here rests the Lord Augustine, first Archbishop of +Canterbury, who, being of old sent hither by the blessed +Gregory, Bishop of the city of Rome, and supported by +God in the working of miracles, led King Ethelbert +and his nation from the worship of idols to the faith of +Christ, and having ended the days of his office in peace, +died the 26th day of May, in the reign of the same king.</q> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='091'/><anchor id='Pg091'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_II_Chap_IV'/> +<head>Chap. IV. How Laurentius and his bishops admonished +the Scots to observe the unity of the Holy Church, particularly +in keeping of Easter; and how Mellitus went +to Rome.</head> + +<p> +Laurentius<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXVII'>I, 27</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi></note> succeeded Augustine in the bishopric, +having been ordained thereto by the latter, in his lifetime, +lest, upon his death, the Church, as yet in so unsettled +a state, might begin to falter, if it should be +destitute of a pastor, though but for one hour. Wherein +he also followed the example of the first pastor of the +Church, that is, of the most blessed Peter, chief of the +Apostles, who, having founded the Church of Christ at +Rome, is said to have consecrated Clement to help him +in preaching the Gospel, and at the same time to be his +successor. Laurentius, being advanced to the rank of +archbishop, laboured indefatigably, both by frequent +words of holy exhortation and constant example of good +works to strengthen the foundations of the Church, which +had been so nobly laid, and to carry it on to the fitting +height of perfection. In short, he not only took charge +of the new Church formed among the English, but endeavoured +also to bestow his pastoral care upon the +tribes of the ancient inhabitants of Britain, as also of the +Scots, who inhabit the island of Ireland,<note place='foot'>Bede thus distinguishes them from the colony in Scotland. Cf. +<ref target='Book_I_Chap_I'>I, 1</ref>, and note.</note> which is next +to Britain. For when he understood that the life and +profession of the Scots in their aforesaid country, as well +as of the Britons in Britain, was not truly in accordance +with the practice of the Church in many matters, +especially that they did not celebrate the festival of +Easter at the due time, but thought that the day of the +Resurrection of our Lord ought, as has been said above, +to be observed between the 14th and 20th of the moon; +he wrote, jointly with his fellow bishops, a hortatory +epistle, entreating and conjuring them to keep the unity +of peace and Catholic observance with the Church of +<pb n='092'/><anchor id='Pg092'/> +Christ spread throughout the world. The beginning of +which epistle is as follows: +</p> + +<p> +<q><hi rend='italic'>To our most dear brethren, the Lords Bishops and +Abbots throughout all the country of the Scots,<note place='foot'>Ireland. Iona may be included, as may be inferred from a +comparison of <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXI'>III, 21</ref> (<q>reversus est ad insulam Hii</q>) with <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>III, 24</ref> +(<q>ad Scottiam rediit</q>). But Bede does not use <q>Scottia</q> for +Scotland.</note> Laurentius, +Mellitus, and Justus, Bishops, servants of the servants of +God.</hi> When the Apostolic see, according to the universal +custom which it has followed elsewhere, sent us to these +western parts to preach to pagan nations, and it was our +lot to come into this island, which is called Britain, before +we knew them, we held both the Britons and Scots in +great esteem for sanctity, believing that they walked +according to the custom of the universal Church; but +becoming acquainted with the Britons, we thought that +the Scots had been better. Now we have learnt from +Bishop Dagan,<note place='foot'>Bishop of Inver Daeile (Ennereilly) in Wicklow.</note> who came into this aforesaid island, and +the Abbot Columban,<note place='foot'>The most famous of the great Irish missionaries who laboured +on the Continent. He was born in Leinster about 540, went to +Gaul about 574, founded three monasteries (Annegray, Luxeuil, and +Fontaines), worked for twenty years among the Franks and Burgundians, +afterwards among the Suevi and Alemanni, and finally +in Italy, where he founded a monastery at Bobbio and died there +in 615. He was a vigorous supporter of the Celtic usages and an +active opponent of Arianism. He instituted a monastic rule of +great severity.</note> in Gaul, that the Scots in no way +differ from the Britons in their walk; for when Bishop +Dagan came to us, not only did he refuse to eat at the +same table, but even to eat in the same house where we +were entertained.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Also Laurentius with his fellow bishops wrote a letter +to the bishops of the Britons, suitable to his degree, by +which he endeavoured to confirm them in Catholic unity; +but what he gained by so doing the present times still show. +</p> + +<p> +About this time, Mellitus, bishop of London, went to +Rome, to confer with the Apostolic Pope Boniface about +the necessary affairs of the English Church. And the +same most reverend pope, assembling a synod of the +<pb n='093'/><anchor id='Pg093'/> +bishops of Italy,<note place='foot'>Nothing more is known of this council. The pope was Boniface +IV, 608-615.</note> to prescribe rules for the life and peace +of the monks, Mellitus also sat among them, in the +eighth year of the reign of the Emperor Phocas, the thirteenth +indiction, on the 27th of February,<note place='foot'>610 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> to the end that +he also might sign and confirm by his authority whatsoever +should be regularly decreed, and on his return into +Britain might carry the decrees to the Churches of the +English, to be committed to them and observed; together +with letters which the same pope sent to the beloved of +God, Archbishop Laurentius, and to all the clergy; as +likewise to King Ethelbert and the English nation. This +pope was Boniface, the fourth after the blessed Gregory, +bishop of the city of Rome. He obtained for the Church +of Christ from the Emperor Phocas the gift of the temple +at Rome called by the ancients Pantheon, as representing +all the gods; wherein he, having purified it from all +defilement, dedicated a church to the holy Mother of +God, and to all Christ's martyrs, to the end that, the +company of devils being expelled, the blessed company +of the saints might have therein a perpetual memorial.<note place='foot'>To commemorate the dedication the pope introduced into the +Western Church the Festival of All Saints, celebrated at first probably +on 13th May. The Eastern Church had from early times +observed a Festival of All Martyrs, which became later the Festival +of All Saints, kept by them on the Sunday after Whitsunday.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_II_Chap_V'/> +<head>Chap. V. How, after the death of the kings Ethelbert +and Sabert, their successors restored idolatry; for which +reason, both Mellitus and Justus departed out of Britain. +[616 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord 616, which is the twenty-first +year after Augustine and his company were sent to +preach to the English nation, Ethelbert, king of Kent, +having most gloriously governed his temporal kingdom +fifty-six years, entered into the eternal joys of the kingdom +<pb n='094'/><anchor id='Pg094'/> +of Heaven. He was the third of the English kings +who ruled over all the southern provinces that are divided +from the northern by the river Humber and the borders +contiguous to it;<note place='foot'>As Bretwalda, or paramount sovereign (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Stubbs, <q>Constitutional +History,</q> I, pp. 162-163). Aelli and Ceaulin are not elsewhere +mentioned in this work. For Redwald, <hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XII'>12</ref>; +for Edwin, c. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_IX'>9</ref>, foll.; for Oswald, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_I'>III, 1</ref>, foll.; and for Oswy, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIV'>III, +14</ref>, foll.</note> but the first of all that ascended to the +heavenly kingdom. The first who had the like sovereignty +was Aelli, king of the South-Saxons; the second, Caelin, +king of the West-Saxons, who, in their own language, +is called Ceaulin; the third, as has been said, was Ethelbert, +king of Kent; the fourth was Redwald, king of the +East-Angles, who, even in the life-time of Ethelbert, had +been acquiring the leadership for his own race. The fifth +was Edwin, king of the Northumbrian nation, that is, of +those who live in the district to the north of the river +Humber; his power was greater; he had the overlordship +over all the nations who inhabit Britain, both +English and British, except only the people of Kent; +and he reduced also under the dominion of the English, +the Mevanian Islands<note place='foot'>Anglesea and Man.</note> of the Britons, lying between +Ireland and Britain; the sixth was Oswald, the most +Christian king of the Northumbrians, whose kingdom +was within the same bounds; the seventh, his brother +Oswy, ruled over a kingdom of like extent for a time, +and for the most part subdued and made tributary the +nations of the Picts and Scots, who occupy the northern +parts of Britain: but of that hereafter. +</p> + +<p> +King Ethelbert died on the 24th day of the month of +February, twenty-one years after he had received the +faith,<note place='foot'>This is inaccurate and inconsistent with Bede's own statement +in <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>V. 24</ref>. Augustine did not arrive in Britain till 597. The dates +given above, at the beginning of this chapter, are, however, probably +correct, if he means that Ethelbert died twenty-one years +after the dispatch of the mission from Rome.</note> and was buried in St. Martin's chapel within the +church of the blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, where also +lies his queen, Bertha. Among other benefits which he +<pb n='095'/><anchor id='Pg095'/> +conferred upon his nation in his care for them, he established, +with the help of his council of wise men,<note place='foot'>The Witenagemot, the supreme assembly. This is the first +recorded instance of its legislative action. The <q>decisions</q> are +the so-called <q>dooms.</q></note> judicial +decisions, after the Roman model; which are written +in the language of the English, and are still kept and +observed by them. Among which, he set down first what +satisfaction should be given by any one who should steal +anything belonging to the Church, the bishop, or the +other clergy, for he was resolved to give protection to +those whom he had received along with their doctrine. +</p> + +<p> +This Ethelbert was the son of Irminric, whose father +was Octa, whose father was Oeric, surnamed Oisc, from +whom the kings of Kent are wont to be called Oiscings.<note place='foot'><q>—ing</q> is a Saxon patronymic.</note> +His father was Hengist, who, being invited by Vortigern, +first came into Britain, with his son Oisc, as has been +said above. +</p> + +<p> +But after the death of Ethelbert, the accession of his son +Eadbald proved very harmful to the still tender growth +of the new Church; for he not only refused to accept the +faith of Christ, but was also defiled with such fornication, +as the Apostle testifies, as is not so much as named among +the Gentiles, that one should have his father's wife.<note place='foot'>It was Ethelbert's second wife. Bertha had died before +him.</note> By +both which crimes he gave occasion to those to return to +their former uncleanness, who, under his father, had, +either for favour or fear of the king, submitted to the +laws of the faith and of a pure life. Nor did the unbelieving +king escape without the scourge of Divine +severity in chastisement and correction; for he was +troubled with frequent fits of madness, and possessed by +an unclean spirit. The storm of this disturbance was increased +by the death of Sabert, king of the East Saxons, +who departing to the heavenly kingdom, left three sons, +still pagans, to inherit his temporal crown. They immediately +began openly to give themselves up to idolatry, +which, during their father's lifetime, they had seemed +<pb n='096'/><anchor id='Pg096'/> +somewhat to abandon, and they granted free licence to +their subjects to serve idols. And when they saw the +bishop, whilst celebrating Mass in the church, give the +Eucharist to the people, filled, as they were, with folly +and ignorance, they said to him, as is commonly reported, +<q>Why do you not give us also that white bread, +which you used to give to our father Saba (for so they +were wont to call him), and which you still continue to +give to the people in the church?</q> To whom he answered, +<q>If you will be washed in that font of salvation, in which +your father was washed, you may also partake of the +holy Bread of which he partook; but if you despise the +laver of life, you can in no wise receive the Bread of +life.</q> They replied, <q>We will not enter into that font, +because we know that we do not stand in need of it, and +yet we will be refreshed by that bread.</q> And being +often earnestly admonished by him, that this could by +no means be done, nor would any one be admitted to partake +of the sacred Oblation without the holy cleansing, at +last, they said, filled with rage, <q>If you will not comply +with us in so small a matter as that which we require, +you shall not stay in our province.</q> And they drove +him out and bade him and his company depart from +their kingdom. Being driven thence, he came into Kent, +to take counsel with his fellow bishops, Laurentius and +Justus, and learn what was to be done in that case; +and with one consent they determined that it was better +for them all to return to their own country, where they +might serve God in freedom of mind, than to continue to +no purpose among barbarians, who had revolted from +the faith. Mellitus and Justus accordingly went away +first, and withdrew into the parts of Gaul, intending +there to await the event. But the kings, who had driven +from them the herald of the truth, did not continue long +unpunished in their worship of devils. For marching +out to battle against the nation of the Gewissi,<note place='foot'>Or Gewissae. The West Saxons, an antiquated term for them. +Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VII'>III, 7</ref>: <q>Occidentalium Saxonum, qui antiquitus Gewissae +vocabantur</q> (cf. <q>visi</q> = west, in <q>Visigoth</q>).</note> they +were all slain with their army. Nevertheless, the people, +<pb n='097'/><anchor id='Pg097'/> +having been once turned to wickedness, though the +authors of it were destroyed, would not be corrected, +nor return to the unity of faith and charity which is in +Christ. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_II_Chap_VI'/> +<head>Chap. VI. How Laurentius, being reproved by the Apostle +Peter, converted King Eadbald to Christ; and how the +king soon recalled Mellitus and Justus to preach the +Word. [617-618 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Laurentius, being about to follow Mellitus and Justus, +and to quit Britain, ordered his bed to be laid that night +in the church of the blessed Apostles, Peter and Paul, +which has been often mentioned before; wherein having +laid himself to rest, after he had with tears poured forth +many prayers to God for the state of the Church, he fell +asleep; in the dead of night, the blessed chief of the +Apostles appeared to him, and scourging him grievously +a long time, asked of him with apostolic severity, why +he was forsaking the flock which he had committed +to him? or to what shepherd he was leaving, by his +flight, Christ's sheep that were in the midst of wolves? +<q>Hast thou,</q> he said, <q>forgotten my example, who, for +the sake of those little ones, whom Christ commended +to me in token of His affection, underwent at the hands +of infidels and enemies of Christ, bonds, stripes, imprisonment, +afflictions, and lastly, death itself, even +the death of the cross, that I might at last be crowned +with Him?</q> Laurentius, the servant of Christ, roused +by the scourging of the blessed Peter and his words of +exhortation, went to the king as soon as morning broke, +and laying aside his garment, showed the scars of the +stripes which he had received. The king, astonished, +asked who had presumed to inflict such stripes on so +great a man. And when he heard that for the sake of +his salvation the bishop had suffered these cruel blows +at the hands of the Apostle of Christ, he was greatly +afraid; and abjuring the worship of idols, and renouncing +his unlawful marriage, he received the faith of Christ, +<pb n='098'/><anchor id='Pg098'/> +and being baptized, promoted and supported the interests +of the Church to the utmost of his power. +</p> + +<p> +He also sent over into Gaul, and recalled Mellitus and +Justus, and bade them return to govern their churches in +freedom. They came back one year after their departure, +and Justus returned to the city of Rochester, where he +had before presided; but the people of London would +not receive Bishop Mellitus, choosing rather to be under +their idolatrous high priests; for King Eadbald had not +so much authority in the kingdom as his father, and was +not able to restore the bishop to his church against the +will and consent of the pagans. But he and his nation, +after his conversion to the Lord, sought to obey the +commandments of God. Lastly, he built the church of +the holy Mother of God,<note place='foot'>At Canterbury, to the east of the church of SS. Peter and +Paul, to which it was afterwards joined.</note> in the monastery of the most +blessed chief of the Apostles, which was afterwards consecrated +by Archbishop Mellitus. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_II_Chap_VII'/> +<head>Chap. VII. How Bishop Mellitus by prayer quenched +a fire in his city. [619 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In this king's reign, the blessed Archbishop Laurentius +was taken up to the heavenly kingdom: he was buried +in the church and monastery of the holy Apostle Peter, +close by his predecessor Augustine, on the 2nd day of the +month of February.<note place='foot'>619 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> Mellitus, who was bishop of London, +succeeded to the see of Canterbury, being the third archbishop +from Augustine; Justus, who was still living, +governed the church of Rochester. These ruled the +Church of the English with much care and industry, and +received letters of exhortation from Boniface,<note place='foot'>Boniface V.</note> bishop of +the Roman Apostolic see, who presided over the Church +after Deusdedit, in the year of our Lord 619. Mellitus +laboured under the bodily infirmity of gout, but his mind +was sound and active, cheerfully passing over all earthly +things, and always aspiring to love, seek, and attain to +<pb n='099'/><anchor id='Pg099'/> +those which are celestial. He was noble by birth, but +still nobler by the elevation of his mind. +</p> + +<p> +In short, that I may give one instance of his power, +from which the rest may be inferred, it happened once +that the city of Canterbury, being set on fire through +carelessness, was in danger of being consumed by the +spreading conflagration; water was thrown on the fire +in vain; a considerable part of the city was already destroyed, +and the fierce flames were advancing towards the +bishop's abode, when he, trusting in God, where human +help failed, ordered himself to be carried towards the +raging masses of fire which were spreading on every +side. The church of the four crowned Martyrs<note place='foot'>Their names are said to have been: Severus, Severianus, +Victorinus, and Carpophorus (v. addition to Bede's Martyrology at +8th November). They suffered martyrdom at Rome in the Diocletian +persecution. A church was erected in their honour on the +Coelian, and on its site stands the present church of the Santi +Quattro Coronati.</note> was in +the place where the fire raged most fiercely. The bishop, +being carried thither by his servants, weak as he was, +set about averting by prayer the danger which the strong +hands of active men had not been able to overcome with +all their exertions. Immediately the wind, which blowing +from the south had spread the conflagration throughout +the city, veered to the north, and thus prevented the +destruction of those places that had been exposed to +its full violence, then it ceased entirely and there was a +calm, while the flames likewise sank and were extinguished. +And because the man of God burned with the +fire of divine love, and was wont to drive away the +storms of the powers of the air, by his frequent prayers +and at his bidding, from doing harm to himself, or his +people, it was meet that he should be allowed to prevail +over the winds and flames of this world, and to obtain +that they should not injure him or his. +</p> + +<p> +This archbishop also, having ruled the church five +years, departed to heaven in the reign of King Eadbald, +and was buried with his fathers in the monastery and +church, which we have so often mentioned, of the most +<pb n='100'/><anchor id='Pg100'/> +blessed chief of the Apostles, in the year of our Lord 624, +on the 24th day of April. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_II_Chap_VIII'/> +<head>Chap. VIII. How Pope Boniface sent the Pall and a +letter to Justus, successor to Mellitus. [624 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Justus, bishop of the church of Rochester, immediately +succeeded Mellitus in the archbishopric. He consecrated +Romanus bishop of that see in his own stead, having +obtained authority to ordain bishops from Pope Boniface, +whom we mentioned above as successor to Deusdedit: +of which licence this is the form: +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'><hi rend='italic'>Boniface, to his most beloved brother Justus.</hi> We have +learnt not only from the contents of your letter addressed +to us, but from the fulfilment granted to your work, how +faithfully and vigilantly you have laboured, my brother, +for the Gospel of Christ; for Almighty God has not forsaken +either the mystery of His Name, or the fruit of +your labours, having Himself faithfully promised to the +preachers of the Gospel, <q>Lo! I am with you alway, +even unto the end of the world</q>;<note place='foot'>St. Matt., xxviii, 20.</note> which promise His +mercy has particularly manifested in this ministry imposed +upon you, opening the hearts of the nations to +receive the wondrous mystery of your preaching. For He +has blessed with a rich reward your Eminence's acceptable +course, by the support of His loving kindness; granting +a plentiful increase to your labours in the faithful +management of the talents committed to you, and bestowing +it on that which you might confirm to many +generations.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, the reward is bestowed on that gift of faithful and successful +service which he might hand on in its results to posterity. +But the text is probably corrupt, and it is difficult to extract sense +from it.</note> This is conferred on you by that recompense +whereby, constantly persevering in the ministry +imposed upon you, you have awaited with praiseworthy +patience the redemption of that nation, and that they +might profit by your merits, salvation has been bestowed +<pb n='101'/><anchor id='Pg101'/> +on them. For our Lord Himself says, <q>He that endureth +to the end shall be saved.</q><note place='foot'>St. Matt., x, 22.</note> You are, therefore, saved by +the hope of patience, and the virtue of endurance, to the +end that the hearts of unbelievers, being cleansed from +their natural disease of superstition, might obtain the +mercy of their Saviour: for having received letters from +our son Adulwald,<note place='foot'>He means Eadbald.</note> we perceive with how much knowledge +of the Sacred Word you, my brother, have brought +his mind to the belief in true conversion and the certainty +of the faith. Therefore, firmly confiding in the long-suffering +of the Divine clemency, we believe that, through +the ministry of your preaching, there will ensue most +full salvation not only of the nations subject to him, but +also of their neighbours; to the end, that as it is written, +the recompense of a perfect work may be conferred on +you by the Lord, the Rewarder of all the just; and that +the universal confession of all nations, having received +the mystery of the Christian faith, may declare, that in +truth <q>Their sound is gone out into all the earth, and +their words unto the end of the world.</q><note place='foot'>Ps. xix, 4.</note></q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>We have also, my brother, moved by the warmth of +our goodwill, sent you by the bearer of these presents, +the pall, giving you authority to use it only in the celebration +of the Sacred Mysteries; granting to you likewise +to ordain bishops when there shall be occasion, through +the Lord's mercy; that so the Gospel of Christ, by the +preaching of many, may be spread abroad in all the +nations that are not yet converted. You must, therefore, +endeavour, my brother, to preserve with unblemished +sincerity of mind that which you have received through +the kindness of the Apostolic see, bearing in mind what +it is that is represented by the honourable vestment which +you have obtained to be borne on your shoulders. And +imploring the Divine mercy, study to show yourself such +that you may present before the tribunal of the Supreme +Judge that is to come, the rewards of the favour granted +to you, not with guiltiness, but with the benefit of souls.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>God preserve you in safety, most dear brother!</q> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='102'/><anchor id='Pg102'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_II_Chap_IX'/> +<head>Chap. IX. Of the reign of King Edwin, and how Paulinus, +coming to preach the Gospel, first converted his +daughter and others to the mysteries of the faith of +Christ. [625-626 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +At this time the nation of the Northumbrians, that is, +the English tribe dwelling on the north side of the river +Humber, with their king, Edwin,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. 5, p. <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>.</note> received the Word of +faith through the preaching of Paulinus,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXIX'>I, 29</ref>.</note> of whom we +have before spoken. This king, as an earnest of his reception +of the faith, and his share in the heavenly kingdom, +received an increase also of his temporal realm, for +he reduced under his dominion all the parts of Britain<note place='foot'>Except Kent. Cf. <hi rend='italic'>supra</hi>, c. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_V'>5</ref>.</note> +that were provinces either of the English, or of the +Britons, a thing which no English king had ever done +before; and he even subjected to the English the Mevanian +islands, as has been said above.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi></note> The more important +of these, which is to the southward, is the larger in +extent, and more fruitful, containing nine hundred and +sixty families, according to the English computation; +the other contains above three hundred. +</p> + +<p> +The occasion of this nation's reception of the faith was +the alliance by marriage of their aforesaid king with the +kings of Kent, for he had taken to wife Ethelberg, +otherwise called Tata,<note place='foot'>A term of endearment.</note> daughter to King Ethelbert. +When he first sent ambassadors to ask her in marriage +of her brother Eadbald, who then reigned in Kent, he +received the answer, <q>That it was not lawful to give a +Christian maiden in marriage to a pagan husband, lest +the faith and the mysteries of the heavenly King should +be profaned by her union with a king that was altogether +a stranger to the worship of the true God.</q> This answer +being brought to Edwin by his messengers, he promised +that he would in no manner act in opposition to the +Christian faith, which the maiden professed; but would +give leave to her, and all that went with her, men and +<pb n='103'/><anchor id='Pg103'/> +women, bishops and clergy, to follow their faith and +worship after the custom of the Christians. Nor did he +refuse to accept that religion himself, if, being examined +by wise men, it should be found more holy and more +worthy of God. +</p> + +<p> +So the maiden was promised, and sent to Edwin, and +in accordance with the agreement, Paulinus, a man beloved +of God, was ordained bishop, to go with her, and +by daily exhortations, and celebrating the heavenly +Mysteries, to confirm her and her company, lest they +should be corrupted by intercourse with the pagans. +Paulinus was ordained bishop by the Archbishop Justus, +on the 21st day of July, in the year of our Lord 625, and +so came to King Edwin with the aforesaid maiden as an +attendant on their union in the flesh. But his mind was +wholly bent upon calling the nation to which he was sent +to the knowledge of truth; according to the words of the +Apostle, <q>To espouse her to the one true Husband, that +he might present her as a chaste virgin to Christ.</q><note place='foot'>2 Cor., xi, 2.</note> +Being come into that province, he laboured much, not +only to retain those that went with him, by the help of +God, that they should not abandon the faith, but, if haply +he might, to convert some of the pagans to the grace of +the faith by his preaching. But, as the Apostle says, +though he laboured long in the Word, <q>The god of this +world blinded the minds of them that believed not, lest +the light of the glorious Gospel of Christ should shine +unto them.</q><note place='foot'>2 Cor., iv, 4.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The next year there came into the province one called +Eumer, sent by the king of the West-Saxons, whose +name was Cuichelm,<note place='foot'>Apparently joint king with his father, Cynegils (<ref target='Book_III_Chap_VII'>III, 7</ref>). The +hegemony which the West-Saxon Ceaulin had possessed (<hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_V'>5</ref>) +had passed to Northumbria.</note> to lie in wait for King Edwin, in +hopes at once to deprive him of his kingdom and his life. +He had a two-edged dagger, dipped in poison, to the +end that, if the wound inflicted by the weapon did not +avail to kill the king, it might be aided by the deadly +venom. He came to the king on the first day of the Easter +<pb n='104'/><anchor id='Pg104'/> +festival,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, Easter Eve, April 19th, 626.</note> at the river Derwent, where there was then a +royal township,<note place='foot'>Supposed to be at Aldby, near Stamford Bridge, but other +conjectures have been advanced.</note> and being admitted as if to deliver a +message from his master, whilst unfolding in cunning +words his pretended embassy, he started up on a sudden, +and unsheathing the dagger under his garment, assaulted +the king. When Lilla, the king's most devoted servant, +saw this, having no buckler at hand to protect the king +from death, he at once interposed his own body to receive +the blow; but the enemy struck home with such force, +that he wounded the king through the body of the +slaughtered thegn. Being then attacked on all sides with +swords, in the confusion he also slew impiously with +his dagger another of the thegns, whose name was +Forthhere. +</p> + +<p> +On that same holy Easter night, the queen had brought +forth to the king a daughter, called Eanfled. The king, +in the presence of Bishop Paulinus, gave thanks to his +gods for the birth of his daughter; and the bishop, on +his part, began to give thanks to Christ, and to tell the +king, that by his prayers to Him he had obtained that +the queen should bring forth the child in safety, and +without grievous pain. The king, delighted with his +words, promised, that if God would grant him life and +victory over the king by whom the murderer who had +wounded him had been sent, he would renounce his +idols, and serve Christ; and as a pledge that he would +perform his promise, he delivered up that same daughter +to Bishop Paulinus, to be consecrated to Christ. She +was the first to be baptized of the nation of the Northumbrians, +and she received Baptism on the holy day of +Pentecost, along with eleven others of her house.<note place='foot'>Twelve in some MSS. and in <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>V, 24</ref>. The baptism was on the +Eve of Whitsunday (cf. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>V. 24</ref>, <q>in Sabbato Pentecostes</q>). The +Eves of Easter and Whitsunday were usual days for baptisms; the +Roman Church tried to limit them to these seasons, but Christmas +and Epiphany were also favourite times.</note> At +that time, the king, being recovered of the wound which +he had received, raised an army and marched against +<pb n='105'/><anchor id='Pg105'/> +the nation of the West-Saxons; and engaging in war, +either slew or received in surrender all those of whom he +learned that they had conspired to murder him. So he +returned victorious into his own country, but he would +not immediately and unadvisedly embrace the mysteries +of the Christian faith, though he no longer worshipped +idols, ever since he made the promise that he would +serve Christ; but first took heed earnestly to be instructed +at leisure by the venerable Paulinus, in the knowledge of +faith, and to confer with such as he knew to be the wisest +of his chief men, inquiring what they thought was fittest +to be done in that case. And being a man of great +natural sagacity, he often sat alone by himself a long +time in silence, deliberating in the depths of his heart +how he should proceed, and to which religion he should +adhere. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chap. X. How Pope Boniface, by letter, exhorted the +same king to embrace the faith. [<hi rend='italic'>Circ.</hi> 625 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +At this time he received a letter from Pope Boniface<note place='foot'>Boniface V, unless, as Dr. Bright suggests, the name is a +scribe's error for Honorius, his successor. Boniface V died in +October, 625. Paulinus had only been consecrated in the preceding +July, so it is impossible that Boniface could have heard of Edwin's +delay in receiving the faith; <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> following letter (c. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XI'>11</ref>). But there +is a reference in the same letter to Eadbald's conversion, the news +of which must have come in the time of Boniface rather than of +Honorius. The difficulty is not cleared up.</note> +exhorting him to embrace the faith, which was as +follows: +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<p> +COPY OF THE LETTER OF THE MOST BLESSED AND APOSTOLIC +POPE OF THE CHURCH OF THE CITY OF ROME, BONIFACE, +ADDRESSED TO THE ILLUSTRIOUS EDWIN, KING OF THE +ENGLISH. +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'><hi rend='italic'>To the illustrious Edwin, king of the English, Bishop +Boniface, the servant of the servants of God.</hi> Although +the power of the Supreme Deity cannot be expressed by +<pb n='106'/><anchor id='Pg106'/> +the function of human speech, seeing that, by its own +greatness, it so consists in invisible and unsearchable +eternity, that no keenness of wit can comprehend or express +how great it is; yet inasmuch as His Humanity, +having opened the doors of the heart to receive Himself, +mercifully, by secret inspiration, puts into the minds of +men such things as It reveals concerning Itself,<note place='foot'>Reading <q>profert</q> for the impossible <q>proferetur.</q> The style +of this letter is very involved and there seems to be a good deal of +corruption in the text.</note> we have +thought fit to extend our episcopal care so far as to make +known to you the fulness of the Christian faith; to the end +that, bringing to your knowledge the Gospel of Christ, +which our Saviour commanded should be preached to all +nations, we might offer to you the cup of the means of +salvation.<note place='foot'>Adopting the conjecture <q>propinemus.</q></note></q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Thus the goodness of the Supreme Majesty, which, +by the word alone of His command, made and created all +things, the heaven, the earth, the sea, and all that in them +is, disposing the order by which they should subsist, hath, +ordaining all things, with the counsel of His co-eternal +Word, and the unity of the Holy Spirit, made man after +His own image and likeness, forming him out of the mire +of the earth; and granted him such high privilege of distinction, +as to place him above all else; so that, preserving +the bounds of the law of his being, his substance +should be established to eternity. This God,—Father, +Son, and Holy Ghost, the undivided Trinity,—from the +east unto the west, through faith by confession to the +saving of their souls, men worship and adore as the +Creator of all things, and their own Maker; to Whom +also the heights of empire and the powers of the world +are subject, because the pre-eminence of all kingdoms is +granted by His disposition. It hath pleased Him, therefore, +in the mercy of His loving kindness, and for the +greater benefit of all His creatures,<note place='foot'>The MSS. reading (<q>totius creaturae suae dilatandi subdi</q>) +yields no sense here, but no satisfactory conjecture has been made.</note> by the fire of His +Holy Spirit wonderfully to kindle the cold hearts even of +<pb n='107'/><anchor id='Pg107'/> +the nations seated at the extremities of the earth in the +knowledge of Himself.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>For we suppose, since the two countries are near +together, that your Highness has fully understood what +the clemency of our Redeemer has effected in the enlightenment +of our illustrious son, King Eadbald, and +the nations under his rule; we therefore trust, with +assured confidence that, through the long-suffering of +Heaven, His wonderful gift will be also conferred on +you; since, indeed, we have learnt that your illustrious +consort, who is discerned to be one flesh with you, has +been blessed with the reward of eternity, through the regeneration +of Holy Baptism. We have, therefore, taken +care by this letter, with all the goodwill of heartfelt love, +to exhort your Highness, that, abhorring idols and their +worship, and despising the foolishness of temples, and +the deceitful flatteries of auguries, you believe in God +the Father Almighty, and His Son Jesus Christ, and the +Holy Ghost, to the end that, believing and being released +from the bonds of captivity to the Devil, you may, +through the co-operating power of the Holy and undivided +Trinity, be partaker of the eternal life.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>How great guilt they lie under, who adhere in their +worship to the pernicious superstition of idolatry, appears +by the examples of the perishing of those whom they +worship. Wherefore it is said of them by the Psalmist, +<q>All the gods of the nations are devils,<note place='foot'>From the Vulgate, Ps. xcv, 5 (Ps. xcvi, 5 in our Psalter).</note> but the Lord +made the heavens.</q> And again, <q>Eyes have they, but +they see not; they have ears, but they hear not; noses +have they, but they smell not; they have hands, but they +handle not; feet have they, but they walk not. Therefore +they are made like unto those that place the hope of their +confidence in them.</q><note place='foot'>Ps. cxiii, 5-8 (cxv in our Psalter).</note> For how can they have power to +help any man, that are made out of corruptible matter, +by the hands of your inferiors and subjects, and on which, +by employing human art, you have bestowed a lifeless +similitude of members? which, moreover, unless they +<pb n='108'/><anchor id='Pg108'/> +be moved by you, will not be able to walk; but, like a +stone fixed in one place, being so formed, and having no +understanding, sunk in insensibility, have no power of +doing harm or good. We cannot, therefore, by any +manner of discernment conceive how you come to be so +deceived as to follow and worship those gods, to whom +you yourselves have given the likeness of a body.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>It behoves you, therefore, by taking upon you the +sign of the Holy Cross, by which the human race has been +redeemed, to root out of your hearts all the accursed +deceitfulness of the snares of the Devil, who is ever the +jealous foe of the works of the Divine Goodness, and to +put forth your hands and with all your might set to work +to break in pieces and destroy those which you have +hitherto fashioned of wood or stone to be your gods. +For the very destruction and decay of these, which never +had the breath of life in them, nor could in any wise +receive feeling from their makers, may plainly teach +you how worthless that was which you hitherto worshipped. +For you yourselves, who have received the +breath of life from the Lord, are certainly better than +these which are wrought with hands, seeing that Almighty +God has appointed you to be descended, after +many ages and through many generations, from the first +man whom he formed. Draw near, then, to the knowledge +of Him Who created you, Who breathed the breath +of life into you, Who sent His only-begotten Son for +your redemption, to save you from original sin, that +being delivered from the power of the Devil's perversity +and wickedness, He might bestow on you a heavenly +reward.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Hearken to the words of the preachers, and the +Gospel of God, which they declare to you, to the end +that, believing, as has been said before more than once, +in God the Father Almighty, and in Jesus Christ His Son, +and the Holy Ghost, and the indivisible Trinity, having +put to flight the thoughts of devils, and driven from you +the temptations of the venomous and deceitful enemy, +and being born again of water and the Holy Ghost, you +may, through the aid of His bounty, dwell in the brightness +<pb n='109'/><anchor id='Pg109'/> +of eternal glory with Him in Whom you shall have +believed.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>We have, moreover, sent you the blessing of your +protector, the blessed Peter, chief of the Apostles, to +wit, a shirt of proof with one gold ornament, and one +cloak of Ancyra, which we pray your Highness to accept +with all the goodwill with which it is sent by us.</q> +</p> + +</quote> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_II_Chap_XI'/> +<head>Chap. XI. How Pope Boniface advised the king's consort +to use her best endeavours for his salvation. [<hi rend='italic'>Circ.</hi> +625 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +The same pope also wrote to King Edwin's consort, +Ethelberg, to this effect: +</p> + +<quote rend='display'> + +<p> +THE COPY OF THE LETTER OF THE MOST BLESSED AND APOSTOLIC +BONIFACE, POPE OF THE CITY OF ROME, TO ETHELBERG, +KING EDWIN'S QUEEN. +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'><hi rend='italic'>To the illustrious lady his daughter, Queen Ethelberg, +Boniface, bishop, servant of the servants of God.</hi> +The goodness of our Redeemer has in His abundant +Providence offered the means of salvation to the human +race, which He rescued, by the shedding of His precious +Blood, from the bonds of captivity to the Devil; to the +end that, when He had made known His name in divers +ways to the nations, they might acknowledge their +Creator by embracing the mystery of the Christian faith. +And this the mystical purification of your regeneration +plainly shows to have been bestowed upon the mind of +your Highness by God's gift. Our heart, therefore, has +greatly rejoiced in the benefit bestowed by the bounty of +the Lord, for that He has vouchsafed, in your confession, +to kindle a spark of the orthodox religion, by which He +might the more easily inflame with the love of Himself +the understanding, not only of your illustrious consort, +but also of all the nation that is subject to you.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>For we have been informed by those, who came to +acquaint us with the laudable conversion of our illustrious +<pb n='110'/><anchor id='Pg110'/> +son, King Eadbald, that your Highness, also, having received +the wonderful mystery of the Christian faith, continually +excels in the performance of works pious and +acceptable to God; that you likewise carefully refrain +from the worship of idols, and the deceits of temples and +auguries, and with unimpaired devotion, give yourself +so wholly to the love of your Redeemer, as never to +cease from lending your aid in spreading the Christian +faith. But when our fatherly love earnestly inquired concerning +your illustrious consort, we were given to understand, +that he still served abominable idols, and delayed +to yield obedience in giving ear to the voice of the +preachers. This occasioned us no small grief, that he +that is one flesh with you still remained a stranger to the +knowledge of the supreme and undivided Trinity. Whereupon +we, in our fatherly care, have not delayed to admonish +and exhort your Christian Highness, to the end +that, filled with the support of the Divine inspiration, you +should not defer to strive, both in season and out of +season, that with the co-operating power of our Lord +and Saviour Jesus Christ, your husband also may be +added to the number of Christians; that so you may +uphold the rights of marriage in the bond of a holy and +unblemished union. For it is written, <q>They twain shall +be one flesh.</q><note place='foot'>Gen., ii, 24; St. Matt., xix, 5; St. Mark, x, 7; Eph., v, 31.</note> How then can it be said, that there is +unity in the bond between you, if he continues a stranger +to the brightness of your faith, separated from it by the +darkness of detestable error?</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Wherefore, applying yourself continually to prayer, +do not cease to beg of the long-suffering of the Divine +Mercy the benefits of his illumination; to the end, that +those whom the union of carnal affection has manifestly +made in a manner to be one body, may, after this life +continue in perpetual fellowship, by the unity of faith. Persist, +therefore, illustrious daughter, and to the utmost of +your power endeavour to soften the hardness of his heart +by carefully making known to him the Divine precepts; +pouring into his mind a knowledge of the greatness of +<pb n='111'/><anchor id='Pg111'/> +that mystery which you have received by faith, and of the +marvellous reward which, by the new birth, you have +been made worthy to obtain. Inflame the coldness of his +heart by the message of the Holy Ghost, that he may +put from him the deadness of an evil worship, and the +warmth of the Divine faith may kindle his understanding +through your frequent exhortations; and so the testimony +of Holy Scripture may shine forth clearly, fulfilled by you, +<q>The unbelieving husband shall be saved by the believing +wife.</q><note place='foot'>1 Cor., vii, 14, cf. 16.</note> For to this end you have obtained the mercy of +the Lord's goodness, that you might restore with increase +to your Redeemer the fruit of faith and of the benefits +entrusted to your hands. That you may be able to fulfil +this task, supported by the help of His loving kindness +we do not cease to implore with frequent prayers.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Having premised thus much, in pursuance of the +duty of our fatherly affection, we exhort you, that when +the opportunity of a bearer shall offer, you will with all +speed comfort us with the glad tidings of the wonderful +work which the heavenly Power shall vouchsafe to perform +by your means in the conversion<note place='foot'>Reading <q>conversione.</q></note> of your consort, +and of the nation subject to you; to the end, that our +solicitude, which earnestly awaits the fulfilment of its +desire in the soul's salvation of you and yours, may, by +hearing from you, be set at rest; and that we, discerning +more fully the light of the Divine propitiation shed abroad +in you, may with a joyful confession abundantly return +due thanks to God, the Giver of all good things, and +to the blessed Peter, the chief of the Apostles.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>We have, moreover, sent you the blessing of your +protector, the blessed Peter, the chief of the Apostles, to +wit, a silver looking-glass, and a gilded ivory comb, +which we pray your Highness to accept with all the +goodwill with which it is sent by us.</q> +</p> + +</quote> + +</div> + +<pb n='112'/><anchor id='Pg112'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_II_Chap_XII'/> +<head>Chap. XII. How Edwin was persuaded to believe by a +vision which he had once seen when he was in exile. +[<hi rend='italic'>Circ.</hi> 616 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Thus wrote the aforesaid Pope Boniface for the salvation +of King Edwin and his nation. But a heavenly vision, +which the Divine Goodness was pleased once to reveal to +this king, when he was in banishment at the court of +Redwald, king of the Angles,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, of East Anglia (Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire). +Cf. c. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_V'>5</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi></note> was of no little use in +urging him to receive and understand the doctrines of +salvation. For when Paulinus perceived that it was a +difficult task to incline the king's proud mind to the +humility of the way of salvation and the reception of the +mystery of the life-giving Cross, and at the same time +was employing the word of exhortation with men, and +prayer to the Divine Goodness, for the salvation of Edwin +and his subjects; at length, as we may suppose, it was +shown him in spirit what the nature of the vision was +that had been formerly revealed from Heaven to the king. +Then he lost no time, but immediately admonished the +king to perform the vow which he had made, when he +received the vision, promising to fulfil it, if he should +be delivered from the troubles of that time, and advanced +to the throne. +</p> + +<p> +The vision was this. When Ethelfrid,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXXIV'>I, 34</ref>, and note.</note> his predecessor, +was persecuting him, he wandered for many years as an +exile, hiding in divers places and kingdoms, and at last +came to Redwald, beseeching him to give him protection +against the snares of his powerful persecutor. Redwald +willingly received him, and promised to perform +what was asked of him. But when Ethelfrid understood +that he had appeared in that province, and that he and +his companions were hospitably entertained by Redwald, +he sent messengers to bribe that king with a great sum +of money to murder him, but without effect. He sent a +second and a third time, offering a greater bribe each +<pb n='113'/><anchor id='Pg113'/> +time, and, moreover, threatening to make war on him if +his offer should be despised. Redwald, whether terrified +by his threats, or won over by his gifts, complied with this +request, and promised either to kill Edwin, or to deliver +him up to the envoys. A faithful friend of his, hearing of +this, went into his chamber, where he was going to bed, +for it was the first hour of the night; and calling him out, +told him what the king had promised to do with him, adding, +<q>If, therefore, you are willing, I will this very hour +conduct you out of this province, and lead you to a place +where neither Redwald nor Ethelfrid shall ever find you.</q> +He answered, <q>I thank you for your good will, yet I +cannot do what you propose, and be guilty of being the +first to break the compact I have made with so great a +king, when he has done me no harm, nor shown any +enmity to me; but, on the contrary, if I must die, let it +rather be by his hand than by that of any meaner man. +For whither shall I now fly, when I have for so many +long years been a vagabond through all the provinces of +Britain, to escape the snares of my enemies?</q> His +friend went away; Edwin remained alone without, and +sitting with a heavy heart before the palace, began to be +overwhelmed with many thoughts, not knowing what to +do, or which way to turn. +</p> + +<p> +When he had remained a long time in silent anguish +of mind, consumed with inward fire,<note place='foot'>Cf. Verg. Aen., IV, 2, <q>caeco carpitur igni.</q></note> on a sudden in +the stillness of the dead of night he saw approaching a +person, whose face and habit were strange to him, at +sight of whom, seeing that he was unknown and unlooked +for, he was not a little startled. The stranger +coming close up, saluted him, and asked why he sat +there in solitude on a stone troubled and wakeful at that +time, when all others were taking their rest, and were +fast asleep. Edwin, in his turn, asked, what it was to +him, whether he spent the night within doors or abroad. +The stranger, in reply, said, <q>Do not think that I am +ignorant of the cause of your grief, your watching, and +sitting alone without. For I know of a surety who you +<pb n='114'/><anchor id='Pg114'/> +are, and why you grieve, and the evils which you fear +will soon fall upon you. But tell me, what reward you +would give the man who should deliver you out of these +troubles, and persuade Redwald neither to do you any +harm himself, nor to deliver you up to be murdered +by your enemies.</q> Edwin replied, that he would give +such an one all that he could in return for so great a +benefit. The other further added, <q>What if he should +also assure you, that your enemies should be destroyed, +and you should be a king surpassing in power, not only +all your own ancestors, but even all that have reigned +before you in the English nation?</q> Edwin, encouraged +by these questions, did not hesitate to promise that he +would make a fitting return to him who should confer +such benefits upon him. Then the other spoke a third +time and said, <q>But if he who should truly foretell that +all these great blessings are about to befall you, could +also give you better and more profitable counsel for your +life and salvation than any of your fathers or kindred ever +heard, do you consent to submit to him, and to follow +his wholesome guidance?</q> Edwin at once promised that +he would in all things follow the teaching of that man +who should deliver him from so many great calamities, +and raise him to a throne. +</p> + +<p> +Having received this answer, the man who talked to +him laid his right hand on his head saying, <q>When this +sign shall be given you, remember this present discourse +that has passed between us, and do not delay the performance +of what you now promise.</q> Having uttered +these words, he is said to have immediately vanished. +So the king perceived that it was not a man, but a spirit, +that had appeared to him. +</p> + +<p> +Whilst the royal youth still sat there alone, glad of the +comfort he had received, but still troubled and earnestly +pondering who he was, and whence he came, that had so +talked to him, his aforesaid friend came to him, and +greeting him with a glad countenance, <q>Rise,</q> said he, +<q>go in; calm and put away your anxious cares, and +compose yourself in body and mind to sleep; for the +king's resolution is altered, and he designs to do you no +<pb n='115'/><anchor id='Pg115'/> +harm, but rather to keep his pledged faith; for when he +had privately made known to the queen his intention of +doing what I told you before, she dissuaded him from it, +reminding him that it was altogether unworthy of so great +a king to sell his good friend in such distress for gold, +and to sacrifice his honour, which is more valuable than +all other adornments, for the love of money.</q> In short, +the king did as has been said, and not only refused to +deliver up the banished man to his enemy's messengers, +but helped him to recover his kingdom. For as soon as +the messengers had returned home, he raised a mighty +army to subdue Ethelfrid; who, meeting him with much +inferior forces, (for Redwald had not given him time to +gather and unite all his power,) was slain on the borders +of the kingdom of Mercia, on the east side of the river +that is called Idle.<note place='foot'>A tributary of the Trent. The battle is supposed to have +been fought near Retford, in Nottinghamshire, before April 12th, +617. Cf. Bede's statement that Edwin was baptized on April 12th, +627, in the eleventh year of his reign (c. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XIV'>14</ref>).</note> In this battle, Redwald's son, called +Raegenheri, was killed. Thus Edwin, in accordance with +the prophecy he had received, not only escaped the +danger from his enemy, but, by his death, succeeded the +king on the throne. +</p> + +<p> +King Edwin, therefore, delaying to receive the Word +of God at the preaching of Paulinus, and being wont for +some time, as has been said, to sit many hours alone, +and seriously to ponder with himself what he was to do, +and what religion he was to follow, the man of God came +to him one day, laid his right hand on his head, and asked, +whether he knew that sign? The king, trembling, was +ready to fall down at his feet, but he raised him up, and +speaking to him with the voice of a friend, said, <q>Behold, +by the gift of God you have escaped the hands of +the enemies whom you feared. Behold, you have obtained +of His bounty the kingdom which you desired. Take +heed not to delay to perform your third promise; accept +the faith, and keep the precepts of Him Who, delivering +you from temporal adversity, has raised you to the +honour of a temporal kingdom; and if, from this time +<pb n='116'/><anchor id='Pg116'/> +forward, you shall be obedient to His will, which through +me He signifies to you, He will also deliver you from the +everlasting torments of the wicked, and make you partaker +with Him of His eternal kingdom in heaven.</q> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_II_Chap_XIII'/> +<head>Chap. XIII. Of the Council he held with his chief men +concerning their reception of the faith of Christ, and how +the high priest profaned his own altars. [627 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +The king, hearing these words, answered, that he was +both willing and bound to receive the faith which Paulinus +taught; but that he would confer about it with his chief +friends and counsellors, to the end that if they also +were of his opinion, they might all together be consecrated +to Christ in the font of life. Paulinus consenting, +the king did as he said; for, holding a council with +the wise men,<note place='foot'>The Witenagemot.</note> he asked of every one in particular +what he thought of this doctrine hitherto unknown to +them, and the new worship of God that was preached? +The chief of his own priests, Coifi, immediately answered +him, <q>O king, consider what this is which is now +preached to us; for I verily declare to you what I have +learnt beyond doubt, that the religion which we have +hitherto professed has no virtue in it and no profit. For +none of your people has applied himself more diligently +to the worship of our gods than I; and yet there are +many who receive greater favours from you, and are +more preferred than I, and are more prosperous in all +that they undertake to do or to get. Now if the gods +were good for any thing, they would rather forward me, +who have been careful to serve them with greater zeal. +It remains, therefore, that if upon examination you find +those new doctrines, which are now preached to us, +better and more efficacious, we hasten to receive them +without any delay.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Another of the king's chief men, approving of his wise +words and exhortations, added thereafter: <q>The present +<pb n='117'/><anchor id='Pg117'/> +life of man upon earth, O king, seems to me, in comparison +with that time which is unknown to us, like to +the swift flight of a sparrow through the house wherein +you sit at supper in winter, with your ealdormen and +thegns, while the fire blazes in the midst, and the hall +is warmed, but the wintry storms of rain or snow are +raging abroad. The sparrow, flying in at one door and +immediately out at another, whilst he is within, is safe +from the wintry tempest; but after a short space of fair +weather, he immediately vanishes out of your sight, +passing from winter into winter again. So this life of +man appears for a little while, but of what is to follow or +what went before we know nothing at all. If, therefore, +this new doctrine tells us something more certain, it +seems justly to deserve to be followed.</q> The other elders +and king's counsellors, by Divine prompting, spoke to +the same effect. +</p> + +<p> +But Coifi added, that he wished more attentively to +hear Paulinus discourse concerning the God Whom he +preached. When he did so, at the king's command, +Coifi, hearing his words, cried out, <q>This long time I +have perceived that what we worshipped was naught; +because the more diligently I sought after truth in +that worship, the less I found it. But now I freely confess, +that such truth evidently appears in this preaching +as can confer on us the gifts of life, of salvation, and of +eternal happiness. For which reason my counsel is, O +king, that we instantly give up to ban and fire those +temples and altars which we have consecrated without +reaping any benefit from them.</q> In brief, the king +openly assented to the preaching of the Gospel by Paulinus, +and renouncing idolatry, declared that he received +the faith of Christ: and when he inquired of the aforesaid +high priest of his religion, who should first desecrate the +altars and temples of their idols, with the precincts that +were about them, he answered, <q>I; for who can more +fittingly than myself destroy those things which I worshipped +in my folly, for an example to all others, through +the wisdom which has been given me by the true God?</q> +Then immediately, in contempt of his vain superstitions, +<pb n='118'/><anchor id='Pg118'/> +he desired the king to furnish him with arms and a +stallion, that he might mount and go forth to destroy the +idols; for it was not lawful before for the high priest either +to carry arms, or to ride on anything but a mare. Having, +therefore, girt a sword about him, with a spear in his +hand, he mounted the king's stallion, and went his way +to the idols. The multitude, beholding it, thought that +he was mad; but as soon as he drew near the temple he +did not delay to desecrate it by casting into it the spear +which he held; and rejoicing in the knowledge of the +worship of the true God, he commanded his companions +to tear down and set on fire the temple, with all its precincts. +This place where the idols once stood is still +shown, not far from York, to the eastward, beyond the +river Derwent, and is now called Godmunddingaham,<note place='foot'>Goodmanham, near Market Weighton, in the East Riding of +Yorkshire.</note> +where the high priest, by the inspiration of the true God, +profaned and destroyed the altars which he had himself +consecrated.<note place='foot'>Cf. Verg. Aen., II. 502.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_II_Chap_XIV'/> +<head>Chap. XIV. How King Edwin and his nation became +Christians; and where Paulinus baptized them. [627 +<hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +King Edwin, therefore, with all the nobility of the nation, +and a large number of the common sort, received the +faith, and the washing of holy regeneration, in the +eleventh year of his reign, which is the year of our Lord +627, and about one hundred and eighty after the coming +of the English into Britain. He was baptized at York, +on the holy day of Easter,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, Easter Eve. Cf. c. 9, p. <ref target='Pg104'>104</ref>, note 3.</note> being the 12th of April, in the +church of St. Peter the Apostle, which he himself had +built of timber there in haste, whilst he was a catechumen +receiving instruction in order to be admitted to baptism. +In that city also he bestowed upon his instructor and +bishop, Paulinus, his episcopal see. But as soon as he +was baptized, he set about building, by the direction of +<pb n='119'/><anchor id='Pg119'/> +Paulinus, in the same place a larger and nobler church +of stone, in the midst whereof the oratory which he had +first erected should be enclosed.<note place='foot'>On the site now covered by York Cathedral. The little wooden +oratory was carefully preserved and adorned with gifts. The +church has been repeatedly rebuilt, and of the Saxon building +nothing remains but the central wall of the crypt.</note> Having, therefore, laid +the foundation, he began to build the church square, encompassing +the former oratory. But before the walls +were raised to their full height, the cruel death<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XX'>20</ref>.</note> of the +king left that work to be finished by Oswald his successor. +Paulinus, for the space of six years from this +time, that is, till the end of the king's reign, with his +consent and favour, preached the Word of God in that +country, and as many as were foreordained to eternal life +believed and were baptized. Among them were Osfrid +and Eadfrid, King Edwin's sons who were both born to +him, whilst he was in banishment, of Quenburga, the +daughter of Cearl, king of the Mercians. +</p> + +<p> +Afterwards other children of his, by Queen Ethelberg, +were baptized, Ethelhun and his daughter Ethelthryth, +and another, Wuscfrea, a son; the first two were snatched +out of this life whilst they were still in the white garments +of the newly-baptized,<note place='foot'>The newly-baptized wore white garments till the octave of the +day of their baptism, and appeared in church daily with lighted +tapers and accompanied by their sponsors.</note> and buried in the church +at York. Yffi,<note place='foot'>For Wuscfrea and Yffi, <hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi> c. 20, p. <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>.</note> the son of Osfrid, was also baptized, and +many other noble and royal persons. So great was then +the fervour of the faith, as is reported, and the desire for +the laver of salvation among the nation of the Northumbrians, +that Paulinus at a certain time coming with +the king and queen to the royal township, which is called +Adgefrin,<note place='foot'>Yeavering in Glendale, near Wooler in Northumberland. The +name, Adgefrin, is one of those (common in Anglo-Saxon) in which +the preposition is prefixed. <q>Æt</q> (Latin <foreign lang='la' rend='italic'>ad</foreign>) and <q>in</q> are so +used. The idiom is preserved in the Latin. Cf. Ad Murum, Ad +Caprae Caput (III, 21), Infeppingum <hi rend='italic'>(ibid.), et saep.</hi></note> stayed there with them thirty-six days, fully +occupied in catechizing and baptizing; during which +<pb n='120'/><anchor id='Pg120'/> +days, from morning till night, he did nothing else but +instruct the people resorting from all villages and places, +in Christ's saving Word; and when they were instructed, +he washed them with the water of absolution in the river +Glen,<note place='foot'>The stream, in its upper reaches called the Bowmont Water, +is still called the Glen at Yeavering. It is a tributary of the Till. +Pallinsburn, in the neighbourhood of Coldstream, preserves by its +name the memory of similar baptisms by Paulinus.</note> which is close by. This township, under the following +kings, was abandoned, and another was built +instead of it, at the place called Maelmin.<note place='foot'>Perhaps Millfield, near Wooler; but Mindrum and Kirknewton +in the same district have also been suggested.</note> +</p> + +<p> +These things happened in the province of the Bernicians; +but in that of the Deiri also, where he was wont +often to be with the king, he baptized in the river Swale, +which runs by the village of Cataract;<note place='foot'>Catterick Bridge (the Roman station Cataractonium, on the +Watling Street), near Richmond in the North Riding of Yorkshire.</note> for as yet oratories, +or baptisteries, could not be built in the early +infancy of the Church in those parts. But in Campodonum,<note place='foot'>Perhaps Doncaster. Other suggestions are Slack, near Huddersfield, +and Tanfield, near Ripon. The Anglo-Saxon version has +Donafeld.</note> +where there was then a royal township, he built +a church which the pagans, by whom King Edwin was +slain, afterwards burnt, together with all the place. +Instead of this royal seat the later kings built themselves +a township in the country called Loidis.<note place='foot'>Leeds. The royal township (<foreign rend='italic'>villa</foreign>) is said to have been at +Oswinthorp.</note> But the altar, +being of stone, escaped the fire and is still preserved in +the monastery of the most reverend abbot and priest, +Thrydwulf, which is in the forest of Elmet.<note place='foot'>Elmet Wood, near Leeds.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_II_Chap_XV'/> +<head>Chap. XV. How the province of the East Angles received +the faith of Christ. [627-628 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Edwin was so zealous for the true worship, that he likewise +persuaded Earpwald, king of the East Angles, and +son of Redwald, to abandon his idolatrous superstitions, +<pb n='121'/><anchor id='Pg121'/> +and with his whole province to receive the faith and +mysteries of Christ. And indeed his father Redwald had +long before been initiated into the mysteries of the +Christian faith in Kent, but in vain; for on his return +home, he was seduced by his wife and certain perverse +teachers, and turned aside from the sincerity of the faith; +and thus his latter state was worse than the former; so +that, like the Samaritans of old, he seemed at the same +time to serve Christ and the gods whom he served +before; and in the same temple he had an altar for the +Christian Sacrifice, and another small one at which to +offer victims to devils. Aldwulf,<note place='foot'>Cf. IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVII'>17</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXIII'>23</ref>. His father was Ethelhere, King of East +Anglia (<ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>III, 24</ref>).</note> king of that same province, +who lived in our time, testifies that this temple +had stood until his time, and that he had seen it when +he was a boy. The aforesaid King Redwald was noble +by birth, though ignoble in his actions, being the son of +Tytilus, whose father was Uuffa, from whom the kings +of the East Angles are called Uuffings.<note place='foot'>For the patronymic, cf. <hi rend='italic'>supra</hi> c. 5, p. <ref target='Pg095'>95</ref>, and note.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Earpwald, not long after he had embraced the Christian +faith, was slain by one Ricbert, a pagan; and from that +time the province was in error for three years, till Sigbert +succeeded to the kingdom,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XVIII'>III, 18</ref>. He was Earpwald's half-brother, and had been +driven into exile by his step-father, Redwald. Besides becoming +a Christian, he had acquired a taste for secular learning in the +ecclesiastical schools of Gaul.</note> brother to the same +Earpwald, a most Christian and learned man, who was +banished, and went to live in Gaul during his brother's +life, and was there initiated into the mysteries of the +faith, whereof he made it his business to cause all his +province to partake as soon as he came to the throne. +His exertions were nobly promoted by Bishop Felix,<note place='foot'>Cf. III, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XVIII'>18</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XX'>20</ref>. <q>An important feature of this mission, as it +was of the Kentish, was the combination of education with religion, +by means of a school such as Sigbert had seen abroad, and as by +this time existed at Canterbury in connection with the house of +SS. Peter and Paul</q> (Bright, p. 143). The name of Felix is preserved +in Felixstowe, on the coast of Suffolk, and in Feliskirk, a +Yorkshire village.</note> +<pb n='122'/><anchor id='Pg122'/> +who, coming to Honorius, the archbishop,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Infra</hi> cc. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XVI'>16</ref>, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XVIII'>18</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>et saep.</hi> He was a disciple of Pope Gregory, +<q>vir in rebus ecclesiasticis sublimiter institutus</q> (<ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIX'>V, 19</ref>).</note> from the +parts of Burgundy, where he had been born and ordained, +and having told him what he desired, was sent +by him to preach the Word of life to the aforesaid nation +of the Angles. Nor were his good wishes in vain; for +the pious labourer in the spiritual field reaped therein a +great harvest of believers, delivering all that province +(according to the inner signification of his name) from +long iniquity and unhappiness, and bringing it to the +faith and works of righteousness, and the gifts of everlasting +happiness. He had the see of his bishopric appointed +him in the city Dommoc,<note place='foot'>Dunwich, on the coast of Suffolk, once an important town, +afterwards partially submerged. The diocese was divided into +two by Theodore, and both sees became extinct during the Danish +invasions. After various vicissitudes, the seat of the East Anglian +bishopric was established at Norwich. Cf. IV, 5, p. <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref>, note 1.</note> and having presided +over the same province with pontifical authority seventeen +years, he ended his days there in peace. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_II_Chap_XVI'/> +<head>Chap. XVI. How Paulinus preached in the province of +Lindsey; and of the character of the reign of Edwin. +[<hi rend='italic'>Circ.</hi> 628 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Paulinus also preached the Word to the province of +Lindsey,<note place='foot'>Lindsey, the largest of the three divisions of Lincolnshire, was +at times Mercian, at times Northumbrian. At this time it appears +to have been dependent on Northumbria; cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>IV, 12</ref>, note.</note> which is the first on the south side of the river +Humber, stretching as far as the sea; and he first converted +to the Lord the reeve of the city of Lincoln, +whose name was Blaecca, with his whole house. He likewise +built, in that city, a stone church of beautiful workmanship; +the roof of which has either fallen through long +neglect, or been thrown down by enemies, but the walls +are still to be seen standing, and every year miraculous +cures are wrought in that place, for the benefit of those +who have faith to seek them. In that church, when +<pb n='123'/><anchor id='Pg123'/> +Justus had departed to Christ, Paulinus consecrated +Honorius bishop in his stead, as will be hereafter mentioned +in its proper place.<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XVIII'>18</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi> The church which stands on the probable +site of this church is called St. Paul's. The name has been supposed +to be a corruption of <q>Paulinus.</q></note> A certain priest and abbot +of the monastery of Peartaneu,<note place='foot'>Partney, in Lincolnshire; afterwards it became a cell of Bardney +Abbey.</note> a man of singular veracity, +whose name was Deda, told me concerning the +faith of this province that an old man had informed +him that he himself had been baptized at noon-day, by +Bishop Paulinus, in the presence of King Edwin, and +with him a great multitude of the people, in the river +Trent, near the city, which in the English tongue is +called Tiouulfingacaestir;<note place='foot'>The place cannot be identified with certainty. Torksey, Southwell, +Newark, Fiskerton, and Littleborough have all been suggested.</note> and he was also wont to +describe the person of the same Paulinus, saying that he +was tall of stature, stooping somewhat, his hair black, +his visage thin, his nose slender and aquiline, his aspect +both venerable and awe-inspiring. He had also with him +in the ministry, James, the deacon,<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XX'>20</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi></note> a man of zeal and +great fame in Christ and in the church, who lived even +to our days. +</p> + +<p> +It is told that there was then such perfect peace in +Britain, wheresoever the dominion of King Edwin extended, +that, as is still proverbially said, a woman with +her new-born babe might walk throughout the island, +from sea to sea, without receiving any harm. That king +took such care for the good of his nation, that in several +places where he had seen clear springs near the highways, +he caused stakes to be fixed, with copper drinking-vessels +hanging on them, for the refreshment of +travellers; nor durst any man touch them for any other +purpose than that for which they were designed, either +through the great dread they had of the king, or for the +affection which they bore him. His dignity was so great +throughout his dominions, that not only were his banners +<pb n='124'/><anchor id='Pg124'/> +borne before him in battle, but even in time of peace, +when he rode about his cities, townships, or provinces, +with his thegns, the standard-bearer was always wont to +go before him. Also, when he walked anywhere along +the streets, that sort of banner which the Romans call +Tufa,<note place='foot'>A form of standard adopted from the Romans. It was made of +feathers attached to a spear.</note> and the English, Thuuf, was in like manner borne +before him. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_II_Chap_XVII'/> +<head>Chap. XVII. How Edwin received letters of exhortation +from Pope Honorius, who also sent the pall to Paulinus. +[634 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +At that time Honorius, successor to Boniface, was Bishop +of the Apostolic see. When he learned that the nation of +the Northumbrians, with their king, had been, by the +preaching of Paulinus, converted to the faith and confession +of Christ, he sent the pall to the said Paulinus, and +with it letters of exhortation to King Edwin, with fatherly +love inflaming his zeal, to the end that he and his +people should persist in belief of the truth which they had +received. The contents of which letter were as follow: +</p> + +<p> +<q><hi rend='italic'>To his most noble son, and excellent lord, Edwin king +of the Angles, Bishop Honorius, servant of the servants of +God, greeting.</hi> The wholeheartedness of your Christian +Majesty, in the worship of your Creator, is so inflamed +with the fire of faith, that it shines out far and wide, +and, being reported throughout the world, brings forth +plentiful fruits of your labours. For the terms of your +kingship you know to be this, that taught by orthodox +preaching the knowledge of your King and Creator, you +believe and worship God, and as far as man is able, pay +Him the sincere devotion of your mind. For what else +are we able to offer to our God, but our readiness to +worship Him and to pay Him our vows, persisting in good +actions, and confessing Him the Creator of mankind? +And, therefore, most excellent son, we exhort you with +<pb n='125'/><anchor id='Pg125'/> +such fatherly love as is meet, to labour to preserve this +gift in every way, by earnest striving and constant prayer, +in that the Divine Mercy has vouchsafed to call you to +His grace; to the end that He, Who has been pleased to +deliver you from all errors, and bring you to the knowledge +of His name in this present world, may likewise +prepare a place for you in the heavenly country. Employing +yourself, therefore, in reading frequently the +works of my lord Gregory, your Evangelist, of apostolic +memory, keep before your eyes that love of his doctrine, +which he zealously bestowed for the sake of your souls; +that his prayers may exalt your kingdom and people, and +present you faultless before Almighty God. We are preparing +with a willing mind immediately to grant those +things which you hoped would be by us ordained for +your bishops, and this we do on account of the sincerity +of your faith, which has been made known to us abundantly +in terms of praise by the bearers of these presents. +We have sent two palls to the two metropolitans, +Honorius and Paulinus;<note place='foot'>Cf. the instructions of Gregory: <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXIX'>I, 29</ref>.</note> to the intent, that when either +of them shall be called out of this world to his Creator, +the other may, by this authority of ours, substitute +another bishop in his place; which privilege we are +induced to grant by the warmth of our love for you, as +well as by reason of the great extent of the provinces +which lie between us and you; that we may in all things +support your devotion and likewise satisfy your desires. +May God's grace preserve your Highness in safety!</q> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_II_Chap_XVIII'/> +<head>Chap. XVIII. How Honorius, who succeeded Justus in +the bishopric of Canterbury, received the pall and letters +from Pope Honorius. [634 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the meantime, Archbishop Justus was taken up to the +heavenly kingdom, on the 10th of November,<note place='foot'>Bede does not mention the year of his death. The Saxon +Chronicle places it in 627, and this is supported by William of +Malmesbury. Smith places it in 630.</note> and +<pb n='126'/><anchor id='Pg126'/> +Honorius, who was elected to the see in his stead, came +to Paulinus to be ordained, and meeting him at Lincoln +was there consecrated the fifth prelate of the Church of +Canterbury from Augustine. To him also the aforesaid +Pope Honorius sent the pall, and a letter, wherein he +ordains the same that he had before ordained in his +epistle to King Edwin, to wit, that when either the +Archbishop of Canterbury or of York shall depart this +life, the survivor, being of the same degree, shall have +power to ordain another bishop in the room of him that +is departed; that it might not be necessary always to +undertake the toilsome journey to Rome, at so great a +distance by sea and land, to ordain an archbishop. +Which letter we have also thought fit to insert in this +our history: +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'><hi rend='italic'>Honorius to his most beloved brother Honorius:</hi> Among +the many good gifts which the mercy of our Redeemer is +pleased to bestow on His servants He grants to us in +His bounty, graciously conferred on us by His goodness, +the special blessing of realizing by brotherly intercourse, +as it were face to face, our mutual love. For which gift +we continually render thanks to His Majesty; and we +humbly beseech Him, that He will ever confirm your +labour, beloved, in preaching the Gospel, and bringing +forth fruit, and following the rule of your master and +head, the holy Gregory; and that, for the advancement +of His Church, He may by your means raise up further +increase; to the end, that through faith and works, in +the fear and love of God, what you and your predecessors +have already gained from the seed sown by our lord +Gregory, may grow strong and be further extended; that +so the promises spoken by our Lord may hereafter be +brought to pass in you; and that these words may summon +you to everlasting happiness: <q>Come unto Me all +ye that labour and are heavy laden, and I will refresh +you.</q><note place='foot'>St. Matt., xi, 28.</note> And again, <q>Well done, good and faithful servant; +thou hast been faithful over a few things, I will make +thee ruler over many things; enter thou into the joy of +<pb n='127'/><anchor id='Pg127'/> +thy Lord.</q><note place='foot'>St. Matt., xxv, 21.</note> And we, most beloved brothers, sending you +first these words of exhortation out of our enduring +charity, do not fail further to grant those things which +we perceive may be suitable for the privileges of your +Churches.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Wherefore, in accordance with your request, and +that of the kings our sons,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, the kings of Northumbria and Kent. For similar combined +action on the part of a Northumbrian and a Kentish king, cf. +<ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIX'>III, 29</ref>.</note> we do hereby in the name +of the blessed Peter, chief of the Apostles, grant you +authority, that when the Divine Grace shall call either +of you to Himself, the survivor shall ordain a bishop in +the room of him that is deceased. To which end also we +have sent a pall to each of you, beloved, for celebrating +the said ordination; that by the authority which we +hereby commit to you, you may make an ordination +acceptable to God; because the long distance of sea and +land that lies between us and you, has obliged us to grant +you this, that no loss may happen to your Church in any +way, on any pretext whatever, but that the devotion of the +people committed to you may increase the more. God preserve +you in safety, most dear brother! Given the 11th +day of June, in the reign of these our lords and emperors, +in the twenty-fourth year of the reign of Heraclius, and +the twenty-third after his consulship; and in the twenty-third +of his son Constantine, and the third after his +consulship; and in the third year of the most prosperous +Caesar, his son Heraclius,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, Heracleonas, son of Heraclius and half-brother of Constantine +III; associated with them in the Empire.</note> the seventh indiction; that +is, in the year of our Lord, 634.</q> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='128'/><anchor id='Pg128'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_II_Chap_XIX'/> +<head>Chap. XIX. How the aforesaid Honorius first, and +afterwards John, wrote letters to the nation of the Scots, +concerning the observance of Easter, and the Pelagian +heresy. [640 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +The same Pope Honorius also wrote to the Scots,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, Irish. For their error with regard to Easter, <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_IV'>4</ref>.</note> whom +he had found to err in the observance of the holy Festival +of Easter, as has been shown above, with subtlety of +argument exhorting them not to think themselves, few +as they were, and placed in the utmost borders of the +earth, wiser than all the ancient and modern Churches of +Christ, throughout the world; and not to celebrate a +different Easter, contrary to the Paschal calculation and +the decrees of all the bishops upon earth sitting in synod. +Likewise John,<note place='foot'>John IV, consecrated December 25th, 640. Severinus was +Pope for a few months only. Apparently (cf. <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi>) the Irish +ecclesiastics had consulted him about the Easter question.</note> who succeeded Severinus, successor to +the same Honorius, being yet but Pope elect, sent to them +letters of great authority and erudition for the purpose of +correcting the same error; evidently showing, that Easter +Sunday is to be found between the fifteenth of the moon +and the twenty-first, as was approved in the Council of +Nicaea.<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>supra</hi> c. 2, p. <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref>, note. On the Paschal question the Council +of Nicaea passed no canon, but the understanding was established +that <q>all the brethren in the East, who formerly celebrated Easter +with the Jews, will henceforth keep it agreeably with the Romans +and ourselves and all who from ancient time have kept Easter as +we</q>; <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, that they should all keep Easter on the first day of the +week, but never on the 14th of the month Nisan, even when it fell +on a Sunday. The object of the rule was to avoid the day of the +Jewish Passover.</note> He also in the same epistle admonished them +to guard against the Pelagian heresy,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_X'>I, 10</ref>, note.</note> and reject it, for +he had been informed that it was again springing up +among them. The beginning of the epistle was as +follows: +</p> + +<p> +<q><hi rend='italic'>To our most beloved and most holy Tomianus, Columbanus, +Cromanus, Dinnaus, and Baithanus, bishops; to +<pb n='129'/><anchor id='Pg129'/> +Cromanus, Ernianus, Laistranus, Scellanus, and Segenus, +priests; to Saranus and the rest of the Scottish doctors and +abbots, Hilarus, the arch-presbyter, and vice-gerent of the +holy Apostolic See; John, the deacon, and elect in the name +of God; likewise John, the chief of the notaries and vice-gerent +of the holy Apostolic See, and John, the servant of God, +and counsellor of the same Apostolic See.</hi><note place='foot'>These bishops have been identified as follows: Tomianus is +Tomene, Abbot and Bishop of Armagh; Columbanus is Colman, +Abbot of Clonard (also a bishop); Cromanus is Cronan, Bishop of +Nendrum, or Inishmahee; Dinnaus is probably Dima, Bishop of +Connor; Baithanus has not been identified with any certainty. +With regard to the priests the proposed identifications are more +conjectural. Saranus is a certain Saran Ua Critain. Two vice-gerents +of the Papal see are associated with the Pope elect in +writing this letter. The arch-presbyter and the <q>primicerius +notariorum,</q> with the archdeacon, acted as vice-gerents during a +vacancy, or in the absence of the Pope (cf. Plummer <hi rend='italic'>ad loc.</hi>).</note> The writings +which were brought by the bearers to Pope Severinus, +of holy memory, were left, when he departed from the +light of this world, without an answer to the questions +contained in them. Lest any obscurity should long remain +undispelled in a matter of so great moment, we opened +the same, and found that some in your province, endeavouring +to revive a new heresy out of an old one, +contrary to the orthodox faith, do through the darkness +of their minds reject our Easter, when Christ was sacrificed; +and contend that the same should be kept with the +Hebrews on the fourteenth of the moon.</q><note place='foot'>This is not fairly stated. The Irish were not <q>Quartodecimans,</q> +<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, did not insist on the celebration of Easter being on the +fourteenth of the moon. They only included that day as a possible +one for Easter (cf. <hi rend='italic'>supra</hi> c. 2, p. <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref>, note 3).</note> +</p> + +<p> +By this beginning of the epistle it evidently appears +that this heresy arose among them in very late times, +and that not all their nation, but only some of them, +were involved in the same. +</p> + +<p> +After having laid down the manner of keeping Easter, +they add this concerning the Pelagians in the same +epistle: +</p> + +<p> +<q>And we have also learnt that the poison of the +Pelagian heresy again springs up among you; we, +<pb n='130'/><anchor id='Pg130'/> +therefore, exhort you, that you put away from your +thoughts all such venomous and superstitious wickedness. +For you cannot be ignorant how that execrable +heresy has been condemned; for it has not only been +abolished these two hundred years, but it is also daily +condemned by us and buried under our perpetual ban; +and we exhort you not to rake up the ashes of those +whose weapons have been burnt. For who would not +detest that insolent and impious assertion, <q>That man +can live without sin of his own free will, and not through +the grace of God?</q> And in the first place, it is blasphemous +folly to say that man is without sin, which none +can be, but only the one Mediator between God and men, +the Man Christ Jesus, Who was conceived and born without +sin; for all other men, being born in original sin, +are known to bear the mark of Adam's transgression, +even whilst they are without actual sin, according to the +saying of the prophet, <q>For behold, I was conceived in +iniquity; and in sin did my mother give birth to me.</q></q><note place='foot'>Ps. li, 5, in our Psalter. The quotation is partly from the Vulgate, +partly from the <q>Roman</q> Psalter, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, Jerome's revision of +the old Italic version.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_II_Chap_XX'/> +<head>Chap. XX. How Edwin being slain, Paulinus returned +into Kent, and had the bishopric of Rochester conferred +upon him. [633 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Edwin reigned most gloriously seventeen years over the +nations of the English and the Britons, six whereof, as +has been said, he also was a soldier in the kingdom of +Christ. Caedwalla,<note place='foot'>Or Cadwallon, King of Gwynedd, in North Wales. His father +Cadvan, had sheltered Edwin during his exile. Afterwards, when +Cadwallon invaded Northumbria, Edwin defeated him and drove +him from his kingdom. Having regained it, Cadwallon now allied +himself with Penda, king of the Mercians (626- or 627-655) in a +successful attempt to shake off the Northumbrian supremacy.</note> king of the Britons, rebelled against +him, being supported by the vigorous Penda, of the +royal race of the Mercians, who from that time governed +that nation for twenty-two years with varying success. +<pb n='131'/><anchor id='Pg131'/> +A great battle being fought in the plain that is called +Haethfelth,<note place='foot'>Generally identified with Hatfield Chase, north-east of Doncaster.</note> Edwin was killed on the 12th of October, in +the year of our Lord 633, being then forty-eight years of +age, and all his army was either slain or dispersed. In +the same war also, Osfrid,<note place='foot'>C. 14, p. <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>.</note> one of his sons, a warlike +youth, fell before him; Eadfrid,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi></note> another of them, compelled +by necessity, went over to King Penda, and was +by him afterwards slain in the reign of Oswald, contrary +to his oath. At this time a great slaughter was made in +the Church and nation of the Northumbrians; chiefly +because one of the chiefs, by whom it was carried +on, was a pagan, and the other a barbarian, more cruel +than a pagan; for Penda, with all the nation of the +Mercians, was an idolater, and a stranger to the name of +Christ; but Caedwalla, though he professed and called +himself a Christian, was so barbarous in his disposition +and manner of living, that he did not even spare women +and innocent children, but with bestial cruelty put all +alike to death by torture, and overran all their country +in his fury for a long time, intending to cut off all the +race of the English within the borders of Britain. Nor +did he pay any respect to the Christian religion which +had sprung up among them; it being to this day the +custom of the Britons to despise the faith and religion of +the English, and to have no part with them in anything +any more than with pagans. King Edwin's head was +brought to York, and afterwards taken into the church of +the blessed Peter the Apostle, which he had begun, but +which his successor Oswald finished, as has been said +before. It was laid in the chapel of the holy Pope Gregory, +from whose disciples he had received the word of life.<note place='foot'>His body was ultimately buried at Whitby; cf. III, 24, p. <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>, +and note.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The affairs of the Northumbrians being thrown into +confusion at the moment of this disaster, when there +seemed to be no prospect of safety except in flight, +Paulinus, taking with him Queen Ethelberg, whom he +had before brought thither, returned into Kent by sea, +<pb n='132'/><anchor id='Pg132'/> +and was very honourably received by the Archbishop +Honorius and King Eadbald. He came thither under the +conduct of Bassus, a most valiant thegn of King Edwin, +having with him Eanfled, the daughter, and Wuscfrea, +the son of Edwin, as well as Yffi, the son of Osfrid, +Edwin's son.<note place='foot'>For Eanfled, <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_IX'>9</ref>. For Yffi and Wuscfrea, c. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XIV'>14</ref>.</note> Afterwards Ethelberg, for fear of the +kings Eadbald and Oswald,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_V'>5</ref>.</note> sent Wuscfrea and Yffi over +into Gaul to be bred up by King Dagobert,<note place='foot'>He was a kinsman. Ethelberg's mother, Bertha, was a +daughter of Charibert, King of Paris (cf. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXV'>I, 25</ref>, note). His brother, +Chilperic, was Dagobert's grandfather.</note> who was +her friend; and there they both died in infancy, and +were buried in the church with the honour due to royal +children and to Christ's innocents. He also brought with +him many rich goods of King Edwin, among which were +a large gold cross, and a golden chalice, consecrated to +the service of the altar, which are still preserved, and +shown in the church of Canterbury. +</p> + +<p> +At that time the church of Rochester had no pastor, +for Romanus,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_VIII'>8</ref>.</note> the bishop thereof, being sent on a +mission to Pope Honorius by Archbishop Justus, was +drowned in the Italian Sea; and thus Paulinus, at the +request of Archbishop Honorius and King Eadbald, took +upon him the charge of the same, and held it until he +too, in his own time, departed to heaven, with the fruits +of his glorious labours; and, dying in that Church, he left +there the pall which he had received from the Pope of +Rome. He had left behind him in his Church at York, +James, the deacon,<note place='foot'>C. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XVI'>16</ref>, and <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXV'>III, 25</ref>.</note> a true churchman and a holy man, +who continuing long after in that Church, by teaching +and baptizing, rescued much prey from the ancient +enemy; and from him the village, where he chiefly dwelt, +near Cataract,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XIV'>14</ref>. The village cannot be identified. Akeburgh has +been suggested, the name being regarded as a corruption of +<q>Jacobsburgh.</q></note> has its name to this day. He had great +skill in singing in church, and when the province was +afterwards restored to peace, and the number of the +<pb n='133'/><anchor id='Pg133'/> +faithful increased, he began to teach church music to +many, according to the custom of the Romans, or of the +Cantuarians.<note place='foot'>The <q>Cantus Romanus,</q> brought to England by the Roman +mission; <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, the style of Church music according to the use of +Rome. The theory that Gregory the Great was the founder of +Gregorian music, which superseded the old <q>Cantus Ambrosianus</q> +everywhere in the West except at Milan, must in all probability be +abandoned. It seems to be established that no change of any importance +was made till nearly a hundred years after Gregory's +time, and <q>the terms <q>Gregorianus,</q> <q>Ambrosianus Cantus,</q> probably +mean nothing more than the style of singing according to the +respective uses of Rome and Milan.</q> (F. Homes Dudden, <q>Gregory +the Great,</q> I, p. 274.)</note> And being old and full of days, as the +Scripture says, he went the way of his fathers. +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<pb n='134'/><anchor id='Pg134'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Book III</head> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_I'/> +<head>Chap. I. How King Edwin's next successors lost both the +faith of their nation and the kingdom; but the most +Christian King Oswald retrieved both. [633 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Edwin being slain in battle, the kingdom of the Deiri, +to which province his family belonged, and where he first +began to reign, passed to Osric, the son of his uncle +Aelfric, who, through the preaching of Paulinus, had also +received the mysteries of the faith. But the kingdom of +the Bernicians—for into these two provinces the nation +of the Northumbrians was formerly divided<note place='foot'>Cf. II, 1, p. <ref target='Pg082'>82</ref>, note.</note>—passed to +Eanfrid, the son of Ethelfrid,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXXIV'>I, 34</ref>; II, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_II'>2</ref>, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XII'>12</ref>.</note> who derived his origin from +the royal family of that province. For all the time that +Edwin reigned, the sons of the aforesaid Ethelfrid, who +had reigned before him, with many of the younger +nobility, lived in banishment among the Scots or Picts, +and were there instructed according to the doctrine of the +Scots, and were renewed with the grace of Baptism. +Upon the death of the king, their enemy, they were +allowed to return home, and the aforesaid Eanfrid, as +the eldest of them, became king of the Bernicians. Both +those kings,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, Osric and Eanfrid.</note> as soon as they obtained the government of +their earthly kingdoms, abjured and betrayed the mysteries +of the heavenly kingdom to which they had been +admitted, and again delivered themselves up to defilement +and perdition through the abominations of their +former idolatry. +</p> + +<p> +But soon after, the king of the Britons, Caedwalla,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XX'>II, 20</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi></note> the +unrighteous instrument of rightful vengeance, slew them +both. First, in the following summer, he put Osric to +death; for, being rashly besieged by him in the municipal +<pb n='135'/><anchor id='Pg135'/> +town,<note place='foot'><q>In oppido municipio.</q> Commentators are agreed that Bede +means York. It was a Roman <q>Colonia,</q> and is called a <q>municipium</q> +by Aurelius Victor, though whether Bede attaches any +definitely Roman meaning to the term seems doubtful. Ducange +explains <q>municipium</q> as <q>castrum,</q> <q>castellum muris cinctum.</q></note> he sallied out on a sudden with all his forces, took +him by surprise, and destroyed him and all his army. +Then, when he had occupied the provinces of the Northumbrians +for a whole year,<note place='foot'>From the death of Edwin (October 12th, 633), for Oswald's +reign is reckoned as lasting nine years, including the <q>hateful +year,</q> and he was killed August 5th, 642. Cf. <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_IX'>9</ref>.</note> not ruling them like a victorious +king, but ravaging them like a furious tyrant, he at length +put an end to Eanfrid, in like manner, when he unadvisedly +came to him with only twelve chosen soldiers, to +sue for peace. To this day, that year is looked upon as ill-omened, +and hateful to all good men; as well on account +of the apostacy of the English kings, who had renounced +the mysteries of the faith, as of the outrageous tyranny +of the British king. Hence it has been generally agreed, +in reckoning the dates of the kings, to abolish the memory +of those faithless monarchs, and to assign that year to +the reign of the following king, Oswald, a man beloved +of God. This king, after the death of his brother Eanfrid,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, probably before the end of 634.</note> +advanced with an army, small, indeed, in number, +but strengthened with the faith of Christ; and the impious +commander of the Britons, in spite of his vast +forces, which he boasted nothing could withstand, was +slain at a place called in the English tongue Denisesburna, +that is, the brook of Denis.<note place='foot'>Not identified with any certainty, but probably the Rowley +Water or a tributary of it. It cannot be, as has been suggested, +the Devil's Water, which is clearly distinguished from it in a +charter of the thirteenth century. Caedwalla must have fled southwards +for eight or nine miles after the battle (cf. next note).</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='136'/><anchor id='Pg136'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chap. II. How, among innumerable other miracles of +healing wrought by the wood of the cross, which King +Oswald, being ready to engage against the barbarians, +erected, a certain man had his injured arm healed. +[634 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +The place is shown to this day, and held in much veneration, +where Oswald, being about to engage in this battle, +erected the symbol of the Holy Cross, and knelt down and +prayed to God that he would send help from Heaven to +his worshippers in their sore need. Then, we are told, +that the cross being made in haste, and the hole dug in +which it was to be set up, the king himself, in the ardour +of his faith, laid hold of it and held it upright with both +his hands, till the earth was heaped up by the soldiers +and it was fixed. Thereupon, uplifting his voice, he cried +to his whole army, <q>Let us all kneel, and together beseech +the true and living God Almighty in His mercy to defend +us from the proud and cruel enemy; for He knows that +we have undertaken a just war for the safety of our +nation.</q> All did as he had commanded, and accordingly +advancing towards the enemy with the first dawn of day, +they obtained the victory, as their faith deserved. In the +place where they prayed very many miracles of healing +are known to have been wrought, as a token and +memorial of the king's faith; for even to this day, many +are wont to cut off small splinters from the wood of the +holy cross, and put them into water, which they give to +sick men or cattle to drink, or they sprinkle them therewith, +and these are presently restored to health. +</p> + +<p> +The place is called in the English tongue Hefenfelth, +or the Heavenly Field,<note place='foot'>For another instance of a name with an inner meaning, cf. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XV'>II, +15</ref>. The site of the battle is probably seven or eight miles north of +Hexham (v. next note), Oswald having taken up his position on +the northern side of the Roman wall between the Tyne and the +Solway (<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, the wall attributed to Hadrian, cf. I, 12, p. <ref target='Pg025'>25</ref>, note). +According to tradition the battle was finally won at a place called +Halydene (Hallington?), two miles to the east.</note> which name it undoubtedly received +<pb n='137'/><anchor id='Pg137'/> +of old as a presage of what was afterwards to +happen, denoting, that the heavenly trophy was to be +erected, the heavenly victory begun, and heavenly +miracles shown forth to this day. The place is near the +wall in the north which the Romans formerly drew +across the whole of Britain from sea to sea, to restrain +the onslaught of the barbarous nations, as has been +said before. Hither also the brothers of the church of +Hagustald,<note place='foot'>Hexham. Wilfrid built a magnificent church there between +the years 672-678 on land given by Ethelthryth, wife of Egfrid, +king of Northumbria. It became the see of a bishop in 678 when +the great northern diocese was subdivided by Theodore (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>IV, +12</ref>). Bede's own monastery of Wearmouth and Jarrow was in the +diocese of Hexham. The bishopric became extinct in 821.</note> which is not far distant, long ago made it +their custom to resort every year, on the day before that +on which King Oswald was afterwards slain, to keep +vigils there for the health of his soul, and having sung +many psalms of praise, to offer for him in the morning +the sacrifice of the Holy Oblation. And since that good +custom has spread, they have lately built a church there, +which has attached additional sanctity and honour in the +eyes of all men to that place;<note place='foot'>The place is still called St. Oswald's, and a little chapel probably +marks the spot.</note> and this with good +reason; for it appears that there was no symbol of the +Christian faith, no church, no altar erected throughout +all the nation of the Bernicians, before that new leader +in war, prompted by the zeal of his faith, set up this +standard of the Cross as he was going to give battle to +his barbarous enemy. +</p> + +<p> +Nor is it foreign to our purpose to relate one of the +many miracles that have been wrought at this cross. +One of the brothers of the same church of Hagulstald, +whose name is Bothelm, and who is still living, a few +years ago, walking carelessly on the ice at night, +suddenly fell and broke his arm; he was soon tormented +with a most grievous pain in the broken part, so that he +could not lift his arm to his mouth for the anguish. Hearing +one morning that one of the brothers designed to go +up to the place of the holy cross, he desired him, on his +<pb n='138'/><anchor id='Pg138'/> +return, to bring him a piece of that sacred wood, saying, +he believed that with the mercy of God he might thereby +be healed. The brother did as he was desired; and returning +in the evening, when the brothers were sitting at +table, gave him some of the old moss which grew on the +surface of the wood. As he sat at table, having no place +to bestow the gift which was brought him, he put it into +his bosom; and forgetting, when he went to bed, to put +it away, left it in his bosom. Awaking in the middle of +the night, he felt something cold lying by his side, and +putting his hand upon it to feel what it was, he found +his arm and hand as sound as if he had never felt any +such pain. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_III'/> +<head>Chap. III. How the same king Oswald, asking a bishop +of the Scottish nation, had Aidan sent him, and granted +him an episcopal see in the Isle of Lindisfarne. [635 +<hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +The same Oswald, as soon as he ascended the throne, +being desirous that all the nation under his rule should +be endued with the grace of the Christian faith, whereof +he had found happy experience in vanquishing the barbarians, +sent to the elders of the Scots,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, Irish.</note> among whom +himself and his followers, when in banishment, had received +the sacrament of Baptism, desiring that they would +send him a bishop, by whose instruction and ministry the +English nation, which he governed, might learn the +privileges and receive the Sacraments of the faith of our +Lord. Nor were they slow in granting his request; for +they sent him Bishop Aidan, a man of singular gentleness, +piety, and moderation; having a zeal of God, but +not fully according to knowledge; for he was wont to +keep Easter Sunday according to the custom of his +country, which we have before so often mentioned,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_II'>II, 2</ref>, note on Paschal Controversy.</note> from +the fourteenth to the twentieth of the moon; the northern +province of the Scots, and all the nation of the Picts, at +<pb n='139'/><anchor id='Pg139'/> +that time still celebrating Easter after that manner, and +believing that in this observance they followed the +writings of the holy and praiseworthy Father Anatolius.<note place='foot'>Bishop of Laodicea, <hi rend='italic'>circ.</hi> 284 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> According to Eusebius, he +was the first to arrange the cycle of nineteen years. The Canon +quoted by the Celts in support of their observance of Easter is +proved to be a forgery, probably of the seventh century and of +British origin.</note> +Whether this be true, every instructed person can easily +judge. But the Scots which dwelt in the South of Ireland +had long since, by the admonition of the Bishop of the +Apostolic see, learned to observe Easter according to +the canonical custom.<note place='foot'>Probably they adopted Catholic customs about 633, after the +return of their delegates sent to consult the Roman Church on this +question in 631.</note> +</p> + +<p> +On the arrival of the bishop, the king appointed him +his episcopal see in the island of Lindisfarne,<note place='foot'>Cf. Preface, p. <ref target='Pg004'>4</ref>, note 3. The Celtic missionaries were generally +attracted to remote sites, and this, the first mission station of +the Celtic Church in Northumbria, was doubtless chosen for the +resemblance of its physical features to Iona. The constitution was +also modelled on that of Iona, with this difference, that it was an +episcopal see as well as a monastery. It was included in the +<q>province</q> of the Abbot of Iona. The Bishop and all the clergy +were monks, and Aidan himself was Abbot as well as Bishop.</note> as he +desired. Which place, as the tide ebbs and flows, is +twice a day enclosed by the waves of the sea like an +island; and again, twice, when the beach is left dry, +becomes contiguous with the land. The king also humbly +and willingly in all things giving ear to his admonitions, +industriously applied himself to build up and extend the +Church of Christ in his kingdom; wherein, when the +bishop, who was not perfectly skilled in the English +tongue, preached the Gospel, it was a fair sight to see +the king himself interpreting the Word of God to his +ealdormen and thegns, for he had thoroughly learned the +language of the Scots during his long banishment. From +that time many came daily into Britain from the country +of the Scots, and with great devotion preached the Word +to those provinces of the English, over which King +Oswald reigned, and those among them that had received +<pb n='140'/><anchor id='Pg140'/> +priest's orders,<note place='foot'><q>Sacerdotali,</q> perhaps (but not necessarily here) = <q>episcopal,</q> +as often. There may have been a number of the Irish +non-diocesan bishops in the mission.</note> administered the grace of Baptism +to the believers. Churches were built in divers places; +the people joyfully flocked together to hear the Word; +lands and other property were given of the king's bounty +to found monasteries; English children, as well as their +elders, were instructed by their Scottish teachers in study +and the observance of monastic discipline. For most of +those who came to preach were monks. Bishop Aidan +was himself a monk, having been sent out from the +island called Hii,<note place='foot'>Iona, a name supposed to have arisen from a mistaken reading +of <foreign rend='italic'>Ioua</foreign>, an adjectival form used by Adamnan (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi> note 4), +feminine, agreeing with <foreign rend='italic'>insula</foreign>, formed from the Irish name, I, Ii, +Hii, etc. (the forms vary greatly). Then <q>Iona</q> was fancifully +regarded as the Hebrew equivalent for <foreign rend='italic'>Columba</foreign> (= a dove), and +this helped to preserve the name.</note> whereof the monastery was for a long +time the chief of almost all those of the northern Scots,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, Irish.</note> +and all those of the Picts, and had the direction of their +people. That island belongs to Britain, being divided +from it by a small arm of the sea, but had been long +since given by the Picts, who inhabit those parts of +Britain, to the Scottish monks, because they had received +the faith of Christ through their preaching. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_IV'/> +<head>Chap. IV. When the nation of the Picts received the +faith of Christ. [565 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord 565, when Justin, the younger, +the successor of Justinian, obtained the government of +the Roman empire, there came into Britain from Ireland +a famous priest and abbot, marked as a monk by habit +and manner of life, whose name was Columba,<note place='foot'>For St. Columba, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Dr. Reeves's edition of the life by Adamnan, +Abbot of Iona, 679-704 (cf. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XV'>V, 15</ref>, note). Authorities are +divided with regard to the date of his coming to Britain. Dr. +Reeves and Mr. Skene, following the Annals of Tighernach, +decide in favour of 563. For his name, <q>Columcille,</q> cf. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_IX'>V, 9</ref>, +note. He was of Irish birth, connected with the Dalriadic Scots, +and of royal descent on both sides of his house. He was ordained +priest at Clonard, but was never a bishop. Many ecclesiastical +and monastic foundations throughout Ireland and Scotland are +attributed to him. He travelled much in both countries, visited +Bruide (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi>) at Inverness, and founded churches all over the +north of Scotland. He also worked indefatigably in his own monastery +of Iona. In his earlier years his excitable, impatient temperament +seems to have involved him in various wars. He is said +to have stirred up his kinsmen against the Irish king, Diarmaid; +and it has been supposed that his mission to the Picts was undertaken +in expiation of the bloodshed for which he was responsible.</note> to +<pb n='141'/><anchor id='Pg141'/> +preach the word of God to the provinces of the northern +Picts, who are separated from the southern parts belonging +to that nation by steep and rugged mountains. For +the southern Picts, who dwell on this side of those +mountains, had, it is said, long before forsaken the +errors of idolatry, and received the true faith by the +preaching of Bishop Ninias,<note place='foot'>There is much that is legendary in the account of St. Ninias, +and Bede only professes to give the tradition. He was a Briton, +probably a native of Strathclyde. He studied at Rome and received +episcopal consecration there; came under the influence of +St. Martin of Tours, to whom he afterwards dedicated his church +in Galloway, and returned as a missionary to Britain. His preaching +led to the conversion of the Picts of Galloway and those to +whom Bede alludes here as situated to the south of the Grampians. +Irish tradition, difficult to reconcile with Bede's statement that he +was buried at Whitern, tells that he spent the last years of his life +in Ireland and founded a church at Leinster. He was commemorated +there on September 16th, under the name of Moinenn. The +traditional date of his death, September 16th, 432, has no authority.</note> a most reverend and holy +man of the British nation, who had been regularly instructed +at Rome in the faith and mysteries of the +truth; whose episcopal see, named after St. Martin the +bishop, and famous for a church dedicated to him +(wherein Ninias himself and many other saints rest in +the body), is now in the possession of the English nation. +The place belongs to the province of the Bernicians, and +is commonly called the White House,<note place='foot'>Whitern, on Wigton Bay, so called from the white appearance +of the stone church, as compared with the usual wooden buildings. +The dedication must have been subsequent to St. Martin's death, +<hi rend='italic'>circ.</hi> 397. The see was revived as an Anglian one in Bede's own +time (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> V. 23, p. <ref target='Pg381'>381</ref>). For the form of the name, <q>Ad Candidam +Casam,</q> cf. II, 14, p. <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>, note 5.</note> because he there +<pb n='142'/><anchor id='Pg142'/> +built a church of stone, which was not usual among the +Britons. +</p> + +<p> +Columba came into Britain in the ninth year of the +reign of Bridius, who was the son of Meilochon,<note place='foot'>Bruide Mac Maelchon had defeated the Dalriadic Scots in +560 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> and driven them back to Cantyre. Northwards his +dominion extended as far as the Orkneys and it is probable that +it included the eastern lowlands north of the Forth (cf. Rhŷs, +<q>Celtic Britain</q>). Another tradition (Irish) represents Conall, +King of the Dalriadic Scots, as the donor of Iona, but the earliest +Irish authority (ninth or tenth century) agrees with Bede.</note> and +the powerful king of the Pictish nation, and he converted +that nation to the faith of Christ, by his preaching and +example. Wherefore he also received of them the gift of +the aforesaid island whereon to found a monastery. It is +not a large island, but contains about five families, +according to the English computation; his successors +hold it to this day; he was also buried therein, having +died at the age of seventy-seven, about thirty-two years +after he came into Britain to preach.<note place='foot'>The year in which he died, as well as the ultimate resting-place +of his relics, is uncertain. Dr. Reeves places his death in +597, the year of St. Augustine's landing.</note> Before he crossed +over into Britain, he had built a famous monastery in +Ireland, which, from the great number of oaks, is in the +Scottish tongue called Dearmach—The Field of Oaks.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, in Irish. The place is Durrow in Leinster.</note> +From both these monasteries, many others had their +beginning through his disciples, both in Britain and +Ireland; but the island monastery where his body lies, +has the pre-eminence among them all. +</p> + +<p> +That island has for its ruler an abbot, who is a priest, +to whose jurisdiction all the province, and even the +bishops, contrary to the usual method, are bound to be +subject, according to the example of their first teacher, +who was not a bishop, but a priest and monk;<note place='foot'>There was no diocesan episcopate in the early Irish Church; +it was organized on a monastic system. Bishops performed all +episcopal functions (ordination, etc.), but they lived in the monastery, +subject to the supreme authority of the abbot, who was aided in +the government by a council of senior monks. Bishops were also +sent out as missionaries. The functions of abbot and bishop might +be combined in one man, but the abbot, as such, could discharge no +episcopal duties. A great monastery was head of a <q>provincia</q> +(<q>diocesis,</q> <q>parochia</q>), and had many monasteries and churches +dependent on it.</note> of whose +<pb n='143'/><anchor id='Pg143'/> +life and discourses some records are said to be preserved +by his disciples. But whatsoever he was himself, this we +know for certain concerning him, that he left successors +renowned for their continence, their love of God, and +observance of monastic rules. It is true they employed +doubtful cycles in fixing the time of the great festival, +as having none to bring them the synodal decrees for +the observance of Easter, by reason of their being so far +away from the rest of the world; but they earnestly +practised such works of piety and chastity as they could +learn from the Prophets, the Gospels and the Apostolic +writings. This manner of keeping Easter continued +among them no little time, to wit, for the space of 150 +years, till the year of our Lord 715. +</p> + +<p> +But then the most reverend and holy father and priest, +Egbert,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVII'>27</ref>, IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_III'>3</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVI'>26</ref>; V, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_IX'>9</ref>, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_X'>10</ref>, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXII'>22</ref>, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIII'>23</ref>, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>. Perhaps <q>sacerdos</q> +should be translated <q>bishop</q> here (<hi rend='italic'>v. supra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_III'>3</ref>, note; <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi> +c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVII'>27</ref>, note). Early writers allude to him as a bishop, <hi rend='italic'>e.g.</hi>, Alcuin, +Ethelwulf. In the life of St. Adalbert, one of Wilbrord's companions +(cf. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_X'>V. 10</ref>), he is called <q>Northumbrorum episcopus.</q></note> of the English nation, who had long lived in +banishment in Ireland for the sake of Christ, and was +most learned in the Scriptures, and renowned for long +perfection of life, came among them, corrected their +error, and led them to observe the true and canonical +day of Easter; which, nevertheless, they did not always +keep on the fourteenth of the moon with the Jews, as +some imagined, but on Sunday, although not in the proper +week.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, they were not <q>Quartodecimans</q> (cf. II, 2, p. <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref>, note 3).</note> For, as Christians, they knew that the Resurrection +of our Lord, which happened on the first day of the +week, was always to be celebrated on the first day of +the week; but being rude and barbarous, they had not +learned when that same first day after the Sabbath, +which is now called the Lord's day, should come. But +because they had not failed in the grace of fervent +charity, they were accounted worthy to receive the full +<pb n='144'/><anchor id='Pg144'/> +knowledge of this matter also, according to the promise +of the Apostle, <q>And if in any thing ye be otherwise +minded, God shall reveal even this unto you.</q><note place='foot'>Phil., iii, 15.</note> Of which +we shall speak more fully hereafter in its proper place. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chap. V. Of the life of Bishop Aidan. [635 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +From this island, then, and the fraternity of these monks, +Aidan was sent to instruct the English nation in Christ, +having received the dignity of a bishop. At that time +Segeni,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XIX'>II, 19</ref>. He is probably to be identified with the Segenus +mentioned there as one of the priests to whom Pope John's letter +was addressed. He was Abbot of Iona, 623-652.</note> abbot and priest, presided over that monastery. +Among other lessons in holy living, Aidan left the +clergy a most salutary example of abstinence and continence; +it was the highest commendation of his doctrine +with all men, that he taught nothing that he did not +practise in his life among his brethren; for he neither +sought nor loved anything of this world, but delighted +in distributing immediately among the poor whom he +met whatsoever was given him by the kings or rich men +of the world. He was wont to traverse both town and +country on foot, never on horseback, unless compelled +by some urgent necessity; to the end that, as he went, +he might turn aside to any whomsoever he saw, whether +rich or poor, and call upon them, if infidels, to receive +the mystery of the faith, or, if they were believers, +strengthen them in the faith, and stir them up by words +and actions to giving of alms and the performance of +good works. +</p> + +<p> +His course of life was so different from the slothfulness +of our times, that all those who bore him company, +whether they were tonsured or laymen, had to study +either reading the Scriptures, or learning psalms. This +was the daily employment of himself and all that were +with him, wheresoever they went; and if it happened, +which was but seldom, that he was invited to the king's +<pb n='145'/><anchor id='Pg145'/> +table, he went with one or two clerks, and having taken +a little food, made haste to be gone, either to read with +his brethren or to pray. At that time, many religious +men and women, led by his example, adopted the custom +of prolonging their fast on Wednesdays and Fridays, till +the ninth hour, throughout the year, except during the +fifty days after Easter. Never, through fear or respect +of persons, did he keep silence with regard to the sins of +the rich; but was wont to correct them with a severe +rebuke. He never gave money to the powerful men of +the world, but only food, if he happened to entertain +them; and, on the contrary, whatsoever gifts of money +he received from the rich, he either distributed, as has +been said, for the use of the poor, or bestowed in ransoming +such as had been wrongfully sold for slaves. +Moreover, he afterwards made many of those he had +ransomed his disciples, and after having taught and +instructed them, advanced them to priest's orders. +</p> + +<p> +It is said, that when King Oswald had asked a bishop +of the Scots to administer the Word of faith to him and +his nation, there was first sent to him another man of +more harsh disposition,<note place='foot'>Hector Boethius gives his name as Corman.</note> who, after preaching for some +time to the English and meeting with no success, not +being gladly heard by the people, returned home, and in +an assembly of the elders reported, that he had not been +able to do any good by his teaching to the nation to +whom he had been sent, because they were intractable +men, and of a stubborn and barbarous disposition. They +then, it is said, held a council and seriously debated +what was to be done, being desirous that the nation +should obtain the salvation it demanded, but grieving +that they had not received the preacher sent to them. +Then said Aidan, who was also present in the council, +to the priest in question, <q>Methinks, brother, that you +were more severe to your unlearned hearers than you +ought to have been, and did not at first, conformably to +the Apostolic rule, give them the milk of more easy +doctrine, till, being by degrees nourished with the Word +<pb n='146'/><anchor id='Pg146'/> +of God, they should be capable of receiving that which +is more perfect and of performing the higher precepts of +God.</q> Having heard these words, all present turned +their attention to him and began diligently to weigh +what he had said, and they decided that he was worthy +to be made a bishop, and that he was the man who +ought to be sent to instruct the unbelieving and unlearned; +since he was found to be endued preeminently +with the grace of discretion, which is the mother of the +virtues. So they ordained him and sent him forth to +preach; and, as time went on, his other virtues became +apparent, as well as that temperate discretion which +had marked him at first. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_VI'/> +<head>Chap. VI. Of King Oswald's wonderful piety and +religion. [635-642 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +King Oswald, with the English nation which he governed, +being instructed by the teaching of this bishop, not only +learned to hope for a heavenly kingdom unknown to his +fathers, but also obtained of the one God, Who made +heaven and earth, a greater earthly kingdom than any +of his ancestors. In brief, he brought under his dominion +all the nations and provinces of Britain, which are +divided into four languages, to wit, those of the Britons, +the Picts, the Scots, and the English.<note place='foot'>Cf. I, 1, p. <ref target='Pg006'>6</ref>, note 2.</note> Though raised +to that height of regal power, wonderful to relate, he +was always humble, kind, and generous to the poor and +to strangers. +</p> + +<p> +To give one instance, it is told, that when he was once +sitting at dinner, on the holy day of Easter, with the +aforesaid bishop, and a silver dish full of royal dainties +was set before him, and they were just about to put forth +their hands to bless the bread, the servant, whom he +had appointed to relieve the needy, came in on a sudden, +and told the king, that a great multitude of poor folk +from all parts was sitting in the streets begging alms of +<pb n='147'/><anchor id='Pg147'/> +the king; he immediately ordered the meat set before +him to be carried to the poor, and the dish to be broken +in pieces and divided among them. At which sight, the +bishop who sat by him, greatly rejoicing at such an act +of piety, clasped his right hand and said, <q>May this +hand never decay.</q> This fell out according to his prayer, +for his hands with the arms being cut off from his body, +when he was slain in battle, remain uncorrupted to this +day, and are kept in a silver shrine, as revered relics, in +St. Peter's church in the royal city,<note place='foot'>Bamborough (Bebbanburh, Bebburgh, Babbanburch, etc. +There are many forms of the name). It is uncertain who the +queen was. Nennius says she was the wife of Ethelfrid. His wife, +Oswald's mother, was Acha (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi>), but he may have been +married twice. It was Ida, the first king of Bernicia, who founded +Bamborough (Sax. Chron.).</note> which has taken its +name from Bebba, one of its former queens. Through +this king's exertions the provinces of the Deiri and the +Bernicians, which till then had been at variance, were +peacefully united and moulded into one people. He was +nephew to King Edwin through his sister Acha; and it +was fit that so great a predecessor should have in his +own family such an one to succeed him in his religion +and sovereignty. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_VII'/> +<head>Chap. VII. How the West Saxons received the Word of +God by the preaching of Birinus; and of his successors, +Agilbert and Leutherius. [635-670 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +At that time, the West Saxons, formerly called +Gewissae,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_V'>II, 5</ref> <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi>, note.</note> in the reign of Cynegils,<note place='foot'>Cf. note on Cuichelm, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_IX'>II, 9</ref>. Cynegils began to reign in 611 +and reigned about thirty-one years.</note> received the faith +of Christ, through the preaching of Bishop Birinus,<note place='foot'>This account tells us substantially all that is known of him. +Additional details are either legendary or conjectural. He was +made a missionary (<q>regionary</q>) bishop, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, had no fixed see +assigned to him.</note> who +came into Britain by the counsel of Pope Honorius;<note place='foot'>II, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XVII'>17</ref>, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XVIII'>18</ref>, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XIX'>19</ref>, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XX'>20</ref>.</note> +having promised in his presence that he would sow the +<pb n='148'/><anchor id='Pg148'/> +seed of the holy faith in the farthest inland regions of +the English, where no other teacher had been before +him. Hereupon at the bidding of the Pope he received +episcopal consecration from Asterius, bishop of Genoa;<note place='foot'>He was Archbishop of Milan, residing at Genoa. <q>Asterius +... like his predecessors from 568, avoided contact with the +dominant Arian Lombards by residing within the imperial territory +at Genoa</q> (Bright).</note> +but on his arrival in Britain, he first came to the nation +of the Gewissae, and finding all in that place confirmed +pagans, he thought it better to preach the Word there, +than to proceed further to seek for other hearers of his +preaching. +</p> + +<p> +Now, as he was spreading the Gospel in the aforesaid +province, it happened that when the king himself, having +received instruction as a catechumen, was being baptized +together with his people, Oswald, the most holy +and victorious king of the Northumbrians, being present, +received him as he came forth from baptism, and by an +honourable alliance most acceptable to God, first adopted +as his son, thus born again and dedicated to God, the +man whose daughter<note place='foot'>Called Cyneburga by Reginald of Durham (Life of St. Oswald).</note> he was about to receive in +marriage. The two kings gave to the bishop the city +called Dorcic,<note place='foot'>Dorchester, about nine miles from Oxford, near the junction of +the Thame and the Thames. The Abbey Church of SS. Peter and +Paul stands on the traditional site of Cynegil's baptism. The see +became extinct on the retirement of Agilbert (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi>), but there +are some grounds for believing that it was revived for a short time +as a Mercian see in 679 (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> p. <ref target='Pg272'>272</ref>, note), after which it again disappeared +till, in the ninth century, the Bishop of Leicester moved +his see to Dorchester.</note> there to establish his episcopal see; +where having built and consecrated churches, and by his +pious labours called many to the Lord, he departed to +the Lord, and was buried in the same city; but many +years after, when Haedde was bishop,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>IV, 12</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'>V, 18</ref>. Haedde became bishop in 676 (Sax. Chron.). +His see was at Winchester. He removed the bones of Birinus, +because Dorchester had ceased to be an episcopal see. Winchester +continued to be the only West Saxon see till the diocese +was again divided (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'>V, 18</ref>), when Daniel was established at Winchester, +and Aldhelm at Sherborne.</note> he was translated +<pb n='149'/><anchor id='Pg149'/> +thence to the city of Venta,<note place='foot'>Winchester; <hi rend='italic'>Gwent</hi> (Celtic) = a plain. This, the <q>old Church,</q> +as distinguished from the present Cathedral, was built by Coinwalch +on his restoration to his kingdom. There are legends +of early British churches on the site, the first founded by <q>King +Lucius</q> (<ref target='Book_I_Chap_IV'>I, 4</ref>), the second dedicated to <q>St. Amphibalus</q> (I, 7, +p. <ref target='Pg015'>15</ref>, note).</note> and laid in the church of +the blessed Apostles, Peter and Paul. +</p> + +<p> +When the king died, his son Coinwalch<note place='foot'>Cuichelm (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_II_Chap_IX'>II, 9</ref>, and note) had died before his father, +Cynegils.</note> succeeded +him on the throne, but refused to receive the faith and +the mysteries of the heavenly kingdom; and not long +after he lost also the dominion of his earthly kingdom; +for he put away the sister of Penda, king of the Mercians, +whom he had married, and took another wife; whereupon +a war ensuing, he was by him deprived of his +kingdom, and withdrew to Anna, king of the East +Angles, where he lived three years in banishment, and +learned and received the true faith; for the king, with +whom he lived in his banishment, was a good man, and +happy in a good and saintly offspring, as we shall show +hereafter.<note place='foot'>Bede reverts more than once to the subject of Anna's pious +offspring, <hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi> cc. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VIII'>8</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XVIII'>18</ref>; IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIX'>19</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XX'>20</ref>. He had four daughters: +Sexburg (c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VIII'>8</ref>, IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIX'>19</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXII'>22</ref>), Ethelberg (c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VIII'>8</ref>), Ethelthryth (IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIX'>19</ref>, +<ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XX'>20</ref>; cf. IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_III'>3</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXII'>22</ref>), and Witberg (not mentioned by Bede); two +granddaughters, Earcongota (c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VIII'>8</ref>) and Ermingild, the wife of +Wulfhere of Mercia; all of whom entered convents, as did also +his step-daughter, Saethryth (c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VIII'>8</ref>).</note> +</p> + +<p> +But when Coinwalch was restored to his kingdom, +there came into that province out of Ireland, a certain +bishop called Agilbert,<note place='foot'>Cc. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXV'>25</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVI'>26</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVIII'>28</ref>; <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_I'>IV, 1</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIX'>V, 19</ref>. The name is a Frankish form of +the English <q>Aethelbert.</q> He was apparently consecrated in +Gaul, but not appointed to any diocese.</note> a native of Gaul, but who had +then lived a long time in Ireland, for the purpose of reading +the Scriptures. He attached himself to the king, +and voluntarily undertook the ministry of preaching. The +king, observing his learning and industry, desired him +to accept an episcopal see there and remain as the bishop +of his people. Agilbert complied with the request, and +<pb n='150'/><anchor id='Pg150'/> +presided over that nation as their bishop for many years. +At length the king, who understood only the language +of the Saxons, weary of his barbarous tongue, privately +brought into the province another bishop, speaking his +own language, by name Wini,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVIII'>28</ref>. It is not known why he was expelled (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi>). +There is a tradition that he spent the last three years of his life +at Winchester as a penitent, doubtless for the act of simony related +below, but this is inconsistent with Bede's statement that +he remained Bishop of London till his death.</note> who had also been +ordained in Gaul; and dividing his province into two +dioceses, appointed this last his episcopal see in the city +of Venta, by the Saxons called Wintancaestir.<note place='foot'>Winchester; <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> pp. <ref target='Pg148'>148-9</ref>, notes.</note> Agilbert, +being highly offended, that the king should do this +without consulting him, returned into Gaul, and being +made bishop of the city of Paris, died there, being old +and full of days. Not many years after his departure +out of Britain, Wini was also expelled from his bishopric +by the same king, and took refuge with Wulfhere, king +of the Mercians, of whom he purchased for money the +see of the city of London,<note place='foot'>London was an East Saxon bishopric, but Wulfhere (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>, +<hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi>) had acquired the supremacy over the East Saxons (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> +c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXX'>30</ref>).</note> and remained bishop thereof +till his death. Thus the province of the West Saxons +continued no small time without a bishop. +</p> + +<p> +During which time, the aforesaid king of that nation, +sustaining repeatedly very great losses in his kingdom +from his enemies, at length bethought himself, that as +he had been before expelled from the throne for his unbelief, +he had been restored when he acknowledged the +faith of Christ; and he perceived that his kingdom, being +deprived of a bishop, was justly deprived also of the +Divine protection. He, therefore, sent messengers into +Gaul to Agilbert, with humble apologies entreating him +to return to the bishopric of his nation. But he excused +himself, and protested that he could not go, because he +was bound to the bishopric of his own city and diocese; +notwithstanding, in order to give him some help in answer +to his earnest request, he sent thither in his stead the priest +<pb n='151'/><anchor id='Pg151'/> +Leutherius,<note place='foot'>Hlothere, consecrated 670. Apparently he was appointed by a +West Saxon Synod (<q>ex synodica sanctione</q>). Dr. Bright thinks +the term is used loosely for a Witenagemot.</note> his nephew, to be ordained as his bishop, if +he thought fit, saying that he thought him worthy of a +bishopric. The king and the people received him honourably, +and asked Theodore, then Archbishop of Canterbury, +to consecrate him as their bishop. He was accordingly +consecrated in the same city, and many years +diligently governed the whole bishopric of the West +Saxons by synodical authority. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_VIII'/> +<head>Chap. VIII. How Earconbert, King of Kent, ordered +the idols to be destroyed; and of his daughter Earcongota, +and his kinswoman Ethelberg, virgins consecrated to +God. [640 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord 640, Eadbald,<note place='foot'>II, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_V'>5-9</ref>, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XX'>20</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>V, 24</ref>.</note> king of Kent, +departed this life, and left his kingdom to his son +Earconbert, who governed it most nobly twenty-four +years and some months. He was the first of the English +kings that of his supreme authority commanded the +idols throughout his whole kingdom to be forsaken +and destroyed, and the fast of forty days to be observed; +and that the same might not be lightly neglected, he +appointed fitting and condign punishments for the +offenders. His daughter Earcongota, as became the +offspring of such a parent, was a most virtuous virgin, +serving God in a monastery in the country of the Franks, +built by a most noble abbess, named Fara, at a place +called In Brige;<note place='foot'>Faremoûtier-en-Brie (Farae Monasterium in Brige), founded +<hi rend='italic'>circ.</hi> 617 by Fara, or Burgundofara, a Burgundian lady of noble +birth, said to have been dedicated by St. Columba in her infancy. +The monastery was a double one, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, consisted of monks and +nuns (cf. <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi>, <q>many of the brethren</q>).</note> for at that time but few monasteries +had been built in the country of the Angles, and many +were wont, for the sake of monastic life, to repair to the +monasteries of the Franks or Gauls; and they also sent +<pb n='152'/><anchor id='Pg152'/> +their daughters there to be instructed, and united to +their Heavenly Bridegroom, especially in the monasteries +of Brige, of Cale,<note place='foot'>Chelles, near Paris, founded by Clothilde, wife of Clovis I, +restored and enlarged by Bathild, wife of Clovis II (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIX'>V, 19</ref>, note).</note> and Andilegum.<note place='foot'>Andeley-sur-Seine, also founded by Clothilde, wife of Clovis I.</note> Among whom was +also Saethryth,<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>supra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VII'>7</ref>, note on Anna.</note> daughter of the wife of Anna, king of the +East Angles, above mentioned; and Ethelberg,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi></note> the +king's own daughter; both of whom, though strangers, +were for their virtue made abbesses of the monastery of +Brige. Sexburg,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi></note> that king's elder daughter, wife to +Earconbert, king of Kent, had a daughter called Earcongota,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi></note> +of whom we are about to speak. +</p> + +<p> +Many wonderful works and miracles of this virgin, +dedicated to God, are to this day related by the inhabitants +of that place; but for us it shall suffice to say +something briefly of her departure out of this world to +the heavenly kingdom. The day of her summoning +drawing near, she began to visit in the monastery the +cells of the infirm handmaidens of Christ, and particularly +those that were of a great age, or most noted for +their virtuous life, and humbly commending herself +to their prayers, she let them know that her death was +at hand, as she had learnt by revelation, which she +said she had received in this manner. She had seen a +band of men, clothed in white, come into the monastery, +and being asked by her what they wanted, and what +they did there, they answered, <q>They had been sent +thither to carry away with them the gold coin that had +been brought thither from Kent.</q> Towards the close of +that same night, as morning began to dawn, leaving the +darkness of this world, she departed to the light of +heaven. Many of the brethren of that monastery who +were in other houses, declared they had then plainly +heard choirs of singing angels, and, as it were, the +sound of a multitude entering the monastery. Whereupon +going out immediately to see what it might be, +they beheld a great light coming down from heaven, +<pb n='153'/><anchor id='Pg153'/> +which bore that holy soul, set loose from the bonds of +the flesh, to the eternal joys of the celestial country. +They also tell of other miracles that were wrought that +night in the same monastery by the power of God; but +as we must proceed to other matters, we leave them to +be related by those whose concern they are. The body +of this venerable virgin and bride of Christ was buried in +the church of the blessed protomartyr, Stephen. It was +thought fit, three days after, to take up the stone that +covered the tomb, and to raise it higher in the same +place, and whilst they were doing this, so sweet a +fragrance rose from below, that it seemed to all the +brethren and sisters there present, as if a store of balsam +had been opened. +</p> + +<p> +Her aunt also, Ethelberg, of whom we have spoken, +preserved the glory, acceptable to God, of perpetual +virginity, in a life of great self-denial, but the extent +of her virtue became more conspicuous after her death. +Whilst she was abbess, she began to build in her +monastery a church, in honour of all the Apostles, +wherein she desired that her body should be buried; +but when that work was advanced half way, she was +prevented by death from finishing it, and was buried in +the place in the church which she had chosen. After her +death, the brothers occupied themselves with other +things, and this structure was left untouched for seven +years, at the expiration whereof they resolved, by reason +of the greatness of the work, wholly to abandon the +building of the church, and to remove the abbess's bones +thence to some other church that was finished and consecrated. +On opening her tomb, they found the body as +untouched by decay as it had been free from the corruption +of carnal concupiscence, and having washed it again +and clothed it in other garments, they removed it to the +church of the blessed Stephen, the Martyr. And her +festival is wont to be celebrated there with much honour +on the 7th of July. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='154'/><anchor id='Pg154'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_IX'/> +<head>Chap. IX. How miracles of healing have been frequently +wrought in the place where King Oswald was killed; +and how, first, a traveller's horse was restored and +afterwards a young girl cured of the palsy. [642 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Oswald, the most Christian king of the Northumbrians, +reigned nine years, including that year which was held +accursed for the barbarous cruelty of the king of the +Britons and the reckless apostacy of the English kings; +for, as was said above,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_I'>1</ref>.</note> it is agreed by the unanimous +consent of all, that the names and memory of the apostates +should be erased from the catalogue of the Christian +kings, and no year assigned to their reign. After which +period, Oswald was killed in a great battle, by the same +pagan nation and pagan king of the Mercians, who had +slain his predecessor Edwin, at a place called in the +English tongue Maserfelth,<note place='foot'>The place is commonly supposed to be near Oswestry in Shropshire +(<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, Oswald's Tree). There is a legend (related by Reginald) +which tells of a tree near the spot, to which a large bird carried +the king's right arm from the stake (cf. c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XII'>12</ref> <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi>). The Welsh +name of the place, <q>Croes Oswallt</q> (Cross-Oswald), points to the +explanation that the <q>tree</q> was a wooden cross set up to mark +the site.</note> in the thirty-eighth year of +his age, on the fifth day of the month of August.<note place='foot'>642, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, nine years after the death of Edwin.</note> +</p> + +<p> +How great his faith was towards God, and how remarkable +his devotion, has been made evident by miracles +even after his death; for, in the place where he was +killed by the pagans, fighting for his country, sick men +and cattle are frequently healed to this day. Whence it +came to pass that many took up the very dust of the +place where his body fell, and putting it into water, +brought much relief with it to their friends who were sick. +This custom came so much into use, that the earth being +carried away by degrees, a hole was made as deep as the +height of a man. Nor is it surprising that the sick +should be healed in the place where he died; for, whilst +he lived, he never ceased to provide for the poor and the +sick, and to bestow alms on them, and assist them. +<pb n='155'/><anchor id='Pg155'/> +Many miracles are said to have been wrought in that +place, or with the dust carried from it; but we have +thought it sufficient to mention two, which we have +heard from our elders. +</p> + +<p> +It happened, not long after his death, that a man was +travelling on horseback near that place, when his horse +on a sudden fell sick, stood still, hung his head, and +foamed at the mouth, and, at length, as his pain increased, +he fell to the ground; the rider dismounted, +and taking off his saddle,<note place='foot'>Reading <foreign rend='italic'>stramine subtracto</foreign>, on the authority of the oldest MSS., +in which case we must assume (with Plummer) that <foreign rend='italic'>stramen</foreign> is +used incorrectly for <foreign rend='italic'>stragulus</foreign> in the sense of <q>saddle,</q> or <q>horse-cloth,</q> +from the classical use, <foreign rend='italic'>sternere equum</foreign> = to saddle. Cf. +<q>stratus regaliter,</q> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIV'>14</ref>. Later MSS. read <foreign rend='italic'>stramine substrato</foreign> +(= <q>spreading straw under him</q>).</note> waited to see whether the +beast would recover or die. At length, after writhing +for a long time in extreme anguish, the horse happened +in his struggles to come to the very place where the +great king died. Immediately the pain abated, the beast +ceased from his frantic kicking, and, after the manner of +horses, as if resting from his weariness, he rolled from +side to side, and then starting up, perfectly recovered, +began to graze hungrily on the green herbage. The rider +observing this, and being an intelligent man, concluded +that there must be some wonderful sanctity in the place +where the horse had been healed, and he marked the +spot. After which he again mounted his horse, and +went on to the inn where he intended to stop. On his +arrival he found a girl, niece to the landlord, who had +long been sick of the palsy; and when the members of the +household, in his presence, lamented the girl's grievous +calamity, he gave them an account of the place where +his horse had been cured. In brief, she was put into a +wagon and carried to the place and laid down there. At +first she slept awhile, and when she awoke, found herself +healed of her infirmity. Upon which she called for water, +washed her face, arranged her hair, put a kerchief on +her head, and returned home on foot, in good health, +with those who had brought her. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='156'/><anchor id='Pg156'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chap. X. How the dust of that place prevailed against +fire. [After 642 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +About the same time, another traveller, a Briton, as is +reported, happened to pass by the same place, where the +aforesaid battle was fought. Observing one particular +spot of ground greener and more beautiful than any +other part of the field, he had the wisdom to infer that +the cause of the unusual greenness in that place must be +that some person of greater holiness than any other in +the army had been killed there. He therefore took along +with him some of the dust of that piece of ground, tying +it up in a linen cloth, supposing, as was indeed the case, +that it would be of use for curing sick people, and proceeding +on his journey, came in the evening to a certain +village, and entered a house where the villagers were feasting +at supper. Being received by the owners of the house, +he sat down with them at the entertainment, hanging the +cloth, with the dust which he had carried in it, on a post +in the wall. They sat long at supper and drank deep. +Now there was a great fire in the middle of the room, +and it happened that the sparks flew up and caught the +roof of the house, which being made of wattles and +thatch, was suddenly wrapped in flames; the guests ran +out in panic and confusion, but they were not able to +save the burning house, which was rapidly being destroyed. +Wherefore the house was burnt down, and only +that post on which the dust hung in the linen cloth +remained safe and untouched by the fire. When they +beheld this miracle, they were all amazed, and inquiring +into it diligently, learned that the dust had been taken +from the place where the blood of King Oswald had been +shed. These wonderful works being made known and +reported abroad, many began daily to resort to that +place, and received the blessing of health for themselves +and their friends. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='157'/><anchor id='Pg157'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_XI'/> +<head>Chap. XI. How a light from Heaven stood all night +over his relics, and how those possessed with devils were +healed by them. [679-697 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Among the rest, I think we ought not to pass over in +silence the miracles and signs from Heaven that were +shown when King Oswald's bones were found, and +translated into the church where they are now preserved. +This was done by the zealous care of Osthryth, queen of +the Mercians,<note place='foot'>Wife of Ethelred of Mercia (cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXI'>IV, 21</ref>), murdered by her own +people in 697 (<ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>V, 24</ref>).</note> the daughter of his brother Oswy, who +reigned after him, as shall be said hereafter. +</p> + +<p> +There is a famous monastery in the province of Lindsey, +called Beardaneu,<note place='foot'>Bardney, in Lincolnshire. Ethelred became first a monk, afterwards +abbot of the monastery.</note> which that queen and her husband +Ethelred greatly loved and venerated, conferring +upon it many honours. It was here that she was desirous +to lay the revered bones of her uncle. When the +wagon in which those bones were carried arrived towards +evening at the aforesaid monastery, they that were in it +were unwilling to admit them, because, though they +knew him to be a holy man, yet, as he was a native of +another province, and had obtained the sovereignty over +them, they retained their ancient aversion to him even +after his death. Thus it came to pass that the relics were +left in the open air all that night, with only a large tent +spread over the wagon which contained them. But it +was revealed by a sign from Heaven with how much +reverence they ought to be received by all the faithful; +for all that night, a pillar of light, reaching from the +wagon up to heaven, was visible in almost every part of +the province of Lindsey. Hereupon, in the morning, the +brethren of that monastery who had refused it the day +before, began themselves earnestly to pray that those +holy relics, beloved of God, might be laid among them. +Accordingly, the bones, being washed, were put into a +shrine which they had made for that purpose, and placed +<pb n='158'/><anchor id='Pg158'/> +in the church, with due honour; and that there might be +a perpetual memorial of the royal character of this holy +man, they hung up over the monument his banner of +gold and purple. Then they poured out the water in +which they had washed the bones, in a corner of the +cemetery.<note place='foot'><q>Sacrarium.</q> Probably here = the cemetery. But we find it +elsewhere in Bede for the sacristy, and it is also used of the +sanctuary.</note> From that time, the very earth which received +that holy water, had the power of saving grace in casting +out devils from the bodies of persons possessed. +</p> + +<p> +Lastly, when the aforesaid queen afterwards abode +some time in that monastery, there came to visit her a +certain venerable abbess, who is still living, called +Ethelhild, the sister of the holy men, Ethelwin<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVII'>27</ref>; <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>IV, 12</ref>.</note> and +Aldwin, the first of whom was bishop in the province of +Lindsey, the other abbot of the monastery of Peartaneu;<note place='foot'>Partney: cf. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XVI'>II, 16</ref>, and note. This is the only mention of its +abbot, Aldwin.</note> +not far from which was the monastery of Ethelhild. +When this lady was come, in a conversation between +her and the queen, the discourse, among other things, +turning upon Oswald, she said, that she also had that +night seen the light over his relics reaching up to +heaven. The queen thereupon added, that the very dust +of the pavement on which the water that washed the +bones had been poured out, had already healed many +sick persons. The abbess thereupon desired that some +of that health-bringing dust might be given her, and, +receiving it, she tied it up in a cloth, and, putting it into +a casket, returned home. Some time after, when she +was in her monastery, there came to it a guest, who was +wont often in the night to be on a sudden grievously +tormented with an unclean spirit; he being hospitably +entertained, when he had gone to bed after supper, was +suddenly seized by the Devil, and began to cry out, to +gnash his teeth, to foam at the mouth, and to writhe +and distort his limbs. None being able to hold or bind +him, the servant ran, and knocking at the door, told +<pb n='159'/><anchor id='Pg159'/> +the abbess. She, opening the monastery door, went out +herself with one of the nuns to the men's apartment, and +calling a priest, desired that he would go with her to the +sufferer. Being come thither, and seeing many present, +who had not been able, by their efforts, to hold the tormented +person and restrain his convulsive movements, +the priest used exorcisms, and did all that he could to +assuage the madness of the unfortunate man, but, though +he took much pains, he could not prevail. When no +hope appeared of easing him in his ravings, the abbess +bethought herself of the dust, and immediately bade +her handmaiden go and fetch her the casket in which +it was. As soon as she came with it, as she had been +bidden, and was entering the hall of the house, in the +inner part whereof the possessed person was writhing in +torment, he suddenly became silent, and laid down his +head, as if he had been falling asleep, stretching out all +his limbs to rest. <q>Silence fell upon all and intent they +gazed,</q><note place='foot'>Aen. II, 1. Quotations from Vergil are frequent in Bede. +Cf. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XIII'>II, 13</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi>; v. 12, p. <ref target='Pg327'>327</ref>.</note> anxiously waiting to see the end of the matter. +And after about the space of an hour the man that had +been tormented sat up, and fetching a deep sigh, said, +<q>Now I am whole, for I am restored to my senses.</q> +They earnestly inquired how that came to pass, and he +answered, <q>As soon as that maiden drew near the hall +of this house, with the casket she brought, all the evil +spirits that vexed me departed and left me, and were +no more to be seen.</q> Then the abbess gave him a little +of that dust, and the priest having prayed, he passed +that night in great peace; nor was he, from that time +forward, alarmed by night, or in any way troubled by his +old enemy. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_XII'/> +<head>Chap. XII. How a little boy was cured of a fever at his +tomb.</head> + +<p> +Some time after, there was a certain little boy in the said +monastery, who had been long grievously troubled with +<pb n='160'/><anchor id='Pg160'/> +a fever; he was one day anxiously expecting the hour +when his fit was to come on, when one of the brothers, +coming in to him, said, <q>Shall I tell you, my son, how +you may be cured of this sickness? Rise, enter the +church, and go close to Oswald's tomb; sit down and +stay there quiet and do not leave it; do not come away, +or stir from the place, till the time is past, when the fever +leaves you: then I will go in and fetch you away.</q> The +boy did as he was advised, and the disease durst not +assail him as he sat by the saint's tomb; but fled in such +fear that it did not dare to touch him, either the second +or third day, or ever after. The brother that came from +thence, and told me this, added, that at the time when +he was talking with me, the young man was then still +living in the monastery, on whom, when a boy, that +miracle of healing had been wrought. Nor need we +wonder that the prayers of that king who is now reigning +with our Lord, should be very efficacious with Him, +since he, whilst yet governing his temporal kingdom, +was always wont to pray and labour more for that which +is eternal. Nay, it is said, that he often continued in +prayer from the hour of morning thanksgiving<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, matins (between midnight and 3 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.m.</hi>).</note> till it +was day; and that by reason of his constant custom of +praying or giving thanks to God, he was wont always, +wherever he sat, to hold his hands on his knees with the +palms turned upwards. It is also commonly affirmed +and has passed into a proverb, that he ended his life in +prayer; for when he was beset with the weapons of his +enemies, and perceived that death was at hand, he +prayed for the souls of his army. Whence it is proverbially +said, <q><q>Lord have mercy on their souls,</q> said +Oswald, as he fell to the ground.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Now his bones were translated to the monastery which +we have mentioned, and buried therein: but the king +who slew him commanded his head, and hands, with the +arms, to be cut off from the body, and set upon stakes. +But his successor in the throne, Oswy, coming thither +the next year with his army, took them down, and buried +<pb n='161'/><anchor id='Pg161'/> +his head in the cemetery of the church of Lindisfarne,<note place='foot'>It was removed in 875, during the Danish invasions, in the +coffin of St. Cuthbert, and finally interred in the same tomb with +the body of Cuthbert at Durham, where it was found in 1827. +Hence St. Cuthbert is often represented holding St. Oswald's head +in his hands.</note> +and the hands and arms in his royal city.<note place='foot'>Bamborough: cf. c. 6, note.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_XIII'/> +<head>Chap. XIII. How a certain person in Ireland was restored, +when at the point of death, by his relics.</head> + +<p> +Nor was the fame of the renowned Oswald confined to +Britain, but, spreading rays of healing light even beyond +the sea, reached also to Germany and Ireland. For the +most reverend prelate, Acca,<note place='foot'>Bishop of Hexham, 709-731: <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XX'>V, 20</ref> (cf. also <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIV'>IV, 14</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIX'>V, 19</ref>). +He was a much loved friend of Bede, many of whose works were +undertaken at his instigation. He was devotedly attached to +Wilfrid, whom he succeeded at Hexham. The <ref target='Continuation'><q>Continuation</q></ref> +says that he was expelled from his see in 731, and he probably +never regained it.</note> is wont to relate, that +when, in his journey to Rome,<note place='foot'>Cf. V. 19, p. <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref>. This was probably Wilfrid's third journey to +Rome, undertaken in 703-704, for, at the time of his earlier journey +(in 678), when he spent the winter in Frisland, Wilbrord was not +yet there.</note> he and his bishop Wilfrid +stayed some time with Wilbrord,<note place='foot'>The great missionary archbishop of the Frisians. He was +trained as a boy in Wilfrid's abbey at Ripon, studied some time in +Ireland, and with eleven companions undertook in 690 the mission +to Frisland planned by Egbert: <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> V, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_X'>10</ref>, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XI'>11</ref>. (For Egbert, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> +c. 4, p. <ref target='Pg143'>143</ref>, and note.)</note> the holy archbishop +of the Frisians, he often heard him tell of the wonders +which had been wrought in that province at the relics of +that most worshipful king. And he used to say that in +Ireland, when, being yet only a priest, he led the life of +a stranger and pilgrim for love of the eternal country, +the fame of that king's sanctity was already spread far +and near in that island also. One of the miracles, among +the rest, which he related, we have thought fit to insert +in this our history. +</p> + +<pb n='162'/><anchor id='Pg162'/> + +<p> +<q>At the time,</q> said he, <q>of the plague which made +such widespread havoc in Britain and Ireland, among +others, a certain scholar of the Scottish race was smitten +with the disease, a man learned in the study of letters, +but in no way careful or studious of his eternal salvation; +who, seeing his death near at hand, began to fear and +tremble lest, as soon as he was dead, he should be +hurried away to the prison-house of Hell for his sins. +He called me, for I was near, and trembling and sighing +in his weakness, with a lamentable voice made his complaint +to me, after this manner: <q>You see that my bodily +distress increases, and that I am now reduced to the +point of death. Nor do I question but that after the +death of my body, I shall be immediately snatched away +to the everlasting death of my soul, and cast into the +torments of hell, since for a long time, amidst all my +reading of divine books, I have suffered myself to be +ensnared by sin, instead of keeping the commandments +of God. But it is my resolve, if the Divine Mercy +shall grant me a new term of life, to correct my sinful +habits, and wholly to devote anew my mind and life to +obedience to the Divine will. But I know that I have no +merits of my own whereby to obtain a prolongation of +life, nor can I hope to have it, unless it shall please God +to forgive me, wretched and unworthy of pardon as I +am, through the help of those who have faithfully served +him. We have heard, and the report is widespread, +that there was in your nation a king, of wonderful +sanctity, called Oswald, the excellency of whose faith +and virtue has been made famous even after his death +by the working of many miracles. I beseech you, if you +have any relics of his in your keeping, that you will +bring them to me; if haply the Lord shall be pleased, +through his merits, to have mercy on me.</q> I answered, +<q>I have indeed a part of the stake on which his head was +set up by the pagans, when he was killed, and if you +believe with steadfast heart, the Divine mercy may, +through the merits of so great a man, both grant you a +longer term of life here, and render you worthy to be +admitted into eternal life.</q> He answered immediately +<pb n='163'/><anchor id='Pg163'/> +that he had entire faith therein. Then I blessed some +water, and put into it a splinter of the aforesaid oak, +and gave it to the sick man to drink. He presently +found ease, and, recovering of his sickness, lived a long +time after; and, being entirely converted to God in heart +and deed, wherever he went, he spoke of the goodness +of his merciful Creator, and the honour of His faithful +servant.</q> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_XIV'/> +<head>Chap. XIV. How on the death of Paulinus, Ithamar +was made bishop of Rochester in his stead; and of the +wonderful humility of King Oswin, who was cruelly +slain by Oswy. [644-651 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Oswald being translated to the heavenly kingdom, his +brother Oswy,<note place='foot'>The third of Ethelfrid's seven sons (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Sax. Chron.) to succeed +to the sovereignty. With his brothers he had spent his youth +in banishment among the Picts and Scots (<hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_I'>1</ref>).</note> a young man of about thirty years of +age, succeeded him on the throne of his earthly kingdom, +and held it twenty-eight years with much trouble, +being attacked by the pagan nation of the Mercians, that +had slain his brother, as also by his son Alchfrid,<note place='foot'>Cc. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXI'>21</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXV'>25</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVIII'>28</ref>. The pupil and friend of Wilfrid. He was +made sub-king of Deira in place of Ethelwald (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> next note). The +date and circumstances of his rebellion are not known. A cross +at Bewcastle in Cumberland, erected in 670 or 671, commemorates +him and asks prayers for his soul.</note> and +by his nephew Oidilwald,<note place='foot'>Ethelwald, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> cc. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIII'>23</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>.</note> the son of his brother who +reigned before him. In his second year, that is, in the +year of our Lord 644, the most reverend Father Paulinus, +formerly Bishop of York, but at that time Bishop of the +city of Rochester, departed to the Lord, on the 10th day +of October, having held the office of a bishop nineteen +years, two months, and twenty-one days; and was buried +in the sacristy of the blessed Apostle Andrew,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_III'>II, 3</ref>.</note> which +King Ethelbert had built from the foundation, in the +same city of Rochester. In his place, Archbishop Honorius +<pb n='164'/><anchor id='Pg164'/> +ordained Ithamar,<note place='foot'>The first bishop of English birth. For Honorius, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XV'>II, 15</ref>, +note.</note> of the Kentish nation, but not inferior +to his predecessors in learning and conduct of life. +</p> + +<p> +Oswy, during the first part of his reign, had a partner +in the royal dignity called Oswin, of the race of King +Edwin, and son to Osric<note place='foot'>The apostate king of Deira, Osric, son of Aelfric, was first +cousin to Edwin (cf. c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_I'>1</ref>). Oswald united the two Northumbrian +kingdoms, but at his death, Oswin, son of Osric, succeeded to +Deira. He was canonised, and his tragic death led him to be +regarded as a martyr.</note> of whom we have spoken +above, a man of wonderful piety and devotion, who +governed the province of the Deiri seven years in very +great prosperity, and was himself beloved by all men. +But Oswy, who governed all the other northern part of +the nation beyond the Humber, that is, the province of +the Bernicians, could not live at peace with him; and at +last, when the causes of their disagreement increased, +he murdered him most cruelly. For when each had +raised an army against the other, Oswin perceived that +he could not maintain a war against his enemy who had +more auxiliaries than himself, and he thought it better at +that time to lay aside all thoughts of engaging, and to +reserve himself for better times. He therefore disbanded +the army which he had assembled, and ordered all his +men to return to their own homes, from the place that +is called Wilfaraesdun,<note place='foot'>Not identified. The village (<q>a vico Cataractone</q>) is probably +the one called Cataracta in <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XIV'>II, 14</ref> (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> note, <hi rend='italic'>ad loc.</hi>).</note> that is, Wilfar's Hill, which is +about ten miles distant from the village called Cataract, +towards the north-west. He himself, with only one +trusty thegn, whose name was Tondhere, withdrew and +lay concealed in the house of Hunwald, a noble,<note place='foot'><foreign rend='italic'>Comes</foreign>, A.S. <foreign rend='italic'>gesith</foreign>.</note> whom +he imagined to be his most assured friend. But, alas! +it was far otherwise; for Hunwald betrayed him, and +Oswy, by the hands of his reeve, Ethilwin, foully slew +him and the thegn aforesaid. This happened on the 20th +of August, in the ninth year of his reign, at a place +called Ingetlingum, where afterwards, to atone for this +<pb n='165'/><anchor id='Pg165'/> +crime, a monastery was built,<note place='foot'>At Queen Eanfled's request (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> c. 24, p. <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>). The place is +generally identified with Gilling in the North Riding of Yorkshire. +For the form of the name, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> II, 14, p. <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>, note 5.</note> wherein prayers should +be daily offered up to God for the redemption of the +souls of both kings, to wit, of him that was murdered, +and of him that commanded the murder. +</p> + +<p> +King Oswin was of a goodly countenance, and tall of +stature, pleasant in discourse, and courteous in behaviour; +and bountiful to all, gentle and simple alike; +so that he was beloved by all men for the royal dignity +of his mind and appearance and actions, and men of the +highest rank came from almost all provinces to serve +him. Among all the graces of virtue and moderation by +which he was distinguished and, if I may say so, blessed +in a special manner, humility is said to have been the +greatest, which it will suffice to prove by one instance. +</p> + +<p> +He had given a beautiful horse to Bishop Aidan, to use +either in crossing rivers, or in performing a journey upon +any urgent necessity, though the Bishop was wont to +travel ordinarily on foot. Some short time after, a poor +man meeting the Bishop, and asking alms, he immediately +dismounted, and ordered the horse, with all his royal +trappings, to be given to the beggar; for he was very +compassionate, a great friend to the poor, and, in a +manner, the father of the wretched. This being told to +the king, when they were going in to dinner, he said to +the Bishop, <q>What did you mean, my lord Bishop, by +giving the poor man that royal horse, which it was fitting +that you should have for your own use? Had not we +many other horses of less value, or things of other sorts, +which would have been good enough to give to the poor, +instead of giving that horse, which I had chosen and +set apart for your own use?</q> Thereupon the Bishop +answered, <q>What do you say, O king? Is that son of a +mare more dear to you than that son of God?</q> Upon +this they went in to dinner, and the Bishop sat in his +place; but the king, who had come in from hunting, +stood warming himself, with his attendants, at the fire. +Then, on a sudden, whilst he was warming himself, calling +<pb n='166'/><anchor id='Pg166'/> +to mind what the bishop had said to him, he ungirt his +sword, and gave it to a servant, and hastened to the +Bishop and fell down at his feet, beseeching him to forgive +him; <q>For from this time forward,</q> said he, <q>I +will never speak any more of this, nor will I judge of +what or how much of our money you shall give to the +sons of God.</q> The bishop was much moved at this sight, +and starting up, raised him, saying that he was entirely +reconciled to him, if he would but sit down to his meat, +and lay aside all sorrow. The king, at the bishop's +command and request, was comforted, but the bishop, +on the other hand, grew sad and was moved even to +tears. His priest then asking him, in the language of +his country, which the king and his servants did not +understand, why he wept, <q>I know,</q> said he, <q>that +the king will not live long; for I never before saw a +humble king; whence I perceive that he will soon be +snatched out of this life, because this nation is not +worthy of such a ruler.</q> Not long after, the bishop's +gloomy foreboding was fulfilled by the king's sad death, +as has been said above. But Bishop Aidan himself was +also taken out of this world, not more than twelve days +after the death of the king he loved, on the 31st of +August,<note place='foot'>In 651 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> Cf. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>V. 24</ref>.</note> to receive the eternal reward of his labours from +the Lord. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_XV'/> +<head>Chap. XV. How Bishop Aidan foretold to certain seamen +that a storm would arise, and gave them some holy +oil to calm it. [Between 642 and 645 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +How great the merits of Aidan were, was made manifest +by the Judge of the heart, with the testimony of miracles, +whereof it will suffice to mention three, that they may +not be forgotten. A certain priest, whose name was +Utta,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXI'>21</ref>.</note> a man of great weight and sincerity, and on that +account honoured by all men, even the princes of the +world, was sent to Kent, to bring thence, as wife for +<pb n='167'/><anchor id='Pg167'/> +King Oswy, Eanfled,<note place='foot'>II, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_IX'>9</ref>, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XX'>20</ref>; III, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXV'>25</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIX'>29</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_IX'>V, 19</ref>.</note> the daughter of King Edwin, who +had been carried thither when her father was killed. +Intending to go thither by land, but to return with the +maiden by sea, he went to Bishop Aidan, and entreated +him to offer up his prayers to the Lord for him and his +company, who were then to set out on so long a journey. +He, blessing them, and commending them to the Lord, +at the same time gave them some holy oil, saying, <q>I +know that when you go on board ship, you will meet +with a storm and contrary wind; but be mindful to cast +this oil I give you into the sea, and the wind will cease +immediately; you will have pleasant calm weather to +attend you and send you home by the way that you +desire.</q> +</p> + +<p> +All these things fell out in order, even as the bishop had +foretold. For first, the waves of the sea raged, and the +sailors endeavoured to ride it out at anchor, but all to no +purpose; for the sea sweeping over the ship on all sides +and beginning to fill it with water, they all perceived +that death was at hand and about to overtake them. +The priest at last, remembering the bishop's words, laid +hold of the phial and cast some of the oil into the sea, +which at once, as had been foretold, ceased from its +uproar. Thus it came to pass that the man of God, by +the spirit of prophecy, foretold the storm that was to +come to pass, and by virtue of the same spirit, though +absent in the body, calmed it when it had arisen. The +story of this miracle was not told me by a person of +little credit, but by Cynimund, a most faithful priest of +our church,<note place='foot'>The monastery of Wearmouth and Jarrow. Cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVIII'>IV, 18</ref>; V, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXI'>21</ref> +<hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi>, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>.</note> who declared that it was related to him by +Utta, the priest, in whose case and through whom the +same was wrought. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='168'/><anchor id='Pg168'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_XVI'/> +<head>Chap. XVI. How the same Aidan, by his prayers, saved +the royal city when it was fired by the enemy [Before +651 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Another notable miracle of the same father is related by +many such as were likely to have knowledge thereof; +for during the time that he was bishop, the hostile army +of the Mercians, under the command of Penda, cruelly +ravaged the country of the Northumbrians far and near, +even to the royal city,<note place='foot'>Bamborough, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> cc. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VI'>6</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XII'>12</ref>.</note> which has its name from Bebba, +formerly its queen. Not being able to take it by storm +or by siege, he endeavoured to burn it down; and having +pulled down all the villages in the neighbourhood of the +city, he brought thither an immense quantity of beams, +rafters, partitions, wattles and thatch, wherewith he encompassed +the place to a great height on the land side, +and when he found the wind favourable, he set fire to it +and attempted to burn the town. +</p> + +<p> +At that time, the most reverend Bishop Aidan was +dwelling in the Isle of Farne,<note place='foot'>The scene of St. Cuthbert's hermit life: <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVII'>27</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVIII'>28</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXIX'>29</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_I'>V, 1</ref>. +It is called the <q>House Island,</q> and is the largest of the Farne +group of seventeen islands off the coast of Northumberland, +opposite Bamborough, famous in modern times for the rescue of a +shipwrecked crew by Grace Darling.</note> which is about two miles +from the city; for thither he was wont often to retire to +pray in solitude and silence; and, indeed, this lonely +dwelling of his is to this day shown in that island. +When he saw the flames of fire and the smoke carried +by the wind rising above the city walls, he is said to have +lifted up his eyes and hands to heaven, and cried with +tears, <q>Behold, Lord, how great evil is wrought by +Penda!</q> These words were hardly uttered, when the +wind immediately veering from the city, drove back the +flames upon those who had kindled them, so that some +being hurt, and all afraid, they forebore any further +attempts against the city, which they perceived to be +protected by the hand of God. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='169'/><anchor id='Pg169'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chap. XVII. How a prop of the church on which +Bishop Aidan was leaning when he died, could not be +consumed when the rest of the Church was on fire; and +concerning his inward life. [651 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Aidan was in the king's township, not far from the city +of which we have spoken above, at the time when death +caused him to quit the body, after he had been bishop +sixteen<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>v.l.</hi> seventeen. The MS. authority is about equal; but cf. +<hi rend='italic'>infra</hi>, the statement that he died in the seventeenth year of his +episcopate, which seems to be correct.</note> years; for having a church and a chamber in +that place, he was wont often to go and stay there, and +to make excursions from it to preach in the country +round about, which he likewise did at other of the king's +townships, having nothing of his own besides his church +and a few fields about it. When he was sick they set up +a tent for him against the wall at the west end of the +church, and so it happened that he breathed his last, +leaning against a buttress that was on the outside of the +church to strengthen the wall. He died in the seventeenth +year of his episcopate, on the 31st of August.<note place='foot'>651 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>; <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIV'>14</ref> <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi></note> +His body was thence presently translated to the isle of +Lindisfarne, and buried in the cemetery of the brethren. +Some time after, when a larger church was built there +and dedicated in honour of the blessed prince of the +Apostles, his bones were translated thither, and laid on +the right side of the altar, with the respect due to so +great a prelate. +</p> + +<p> +Finan,<note place='foot'>Cc. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXI'>21</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXII'>22</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXV'>25</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVI'>26</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVII'>27</ref>. For his character, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXV'>25</ref> (though +some suppose the reference to be to Ronan). For Hii, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_III'>3</ref>, note.</note> who had likewise been sent thither from Hii, +the island monastery of the Scots, succeeded him, and +continued no small time in the bishopric. It happened +some years after, that Penda, king of the Mercians, +coming into these parts with a hostile army, destroyed +all he could with fire and sword, and the village +where the bishop died, along with the church above +<pb n='170'/><anchor id='Pg170'/> +mentioned, was burnt down; but it fell out in a wonderful +manner that the buttress against which he had +been leaning when he died, could not be consumed by +the fire which devoured all about it. This miracle being +noised abroad, the church was soon rebuilt in the same +place, and that same buttress was set up on the outside, +as it had been before, to strengthen the wall. It +happened again, some time after, that the village and +likewise the church were carelessly burned down the +second time. Then again, the fire could not touch the +buttress; and, miraculously, though the fire broke +through the very holes of the nails wherewith it was fixed +to the building, yet it could do no hurt to the buttress +itself. When therefore the church was built there the +third time, they did not, as before, place that buttress +on the outside as a support of the building, but within +the church, as a memorial of the miracle; where the +people coming in might kneel, and implore the Divine +mercy. And it is well known that since then many have +found grace and been healed in that same place, as also +that by means of splinters cut off from the buttress, and +put into water, many more have obtained a remedy for +their own infirmities and those of their friends.<note place='foot'>The church and the buttress were evidently both of wood.</note> +</p> + +<p> +I have written thus much concerning the character +and works of the aforesaid Aidan, in no way commending +or approving his lack of wisdom with regard to the +observance of Easter; nay, heartily detesting it, as I +have most manifestly proved in the book I have written, +<q>De Temporibus</q>;<note place='foot'>He probably refers to the <q>De Temporum Ratione,</q> the +longer of his two chronological works. It treats the Paschal +question at length. But in the <q>De Temporibus</q> he also briefly +discusses it.</note> but, like an impartial historian, +unreservedly relating what was done by or through +him, and commending such things as are praiseworthy +in his actions, and preserving the memory thereof for +the benefit of the readers; to wit, his love of peace +and charity; of continence and humility; his mind +superior to anger and avarice, and despising pride and +<pb n='171'/><anchor id='Pg171'/> +vainglory; his industry in keeping and teaching the +Divine commandments, his power of study and keeping +vigil; his priestly authority in reproving the haughty and +powerful, and at the same time his tenderness in comforting +the afflicted, and relieving or defending the poor. +To be brief, so far as I have learnt from those that knew +him, he took care to neglect none of those things which +he found in the Gospels and the writings of Apostles and +prophets, but to the utmost of his power endeavoured to +fulfil them all in his deeds. +</p> + +<p> +These things I greatly admire and love in the aforesaid +bishop, because I do not doubt that they were pleasing +to God; but I do not approve or praise his observance of +Easter at the wrong time, either through ignorance of +the canonical time appointed, or, if he knew it, being prevailed +on by the authority of his nation not to adopt it.<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_III'>3</ref>.</note> +Yet this I approve in him, that in the celebration of his +Easter, the object which he had at heart and reverenced +and preached was the same as ours, to wit, the redemption +of mankind, through the Passion, Resurrection and +Ascension into Heaven of the Man Christ Jesus, who is +the mediator between God and man. And therefore he +always celebrated Easter, not as some falsely imagine, +on the fourteenth of the moon, like the Jews, on any day +of the week, but on the Lord's day, from the fourteenth +to the twentieth of the moon; and this he did from his +belief that the Resurrection of our Lord happened on the +first day of the week, and for the hope of our resurrection, +which also he, with the holy Church, believed would +truly happen on that same first day of the week, now +called the Lord's day. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_XVIII'/> +<head>Chap. XVIII. Of the life and death of the religious +King Sigbert. [<hi rend='italic'>Circ.</hi> 631 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +At this time, the kingdom of the East Angles, after the +death of Earpwald, the successor of Redwald, was +<pb n='172'/><anchor id='Pg172'/> +governed by his brother Sigbert,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_II_Chap_XV'>II, 15</ref>, and note.</note> a good and religious +man, who some time before had been baptized in Gaul, +whilst he lived in banishment, a fugitive from the enmity +of Redwald. When he returned home, as soon as he +ascended the throne, being desirous to imitate the good +institutions which he had seen in Gaul, he founded a +school wherein boys should be taught letters, and was +assisted therein by Bishop Felix, who came to him from +Kent, and who furnished them with masters and teachers +after the manner of the people of Kent.<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>ib.</hi> The school was probably in the episcopal city of Dunwich, +though it has been maintained that it was the origin of +Cambridge University. For this there seems to be no authority +except a seventeenth century addition to this passage in a twelfth +or thirteenth century MS: <q>Grantebrig schola a Sigberto Rege.</q></note> +</p> + +<p> +This king became so great a lover of the heavenly +kingdom, that at last, quitting the affairs of his kingdom, +and committing them to his kinsman Ecgric, who +before had a share in that kingdom, he entered a monastery, +which he had built for himself, and having received +the tonsure, applied himself rather to do battle for a +heavenly throne. A long time after this, it happened +that the nation of the Mercians, under King Penda, +made war on the East Angles; who finding themselves +no match for their enemy, entreated Sigbert to go with +them to battle, to encourage the soldiers. He was unwilling +and refused, upon which they drew him against +his will out of the monastery, and carried him to the +army, hoping that the soldiers would be less afraid and +less disposed to flee in the presence of one who had +formerly been an active and distinguished commander. +But he, still mindful of his profession, surrounded, as he +was, by a royal army, would carry nothing in his hand +but a wand, and was killed with King Ecgric; and the +pagans pressing on, all their army was either slaughtered +or dispersed. +</p> + +<p> +They were succeeded in the kingdom by Anna,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. 7, p. <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref>, and note.</note> the +son of Eni, of the blood royal, a good man, and the +<pb n='173'/><anchor id='Pg173'/> +father of good children, of whom, in the proper place, +we shall speak hereafter. He also was afterwards slain +like his predecessors by the same pagan chief of the +Mercians. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_XIX'/> +<head>Chap. XIX. How Fursa built a monastery among the +East Angles, and of his visions and sanctity, to which, +his flesh remaining uncorrupted after death bore testimony. +[<hi rend='italic'>Circ.</hi> 633 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Whilst Sigbert still governed the kingdom, there came +out of Ireland a holy man called Fursa,<note place='foot'>For a full account of St. Fursa and his brothers, and other +companions mentioned in this chapter, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Miss Margaret Stokes's +<q>Three months in the Forests of France, a pilgrimage in search +of vestiges of the Irish Saints in France.</q> Bede's narrative is taken +from an extant ancient Latin life of St. Fursa (or Fursey), the +<q>libellus de vita ejus conscriptus</q> to which he refers several +times (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi>).</note> renowned both +for his words and actions, and remarkable for singular +virtues, being desirous to live as a stranger and pilgrim +for the Lord's sake, wherever an opportunity should +offer. On coming into the province of the East Angles, +he was honourably received by the aforesaid king, and +performing his wonted task of preaching the Gospel, by +the example of his virtue and the influence of his words, +converted many unbelievers to Christ, and confirmed in +the faith and love of Christ those that already believed. +</p> + +<p> +Here he fell into some infirmity of body, and was +thought worthy to see a vision of angels; in which he +was admonished diligently to persevere in the ministry +of the Word which he had undertaken, and indefatigably +to apply himself to his usual watching and prayers; inasmuch +as his end was certain, but the hour thereof +uncertain, according to the saying of our Lord, <q>Watch +therefore, for ye know neither the day nor the hour.</q><note place='foot'>St. Matt., xxv, 13.</note> +Being confirmed by this vision, he set himself with all +speed to build a monastery on the ground which had +been given him by King Sigbert, and to establish a rule +<pb n='174'/><anchor id='Pg174'/> +of life therein. This monastery was pleasantly situated +in the woods, near the sea; it was built within the area +of a fort, which in the English language is called Cnobheresburg, +that is, Cnobhere's Town;<note place='foot'>Burgh Castle in Suffolk, where there was a Roman fortress, +Garianonum.</note> afterwards, +Anna, king of that province, and certain of the nobles, +embellished it with more stately buildings and with gifts. +</p> + +<p> +This man was of noble Scottish<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, Irish.</note> blood, but much more +noble in mind than in birth. From his boyish years, he +had earnestly applied himself to reading sacred books +and observing monastic discipline, and, as is most +fitting for holy men, he carefully practised all that he +learned to be right. +</p> + +<p> +Now, in course of time he himself built a monastery,<note place='foot'>His monastery on Lough Corrib. It is obvious from the sequel +that this vision was prior to his journey to Britain, and is distinct +from the vision mentioned above.</note> +wherein he might with more freedom devote himself to +his heavenly studies. There, falling sick, as the book concerning +his life clearly informs us, he fell into a trance, +and quitting his body from the evening till cockcrow, he +was accounted worthy to behold the sight of the choirs of +angels, and to hear their glad songs of praise. He was +wont to declare, that among other things he distinctly +heard this refrain: <q>The saints shall go from strength to +strength.</q><note place='foot'>Ps. lxxxiv, 7; (lxxxiii, 8, in the Vulgate). The reading is that +of the Vulgate and the Gallican Psalter: <q>Ibunt de virtute in +virtutem: videbitur Deus deorum in Sion.</q></note> And again, <q>The God of gods shall be seen +in Sion.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi></note> Being restored to his body, and again taken +from it three days after, he not only saw the greater joys +of the blessed, but also fierce conflicts of evil spirits, +who by frequent accusations wickedly endeavoured to +obstruct his journey to heaven; but the angels protected +him, and all their endeavours were in vain. Concerning +all these matters, if any one desires to be more fully +informed, to wit, with what subtlety of deceit the devils +recounted both his actions and idle words, and even his +thoughts, as if they had been written down in a book; +<pb n='175'/><anchor id='Pg175'/> +and what joyous or grievous tidings he learned from the +holy angels and just men who appeared to him among +the angels; let him read the little book of his life which +I have mentioned, and I doubt not that he will thereby +reap much spiritual profit. +</p> + +<p> +But there is one thing among the rest, which we have +thought it may be beneficial to many to insert in this +history. When he had been taken up on high, he was +bidden by the angels that conducted him to look back +upon the world. Upon which, casting his eyes downward, +he saw, as it were, a dark valley in the depths underneath +him. He also saw four fires in the air, not far distant from +each other. Then asking the angels, what fires those +were, he was told, they were the fires which would +kindle and consume the world. One of them was of +falsehood, when we do not fulfil that which we promised +in Baptism, to renounce the Devil and all his works. +The next was of covetousness, when we prefer the riches +of the world to the love of heavenly things. The third +was of discord, when we do not fear to offend our neighbour +even in needless things. The fourth was of ruthlessness +when we think it a light thing to rob and to defraud +the weak. These fires, increasing by degrees, extended +so as to meet one another, and united in one immense +flame. When it drew near, fearing for himself, he said +to the angel, <q>Lord, behold the fire draws near to me.</q> +The angel answered, <q>That which you did not kindle +will not burn you; for though this appears to be a +terrible and great pyre, yet it tries every man according +to the merits of his works; for every man's concupiscence +shall burn in this fire; for as a man burns in the body +through unlawful pleasure, so, when set free from the +body, he shall burn by the punishment which he has +deserved.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Then he saw one of the three angels, who had been +his guides throughout both visions, go before and divide +the flaming fires, whilst the other two, flying about on +both sides, defended him from the danger of the fire. +He also saw devils flying through the fire, raising +the flames of war against the just. Then followed +<pb n='176'/><anchor id='Pg176'/> +accusations of the envious spirits against himself, the +defence of the good spirits, and a fuller vision of the +heavenly hosts; as also of holy men of his own nation, +who, as he had learnt, had worthily held the office of +priesthood in old times, and who were known to fame; +from whom he heard many things very salutary to himself, +and to all others that would listen to them. When +they had ended their discourse, and returned to Heaven +with the angelic spirits, there remained with the blessed +Fursa, the three angels of whom we have spoken +before, and who were to bring him back to the body. +And when they approached the aforesaid great fire, the +angel divided the flame, as he had done before; but +when the man of God came to the passage so opened +amidst the flames, the unclean spirits, laying hold of +one of those whom they were burning in the fire, cast +him against him, and, touching his shoulder and jaw, +scorched them. He knew the man, and called to mind +that he had received his garment when he died. The +holy angel, immediately laying hold of the man, threw +him back into the fire, and the malignant enemy said, +<q>Do not reject him whom you before received; for as you +received the goods of the sinner, so you ought to share +in his punishment.</q> But the angel withstood him, saying, +<q>He did not receive them through avarice, but in +order to save his soul.</q> The fire ceased, and the angel, +turning to him, said, <q>That which you kindled burned +you; for if you had not received the money of this man +that died in his sins, his punishment would not burn +you.</q> And he went on to speak with wholesome counsel +of what ought to be done for the salvation of such as +repented in the hour of death. +</p> + +<p> +Being afterwards restored to the body, throughout +the whole course of his life he bore the mark of the fire +which he had felt in the spirit, visible to all men on his +shoulder and jaw; and the flesh openly showed, in a +wonderful manner, what the spirit had suffered in secret. +He always took care, as he had done before, to teach +all men the practice of virtue, as well by his example, +as by preaching. But as for the story of his visions, he +<pb n='177'/><anchor id='Pg177'/> +would only relate them to those who, from desire of +repentance, questioned him about them. An aged brother +of our monastery is still living, who is wont to relate +that a very truthful and religious man told him, that he +had seen Fursa himself in the province of the East +Angles, and heard those visions from his lips; adding, +that though it was in severe winter weather and a hard +frost, and the man was sitting in a thin garment when +he told the story, yet he sweated as if it had been in the +heat of mid-summer, by reason of the great terror or joy +of which he spoke. +</p> + +<p> +To return to what we were saying before, when, after +preaching the Word of God many years in Scotland,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, Ireland.</note> +he could not well endure the disturbance of the crowds +that resorted to him, leaving all that he looked upon as +his own, he departed from his native island, and came +with a few brothers through the Britons into the province +of the English, and preaching the Word there, as has +been said, built a famous monastery.<note place='foot'>The monastery at Burgh Castle.</note> When this was +duly carried out, he became desirous to rid himself of all +business of this world, and even of the monastery itself, +and forthwith left the care of it and of its souls, to his +brother Fullan, and the priests Gobban and Dicull,<note place='foot'>Fullan, or Foillan, was apparently a bishop (the others are +called <q>presbyteri</q>). He and Ultan after Fursa's death (<hi rend='italic'>circ.</hi> 650) +went to South Brabant. Ultan founded a monastery at Fosse in +the diocese of Liège (then of Maestricht), and Fullan laboured in +conjunction with St. Gertrude in the double monastery of Nivelles. +Ultan became abbot, first of Fosse and later of Péronne. The +name Gobban occurs frequently in Irish Church History, Dicull +occasionally. There is a Dicull mentioned in <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIII'>IV, 13</ref>.</note> and +being himself free from all worldly affairs, resolved to +end his life as a hermit. He had another brother called +Ultan, who, after a long monastic probation, had also +adopted the life of an anchorite. So, seeking him out +alone, he lived a whole year with him in self-denial and +prayer, and laboured daily with his hands. +</p> + +<p> +Afterwards seeing the province thrown into confusion +by the irruptions of the pagans,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, the Mercians; <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XVIII'>18</ref>.</note> and foreseeing that the +<pb n='178'/><anchor id='Pg178'/> +monasteries would also be in danger, he left all things +in order, and sailed over into Gaul, and being there +honourably entertained by Clovis, king of the Franks,<note place='foot'>Clovis II, King of Neustria, 638-656. Ercinwald was his +Mayor of the Palace.</note> +or by the patrician Ercinwald, he built a monastery in +the place called Latineacum,<note place='foot'>Lagny on the Marne, near Paris.</note> and falling sick not long +after, departed this life. The same Ercinwald, the patrician, +took his body, and kept it in the porch of a church +he was building in his town of Perrona,<note place='foot'>Péronne on the Somme. The monastery founded there after +his death was called <q>Perrona Scotorum</q> from the number of +Irish who resorted to it.</note> till the church +itself should be dedicated. This happened twenty-seven +days after, and the body being taken from the porch, to +be re-buried near the altar, was found as whole as if he +had died that very hour. And again, four years after, +when a more beautiful shrine had been built to receive +his body to the east of the altar, it was still found without +taint of corruption, and was translated thither with +due honour; where it is well known that his merits, +through the divine operation, have been declared by +many miracles. We have briefly touched upon these +matters as well as the incorruption of his body, that the +lofty nature of the man may be better known to our +readers. All which, as also concerning the comrades of +his warfare, whosoever will read it, will find more fully +described in the book of his life. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_XX'/> +<head>Chap. XX. How, when Honorius died, Deusdedit became +Archbishop of Canterbury; and of those who were +at that time bishops of the East Angles, and of the +church of Rochester. [653 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the meantime, Felix, bishop of the East Angles, +dying, when he had held that see seventeen years,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Circ.</hi> 647. The rapid increase in the number of native bishops +may be seen from this chapter. The only one before Thomas was +Ithamar (cf. c. 14, p. <ref target='Pg164'>164</ref>).</note> +<pb n='179'/><anchor id='Pg179'/> +Honorius ordained Thomas his deacon, of the province +of the Gyrwas,<note place='foot'>The Fen country. The province included part of the counties +of Lincoln, Northampton, Huntingdon, and Cambridge.</note> in his place; and he being taken from +this life when he had been bishop five years, Bertgils, +surnamed Boniface,<note place='foot'>Such changes of name were frequent: cf. Benedict for Biscop +(<ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVIII'>IV, 18</ref>), Boniface for Winfrid (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Continuation'><q>Continuation</q></ref>), Clement for +Wilbrord (<ref target='Book_V_Chap_XI'>V, 11</ref>), and cf. <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi>, <q>Deusdedit.</q></note> of the province of Kent, was appointed +in his stead. Honorius<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_II_Chap_XV'>II, 15</ref>, note.</note> himself also, having +run his course, departed this life in the year of our Lord +653, on the 30th of September; and when the see had +been vacant a year and six months, Deusdedit<note place='foot'>The first archbishop of English birth. He died in 664 (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_I'>IV, +1</ref>). His original name is said to have been Frithonas; Deusdedit +is the Latin form of Theodore. There was a Pope of the same +name, 615-618 (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_II_Chap_VII'>II, 7</ref>). Similar names were common in the +African Church, <hi rend='italic'>e.g.</hi>, <q>Adeodatus,</q> <q>Habetdeus,</q> <q>Quodvultdeus,</q> +<q>Deogratias.</q></note> of the +nation of the West Saxons, was chosen the sixth Archbishop +of Canterbury. To ordain him, Ithamar,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIV'>14</ref>, and note.</note> bishop +of Rochester, came thither. His ordination was on the +26th of March, and he ruled the church nine years, four +months, and two days; and when Ithamar died, he consecrated +in his place Damian,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_II'>IV, 2</ref>. It has been supposed that he died of the plague of +664. After his death the see was vacant for several years. It is +remarkable that he came of a race which had not yet become +Christian. The South Saxons continued to be pagan till Wilfrid +evangelized them, 681-686 (<ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIII'>IV, 13</ref>).</note> who was of the race of +the South Saxons. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_XXI'/> +<head>Chap. XXI. How the province of the Midland Angles +became Christian under King Peada. [653 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +At this time, the Middle Angles, that is, the Angles of +the Midland country,<note place='foot'>For their origin, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XV'>I, 15</ref>. Their country, which was subject to +Mercia, was the present Leicestershire. They are probably to be +identified with the Southern Mercians; <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>, where we find +Peada confirmed by Oswy in the government of that people.</note> under their Prince Peada, the son of +King Penda, received the faith and mysteries of the truth. +<pb n='180'/><anchor id='Pg180'/> +Being an excellent youth, and most worthy of the name +and office of a king, he was by his father elevated to the +throne of that nation, and came to Oswy, king of the +Northumbrians, requesting to have his daughter Alchfled<note place='foot'>She caused his death by treachery: <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref> <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi></note> +given him to wife; but he could not obtain his desire +unless he would receive the faith of Christ, and be baptized, +with the nation which he governed. When he +heard the preaching of the truth, the promise of the +heavenly kingdom, and the hope of resurrection and +future immortality, he declared that he would willingly +become a Christian, even though he should not obtain +the maiden; being chiefly prevailed on to receive the +faith by King Oswy's son Alchfrid,<note place='foot'>C. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIV'>14</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi>, and note.</note> who was his brother-in-law +and friend, for he had married his sister Cyneburg,<note place='foot'>After Alchfrid's death, she took the veil and ruled the monastery +of Caistor (? Cyneburgacaster) in Northamptonshire. She +was one of the five children of the heathen Penda, who were +canonized as saints.</note> +the daughter of King Penda. +</p> + +<p> +Accordingly he was baptized by Bishop Finan, with +all his nobles and thegns,<note place='foot'><foreign rend='italic'>Comitibus ac militibus.</foreign> A.S. <q>geferum</q> (companions) and +<q>king's thegns.</q></note> and their servants, that +came along with him, at a noted township, belonging to +the king, called At the Wall.<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXII'>22</ref>. Variously identified with Walton and Walbottle, +both near Newcastle. For the preposition, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> II, 14, p. <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>, note 5.</note> And having received four +priests, who by reason of their learning and good life +were deemed proper to instruct and baptize his nation, +he returned home with much joy. These priests were +Cedd and Adda, and Betti and Diuma;<note place='foot'>For Cedd, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Preface'>Preface</ref>, and <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi> cc. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXII'>22</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIII'>23</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXV'>25</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVI'>26</ref>. The names +of Adda and Betti do not occur again. For Diuma: <hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi> and +c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>.</note> the last of whom +was by nation a Scot, the others English. Adda was +brother to Utta, whom we have mentioned before,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_III_Chap_XV'>III, 15</ref>.</note> a +renowned priest, and abbot of the monastery which is +called At the Goat's Head.<note place='foot'>Gateshead on the Tyne, opposite Newcastle. For the preposition, +cf. II, 14, p. <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>, note 5.</note> The aforesaid priests, +<pb n='181'/><anchor id='Pg181'/> +arriving in the province with the prince, preached the +Word, and were heard willingly; and many, as well of +the nobility as the common sort, renouncing the abominations +of idolatry, were daily washed in the fountain +of the faith. +</p> + +<p> +Nor did King Penda forbid the preaching of the Word +even among his people, the Mercians, if any were +willing to hear it; but, on the contrary, he hated and +despised those whom he perceived to be without the +works of faith, when they had once received the faith of +Christ, saying, that they were contemptible and wretched +who scorned to obey their God, in whom they believed. +These things were set on foot two years before the death +of King Penda. +</p> + +<p> +But when he was slain, and the most Christian king, +Oswy, succeeded him in the throne, as we shall hereafter +relate, Diuma,<note place='foot'>Penda was killed in 655. Diuma was probably consecrated in +656.</note> one of the aforesaid four priests, +was made bishop of the Midland Angles, as also of the +Mercians, being ordained by Bishop Finan; for the +scarcity of priests made it necessary that one prelate +should be set over two nations. Having in a short time +gained many people to the Lord, he died among the +Midland Angles, in the country called Infeppingum;<note place='foot'>Not identified. Perhaps Repton (Reppington) in Derbyshire, +where it is supposed that Diuma had fixed his see. For the form +of the name, cf. II, 14, p. <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>, note 5.</note> +and Ceollach, also of the Scottish nation, succeeded +him in the bishopric. But he, not long after, left his +bishopric, and returned to the island of Hii,<note place='foot'>He probably returned at the time of the rebellion of Mercia in +658; <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi> For Hii, <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_III'>3</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi></note> which, +among the Scots, was the chief and head of many +monasteries. His successor in the bishopric was Trumhere,<note place='foot'>Abbot of Gilling. He was a kinsman of Oswin: <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> c. 24, p. <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>.</note> +a godly man, and trained in the monastic life, +an Englishman, but ordained bishop by the Scots. This +happened in the days of King Wulfhere, of whom we +shall speak hereafter. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='182'/><anchor id='Pg182'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_XXII'/> +<head>Chap. XXII. How under King Sigbert, through the +preaching of Cedd, the East Saxons again received the +faith, which they had before cast off. [653 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +At that time, also, the East Saxons, at the instance of +King Oswy, again received the faith, which they had +formerly cast off when they expelled Mellitus, their +bishop.<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_V'>II, 5</ref>. Since then, the East Saxons had remained pagan.</note> For Sigbert,<note place='foot'>Sometimes surnamed the <q>Good.</q> (He must not be confused +with Sigbert, King of the East Angles, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XV'>II, 15</ref>, and III, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XVIII'>18</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIX'>19</ref>.) +Sigbert the Little was the successor of the three young kings who +expelled Mellitus (<ref target='Book_II_Chap_V'>II, 5</ref>).</note> who reigned next to Sigbert surnamed +The Little, was then king of that nation, and a +friend to King Oswy, who, when Sigbert came to the +province of the Northumbrians to visit him, as he often +did, used to endeavour to convince him that those could +not be gods that had been made by the hands of men; +that a stock or a stone could not be proper matter to +form a god, the residue whereof was either burned in +the fire, or framed into any vessels for the use of men, +or else was cast out as refuse, trampled on and turned +into dust. That God is rather to be understood as incomprehensible +in majesty and invisible to human eyes, +almighty, eternal, the Creator of heaven and earth and +of mankind; Who governs and will judge the world in +righteousness, Whose eternal abode must be believed to +be in Heaven, and not in base and perishable metal; and +that it ought in reason to be concluded, that all those +who learn and do the will of Him by Whom they were +created, will receive from Him eternal rewards. King +Oswy having often, with friendly counsel, like a brother, +said this and much more to the like effect to King Sigbert, +at length, aided by the consent of his friends, he +believed, and after he had consulted with those about +him, and exhorted them, when they all agreed and +assented to the faith, he was baptized with them by +Bishop Finan, in the king's township above spoken of, +which is called At the Wall,<note place='foot'>C. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXI'>21</ref> and note.</note> because it is close by the +<pb n='183'/><anchor id='Pg183'/> +wall which the Romans formerly drew across the island +of Britain, at the distance of twelve miles from the +eastern sea. +</p> + +<p> +King Sigbert, having now become a citizen of the +eternal kingdom, returned to the seat of his temporal +kingdom, requesting of King Oswy that he would give +him some teachers, to convert his nation to the faith of +Christ, and cleanse them in the fountain of salvation. +Wherefore Oswy, sending into the province of the +Midland Angles, summoned the man of God, Cedd,<note place='foot'>C. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXI'>21</ref> and note.</note> +and, giving him another priest for his companion, sent +them to preach the Word to the East Saxons. When +these two, travelling to all parts of that country, had +gathered a numerous Church to the Lord, it happened +once that Cedd returned home, and came to the church +of Lindisfarne to confer with Bishop Finan; who, finding +that the work of the Gospel had prospered in his +hands, made him bishop of the nation of the East +Saxons, calling to him two other bishops<note place='foot'>They must have been Celtic bishops, probably of the Irish +Church and subject to the authority of Iona. Cedd seems to have +had no fixed see. He is not called Bishop of London, like Mellitus.</note> to assist at +the ordination. Cedd, having received the episcopal +dignity, returned to his province, and pursuing the work +he had begun with more ample authority, built churches +in divers places, and ordained priests and deacons to +assist him in the Word of faith, and the ministry of +Baptism,<note place='foot'>Dr. Bright regards this organization as a foreshadowing of +the parochial system, which, however, was not thoroughly established +till long after.</note> especially in the city which, in the language of +the Saxons, is called Ythancaestir,<note place='foot'>Identified with the Roman military station, Othona, on the +Blackwater, formerly called the Pant, in Essex. The town is now +submerged.</note> as also in that which +is named Tilaburg.<note place='foot'>Tilbury.</note> The first of these places is on the +bank of the Pant, the other on the bank of the Thames. +In these, gathering a flock of Christ's servants, he +taught them to observe the discipline of a rule of life, as +far as those rude people were then capable of receiving it. +</p> + +<pb n='184'/><anchor id='Pg184'/> + +<p> +Whilst the teaching of the everlasting life was thus, +for no small time, making daily increase in that province +to the joy of the king and of all the people, it happened +that the king, at the instigation of the enemy of all good +men, was murdered by his own kindred. They were two +brothers who did this wicked deed; and being asked what +had moved them to it, they had nothing else to answer, +but that they had been incensed against the king, and +hated him, because he was too apt to spare his enemies, +and calmly forgave the wrongs they had done him, upon +their entreaty. Such was the crime for which the king +was killed, because he observed the precepts of the +Gospel with a devout heart; but in this innocent death +his real offence was also punished, according to the +prediction of the man of God. For one of those nobles<note place='foot'><foreign rend='italic'>Comes.</foreign> A.S. <q>gesith.</q></note> +that murdered him was unlawfully married, and when +the bishop was not able to prevent or correct the sin, he +excommunicated him, and commanded all that would +give ear to him not to enter this man's house, nor to eat of +his meat. But the king made light of this command, and +being invited by the noble, went to a banquet at his house. +As he was going thence, the bishop met him. The king, +beholding him, immediately dismounted from his horse, +trembling, and fell down at his feet, begging pardon for +his offence; for the bishop, who was likewise on horseback, +had also alighted. Being much incensed, he +touched the prostrate king with the rod he held in his +hand, and spoke thus with the authority of his office: +<q>I tell thee, forasmuch as thou wouldest not refrain +from the house of that sinful and condemned man, thou +shalt die in that very house.</q> Yet it is to be believed, +that such a death of a religious man not only blotted +out his offence, but even added to his merit; because it +happened on account of his piety and his observance of +the commands of Christ. +</p> + +<p> +Sigbert was succeeded in the kingdom by Suidhelm,<note place='foot'>He was his brother probably. But the relationships of these +East Saxon kings are very difficult to determine.</note> +the son of Sexbald, who was baptized by the same +<pb n='185'/><anchor id='Pg185'/> +Cedd, in the province of the East Angles, in the royal +township, called Rendlaesham,<note place='foot'>Rendlesham in Suffolk.</note> that is, Rendil's Dwelling; +and Ethelwald,<note place='foot'>Distinguish from Ethelwald, or Oidilwald, sub-King of Deira +(<hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIV'>14</ref>, and <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi> cc. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIII'>23</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>). Ethelwald, King of the East +Angles, succeeded his brother, Ethelhere, who was the successor +of Anna (cf. <hi rend='italic'>supra</hi> cc. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VII'>7</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XVIII'>18</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIX'>19</ref>), and was killed in the battle of the +Winwaed (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>).</note> king of the East Angles, brother to +Anna, king of the same people, received him as he came +forth from the holy font. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_XXIII'/> +<head>Chap. XXIII. How Bishop Cedd, having a place for +building a monastery given him by King Ethelwald, +consecrated it to the Lord with prayer and fasting; and +concerning his death. [659-664 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +The same man of God, whilst he was bishop among the +East Saxons, was also wont oftentimes to visit his own +province, Northumbria, for the purpose of exhortation. +Oidilwald,<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>supra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIV'>14</ref>; <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>. Apparently he succeeded Oswin +as sub-King of Deira.</note> the son of King Oswald, who reigned among +the Deiri, finding him a holy, wise, and good man, +desired him to accept some land whereon to build a +monastery, to which the king himself might frequently +resort, to pray to the Lord and hear the Word, and where +he might be buried when he died; for he believed faithfully +that he should receive much benefit from the daily +prayers of those who were to serve the Lord in that +place. The king had before with him a brother of the +same bishop, called Caelin, a man no less devoted to +God, who, being a priest, was wont to administer to him +and his house the Word and the Sacraments of the faith; +by whose means he chiefly came to know and love the +bishop. So then, complying with the king's desires, the +Bishop chose himself a place whereon to build a monastery +among steep and distant mountains, which looked +more like lurking-places for robbers and dens of wild +beasts, than dwellings of men; to the end that, according +<pb n='186'/><anchor id='Pg186'/> +to the prophecy of Isaiah, <q>In the habitation of dragons, +where each lay, might be grass with reeds and rushes;</q><note place='foot'>Isaiah, xxxv, 7.</note> +that is, that the fruits of good works should spring up, +where before beasts were wont to dwell, or men to live +after the manner of beasts. +</p> + +<p> +But the man of God, desiring first to cleanse the place +which he had received for the monastery from stain of +former crimes, by prayer and fasting, and so to lay the +foundations there, requested of the king that he would +give him opportunity and leave to abide there for prayer +all the time of Lent, which was at hand. All which +days, except Sundays, he prolonged his fast till the +evening, according to custom, and then took no other +sustenance than a small piece of bread, one hen's egg, +and a little milk and water. This, he said, was the +custom of those of whom he had learned the rule of +regular discipline, first to consecrate to the Lord, by +prayer and fasting, the places which they had newly +received for building a monastery or a church. When +there were ten days of Lent still remaining, there came +a messenger to call him to the king; and he, that the +holy work might not be intermitted, on account of the +king's affairs, entreated his priest, Cynibill, who was +also his own brother, to complete his pious undertaking. +Cynibill readily consented, and when the duty of fasting +and prayer was over, he there built the monastery, which +is now called Laestingaeu,<note place='foot'>Lastingham (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Preface'>Preface</ref>). Cedd was its first abbot, though it +was not in his own diocese.</note> and established therein religious +customs according to the use of Lindisfarne, +where he had been trained. +</p> + +<p> +When Cedd had for many years held the office of +bishop in the aforesaid province, and also taken charge +of this monastery, over which he placed provosts,<note place='foot'>Doubtless only one at a time. The <q>Provost</q> is the prior of +later times. The charge of the monastery would devolve upon him +while Cedd was absent in his diocese.</note> it +happened that he came thither at a time when there was +plague, and fell sick and died. He was first buried +<pb n='187'/><anchor id='Pg187'/> +without the walls; but in the process of time a church +was built of stone in the monastery, in honour of the +Blessed Mother of God, and his body was laid in it, on +the right side of the altar. +</p> + +<p> +The bishop left the monastery to be governed after +him by his brother Ceadda,<note place='foot'>Or, as he is commonly called, St. Chad, the greatest of this +remarkable group of brothers; <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Preface'>Preface</ref> and <hi rend='italic'>infra passim</hi>.</note> who was afterwards made +bishop, as shall be told hereafter. For, as it rarely +happens, the four brothers we have mentioned, Cedd +and Cynibill, and Caelin and Ceadda, were all celebrated +priests of the Lord, and two of them also came to be +bishops. When the brethren who were in his monastery, +in the province of the East Saxons,<note place='foot'>Ythancaestir, or Tilbury (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXII'>22</ref>).</note> heard that the +bishop was dead and buried in the province of the +Northumbrians, about thirty men of that monastery +came thither, being desirous either to live near the +body of their father, if it should please God, or to die +and be buried there. Being gladly received by their +brethren and fellow soldiers in Christ, all of them died +there struck down by the aforesaid pestilence, except +one little boy, who is known to have been saved from +death by the prayers of his spiritual father. For being +alive long after, and giving himself to the reading of +Scripture, he was told that he had not been regenerated +by the water of Baptism, and being then cleansed in +the laver of salvation, he was afterwards promoted to the +order of priesthood, and was of service to many in the +church. I do not doubt that he was delivered at the +point of death, as I have said, by the intercession of +his father, to whose body he had come for love of him, +that so he might himself avoid eternal death, and by +teaching, offer the ministry of life and salvation to others +of the brethren. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='188'/><anchor id='Pg188'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'/> +<head>Chap. XXIV. How when King Penda was slain, the +province of the Mercians received the faith of Christ, +and Oswy gave possessions and territories to God, for +building monasteries, as a thank offering for the victory +obtained. [655 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +At this time, King Oswy was exposed to the cruel and +intolerable invasions of Penda, king of the Mercians, +whom we have so often mentioned, and who had slain +his brother;<note place='foot'>Oswald; <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_IX'>9</ref>.</note> at length, compelled by his necessity, he +promised to give him countless gifts and royal marks of +honour greater than can be believed, to purchase peace; +provided that he would return home, and cease to waste +and utterly destroy the provinces of his kingdom. The +pagan king refused to grant his request, for he had +resolved to blot out and extirpate all his nation, from +the highest to the lowest; whereupon King Oswy had +recourse to the protection of the Divine pity for deliverance +from his barbarous and pitiless foe, and binding +himself by a vow, said, <q>If the pagan will not +accept our gifts, let us offer them to Him that will, +the Lord our God.</q> He then vowed, that if he should +win the victory, he would dedicate his daughter to the +Lord in holy virginity, and give twelve pieces of land +whereon to build monasteries. After this he gave battle +with a very small army: indeed, it is reported that the +pagans had thirty times the number of men; for they +had thirty legions, drawn up under most noted commanders.<note place='foot'><q>Ealdormen,</q> Green, <q>Making of England,</q> p. 301. But they +probably included many British chiefs (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Nennius, and cf. <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi> +<q>duces regii</q>).</note> +King Oswy and his son Alchfrid met them +with a very small army, as has been said, but trusting +in Christ as their Leader; his other son, Egfrid,<note place='foot'>Oswy's younger son. He succeeded his father in 670 or 671 (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> +<ref target='Book_IV_Chap_V'>IV, 5</ref>, and for the events of his reign, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_V'>IV, V</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>passim</hi>).</note> was +then kept as a hostage at the court of Queen Cynwise,<note place='foot'>The wife of Penda.</note> +<pb n='189'/><anchor id='Pg189'/> +in the province of the Mercians. King Oswald's son +Oidilwald,<note place='foot'>Cc. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIV'>14</ref> and <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIII'>23</ref>. The reason for his conduct is not explained. +Probably he had hoped to establish his claims on Northumbria +through Penda's assistance, but shrank from actually fighting +against his country.</note> who ought to have supported them, was on +the enemy's side, and led them on to fight against his +country and his uncle; though, during the battle, he withdrew, +and awaited the event in a place of safety. The +engagement began, the pagans were put to flight or +killed, the thirty royal commanders, who had come to +Penda's assistance, were almost all of them slain; among +whom was Ethelhere,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXII'>22</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi>, note. How he gave occasion for the war is +not known.</note> brother and successor to Anna, +king of the East Angles. He had been the occasion of +the war, and was now killed, having lost his army +and auxiliaries. The battle was fought near the river +Winwaed,<note place='foot'>The river has not been identified, and there is great uncertainty +even with regard to the district. Below, Bede says that Oswy +concluded the war in the district of <q>Loidis,</q> by which he must +mean Leeds, as in <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XIV'>II, 14</ref>, and most commentators adopt this view. +In this case, the river may be the Aire, or more probably the +Went, a tributary of the Don. Others believe the district to be the +Lothians, following the account in Nennius, who describes Oswy +as taking refuge before the battle in a city called Iudeu, supposed +to be either Edinburgh or Carriden (cf. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XII'>I, 12</ref>, note), and +the river has been supposed to be the Avon in Linlithgow.</note> which then, owing to the great rains, was in +flood, and had overflowed its banks, so that many more +were drowned in the flight than destroyed in battle by +the sword. +</p> + +<p> +Then King Oswy, according to the vow he had made to +the Lord, returned thanks to God for the victory granted +him, and gave his daughter Elfled,<note place='foot'>She is mentioned as joint-abbess with her mother, Eanfled, of +the monastery of Whitby (<ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVI'>IV, 26</ref>). Eddius calls her <q>sapientissima +virgo,</q> <q>semper totius provinciae consolatrix optimaque consiliatrix.</q> +Her influence helped to restore Wilfrid to the bishopric. +She was the friend of St. Cuthbert, who is said to have wrought a +miraculous cure on her behalf. It was to her that he prophesied +the death of her brother Egfrid (IV, 26, p. <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref>, note).</note> who was scarce a +year old, to be consecrated to Him in perpetual virginity; +bestowing also twelve small estates of land, wherein the +<pb n='190'/><anchor id='Pg190'/> +practice of earthly warfare should cease, and place and +means should be afforded to devout and zealous monks +to wage spiritual warfare, and pray for the eternal peace +of his nation. Of these estates six were in the province +of the Deiri, and the other six in that of the Bernicians. +Each of the estates contained ten families, that is, a +hundred and twenty in all. The aforesaid daughter of +King Oswy, who was to be dedicated to God, entered +the monastery called Heruteu,<note place='foot'>Hartlepool in the county of Durham (cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXIII'>IV, 23</ref>).</note> or, <q>The Island of the +Hart,</q> at that time ruled by the Abbess Hilda,<note place='foot'>For the main facts of her life, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXIII'>IV, 23</ref>. She was Abbess of +Whitby at the time of the Synod (c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXV'>25</ref>).</note> who, +two years after, having acquired an estate of ten +families, at the place called Streanaeshalch,<note place='foot'>Whitby. It was a mixed monastery (cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXIII'>IV, 23</ref>).</note> built a +monastery there, in which the aforesaid king's daughter +was first trained in the monastic life and afterwards +became abbess; till, at the age of fifty-nine, the blessed +virgin departed to be united to her Heavenly Bridegroom. +In this monastery, she and her father, Oswy, her mother, +Eanfled, her mother's father, Edwin,<note place='foot'>The ancient life of Gregory the Great, by a monk of Whitby, +tells how Edwin's body was translated thither from the place where +he fell. For the fate of his head, cf. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XX'>II, 20</ref>.</note> and many other +noble persons, are buried in the church of the holy +Apostle Peter. King Oswy concluded this war in the +district of Loidis, in the thirteenth year of his reign, on +the 15th of November,<note place='foot'>In 655: cf. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>V, 24</ref> (death of Penda).</note> to the great benefit of both +nations; for he delivered his own people from the hostile +depredations of the pagans, and, having made an end of +their heathen chief, converted the Mercians and the +adjacent provinces to the grace of the Christian faith. +</p> + +<p> +Diuma was made the first bishop of the Mercians, as +also of Lindsey and the Midland Angles, as has been +said above,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXI'>21</ref>, where, however, Lindsey is not mentioned. For the +successive conquests of Lindsey by Northumbria and Mercia, +<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> IV, 12, p. <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref>, note. Though it must have passed to Northumbria +after Oswy's victory, it was still apparently included in the Mercian +diocese.</note> and he died and was buried among the +<pb n='191'/><anchor id='Pg191'/> +Midland Angles. The second was Ceollach,<note place='foot'>C. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXI'>21</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi> and note. <q>Scottia,</q> as usual, means Ireland, +which includes Iona (cf. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_IV'>II, 4</ref>).</note> who, giving +up his episcopal office before his death, returned into +Scotland. Both these bishops belonged to the nation of +the Scots. The third was Trumhere, an Englishman, +but educated and ordained by the Scots. He was abbot +of the monastery that is called Ingetlingum,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIV'>14</ref>.</note> and is the +place where King Oswin was killed, as has been said +above; for Queen Eanfled, his kinswoman, in expiation +of his unjust death, begged of King Oswy that he would +give Trumhere, the aforesaid servant of God, a place +there to build a monastery, because he also was kinsman +to the slaughtered king; in which monastery continual +prayers should be offered up for the eternal welfare of +the kings, both of him that was murdered, and of him +that commanded the murder. The same King Oswy +governed the Mercians, as also the people of the other +southern provinces, three years after he had slain King +Penda; and he likewise subdued the greater part of the +Picts to the dominion of the English. +</p> + +<p> +At this time he gave to the above-mentioned Peada, +son to King Penda, because he was his kinsman, the +kingdom of the Southern Mercians,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, he confirmed Peada in the government conferred on him +by his father, Penda, if we may assume the Southern Mercians to +be identical with the Middle Angles: cf. c. 21, p. <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref>.</note> consisting, as is +said, of 5,000 families, divided by the river Trent from +the Northern Mercians, whose land contains 7,000 +families; but Peada was foully slain in the following +spring, by the treachery, as is said, of his wife,<note place='foot'>Alchfled, Oswy's daughter: <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> <hi rend='italic'>ibid.</hi></note> during +the very time of the Easter festival. Three years after +the death of King Penda, the Mercian chiefs, Immin, +and Eafa, and Eadbert, rebelled against King Oswy, +setting up for their king, Wulfhere,<note place='foot'>He has been already mentioned, cc. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VII'>7</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXI'>21</ref>. He was a vigorous +ruler; he freed Mercia from Northumbria, reconquered Lindsey, +established his supremacy over the East Saxons (cf. c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXX'>30</ref>), and +curtailed the power of Wessex. His attempt, however, to extend +his power to the north of the Humber ended in 675 in his disastrous +defeat by Egfrid, King of Northumbria (<ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>IV, 12</ref>) and his death +followed immediately after. He was the first Christian king of all +Mercia, and he was zealous in putting down idolatry (Florence of +Worcester).</note> son to the said +Penda, a youth whom they had kept concealed; and +<pb n='192'/><anchor id='Pg192'/> +expelling the ealdormen of the foreign king, they bravely +recovered at once their liberty and their lands; and being +thus free, together with their king, they rejoiced to serve +Christ the true King, for the sake of an everlasting +kingdom in heaven. This king governed the Mercians +seventeen years, and had for his first bishop Trumhere,<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>supra</hi> and c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXI'>21</ref>.</note> +above spoken of; the second was Jaruman;<note place='foot'>He succeeded in 662. Cf. c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXX'>30</ref>.</note> the third +Ceadda;<note place='foot'>C. 23, p. <ref target='Pg187'>187</ref>, and note.</note> the fourth Wynfrid.<note place='foot'>IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_III'>3</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_V'>5</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_VI'>6</ref>. He was deposed by Theodore for some act of +disobedience not known (<ref target='Book_IV_Chap_VI'>IV, 6</ref>), and went to the Continent, where, +travelling in Neustria, he was mistaken for Wilfrid and cruelly ill-treated +by the emissaries of Ebroin (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIX'>V, 19</ref>, note), <q>errore bono +unius syllabae seducti,</q> as Eddius, the biographer of Wilfrid, +remarks.</note> All these, succeeding +each other in order under King Wulfhere, discharged +episcopal duties to the Mercian nation. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_XXV'/> +<head>Chap. XXV. How the question arose about the due time +of keeping Easter, with those that came out of Scotland.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, Ireland.</note> +[664 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the meantime, Bishop Aidan being taken away from +this life, Finan, who was ordained and sent by the +Scots, succeeded him in the bishopric, and built a church +in the Isle of Lindisfarne, fit for the episcopal see; +nevertheless, after the manner of the Scots, he made it, +not of stone, but entirely of hewn oak, and covered it +with reeds; and it was afterwards dedicated in honour +of the blessed Peter the Apostle, by the most reverend +Archbishop Theodore. Eadbert,<note place='foot'>He succeeded Cuthbert as Bishop of Lindisfarne; <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXIX'>29</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXX'>30</ref>.</note> also bishop of that +place, took off the thatch, and caused it to be covered +entirely, both roof and walls, with plates of lead. +</p> + +<pb n='193'/><anchor id='Pg193'/> + +<p> +At this time, a great and frequently debated question +arose about the observance of Easter;<note place='foot'>Cf. II, 2, p. <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref>, note 3.</note> those that came +from Kent or Gaul affirming, that the Scots celebrated +Easter Sunday contrary to the custom of the universal +Church. Among them was a most zealous defender of +the true Easter, whose name was Ronan,<note place='foot'>Nothing certain is known of him.</note> a Scot by +nation, but instructed in the rule of ecclesiastical truth +in Gaul or Italy. Disputing with Finan, he convinced +many, or at least induced them to make a more strict +inquiry after the truth; yet he could not prevail upon +Finan, but, on the contrary, embittered him the more +by reproof, and made him a professed opponent of the +truth, for he was of a violent temper. James,<note place='foot'>II, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XVI'>16</ref>, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XX'>20</ref>; <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_II'>IV, 2</ref>.</note> formerly +the deacon of the venerable Archbishop Paulinus, as has +been said above, observed the true and Catholic Easter, +with all those that he could instruct in the better way. +Queen Eanfled and her followers also observed it as she +had seen it practised in Kent, having with her a Kentish +priest who followed the Catholic observance, whose +name was Romanus. Thus it is said to have sometimes +happened in those times that Easter was twice celebrated +in one year; and that when the king, having ended his +fast, was keeping Easter, the queen and her followers +were still fasting, and celebrating Palm Sunday. Whilst +Aidan lived, this difference about the observance of +Easter was patiently tolerated by all men, for they well +knew, that though he could not keep Easter contrary to +the custom of those who had sent him, yet he industriously +laboured to practise the works of faith, piety, +and love, according to the custom of all holy men; for +which reason he was deservedly beloved by all, even by +those who differed in opinion concerning Easter, and +was held in veneration, not only by less important persons, +but even by the bishops, Honorius of Canterbury, +and Felix of the East Angles. +</p> + +<p> +But after the death of Finan, who succeeded him, +<pb n='194'/><anchor id='Pg194'/> +when Colman, who was also sent from Scotland,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, Iona: cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_IV'>IV, 4</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi> Colman succeeded in 661.</note> came +to be bishop, a greater controversy arose about the +observance of Easter, and other rules of ecclesiastical +life. Whereupon this question began naturally to influence +the thoughts and hearts of many who feared, +lest haply, having received the name of Christians, they +might run, or have run, in vain. This reached the ears +of the rulers, King Oswy and his son Alchfrid. Now +Oswy, having been instructed and baptized by the +Scots, and being very perfectly skilled in their language, +thought nothing better than what they taught; but +Alchfrid, having for his teacher in Christianity the +learned Wilfrid,<note place='foot'>For his life: <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIX'>V, 19</ref>.</note> who had formerly gone to Rome to +study ecclesiastical doctrine, and spent much time at +Lyons with Dalfinus,<note place='foot'>Really Annemundus. He was Archbishop of Lyons. Cf. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_VIII'>V, 8</ref>, +note on Godwin. He is confused with his brother Dalfinus, Count +of Lyons: <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> V, 19, p. <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>, note.</note> archbishop of Gaul, from whom +also he had received the crown of ecclesiastical tonsure, +rightly thought that this man's doctrine ought to be +preferred before all the traditions of the Scots. For this +reason he had also given him a monastery of forty +families, at a place called Inhrypum;<note place='foot'>Ripon. For the preposition, cf. II, 14, p. <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>, note 5. The +monastery was first given to Eata (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVI'>26</ref>), to be organized by +him, and among the monks he brought with him from Melrose was +Cuthbert (cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVII'>IV, 27</ref>). They were forced to retire in 661, but after +the Synod of Whitby they conformed to the Catholic rules.</note> which place, not +long before, he had given for a monastery to those that +were followers of the Scots; but forasmuch as they afterwards, +being left to their choice, preferred to quit the +place rather than alter their custom, he gave it to him, +whose life and doctrine were worthy of it. +</p> + +<p> +Agilbert, bishop of the West Saxons,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VII'>7</ref>, where Bede's summary account obscures the sequence +of events. Here he is still called Bishop of the West Saxons. It +is probable that he had retired from Wessex by this time, but had +not yet gone to Gaul. He did not become Bishop of Paris before +666, for in that year we find his predecessor, Importunus, witnessing +a <q>privilegium</q> for a nunnery at Soissons.</note> above-mentioned, +<pb n='195'/><anchor id='Pg195'/> +a friend of King Alchfrid and of Abbot Wilfrid, +had at that time come into the province of the Northumbrians, +and was staying some time among them; at +the request of Alchfrid, he made Wilfrid a priest in his +aforesaid monastery. He had in his company a priest, +whose name was Agatho.<note place='foot'>We hear nothing more of this priest.</note> The question being raised +there concerning Easter and the tonsure and other +ecclesiastical matters, it was arranged, that a synod +should be held in the monastery of Streanaeshalch,<note place='foot'>C. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>. The etymology is generally considered impossible. But +cf. Bright, <q>Early English Church History,</q> p. 213.</note> which +signifies the Bay of the Lighthouse, where the Abbess +Hilda,<note place='foot'>C. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>. After the Synod it appears that she conformed to the +Catholic usages. But she continued to be an opponent of Wilfrid +till the end of her life.</note> a woman devoted to the service of God, then +ruled; and that there this question should be decided. +The kings, both father and son, came thither, and the +bishops, Colman with his Scottish clerks, and Agilbert +with the priests Agatho and Wilfrid. James and Romanus +were on their side; but the Abbess Hilda and +her followers were for the Scots, as was also the venerable +Bishop Cedd,<note place='foot'>Cc. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXI'>21</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXII'>22</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIII'>23</ref>.</note> long before ordained by the Scots, as +has been said above, and he acted in that council as a +most careful interpreter for both parties. +</p> + +<p> +King Oswy first made an opening speech, in which +he said that it behoved those who served one God to +observe one rule of life; and as they all expected the +same kingdom in heaven, so they ought not to differ in +the celebration of the heavenly mysteries; but rather to +inquire which was the truer tradition, that it might be +followed by all in common; he then commanded his +bishop, Colman, first to declare what the custom was +which he observed, and whence it derived its origin. +Then Colman said, <q>The Easter which I keep, I received +from my elders, who sent me hither as bishop; +all our forefathers, men beloved of God, are known to +have celebrated it after the same manner; and that it +may not seem to any contemptible and worthy to be +<pb n='196'/><anchor id='Pg196'/> +rejected, it is the same which the blessed John the +Evangelist, the disciple specially beloved of our Lord, +with all the churches over which he presided, is recorded +to have celebrated.</q><note place='foot'>The practice of the churches of Asia, traditionally derived +from St. John, was to disregard the day of the week and observe +as Easter Day the 14th of the month Nisan. Therefore the claim +to the authority of St. John, advanced by the Celts, was inaccurate +and gives some colour to the charge, often brought against them, +of being <q>Quartodecimans.</q></note> When he had said thus much, and +more to the like effect, the king commanded Agilbert to +make known the manner of his observance and to show +whence it was derived, and on what authority he followed +it. Agilbert answered, <q>I beseech you, let my disciple, +the priest Wilfrid, speak in my stead; because we both +concur with the other followers of the ecclesiastical +tradition that are here present, and he can better and +more clearly explain our opinion in the English language, +than I can by an interpreter.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Then Wilfrid, being ordered by the king to speak, +began thus:—<q>The Easter which we keep, we saw +celebrated by all at Rome, where the blessed Apostles, +Peter and Paul, lived, taught, suffered, and were buried; +we saw the same done by all in Italy and in Gaul, when +we travelled through those countries for the purpose of +study and prayer. We found it observed in Africa, Asia, +Egypt, Greece, and all the world, wherever the Church +of Christ is spread abroad, among divers nations and +tongues, at one and the same time; save only among +these and their accomplices in obstinacy, I mean the +Picts and the Britons, who foolishly, in these two remote +islands of the ocean, and only in part even of them, +strive to oppose all the rest of the world.</q> When he +had so said, Colman answered, <q>It is strange that you +choose to call our efforts foolish, wherein we follow the +example of so great an Apostle, who was thought worthy +to lean on our Lord's bosom, when all the world knows +him to have lived most wisely.</q> Wilfrid replied, <q rend='pre'>Far +be it from us to charge John with folly, for he literally +observed the precepts of the Mosaic Law, whilst the +<pb n='197'/><anchor id='Pg197'/> +Church was still Jewish in many points, and the Apostles, +lest they should give cause of offence to the Jews who +were among the Gentiles, were not able at once to cast +off all the observances of the Law which had been instituted +by God, in the same way as it is necessary that +all who come to the faith should forsake the idols which +were invented by devils. For this reason it was, that +Paul circumcised Timothy,<note place='foot'>Acts, xvi, 3.</note> that he offered sacrifice in +the temple,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, xxi, 26.</note> that he shaved his head with Aquila and +Priscilla at Corinth;<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, xviii, 18.</note> for no other advantage than to +avoid giving offence to the Jews. Hence it was, that +James said to the same Paul, <q>Thou seest, brother, how +many thousands of Jews there are which believe; and +they are all zealous of the Law.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, xxi, 20.</note> And yet, at this time, +when the light of the Gospel is spreading throughout +the world, it is needless, nay, it is not lawful, for the +faithful either to be circumcised, or to offer up to God +sacrifices of flesh. So John, according to the custom of +the Law, began the celebration of the feast of Easter, on +the fourteenth day of the first month, in the evening, +not regarding whether the same happened on a Saturday, +or any other week-day. But when Peter preached +at Rome, being mindful that our Lord arose from the +dead, and gave to the world the hope of resurrection, on +the first day of the week, he perceived that Easter ought +to be kept after this manner: he always awaited the rising +of the moon on the fourteenth day of the first month in +the evening, according to the custom and precepts of +the Law, even as John did. And when that came, if the +Lord's day, then called the first day of the week, was +the next day, he began that very evening to celebrate +Easter, as we all do at the present time. But if the +Lord's day did not fall the next morning after the fourteenth +moon, but on the sixteenth, or the seventeenth, +or any other moon till the twenty-first, he waited for +that, and on the Saturday before, in the evening, began +to observe the holy solemnity of Easter. Thus it came +<pb n='198'/><anchor id='Pg198'/> +to pass, that Easter Sunday was only kept from the +fifteenth moon to the twenty-first. Nor does this evangelical +and apostolic tradition abolish the Law, but rather +fulfil it; the command being to keep the passover from +the fourteenth moon of the first month in the evening +to the twenty-first moon of the same month in the evening; +which observance all the successors of the blessed +John in Asia, since his death, and all the Church throughout +the world, have since followed; and that this is the +true Easter, and the only one to be celebrated by the +faithful, was not newly decreed by the council of Nicaea, +but only confirmed afresh; as the history of the Church +informs us.<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XIX'>II, 19</ref>, note.</note></q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Thus it is plain, that you, Colman, neither follow +the example of John, as you imagine, nor that of Peter, +whose tradition you oppose with full knowledge, and +that you neither agree with the Law nor the Gospel in +the keeping of your Easter. For John, keeping the +Paschal time according to the decree of the Mosaic Law, +had no regard to the first day of the week, which you do +not practise, seeing that you celebrate Easter only on +the first day after the Sabbath. Peter celebrated Easter +Sunday between the fifteenth and the twenty-first moon, +which you do not practise, seeing that you observe +Easter Sunday from the fourteenth to the twentieth +moon; so that you often begin Easter on the thirteenth +moon in the evening, whereof neither the Law made any +mention, nor did our Lord, the Author and Giver of the +Gospel, on that day either eat the old passover in the +evening, or deliver the Sacraments of the New Testament, +to be celebrated by the Church, in memory of His +Passion, but on the fourteenth. Besides, in your celebration +of Easter, you utterly exclude the twenty-first +moon, which the Law ordered to be specially observed. +Thus, as I have said before, you agree neither with John +nor Peter, nor with the Law, nor the Gospel, in the +celebration of the greatest festival.</q> +</p> + +<p> +To this Colman rejoined: <q>Did the holy Anatolius,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_III'>3</ref>, note.</note> +<pb n='199'/><anchor id='Pg199'/> +much commended in the history of the Church, judge +contrary to the Law and the Gospel, when he wrote, that +Easter was to be celebrated from the fourteenth to the +twentieth moon? Is it to be believed that our most +reverend Father Columba and his successors, men beloved +by God, who kept Easter after the same manner, +judged or acted contrary to the Divine writings? Whereas +there were many among them, whose sanctity was +attested by heavenly signs and miracles which they +wrought; whom I, for my part, doubt not to be saints, +and whose life, customs, and discipline I never cease to +follow.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>It is evident,</q> said Wilfrid, <q rend='pre'>that Anatolius was a +most holy, learned, and commendable man; but what +have you to do with him, since you do not observe his +decrees? For he undoubtedly, following the rule of truth +in his Easter, appointed a cycle of nineteen years, which +either you are ignorant of, or if you know it, though it +is kept by the whole Church of Christ, yet you despise it +as a thing of naught. He so computed the fourteenth +moon in our Lord's Paschal Feast, that according to the +custom of the Egyptians, he acknowledged it to be the +fifteenth moon on that same day in the evening; so in +like manner he assigned the twentieth to Easter-Sunday, +as believing that to be the twenty-first moon, when the +sun had set. That you are ignorant of the rule of this +distinction is proved by this, that you sometimes manifestly +keep Easter before the full moon, that is, on the +thirteenth day. Concerning your Father Columba and +his followers, whose sanctity you say you imitate, and +whose rule and precepts confirmed by signs from Heaven +you say that you follow, I might answer, then when +many, in the day of judgement, shall say to our Lord, +that in His name they have prophesied, and have cast +out devils, and done many wonderful works, our Lord +will reply, that He never knew them. But far be it from +me to speak thus of your fathers, for it is much more +just to believe good than evil of those whom we know +not. Wherefore I do not deny those also to have been +God's servants, and beloved of God, who with rude +<pb n='200'/><anchor id='Pg200'/> +simplicity, but pious intentions, have themselves loved +Him. Nor do I think that such observance of Easter +did them much harm, as long as none came to show +them a more perfect rule to follow; for assuredly I +believe that, if any teacher, reckoning after the Catholic +manner, had come among them, they would have as +readily followed his admonitions, as they are known to +have kept those commandments of God, which they had +learned and knew.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>But as for you and your companions, you certainly +sin, if, having heard the decrees of the Apostolic see, nay, +of the universal Church, confirmed, as they are, by Holy +Scripture, you scorn to follow them; for, though your +fathers were holy, do you think that those few men, in +a corner of the remotest island, are to be preferred before +the universal Church of Christ throughout the world? +And if that Columba of yours, (and, I may say, ours +also, if he was Christ's servant,) was a holy man and +powerful in miracles, yet could he be preferred before +the most blessed chief of the Apostles, to whom our +Lord said, <q>Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will +build my Church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail +against it, and I will give unto thee the keys of the +kingdom of Heaven?</q></q><note place='foot'>St. Matt., xvi, 18-19.</note> +</p> + +<p> +When Wilfrid had ended thus, the king said, <q>Is it +true, Colman, that these words were spoken to Peter by +our Lord?</q> He answered, <q>It is true, O king!</q> Then +said he, <q>Can you show any such power given to your +Columba?</q> Colman answered, <q>None.</q> Then again +the king asked, <q>Do you both agree in this, without +any controversy, that these words were said above all to +Peter, and that the keys of the kingdom of Heaven were +given to him by our Lord?</q> They both answered, +<q>Yes.</q> Then the king concluded, <q>And I also say +unto you, that he is the door-keeper, and I will not +gainsay him, but I desire, as far as I know and am able, +in all things to obey his laws, lest haply when I come to +the gates of the kingdom of Heaven, there should be +<pb n='201'/><anchor id='Pg201'/> +none to open them, he being my adversary who is +proved to have the keys.</q> The king having said this, all +who were seated there or standing by, both great and +small, gave their assent, and renouncing the less perfect +custom, hastened to conform to that which they had +found to be better. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_XXVI'/> +<head>Chap. XXVI. How Colman, being worsted, returned +home; and Tuda succeeded him in the bishopric; and of +the state of the church under those teachers. [664 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +The disputation being ended, and the assembly broken +up, Agilbert returned home. Colman, perceiving that +his doctrine was rejected, and his party despised, took +with him those who wished to follow him, to wit, such +as would not accept the Catholic Easter and the tonsure +in the form of a crown,<note place='foot'>Cf. II, 2, p. <ref target='Pg085'>85</ref>, note 1.</note> (for there was no small dispute +about that also,) and went back into Scotland,<note place='foot'>To Iona; <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_IV'>IV, 4</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi></note> to consult +with his people what was to be done in this case. +Cedd, forsaking the practices of the Scots, returned to +his bishopric, having submitted to the Catholic observance +of Easter. This debate took place in the year of +our Lord 664, which was the twenty-second year of the +reign of King Oswy, and the thirtieth of the episcopate +of the Scots among the English; for Aidan was bishop +seventeen years, Finan ten, and Colman three. +</p> + +<p> +When Colman had gone back into his own country, +Tuda, the servant of Christ, was made bishop of the +Northumbrians<note place='foot'>Fourth Bishop of Lindisfarne and the last of the Irish bishops +in that see. He died of the plague in 664: <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVII'>27</ref>.</note> in his place, having been instructed and +ordained bishop among the Southern Scots, having also +the crown of the ecclesiastical tonsure, according to the +custom of that province, and observing the Catholic rule +with regard to the time of Easter.<note place='foot'>Cf. c. 3, p. <ref target='Pg139'>139</ref>, and note.</note> He was a good and +religious man, but he governed the church a very short +time; he had come from Scotland<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, Ireland.</note> whilst Colman was +<pb n='202'/><anchor id='Pg202'/> +yet bishop, and, both by word and deed, diligently +taught all men those things that appertain to the faith +and truth. But Eata,<note place='foot'>IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>12</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVII'>27</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVIII'>28</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_II'>V, 2</ref>.</note> who was abbot of the monastery +called Mailros,<note place='foot'>Old Melrose, <q>Quod Tuidi fluminis circumflexu maxima ex +parte clauditur,</q> <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XII'>V, 12</ref>. The more famous monastery is of later +date and is to the west of the older site.</note> a man most reverend and gentle, was +appointed abbot over the brethren that chose to remain +in the church of Lindisfarne, when the Scots went away. +It is said that Colman, upon his departure, requested +and obtained this of King Oswy, because Eata was one +of Aidan's twelve boys of the English nation,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_III'>3</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi> (where, however, there is only a general allusion +to the instruction of English children). It has been suggested +that they may have been redeemed from slavery. Cf. +c. 5, p. <ref target='Pg145'>145</ref>.</note> whom he +received in the early years of his episcopate, to be instructed +in Christ; for the king greatly loved Bishop +Colman on account of his innate discretion. This is that +Eata, who, not long after, was made bishop of the same +church of Lindisfarne. Colman carried home with him +part of the bones of the most reverend Father Aidan, +and left part of them in the church where he had presided, +ordering them to be interred in the sacristy. +</p> + +<p> +The place which they governed shows how frugal +and temperate he and his predecessors were, for there +were very few houses besides the church found at their +departure; indeed, no more than were barely sufficient to +make civilized life possible; they had also no money, +but only cattle; for if they received any money from rich +persons, they immediately gave it to the poor; there +being no need to gather money, or provide houses for +the entertainment of the great men of the world; for +such never resorted to the church, except to pray and +hear the Word of God. The king himself, when occasion +required, came only with five or six servants, and +having performed his devotions in the church, departed. +But if they happened to take a repast there, they were +satisfied with the plain, daily food of the brethren, and +<pb n='203'/><anchor id='Pg203'/> +required no more. For the whole care of those teachers +was to serve God, not the world—to feed the soul, and +not the belly. +</p> + +<p> +For this reason the religious habit was at that time +held in great veneration; so that wheresoever any clerk +or monk went, he was joyfully received by all men, as +God's servant; and even if they chanced to meet him +upon the way, they ran to him, and with bowed head, +were glad to be signed with the cross by his hand, or +blessed by his lips. Great attention was also paid to +their exhortations; and on Sundays they flocked eagerly +to the church, or the monasteries, not to feed their +bodies, but to hear the Word of God; and if any priest +happened to come into a village, the inhabitants came +together and asked of him the Word of life; for the +priests and clerks went to the villages for no other reason +than to preach, baptize, visit the sick, and, in a word, +to take care of souls; and they were so purified from all +taint of avarice, that none of them received lands and +possessions for building monasteries, unless they were +compelled to do so by the temporal authorities; which +custom was for some time after universally observed in +the churches of the Northumbrians. But enough has +now been said on this subject. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_XXVII'/> +<head>Chap. XXVII. How Egbert, a holy man of the English +nation, led a monastic life in Ireland. [664 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the same year of our Lord 664, there happened an +eclipse of the sun, on the third day of May,<note place='foot'>Really on the 1st.</note> about the +tenth hour of the day. In the same year, a sudden +pestilence<note place='foot'>Called the <q>Yellow Pest</q> from the colour of its victims. It +was a bubonic plague; it probably came from the East and was +the same as that which raged in Europe in Justinian's reign. +There were several outbreaks in England in the seventh century, +but this was the most virulent. For subsequent visitations, cf. IV, +<ref target='Book_IV_Chap_VII'>7</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIV'>14</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIX'>19</ref>.</note> depopulated first the southern parts of +<pb n='204'/><anchor id='Pg204'/> +Britain, and afterwards attacking the province of the +Northumbrians, ravaged the country far and near, and +destroyed a great multitude of men. By this plague the +aforesaid priest of the Lord, Tuda,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. 26, p. <ref target='Pg201'>201</ref>.</note> was carried off, and +was honourably buried in the monastery called Paegnalaech.<note place='foot'>The Saxon Chronicle has <q>on Wagele,</q> which is supposed to +be Whalley, on the borders of Lancashire, Cheshire, and Yorkshire, +but the name varies greatly in different chroniclers. Smith +considers that Bede's form <q>Paegnalaech</q> or <q>Paegnalech</q> +points to Finchale (Wincanheale, in Simeon of Durham, or Pincahala), +near Durham.</note> +Moreover, this plague prevailed no less disastrously +in the island of Ireland. Many of the nobility, +and of the lower ranks of the English nation, were +there at that time, who, in the days of the Bishops +Finan and Colman, forsaking their native island, retired +thither, either for the sake of sacred studies, or of a +more ascetic life; and some of them presently devoted +themselves faithfully to a monastic life, others chose +rather to apply themselves to study, going about from +one master's cell to another. The Scots willingly received +them all, and took care to supply them with daily +food without cost, as also to furnish them with books +for their studies, and teaching free of charge. +</p> + +<p> +Among these were Ethelhun and Egbert,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_IV'>4</ref>.</note> two youths +of great capacity, of the English nobility. The former +of whom was brother to Ethelwin,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XI'>11</ref>; <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>IV, 12</ref>.</note> a man no less beloved +by God, who also at a later time went over into +Ireland to study, and having been well instructed, returned +into his own country, and being made bishop in the +province of Lindsey, long and nobly governed the Church. +These two being in the monastery which in the language +of the Scots is called Rathmelsigi,<note place='foot'>Said, on doubtful authority, to be Melfont, or Mellifont, in +County Louth.</note> and having lost all +their companions, who were either cut off by the plague, +or dispersed into other places, were both seized by the +same sickness, and grievously afflicted. Of these, Egbert, +(as I was informed by a priest venerable for his +<pb n='205'/><anchor id='Pg205'/> +age, and of great veracity, who declared he had heard +the story from his own lips,) concluding that he was +at the point of death, went out of the chamber, where +the sick lay, in the morning, and sitting alone in a fitting +place, began seriously to reflect upon his past actions, +and, being full of compunction at the remembrance of +his sins, bedewed his face with tears, and prayed fervently +to God that he might not die yet, before he could +forthwith more fully make amends for the careless +offences which he had committed in his boyhood and +infancy, or might further exercise himself in good works. +He also made a vow that he would spend all his life abroad +and never return into the island of Britain, where he was +born; that besides singing the psalms at the canonical +hours, he would, unless prevented by bodily infirmity, +repeat the whole Psalter daily to the praise of God; and +that he would every week fast one whole day and night. +Returning home, after his tears and prayers and vows, +he found his companion asleep; and going to bed himself, +he began to compose himself to rest. When he +had lain quiet awhile, his comrade awaking, looked +on him, and said, <q>Alas! Brother Egbert, what have +you done? I was in hopes that we should have entered +together into life everlasting; but know that your prayer +is granted.</q> For he had learned in a vision what the +other had requested, and that he had obtained his +request. +</p> + +<p> +In brief, Ethelhun died the next night; but Egbert, +throwing off his sickness, recovered and lived a long +time after to grace the episcopal office, which he received, +by deeds worthy of it;<note place='foot'><q>Acceptum sacerdotii gradum,</q> A.S. <q>biscophade onfeng</q> = +he received the episcopate. Cf. c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_IV'>4</ref>, note.</note> and blessed with many +virtues, according to his desire, lately, in the year of +our Lord 729, being ninety years of age, he departed to +the heavenly kingdom. He passed his life in great perfection +of humility, gentleness, continence, simplicity, +and justice. Thus he was a great benefactor, both to +his own people, and to those nations of the Scots and +Picts among whom he lived in exile, by the example of +<pb n='206'/><anchor id='Pg206'/> +his life, his earnestness in teaching, his authority in reproving, +and his piety in giving away of those things +which he received from the rich. He also added this to +the vows which we have mentioned: during Lent, he +would eat but one meal a day, allowing himself nothing +but bread and thin milk, and even that by measure. +The milk, new the day before, he kept in a vessel, and +skimming off the cream in the morning, drank the rest, +as has been said, with a little bread. Which sort of +abstinence he likewise always observed forty days before +the Nativity of our Lord, and as many after the solemnity +of Pentecost, that is, of the fifty days' festival. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_XXVIII'/> +<head>Chap. XXVIII. How, when Tuda was dead, Wilfrid +was ordained, in Gaul, and Ceadda, among the West +Saxons, to be bishops for the province of the Northumbrians. +[664 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the meantime, King Alchfrid sent the priest, Wilfrid, +to the king of Gaul,<note place='foot'>In 664. This was the young <q>Fainéant</q> king of Neustria, +Clothaire III. Wilfrid was probably sent abroad at his own request. +Doubtless he desired to have the canonical number of three +bishops at his consecration, and Boniface of Dunwich (c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XX'>20</ref>; +<ref target='Book_IV_Chap_V'>IV, 5</ref>) was the only prelate in England whose orders he would +have regarded as entirely satisfactory, for Wini might be considered +a usurper, and Cedd and Jaruman had been consecrated +by schismatics. Archbishop Deusdedit was dead (<ref target='Book_III_Chap_XX'>III, 20</ref>, note) +and so probably was Damian of Rochester.</note> in order that he should cause him +to be consecrated bishop for himself and his people. +That prince sent him to be ordained by Agilbert,<note place='foot'>He was Wilfrid's friend: <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. 25, pp. <ref target='Pg194'>194-5</ref>.</note> of +whom we have before spoken, and who, having left +Britain, was made bishop of the city of Paris;<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>ibid.</hi>, note.</note> and by +him Wilfrid was honourably consecrated, several bishops +meeting together for that purpose in a village belonging +to the king, called In Compendio.<note place='foot'>Compiègne, a royal <q>villa.</q> For the preposition, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XIV'>II, 14</ref>, +note. The ceremony was a specially magnificent one, Wilfrid +being carried in a golden chair by twelve bishops in choral procession, +according to an ancient custom of the Gallican Church.</note> He stayed some +<pb n='207'/><anchor id='Pg207'/> +time in the parts beyond the sea for his ordination, and +King Oswy, following the example of his son's zeal, +sent into Kent a holy man, of modest character, well +read in the Scripture, and diligently practising those +things which he had learned therein, to be ordained +bishop of the church of York. This was a priest called +Ceadda,<note place='foot'><ref target='Preface'>Preface</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIII'>III, 23</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>et saep.</hi> Why Oswy, who had consented +to Wilfrid's consecration (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIX'>V, 19</ref>) acted in this manner is not +clear. Probably it implies that the Celtic party, during Wilfrid's +prolonged absence, had to some extent recovered their ascendency; +and, if it was at this time that Alchfrid (who is not heard of again) +rebelled against his father (<hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIV'>14</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi>) and was deprived +of his kingdom, Wilfrid would have lost his warmest supporter.</note> brother to the most reverend prelate Cedd, of +whom mention has been often made, and abbot of the +monastery of Laestingaeu. With him the king also sent +his priest Eadhaed,<note place='foot'>He retired to Ripon from Lindsey, of which he was the first +separate bishop, when Ethelred recovered that province for +Mercia in 679. But cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>IV, 12</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi>, note, for the statement that +he was <q>Bishop</q> of Ripon.</note> who was afterwards, in the reign +of Egfrid,<note place='foot'>King of Northumbria, <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. 24, p. <ref target='Pg188'>188</ref>, note 3.</note> made bishop of the church of Ripon. Now +when they arrived in Kent, they found that Archbishop +Deusdedit had departed this life, and no other bishop was +as yet appointed in his place; whereupon they betook +themselves to the province of the West Saxons, where +Wini was bishop, and by him Ceadda was consecrated; +two bishops of the British nation, who kept Easter +Sunday, as has been often said, contrary to the canonical +manner, from the fourteenth to the twentieth moon, +being called in to assist at the ordination; for at that +time there was no other bishop in all Britain canonically +ordained, except Wini.<note place='foot'>It does not appear why Boniface (Bertgils) of Dunwich, Bishop +of the East Angles, 652-669 (c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XX'>20</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_V'>IV, 5</ref>), is ignored. Ceadda's +consecration was afterwards regarded as of doubtful validity and +was completed by Theodore (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>IV, 12</ref>). The British (probably +Cornish) bishops were schismatical, and Wini's position was irregular. +Moreover, the see to which Ceadda was consecrated was +not vacant.</note> +</p> + +<p> +So Ceadda, being consecrated bishop, began immediately +to labour for ecclesiastical truth and purity of +<pb n='208'/><anchor id='Pg208'/> +doctrine; to apply himself to humility, self-denial, and +study; to travel about, not on horseback, but after the +manner of the Apostles, on foot, to preach the Gospel in +towns, the open country, cottages, villages, and castles; +for he was one of the disciples of Aidan, and endeavoured +to instruct his people by the same manner of life and +character, after his and his own brother Cedd's example. +Wilfrid also having been now made a bishop, came into +Britain, and in like manner by his teaching brought into +the English Church many rules of Catholic observance. +Whence it followed, that the Catholic principles daily +gained strength, and all the Scots that dwelt in England +either conformed to these, or returned into their own +country. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_XXIX'/> +<head>Chap. XXIX. How the priest Wighard was sent from +Britain to Rome, to be ordained archbishop; of his death +there, and of the letters of the Apostolic Pope giving an +account thereof. [667 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +At this time the most noble kings of the English, Oswy, +of the province of the Northumbrians, and Egbert of +Kent, consulted together to determine what ought to be +done about the state of the English Church, for Oswy, +though educated by the Scots, had rightly perceived +that the Roman was the Catholic and Apostolic Church. +They selected, with the consent and by the choice of the +holy Church of the English nation, a priest named Wighard,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_IV_Chap_I'>IV, 1</ref>.</note> +one of Bishop Deusdedit's clergy, a good man +and fitted for the episcopate, and sent him to Rome to +be ordained bishop, to the end that, having been raised +to the rank of an archbishop, he might ordain Catholic +prelates for the Churches of the English nation throughout +all Britain. But Wighard, arriving at Rome, was +cut off by death, before he could be consecrated bishop, +and the following letter was sent back into Britain to +King Oswy:— +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'><hi rend='italic'>To the most excellent lord, our son, Oswy, king of the +<pb n='209'/><anchor id='Pg209'/> +Saxons, Vitalian,<note place='foot'>Consecrated in 657—died in 672.</note> bishop, servant of the servants of God.</hi> +We have received to our comfort your Excellency's letters; +by reading whereof we are acquainted with your most +pious devotion and fervent love of the blessed life; and +know that by the protecting hand of God you have been +converted to the true and Apostolic faith, in hope that even +as you reign in your own nation, so you may hereafter +reign with Christ. Blessed be the nation, therefore, that +has been found worthy to have as its king one so wise +and a worshipper of God; forasmuch as he is not himself +alone a worshipper of God, but also studies day and +night the conversion of all his subjects to the Catholic +and Apostolic faith, to the redemption of his own soul. +Who would not rejoice at hearing such glad tidings? +Who would not exult and be joyful at these good works? +For your nation has believed in Christ the Almighty +God, according to the words of the Divine prophets, as +it is written in Isaiah, <q>In that day there shall be a root +of Jesse, which shall stand for an ensign of the people; +to it shall the Gentiles seek.</q><note place='foot'>Isaiah, xi, 10.</note> And again, <q>Listen, O +isles, unto me, and hearken ye people from far.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, xlix, 1.</note> And a +little after, <q>It is a light thing that thou shouldst be my +servant to raise up the tribes of Jacob, and to restore the +outcast of Israel. I have given thee for a light to the +Gentiles, that thou mayst be my salvation unto the end +of the earth.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, 6.</note> And again, <q>Kings shall see, princes +also shall arise and worship.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, 7.</note> And immediately after, +<q>I have given thee for a covenant of the people, to +establish the earth, and possess the scattered heritages; +that thou mayest say to the prisoners, Go forth; to +them that are in darkness, Show yourselves.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, 8-9.</note> And +again, <q>I the Lord have called thee in righteousness, +and have held thine hand, and have kept thee, and have +given thee for a covenant of the people, for a light of +the Gentiles; to open the blind eyes, to bring out the +prisoner from the prison, and them that sit in darkness +from the prison-house.</q><note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, xlii, 6-7. The readings are from the Vulgate.</note></q> +</p> + +<pb n='210'/><anchor id='Pg210'/> + +<p> +<q>Behold, most excellent son, how it is plain as day +that it was prophesied not only of you, but also of all the +nations, that they should believe in Christ, the Creator +of all things. Wherefore it behoves your Highness, as +being a member of Christ, in all things continually to +follow the pious rule of the chief of the Apostles, in +celebrating Easter, and in all things delivered by the +holy Apostles, Peter and Paul, whose doctrine daily enlightens +the hearts of believers, even as the two lights +of heaven illumine the world.</q> +</p> + +<p> +And after some lines, wherein he speaks of celebrating +the true Easter uniformly throughout all the world,— +</p> + +<p> +<q>Finally,</q> he adds, <q rend='pre'>we have not been able now, on +account of the length of the journey, to find a man, apt +to teach, and qualified in all respects to be a bishop, +according to the tenor of your letters.<note place='foot'>It has not been stated that Oswy and Egbert asked the Pope +to provide an archbishop, failing Wighard. But this seems to be +implied in <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_I'>IV, 1</ref>: <q>episcopum, quem petierant.</q> Or, as is generally +supposed, Vitalian may have arbitrarily assumed this to be +the intention of their letter.</note> But, assuredly, +as soon as such a fit person shall be found, we will send +him well instructed to your country, that he may, by +word of mouth, and through the Divine oracles, with +the blessing of God, root out all the enemy's tares +throughout your island. We have received the presents +sent by your Highness to the blessed chief of the +Apostles, for an eternal memorial of him, and return you +thanks, and always pray for your safety with the clergy +of Christ. But he that brought these presents has been +removed out of this world, and is buried at the threshold +of the Apostles, for whom we have been much grieved, +because he died here. Nevertheless, we have caused the +blessed gifts of the saints, that is, the relics of the +blessed Apostles, Peter and Paul, and of the holy +martyrs, Laurentius, John, and Paul, and Gregory, and +Pancratius,<note place='foot'>There were several martyrs of the name of Laurentius, but +the best known is the Roman deacon, St. Laurence, who suffered +at Rome in 258 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> He was buried in the Via Tiburtina, where a +church dedicated to him is said to have been founded by Constantine +the Great. On the site stands the present Church of +S. Lorenzo fuori le Mura, the older part of which dates from the +sixth century at least. One of Aldhelm's foundations (<ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'>V, 18</ref>) was +a little church dedicated to St. Laurence at Bradford-on-Avon in +705, probably the small Saxon church which still stands there. +There were many martyrs named John and Paul, and more than +one Gregory. St. Pancras was a boy-martyr, a Phrygian by birth, +who suffered at Rome in 304 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>, when he was only fourteen +years of age. His martyrdom was widely celebrated, and miraculous +powers were attributed to his tomb outside the walls of +Rome. An old British church at Canterbury, which had been +desecrated by the heathen invaders, was restored for Christian +use and dedicated to St. Pancras by Augustine.</note> to be given to your servants, the bearers of +<pb n='211'/><anchor id='Pg211'/> +these our letters, to be by them delivered to your Excellency. +And to your consort<note place='foot'>Eanfled, <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XV'>15</ref> and note.</note> also, our spiritual +daughter, we have by the aforesaid bearers sent a cross, +with a gold key to it, made out of the most holy chains +of the blessed Apostles, Peter and Paul; for, hearing of +her pious zeal, all the Apostolic see rejoices with us, +even as her pious works smell sweet and blossom before +God.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>We therefore desire that your Highness should +hasten, according to our wish, to dedicate all your +island to Christ our God; for assuredly you have for +your Protector, the Redeemer of mankind, our Lord +Jesus Christ, Who will prosper you in all things, that +you may gather together a new people of Christ, establishing +there the Catholic and Apostolic faith. For it is +written, <q>Seek ye first the kingdom of God and His +righteousness, and all these things shall be added unto +you.</q><note place='foot'>St. Matt., vi, 33.</note> Truly your Highness seeks, and shall obtain, and +all your islands shall be made subject to you, even as we +desire. Saluting your Excellency with fatherly affection, +we never cease to pray to the Divine Goodness, to +vouchsafe to assist you and yours in all good works, +that you may reign with Christ in the world to come. +May the Heavenly Grace preserve your Excellency in +safety!</q> +</p> + +<p> +In the next book we shall have a more suitable occasion +to show who was selected and consecrated in Wighard's +place. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='212'/><anchor id='Pg212'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_III_Chap_XXX'/> +<head>Chap. XXX. How the East Saxons, during a pestilence, +returned to idolatry, but were soon brought back from +their error by the zeal of Bishop Jaruman. [665 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +At the same time, the Kings Sighere and Sebbi,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_VI'>IV, 6</ref>. Sighere was the son, Sebbi the brother, of Sigbert +the Little (<hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXII'>22</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi>).</note> though +themselves subject to Wulfhere, king of the Mercians, +governed the province of the East Saxons after Suidhelm, +of whom we have spoken above.<note place='foot'>C. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXII'>22</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi></note> When that +province was suffering from the aforesaid disastrous +plague, Sighere, with his part of the people, forsook the +mysteries of the Christian faith, and turned apostate. +For the king himself, and many of the commons and +nobles, loving this life, and not seeking after another, +or even not believing in any other, began to restore the +temples that had been abandoned, and to adore idols, as +if they might by those means be protected against the +plague. But Sebbi, his companion and co-heir in the +kingdom, with all his people, very devoutly preserved +the faith which he had received, and, as we shall show +hereafter, ended his faithful life in great felicity. +</p> + +<p> +King Wulfhere, hearing that the faith of the province +was in part profaned, sent Bishop Jaruman,<note place='foot'>C. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi>; <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_III'>IV, 3</ref>.</note> who was +successor to Trumhere, to correct their error, and recall +the province to the true faith. He acted with much discretion, +as I was informed by a priest who bore him +company in that journey, and had been his fellow labourer +in the Word, for he was a religious and good man, and +travelling through all the country, far and near, brought +back both the people and the aforesaid king to the way +of righteousness, so that, either forsaking or destroying +the temples and altars which they had erected, they +opened the churches, and gladly confessed the Name of +Christ, which they had opposed, choosing rather to die +in the faith of resurrection in Him, than to live in the +abominations of unbelief among their idols. Having +thus accomplished their works, the priests and teachers +returned home with joy. +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<pb n='213'/><anchor id='Pg213'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Book IV</head> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_I'/> +<head>Chap. I. How when Deusdedit died, Wighard was sent +to Rome to receive the episcopate; but he dying there, +Theodore was ordained archbishop, and sent into Britain +with the Abbot Hadrian. [664-669 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the above-mentioned year of the aforesaid eclipse<note place='foot'>664 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>: cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVII'>III, 27</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi></note> +and of the pestilence which followed it immediately, in +which also Bishop Colman, being overcome by the +united effort of the Catholics, returned home,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVI'>III, 26</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi></note> Deusdedit,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XX'>III, 20</ref> and note.</note> +the sixth bishop of the church of Canterbury, +died on the 14th of July. Earconbert,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VIII'>III, 8</ref>; V, 19, p. <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>.</note> also, king of Kent, +departed this life the same month and day; leaving his +kingdom to his son Egbert, who held it for nine years. +The see then became vacant for no small time, until, the +priest Wighard,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIX'>III, 29</ref>. From Bede's <q>History of the Abbots</q> we learn +that he was a pupil of Pope Gregory's Roman disciples in Kent.</note> a man of great learning in the teaching +of the Church, of the English race, was sent to Rome by +King Egbert and Oswy, king of the Northumbrians, as +was briefly mentioned in the foregoing book,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIX'>III, 29</ref>.</note> with a request +that he might be ordained Archbishop of the Church +of England; and at the same time presents were sent to +the Apostolic pope, and many vessels of gold and silver. +Arriving at Rome, where Vitalian<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, and note.</note> presided at that time +over the Apostolic see, and having made known to the +aforesaid Apostolic pope the occasion of his journey, he +was not long after carried off, with almost all his companions +who had come with him, by a pestilence which +fell upon them. +</p> + +<p> +But the Apostolic pope having consulted about that +matter, made diligent inquiry for some one to send to be +<pb n='214'/><anchor id='Pg214'/> +archbishop of the English Churches. There was then in +the monastery of Niridanum, which is not far from +Naples in Campania, an abbot called Hadrian,<note place='foot'>Cf. Preface, p. <ref target='Pg002'>2</ref>, note 3.</note> by nation +an African, well versed in Holy Scripture, trained in monastic +and ecclesiastical teaching, and excellently skilled +both in the Greek and Latin tongues. The pope, sending +for him, commanded him to accept the bishopric and go +to Britain. He answered, that he was unworthy of so +great a dignity, but said that he could name another, +whose learning and age were fitter for the episcopal +office. He proposed to the pope a certain monk named +Andrew, belonging to a neighbouring nunnery<note place='foot'>He was probably chaplain of the nunnery.</note> and he +was by all that knew him judged worthy of a bishopric; +but the weight of bodily infirmity prevented him from +becoming a bishop. Then again Hadrian was urged to +accept the episcopate; but he desired a respite, to see +whether in time he could find another to be ordained +bishop. +</p> + +<p> +There was at that time in Rome, a monk, called +Theodore,<note place='foot'>Cf. Preface, p. <ref target='Pg002'>2</ref>, note 2.</note> known to Hadrian, born at Tarsus in Cilicia, +a man instructed in secular and Divine writings, as also +in Greek and Latin; of high character and venerable +age, being sixty-six years old. Hadrian proposed him to +the pope to be ordained bishop, and prevailed; but upon +the condition that he should himself conduct him into +Britain, because he had already travelled through Gaul +twice upon different occasions, and was, therefore, better +acquainted with the way, and was, moreover, sufficiently +provided with men of his own; as also, to the end that, +being his fellow labourer in teaching, he might take special +care that Theodore should not, according to the custom of +the Greeks, introduce any thing contrary to the truth of +the faith into the Church where he presided.<note place='foot'>Cf. Bright, cc. 252, 253. He sees here an allusion to the +Monothelite controversy.</note> Theodore, +being ordained subdeacon, waited four months for his +hair to grow, that it might be shorn into the shape of a +<pb n='215'/><anchor id='Pg215'/> +crown; for he had before the tonsure of St. Paul,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, the Eastern, which consisted in shaving the whole head. +This method was supposed to have the authority of St. Paul (an +idea derived from Acts, xviii, 18), and of St. James <q>the Less.</q> +Cf. II, 2, p. <ref target='Pg085'>85</ref>, note.</note> the +Apostle, after the manner of the eastern people. He was +ordained by Pope Vitalian, in the year of our Lord 668, +on Sunday, the 26th of March, and on the 27th of May +was sent with Hadrian to Britain.<note place='foot'>They were accompanied by Benedict Biscop (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVIII'>18</ref>) whom +Vitalian had asked to act as their guide and interpreter (<q>Hist. +Abb.,</q> § 3).</note> +</p> + +<p> +They proceeded together by sea to Marseilles, and +thence by land to Arles, and having there delivered to +John, archbishop of that city,<note place='foot'>Archbishop of Arles, 658-675.</note> Pope Vitalian's letters of +recommendation, were by him detained till Ebroin,<note place='foot'>From this it has been inferred that Arles belonged to Neustria. +The king was Clothaire III, king of Neustria. Ebroin had succeeded +Ercinwald (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIX'>III, 19</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi>) as Mayor of the Palace. +He was murdered in 681.</note> the +king's mayor of the palace, gave them leave to go where +they pleased. Having received the same, Theodore went +to Agilbert, bishop of Paris,<note place='foot'>III, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VII'>7</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXV'>25</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVI'>26</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVIII'>28</ref>.</note> of whom we have spoken +above, and was by him kindly received, and long entertained. +But Hadrian went first to Emme, Bishop of +the Senones,<note place='foot'>Called also Emmo, or Haymo; Bishop of Sens, 658-675.</note> and then to Faro,<note place='foot'>Or Burgundofarus, Bishop of Meaux, 626-672. He was brother +of Fara, mentioned <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VIII'>III, 8</ref>.</note> bishop of the Meldi, +and lived in comfort with them a considerable time; for +the approach of winter had obliged them to rest wherever +they could. King Egbert, being informed by sure +messengers that the bishop they had asked of the Roman +prelate was in the kingdom of the Franks, sent thither +his reeve,<note place='foot'><q>Praefectus.</q></note> Raedfrid, to conduct him. He, having arrived +there, with Ebroin's leave took Theodore and conveyed +him to the port called Quentavic;<note place='foot'>Etaples in Picardy; <q>Quentae (or <q>ad Quantiam</q>) vicus</q> = +the village at the mouth of the Canche. It was an important commercial +town and port.</note> where, falling sick, +<pb n='216'/><anchor id='Pg216'/> +he stayed some time, and as soon as he began to recover, +sailed over into Britain. But Ebroin detained +Hadrian, suspecting that he went on some mission from +the Emperor to the kings of Britain, to the prejudice of +the kingdom of which he at that time had the chief +charge; however, when he found that in truth he had +never had any such commission, he discharged him, and +permitted him to follow Theodore. As soon as he came +to him, Theodore gave him the monastery of the blessed +Peter the Apostle,<note place='foot'>SS. Peter and Paul (St. Augustine's): cf. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXXIII'>I, 33</ref>. Theodore had +placed Benedict Biscop over it while Hadrian was still abroad.</note> where the archbishops of Canterbury +are wont to be buried, as I have said before; for at his +departure, the Apostolic lord had enjoined upon Theodore +that he should provide for him in his province, and give +him a suitable place to live in with his followers. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_II'/> +<head>Chap. II. How Theodore visited all places; how the +Churches of the English began to be instructed in the +study of Holy Scripture, and in the Catholic truth; and +how Putta was made bishop of the Church of Rochester +in the room of Damianus. [669 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Theodore came to his Church in the second year after +his consecration, on Sunday, the 27th of May, and spent +in it twenty-one years, three months, and twenty-six +days. Soon after, he visited all the island, wherever the +tribes of the English dwelt, for he was gladly received +and heard by all persons; and everywhere attended and +assisted by Hadrian, he taught the right rule of life, and +the canonical custom of celebrating Easter. This was +the first archbishop whom all the English Church consented +to obey. And forasmuch as both of them were, as +has been said before, fully instructed both in sacred and +in secular letters, they gathered a crowd of disciples, +and rivers of wholesome knowledge daily flowed from +them to water the hearts of their hearers; and, together +with the books of Holy Scripture, they also taught them +<pb n='217'/><anchor id='Pg217'/> +the metrical art, astronomy, and ecclesiastical arithmetic. +A testimony whereof is, that there are still living at this +day some of their scholars, who are as well versed in the +Greek and Latin tongues as in their own, in which they +were born. Nor were there ever happier times since the +English came into Britain; for having brave Christian +kings, they were a terror to all barbarous nations, and +the minds of all men were bent upon the joys of the +heavenly kingdom of which they had but lately heard; +and all who desired to be instructed in sacred studies +had masters at hand to teach them. +</p> + +<p> +From that time also they began in all the churches of +the English to learn Church music, which till then had +been only known in Kent. And, excepting James, of +whom we have spoken above,<note place='foot'>II, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XVI'>16</ref>, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XX'>20</ref>.</note> the first teacher of singing +in the churches of the Northumbrians was Eddi, +surnamed Stephen,<note place='foot'>Eddius, the biographer of Wilfrid. He mentions himself (<q>Life +of Wilfrid,</q> Chapter XIV) as a <q>cantor.</q></note> invited from Kent by the most +reverend Wilfrid, who was the first of the bishops of the +English nation that learned to deliver to the churches of +the English the Catholic manner of life.<note place='foot'>Bede can scarcely mean to impeach the orthodoxy of the +bishops of native birth prior to Wilfrid. Probably the reference is +mainly to the prominent part he took in bringing about the decision +at Whitby.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Theodore, journeying through all parts, ordained +bishops in fitting places, and with their assistance corrected +such things as he found faulty. Among the rest, +when he charged Bishop Ceadda with not having been +duly consecrated,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVIII'>III, 28</ref>, note.</note> he, with great humility, answered, +<q>If you know that I have not duly received episcopal +ordination, I willingly resign the office, for I never +thought myself worthy of it; but, though unworthy, for +obedience sake I submitted, when bidden to undertake +it.</q> Theodore, hearing his humble answer, said that he +should not resign the bishopric, and he himself completed +his ordination after the Catholic manner. Now at +the time when Deusdedit died, and a bishop for the +<pb n='218'/><anchor id='Pg218'/> +church of Canterbury was by request ordained and sent, +Wilfrid was also sent from Britain into Gaul to be +ordained; and because he returned before Theodore, he +ordained priests and deacons in Kent till the archbishop +should come to his see. But when Theodore came to +the city of Rochester, where the bishopric had been long +vacant by the death of Damian,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XX'>III, 20</ref>, and note.</note> he ordained a man +named Putta,<note place='foot'>Cc. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_V'>5</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>12</ref>. Florence of Worcester mentions a Putta, Bishop +of Hereford, who died in 688, but it is very doubtful whether he +can be identified with the above. Bede's words in Chapter <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>12</ref> do +not imply that Putta, Bishop of Rochester, became Bishop of Hereford. +Hereford was not one of the five sees into which Florence +tells us that Theodore divided the great Mercian bishopric, but it +appears soon after as a separate see for Hecana (Herefordshire). +Possibly Putta, who is traditionally reckoned as its first bishop, +may have acted as Sexwulf's deputy there.</note> trained rather in the teaching of the +Church and more addicted to simplicity of life than +active in worldly affairs, but specially skilful in Church +music, after the Roman use, which he had learned from +the disciples of the blessed Pope Gregory.<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XX'>II, 20</ref> <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi>, note.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_III'/> +<head>Chap. III. How the above-mentioned Ceadda was made +Bishop of the province of Mercians. Of his life, death, +and burial. [669 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +At that time, the province of the Mercians was governed +by King Wulfhere, who, on the death of Jaruman,<note place='foot'>III, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXX'>30</ref>. He had probably died two years before Chad's +appointment, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, in 667, and the see had been vacant in the +interval, for Wilfrid, then in retirement at Ripon, is said (by Eddius) +to have discharged episcopal functions for the Mercians.</note> +desired of Theodore that a bishop should be given to +him and his people; but Theodore would not ordain a +new one for them, but requested of King Oswy that +Ceadda might be their bishop. He then lived in retirement +at his monastery, which is at Laestingaeu,<note place='foot'>Lastingham. Cf. Preface, p. <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref>; III, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIII'>23</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVIII'>28</ref>.</note> while +Wilfrid administered the bishopric of York, and of all +<pb n='219'/><anchor id='Pg219'/> +the Northumbrians, and likewise of the Picts, as far as +King Oswy was able to extend his dominions. And, +seeing that it was the custom of that most reverend +prelate to go about the work of the Gospel everywhere +on foot rather than on horseback, Theodore commanded +him to ride whenever he had a long journey to undertake; +and finding him very unwilling, in his zeal and +love for his pious labour, he himself, with his own +hands, lifted him on horseback; for he knew him to be +a holy man, and therefore obliged him to ride wherever +he had need to go. Ceadda having received the bishopric +of the Mercians and of Lindsey,<note place='foot'>Lindsey at this time belonged to Mercia. Cf. c. 12, p. <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref>, +note 5.</note> took care to administer +it with great perfection of life, according to the example +of the ancient fathers. King Wulfhere also gave him +land of the extent of fifty families, to build a monastery, +at the place called Ad Barvae,<note place='foot'>Smith believed this place to be Barton-on-Humber. It is now +generally identified with Barrow in Lincolnshire. For the preposition, +cf. II, 14, p. <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>, note 5.</note> or <q>At the Wood,</q> in +the province of Lindsey, wherein traces of the monastic +life instituted by him continue to this day. +</p> + +<p> +He had his episcopal see in the place called Lyccidfelth,<note place='foot'>It had not previously been an episcopal see, though Wulfhere +had wished to establish Wilfrid there during the vacancy in the +Mercian bishopric (p. <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref>, note 4). When the bishopric of Mercia +and Lindsey was subdivided by Theodore in 679, Lichfield remained +the see of the bishopric of Mercia proper. In 787, under Offa, +King of Mercia, with the consent of Pope Hadrian, it was raised +into a separate archbishopric for Mercia and East Anglia, but in +802 Canterbury was re-established as the sole archbishopric for +the Southern Province. The popular derivation of the name, Lichfield +(<q>Field of the Dead</q>) is from <foreign rend='italic'>lic</foreign> = a corpse, and the place is +traditionally connected with the martyrdom of a great number of +British Christians. Another derivation, however (from <foreign rend='italic'>leccian</foreign> = to +irrigate), points to the meaning <q>the watered field.</q></note> +in which he also died, and was buried, and where +the see of the succeeding bishops of that province continues +to this day. He had built himself a retired habitation +not far from the church, wherein he was wont to +pray and read in private, with a few, it might be seven +or eight of the brethren, as often as he had any spare +<pb n='220'/><anchor id='Pg220'/> +time from the labour and ministry of the Word. When +he had most gloriously governed the church in that +province for two years and a half, the Divine Providence +so ordaining, there came round a season like that of +which Ecclesiastes says, <q>That there is a time to cast +away stones, and a time to gather stones together;</q><note place='foot'>Eccl., iii. 5.</note> +for a plague fell upon them, sent from Heaven, which, +by means of the death of the flesh, translated the living +stones of the Church from their earthly places to the +heavenly building. And when, after many of the Church +of that most reverend prelate had been taken away out +of the flesh, his hour also drew near wherein he was to +pass out of this world to the Lord, it happened one day +that he was in the aforesaid habitation with only one +brother, called Owini,<note place='foot'>A stone which is believed to have formed part of Owini's +tomb was found at the end of the eighteenth century at Haddenham, +near Ely, and is now in Ely Cathedral. It bears the inscription, +<q>Lucem tuam Ovino da Deus et requiem. Amen</q> (Mayor +and Lumley).</note> his other companions having +upon some due occasion returned to the church. Now +Owini was a monk of great merit, having forsaken the +world with the sole desire of the heavenly reward; +worthy in all respects to have the secrets of the Lord +revealed to him in special wise, and worthy to have +credit given by his hearers to what he said. For he had +come with Queen Ethelthryth<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIX'>19</ref>.</note> from the province of the +East Angles, and was the chief of her thegns, and +governor of her house. As the fervour of his faith increased, +resolving to renounce the secular life, he did +not go about it slothfully, but so entirely forsook the +things of this world, that, quitting all that he had, clad +in a plain garment, and carrying an axe and hatchet in +his hand, he came to the monastery of the same most +reverend father, which is called Laestingaeu. He said +that he was not entering the monastery in order to live +in idleness, as some do, but to labour; which he also confirmed +by practice; for as he was less capable of studying +the Scriptures, the more earnestly he applied himself to +<pb n='221'/><anchor id='Pg221'/> +the labour of his hands. So then, forasmuch as he was +reverent and devout, he was kept by the bishop in the +aforesaid habitation with the brethren, and whilst they +were engaged within in reading, he was without, doing +such things as were necessary. +</p> + +<p> +One day, when he was thus employed abroad, his +companions having gone to the church, as I began to +tell, and the bishop was alone reading or praying in +the oratory of that place, on a sudden, as he afterwards +said, he heard a sweet sound of singing and rejoicing +descend from heaven to earth. This sound he said he +first heard coming from the sky in the south-east, above +the winter sunrise, and that afterwards it drew near him +gradually, till it came to the roof of the oratory where +the bishop was, and entering therein, filled all the place +and encompassed it about. He listened attentively to +what he heard, and after about half an hour, perceived +the same song of joy to ascend from the roof of the said +oratory, and to return to heaven in the same way as it +came, with unspeakable sweetness. When he had stood +some time amazed, and earnestly considering in his +mind what this might be, the bishop opened the window +of the oratory, and making a sound with his hand, as he +was often wont to do, bade anyone who might be without +to come in to him. He went hastily in, and the +bishop said to him, <q>Make haste to the church, and +cause those seven brothers to come hither, and do you +come with them.</q> When they were come, he first admonished +them to preserve the virtue of love and peace +among themselves, and towards all the faithful; and with +unwearied earnestness to follow the rules of monastic +discipline, which they had either been taught by him, +and had seen him observe, or had found in the words +and actions of the former fathers. Then he added that +the day of his death was at hand; for, said he, <q>that +gracious guest, who was wont to visit our brethren, +has vouchsafed also to come to me this day, and to call +me out of this world. Return, therefore, to the church, +and speak to the brethren, that in their prayers they +commend my departure to the Lord, and that they be +<pb n='222'/><anchor id='Pg222'/> +mindful to prepare for their own, the hour whereof is +uncertain, by watching, and prayer, and good works.</q> +</p> + +<p> +When he had spoken thus much and more to the same +end, and they, having received his blessing, had gone +away in great sorrow, he who had heard the heavenly +song returned alone, and prostrating himself on the +ground, said, <q>I beseech you, father, may I be permitted +to ask a question?</q>—<q>Ask what you will,</q> +answered the bishop. Then he said, <q>I beseech you to +tell me what was that song which I heard as of a joyful +company coming from heaven upon this oratory, and +after some time returning to heaven?</q> The bishop +answered: <q>If you heard the singing, and know of the +coming of the heavenly company, I command you, in +the Name of the Lord, that you tell it not to any before +my death. But in truth they were angelic spirits, who +came to call me to my heavenly reward, which I have +always loved and longed after, and they promised that +they would return seven days hence, and take me away +with them.</q> Which was indeed fulfilled, as had been +said to him; for being presently seized with bodily infirmity, +and the same daily increasing, on the seventh +day, as had been promised to him, when he had prepared +for death by receiving the Body and Blood of our +Lord, his saintly soul being delivered from the prison of +the body, led, as may justly be believed, by the attendant +angels, he departed to the joys of Heaven. +</p> + +<p> +It is no wonder that he joyfully beheld the day of his +death, or rather the day of the Lord, the coming whereof +he had always been mindful to await with earnest expectation. +For with all his merits of continence, humility, +teaching, prayer, voluntary poverty, and other virtues, +he was so filled with the fear of the Lord, so mindful of +his latter end in all his actions, that, as I was wont to +hear from one of the brothers who instructed me in the +Scriptures, and who had been bred in his monastery, +and under his direction, whose name was Trumbert, if +it happened that there blew a sudden strong gust of +wind, when he was reading or doing any other thing, he +forthwith called upon the Lord for mercy, and begged +<pb n='223'/><anchor id='Pg223'/> +that it might be granted to all mankind. If the wind +grew stronger, he closed his book, and fell on his face, +praying still more earnestly. But, if a violent storm of +wind or rain came on, or if the earth and air were filled +with the terror of thunder and lightning, he would go to +the church, and anxiously devote himself with all his +heart to prayers and psalms till the weather became +calm. Being asked by his brethren why he did so, he +answered, <q>Have not you read—<q>The Lord also thundered +in the heavens, and the Highest gave his voice. +Yea, he sent out his arrows and scattered them; and he +shot out lightnings, and discomfited them.</q><note place='foot'>Ps. xviii, 13, 14.</note> For the +Lord moves the air, raises the winds, hurls lightning, +and thunders from heaven, to rouse the inhabitants of +the earth to fear him; to put them in mind of judgement +to come; to dispel their pride, and confound their boldness, +by recalling to their thoughts that dread time, +when the heavens and the earth being on fire, He will +come in the clouds, with great power and majesty, to +judge the quick and the dead. Wherefore,</q> said he, <q>it +behoves us to respond to His heavenly admonition with +due fear and love; that, as often as the air is moved and +He puts forth His hand threatening to strike, but does +not yet let it fall, we may immediately implore His mercy; +and searching the recesses of our hearts, and casting out +the dregs of our sins, we may carefully so act that we +may never deserve to be struck down.</q> +</p> + +<p> +With this revelation and narrative of the aforesaid +brother, concerning the death of this prelate, agrees the +account of the most reverend Father Egbert, above +spoken of,<note place='foot'>III, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_IV'>4</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVII'>27</ref>.</note> who long and zealously led a monastic life +with the same Ceadda, when both were youths, in Ireland, +in prayer and self-denial and meditation on the +Holy Scriptures. But whereas Ceadda afterwards returned +into his own country, Egbert continued to live +abroad for the Lord's sake till the end of his life. A long +time after, Hygbald, a man of great holiness and continence, +<pb n='224'/><anchor id='Pg224'/> +who was an abbot in the province of Lindsey,<note place='foot'>He is said to have been Abbot of Bardney.</note> +came from Britain to visit him, and whilst, as became +holy men, they were discoursing of the life of the former +fathers, and rejoicing to imitate the same, mention was +made of the most reverend prelate, Ceadda; whereupon +Egbert said, <q>I know a man in this island, still in the +flesh, who, when Ceadda passed away from this world, +saw the soul of his brother Cedd, with a company of +angels, descending from heaven, who, having taken +Ceadda's soul along with them, returned again to the +heavenly kingdom.</q> Whether he said this of himself, +or some other, we do not certainly know; but because +it was said by so great a man, there can be no doubt of +the truth thereof. +</p> + +<p> +Ceadda died on the 2nd of March,<note place='foot'>In 672. The original Church of St. Mary at Lichfield, said to +have been built by Oswy in 656-657, was replaced about 1140 by +the new Cathedral, and Ceadda's relics were soon after removed +to it.</note> and was first buried +by St. Mary's Church, but afterwards, when the church +of the most blessed chief of the Apostles, Peter, was +built in the same place, his bones were translated into +it. In both which places, as a testimony of his virtue, +frequent miracles of healing are wont to be wrought. +And of late, a certain man that had a frenzy, wandering +about everywhere, arrived there in the evening, unperceived +or disregarded by the keepers of the place, and +having rested there the whole of the night, came forth +in his right mind the next morning, to the surprise and +joy of all, and told what a cure had been wrought on +him through the goodness of God. The place of the +sepulchre is a wooden monument, made like a little +house, covered, having a hole in the wall, through which +those that go thither for devotion are wont to put in +their hand and take out some of the dust. This they put +into water and give to sick cattle or men to drink, +whereupon they are presently eased of their infirmity, +and restored to their desired health. +</p> + +<p> +In his place, Theodore ordained Wynfrid,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>III, 24</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi>, note.</note> a man of +<pb n='225'/><anchor id='Pg225'/> +good and sober life, to preside, like his predecessors, +over the bishoprics of the Mercians, the Midland Angles, +and Lindsey, of all which, Wulfhere, who was still +living, was king. Wynfrid was one of the clergy of the +prelate he succeeded, and had for no small time filled +the office of deacon under him. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_IV'/> +<head>Chap. IV. How Bishop Colman, having left Britain, +built two monasteries in the country of the Scots; the +one for the Scots, the other for the English whom he had +taken along with him. [667 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the meantime, Colman, the Scottish bishop, departing +from Britain,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVI'>III, 26</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi></note> took along with him all the Scots +whom he had gathered about him in the isle of Lindisfarne, +and also about thirty of the English nation, for +both these companies had been trained in duties of the +monastic life; and leaving some brothers in his church, +he went first to the isle of Hii,<note place='foot'>Iona. Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_III'>III, 3</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi>, note.</note> whence he had been sent +to preach the Word of God to the English nation. Afterwards +he retired to a small island, which is to the west +of Ireland, and at some distance from it, called in the +language of the Scots, Inisboufinde,<note place='foot'>Innisboffin, off the coast of Mayo. The annals of Ulster give +667 as the date of his retirement to it.</note> the Island of the +White Heifer. Arriving there, he built a monastery, and +placed in it the monks he had brought of both nations. +But they could not agree among themselves, by reason +that the Scots, in the summer season, when the harvest +was to be brought in, leaving the monastery, wandered +about through places known to them; but returned +again the next winter, and desired to use in common +what the English had provided. Colman sought to put +an end to this dissension, and travelling about far and +near, he found a place in the island of Ireland fitted to +be the site of a monastery, which, in the language of the +<pb n='226'/><anchor id='Pg226'/> +Scots, is called Mageo.<note place='foot'>Mayo, called from this settlement, <q>Mayo of the Saxons.</q> It +continued to be an English monastery (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi>), and after awhile +adopted those usages, to avoid which Colman had left England. +It became an episcopal see, which in 1559 was annexed to the +archbishopric of Tuam.</note> He bought a small part of it of +the chief to whom it belonged, to build his monastery +thereon; upon condition, that the monks dwelling there +should pray to the Lord for him who let them have the +place. Then at once building a monastery, with the +assistance of the chief and all the neighbouring people, he +placed the English there, leaving the Scots in the aforesaid +island. This monastery is to this day occupied by +English inhabitants; being the same that, grown from a +small beginning to be very large, is commonly called +Muigeo; and as all have long since been brought to +adopt better customs, it contains a notable society of +monks, who are gathered there from the province of the +English, and live by the labour of their own hands, after +the example of the venerable fathers, under a rule and +a canonical abbot, in much continence and singleness of +life. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_V'/> +<head>Chap. V. Of the death of the kings Oswy and Egbert, +and of the synod held at the place Herutford,<note place='foot'>Hertford.</note> in which +Archbishop Theodore presided. [670-673 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord 670,<note place='foot'>It seems probable that we ought to read 671; cf. Plummer <hi rend='italic'>ad +loc.</hi></note> being the second year after +Theodore arrived in England, Oswy, king of the Northumbrians, +fell sick, and died, in the fifty-eighth year of +his age.<note place='foot'>Oswy is the last king in Bede's list of those who held an +<q>imperium</q> (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_II_Chap_V'>II, 5</ref>). With the rise of Mercia under Wulfhere +(<ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>III, 24</ref>), the supremacy of Northumbria had virtually passed away. +After Oswy's death, the position of Northumbria was an isolated +one, and it was by conquests over Britons, not Englishmen, that +Egfrid enlarged the bounds of his kingdom.</note> He at that time bore so great affection to the +Roman Apostolic usages, that he had designed, if he +recovered from his sickness, to go to Rome, and there +<pb n='227'/><anchor id='Pg227'/> +to end his days at the holy places, having asked Bishop +Wilfrid, with a promise of no small gift of money, to +conduct him on his journey. He died on the 15th of +February, leaving his son Egfrid<note place='foot'>In his youth he had been a hostage at the court of Queen +Cynwise, wife of Penda (III, 24, p. <ref target='Pg188'>188</ref>).</note> his successor in the +kingdom. In the third year of his reign, Theodore +assembled a council of bishops, along with many other +teachers of the church, who loved and were acquainted +with the canonical statutes of the fathers. When they +were met together, he began, in the spirit which became +a bishop, to enjoin the observance of such things as were +in accordance with the unity and the peace of the Church. +The purport of the proceedings of this synod is as +follows:—<note place='foot'>This is of supreme importance as the first English provincial +Council and the first national assembly of the English. The rule +laid down at Nicaea and confirmed by later councils was that +provincial synods should meet twice a year to settle all ecclesiastical +matters which affected the province as a unity.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>In the name of our Lord God and Saviour Jesus +Christ, Who reigns for ever and governs His Church, it +was thought meet that we should assemble, according to +the custom prescribed in the venerable canons, to treat +about the necessary affairs of the Church. We met on +the 24th day of September, the first indiction,<note place='foot'>24th September, 673, falls in the first indiction, whether the +Pontifical or the <q>Caesarean</q> system is meant (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Haddan and +Stubbs, III, 121). Bede himself used the Caesarean indiction, of +which we get the first notice in his <q>De Temporum Ratione.</q> It +began on 24th September. It does not, however, follow that Theodore +also used it. The oldest scheme, viz., the Constantinopolitan, +began on 1st September; the Roman or Pontifical, on New Year's +Day as received at the time, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, 25th December, 1st January, or 21st +March. For Indictions, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <q>Dictionary of Christian Antiquities.</q> +They were cycles of fifteen years, a mode of reckoning dates which +appeared in the fourth century, based upon the Imperial fiscal +system, but which came to be used irrespective of taxation. <q>1st +indiction</q> stands for <q>1st year of the indiction.</q></note> at the +place which is called Herutford: I, Theodore, albeit unworthy, +appointed by the Apostolic see bishop of the +church of Canterbury; our fellow priest and brother, the +most reverend Bisi, bishop of the East Angles; and with +<pb n='228'/><anchor id='Pg228'/> +us also our brother and fellow priest, Wilfrid, bishop of +the nation of the Northumbrians, represented by his +proxies. There were present also our brothers and fellow +priests, Putta, bishop of the Kentish castle, called Rochester; +Leutherius, bishop of the West Saxons, and +Wynfrid, bishop of the province of the Mercians.<note place='foot'>Of the six suffragans only four were present. Wilfrid was at +this time (669-678) in possession of his see; why he did not appear +in person is not explained. Possibly his action foreshadows the +future troubles between him and Theodore. Wini, Bishop of +London, was still alive (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VII'>III, 7</ref>, and note). If the story of his +retirement to Winchester is true, this would account for his +absence. For Bisi, <hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi>. His see was at Dunwich (cf. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XV'>II, 15</ref>). +For Putta, <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_II'>2</ref> and note; for Leutherius, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VII'>III, 7</ref>; for Wynfrid, +<ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>III, 24</ref>; <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_III'>IV, 3</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi></note> When +we were all met together, and had sat down in order, I +said, <q>I beseech you, most dear brothers, for the fear +and love of our Redeemer, that we may all treat in +common on behalf of our faith; to the end that whatsoever +has been decreed and defined by holy and approved +fathers, may be inviolably observed by all of us.</q> This +and much more I spoke tending to charity and the preservation +of the unity of the Church; and when I had +ended my preface, I asked every one of them in order, +whether they consented to observe the things that had +been of old canonically decreed by the fathers? To which +all our fellow priests answered, <q>Most assuredly we are +all resolved to observe willingly and heartily whatsoever +is laid down in the canons of the holy fathers.</q> Then +forthwith I produced the said book of canons,<note place='foot'>The collection of Canons approved by the Council of Chalcedon, +translated into Latin by Dionysius Exiguus (early in the sixth +century, cf. V, 21, p. <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref>, note) and adopted by the Western Church.</note> and in +the presence of them all showed ten articles in the same, +which I had marked in several places, because I knew +them to be of the most importance to us, and entreated +that these might be most particularly received by them all.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Article I. That we all in common keep the holy day +of Easter on the Sunday after the fourteenth moon of the +first month.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>II. That no bishop intrude into the diocese of +<pb n='229'/><anchor id='Pg229'/> +another, but be satisfied with the government of the +people committed to him.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>III. That it shall not be lawful for any bishop to disturb +in any matter monasteries dedicated to God, nor to +take away forcibly any part of their property.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>IV. That the monks themselves do not move from +one place to another, that is, from monastery to monastery, +unless with the consent of their own abbot; but +that they continue in the obedience which they promised +at the time of their conversion.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>V. That no clerk, forsaking his own bishop, shall +wander about, or be anywhere received without commendatory +letters from his diocesan. But if he shall be +once received, and will not return when summoned, both +the receiver, and he that is received shall be under excommunication.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>VI. That bishops and clergy, when travelling, shall +be content with the hospitality that is afforded them; +and that it be not lawful for any one of them to exercise +any priestly function without leave of the bishop in whose +diocese he is known to be.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>VII. That a synod be assembled twice a year; but +on account of divers hindrances, it was approved by all, +that we should meet once a year, on the 1st of August, +at the place called Clofeshoch.<note place='foot'>This place used to be identified with Cliff-at-Hoe near Rochester, +but the theory rests mainly on the similarity of name. +As in the recorded Councils of Clovesho the supremacy of Mercia +is clearly indicated, it is generally assumed that the place must +have been either in Mercia or a kingdom subject to it, as Kent +was at the time. Except one Council in 716, we find none mentioned +as having taken place at Clovesho till seventy years after +this time (747), but councils were held at other places.</note></q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>VIII. That no bishop, through ambition, shall set +himself above another; but that they shall all observe +the time and order of their consecration.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>IX. The ninth Article was discussed in common, to +the effect that more bishops should be made, as the +number of the faithful increased; but this matter for the +present was passed over.<note place='foot'>The subdivision of the great bishoprics was an important part +of Theodore's policy, and though at this Council he failed to carry +his point, possibly through the opposition of Wilfrid's representatives, +in the succeeding years he effected a great change in the +organization of the episcopate, creating dioceses co-extensive +with tribal territories.</note></q> +</p> + +<pb n='230'/><anchor id='Pg230'/> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>X. Of marriages; that nothing be allowed but lawful +wedlock; that none commit incest; no man leave his +own wife, except it be, as the holy Gospel teaches, for +fornication. And if any man shall put away his own +wife, lawfully joined to him in matrimony, that he take +no other, if he wishes to be a true Christian, but continue +as he is, or else be reconciled to his own wife.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>These articles being thus discussed and defined in +common, to the end, that for the future, no stumbling-block +of contention might arise from any one of us, or +that things be falsely set forth, it was thought fit that +every one of us should, by the subscription of his own +hand, confirm all the particulars so defined. Which +judgement, as defined by us, I dictated to be written by +Titillus our notary. Given in the month and indiction +aforesaid. Whosoever, therefore, shall attempt in any +way to oppose or infringe this decision, confirmed by +our consent, and by the subscription of our hands, +according to the decree of the canons, must know, that +he is excluded from all sacerdotal functions, and from +our fellowship. May the Grace of God keep us in safety, +living in the unity of His Holy Church.</q> +</p> + +<p> +This synod was held in the year of our Lord 673. In +which year Egbert, king of Kent,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIX'>III, 29</ref>; <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_I'>IV, 1</ref>.</note> died in the month of +July; his brother Hlothere<note place='foot'>Cc. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXII'>22</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVI'>26</ref>.</note> succeeded him on the throne, +which he held eleven years and seven months. Bisi, the +bishop of the East Angles, who is said to have been in +the aforesaid synod, a man of great saintliness and piety, +was successor to Boniface,<note place='foot'>His original name was Bertgils, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XX'>III, 20</ref>.</note> before spoken of; for when +Boniface died, after having been bishop seventeen years, +he was ordained by Theodore and made bishop in his +place. Whilst he was still alive, but hindered by grievous +infirmity from administering his episcopal functions, two +<pb n='231'/><anchor id='Pg231'/> +bishops, Aecci and Badwin, were elected and consecrated +in his place; from which time to the present, that +province has had two bishops.<note place='foot'>Theodore availed himself of this opportunity for subdivision. +Aecci was appointed to Dunwich and Badwin to the new see of +Elmham. Suffolk and Norfolk thus each received a separate +bishopric. The Danish invasions broke up this arrangement; +Dunwich disappeared as an episcopal see, and the succession to +Elmham was interrupted for a time. In 1075 the see of the single +East Anglian bishopric was removed to Thetford, and in 1094 to +Norwich.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_VI'/> +<head>Chap. VI. How Wynfrid being deposed, Sexwulf received +his bishopric, and Earconwald was made bishop +of the East Saxons. [675 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Not long after these events, Theodore, the archbishop, +taking offence at some act of disobedience of Wynfrid, +bishop of the Mercians,<note place='foot'>It has been conjectured that he resisted the subdivision of his +diocese. For his subsequent adventures, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> III, 24, p. <ref target='Pg192'>192</ref>, note 4.</note> deposed him from his bishopric +when he had held it but a few years, and in his place +ordained Sexwulf bishop,<note place='foot'>This was probably in 675 (Flor. of Wor.). Sexwulf (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi> +c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>12</ref>) had been a rich thegn who became a monk and was made +first abbot of Medeshamstead.</note> who was founder and abbot of +the monastery which is called Medeshamstead,<note place='foot'>Peterborough, as the town which grew up around the monastery +came to be called in the tenth century, the monastery being +dedicated to St. Peter. Peada is said to have planned the foundation +(<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Peterborough additions to the Saxon Chronicle), but the +accounts are late and untrustworthy.</note> in the +country of the Gyrwas.<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_III_Chap_XX'>III, 20</ref>, note.</note> Wynfrid, thus deposed, returned +to his monastery which is called Ad Barvae,<note place='foot'>C. 3, p. <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref>, note 2.</note> and +there ended his life in holy conversation. +</p> + +<p> +Theodore then also appointed Earconwald,<note place='foot'>He succeeded Wini (<ref target='Book_III_Chap_VII'>III, 7</ref>) in 675 and died about 693. He was +canonized. It was in his house that the reconciliation between +Theodore and Wilfrid took place. It is said that as a boy he had +heard Mellitus preach in London. He was present at the West +Saxon Witenagemot which enacted the <q>Dooms of Ine</q> (c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XV'>15</ref> +and <ref target='Book_V_Chap_VII'>V, 7</ref>), and is spoken of as one of Ine's bishops, Essex being +probably subject to Wessex at that time.</note> bishop of +<pb n='232'/><anchor id='Pg232'/> +the East Saxons, in the city of London, over whom at +that time reigned Sebbi and Sighere, of whom mention +has been made above.<note place='foot'>In <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXX'>III, 30</ref>.</note> This Earconwald's life and conversation, +as well when he was bishop as before that +time, is said to have been most holy, as is even now +testified by heavenly miracles; for to this day, his horse-litter, +in which he was wont to be carried when sick, is +kept by his disciples, and continues to cure many of +fevers and other ailments; and not only sick persons +who are laid under that litter, or close by it, are cured; +but the very splinters cut from it, when carried to the +sick, are wont immediately to bring healing to them. +</p> + +<p> +This man, before he was made bishop, had built two +famous monasteries, the one for himself, and the other +for his sister Ethelburg,<note place='foot'>Cc. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_VII'>7-10</ref>. She is not to be confused with Ethelberg, daughter +of Anna (<ref target='Book_III_Chap_VIII'>III, 8</ref>), Abbess of Faremoûtier-en-Brie.</note> and established them both in +regular discipline of the best kind. That for himself was +in the district of Sudergeona, by the river Thames, at a +place called Cerotaesei,<note place='foot'>Chertsey in Surrey. William of Malmesbury tells us that it was +a flourishing monastery till it was destroyed by the Danes.</note> that is, the Island of Cerot; +that for his sister in the province of the East Saxons, at +a place called In Berecingum,<note place='foot'>Barking in Essex, <hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi> cc. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_VII'>7-10</ref>. For the preposition, +<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> II, 14, p. <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>, note 5.</note> wherein she might be a +mother and nurse of women devoted to God. Being put +into the government of that monastery, she showed herself +in all respects worthy of her brother the bishop, by +her own holy life and by her regular and pious care of +those under her rule, as was also manifested by heavenly +miracles. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_VII'/> +<head>Chap. VII. How it was indicated by a light from heaven +where the bodies of the nuns should be buried in the +monastery of Berecingum. [675 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>?]</head> + +<p> +In this monastery many miracles were wrought, accounts +of which have been committed to writing by those who +<pb n='233'/><anchor id='Pg233'/> +were acquainted with them, that their memory might be +preserved, and succeeding generations edified, and these +are in the possession of many persons; some of them we +also have taken pains to include in our History of the +Church. At the time of the pestilence, already often +mentioned,<note place='foot'>The plague of 664 has been mentioned in <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVII'>III, 27</ref>; IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_I'>1</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_III'>3</ref>; but +this may have been a later visitation. Barking is generally supposed +to have been founded in 666.</note> which ravaged all the country far and wide, +it had also seized on that part of this monastery where +the men abode, and they were daily hurried away to the +Lord. The careful mother of the community began often +to inquire of the sisters, when they were gathered together; +in what part of the monastery they desired to be +buried and a cemetery to be made, when the same affliction +should fall upon that part of the monastery in which +the handmaids of the Lord dwelt together apart from the +men, and they should be snatched away out of this world +by the same destruction as the rest. Receiving no certain +answer from the sisters, though she often questioned +them, she and all of them received a most certain answer +from the Divine Providence. For one night, after matins +had been sung, and those handmaids of Christ had gone +out of their chapel to the tombs of the brothers who had +departed this life before them, and were singing the +customary songs of praise to the Lord, on a sudden a +light from heaven, like a great sheet, came down upon +them all, and struck them with such amazement, that, in +consternation, they even left off singing their hymn. +But that resplendent light, in comparison wherewith the +sun at noon-day might seem dark, soon after, rising from +that place, removed to the south side of the monastery, +that is, to the westward of the chapel, and having continued +there some time, and rested upon those parts, in +the sight of them all withdrew itself again to heaven, +leaving no doubt in the minds of all, but that the same +light, which was to lead or to receive the souls of those +handmaids of Christ into Heaven, also showed the place +in which their bodies were to rest and await the day of +the resurrection. The radiance of this light was so great, +<pb n='234'/><anchor id='Pg234'/> +that one of the older brethren, who at the same time was +in their chapel with another younger than himself, related +in the morning, that the rays of light which came +in at the crannies of the doors and windows, seemed to +exceed the utmost brightness of daylight. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_VIII'/> +<head>Chap. VIII. How a little boy, dying in the same monastery, +called upon a virgin that was to follow him; and +how another nun, at the point of leaving her body, saw +some small part of the future glory. [675 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>?]</head> + +<p> +There was, in the same monastery, a boy, not above +three years old, called Aesica; who, by reason of his +tender age, was being brought up among the virgins +dedicated to God, there to learn his lessons. This child +being seized by the aforesaid pestilence, when his last +hour was come, called three times upon one of the +virgins consecrated to Christ, speaking to her by her +own name, as if she had been present, Eadgyth! Eadgyth! +Eadgyth! and thus ending his temporal life, +entered into that which is eternal. The virgin, to whom +he called, as he was dying, was immediately seized, +where she was, with the same sickness, and departing +this life the same day on which she had been summoned, +followed him that called her into the heavenly kingdom. +</p> + +<p> +Likewise, one of the same handmaids of God, being +smitten with the same disease, and reduced to the last +extremity, began on a sudden, about midnight, to cry +out to them that ministered to her, desiring they would +put out the lamp that was lighted there. And, when she +had done this many times, and yet no one did her will, +at last she said, <q>I know that you think I am raving, +when I say this, but be assured that it is not so; for I +tell you truly, that I see this house filled with so great a +light, that that lamp of yours seems to me to be altogether +dark.</q> And when still no one replied to what she said, +or did her bidding, she added, <q>Burn your lamp, then, +as long as you will; but know, that it is not my light, +for my light will come to me at the dawn of day.</q> Then +<pb n='235'/><anchor id='Pg235'/> +she began to tell, that a certain man of God, who had +died that same year, had appeared to her, telling her +that at the break of day she should depart to the eternal +light. The truth of which vision was speedily proved by +the maiden's death as soon as the day appeared. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chap. IX. Of the signs which were shown from Heaven +when the mother of that community departed this life. +[675 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>?]</head> + +<p> +Now when Ethelburg herself, the pious mother of that +community devoted to God, was about to be taken out +of this world, a wonderful vision appeared to one of the +sisters, called Tortgyth; who, having lived many years +in that monastery, always endeavoured, in all humility +and sincerity, to serve God herself, and to help the mother +to maintain regular discipline, by instructing and reproving +the younger ones. Now, in order that her virtue +might, according to the Apostle, be made perfect in +weakness, she was suddenly seized with a most grievous +bodily disease, under which, through the merciful providence +of our Redeemer, she was sorely tried for the +space of nine years; to the end, that whatever stain of +evil remained amidst her virtues, either through ignorance +or neglect, might all be purified in the furnace of +long tribulation. This woman, going out of the chamber +where she abode one night, at dusk, plainly saw as it were +a human body, which was brighter than the sun, wrapped +in fine linen, and lifted up on high, being taken out of +the house in which the sisters used to sleep. Then +looking earnestly to see what it was that drew up that +appearance of the glorious body which she beheld, she +perceived that it was raised on high as it were by cords +brighter than gold, until, entering into the open heavens, +it could no longer be seen by her. Reflecting on this +vision, she made no doubt that some one of the community +would soon die, and her soul be lifted up to +heaven by the good works which she had wrought, as it +were by golden cords. And so in truth it befell; for a +<pb n='236'/><anchor id='Pg236'/> +few days after, the beloved of God, Ethelburg, mother of +that community, was delivered out of the prison of the +flesh; and her life is proved to have been such that no +one who knew her ought to doubt that an entrance into +the heavenly country was open to her, when she departed +from this life. +</p> + +<p> +There was also, in the same monastery, a certain nun, +of noble origin in this world, and still nobler in the love +of the world to come; who had, for many years, been so +disabled in all her body, that she could not move a single +limb. When she heard that the body of the venerable +abbess had been carried into the church, till it should be +buried, she desired to be carried thither, and to be placed +bending towards it, after the manner of one praying; +which being done, she spoke to her as if she had been +living, and entreated her that she would obtain of the +mercy of our pitiful Creator, that she might be delivered +from such great and long-continued pains; nor was it +long before her prayer was heard: for being delivered +from the flesh twelve days after, she exchanged her +temporal afflictions for an eternal reward. +</p> + +<p> +For three years after the death of her Superior, the +aforesaid handmaid of Christ, Tortgyth, was detained in +this life and was so far spent with the sickness before +mentioned, that her bones scarce held together. At +last, when the time of her release was at hand, she +not only lost the use of her other limbs, but also of her +tongue; in which state having continued three days +and as many nights, she was, on a sudden, restored by +a spiritual vision, and opened her lips and eyes, and +looking up to heaven, began thus to speak to the vision +which she saw: <q>Very acceptable to me is thy coming, +and thou art welcome!</q> Having so said, she was silent +awhile, as it were, waiting for the answer of him whom +she saw and to whom she spoke; then, as if somewhat +displeased, she said, <q>I can in no wise gladly suffer +this;</q> then pausing awhile, she said again, <q>If it can +by no means be to-day, I beg that the delay may not be +long;</q> and again holding her peace a short while, she +concluded thus; <q>If it is certainly so determined, and +<pb n='237'/><anchor id='Pg237'/> +the decree cannot be altered, I beg that it may be no +longer deferred than this next night.</q> Having so said, +and being asked by those about her with whom she +talked, she said, <q>With my most dear mother, Ethelburg;</q> +by which they understood, that she was come +to acquaint her that the time of her departure was at +hand; for, as she had desired, after one day and night, +she was delivered alike from the bonds of the flesh and +of her infirmity and entered into the joys of eternal +salvation. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_X'/> +<head>Chap. X. How a blind woman, praying in the burial-place +of that monastery, was restored to her sight. [675 +<hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>?]</head> + +<p> +Hildilid, a devout handmaid of God, succeeded Ethelburg +in the office of abbess and presided over that +monastery with great vigour many years, till she was of +an extreme old age,<note place='foot'>Two different dates are given for her succession, 664 and 675. +If the former is right, the plague (c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_VII'>7</ref>) must have been that of 664, +and Ethelburg probably died of it. It appears from a letter of St. +Boniface that Hildilid was alive in 709. She was one of Aldhelm's +numerous women-scholars. He dedicated the prose version of his +work in praise of virginity (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'>V, 18</ref>) to her and others of the +sisterhood, and speaks highly of their scholarly attainments.</note> in the observance of regular discipline, +and carefully providing all things for the common +use. The narrowness of the space where the monastery +is built, led her to determine that the bones of the +servants and handmaidens of Christ, who had been +there buried, should be taken up, and should all be +translated into the church of the Blessed Mother of God, +and interred in one place. How often a brightness of +heavenly light was seen there, when this was done, and +a fragrancy of wonderful sweetness arose, and what +other signs were revealed, whosoever reads will find in +the book from which we have taken these tales.<note place='foot'>Apparently a life of St. Ethelburg not known to exist now.</note> +</p> + +<p> +But in truth, I think it by no means fit to pass over +<pb n='238'/><anchor id='Pg238'/> +the miracle of healing, which the same book informs us +was wrought in the cemetery of that community dedicated +to God. There lived in that neighbourhood a certain +thegn, whose wife was seized with a sudden dimness +in her eyes, and as the malady increased daily, it became +so burdensome to her, that she could not see the least +glimpse of light. Having continued some time wrapped +in the night of this blindness, on a sudden she bethought +herself that she might recover her lost sight, if she were +carried to the monastery of the nuns, and there prayed +at the relics of the saints. Nor did she lose any time in +fulfilling that which she had conceived in her mind: for +being conducted by her maids to the monastery, which +was very near, and professing that she had perfect faith +that she should be there healed, she was led into the +cemetery, and having long prayed there on her knees, +she did not fail to be heard, for as she rose from prayer, +before she went out of the place, she received the gift of +sight which she had desired; and whereas she had been +led thither by the hands of her maids, she now returned +home joyfully without help: as if she had lost the light +of this world to no other end than that she might show +by her recovery how great a light is vouchsafed to the +saints of Christ in Heaven, and how great a grace of +healing power. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_XI'/> +<head>Chap. XI. How Sebbi, king of the same province, ended +his life in a monastery. [694 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +At that time, as the same little book informs us, Sebbi,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXX'>III, 30</ref>; <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_VI'>IV, 6</ref>.</note> +a very devout man, of whom mention has been made +above, governed the kingdom of the East Saxons. His +mind was set on religious acts, frequent prayer and pious +fruits of almsgiving; he esteemed a private and monastic +life better than all the wealth and honours of his kingdom, +and he would have long before left his kingdom +and adopted that life, had not his wife firmly refused to +<pb n='239'/><anchor id='Pg239'/> +be divorced from him; for which reason many were of +opinion and often said that a man of such a disposition +ought rather to have been made a bishop than a king. +When he had spent thirty years as a king and a soldier +of the heavenly kingdom, he fell into great bodily infirmity, +of which he afterwards died, and he admonished +his wife, that they should then at least together devote +themselves to the service of God, since they could no +longer together enjoy, or rather serve, the world. +Having with much difficulty obtained this of her, he +went to Waldhere, bishop of London, who had succeeded +Earconwald,<note place='foot'>For Earconwald, <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_VI'>6</ref>. Waldhere is the first of a long list +of undistinguished bishops of London given by William of Malmesbury. +A letter of his to Archbishop Bertwald survives, and there is +a charter in which Swefred (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> next note) grants lands at Twickenham +to him in 704.</note> and with his blessing received the +religious habit, which he had long desired. He also +carried to him a considerable sum of money, to be given +to the poor, reserving nothing to himself, but rather +coveting to remain poor in spirit for the sake of the +kingdom of Heaven. +</p> + +<p> +When the aforesaid sickness increased, and he perceived +the day of his death to be drawing near, being a +man of a royal disposition, he began to apprehend lest, +when in great pain, at the approach of death, he might +commit anything unworthy of his character, either by +word or gesture. Wherefore, calling to him the aforesaid +bishop of London, in which city he then was, he entreated +him that none might be present at his death, +besides the bishop himself, and two of his own attendants. +The bishop having promised that he would most +willingly grant his request, not long after the man of +God composed himself to sleep, and saw a consoling +vision, which took from him all anxiety concerning the +aforesaid uneasiness; and, moreover, showed him on +what day he was to end his life. For, as he afterwards +related, he saw three men in shining garments come to +him; one of whom sat down by his bed, whilst his companions +who had come with him stood and inquired +<pb n='240'/><anchor id='Pg240'/> +about the state of the sick man they had come to visit, +and he said that the king's soul should quit his body +without any pain, and with a great splendour of light; +and told him that he should die the third day after. +Both these things came to pass, as he had learnt from +the vision; for on the third day after, at the ninth hour, +he suddenly fell, as it were, into a light slumber, and +without any sense of pain he gave up the ghost. +</p> + +<p> +A stone coffin had been prepared for his burial, but +when they came to lay him in it, they found his body +a span longer than the coffin. Hereupon they chipped +away as much of the stone as they could, and made +the coffin about two inches longer; but not even so +would it contain the body. Wherefore because of this +difficulty of entombing him, they had thoughts either to +get another coffin, or else to shorten the body, by bending +it at the knees, if they could, so that the coffin might +contain it. But Heaven interposed and a miracle prevented +the execution of either of those designs; for on a +sudden, in the presence of the bishop and Sighard, who +was the son of that same king and monk, and who reigned +after him jointly with his brother Suefred,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_VIII'>V, 8</ref>, note on Suaebhard.</note> and of no small +number of men, that coffin was found to fit the length of +the body, insomuch that a pillow might even be put in +at the head; and at the feet the coffin was four inches +longer than the body. He was buried in the church of +the blessed teacher of the Gentiles,<note place='foot'>St. Paul's, London. Sebbi's tomb is believed to have survived +till the fire of 1666.</note> by whose doctrine +he had learned to hope for heavenly things. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='241'/><anchor id='Pg241'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_XII'/> +<head>Chap. XII. How Haedde succeeded Leutherius in the +bishopric of the West Saxons; how Cuichelm succeeded +Putta in the bishopric of the church of Rochester, and +was himself succeeded by Gebmund; and who were then +bishops of the Northumbrians. [673-681 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Leutherius was the fourth bishop of the West Saxons; +for Birinus was the first, Agilbert the second, and Wini +the third.<note place='foot'>For these bishops, cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VII'>III, 7</ref>.</note> When Coinwalch,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi> He died in 672 (Sax. Chron.). Of the sub-kings the +most prominent were Aescwine and Centwine, a brother of Coinwalch. +The Saxon Chronicle gives a different account. According +to it, Coinwalch's widow, Sexburg, reigned for one year after +him and was succeeded by Aescwine, who was succeeded by +Centwine.</note> in whose reign the said +Leutherius was made bishop, died, the sub-kings took +upon them the government of the nation, and dividing it +among themselves, held it for about ten years; and +during their rule he died, and Haedde<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VII'>III, 7</ref>, and for his character, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'>V, 18</ref>. The Saxon Chronicle +says he succeeded in 676 and died in 703. Bede places his death +in 705 (<ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'>V, 18</ref>).</note> succeeded him in +the bishopric, having been consecrated by Theodore, in +the city of London. During his episcopate, Caedwalla,<note place='foot'>Cc. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XV'>15</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVI'>16</ref>, and <ref target='Book_V_Chap_VII'>V, 7</ref>. He was of Ceaulin's line (<ref target='Book_II_Chap_V'>II, 5</ref>) and so +belonged to a younger branch of the West Saxon royal house. +Welsh writers confuse him with the British king, Caedwalla +(<ref target='Book_II_Chap_XX'>II, 20</ref>), and with his son, Cadwalader.</note> +having subdued and removed the sub-kings, took upon +himself the supreme authority. When he had held it for +two years, and whilst the same bishop still governed the +church, at length impelled by love of the heavenly kingdom, +he quitted it and, going away to Rome, ended his +days there, as shall be said more fully hereafter. +</p> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord 676, when Ethelred, king of +the Mercians,<note place='foot'>A son of Penda. He succeeded his brother Wulfhere in 675. +In 704 he became a monk (<ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>V, 24</ref>) and afterwards Abbot of Bardney +Monastery (cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XI'>III, 11</ref>), which he is said to have founded. His invasion +of Kent was probably provoked by an attempt on the part of +that kingdom, at Wulfhere's death, to resume a position of independence +towards Mercia. In spite of his conduct on this raid, +Theodore, Florence of Worcester, and others, speak of the saintliness +of his character.</note> ravaged Kent with a hostile army, and +<pb n='242'/><anchor id='Pg242'/> +profaned churches and monasteries, without regard to +pity, or the fear of God, in the general destruction he laid +waste the city of Rochester; Putta,<note place='foot'>Cc. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_II'>2</ref> (and note), <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_V'>5</ref>.</note> who was bishop, +was absent at that time, but when he understood that +his church was ravaged, and everything taken away from +it, he went to Sexwulf, bishop of the Mercians,<note place='foot'>C. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_VI'>6</ref>, and note, and <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi>, p. <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref>.</note> and +having received of him a certain church, and a small +piece of land, ended his days there in peace; in no way +endeavouring to restore his bishopric, for, as has been +said above, he was more industrious in ecclesiastical +than in worldly affairs; serving God only in that church, +and going wherever he was desired, to teach Church +music. Theodore consecrated Cuichelm bishop of Rochester +in his stead; but he, not long after, departing +from his bishopric for want of necessaries, and withdrawing +to other parts, Gebmund was put in his place +by Theodore.<note place='foot'>The dates of these changes in the episcopate are uncertain. +Probably Gebmund was consecrated in 678. For his death, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_V_Chap_VIII'>V, 8</ref> +<hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi>, and note.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord 678, which is the eighth of the +reign of Egfrid, in the month of August, appeared a +star, called a comet, which continued for three months, +rising in the morning, and sending forth, as it were, a +tall pillar of radiant flame. The same year a dissension +broke out between King Egfrid and the most reverend +prelate, Wilfrid, who was driven from his see,<note place='foot'>This was Wilfrid's first expulsion (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIX'>V, 19</ref>). Bede's reticence +on the subject is noteworthy. Egfrid's hostility to his former +friend, Wilfrid, was doubtless caused by Wilfrid's encouragement +of Queen Ethelthryth (cc. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIX'>19</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XX'>20</ref>) in her desire to take the veil. It +was probably increased by Egfrid's second wife, Eormenburg, +who is said to have resented Wilfrid's power and magnificence. +Theodore, carrying out his policy of subdivision, availed himself +of the opportunity afforded by this dissension. He consulted some +of his suffragans (we do not know who they were; it was apparently +at a mixed council of ecclesiastics and laymen), but did not communicate +with Wilfrid, being, no doubt, conscious of the uselessness +of trying to get his consent. Wilfrid, after demanding an +explanation from the archbishop and the king in a Northumbrian +<q>gemot,</q> and receiving no satisfaction, appealed to Rome (cf. +V, 19, p. <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>). For the importance of this step, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Bright, <q>Early +English Church History,</q> pp. 323-326.</note> and two +bishops substituted for him, to preside over the nation +<pb n='243'/><anchor id='Pg243'/> +of the Northumbrians,<note place='foot'>Probably the intention was that Wilfrid should keep the larger +part of Deira, with his see at York, and that three new dioceses +should be formed. But, on his departure to appeal to Rome, it was +assumed that he had resigned his bishopric, and Bosa was consecrated +Bishop of Deira with his see at York, Eata, Bishop of +the Bernicians, with the option of fixing his see either at Lindisfarne +or Hagustald (Hexham). These two were <q>substituted for +him.</q> Lindsey, which at this time belonged to Northumbria, became +for the first time a separate diocese. When it passed again +to Mercia in 679 it was included in the subdivision of the Mercian +bishopric, and Ethelwin (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi> note 6) became its bishop with +his see at Sidnacaestir (generally identified with Stow, but the +locality is unknown).</note> namely, Bosa,<note place='foot'>He was one of the bishops educated in Hilda's monastery (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> +c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXIII'>23</ref>). Bede speaks highly of him (V, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_III'>3</ref>, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XX'>20</ref>), and Alcuin calls him +<q>vir sine fraude bonus.</q> He retired from York when Wilfrid was +restored, but appears to have been reinstated on Wilfrid's second +expulsion.</note> to govern the +province of the Deiri; and Eata<note place='foot'>Abbot of Melrose, afterwards of Lindisfarne (<ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVI'>III, 26</ref>, and +note; <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVII'>IV, 27</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_IX'>V, 9</ref>).</note> that of the Bernicians; +the former having his episcopal see in the city of York, +the latter either in the church of Hagustald, or of Lindisfarne; +both of them promoted to the episcopal dignity +from a community of monks. With them also Eadhaed<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVIII'>III, 28</ref>, and this Chapter, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi>, and note.</note> +was ordained bishop for the province of Lindsey, which +King Egfrid had but newly acquired, having defeated +Wulfhere and put him to flight;<note place='foot'>In 675. Lindsey which had been Northumbrian under Edwin +and Oswald, had passed through many vicissitudes. Penda conquered +it, Oswy recovered it (in 655), Wulfhere conquered it +again, Egfrid recovered it (675). It passed finally to Mercia under +Ethelred in 679 (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi> this Chapter, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi>).</note> and this was the first +bishop of its own which that province had; the second +was Ethelwin;<note place='foot'>III, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XI'>11</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVII'>27</ref>.</note> the third Edgar;<note place='foot'>He was still Bishop of Lindsey in 706, when he signed a charter +of Ethelward, <q>subregulus</q> of the Hwiccas.</note> the fourth +<pb n='244'/><anchor id='Pg244'/> +Cynibert,<note place='foot'>Preface, p. <ref target='Pg004'>4</ref>, and <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIII'>V, 23</ref>. Simeon of Durham says that he +died in 732.</note> who is there at present. Before Eadhaed, Sexwulf<note place='foot'>Lindsey was at that time subject to Mercia. Sexwulf was expelled +when Egfrid conquered it in 675. When the Mercian +diocese was subdivided, he retained his see at Lichfield (<hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> +c. 3, p. <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref>, note) as Bishop of the Mercians proper.</note> +was bishop as well of that province as of the Mercians and +Midland Angles; so that, when expelled from Lindsey, +he continued in the government of those provinces. +Eadhaed, Bosa, and Eata, were ordained at York by +archbishop Theodore;<note place='foot'>By Theodore alone. The suffragans did not take part in the +consecration.</note> who also, three years after the +departure of Wilfrid, added two bishops to their number: +Tunbert,<note place='foot'>In 681 a fresh subdivision took place. The Bernician diocese +was divided, Eata retaining Lindisfarne and giving up Hexham to +Tunbert. Afterwards Eata retired from Lindisfarne in favour of +Cuthbert and took Hexham (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVIII'>28</ref>). Tunbert had been +Abbot of Gilling (In Getlingum, III, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIV'>14</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>). He was deposed by +Theodore from Hexham three years after his consecration (<hi rend='italic'>v. +infra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVIII'>28</ref>), like Wynfrid, <q>pro culpa cujusdam inobedientiae</q> +(Vita Eatae in <q>Miscellanea Biographica,</q> Surtees Society).</note> appointed to the church of Hagustald, Eata +still continuing in that of Lindisfarne; and Trumwine<note place='foot'>His see was not at Whitern among the Picts of Galloway, as +has been supposed (Florence of Worcester, Richard of Hexham, +and others), but at the monastery of Abercorn on the Forth (<ref target='Book_I_Chap_XII'>I, 12</ref>; +<ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVI'>IV, 26</ref>), the Picts north of the Forth being at this time subject to +Northumbria. After Egfrid's disastrous expedition in 685, they +freed themselves from Northumbrian rule, the see was abandoned, +and Trumwine retired to Whitby (c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVI'>26</ref>). We hear of him as one +of the deputation to Cuthbert in 684 (c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVIII'>28</ref>).</note> to +the province of the Picts, which at that time was subject +to English rule. Eadhaed returning from Lindsey, because +Ethelred had recovered that province,<note place='foot'>In 679; <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi>, p. <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref>, note 5.</note> was placed +by Theodore over the church of Ripon.<note place='foot'>Whether Ripon became for a time an episcopal see seems +doubtful. In <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVIII'>III, 28</ref>, Bede says distinctly that Eadhaed became +<q>praesul</q> of the church there, and it does not seem consistent +with his use to understand it as = abbot. Probably there was an +attempt to subdivide the diocese of Deira (Eddius mentions it as +one of Wilfrid's grievances), but the scheme was abandoned when +Wilfrid was restored in 705. Ripon did not finally become an +episcopal see till 1836.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='245'/><anchor id='Pg245'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_XIII'/> +<head>Chap. XIII. How Bishop Wilfrid converted the province +of the South Saxons to Christ. [681 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +But Wilfrid was expelled from his bishopric, and having +long travelled in many lands, went to Rome,<note place='foot'>For a fuller account, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIX'>V, 19</ref>, and notes.</note> and afterwards +returned to Britain. Though he could not, by +reason of the enmity of the aforesaid king, be received +into his own country or diocese, yet he could not be +restrained from the ministry of the Gospel; for, taking +his way into the province of the South Saxons,<note place='foot'>For the early importance of this kingdom under Aelli, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_II_Chap_V'>II, 5</ref>. +It had become a small insignificant nation, cut off from its neighbours +by forests (the <q>Andredsweald</q>) and marshes, and though +we read (<ref target='Book_III_Chap_XX'>III, 20</ref>) that Damian, bishop of Rochester, was of the +South Saxon race, it was almost untouched by Christian influences.</note> which +extends from Kent to the south and west, as far as the +West Saxons, containing land of 7,000 families, and was +at that time still in bondage to pagan rites, he administered +to them the Word of faith, and the Baptism of +salvation. Ethelwalch,<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XV'>15</ref>.</note> king of that nation, had been, +not long before, baptized in the province of the Mercians, +at the instance of King Wulfhere,<note place='foot'>He also brought about the reconversion of the East Saxons by +sending Bishop Jaruman to them. Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXX'>III, 30</ref>.</note> who was present, and +received him as his godson when he came forth from the +font, and in token of this adoption gave him two provinces, +to wit, the Isle of Wight, and the province of the +Meanware, in the country of the West Saxons.<note place='foot'>Wulfhere had invaded Wessex, probably in 661 (Sax. Chron.), +and conquered the Isle of Wight and the district of the Meanware, +<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, the district from Southampton Water to the South Downs. +The inhabitants were Jutes. The name survives in the hundreds, +Meonstoke, and East and West Meon. For the termination +<q>ware</q> = dwellers, cf. Lindisfari, Cantuarii, Boructuari, etc.</note> The +bishop, therefore, with the king's consent, or rather to his +great joy, cleansed in the sacred font the foremost ealdormen +and thegns of that country; and the priests, Eappa,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIV'>14</ref>.</note> +and Padda, and Burghelm, and Oiddi, either then, or +<pb n='246'/><anchor id='Pg246'/> +afterwards, baptized the rest of the people. The queen, +whose name was Eabae, had been baptized in her own +country, the province of the Hwiccas.<note place='foot'>Cf. II, 2, p. <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref>, note 2.</note> She was the +daughter of Eanfrid, the brother of Aenhere,<note place='foot'>They were probably joint kings of the Hwiccas.</note> who were +both Christians, as were their people; but all the province +of the South Saxons was ignorant of the Name of +God and the faith. But there was among them a certain +monk of the Scottish nation, whose name was Dicul,<note place='foot'><q>Scottish,</q> as usual, means Irish. There is another Dicul +mentioned in <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIX'>III, 19</ref>. Stevenson suggests the identification of this +Dicul with the Irish monk who wrote a geographical work, the +<q>De Mensura Orbis Terrae,</q> but he lived in the ninth century.</note> +who had a very small monastery, at the place called +Bosanhamm,<note place='foot'>Bosham, near Chichester. It was the favourite South Saxon +abode of Harold and Godwine (Freeman, <q>Norman Conquest</q>).</note> encompassed by woods and seas, and in +it there were five or six brothers, who served the Lord +in humility and poverty; but none of the natives cared +either to follow their course of life, or hear their +preaching. +</p> + +<p> +But Bishop Wilfrid, while preaching the Gospel to the +people, not only delivered them from the misery of eternal +damnation, but also from a terrible calamity of temporal +death. For no rain had fallen in that district for three +years before his arrival in the province, whereupon a +grievous famine fell upon the people and pitilessly destroyed +them; insomuch that it is said that often forty +or fifty men, wasted with hunger, would go together to +some precipice, or to the sea-shore, and there, hand in +hand, in piteous wise cast them themselves down either +to perish by the fall, or be swallowed up by the waves. +But on the very day on which the nation received the +Baptism of the faith, there fell a soft but plentiful rain; +the earth revived, the fields grew green again, and the +season was pleasant and fruitful. Thus the old superstition +was cast away, and idolatry renounced, the heart +and flesh of all rejoiced in the living God, for they perceived +that He Who is the true God had enriched them +by His heavenly grace with both inward and outward +<pb n='247'/><anchor id='Pg247'/> +blessings. For the bishop, when he came into the province, +and found so great misery from famine there, +taught them to get their food by fishing; for their sea +and rivers abounded in fish, but the people had no skill +to take any of them, except eels alone. The bishop's +men having gathered eel-nets everywhere, cast them +into the sea, and by the blessing of God took three +hundred fishes of divers sorts, which being divided +into three parts, they gave a hundred to the poor, a +hundred to those of whom they had the nets, and kept +a hundred for their own use. By this benefit the bishop +gained the affections of them all, and they began more +readily at his preaching to hope for heavenly blessings, +seeing that by his help they had received those which +are temporal. +</p> + +<p> +At this time, King Ethelwalch gave to the most +reverend prelate, Wilfrid, land to the extent of eighty-seven +families, to maintain his company who were +wandering in exile. The place is called Selaeseu,<note place='foot'>Selsey, the island of the seal (<q>sea-calf</q>), south of Chichester. +It was a royal <q>vill.</q> It became the episcopal see for the South +Saxons at some time about 709 (cf. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'>V, 18</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi> and note), +transferred to Chichester in 1075.</note> that +is, the Island of the Sea-Calf; it is encompassed by the +sea on all sides, except the west, where is an entrance +about the cast of a sling in width; which sort of place is +by the Latins called a peninsula, by the Greeks, a cherronesos. +Bishop Wilfrid, having this place given him, +founded therein a monastery, chiefly of the brethren he +had brought with him, and established a rule of life; and +his successors are known to be there to this day. He +himself, both in word and deed performed the duties of +a bishop in those parts during the space of five years, +until the death of King Egfrid,<note place='foot'>Egfrid fell at the battle of Nechtansmere in 685 (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVI'>26</ref>), +and Wilfrid was restored to his bishopric <q>in the second year of +Aldfrid,</q> Egfrid's successor (V, 19, p. <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref>). He was in Wessex +with Caedwalla for part of the year 686 (cf. c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVI'>16</ref>).</note> and was justly honoured +by all. And forasmuch as the king, together with the +said place, gave him all the goods that were therein, +with the lands and men, he instructed all the people in +<pb n='248'/><anchor id='Pg248'/> +the faith of Christ, and cleansed them in the water of +Baptism. Among whom were two hundred and fifty +bondsmen and bondswomen, all of whom he saved by +Baptism from slavery to the Devil, and in like manner, +by giving them their liberty, set them free from slavery +to man. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_XIV'/> +<head>Chap. XIV. How a pestilence ceased through the intercession +of King Oswald. [681-686 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In this monastery, at that time, certain special manifestations +of the heavenly grace are said to have been +shown forth; in as much as the tyranny of the Devil had +been recently cast out and Christ had begun to reign +there. Of these I have thought it proper to perpetuate +the memory of one which the most reverend Bishop +Acca<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIII'>III, 13</ref>, note.</note> was wont often to relate to me, affirming that +it had been told him by most creditable brothers of the +same monastery. About the same time that this province +had received the faith of Christ, a grievous pestilence +fell upon many provinces of Britain; which, also, by the +Divine dispensation, reached to the aforesaid monastery, +then governed by the most religious priest of Christ, +Eappa;<note place='foot'>C. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIII'>13</ref>.</note> and many, as well of those that had come +thither with the bishop, as of those of the same province +of the South Saxons who had been lately called to the +faith, were snatched away out of this world. The +brethren, therefore, thought fit to keep a fast of three +days, and humbly to implore the Divine goodness to +vouchsafe to have mercy on them, either by delivering +from instant death those that were in danger by reason +of the disease, or by saving those who were hurried out +of this life from the eternal damnation of their souls. +</p> + +<p> +There was at that time in the monastery, a little boy, +of the Saxon nation, lately called to the faith, who had +been attacked by the same infirmity, and had long kept +his bed. On the second day of the aforesaid fasting and +<pb n='249'/><anchor id='Pg249'/> +prayer, it happened about the second hour of the day, +that this boy was left alone in the place where he lay +sick, when on a sudden, through the Divine disposition, +the most blessed chiefs of the Apostles vouchsafed to +appear to him; for he was a boy of a very simple and +gentle disposition, and with sincere devotion observed +the mysteries of the faith which he had received. The +Apostles therefore, greeting him with loving words, said, +<q rend='pre'>My son, fear not death, concerning which thou art +troubled; for this day we will bring thee to the kingdom +of Heaven; but first thou must needs wait till the Masses +are celebrated, that having received thy voyage provision,<note place='foot'>This English equivalent for <q>viaticum</q> is used by Stapleton +in his translation (1565).</note> +the Body and Blood of our Lord, and so being +set free from sickness and death, thou mayest be taken +up to the everlasting joys in Heaven.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Call therefore to thee the priest, Eappa, and tell +him, that the Lord has heard your prayers, and has +favourably looked upon your devotion and your fast, +and not one more shall die of this plague, either in the +monastery or the lands adjacent to it; but all your people +who any where labour under this sickness, shall be raised +up from their weakness, and restored to their former +health, saving thee alone, who art this day to be delivered +from death, and to be carried into Heaven, to +behold our Lord Christ, whom thou hast faithfully +served. This favour the Divine mercy has vouchsafed +to grant you, through the intercession of the godly King +Oswald, beloved of God, who formerly nobly ruled over +the nation of the Northumbrians, with the authority of +a temporal kingdom and the devotion of Christian piety +which leads to the eternal kingdom. For this very day +that king was killed in body by the infidels in war, and +straightway taken up to Heaven to the everlasting joys +of souls, and brought into fellowship with the number of +the elect. Let them look in their records,<note place='foot'>Calendars to show the proper days for commemorative Masses, +cf. <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi> <q>chronicle</q> (<q>annale</q>). The burial was generally on +the day of death, hence <q>depositio</q> of the festival of a saint.</note> wherein the +<pb n='250'/><anchor id='Pg250'/> +burial of the dead is set down, and they will find that he +was, this day, as we have said, taken out of this world. +Let them, therefore, celebrate Masses in all the oratories +of this monastery, either in thanksgiving because their +prayers are heard, or else in memory of the aforesaid +King Oswald, who once governed their nation,<note place='foot'>It must be remembered that this was a monastery of Northumbrians. +But Oswald is said to have held an <q>imperium</q> over +all England except Kent (<ref target='Book_II_Chap_V'>II, 5</ref>).</note> and +therefore humbly prayed to the Lord for them, as for +converts of his nation; and let all the brethren assemble +in the church, and all communicate in the heavenly +Sacrifices, and so let them cease to fast, and refresh the +body also with the food that belongs to it.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The boy called the priest, and repeated all these +words to him; and the priest carefully inquired after the +habit and form of the men that had appeared to him. +He answered, <q>Their habit was altogether noble, and +their countenances most pleasant and beautiful, such as +I had never seen before, nor did I think there could be +any men so fair and comely. One of them indeed was +shorn like a clerk, the other had a long beard; and they +said that one of them was called Peter, the other Paul; +and they were the servants of our Lord and Saviour +Jesus Christ, sent by Him from Heaven to protect our +monastery.</q> The priest believed what the boy said, and +going thence immediately, looked in his chronicle, and +found that King Oswald had been killed on that very +day. He then called the brethren, ordered dinner to be +provided, Masses to be said, and all of them to communicate +as usual; causing also a part of the same +Sacrifice of the Lord's Oblation to be carried to the +sick boy. +</p> + +<p> +Soon after this, the boy died, on that same day; and +by his death proved that the words which he had heard +from the Apostles of Christ were true. And this moreover +bore witness to the truth of his words, that none +besides himself, belonging to the same monastery, was +taken away at that time. And without doubt, by this +vision, many that heard of it were wonderfully excited +<pb n='251'/><anchor id='Pg251'/> +to implore the Divine mercy in adversity, and to submit +to the wholesome remedy of fasting. From that time, +the day of commemoration of that king and soldier of +Christ began to be yearly honoured with the celebration +of Masses, not only in that monastery, but in many +other places. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_XV'/> +<head>Chap. XV. How King Caedwalla, king of the Gewissae, +having slain Ethelwalch, wasted that Province with cruel +slaughter and devastation. [685 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the meantime, Caedwalla,<note place='foot'>C. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>12</ref>, note.</note> a young man of great +vigour, of the royal race of the Gewissae,<note place='foot'>The West Saxons, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_II_Chap_V'>II, 5</ref> and note. Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VII'>III, 7</ref>.</note> an exile from +his country, came with an army, slew Ethelwalch,<note place='foot'>C. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIII'>13</ref>.</note> and +wasted that province with cruel slaughter and devastation; +but he was soon expelled by Berthun and Andhun, +the king's ealdormen, who held in succession the government +of the province. The first of them was afterwards +killed by the same Caedwalla, when he was king of the +Gewissae, and the province was reduced to more grievous +slavery: Ini,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_V_Chap_VII'>V, 7</ref> <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi> Like Caedwalla, a descendant of Ceaulin, +<q>A king who deserves the name of great</q> (Bright), great both as +a conqueror and a legislator. He was probably the first king to +introduce written law into Wessex, viz., his famous <q>Dooms,</q> +enacted by a West Saxon witenagemot in the early years of his +reign.</note> likewise, who reigned after Caedwalla, oppressed +that country with the like servitude for many +years; for which reason, during all that time, they could +have no bishop of their own; but their first bishop, Wilfrid, +having been recalled home, they were subject to +the bishop of the Gewissae, that is, the West Saxons, +who were in the city of Venta.<note place='foot'>Winchester. At this time Haedde was bishop there (c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>12</ref>). +For the creation of a South Saxon bishopric <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIII'>V, 18</ref> <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi></note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='252'/><anchor id='Pg252'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_XVI'/> +<head>Chap. XVI. How the Isle of Wight received Christian +inhabitants, and two royal youths of that island were +killed immediately after Baptism. [686 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +After Caedwalla had obtained possession of the kingdom +of the Gewissae, he took also the Isle of Wight, +which till then was entirely given over to idolatry, and +by merciless slaughter endeavoured to destroy all the inhabitants +thereof, and to place in their stead people from +his own province; binding himself by a vow, though it +is said that he was not yet regenerated in Christ, to give +the fourth part of the land and of the spoil to the Lord, +if he took the island. He fulfilled this vow by giving the +same for the service of the Lord to Bishop Wilfrid, who +happened at the time to have come thither from his own +people.<note place='foot'>Eddius says that Caedwalla sent for him and made him his +counsellor; Wilfrid had befriended him when in exile.</note> The measure of that island, according to the +computation of the English, is of twelve hundred families, +wherefore an estate of three hundred families was given +to the Bishop. The part which he received, he committed +to one of his clerks called Bernwin, who was his sister's +son, assigning to him a priest, whose name was Hiddila, +to administer the Word and laver of life to all that would +be saved. +</p> + +<p> +Here I think it ought not to be omitted that, as the first +fruits of those of that island who believed and were saved, +two royal boys, brothers to Arwald, king of the island,<note place='foot'>Roger of Wendover calls him a <foreign rend='italic'>subregulus</foreign>.</note> +were crowned with the special grace of God. For when +the enemy approached, they made their escape out of the +island, and crossed over into the neighbouring province +of the Jutes.<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XV'>I, 15</ref>.</note> Coming to the place called At the Stone,<note place='foot'>Stoneham on the Itchen, near Southampton. For the preposition, +cf. II, 14, p. <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>, note 5.</note> +they thought to be concealed from the victorious king, +but they were betrayed and ordered to be killed. This +<pb n='253'/><anchor id='Pg253'/> +being made known to a certain abbot and priest, whose +name was Cynibert, who had a monastery not far from +there, at a place called Hreutford,<note place='foot'>Redbridge in Hampshire.</note> that is, the Ford of +Reeds, he came to the king, who then lay in concealment +in those parts to be cured of the wounds which he had +received whilst he was fighting in the Isle of Wight, and +begged of him, that if the boys must needs be killed, he +might be allowed first to instruct them in the mysteries +of the Christian faith. The king consented, and the +bishop having taught them the Word of truth, and +cleansed them in the font of salvation, assured to them +their entrance into the kingdom of Heaven. Then the executioner +came, and they joyfully underwent the temporal +death, through which they did not doubt they were to +pass to the life of the soul, which is everlasting. Thus, +after this manner, when all the provinces of Britain had +received the faith of Christ, the Isle of Wight also received +the same; yet because it was suffering under the +affliction of foreign subjection, no man there received the +office or see of a bishop, before Daniel, who is now +bishop of the West Saxons.<note place='foot'>Pref., p. <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref> and note; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'>V, 18</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The island is situated opposite the borders of the South +Saxons and the Gewissae, being separated from it by a +sea, three miles wide, which is called Solvente.<note place='foot'>The Solent.</note> In this +sea, the two tides of the ocean, which break upon Britain +all round its coasts from the boundless northern ocean, +daily meet in conflict beyond the mouth of the river +Homelea,<note place='foot'>The Hamble.</note> which runs into the aforesaid sea, through +the lands of the Jutes, belonging to the country of the +Gewissae; and after this struggle of the tides, they fall +back and return into the ocean whence they come. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='254'/><anchor id='Pg254'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_XVII'/> +<head>Chap. XVII. Of the Synod held in the plain of Haethfelth, +Archbishop Theodore being president. [680 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +About this time, Theodore being informed that the faith +of the Church at Constantinople was much perplexed by +the heresy of Eutyches,<note place='foot'>Eutyches was Archimandrite of a monastery near Constantinople. +He was condemned by the synod of Constantinople in 448, +and by the council of Chalcedon in 451. He was the originator of +the Monophysite heresy which denied the existence of the two +natures, the Divine and human, in the Incarnate Son. Monothelitism, +which was the subject of the controversy alluded to here, +arose out of an attempt to reconcile the Monophysites by the assertion +of one will and operation (activity, ἐνέργεια) in our Lord. It +was condemned in the General Council of Constantinople, 680-681. +In anticipation of this council various provincial synods were held, +as well as the synod at Rome assembled by Pope Agatho, at which +Wilfrid represented the English church (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIX'>V. 19</ref>).</note> and desiring that the Churches +of the English, over which he presided, should remain +free from all such taint, convened an assembly of venerable +bishops and many learned men, and diligently inquired +into the faith of each. He found them all of one +mind in the Catholic faith, and this he caused to be committed +to writing by the authority of the synod as a +memorial, and for the instruction of succeeding generations; +the beginning of which document is as follows: +</p> + +<p> +<q>In the name of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, +under the rule of our most pious lords, Egfrid, king of +of the Northumbrians, in the tenth year of his reign, the +seventeenth of September, the eighth indiction; Ethelred, +king of the Mercians, in the sixth year of his reign; +Aldwulf king of the East Angles, in the seventeenth year +of his reign; and Hlothere, king of Kent, in the seventh +year of his reign;<note place='foot'>The year was 680 (cf. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>V, 24</ref>), but it falls in the eighth year of +Hlothere of Kent, who succeeded in July, 673. For Egfrid, <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> +c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_V'>5</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi> Probably he succeeded in 671. Ethelred of Mercia +succeeded in 675 (<ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>V, 24</ref>), so that Sept., 680, might easily fall in +his sixth year; Aldwulf, of East Anglia, in 663 or 664 (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XV'>II, 15</ref>; +<ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXIII'>IV, 23</ref>). The eighth indiction, whether Cæsarean or Pontifical +(<hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_V'>5</ref>, note), includes Sept. 17, 680.</note> Theodore, by the grace of God, archbishop +of the island of Britain, and of the city of Canterbury, +<pb n='255'/><anchor id='Pg255'/> +being president, and the other venerable bishops +of the island of Britain sitting with him, the holy Gospels +being laid before them, at the place which, in the Saxon +tongue, is called Haethfelth,<note place='foot'>Generally identified with Hatfield in Hertfordshire, but T. Kerslake +(<q>Vestiges of the supremacy of Mercia</q>) supposes it to be +Clovesho (Cliff-at-Hoe); <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_V'>5</ref>, and note.</note> we conferred together, and +set forth the right and orthodox faith, as our Lord Jesus +Christ in the flesh delivered the same to His disciples, +who beheld His Presence and heard His words, and as it +is delivered by the creed of the holy fathers, and by all +holy and universal synods in general, and by the consent +of all approved doctors of the Catholic Church. We, +therefore, following them, in piety and orthodoxy, and +professing accordance with their divinely inspired doctrine, +do believe agreeably to it, and with the holy fathers +confess the Father, and Son, and Holy Ghost, to be properly +and truly a Trinity consubstantial in Unity, and +Unity in Trinity, that is, one God in three Subsistences or +consubstantial persons, of equal glory and honour.</q> +</p> + +<p> +And after much more of the same sort, appertaining +to the confession of the right faith, this holy synod added +to its document, <q>We acknowledge the five holy and +general councils<note place='foot'>The five Oecumenical Councils which had been held before this +time, viz., Nicaea, in 325; Constantinople, in 381-382; Ephesus, in +431; Chalcedon, in 451; Constantinople, in 553. For the Arian +heresy, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_I_Chap_VIII'>I, 8</ref> (and note), where <q>madness</q> (<q>vesania</q>) is, as +here, the word used to describe it. Macedonius was a <q>semi-Arian,</q> +Eudoxius an Arian; both were bishops of Constantinople. +Nestorius was consecrated Bishop of Constantinople in 428. He +popularized the heresy which originated with Theodore, Bishop of +Mopsuestia, 392-428. It consisted in emphasizing the human element +in our Lord's Nature to the practical exclusion of the Divine, +as a reaction against Apollinarianism which explained away His +real Humanity. <q>The Christ of Nestorius was, after all, simply a +deified man, not God incarnate</q> (Gore, <q>Bampton Lectures</q>). +Theodoret, Bishop of Cyrus in Syria (died 457) and Ibas, Bishop +of Edessa, 435-457, were disciples of Theodore, Bishop of Mopsuestia, +and opponents of Cyril of Alexandria, who is accused of +Apollinarianism in the letter of Ibas.</note> of the blessed fathers acceptable to +God; that is, of the 318 assembled at Nicaea, against the +most impious Arius and his tenets; and at Constantinople, +<pb n='256'/><anchor id='Pg256'/> +of 150, against the madness of Macedonius and Eudoxius, +and their tenets; and at Ephesus, for the first +time, of 200, against the most wicked Nestorius, and his +tenets; and at Chalcedon, of 630, against Eutyches and +Nestorius, and their tenets; and again, at Constantinople, +in a fifth council, in the time of Justinian the younger,<note place='foot'>Justinian I, 527-565.</note> +against Theodorus, and the epistles of Theodoret and +Ibas, and their tenets in opposition to Cyril.</q> And again +a little lower, <q>the synod held in the city of Rome, in the +time of the blessed Pope Martin,<note place='foot'>The first Lateran Council, in 649, against the Monothelites. +Martin I, Pope 649-655, died in the Crimea, exiled and imprisoned +by the Emperor Constans II in consequence of his resistance to +the heresy.</note> in the eighth indiction, +and in the ninth year of the most pious Emperor Constantine,<note place='foot'>Constantine IV, more generally known as Constans II, 641-688.</note> +we also acknowledge. And we glorify our Lord Jesus +Christ, as they glorified Him, neither adding aught nor +taking away; anathematizing with hearts and lips those +whom they anathematized, and receiving those whom +they received; glorifying God the Father, Who is without +beginning, and His only-begotten Son, begotten of the +Father before the worlds, and the Holy Ghost proceeding +ineffably from the Father and the Son,<note place='foot'>We have here, under the auspices of an Eastern Archbishop, a +clear enunciation of the doctrine which afterwards divided the +east and west: the Double Procession of the Holy Spirit. The +<q>filioque</q> clause, which formed no part of the Nicene Creed, nor of +its Constantinopolitan recension, had been formally adopted at the +Third Council of Toledo in 589 and at subsequent Spanish councils. +The English prelates at Hatfield were probably influenced by this +precedent.</note> even as those +holy Apostles, prophets, and doctors, whom we have +above-mentioned, did declare. And all we, who, with +Archbishop Theodore, have thus set forth the Catholic +faith, thereto subscribe.</q> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='257'/><anchor id='Pg257'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_XVIII'/> +<head>Chap. XVIII. Of John, the precentor of the Apostolic see, +who came into Britain to teach. [680 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Among those who were present at this synod, and confirmed +the decrees of the Catholic faith, was the venerable +John,<note place='foot'>Cf. Bede's <q>History of the Abbots,</q> § 6.</note> archchanter of the church of the holy Apostle +Peter,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, St. Peter's at Rome. The Monastery of St. Martin was +on the Esquiline. It was founded by Pope Symmachus in honour +of SS. Sylvester and Martin.</note> and abbot of the monastery of the blessed Martin, +who had come lately from Rome, by order of Pope +Agatho, together with the most reverend Abbot Biscop, +surnamed Benedict,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_I'>1</ref>, notes. (For his life, v. Bede's <q>History of the Abbots,</q> +and the Anon. <q>History of the Abbots.</q>) He has not been +mentioned before in this history. His ecclesiastical surname was +Benedict, <q>Baducing</q> was probably his patronymic. He was of +noble birth and a thegn of King Oswy, born in 628. He was the +companion of Wilfrid on his first journey to Rome (<ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIX'>V, 19</ref>). In his +native province of Northumbria he founded the monasteries of +Wearmouth (in 674) and Jarrow (<hi rend='italic'>circ.</hi> 681), where Bede's life was +passed, and enriched them with furniture, vestments, relics, pictures, +and a library of valuable books which he brought from the +Continent. The rule which he framed for his monasteries was +Benedictine, compiled from seventeen different monasteries which +he had visited. He died Jan. 12, 689.</note> of whom mention has been made +above. For the said Benedict, having built a monastery +in Britain, in honour of the most blessed chief of the +Apostles, at the mouth of the river Wear, went to Rome +with Ceolfrid,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXI'>V, 21</ref>. Bede's <q>History of the Abbots,</q> and Anon. <q>History +of the Abbots.</q> He added to Benedict's library. He had been a +monk at Ripon under Wilfrid, became Abbot of Jarrow in 681, and +of Wearmouth in addition to Jarrow in 688. In 716 he resigned +and set out for Rome, but died at Langres in the same year. Bede +was trained under him (<ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>V, 24</ref>) and was probably the little boy left +alone with him to recite the offices when the pestilence of 686 +swept away the monks. (Anon. Hist. Abb. § 14.)</note> his companion and fellow-labourer in that +work, who was after him abbot of the same monastery; +he had been several times before at Rome, and was now +honourably received by Pope Agatho of blessed memory; +from whom he also asked and obtained, in order to +<pb n='258'/><anchor id='Pg258'/> +secure the immunities of the monastery which he had +founded, a letter of privilege confirmed by apostolic +authority, according to what he knew to be the will and +grant of King Egfrid, by whose consent and gift of land +he had built that monastery. +</p> + +<p> +He was also allowed to take the aforesaid Abbot John +with him into Britain, that he might teach in his monastery +the system of singing throughout the year, as it was +practised at St. Peter's at Rome.<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XX'>II, 20</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi>, note.</note> The Abbot John did +as he had been commanded by the Pope, teaching the +singers of the said monastery the order and manner of +singing and reading aloud, and committing to writing +all that was requisite throughout the whole course of the +year for the celebration of festivals; and these writings +are still preserved in that monastery, and have been +copied by many others elsewhere. The said John not +only taught the brothers of that monastery, but such as +had skill in singing resorted from almost all the monasteries +of the same province to hear him, and many invited +him to teach in other places. +</p> + +<p> +Besides his task of singing and reading, he had also +received a commission from the Apostolic Pope, carefully +to inform himself concerning the faith of the English +Church, and to give an account thereof on his return to +Rome. For he also brought with him the decision of the +synod of the blessed Pope Martin, held not long before at +Rome,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVII'>17</ref>, and note.</note> with the consent of one hundred and five bishops, +chiefly to refute those who taught that there is but one +operation and will in Christ, and he gave it to be transcribed +in the aforesaid monastery of the most religious +Abbot Benedict. The men who followed such opinion +greatly perplexed the faith of the Church of Constantinople +at that time; but by the help of God they were then +discovered and overcome.<note place='foot'>In the Council of Constantinople, 680-681 (<hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVII'>17</ref> <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi>, +note.)</note> Wherefore, Pope Agatho, +being desirous to be informed concerning the state of the +Church in Britain, as well as in other provinces, and to +<pb n='259'/><anchor id='Pg259'/> +what extent it was clear from the contagion of heretics, +gave this matter in charge to the most reverend Abbot +John, then appointed to go to Britain. The synod we +have spoken of having been called for this purpose in +Britain, the Catholic faith was found untainted in all, +and a report of the proceedings of the same was given +him to carry to Rome. +</p> + +<p> +But in his return to his own country, soon after crossing +the sea, he fell sick and died; and his body, for the sake +of St. Martin, in whose monastery he presided, was by +his friends carried to Tours,<note place='foot'>To St. Martin's own church at Tours, where, as Abbot of +St. Martin's monastery at Rome, it was specially fitting that he +should find burial.</note> and honourably buried; for +he had been kindly entertained by the Church there on his +way to Britain, and earnestly entreated by the brethren, +that in his return to Rome he would take that road, and +visit their Church, and moreover he was there supplied +with men to conduct him on his way, and assist him in +the work enjoined upon him. Though he died by the way, +yet the testimony of the Catholic faith of the English nation +was carried to Rome, and received with great joy by +the Apostolic Pope, and all those that heard or read it. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_XIX'/> +<head>Chap. XIX. How Queen Ethelthryth always preserved +her virginity, and her body suffered no corruption in the +grave. [660-696 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +King Egfrid took to wife Ethelthryth, the daughter of +Anna,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VII'>III, 7</ref>, note.</note> king of the East Angles, of whom mention has +been often made; a man of true religion, and altogether +noble in mind and deed. She had before been given in +marriage to another, to wit, Tondbert, ealdorman<note place='foot'><q>Princeps,</q> A.S. Ealdorman. The county of the Southern +Gyrwas was South Cambridgeshire. Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XX'>III, 20</ref>, note.</note> of the +Southern Gyrwas; but he died soon after he had married +her, and she was given to the aforesaid king. Though +she lived with him twelve years, yet she preserved the +glory of perfect virginity, as I was informed by Bishop +<pb n='260'/><anchor id='Pg260'/> +Wilfrid, of blessed memory, of whom I inquired, because +some questioned the truth thereof; and he told me that +he was an undoubted witness to her virginity, forasmuch +as Egfrid promised to give him many lands and much +money if he could persuade the queen to consent to fulfil +her marriage duty, for he knew the queen loved no man +more than himself. And it is not to be doubted that this +might take place in our age, which true histories tell us +happened sometimes in former ages, by the help of +the same Lord who promises to abide with us always, +even unto the end of the world. For the divine miracle +whereby her flesh, being buried, could not suffer corruption, +is a token that she had not been defiled by man. +</p> + +<p> +She had long asked of the king that he would permit +her to lay aside worldly cares, and to serve only Christ, +the true King, in a monastery; and having at length with +difficulty prevailed, she entered the monastery of the +Abbess Aebba,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXV'>25</ref>. Bede tells us in the <q>Life of Cuthbert,</q> that she was +a half sister of Oswy's on the mother's side. Her name survives +in Ebchester on the Derwent, where she founded a nunnery; in +St. Abb's Head, near which she afterwards founded the double +monastery of Coldingham; and in St. Ebbe's, Oxford. She was +the friend of Cuthbert, and it was to her exhortations to Egfrid +that Wilfrid owed his release from prison.</note> who was aunt to King Egfrid, at the +place called the city of Coludi,<note place='foot'>Coldingham in Berwickshire. It was a mixed monastery. +Cf. c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXV'>25</ref>.</note> having received the veil +of the religious habit from the hands of the aforesaid +Bishop Wilfrid; but a year after she was herself made +abbess in the district called Elge,<note place='foot'>Ely. The Isle of Ely was her jointure from her first husband. +She received the help and support of Aldwulf, king of East Anglia +(<ref target='Book_II_Chap_XV'>II, 15</ref>; IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVII'>17</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXIII'>23</ref>), her cousin (he was the son of Ethelhere and +nephew of Anna). The monastery was founded in 673. It was exempted +from the jurisdiction of the East Anglian bishop, and subject +to Wilfrid.</note> where, having built a +monastery, she began, by the example of a heavenly life +and by her teaching, to be the virgin mother of many +virgins dedicated to God. It is told of her that from the +time of her entering the monastery, she would never +wear any linen but only woollen garments, and would +<pb n='261'/><anchor id='Pg261'/> +seldom wash in a hot bath, unless just before the greater +festivals, as Easter, Whitsuntide, and the Epiphany, and +then she did it last of all, when the other handmaids of +Christ who were there had been washed, served by her +and her attendants. She seldom ate more than once a +day, excepting on the greater festivals, or some urgent +occasion. Always, except when grievous sickness prevented +her, from the time of matins till day-break, she +continued in the church at prayer. Some also say, that +by the spirit of prophecy she not only foretold the pestilence +of which she was to die, but also, in the presence +of all, revealed the number of those that should be then +snatched away from this world out of her monastery. +She was taken to the Lord, in the midst of her flock, +seven years after she had been made abbess; and, as she +had ordered, was buried among them in a wooden coffin +in her turn, according to the order in which she had +passed away. +</p> + +<p> +She was succeeded in the office of abbess by her sister +Sexburg,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_III_Chap_VIII'>III, 8</ref>, cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VII'>III, 7</ref>, note. After her husband's death she acted as +regent for a time, then founded a monastery in the Isle of Sheppey, +and became abbess of it. Thence she retired to Ely, where, after +being a simple nun, she succeeded Ethelthryth as abbess. She +was herself succeeded first at Sheppey, and afterwards at Ely, by +her daughter Ermingild, widow of Wulfhere of Mercia.</note> who had been wife to Earconbert, king of +Kent. This abbess, when her sister had been buried +sixteen years, thought fit to take up her bones, and, +putting them into a new coffin, to translate them into the +church. Accordingly she ordered some of the brothers +to find a stone whereof to make a coffin for this purpose. +They went on board ship, for the district of Ely is on +every side encompassed with water and marshes, and has +no large stones, and came to a small deserted city, not +far from thence, which, in the language of the English, +is called Grantacaestir,<note place='foot'>Grantchester, near Cambridge.</note> and presently, near the city +walls, they found a white marble coffin,<note place='foot'>A Roman sarcophagus. A number of fragments of very ancient +stone coffins have been found there, built into the wall of the church +(Mayor and Lumby).</note> most beautifully +<pb n='262'/><anchor id='Pg262'/> +wrought, and fitly covered with a lid of the same sort +of stone. Perceiving, therefore, that the Lord had prospered +their journey, they returned thanks to Him and +carried it to the monastery. +</p> + +<p> +When the grave was opened and the body of the holy +virgin and bride of Christ was brought into the light of +day, it was found as free from corruption as if she had +died and been buried on that very day; as the aforesaid +Bishop Wilfrid, and many others that know it, testify. +But the physician, Cynifrid, who was present at her +death, and when she was taken up out of the grave, had +more certain knowledge. He was wont to relate that in +her sickness she had a very great tumour under her jaw. +<q>And I was ordered,</q> said he, <q>to lay open that tumour +to let out the noxious matter in it, which I did, and she +seemed to be somewhat more easy for two days, so that +many thought she might recover from her infirmity; but +on the third day she was attacked by the former pains, +and being soon snatched out of the world, she exchanged +all pain and death for everlasting life and health. And +when, so many years after, her bones were to be taken out +of the grave, a pavilion being spread over it, and all the +congregation, the brothers on the one side, and the sisters +on the other, standing about it singing, while the abbess, +with a few others, had gone within to take up and wash +the bones, on a sudden we heard the abbess within cry +out with a loud voice, <q>Glory be to the name of the Lord.</q> +Not long after they called me in, opening the door of the +pavilion, and I found the body of the holy virgin taken +out of the grave and laid on a bed, like one asleep; then +taking off the veil from the face, they also showed me +that the incision which I had made was healed up; so +that, in marvellous wise, instead of the open gaping +wound with which she had been buried, there then appeared +only the slightest trace of a scar. Besides, all +the linen clothes in which the body had been wrapped, +appeared entire and as fresh as if they had been that +very day put about her chaste limbs.</q> +</p> + +<p> +It is said that when she was sore troubled with the aforesaid +tumour and pain in her jaw and neck, she took great +<pb n='263'/><anchor id='Pg263'/> +pleasure in that sort of sickness, and was wont to say, <q>I +know of a surety that I deservedly bear the weight of +my trouble on my neck, for I remember that, when I +was a young maiden, I bore on it the needless weight of +necklaces;<note place='foot'><q>Audrey</q> is the popular form of the name Ethelthryth. A +<q>tawdry lace</q> (<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> St. Audrey lace) is a necklace; cf. <q>Winter's +Tale,</q> iv. 3. Hence our word <q>tawdry,</q> which possibly only derives +its meaning from the cheap necklaces, etc., sold at St. Audrey's +fair at Ely on the saint's day, October 17 (the day of her +translation), but may also be a reminiscence of this anecdote.</note> and therefore I believe the Divine goodness +would have me endure the pain in my neck, that so I +may be absolved from the guilt of my needless levity, +having now, instead of gold and pearls, the fiery heat of +a tumour rising on my neck.</q> It happened also that by +the touch of those same linen clothes devils were expelled +from bodies possessed, and other diseases were at divers +times healed; and the coffin wherein she was first buried +is said to have cured some of infirmities of the eyes, who, +praying with their heads resting upon that coffin, were +presently relieved of the pain or dimness in their eyes. +So they washed the virgin's body, and having clothed it +in new garments, brought it into the church, and laid it in +the sarcophagus that had been brought, where it is held +in great veneration to this day. The sarcophagus was +found in a wonderful manner to fit the virgin's body as +if it had been made purposely for her, and the place for +the head, which was fashioned separately, appeared exactly +shaped to the measurement of her head. +</p> + +<p> +Elge is in the province of the East Angles, a district +of about six hundred families, of the nature of an island, +encompassed, as has been said, with marshes or waters, +and therefore it has its name from the great plenty of +eels taken in those marshes; there the aforesaid handmaid +of Christ desired to have a monastery, because, as +we have before mentioned, she came, according to the +flesh, of that same province of the East Angles. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='264'/><anchor id='Pg264'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_XX'/> +<head>Chap. XX. A Hymn concerning her.</head> + +<p> +It seems fitting to insert in this history a hymn concerning +virginity, which we composed in elegiac verse many +years ago, in praise and honour of the same queen and +bride of Christ, and therefore truly a queen, because the +bride of Christ; and to imitate the method of Holy +Scripture, wherein many songs are inserted in the history, +and these, as is well known, are composed in metre and +verse. +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Trinity,<note place='foot'>The poem is (1) alphabetical; <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, the first letters of the hexameter +lines form the alphabet, and there are four additional couplets +at the end, in which the first letters form the word <q>Amen</q>; +(2) <q>serpentine,</q> reciprocal or echoing; <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, the last half of the +pentameter repeats the first two and a half feet of the hexameter. +Such verses are common in mediaeval Latin, and are doubtless a +development from the occasional instances of echoing lines which +occur in the classical poets (<hi rend='italic'>e.g.</hi>, Martial VIII, xxi, 1-2; IX, 97; +Ovid, Fasti IV, 365-366), as the extreme form of that impulse to +give emphasis by iteration which is a marked feature of Latin +poetry, particularly of the Ovidian elegiac.</note> Gracious, Divine, Who rulest all the ages; +favour my task, Trinity, Gracious, Divine.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Let Maro sound the trumpet of war, let us sing the +gifts of peace; the gifts of Christ we sing, let Maro +sound the trumpet of war.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Chaste is my song, no rape of guilty Helen; light +tales shall be told by the wanton, chaste is my song.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>I will tell of gifts from Heaven, not wars of hapless +Troy; I will tell of gifts from Heaven, wherein the +earth is glad.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Lo! the high God comes to the womb of a holy +virgin, to be the Saviour of men, lo! the high God comes.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>A hallowed maid gives birth to Him Who gave the +world its being; Mary, the gate of God, a maiden gives +Him birth.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>The company of her fellows rejoices over the Virgin +Mother of Him Who wields the thunder; a shining virgin +band, the company of her fellows rejoices.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Her honour has made many a blossom to spring +<pb n='265'/><anchor id='Pg265'/> +from that pure shoot, virgin blossoms her honour has +made to spring.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Scorched by the fierce flames, the maiden Agatha<note place='foot'>Agatha suffered 5th February, 251 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>, in the Decian persecution, +according to her <q>Acta</q> (the Diocletian, according to the +Martyrology and Aldhelm). Eulalia was burnt to death at the age +of twelve in the Diocletian persecution, having denounced herself. +The legend tells that a white dove hovered over her ashes till snow +fell and covered them. Tecla, the disciple of St. Paul, is said to +have been the first virgin martyr. She was miraculously saved +from her martyrdom and died in peace long after. Euphemia was +torn by wild beasts at Chalcedon in 307 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> in the Diocletian persecution. +Asterius, Bishop of Amasea, 400 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>, says that he saw +a tablet in the church at Chalcedon depicting her sufferings. We +have thus very early evidence for her history. Agnes is said to +have been beheaded in 304 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>, in the Diocletian persecution, at +the age of twelve or thirteen. The date of St. Cecilia is very uncertain; +Fortunatus, Bishop of Poitiers, says that she died <hi rend='italic'>circ.</hi> +176-180 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>, but another account places her martyrdom as late as +the time of Diocletian. Her connection with music does not appear +in the legends, and is probably due to the fact that Pope Paschal +endowed the monastery which he built in connection with her +church at Rome to provide for musical services at her tomb day +and night.</note> +yielded not; in like manner Eulalia endures, scorched +by the fierce flames.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>The lofty soul of chaste Tecla overcomes the wild +beasts; chaste Euphemia overcomes the accursed wild +beasts.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Agnes joyously laughs at the sword, herself stronger +than steel, Cecilia joyously laughs at the foemen's sword.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Many a triumph is mighty throughout the world +in temperate hearts; throughout the world love of the +temperate life is mighty.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Yea, and our day likewise a peerless maiden has +blessed; peerless our Ethelthryth shines.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Child of a noble sire, and glorious by royal birth, +more noble in her Lord's sight, the child of a noble sire.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Thence she receives queenly honour and a sceptre +in this world; thence she receives honour, awaiting +higher honour above.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>What need, gracious lady, to seek an earthly lord, +even now given to the Heavenly Bridegroom?</q> +</p> + +<pb n='266'/><anchor id='Pg266'/> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Christ is at hand, the Bridegroom (why seek an +earthly lord?) that thou mayst follow even now, methinks, +in the steps of the Mother of Heaven's King, that thou +too mayst be a mother in God.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Twelve years<note place='foot'>She had not been a queen twelve years. The dates are probably +these: she was born about 630 at Ermynge (Ixning) in Suffolk, +and married to Tondbert in 652. Tondbert died in 655, and she was +married to Egfrid (who must then have been only fifteen) in 660. +Egfrid succeeded to the throne in 670 or 671, and it must have been +in 672 that she retired to Coldingham. She was, therefore, queen +for not more than two years, though perhaps we may accept the +statement of the Liber Eliensis that Egfrid was sub-king of Deira +for some years before his accession.</note> she had reigned, a bride dedicated to +God, then in the cloister dwelt, a bride dedicated to God.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>To Heaven all consecrated she lived, abounding in +lofty deeds, then to Heaven all consecrated she gave up +her soul.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Twice eight Novembers<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, she had been buried sixteen years; <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIX'>19</ref>.</note> the maid's fair flesh lay +in the tomb, nor did the maid's fair flesh see corruption +in the tomb.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>This was Thy work, O Christ, that her very garments +were bright and undefiled even in the grave; O +Christ, this was Thy work.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>The dark serpent<note place='foot'>Literally the water snake, ὕδρος, used generally for any serpent, +and so = the Devil; <foreign rend='italic'>Chelydrus</foreign> is similarly used (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Ducange).</note> flies before the honour due to the +holy raiment; disease is driven away, and the dark serpent +flies.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Rage fills the foe who of old conquered Eve; exultant +the maiden triumphs and rage fills the foe.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Behold, O bride of God, thy glory upon earth; the +glory that awaits thee in the Heavens behold, O bride +of God.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>In gladness thou receivest gifts, bright amidst the +festal torches; behold! the Bridegroom comes, in gladness +thou receivest gifts.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>And a new song thou singest to the tuneful harp; a +new-made bride, thou exultest in the tuneful hymn.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>None can part her from them which follow the Lamb +<pb n='267'/><anchor id='Pg267'/> +enthroned on high, whom none had severed from the +Love enthroned on high.</q> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_XXI'/> +<head>Chap. XXI. How Bishop Theodore made peace between +the kings Egfrid and Ethelred. [679 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the ninth year of the reign of King Egfrid, a great +battle<note place='foot'>The Battle of the Trent in 679 (cf. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>V, 24</ref>). It was on the +anniversary of Wilfrid's expulsion; he is said to have foretold a +calamity. The place may, perhaps, be identified with Elford-on-Trent, +in Staffordshire; it is supposed that the name may be a +reminiscence of Aelfwine. By this battle Mercia regained Lindsey, +which never again became Northumbrian (cf. c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>12</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi>).</note> was fought between him and Ethelred, king of +the Mercians, near the river Trent, and Aelfwine,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXII'>22</ref>, where he is called <q>King Aelfwine,</q> as also twice +in Eddius. He may have been sub-king of Deira.</note> +brother to King Egfrid, was slain, a youth about eighteen +years of age, and much beloved by both provinces; for +King Ethelred had married his sister Osthryth.<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_III_Chap_XI'>III, 11</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>V, 24</ref>. When Wilfrid took refuge in Mercia in 681, +she and her husband expelled him <q>pro adulatione Egfridi regis</q> +(Eddius).</note> There +was now reason to expect a more bloody war, and +more lasting enmity between those kings and their fierce +nations; but Theodore, the bishop, beloved of God, relying +on the Divine aid, by his wholesome admonitions +wholly extinguished the dangerous fire that was breaking +out; so that the kings and their people on both sides +were appeased, and no man was put to death, but only +the due mulct<note place='foot'>The <q>Wergild,</q> <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, pecuniary value set upon every man's +life according to his status (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Stubbs, <q>Constitutional History</q>).</note> paid to the king who was the avenger for +the death of his brother; and this peace continued long +after between those kings and between their kingdoms. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_XXII'/> +<head>Chap. XXII. How a certain captive's chains fell off +when Masses were sung for him. [679 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the aforesaid battle, wherein King Aelfwine was +killed, a memorable incident is known to have happened, +<pb n='268'/><anchor id='Pg268'/> +which I think ought by no means to be passed over in +silence; for the story will be profitable to the salvation +of many. In that battle a youth called Imma, one of +the king's thegns, was struck down, and having lain as +if dead all that day and the next night among the bodies +of the slain, at length he came to himself and revived, +and sitting up, bound his own wounds as best as he +could. Then having rested awhile, he stood up, and +went away to see if he could find any friends to take +care of him; but in so doing he was discovered and +taken by some of the enemy's army, and carried before +their lord, who was one of King Ethelred's nobles.<note place='foot'><q>Comes,</q> A.S. <q>gesith.</q> Above, Imma is described as <q>de +militia ejus juvenis,</q> <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, a young <q>king's thegn</q> (the term +applied to him in the A.S. version).</note> +Being asked by him who he was, and fearing to own +himself a thegn, he answered that he was a peasant, a +poor man and married, and he declared that he had +come to the war with others like himself to bring provisions +to the army. The noble entertained him, and +ordered his wounds to be dressed, and when he began +to recover, to prevent his escaping, he ordered him to be +bound at night. But he could not be bound, for as soon +as they that bound him were gone, his bonds were loosed. +</p> + +<p> +Now he had a brother called Tunna, who was a priest +and abbot of a monastery in the city which is still called +Tunnacaestir after him.<note place='foot'>Towcester (<q>Tovecester,</q> in Domesday Book) in Northamptonshire, +Doncaster, and Littleborough have all been suggested, +but the place has not been identified. The name indicates that it +had been a Roman station.</note> This man, hearing that his +brother had been killed in the battle, went to see if haply +he could find his body; and finding another very like +him in all respects, he believed it to be his. So he carried +it to his monastery, and buried it honourably, and took +care often to say Masses for the absolution of his soul; +the celebration whereof occasioned what I have said, +that none could bind him but he was presently loosed +again. In the meantime, the noble that had kept him +was amazed, and began to inquire why he could not be +<pb n='269'/><anchor id='Pg269'/> +bound; whether perchance he had any spells about him, +such as are spoken of in stories. He answered that he +knew nothing of those arts; <q>but I have,</q> said he, <q>a +brother who is a priest in my country, and I know that +he, supposing me to be killed, is saying frequent Masses +for me; and if I were now in the other life, my soul +there, through his intercession, would be delivered from +penalty.</q> +</p> + +<p> +When he had been a prisoner with the noble some time, +those who attentively observed him, by his countenance, +habit, and discourse, took notice, that he was not of the +meaner sort, as he had said, but of some quality. The +noble then privately sending for him, straitly questioned +him, whence he came, promising to do him no harm on +that account if he would frankly confess who he was. +This he did, declaring that he had been a thegn of the +king's, and the noble answered, <q>I perceived by all your +answers that you were no peasant. And now you deserve +to die, because all my brothers and relations were killed +in that fight; yet I will not put you to death, that I may +not break my promise.</q> +</p> + +<p> +As soon, therefore, as he was recovered, he sold him to +a certain Frisian at London, but he could not in any wise +be bound either by him, or as he was being led thither. +But when his enemies had put all manner of bonds on +him, and the buyer perceived that he could in no way be +bound, he gave him leave to ransom himself if he could. +Now it was at the third hour, when the Masses were +wont to be said, that his bonds were most frequently +loosed. He, having taken an oath that he would either +return, or send his owner the money for the ransom, +went into Kent to King Hlothere, who was son to the +sister of Queen Ethelthryth,<note place='foot'>Sexburg. Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VIII'>III, 8</ref>; IV, 19, p. <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref>, and note.</note> above spoken of, for he +had once been that queen's thegn. From him he asked +and obtained the price of his freedom, and as he had +promised, sent it to his master for his ransom. +</p> + +<p> +Returning afterwards into his own country, and coming +to his brother, he gave him an exact account of all his +<pb n='270'/><anchor id='Pg270'/> +misfortunes, and the consolation afforded to him in +them; and from what his brother told him he understood, +that his bonds had been generally loosed at those +times when Masses had been celebrated for him; and he +perceived that other advantages and blessings which +had fallen to his lot in his time of danger, had been conferred +on him from Heaven, through the intercession of +his brother, and the Oblation of the saving Sacrifice. +Many, on hearing this account from the aforesaid man, +were stirred up in faith and pious devotion to prayer, or +to alms-giving, or to make an offering to God of the +Sacrifice of the holy Oblation, for the deliverance of their +friends who had departed this world; for they knew that +such saving Sacrifice availed for the eternal redemption +both of body and soul. This story was also told me by +some of those who had heard it related by the man himself +to whom it happened; therefore, since I had a clear +understanding of it, I have not hesitated to insert it in +my Ecclesiastical History. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_XXIII'/> +<head>Chap. XXIII. Of the life and death of the Abbess Hilda. +[614-680 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the year after this, that is the year of our Lord 680, +the most religious handmaid of Christ, Hilda,<note place='foot'>Cf. III, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXV'>25</ref>; <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXIV'>IV, 24</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>V, 24</ref>.</note> abbess of +the monastery that is called Streanaeshalch,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi></note> as we mentioned +above, after having done many heavenly deeds on +earth, passed thence to receive the rewards of the +heavenly life, on the 17th of November, at the age of +sixty-six years. Her life falls into two equal parts, for +the first thirty-three years of it she spent living most +nobly in the secular habit; and still more nobly dedicated +the remaining half to the Lord in the monastic life. For +she was nobly born, being the daughter of Hereric,<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi>, this Chapter. He was the son of Edwin's elder +brother, who died in exile after the invasion of Deira by Ethelric, +king of Bernicia, in 589.</note> +nephew to King Edwin, and with that king she also received +<pb n='271'/><anchor id='Pg271'/> +the faith and mysteries of Christ, at the preaching +of Paulinus, of blessed memory,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_II_Chap_IX'>II, 9</ref>, foll.</note> the first bishop of the +Northumbrians, and preserved the same undefiled till +she attained to the vision of our Lord in Heaven. +</p> + +<p> +When she had resolved to quit the secular habit, and +to serve Him alone, she withdrew into the province of +the East Angles, for she was allied to the king there;<note place='foot'>Her sister, Heresuid, had married Ethelhere, brother of Anna, +of East Anglia, whom he succeeded. In 647, when Hilda took the +veil, Anna was still king.</note> +being desirous to cross over thence into Gaul, forsaking +her native country and all that she had, and so to live a +stranger for our Lord's sake in the monastery of Cale,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_III_Chap_VIII'>III, 8</ref>, note.</note> +that she might the better attain to the eternal country +in heaven. For her sister Heresuid, mother to Aldwulf,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XV'>II, 15</ref>; <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVII'>IV, 17</ref>.</note> +king of the East Angles, was at that time living in the +same monastery, under regular discipline, waiting for +an everlasting crown; and led by her example, she continued +a whole year in the aforesaid province, with the +design of going abroad; but afterwards, Bishop Aidan +recalled her to her home, and she received land to the +extent of one family on the north side of the river +Wear;<note place='foot'>A small cell, not otherwise known.</note> where likewise for a year she led a monastic +life, with very few companions. +</p> + +<p> +After this she was made abbess in the monastery +called Heruteu,<note place='foot'>Hartlepool, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> III, 24, p. <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>, note.</note> which monastery had been founded, not +long before, by the pious handmaid of Christ, Heiu,<note place='foot'>Bede is the sole authority for her life. A fifteenth century gloss +on one of the MSS. has led to her being wrongly identified with +the Irish Bega, the supposed foundress of St. Bees.</note> +who is said to have been the first woman in the province +of the Northumbrians who took upon her the vows and +habit of a nun, being consecrated by Bishop Aidan; but +she, soon after she had founded that monastery, retired +to the city of Calcaria,<note place='foot'>A Roman station on the Wharfe, now Tadcaster. Probably +the nunnery was at Healaugh (Heiu's <foreign rend='italic'>laeg</foreign> = territory), three miles +north of Calcaria. A gravestone bearing Heiu's name has been +found there.</note> which is called Kaelcacaestir +<pb n='272'/><anchor id='Pg272'/> +by the English, and there fixed her dwelling. Hilda, +the handmaid of Christ, being set over that monastery, +began immediately to order it in all things under a rule +of life, according as she had been instructed by learned +men; for Bishop Aidan, and others of the religious that +knew her, frequently visited her and loved her heartily, +and diligently instructed her, because of her innate +wisdom and love of the service of God. +</p> + +<p> +When she had for some years governed this monastery, +wholly intent upon establishing a rule of life, it +happened that she also undertook either to build or to +set in order a monastery in the place called Streanaeshalch, +and this work which was laid upon her she industriously +performed; for she put this monastery under +the same rule of monastic life as the former; and taught +there the strict observance of justice, piety, chastity, and +other virtues, and particularly of peace and charity; so +that, after the example of the primitive Church, no one there +was rich, and none poor, for they had all things common, +and none had any private property. Her prudence was +so great, that not only meaner men in their need, but +sometimes even kings and princes, sought and received +her counsel; she obliged those who were under her +direction to give so much time to reading of the Holy +Scriptures, and to exercise themselves so much in works +of justice, that many might readily be found there fit for +the priesthood and the service of the altar. +</p> + +<p> +Indeed we have seen five from that monastery who +afterwards became bishops, and all of them men of singular +merit and sanctity, whose names were Bosa,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>12</ref>.</note> Aetla,<note place='foot'>His name does not appear in any of the lists of bishops. There +is no evidence that a see of Dorchester (cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VII'>III, 7</ref>, and note) existed +at this time, except from this passage and the statement of +Florence of Worcester to the effect that a fivefold division of the +Mercian diocese took place in 679, that Dorchester was included +in Mercia, and that Aetla was appointed as its bishop. Probably +this latter statement is derived from Bede. It has been proposed +to identify Aetla with Haedde, Bishop of the West Saxons (<ref target='Book_III_Chap_VII'>III, 7</ref>; +<ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>IV, 12</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'>V, 18</ref>), but it seems unlikely that Bede should not have +mentioned their identity. The most probable explanation seems to +be that a see was established about 679 at Dorchester (which may +have been under Mercia at the time) and that Aetla was its bishop, +but that it had only a very short existence.</note> +<pb n='273'/><anchor id='Pg273'/> +Oftfor,<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi>, notes.</note> John,<note place='foot'>John of Beverley, <q>Inderauuda</q> (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_V_Chap_II'>V, 2</ref>). He and Berthun +(<hi rend='italic'>ibid.</hi>) are said to have founded Beverley. He was consecrated +Bishop of Hexham, probably in 687, transferred to York 705, when +Wilfrid was restored to Hexham, and died in 721, soon after his +retirement to Beverley (<ref target='Book_V_Chap_VI'>V, 6</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi>). As Bishop of Hexham he +ordained Bede both deacon and priest (<ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>V. 24</ref>). He had been a +pupil of Archbishop Theodore (cf. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_III'>V. 3</ref>).</note> and Wilfrid.<note place='foot'>Wilfrid II, Bishop of York. He succeeded John (<ref target='Book_V_Chap_VI'>V, 6</ref>) in 718, +and was still Bishop of York in 731 when Bede finished the History +(cf. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIII'>V, 23</ref>). In 732 he resigned and was succeeded by Egbert (to +whom Bede addressed the Ep. ad Egb., and who in 735 received +the pallium as Archbishop of York). Wilfrid died in 745 (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Continuation'>Continuation</ref>, +732, 735, and 745). His character is highly praised by +Alcuin (De Sanct. Ebor.).</note> Of the first we have said +above that he was consecrated bishop of York; of the +second, it may be briefly stated that he was appointed +bishop of Dorchester. Of the last two we shall tell hereafter, +that the former was ordained bishop of Hagustald, +the other of the church of York; of the third, we may +here mention that, having applied himself to the reading +and observance of the Scriptures in both the monasteries +of the Abbess Hilda,<note place='foot'>Hartlepool and Whitby, both apparently double monasteries.</note> at length being desirous to attain to +greater perfection, he went into Kent, to Archbishop +Theodore, of blessed memory; where having spent some +time in sacred studies, he resolved to go to Rome also, +which, in those days, was esteemed a very salutary +undertaking. Returning thence into Britain, he took +his way into the province of the Hwiccas,<note place='foot'>Cf. II, 2, p. <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref>.</note> where King +Osric then ruled,<note place='foot'>Dr. Stubbs suggests that this sub-king of the Hwiccas may +possibly be the same as Osric of Northumbria, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIII'>V, 23</ref>, and note.</note> and continued there a long time, +preaching the Word of faith, and showing an example +of good life to all that saw and heard him. At that +time, Bosel, the bishop of that province,<note place='foot'>The see was at Worcester. The foundation of the bishopric is +assigned by Florence of Worcester to the year 679, the date of the +alleged fivefold division of the Mercian diocese (<hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> p. <ref target='Pg272'>272</ref>, note 2), +Bosel being appointed bishop.</note> laboured under +<pb n='274'/><anchor id='Pg274'/> +such weakness of body, that he could not himself perform +episcopal functions; for which reason, Oftfor was, +by universal consent, chosen bishop in his stead, and +by order of King Ethelred,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>12</ref> and note.</note> consecrated by Bishop Wilfrid,<note place='foot'>The consecration of Oftfor is generally placed in 691. It was +after Wilfrid's second expulsion, when he was acting as Bishop of +Leicester. Theodore had died in 690, and Bertwald was not consecrated +till 693 (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_V_Chap_VIII'>V, 8</ref>).</note> +of blessed memory, who was then Bishop of the +Midland Angles, because Archbishop Theodore was dead, +and no other bishop ordained in his place. A little while +before, that is, before the election of the aforesaid man +of God, Bosel, Tatfrid,<note place='foot'>So Florence of Worcester.</note> a man of great industry and +learning, and of excellent ability, had been chosen bishop +for that province, from the monastery of the same abbess, +but had been snatched away by an untimely death, before +he could be ordained. +</p> + +<p> +Thus this handmaid of Christ, the Abbess Hilda, +whom all that knew her called Mother, for her singular +piety and grace, was not only an example of good life, +to those that lived in her monastery, but afforded occasion +of amendment and salvation to many who lived at +a distance, to whom the blessed fame was brought of +her industry and virtue. For it was meet that the dream +of her mother, Bregusuid, during her infancy, should +be fulfilled. Now Bregusuid, at the time that her husband, +Hereric, lived in banishment, under Cerdic,<note place='foot'>He was king of the Britons of Loidis and Elmet. It was probably +to avenge the death of his nephew, Hereric, that Edwin conquered +Loidis and drove out Cerdic.</note> king of +the Britons, where he was also poisoned, fancied, in a +dream, that he was suddenly taken away from her and +she was seeking for him most carefully, but could find +no sign of him anywhere. After an anxious search for +him, all at once she found a most precious necklace under +her garment, and whilst she was looking on it very +attentively, it seemed to shine forth with such a blaze of +light that it filled all Britain with the glory of its brilliance. +This dream was doubtless fulfilled in her daughter that +<pb n='275'/><anchor id='Pg275'/> +we speak of, whose life was an example of the works of +light, not only blessed to herself, but to many who +desired to live aright. +</p> + +<p> +When she had governed this monastery many years, it +pleased Him Who has made such merciful provision for +our salvation, to give her holy soul the trial of a long +infirmity of the flesh, to the end that, according to the +Apostle's example, her virtue might be made perfect in +weakness. Struck down with a fever, she suffered from +a burning heat, and was afflicted with the same trouble +for six years continually; during all which time she +never failed either to return thanks to her Maker, or +publicly and privately to instruct the flock committed to +her charge; for taught by her own experience she admonished +all men to serve the Lord dutifully, when health +of body is granted to them, and always to return thanks +faithfully to Him in adversity, or bodily infirmity. In +the seventh year of her sickness, when the disease +turned inwards, her last day came, and about cockcrow, +having received the voyage provision<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIV'>14</ref>, note.</note> of Holy Housel, +and called together the handmaids of Christ that were +within the same monastery, she admonished them to +preserve the peace of the Gospel among themselves, and +with all others; and even as she spoke her words of +exhortation, she joyfully saw death come, or, in the +words of our Lord, passed from death unto life. +</p> + +<p> +That same night it pleased Almighty God, by a manifest +vision, to make known her death in another monastery, +at a distance from hers, which she had built that same +year, and which is called Hacanos.<note place='foot'>Hackness, thirteen miles from Whitby and three to the west of +Scarborough. It was a cell belonging to Whitby. At the dissolution +under Henry VIII, it contained only four monks, of the Benedictine +order (Dugdale, <q>Monasticon</q>).</note> There was in that +monastery, a certain nun called Begu,<note place='foot'>She has been confused with Heiu and with Bega, <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> p. <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref>, +note 7.</note> who, having dedicated +her virginity to the Lord, had served Him upwards +of thirty years in the monastic life. This nun was resting +<pb n='276'/><anchor id='Pg276'/> +in the dormitory of the sisters, when on a sudden she +heard in the air the well-known sound of the bell, which +used to awake and call them to prayers, when any one +of them was taken out of this world, and opening her +eyes, as she thought, she saw the roof of the house open, +and a light shed from above filling all the place. Looking +earnestly upon that light, she saw the soul of the +aforesaid handmaid of God in that same light, being +carried to heaven attended and guided by angels. Then +awaking, and seeing the other sisters lying round about +her, she perceived that what she had seen had been +revealed to her either in a dream or a vision; and rising +immediately in great fear, she ran to the virgin who then +presided in the monastery in the place of the abbess,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, the Prioress.</note> and +whose name was Frigyth, and, with many tears and +lamentations, and heaving deep sighs, told her that the +Abbess Hilda, mother of them all, had departed this life, +and had in her sight ascended to the gates of eternal +light, and to the company of the citizens of heaven, with +a great light, and with angels for her guides. Frigyth +having heard it, awoke all the sisters, and calling them +to the church, admonished them to give themselves to +prayer and singing of psalms, for the soul of their +mother; which they did earnestly during the remainder +of the night; and at break of day, the brothers came +with news of her death, from the place where she had +died. They answered that they knew it before, and then +related in order how and when they had learnt it, by +which it appeared that her death had been revealed to +them in a vision that same hour in which the brothers +said that she had died. Thus by a fair harmony of +events Heaven ordained, that when some saw her +departure out of this world, the others should have +knowledge of her entrance into the eternal life of souls. +These monasteries are about thirteen miles distant from +each other. +</p> + +<p> +It is also told, that her death was, in a vision, made +known the same night to one of the virgins dedicated to +<pb n='277'/><anchor id='Pg277'/> +God, who loved her with a great love, in the same +monastery where the said handmaid of God died. This +nun saw her soul ascend to heaven in the company of +angels; and this she openly declared, in the very same +hour that it happened, to those handmaids of Christ +that were with her; and aroused them to pray for her +soul, even before the rest of the community had heard of +her death. The truth of which was known to the whole +community in the morning. This same nun was at that +time with some other handmaids of Christ, in the remotest +part of the monastery, where the women who +had lately entered the monastic life were wont to pass +their time of probation, till they were instructed according +to rule, and admitted into the fellowship of the +community. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_XXIV'/> +<head>Chap. XXIV. That there was in her monastery a brother, +on whom the gift of song was bestowed by Heaven.<note place='foot'>Obviously ballads, probably of a warlike character, existed +before Caedmon, but he is regarded as the father of English +sacred poetry. It is a question how far the new impulse arose independently +among the Anglo-Saxons, or is to be connected with +Old Saxon religious poetry of which the <q>Heliand</q> is the only +extant specimen (cf. Plummer, <hi rend='italic'>ad loc.</hi>). Of the mass of poetry +attributed to Caedmon, much must be regarded as not his actual +work. The fragment translated here by Bede has been accepted +as genuine by most critics. It exists in the Northumbrian dialect +at the end of the Moore MS. of Bede, and in a West Saxon form +in other MSS., as well as in the Anglo-Saxon translation of Bede's +History, the Northumbrian version being the oldest.</note> +[680 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +There was in the monastery of this abbess a certain +brother, marked in a special manner by the grace of God, +for he was wont to make songs of piety and religion, so +that whatever was expounded to him out of Scripture, +he turned ere long into verse expressive of much sweetness +and penitence, in English, which was his native +language. By his songs the minds of many were often +fired with contempt of the world, and desire of the +heavenly life. Others of the English nation after him +<pb n='278'/><anchor id='Pg278'/> +attempted to compose religious poems, but none could +equal him, for he did not learn the art of poetry from +men, neither was he taught by man, but by God's grace +he received the free gift of song, for which reason he +never could compose any trivial or vain poem, but only +those which concern religion it behoved his religious +tongue to utter. For having lived in the secular habit +till he was well advanced in years, he had never learned +anything of versifying; and for this reason sometimes at +a banquet, when it was agreed to make merry by singing +in turn, if he saw the harp come towards him, he would +rise up from table and go out and return home. +</p> + +<p> +Once having done so and gone out of the house where +the banquet was, to the stable, where he had to take +care of the cattle that night, he there composed himself +to rest at the proper time. Thereupon one stood by him +in his sleep, and saluting him, and calling him by his +name, said, <q>Cædmon, sing me something.</q> But he +answered, <q>I cannot sing, and for this cause I left the +banquet and retired hither, because I could not sing.</q> +Then he who talked to him replied, <q>Nevertheless thou +must needs sing to me.</q> <q>What must I sing?</q> he asked. +<q>Sing the beginning of creation,</q> said the other. Having +received this answer he straightway began to sing verses +to the praise of God the Creator, which he had never +heard, the purport whereof was after this manner: <q>Now +must we praise the Maker of the heavenly kingdom, the +power of the Creator and His counsel, the deeds of the +Father of glory. How He, being the eternal God, became +the Author of all wondrous works, Who being the Almighty +Guardian of the human race, first created heaven +for the sons of men to be the covering of their dwelling +place, and next the earth.</q> This is the sense but not the +order of the words as he sang them in his sleep; for +verses, though never so well composed, cannot be literally +translated out of one language into another without +loss of their beauty and loftiness. Awaking from his +sleep, he remembered all that he had sung in his dream, +and soon added more after the same manner, in words +which worthily expressed the praise of God. +</p> + +<pb n='279'/><anchor id='Pg279'/> + +<p> +In the morning he came to the reeve<note place='foot'><q>Villicus,</q> A.S. <q>tun-gerefa</q> = town-reeve, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, headman of +the township. Cædmon was apparently a herdsman on a farm +belonging to the monastery.</note> who was over +him, and having told him of the gift he had received, +was conducted to the abbess, and bidden, in the presence +of many learned men, to tell his dream, and repeat the +verses, that they might all examine and give their judgement +upon the nature and origin of the gift whereof he +spoke. And they all judged that heavenly grace had been +granted to him by the Lord. They expounded to him a +passage of sacred history or doctrine, enjoining upon +him, if he could, to put it into verse. Having undertaken +this task, he went away, and returning the next morning, +gave them the passage he had been bidden to translate, +rendered in most excellent verse. Whereupon the abbess, +joyfully recognizing the grace of God in the man, instructed +him to quit the secular habit, and take upon +him monastic vows; and having received him into the +monastery, she and all her people admitted him to the +company of the brethren, and ordered that he should +be taught the whole course of sacred history. So he, +giving ear to all that he could learn, and bearing it in +mind, and as it were ruminating, like a clean animal,<note place='foot'>Cf. Levit., xi, 3, and Deut., xiv, 6.</note> +turned it into most harmonious verse; and sweetly singing +it, made his masters in their turn his hearers. He +sang the creation of the world, the origin of man, and +all the history of Genesis, the departure of the children +of Israel out of Egypt, their entrance into the promised +land, and many other histories from Holy Scripture; the +Incarnation, Passion, Resurrection of our Lord, and His +Ascension into heaven; the coming of the Holy Ghost, +and the teaching of the Apostles; likewise he made many +songs concerning the terror of future judgement, the +horror of the pains of hell, and the joys of heaven; besides +many more about the blessings and the judgements +of God, by all of which he endeavoured to draw men +away from the love of sin, and to excite in them devotion +to well-doing and perseverance therein. For he was +<pb n='280'/><anchor id='Pg280'/> +a very religious man, humbly submissive to the discipline +of monastic rule, but inflamed with fervent zeal against +those who chose to do otherwise; for which reason he +made a fair ending of his life. +</p> + +<p> +For when the hour of his departure drew near, it was +preceded by a bodily infirmity under which he laboured +for the space of fourteen days, yet it was of so mild a +nature that he could talk and go about the whole time. +In his neighbourhood was the house to which those that +were sick, and like to die, were wont to be carried. He +desired the person that ministered to him, as the evening +came on of the night in which he was to depart this life, +to make ready a place there for him to take his rest. +The man, wondering why he should desire it, because +there was as yet no sign of his approaching death, nevertheless +did his bidding. When they had lain down +there, and had been conversing happily and pleasantly +for some time with those that were in the house before, +and it was now past midnight, he asked them, whether +they had the Eucharist within?<note place='foot'>Apparently reserved and kept in the Infirmary for the Communion +of the dying.</note> They answered, <q>What +need of the Eucharist? for you are not yet appointed to +die, since you talk so merrily with us, as if you were in +good health.</q> <q>Nevertheless,</q> said he, <q>bring me the +Eucharist.</q> Having received It into his hand, he asked, +whether they were all in charity with him, and had no +complaint against him, nor any quarrel or grudge. They +answered, that they were all in perfect charity with him, +and free from all anger; and in their turn they asked +him to be of the same mind towards them. He answered +at once, <q>I am in charity, my children, with all the servants +of God.</q> Then strengthening himself with the +heavenly Viaticum, he prepared for the entrance into +another life, and asked how near the time was when the +brothers should be awakened to sing the nightly praises +of the Lord?<note place='foot'>Matins were sung soon after midnight.</note> They answered, <q>It is not far off.</q> Then +he said, <q>It is well, let us await that hour;</q> and signing +<pb n='281'/><anchor id='Pg281'/> +himself with the sign of the Holy Cross, he laid his head +on the pillow, and falling into a slumber for a little while, +so ended his life in silence. +</p> + +<p> +Thus it came to pass, that as he had served the Lord +with a simple and pure mind, and quiet devotion, so he +now departed to behold His Presence, leaving the world +by a quiet death; and that tongue, which had uttered so +many wholesome words in praise of the Creator, spake +its last words also in His praise, while he signed himself +with the Cross, and commended his spirit into His hands; +and by what has been here said, he seems to have had +foreknowledge of his death. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_XXV'/> +<head>Chap. XXV. Of the vision that appeared to a certain +man of God before the monastery of the city Coludi was +burned down.</head> + +<p> +At this time, the monastery of virgins, called the city of +Coludi,<note place='foot'>Coldingham, <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIX'>19</ref> and note.</note> above-mentioned, was burned down, through +carelessness; and yet all that knew it might have been +aware that it happened by reason of the wickedness of +those who dwelt in it, and chiefly of those who seemed +to be the greatest. But there wanted not a warning of +the approaching punishment from the Divine mercy +whereby they might have been led to amend their ways, +and by fasting and tears and prayers, like the Ninevites, +have averted the anger of the just Judge. +</p> + +<p> +For there was in that monastery a man of the Scottish +race, called Adamnan,<note place='foot'>Not the Abbot of Iona who wrote the the life of St. Columba +(V, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XV'>15</ref>, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXI'>21</ref>). This Adamnan is found in the Martyrology of Wilson, +in Colgan's <q>Lives of the Irish Saints,</q> and in Bollandus, <q>Acta +Sanctorum.</q></note> leading a life entirely devoted to +God in continence and prayer, insomuch that he never +took any food or drink, except only on Sundays and +Thursdays; and often spent whole nights in watching +and prayer. This strictness in austerity of life he had +first adopted from the necessity of correcting the evil that +<pb n='282'/><anchor id='Pg282'/> +was in him; but in process of time the necessity became +a custom. +</p> + +<p> +For in his youth he had been guilty of some sin for +which, when he came to himself, he conceived a great +horror, and dreaded lest he should be punished for the +same by the righteous Judge. Betaking himself, therefore, +to a priest, who, he hoped, might show him the +way of salvation, he confessed his guilt, and desired to be +advised how he might escape the wrath to come. The +priest having heard his offence, said, <q>A great wound +requires greater care in the healing thereof; wherefore +give yourself as far as you are able to fasting and psalms, +and prayer, to the end that thus coming before the presence +of the Lord in confession,</q><note place='foot'>From the Vulgate, Ps. xciv, 2. (xcv in our Psalter.)</note> you may find Him merciful. +But he, being oppressed with great grief by reason +of his guilty conscience, and desiring to be the sooner +loosed from the inward fetters of sin, which lay heavy +upon him, answered, <q>I am still young in years and +strong of body, and shall, therefore, easily bear all whatsoever +you shall enjoin me to do, if so be that I may be +saved in the day of the Lord, even though you should bid +me spend the whole night standing in prayer, and pass +the whole week in abstinence.</q> The priest replied, <q>It +is much for you to continue for a whole week without +bodily sustenance; it is enough to observe a fast for two +or three days; do this till I come again to you in a short +time, when I will more fully show you what you ought to +do, and how long to persevere in your penance.</q> Having +so said, and prescribed the measure of his penance, the +priest went away, and upon some sudden occasion passed +over into Ireland, which was his native country, and returned +no more to him, as he had appointed. But the +man remembering this injunction and his own promise, +gave himself up entirely to tears of penitence, holy vigils +and continence; so that he only took food on Thursdays +and Sundays, as has been said; and continued fasting +all the other days of the week. When he heard that his +priest had gone to Ireland, and had died there, he ever +<pb n='283'/><anchor id='Pg283'/> +after observed this manner of abstinence, which had been +appointed for him as we have said; and as he had begun +that course through the fear of God, in penitence for his +guilt, so he still continued the same unremittingly for the +love of God, and through delight in its rewards. +</p> + +<p> +Having practised this carefully for a long time, it happened +that he had gone on a certain day to a distance +from the monastery, accompanied by one the brothers; +and as they were returning from this journey, when they +drew near to the monastery, and beheld its lofty buildings, +the man of God burst into tears, and his countenance +discovered the trouble of his heart. His companion, +perceiving it, asked what was the reason, to +which he answered: <q>The time is at hand when a devouring +fire shall reduce to ashes all the buildings which +you here behold, both public and private.</q> The other, +hearing these words, when they presently came into the +monastery, told them to Aebba,<note place='foot'>C. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIX'>19</ref> and note.</note> the mother of the community. +She with good cause being much troubled at +that prediction, called the man to her, and straitly questioned +him concerning the matter and how he came to +know it. He answered, <q>Being engaged one night lately +in watching and singing psalms, on a sudden I saw one +standing by me whose countenance I did not know, and I +was startled at his presence, but he bade me not to fear, +and speaking to me like a friend he said, <q>You do well +in that you have chosen rather at this time of rest not +to give yourself up to sleep, but to continue in watching +and prayer.</q> I answered, <q>I know I have great need to +continue in wholesome watching and earnest prayer to +the Lord to pardon my transgressions.</q> He replied, +<q>You speak truly, for you and many more have need to +redeem their sins by good works, and when they cease +from temporal labours, then to labour the more eagerly +for desire of eternal blessings; but this very few do; for +I, having now gone through all this monastery in order, +have looked into the huts<note place='foot'>The detached dwellings built round the principal buildings of +the community. Irish monasteries were built after this fashion.</note> and beds of all, and found +<pb n='284'/><anchor id='Pg284'/> +none of them except yourself busy about the health of +his soul; but all of them, both men and women, are +either sunk in slothful sleep, or are awake in order to +commit sin; for even the cells that were built for prayer +or reading, are now converted into places of feasting, +drinking, talking, and other delights; the very virgins +dedicated to God, laying aside the respect due to their profession, +whensoever they are at leisure, apply themselves +to weaving fine garments, wherewith to adorn themselves +like brides, to the danger of their state, or to gain the +friendship of strange men; for which reason, as is meet, +a heavy judgement from Heaven with raging fire is +ready to fall on this place and those that dwell therein.</q></q> +The abbess said, <q>Why did you not sooner reveal to +me what you knew?</q> He answered, <q>I was afraid to +do it, out of respect to you, lest you should be too much +afflicted; yet you may have this comfort, that the blow +will not fall in your days.</q> This vision being made +known, the inhabitants of that place were for a few days +in some little fear, and leaving off their sins, began to +do penance; but after the death of the abbess they returned +to their former defilement, nay, they committed +worse sins; and when they said <q>Peace and safety,</q> +the doom of the aforesaid judgement came suddenly +upon them. +</p> + +<p> +That all this fell out after this manner, was told me +by my most reverend fellow-priest, Aedgils, who then +lived in that monastery. Afterwards, when many of the +inhabitants had departed thence, on account of the destruction, +he lived a long time in our monastery,<note place='foot'>Wearmouth and Jarrow.</note> and died +there. We have thought fit to insert this in our History, +to admonish the reader of the works of the Lord, how +terrible He is in His doing toward the children of men, +lest haply we should at some time or other yield to the +snares of the flesh, and dreading too little the judgement +of God, fall under His sudden wrath, and either in His +righteous anger be brought low with temporal losses, or +else be more strictly tried and snatched away to eternal +perdition. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='285'/><anchor id='Pg285'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_XXVI'/> +<head>Chap. XXVI. Of the death of the Kings Egfrid and +Hlothere. [684-685 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord 684, Egfrid, king of the Northumbrians, +sending his general, Berct,<note place='foot'>For Berct, cf. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>V, 24</ref> (<hi rend='italic'>sub</hi> 698), note. The circumstances which +led to the invasion are not known.</note> with an army into +Ireland, miserably laid waste that unoffending nation, +which had always been most friendly to the English; insomuch +that the invading force spared not even the +churches or monasteries. But the islanders, while to the +utmost of their power they repelled force with force, implored +the assistance of the Divine mercy, and with constant +imprecations invoked the vengeance of Heaven; +and though such as curse cannot inherit the kingdom +of God, yet it was believed, that those who were justly +cursed on account of their impiety, soon suffered the +penalty of their guilt at the avenging hand of God. For +the very next year, when that same king had rashly led +his army to ravage the province of the Picts,<note place='foot'>The Picts north of the Forth, cf. c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>12</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi> Their king at +this time was Bruide mac Bili, who was Egfrid's distant kinsman. +In 672 Egfrid had crushed a rising of Picts under the same king.</note> greatly +against the advice of his friends, and particularly of +Cuthbert,<note place='foot'>Cf. cc. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVII'>27-32</ref>. He had a mysterious intimation of the disaster +at the hour of the king's defeat and death, and warned the queen +(Eormenburg), who was with him at Carlisle (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Bede's Life of +Cuthbert, and the Anonymous Life). He is also said to have +prophesied the king's death a year before to Elfled, Egfrid's +sister (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>III, 24</ref>).</note> of blessed memory, who had been lately ordained +bishop, the enemy made a feigned retreat, and +the king was drawn into a narrow pass among remote +mountains,<note place='foot'>At Nechtansmere or Dunnechtan, identified with Dunnichen, +near Forfar. Egfrid was buried in Iona, where Adamnan, the friend +of his successor, was Abbot.</note> and slain, with the greater part of the forces +he had led thither, on the 20th of May, in the fortieth +year of his age, and the fifteenth of his reign.<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_V'>5</ref> <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi>, note. If he succeeded in February, 670, this +would be his sixteenth year.</note> His friends, +<pb n='286'/><anchor id='Pg286'/> +as has been said, advised him not to engage in this war; +but since he had the year before refused to listen to the +most reverend father, Egbert,<note place='foot'>III, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_IV'>4</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVII'>27</ref>; <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_III'>IV, 3</ref>; V, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_IX'>9</ref>, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_X'>10</ref>, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XX'>22</ref>, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>. His English birth and long +residence in Ireland fitted him to be a mediator.</note> advising him not to attack +the Scots, who were doing him no harm, it was +laid upon him as a punishment for his sin, that he should +now not listen to those who would have prevented his +death. +</p> + +<p> +From that time the hopes and strength of the Anglian +kingdom <q>began to ebb and fall away;</q><note place='foot'>Vergil, Aen. II, 169.</note> for the Picts +recovered their own lands, which had been held by the +English, and so did also the Scots that were in Britain; +and some of the Britons<note place='foot'>The Dalriadic Scots (Cf. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_I'>I, 1</ref>, note; <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXXIV'>I, 34</ref>) and the Britons of +Strathclyde.</note> regained their liberty, which +they have now enjoyed for about forty-six years. Among +the many English that then either fell by the sword, or +were made slaves, or escaped by flight out of the country +of the Picts, the most reverend man of God, Trumwine,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>12</ref>.</note> +who had been made bishop over them, withdrew with +his people that were in the monastery of Aebbercurnig,<note place='foot'>Abercorn on the Forth, cf. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XII'>I, 12</ref>; <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>IV, 12</ref>, and note.</note> in +the country of the English, but close by the arm of the +sea which is the boundary between the lands of the English +and the Picts. Having commended his followers, +wheresoever he could, to his friends in the monasteries, +he chose his own place of abode in the monastery, which +we have so often mentioned, of servants and handmaids +of God, at Streanaeshalch;<note place='foot'>III, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXV'>25</ref>; <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXIII'>IV, 23</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>V, 24</ref>.</note> and there for many years, +with a few of his own brethren, he led a life in all monastic +austerity, not only to his own benefit, but to the +benefit of many others, and dying there, he was buried +in the church of the blessed Peter the Apostle,<note place='foot'>Cf. III, 24, p. <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>.</note> with the +honour due to his life and rank. The royal virgin, Elfled,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>III, 24</ref>, and note. Elfled succeeded Hilda as abbess, and apparently +ruled jointly with her mother.</note> +with her mother, Eanfled, whom we have mentioned before, +then presided over that monastery; but when the +<pb n='287'/><anchor id='Pg287'/> +bishop came thither, that devout teacher found in him +the greatest help in governing, and comfort in her private +life. Aldfrid<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_V'>V</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>passim</hi>, and Bede's two lives of Cuthbert. His mother's +name is said by the Irish authorities to have been Fina. He had +lived among the Irish islands (<q>in insulis Scottorum,</q> and <q>in +regionibus Scottorum</q>) for the sake of study, according to Bede, +but William of Malmesbury implies that Egfrid may have been responsible +for his exile. He was a man of great learning and of +scholarly tastes. In Bede's <q>History of the Abbots,</q> we are told +that he gave eight hides of land for a MS. which Benedict Biscop +had brought from Rome.</note> succeeded Egfrid in the throne, being a +man most learned in the Scriptures, said to be brother +to Egfrid, and son to King Oswy; he nobly retrieved +the ruined state of the kingdom, though within narrower +bounds. +</p> + +<p> +The same year, being the 685th from the Incarnation +of our Lord, Hlothere,<note place='foot'>Cc. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_V'>5</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVII'>17</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXII'>22</ref>.</note> king of Kent, died on the 6th of +February, when he had reigned twelve years after his +brother Egbert,<note place='foot'>Cc. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_I'>1</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_V'>5</ref>.</note> who had reigned nine years: he was +wounded in battle with the South Saxons, whom Edric,<note place='foot'>Apparently at one time joint-king with Hlothere. Certain +dooms are ascribed to them both. According to Thomas of Elmham, +he was killed in war against Caedwalla, king of Wessex, and +his brother, Mul, who were at this time encroaching on Kent.</note> +the son of Egbert, had raised against him, and died +whilst his wound was being dressed. After him, this +same Edric reigned a year and a half. On his death, +kings of doubtful title, or of foreign origin,<note place='foot'>Mul seems to have usurped the throne for a time.</note> for some +time wasted the kingdom, till the lawful king, Wictred,<note place='foot'>In 692 we find him reigning as joint-king with Swaebhard (<ref target='Book_V_Chap_VIII'>V, 8</ref> +<hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi>). He must have succeeded in 690, if Bede's dates are +correct; cf. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIII'>V, 23</ref>, where it is said that he died on April 23, 725, +after a reign of thirty-four and a half years.</note> +the son of Egbert, being settled in the throne, by his +piety and zeal delivered his nation from foreign invasion. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='288'/><anchor id='Pg288'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_XXVII'/> +<head>Chap. XXVII. How Cuthbert, a man of God, was made +bishop; and how he lived and taught whilst still in the +monastic life. [685 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the same year in which King Egfrid departed this +life,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, 685.</note> he, as has been said, caused the holy and venerable +Cuthbert<note place='foot'>C. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVI'>26</ref> and note.</note> to be ordained bishop of the church of Lindisfarne. +He had for many years led a solitary life, in +great continence of body and mind, in a very small island, +called Farne,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XVI'>III, 16</ref> and note.</note> in the ocean about nine miles distant from +that same church. From his earliest childhood<note place='foot'>As a boy he had been remarkable for his high spirits and love +of athletic exercises. The rebuke of a little boy of three is said to +have turned his thoughts to a more serious life, and a vision which +he saw as he watched his sheep on the Lammermuir Hills on the +night of Aidan's death, led him to form the resolve of entering a +monastery. (Bede's Life of Cuthbert.)</note> he had +always been inflamed with the desire of a religious life; +and he adopted the name and habit of a monk when he +was quite a young man: he first entered the monastery +of Mailros,<note place='foot'>Melrose; cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVI'>III, 26</ref> and note.</note> which is on the bank of the river Tweed, +and was then governed by the Abbot Eata,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi> and <ref target='Book_V_Chap_IX'>V, 9</ref>.</note> a man of +great gentleness and simplicity, who was afterward +made bishop of the church of Hagustald or Lindisfarne,<note place='foot'>C. 12, p. <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref>, note 1.</note> +as has been said above. The provost of the monastery +at that time was Boisil,<note place='foot'>C. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVIII'>28</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_IX'>V, 9</ref>. Probably here <q>sacerdos</q> = priest, A.S. version: +<q>masse-preost.</q> But Aelfric calls him bishop. The town of St. +Boswells on the Tweed is called after him. For an instance of his +prophetic spirit, <hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi>, c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVIII'>28</ref>. It was his fame which drew Cuthbert +to Melrose. When he saw the youth on his arrival, he exclaimed, +<q>Behold a servant of the Lord!</q> He is generally supposed +to have been carried off by the plague of 664. For an account of +his last days spent in reading the Gospel of St. John with Cuthbert, +v. Bede's Prose Life of Cuthbert. The <q>codex</q> which they used +was extant in Durham in Simeon of Durham's time.</note> a priest of great virtue and of +a prophetic spirit. Cuthbert, humbly submitting himself +<pb n='289'/><anchor id='Pg289'/> +to this man's direction, from him received both a knowledge +of the Scriptures, and an example of good works. +</p> + +<p> +After he had departed to the Lord, Cuthbert became +provost of that monastery, where he instructed many in +the rule of monastic life, both by the authority of a master, +and the example of his own behaviour. Nor did he +bestow his teaching and his example in the monastic +life on his monastery alone, but laboured far and wide +to convert the people dwelling round about from the life +of foolish custom, to the love of heavenly joys; for many +profaned the faith which they held by their wicked actions; +and some also, in the time of a pestilence, neglecting +the mysteries of the faith which they had received, +had recourse to the false remedies of idolatry, as if they +could have put a stop to the plague sent from God, by +incantations, amulets, or any other secrets of the Devil's +art. In order to correct the error of both sorts, he often +went forth from the monastery, sometimes on horseback, +but oftener on foot, and went to the neighbouring townships, +where he preached the way of truth to such as had +gone astray; which Boisil also in his time had been wont +to do. It was then the custom of the English people, +that when a clerk or priest came to a township, they all, +at his summons, flocked together to hear the Word; +willingly heard what was said, and still more willingly +practised those things that they could hear and understand. +And such was Cuthbert's skill in speaking, so +keen his desire to persuade men of what he taught, such +a light shone in his angelic face, that no man present +dared to conceal from him the secrets of his heart, but all +openly revealed in confession what they had done, thinking +doubtless that their guilt could in nowise be hidden +from him; and having confessed their sins, they wiped +them out by fruits worthy of repentance, as he bade them. +He was wont chiefly to resort to those places and preach +in those villages which were situated afar off amid steep +and wild mountains, so that others dreaded to go thither, +and whereof the poverty and barbarity rendered them inaccessible +to other teachers. But he, devoting himself +entirely to that pious labour, so industriously ministered +<pb n='290'/><anchor id='Pg290'/> +to them with his wise teaching, that when he went forth +from the monastery, he would often stay a whole week, +sometimes two or three, or even sometimes a full month, +before he returned home, continuing among the hill folk to +call that simple people by his preaching and good works +to the things of Heaven. +</p> + +<p> +This venerable servant of the Lord, having thus spent +many years in the monastery of Mailros, and there become +conspicuous by great tokens of virtue, his most +reverend abbot, Eata, removed him to the isle of Lindisfarne, +that he might there also, by his authority as provost +and by the example of his own practice, instruct +the brethren in the observance of regular discipline; for +the same reverend father then governed that place also +as abbot. From ancient times, the bishop was wont +to reside there with his clergy, and the abbot with his +monks, who were likewise under the paternal care of the +bishop; because Aidan, who was the first bishop of the +place, being himself a monk, brought monks thither, +and settled the monastic institution there;<note place='foot'>Cf. III, 3, p. <ref target='Pg139'>139</ref>, note 3.</note> as the blessed +Father Augustine is known to have done before in Kent, +when the most reverend Pope Gregory wrote to him, as +has been said above, to this effect: <q>But in that you, my +brother, having been instructed in monastic rules, must +not live apart from your clergy in the Church of the English, +which has been lately, by the will of God, converted +to the faith, you must establish the manner of +conversation of our fathers in the primitive Church, +among whom, none said that aught of the things which +they possessed was his own; but they had all things +common.</q><note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXVII'>I, 27</ref> <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi></note> +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='291'/><anchor id='Pg291'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_XXVIII'/> +<head>Chap. XXVIII. How the same St. Cuthbert, living the +life of an Anchorite, by his prayers obtained a spring in +a dry soil, and had a crop from seed sown by the labour +of his hands out of season. [676 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +After this, Cuthbert, as he grew in goodness and intensity +of devotion, attained also to a hermit's life of +contemplation in silence and solitude, as we have mentioned. +But forasmuch as many years ago we wrote +enough concerning his life and virtues, both in heroic +verse and prose,<note place='foot'>Much of the account given here is from the prose life.</note> it may suffice at present only to mention +this, that when he was about to go to the island, he +declared to the brothers, <q>If by the grace of God it shall +be granted to me, that I may live in that place by the +labour of my hands, I will willingly abide there; but if +not, God willing, I will very soon return to you.</q> The +place was quite destitute of water, corn, and trees; and +being infested by evil spirits, was very ill suited for human +habitation; but it became in all respects habitable, at +the desire of the man of God; for at his coming the +wicked spirits departed. When, after expelling the +enemy, he had, with the help of the brethren, built +himself a narrow dwelling, with a mound about it, and +the necessary cells in it, to wit, an oratory and a common +living room, he ordered the brothers to dig a pit in the +floor of the room, although the ground was hard and +stony, and no hopes appeared of any spring. When they +had done this relying upon the faith and prayers of the +servant of God, the next day it was found to be full of +water, and to this day affords abundance of its heavenly +bounty to all that resort thither. He also desired that +instruments for husbandry might be brought him, and +some wheat; but having prepared the ground and sown +the wheat at the proper season, no sign of a blade, not +to speak of ears, had sprouted from it by the summer. +Hereupon, when the brethren visited him according to +custom, he ordered barley to be brought him, if haply it +<pb n='292'/><anchor id='Pg292'/> +were either the nature of the soil, or the will of God, the +Giver of all things, that such grain rather should grow +there. He sowed it in the same field, when it was brought +him, after the proper time of sowing, and therefore without +any likelihood of its bearing fruit; but a plentiful crop +immediately sprang up, and afforded the man of God +the means which he had desired of supporting himself +by his own labour. +</p> + +<p> +When he had here served God in solitude many years, +the mound which encompassed his dwelling being so +high, that he could see nothing from it but heaven, +which he thirsted to enter, it happened that a great synod +was assembled in the presence of King Egfrid, near the +river Alne, at a place called Adtuifyrdi,<note place='foot'>The synod of Twyford, a mixed assembly of clergy and laity, +met in the autumn of 684. The place is <q>perhaps where the Aln +is crossed by two fords near Whittingham</q> (in Northumberland) +(Bright). This is another instance of the preposition prefixed to +the name, cf. II, 14, p. <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>, note 5.</note> which signifies +<q>at the two fords,</q> in which Archbishop Theodore, of +blessed memory, presided, and there Cuthbert was, with +one mind and consent of all, chosen bishop of the church +of Lindisfarne. They could not, however, draw him from +his hermitage, though many messengers and letters were +sent to him. At last the aforesaid king himself, with the +most holy Bishop Trumwine,<note place='foot'>Cc. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>12</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVI'>26</ref>.</note> and other religious and +powerful men, sailed to the island; many also of the +brothers from the isle of Lindisfarne itself, assembled +together for the same purpose: they all knelt, and conjured +him by the Lord, with tears and entreaties, till +they drew him, also in tears, from his beloved retreat, +and forced him to go to the synod. When he arrived +there, he was very reluctantly overcome by the unanimous +resolution of all present, and compelled to take upon himself +the duties of the episcopate; being chiefly prevailed +upon by the words of Boisil, the servant of God, who, +when he had prophetically<note place='foot'>Cf. c. 27, p. <ref target='Pg288'>288</ref>.</note> foretold all things that were +to befall him, had also predicted that he should be a +bishop. Nevertheless, the consecration was not appointed +<pb n='293'/><anchor id='Pg293'/> +immediately; but when the winter, which was then at +hand, was over, it was carried out at Easter,<note place='foot'>In 685.</note> in the city +of York, and in the presence of the aforesaid King Egfrid; +seven bishops coming together for his consecration, +among whom, Theodore, of blessed memory, was Primate. +He was first elected bishop of the church of Hagustald, +in the place of Tunbert,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>12</ref> and note.</note> who had been deposed from the +episcopate; but because he chose rather to be placed +over the church of Lindisfarne, in which he had lived, it +was thought fit that Eata should return to the see of the +church of Hagustald, to which he had been first ordained, +and that Cuthbert should take upon him the government +of the church of Lindisfarne.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi></note> +</p> + +<p> +Following the example of the blessed Apostles, he +adorned the episcopal dignity by his virtuous deeds; for +he both protected the people committed to his charge +by constant prayer, and roused them, by wholesome admonitions, +to thoughts of Heaven. He first showed in +his own life what he taught others to do, a practice which +greatly strengthens all teaching; for he was above all +things inflamed with the fire of Divine charity, of sober +mind and patient, most diligently intent on devout prayers, +and kindly to all that came to him for comfort. He +thought it stood in the stead of prayer to afford the weak +brethren the help of his exhortation, knowing that he +who said <q>Thou shalt love the Lord thy God,</q> said likewise, +<q>Thou shalt love thy neighbour.</q> He was noted +for penitential abstinence, and was always through the +grace of compunction, intent upon heavenly things. And +when he offered up to God the Sacrifice of the saving +Victim, he commended his prayer to the Lord, not with +uplifted voice, but with tears drawn from the bottom of +his heart. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='294'/><anchor id='Pg294'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_XXIX'/> +<head>Chap. XXIX. How this bishop foretold that his own +death was at hand to the anchorite Herebert. [687 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Having spent two years in his bishopric, he returned to +his island and hermitage,<note place='foot'>Soon after Christmas, 686. In February, 687, his last illness +began.</note> being warned of God that the +day of his death, or rather of his entrance into that life +which alone can be called life, was drawing near; as he, +at that time, with his wonted candour, signified to certain +persons, though in words which were somewhat +obscure, but which were nevertheless afterwards plainly +understood; while to others he declared the same openly. +</p> + +<p> +There was a certain priest, called Herebert, a man of +holy life, who had long been united with the man of +God, Cuthbert, in the bonds of spiritual friendship. This +man leading a solitary life in the island of that great +lake from which the river Derwent flows at its beginning,<note place='foot'>St. Herbert's Island in Derwentwater. Strictly speaking, the +Derwent flows through Derwentwater: it rises in Borrowdale. +An indulgence of forty days was granted by Thomas Appleby, +Bishop of Carlisle, in 1374 to pilgrims who visited the island.</note> +was wont to visit him every year, and to receive from +him the teaching of everlasting salvation. Hearing that +Bishop Cuthbert was come to the city of Lugubalia,<note place='foot'>Carlisle, called also Luel by Simeon of Durham.</note> he +went thither to him, according to his custom, seeking +to be more and more inflamed in heavenly desires +through his wholesome admonitions. Whilst they alternately +entertained one another with draughts of the +celestial life, the bishop, among other things, said, <q>Brother +Herebert, remember at this time to ask me and +speak to me concerning all whereof you have need to +ask and speak; for, when we part, we shall never again +see one another with bodily eyesight in this world. For +I know of a surety that the time of my departure is at +hand, and that shortly I must put off this my tabernacle.</q> +Hearing these words, Herebert fell down at his feet, with +tears and lamentations, and said, <q>I beseech you, by +the Lord, not to forsake me; but to remember your most +<pb n='295'/><anchor id='Pg295'/> +faithful companion, and entreat the mercy of God that, +as we have served Him together upon earth, so we may +depart together to behold His grace in Heaven. For you +know that I have always endeavoured to live according +to the words of your lips, and likewise whatsoever faults +I have committed, either through ignorance or frailty, I +have instantly sought to amend according to the judgement +of your will.</q> The bishop applied himself to prayer, +and having presently had intimation in the spirit that he +had obtained what he asked of the Lord, he said, <q>Rise, +brother, and do not weep, but rejoice greatly because +the mercy of Heaven has granted what we desired.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The event established the truth of this promise and +prophecy, for after their parting, they never again saw +one another in the flesh; but their spirits quitting their +bodies on one and the same day, to wit, the 20th of +March,<note place='foot'>In 687.</note> were immediately united in fellowship in the +blessed vision, and together translated to the heavenly +kingdom by the ministry of angels. But Herebert was +first wasted by a long-continued infirmity, through the +dispensation of the Lord's mercy, as may be believed, to +the end that if he was in any wise inferior in merit to the +blessed Cuthbert, that which was lacking might be supplied +by the chastening pain of a long sickness, that +being thus made equal in grace to his intercessor, as he +departed out of the body at one and the same time with +him, so he might be accounted worthy to be received +into the like abode of eternal bliss. +</p> + +<p> +The most reverend father died in the isle of Farne, +earnestly entreating the brothers that he might also be +buried there, where he had served no small time under +the Lord's banner. But at length yielding to their entreaties, +he consented to be carried back to the isle of +Lindisfarne, and there buried in the church.<note place='foot'>In St. Peter's Church. In 875, when the monks fled from +Lindisfarne before the Danes, his relics were removed, first to +Chester-le-Street, then to Ripon, and eventually to Durham. +Simeon of Durham says the body was found to be uncorrupted, +when it was placed in the new Cathedral there in 1104.</note> This being +<pb n='296'/><anchor id='Pg296'/> +done, the venerable Bishop Wilfrid held the episcopal +see of that church one year,<note place='foot'>The year in which he administered the bishopric falls between +his restoration to York, Hexham, and the monastery of Ripon, +and his second expulsion.</note> till such time as a bishop +should be chosen to be ordained in the room of Cuthbert. +Afterwards Eadbert<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXV'>III, 25</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi>, and <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXX'>30</ref>. In the life of Cuthbert he is +described as a man <q>magnarum virtutum</q> (miraculous powers?). +Alcuin tells that he calmed the winds by his prayers.</note> was ordained, a man renowned for +his knowledge of the Holy Scriptures, as also for his +observance of the heavenly precepts, and chiefly for +almsgiving, so that, according to the law, he gave every +year the tenth part, not only of four-footed beasts, but +also of all corn and fruit, as also of his garments, to the +poor. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_IV_Chap_XXX'/> +<head>Chap. XXX. How his body was found altogether uncorrupted +after it had been buried eleven years; and +how his successor in the bishopric departed this world +not long after. [698 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In order to show forth the great glory of the life after +death of the man of God, Cuthbert, whereas the loftiness +of his life before his death had been revealed by the +testimony of many miracles, when he had been buried +eleven years, Divine Providence put it into the minds of +the brethren to take up his bones. They thought to find +them dry and all the rest of the body consumed and +turned to dust, after the manner of the dead, and they +desired to put them into a new coffin, and to lay them in +the same place, but above the pavement, for the honour +due to him. They made known their resolve to Bishop +Eadbert, and he consented to it, and bade them to be +mindful to do it on the anniversary of his burial. They +did so, and opening the grave, found all the body whole, +as if he were still alive, and the joints of the limbs +pliable, like one asleep rather than dead; besides, all +the vestments in which he was clothed were not only undefiled, +<pb n='297'/><anchor id='Pg297'/> +but marvellous to behold, being fresh and bright +as at the first. The brothers seeing this, were struck +with a great dread, and hastened to tell the bishop what +they had found; he being then alone in a place remote +from the church, and encompassed on all sides by the +shifting waves of the sea. There he always used to +spend the time of Lent, and was wont to pass the forty +days before the Nativity of our Lord, in great devotion +with abstinence and prayer and tears. There also his +venerable predecessor, Cuthbert, had for some time +served as the soldier of the Lord in solitude before he +went to the isle of Farne. +</p> + +<p> +They brought him also some part of the garments +that had covered the holy body; which presents he +thankfully accepted, and gladly heard of the miracles, +and he kissed the garments even, with great affection, +as if they had been still upon his father's body, and +said, <q>Let new garments be put upon the body, in place +of these you have brought, and so lay it in the coffin +which you have prepared; for I know of a surety that +the place will not long remain empty, which has been +hallowed with so great grace of heavenly miracles; and +how happy is he to whom the Lord, the Author and +Giver of all bliss, shall vouchsafe to grant the privilege +of resting therein.</q> When the bishop had made an end +of saying this and more in like manner, with many tears +and great compunction and with faltering tongue, the +brothers did as he had commanded them, and when they +had wrapped the body in new garments, and laid it in a +new coffin, they placed it above the pavement of the +sanctuary. Soon after, Bishop Eadbert, beloved of God, +fell grievously sick, and his fever daily increasing in +severity, ere long, that is, on the 6th of May,<note place='foot'>698 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi></note> he also +departed to the Lord, and they laid his body in the grave +of the blessed father Cuthbert, placing over it the coffin, +with the uncorrupted remains of that father. The +miracles of healing, sometimes wrought in that place +testify to the merits of them both; of some of these we +<pb n='298'/><anchor id='Pg298'/> +have before preserved the memory in the book of his +life. But in this History we have thought fit to add some +others which have lately come to our knowledge. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chap. XXXI. Of one that was cured of a palsy at his +tomb.</head> + +<p> +There was in that same monastery a brother whose name +was Badudegn, who had for no small time ministered +to the guests of the house, and is still living, having the +testimony of all the brothers and strangers resorting +thither, of being a man of much piety and religion, and +serving the office put upon him only for the sake of the +heavenly reward. This man, having one day washed in +the sea the coverings or blankets which he used in the +guest chamber, was returning home, when on the way, +he was seized with a sudden infirmity, insomuch that he +fell to the ground, and lay there a long time and could +scarce at last rise again. When he got up, he felt one +half of his body, from the head to the foot, struck with +palsy, and with great trouble made his way home by the +help of a staff. The disease increased by degrees, and +as night approached, became still worse, so that when +day returned, he could scarcely rise or walk alone. Suffering +from this trouble, he conceived the wise resolve to +go to the church, as best he could, and approach the +tomb of the reverend father Cuthbert, and there, on his +knees, humbly beseech the mercy of God that he might +either be delivered from that disease, if it were well for +him, or if by the grace of God it was ordained for him to +be chastened longer by this affliction, that he might bear +the pain which was laid upon him with patience and a +quiet mind. +</p> + +<p> +He did accordingly as he had determined, and supporting +his weak limbs with a staff, entered the church. +There prostrating himself before the body of the man +of God, he prayed with pious earnestness, that, through +his intercession, the Lord might be propitious to him. +As he prayed, he seemed to fall into a deep sleep, and, +<pb n='299'/><anchor id='Pg299'/> +as he was afterwards wont to relate, felt a large and +broad hand touch his head, where the pain lay, and likewise +pass over all that part of his body which had been +benumbed by the disease, down to his feet. Gradually +the pain departed and health returned. Then he awoke, +and rose up in perfect health, and returning thanks to +the Lord for his recovery, told the brothers what had +been done for him; and to the joy of them all, returned +the more zealously, as if chastened by the trial of his +affliction, to the service which he was wont before to +perform with care. +</p> + +<p> +Moreover, the very garments which had been on +Cuthbert's body, dedicated to God, either while he was +alive, or after his death, were not without the virtue of +healing, as may be seen in the book of his life and +miracles, by such as shall read it. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chap. XXXII. Of one who was lately cured of a disease +in his eye at the relics of St. Cuthbert.</head> + +<p> +Nor is that cure to be passed over in silence, which was +performed by his relics three years ago, and was told me +lately by the brother himself, on whom it was wrought. +It happened in the monastery, which, being built near +the river Dacore,<note place='foot'>The Dacre, a small stream near Penrith. There are the ruins +of a castle, and Smith says there is a tradition of a monastery on +its banks.</note> has taken its name from the same, +over which, at that time, the religious Suidbert<note place='foot'>Not the missionary in <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XI'>V, 11</ref>.</note> presided +as abbot. In that monastery was a youth whose eyelid +was disfigured by an unsightly tumour, which growing +daily greater, threatened the loss of the eye. The physicians +endeavoured to mitigate it by applying ointments, +but in vain. Some said it ought to be cut off; others +opposed this course, for fear of greater danger. The +brother having long laboured under this malady, when +no human means availed to save his eye, but rather, it +grew daily worse, on a sudden, through the grace of the +<pb n='300'/><anchor id='Pg300'/> +mercy of God, it came to pass that he was cured by the +relics of the holy father, Cuthbert. For when the brethren +found his body uncorrupted, after having been many +years buried, they took some part of the hair, to give, as +relics, to friends who asked for them, or to show, in +testimony of the miracle. +</p> + +<p> +One of the priests of the monastery, named Thruidred, +who is now abbot there, had a small part of these relics +by him at that time. One day he went into the church +and opened the box of relics, to give some part of them +to a friend who asked for it, and it happened that the +youth who had the diseased eye was then in the church. +The priest, having given his friend as much as he thought +fit, gave the rest to the youth to put back into its +place. But he having received the hairs of the holy +head, prompted by some salutary impulse, applied them +to the diseased eyelid, and endeavoured for some time, +by the application of them, to abate and mitigate the +tumour. Having done this, he again laid the relics in +the box, as he had been bidden, believing that his eye +would soon be cured by the hairs of the man of God, +which had touched it; nor did his faith disappoint him. +It was then, as he is wont to relate, about the second +hour of the day; but while he was occupied with other +thoughts and business of the day, on a sudden, about +the sixth hour of the same, touching his eye, he found it +and the eyelid as sound as if there never had been any +disfigurement or tumour on it. +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<pb n='301'/><anchor id='Pg301'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_V'/> +<head>Book V</head> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_V_Chap_I'/> +<head>Chap. I. How Ethelwald, successor to Cuthbert, leading +a hermit's life, calmed a tempest by his prayers when +the brethren were in danger at sea. [687-699 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +The venerable Ethelwald<note place='foot'><q>Innumera miracula</q> are ascribed to him by Florence of +Worcester.</note> succeeded the man of God, +Cuthbert, in the exercise of a solitary life, which he +spent in the isle of Farne<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_III_Chap_XVI'>III, 16</ref>, and note; <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVII'>IV, 27-30</ref>.</note> before he became a bishop. +After he had received the priesthood, he consecrated his +office by deeds worthy of that degree for many years in +the monastery which is called Inhrypum.<note place='foot'>Ripon, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> III, 25, p. <ref target='Pg194'>194</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIX'>V, 19</ref>.</note> To the end +that his merit and manner of life may be the more certainly +made known, I will relate one miracle of his, +which was told me by one of the brothers for and on +whom the same was wrought; to wit, Guthfrid, the +venerable servant and priest of Christ, who also, afterwards, +as abbot, presided over the brethren of the same +church of Lindisfarne, in which he was educated. +</p> + +<p> +<q>I came,</q> says he, <q>to the island of Farne, with two +others of the brethren, desiring to speak with the most +reverend father, Ethelwald. Having been refreshed with +his discourse, and asked for his blessing, as we were +returning home, behold on a sudden, when we were in +the midst of the sea, the fair weather in which we were +sailing, was broken, and there arose so great and terrible +a tempest, that neither sails nor oars were of any use to +us, nor had we anything to expect but death. After long +struggling with the wind and waves to no effect, at last +we looked back to see whether it was possible by any +means at least to return to the island whence we came, +but we found that we were on all sides alike cut off by the +storm, and that there was no hope of escape by our own +<pb n='302'/><anchor id='Pg302'/> +efforts. But looking further, we perceived, on the island +of Farne, our father Ethelwald, beloved of God, come out +of his retreat to watch our course; for, hearing the noise +of the tempest and raging sea, he had come forth to see +what would become of us. When he beheld us in distress +and despair, he bowed his knees to the Father of our +Lord Jesus Christ, in prayer for our life and safety; and +as he finished his prayer, he calmed the swelling water, in +such sort that the fierceness of the storm ceased on all +sides, and fair winds attended us over a smooth sea to +the very shore. When we had landed, and had pulled up +our small vessel from the waves, the storm, which had +ceased a short time for our sake, presently returned, +and raged furiously during the whole day; so that it +plainly appeared that the brief interval of calm had been +granted by Heaven in answer to the prayers of the man +of God, to the end that we might escape.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The man of God remained in the isle of Farne twelve +years, and died there; but was buried in the church of +the blessed Apostle Peter, in the isle of Lindisfarne, beside +the bodies of the aforesaid bishops.<note place='foot'>Cuthbert and Eadbert (IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXIX'>29</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXX'>30</ref>). His relics were removed +with Cuthbert's and finally interred at Durham.</note> These things happened +in the days of King Aldfrid,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVI'>IV, 26</ref>, and <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'>V, 18</ref>. He reigned from 685 to 705.</note> who, after his brother +Egfrid, ruled the nation of the Northumbrians for nineteen +years. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_V_Chap_II'/> +<head>Chap. II. How Bishop John cured a dumb man by his +blessing. [687 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the beginning of Aldfrid's reign, Bishop Eata<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVI'>III, 26</ref>; IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>12</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVII'>27</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVIII'>28</ref>. He died in 686.</note> died, +and was succeeded in the bishopric of the church of +Hagustald by the holy man John,<note place='foot'>John of Beverley, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> IV, 23, p. <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref>, and note. Wilfrid administered +the bishopric during the vacancy between Eata's death +and John's consecration in 687.</note> of whom those that +knew him well are wont to tell many miracles, and more +particularly Berthun,<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>ibid.</hi></note> a man worthy of all reverence and +<pb n='303'/><anchor id='Pg303'/> +of undoubted truthfulness, and once his deacon, now +abbot of the monastery called Inderauuda,<note place='foot'>Beverley. The present name is said to be derived from a +colony of beavers in the Hull river. In 866 the minster was destroyed +by the Danes, but it was repaired three years later. In +925 Athelstan restored it and made it collegiate, giving it lands +and various privileges. (For the preposition, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> II, 14, p. <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>, note 5.)</note> that is, <q>In +the wood of the Deiri</q>: some of which miracles we +have thought fit to hand on to posterity. There is a +certain remote dwelling<note place='foot'>Supposed to have been at St. John's Lee, near Hexham. The +old name is Erneshow or Herneshaw. (Richard of Hexham, +Folcard.)</note> enclosed by a mound, among +scattered trees, not far from the church of Hagustald, +being about a mile and a half distant and separated from +it by the river Tyne, having an oratory<note place='foot'>The reading of the best MSS., <q>Clymeterium</q> (<hi rend='italic'>v. ll.</hi> clymiterium, +climiterium, clymitorium) seems inexplicable. Smith reads +<q>coemeterium,</q> probably on the authority of a gloss (<q>id est +cimeterium</q>) on some of the later MSS., and it has generally been +translated <q>cemetery.</q> The AS. version has <q>gebæd hus 7 ciricean</q> = oratory +and church.</note> dedicated to St. +Michael the Archangel, where the man of God used +frequently, as occasion offered, and specially in Lent, to +abide with a few companions and in quiet give himself +to prayer and study. Having come hither once at the +beginning of Lent to stay, he bade his followers find +out some poor man labouring under any grievous infirmity, +or want, whom they might keep with them +during those days, to receive alms, for so he was always +used to do. +</p> + +<p> +There was in a township not far off, a certain youth +who was dumb, known to the bishop, for he often used +to come into his presence to receive alms. He had never +been able to speak one word; besides, he had so much +scurf and scab on his head, that no hair could ever grow +on the top of it, but only some rough hairs stood on end +round about it. The bishop caused this young man to +be brought, and a little hut to be made for him within +the enclosure of the dwelling, in which he might abide, +and receive alms from him every day. When one week +of Lent was over, the next Sunday he bade the poor +<pb n='304'/><anchor id='Pg304'/> +man come to him, and when he had come, he bade +him put his tongue out of his mouth and show it him; +then taking him by the chin, he made the sign of the +Holy Cross on his tongue, directing him to draw it back +so signed into his mouth and to speak. <q>Pronounce +some word,</q> said he; <q>say <q>gae,</q></q> which, in the language +of the English, is the word of affirming and consenting, +that is, yes. The youth's tongue was immediately +loosed, and he spoke as he was bidden. The +bishop then added the names of the letters: <q>Say A.</q> +He said A. <q>Say B;</q> he said B also. When he had +repeated all the letters after the bishop, the latter proceeded +to put syllables and words to him, and when he +had repeated them all rightly he bade him utter whole +sentences, and he did it. Nor did he cease all that day +and the next night, as long as he could keep awake, +as those who were present relate, to say something, and +to express his private thoughts and wishes to others, +which he could never do before; after the manner of the +man long lame, who, when he was healed by the Apostles +Peter and John,<note place='foot'>Acts, iii, 2-8.</note> leaping up, stood and walked, and +entered with them into the temple, walking, and leaping, +and praising the Lord, rejoicing to have the use of his +feet, which he had so long lacked. The bishop, rejoicing +with him at his cure, caused the physician to take in +hand the healing of the sores of his head. He did as he +was bidden, and with the help of the bishop's blessing +and prayers, a goodly head of hair grew as the skin was +healed. Thus the youth became fair of countenance, +ready of speech, with hair curling in comely fashion, +whereas before he had been ill-favoured, miserable, and +dumb. Thus filled with joy at his recovered health, notwithstanding +that the bishop offered to keep him in his +own household, he chose rather to return home. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='305'/><anchor id='Pg305'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_V_Chap_III'/> +<head>Chap. III. How he healed a sick maiden by his prayers. +[705 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +The same Berthun told another miracle concerning the +said bishop. When the most reverend Wilfrid, after a +long banishment, was admitted to the bishopric of the +church of Hagustald,<note place='foot'>This was Wilfrid's second restoration. He recovered Hexham +and the monastery of Ripon at the Synod on the Nidd in 705.</note> and the aforesaid John, upon the +death of Bosa,<note place='foot'>Bosa (IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>12</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXIII'>23</ref>) died <hi rend='italic'>circ.</hi> 705.</note> a man of great sanctity and humility, +was, in his place, appointed bishop of York, he himself +came, once upon a time, to the monastery of nuns, at +the place called Wetadun,<note place='foot'>Watton in the East Riding of Yorkshire. (<q>Hodie Watton, +<hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, humida villa ex aquis et paludibus quibus septa est.</q> Smith.) +It is called Betendune by Folcard, the biographer of Bishop John.</note> where the Abbess Heriburg +then presided. <q>When we were come thither,</q> said he, +<q rend='pre'>and had been received with great and universal joy, +the abbess told us, that one of the nuns, who was her +own daughter after the flesh, laboured under a grievous +sickness, for she had been lately let blood in the arm, +and whilst she was under treatment,<note place='foot'>For <q>studium</q> = medical treatment, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Plummer, <hi rend='italic'>ad loc.</hi> +Under the verb, <foreign rend='italic'>studere</foreign>, Ducange gives instances of this meaning: +<q>Iussitque rex, ut studeretur a medicis</q>; Greg. Turon., vi, 32. +<q>Episcopus, adhibito mulomedico, jussit ei (equo) studium impendere, +quo scilicet sanari potuisset</q>; St. Audoënus, lib. 2; Vit. +St. Eligii, 44.</note> was seized with an +attack of sudden pain, which speedily increased, while the +wounded arm became worse, and so much swollen, that +it could scarce be compassed with both hands; and she +lay in bed like to die through excess of pain. Wherefore +the abbess entreated the bishop that he would vouchsafe +to go in and give her his blessing; for she believed that +she would soon be better if he blessed her or laid his +hands upon her. He asked when the maiden had been +let blood, and being told that it was on the fourth day +of the moon, said, <q>You did very indiscreetly and unskilfully +to let blood on the fourth day of the moon; for I +<pb n='306'/><anchor id='Pg306'/> +remember that Archbishop Theodore,<note place='foot'>Bishop John had studied under Theodore. Cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXIII'>IV, 23</ref>, note.</note> of blessed memory, +said, that blood-letting at that time was very dangerous, +when the light of the moon is waxing and the tide of the +ocean is rising. And what can I do for the maiden if she +is like to die?</q></q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>But the abbess still earnestly entreated for her +daughter, whom she dearly loved, and designed to make +abbess in her stead,<note place='foot'>Note the tendency to hereditary succession in monasteries +(<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Haddan and Stubbs, III, 337-338). Instances are, however, +rare in England, though common in Ireland, where the clan +system affected ecclesiastical preferments. Eanfled and Elfled at +Whitby are not a case in point, as Eanfled did not precede her +daughter, but was only associated with her in some way in the +government of the monastery.</note> and at last prevailed with him to go +in and visit the sick maiden. Wherefore he went in, +taking me with him to the maid, who lay, as I said, in +sore anguish, and her arm swelling so greatly that it +could not be bent at all at the elbow; and he stood and +said a prayer over her, and having given his blessing, +went out. Afterwards, as we were sitting at table, at the +usual hour, some one came in and called me out, saying, +<q>Quoenburg</q> (that was the maid's name) <q>desires that you +should immediately go back to her.</q> This I did, and entering +the chamber, I found her of more cheerful countenance, +and like one in good health. And while I was +sitting beside her, she said, <q>Shall we call for something +to drink?</q>—<q>Yes,</q> said I, <q>and right glad am I, if +you can.</q> When the cup was brought, and we had both +drunk, she said, <q>As soon as the bishop had said the +prayer for me and given me his blessing and had gone +out, I immediately began to mend; and though I have +not yet recovered my former strength, yet all the pain is +quite gone both from my arm, where it was most burning, +and from all my body, as if the bishop had carried it +away with him; notwithstanding the swelling of the arm +still seems to remain.</q> But when we departed thence, +the cure of the pain in her limbs was followed by the +assuaging of the grievous swelling; and the maiden +<pb n='307'/><anchor id='Pg307'/> +being thus delivered from pains and death, returned +praise to our Lord and Saviour, in company with His +other servants who were there.</q> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chap. IV. How he healed a thegn's wife that was sick, +with holy water.</head> + +<p> +The same abbot related another miracle, not unlike the +former, of the aforesaid bishop. <q>Not very far from our +monastery,</q> he said, <q>to wit, about two miles off, was +the township<note place='foot'>This <q>vill</q> was at South Burton (Folcard), now called Bishop +Burton, between two and three miles from Beverley.</note> of one Puch, a thegn, whose wife had lain +sick of a very grievous disease for nearly forty days, +insomuch that for three weeks she could not be carried +out of the chamber where she lay. It happened that the +man of God was, at that time, called thither by the +thegn to consecrate a church; and when that was done, +the thegn desired him to come into his house and dine. +The bishop declined, saying that he must return to the +monastery, which was very near. The thegn, entreating +him more earnestly, vowed he would also give alms to +the poor, if so be that the bishop would vouchsafe to +enter his house that day and break his fast. I joined my +entreaties to his, promising in like manner to give alms +for the relief of the poor,<note place='foot'>To redeem his fast, as the A.S. version explains.</note> if he would but go and dine at +the thegn's house, and give his blessing. Having at +length, with much difficulty, prevailed, we went in to +refresh ourselves. The bishop had sent to the woman +that lay sick some of the holy water, which he had +blessed for the consecration of the church, by one of the +brothers who had come with me, ordering him to give +her some to drink, and wash that part of her where he +found that her pain was greatest, with some of the same +water. This being done, the woman immediately got up +whole and sound, and perceiving that she had not only +been delivered from her long sickness, but at the same +time had recovered the strength which she had lost for +<pb n='308'/><anchor id='Pg308'/> +so great a time, she presented the cup to the bishop and +to us, and continued serving us with meat and drink as +she had begun, till dinner was over; following the +example of the blessed Peter's wife's mother, who, +having been sick of a fever, arose at the touch of our +Lord's hand, and having forthwith received health and +strength, ministered to them.</q><note place='foot'>St. Matt., viii, 14-15; St. Mark, i, 30-31; St. Luke, iv, 38-39.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chap. V. How he likewise recalled by his prayers a +thegn's servant from death.</head> + +<p> +At another time also, being called to consecrate the +church<note place='foot'>At North Burton (Dugdale, <q>Monasticon</q>).</note> of a thegn named Addi, when he had performed +the required duty, he was entreated by the thegn to go +in to one of his servants, who lay dangerously ill, insomuch +that having lost all use of his limbs, he seemed to +be at the point of death; and moreover the coffin had +been made ready wherein to bury him after his death. +The thegn urged his entreaties with tears, earnestly +beseeching him that he would go in and pray for the servant, +because his life was of great moment to him; and +he believed that if the bishop would lay his hand upon +him and give him his blessing, he would soon mend. So +the bishop went in, and saw him very near death, and +by his side the coffin in which he was to be laid for his +burial, whilst all mourned. He said a prayer and blessed +him, and going out, spake the wonted words of comfort, +<q>Good health be yours and that speedily.</q> Afterwards, +when they were sitting at table, the servant sent to his +lord, desiring that he would let him have a cup of wine, +because he was thirsty. The thegn, rejoicing greatly +that he could drink, sent him a cup of wine, blessed by +the bishop; and, as soon as he had drunk it, he immediately +got up, and, shaking off the heaviness of his +infirmity, dressed himself and went forth, and going in +to the bishop, saluted him and the other guests, saying +<pb n='309'/><anchor id='Pg309'/> +that he also would gladly eat and drink with them. They +bade him sit down with them at table, greatly rejoicing +at his recovery. He sat down, ate and drank and made +merry, and behaved himself like the rest of the company; +and living many years after, continued in the same +health which he had gained. The aforesaid abbot says +this miracle was not wrought in his presence, but that +he had it from those who were present. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_V_Chap_VI'/> +<head>Chap. VI. How, both by his prayers and blessing, he +recalled from death one of his clerks, who had bruised +himself by a fall.</head> + +<p> +Nor do I think that this miracle, which Herebald,<note place='foot'>He lived till 745, according to Simeon of Durham.</note> the +servant of Christ, says was wrought upon himself by the +bishop, is to be passed over in silence. He was then one +of that bishop's clergy, but now presides as abbot in the +monastery at the mouth of the river Tyne.<note place='foot'>There were probably two monasteries at Tynemouth, the one +mentioned here, and another (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Bede's <q>Life of Cuthbert</q>), +which had been a house of monks, but afterwards, when Bede +wrote, had become a nunnery.</note> <q>Living +with him,</q> said he, <q rend='pre'>and being very well acquainted +with his course of life, I found it to be in all points +worthy of a bishop, as far as it is lawful for men to +judge; but I have known by the experience of others, +and more particularly by my own, how great his merit +was before Him Who seeth the heart; having been by +his prayer and blessing recalled from the threshold of +death and brought back to the way of life. For, when +in the prime of my youth, I lived among his clergy, +applying myself to reading and singing, but not having +yet altogether withdrawn my heart from youthful pleasures, +it happened one day that, as we were travelling +with him, we came into a plain and open road, well +fitted for galloping. The young men that were with him, +and especially the laymen, began to entreat the bishop +to give them leave to gallop, and make trial of their +<pb n='310'/><anchor id='Pg310'/> +horses one with another. He at first refused, saying +that it was an idle request; but at last, overcome by +the unanimous desire of so many, <q>Do so,</q> said he, <q>if +you will, but let Herebald have no part in the trial.</q> +Then I earnestly prayed that I might have leave to compete +with the rest, for I relied on an excellent horse, +which he had himself given me, but I could in no wise +obtain my request.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>When they had several times galloped backwards +and forwards, the bishop and I looking on, my wanton +humour prevailed, and I could no longer refrain, but +though he forbade me, I struck in among them at their +sport, and began to ride with them at full speed; whereat +I heard him call after me with a groan, <q>Alas! how +much you grieve me by riding after that manner.</q> +Though I heard him, I went on against his command; +but immediately the fiery horse taking a great leap over +a hollow place in the way, I fell, and at once lost all +sense and motion, like one dying; for there was in that +place a stone, level with the ground, covered with only +a thin coating of turf, and no other stone was to be +found in all that expanse of plain; and it happened by +chance, or rather by Divine Providence so ordering it, to +punish my disobedience, that my head and my hand, +which in falling I had put under my head, struck upon +that stone, so that my thumb was broken and my skull +fractured, and I became, as I said, like one dead.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>And because I could not move, they stretched a tent +there for me to lie in. It was about the seventh hour of +the day, and having lain still and as it were dead from +that time till the evening, I then revived a little, and was +carried home by my companions, and lay speechless all +the night, vomiting blood, because something was +broken within me by the fall. The bishop was very much +grieved at my fall and my misfortune, for he bore me +extraordinary affection. Nor would he stay that night, +as he was wont, among his clergy; but spent it alone in +watching and prayer, imploring the Divine goodness, +as I suppose, for my preservation. Coming to me early +in the morning, and having said a prayer over me, he +<pb n='311'/><anchor id='Pg311'/> +called me by my name, and when I awoke as it were +out of a heavy sleep, he asked whether I knew who it +was that spoke to me? I opened my eyes and said, <q>Yes; +you are my beloved bishop.</q>—<q>Can you live?</q> said he. +I answered, <q>I can, through your prayers, if the Lord +will.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>He then laid his hand on my head, with the words +of blessing, and returned to prayer; when he came again +to see me, in a short time, he found me sitting and able +to talk; and, being moved by Divine inspiration, as it +soon appeared, began to ask me, whether I knew for certain +that I had been baptized? I answered that I knew +beyond all doubt that I had been washed in the font of +salvation, for the remission of sins, and I named the +priest by whom I knew that I had been baptized. He +replied, <q>If you were baptized by that priest, your baptism +is not perfect; for I know him, and that when he +was ordained priest, he could in no wise, by reason of +the dulness of his understanding, learn the ministry of +catechizing and baptizing; for which reason I enjoined +upon him altogether to desist from presuming to exercise +that ministry, which he could not duly perform.</q> This +said, he set himself to catechize me that same hour; and +it came to pass that when he breathed on my face,<note place='foot'>Breathing on the face and catechizing were practised in order +to exorcise evil spirits from the hearts of catechumens (Bede, +Opp. viii, 106).</note> +straightway I felt better. He called the surgeon and +ordered him to set and bind up my skull where it was +fractured; and presently having received his blessing, I +was so much better that I mounted on horseback the +next day, and travelled with him to another place; and +being soon after perfectly recovered, I was washed in +the water of life.</q> +</p> + +<p> +He continued in his bishopric thirty-three years,<note place='foot'>The Saxon Chronicle is very exact: <q>Thirty-three years, +eight months, and thirteen days.</q> This would date his episcopate +from August, 687, to May, 721, for May 7th was observed as the +day of his festival at Beverley.</note> and +then ascending to the heavenly kingdom, was buried in +<pb n='312'/><anchor id='Pg312'/> +St. Peter's Chapel, in his own monastery, which is +called, <q>In the wood of the Deiri,</q><note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_II'>2</ref>.</note> in the year of our +Lord 721. For having, by his great age, become unable +to govern his bishopric, he ordained Wilfrid,<note place='foot'>Wilfrid II: <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> IV, 23, p. <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref>, and note.</note> his priest, +bishop of the church of York, and retired to the aforesaid +monastery, and there ended his days in godly conversation. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_V_Chap_VII'/> +<head>Chap. VII. How Caedwalla, king of the West Saxons, +went to Rome to be baptized; and his successor Ini, also +devoutly journeyed to the same threshold of the holy +Apostles. [688 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the third year of the reign of Aldfrid,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, in 688. For Caedwalla, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>12</ref> (and note), <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XV'>15</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVI'>16</ref>.</note> Caedwalla, king +of the West Saxons, having most vigorously governed +his nation for two years, quitted his crown for the sake +of the Lord and an everlasting kingdom, and went to +Rome, being desirous to obtain the peculiar honour of +being cleansed in the baptismal font at the threshold of +the blessed Apostles, for he had learned that in Baptism +alone the entrance into the heavenly life is opened to +mankind; and he hoped at the same time, that being +made clean by Baptism, he should soon be freed from +the bonds of the flesh and pass to the eternal joys of +Heaven; both which things, by the help of the Lord, +came to pass according as he had conceived in his mind. +For coming to Rome, at the time that Sergius<note place='foot'>Sergius I, 687-701.</note> was +pope, he was baptized on the Holy Saturday before +Easter Day,<note place='foot'>Cf. II, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_IX'>9</ref>, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XIV'>14</ref> and notes.</note> in the year of our Lord 689, and being still +in his white garments,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XIV'>II, 14</ref> and note.</note> he fell sick, and was set free +from the bonds of the flesh on the 20th of April, and +obtained an entrance into the kingdom of the blessed in +Heaven. At his baptism, the aforesaid pope had given +him the name of Peter, to the end, that he might be also +united in name to the most blessed chief of the Apostles, +<pb n='313'/><anchor id='Pg313'/> +to whose most holy body his pious love had led him from +the utmost bounds of the earth. He was likewise buried +in his church, and by the pope's command an epitaph<note place='foot'>By Benedictus Crispus, Archbishop of Milan. He died in 725.</note> +was written on his tomb, wherein the memory of his +devotion might be preserved for ever, and the readers or +hearers thereof might be stirred up to give themselves +to religion by the example of what he had done. +</p> + +<p> +The epitaph was this:— +</p> + +<p> +<q>High estate, wealth, offspring, a mighty kingdom, +triumphs, spoils, chieftains, strongholds, the camp, a +home; whatsoever the valour of his sires, whatsoever +himself had won, Caedwal, mighty in war, left for the +love of God, that, a pilgrim king, he might behold +Peter and Peter's seat, receive at his font pure waters of +life, and in bright draughts drink of the shining radiance +whence a quickening glory streams through all the +world. And even as he gained with eager soul the prize +of the new life, he laid aside barbaric rage, and, changed +in heart, he changed his name with joy. Sergius the +Pope bade him be called Peter, himself his father,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, Sergius was his godfather (cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VII'>III, 7</ref>, where Oswald +stands sponsor for Cynegils). The Saxon Chronicle says he also +baptized him.</note> when +he rose born anew from the font, and the grace of Christ, +cleansing him, bore him forthwith clothed in white raiment +to the heights of Heaven. O wondrous faith of the +king, but greatest of all the mercy of Christ, into whose +counsels none may enter! For he came in safety from +the ends of the earth, even from Britain, through many +a nation, over many a sea, by many a path, and saw the +city of Romulus and looked upon Peter's sanctuary +revered, bearing mystic gifts. He shall walk in white +among the sheep of Christ in fellowship with them; for +his body is in the tomb, but his soul on high. Thou +mightest deem he did but change an earthly for a +heavenly sceptre, whom thou seest attain to the kingdom +of Christ.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>Here was buried Caedwalla, called also Peter, king +of the Saxons, on the twentieth day of April, in the +<pb n='314'/><anchor id='Pg314'/> +second indiction, aged about thirty years, in the reign of +our most pious lord, the Emperor Justinian,<note place='foot'>Justinian II. He succeeded in 685 and died in 711.</note> in the +fourth year of his consulship, in the second year of the +pontificate of our Apostolic lord, Pope Sergius.</q> +</p> + +<p> +When Caedwalla went to Rome, Ini<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XV'>IV, 15</ref>, and note. Thus, according to Bede's reckoning, he +reigned from 688 to 725, but the date of his abdication is variously +given.</note> succeeded to the +kingdom, being of the blood royal; and having reigned +thirty-seven years over that nation, he in like manner +left his kingdom and committed it to younger men, and +went away to the threshold of the blessed Apostles, at +the time when Gregory<note place='foot'>Gregory II., 715-731, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Preface, p. <ref target='Pg002'>2</ref>.</note> was pope, being desirous to +spend some part of his pilgrimage upon earth in the +neighbourhood of the holy places, that he might obtain +to be more readily received into the fellowship of the +saints in heaven. This same thing, about that time, was +wont to be done most zealously by many of the English +nation, nobles and commons, laity and clergy, men and +women. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_V_Chap_VIII'/> +<head>Chap. VIII. How, when Archbishop Theodore died, +Bertwald succeeded him as archbishop, and, among +many others whom he ordained, he made the learned +Tobias bishop of the church of Rochester. [690 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +The year after that in which Caedwalla died at Rome, +that is, 690 after the Incarnation of our Lord, Archbishop +Theodore, of blessed memory, departed this life, being +old and full of days, for he was eighty-eight years of +age; which number of years he had been wont long +before to foretell to his friends that he should live, the +same having been revealed to him in a dream. He held +the bishopric twenty-two years,<note place='foot'>He was consecrated 26th March, 668, and died, as Bede says +here, on 19th September, 690.</note> and was buried in St. +Peter's church,<note place='foot'>The church of SS. Peter and Paul. Cf. II, 3, p. <ref target='Pg090'>90</ref>.</note> where all the bodies of the bishops of +<pb n='315'/><anchor id='Pg315'/> +Canterbury are buried. Of whom, as well as of his +fellows of the same degree, it may rightly and truly be +said, that their bodies are buried in peace, and their +names shall live to all generations. For to say all in few +words, the English Churches gained more spiritual increase +while he was archbishop, than ever before. His +character, life, age, and death, are plainly and manifestly +described to all that resort thither, by the epitaph on his +tomb, in thirty-four heroic verses.<note place='foot'>They are elegiacs. Cf. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_X'>I, 10</ref>.</note> The first whereof +are these: +</p> + +<p> +<q>Here in the tomb rests the body of the holy prelate, +called now in the Greek tongue Theodore. Chief pontiff, +blest high priest, pure doctrine he set forth to his +disciples.</q> +</p> + +<p> +The last are as follow: +</p> + +<p> +<q>For September had reached its nineteenth day, +when his spirit went forth from the prison-bars of the +flesh. Mounting in bliss to the gracious fellowship of +the new life, he was united to the angelic citizens in the +heights of Heaven.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Bertwald<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_III'>II, 3</ref>, and <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi> <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIX'>19</ref>, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIII'>23</ref>.</note> succeeded Theodore in the archbishopric, +being abbot of the monastery called Racuulfe,<note place='foot'>The old Roman town Reculver, in Kent. A charter of 679 +exists (the oldest original English charter extant) by which King +Hlothere of Kent grants land in Thanet to Bertwald and his +monastery.</note> which +stands at the northern mouth of the river Genlade.<note place='foot'>Said to be the Inlade.</note> He +was a man learned in the Scriptures, and perfectly instructed +in ecclesiastical and monastic teaching, yet in +no wise to be compared to his predecessor. He was +chosen bishop in the year of our Lord 692,<note place='foot'>The see was, therefore, vacant for two years, possibly owing +to the political troubles of the time, cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVI'>IV, 26</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi> The further +delay of a year between Bertwald's election and consecration may +have been caused by his desire to obtain greater weight as consecrated +by the Primate of a neighbouring Church (Haddan and +Stubbs, III, 229).</note> on the first +day of July, when Wictred and Suaebhard were kings +<pb n='316'/><anchor id='Pg316'/> +in Kent;<note place='foot'>For Wictred, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVI'>IV, 26</ref>, and note. Thomas of Elmham tries to +identify Suaebhard with Suefred, son of Sebbi, king of the East +Saxons (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XI'>IV, 11</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi>), and says that he made himself king of +Kent by violence, but this seems very improbable.</note> but he was ordained the next year, on Sunday +the 29th of June, by Godwin, metropolitan bishop of +Gaul,<note place='foot'>He was Archbishop of Lyons. The Church of Lyons did not +obtain the primacy over other metropolitan churches till the +eleventh century, but apparently it held a leading position even +before this time.</note> and was enthroned on Sunday the 31st of August. +Among the many bishops whom he ordained was Tobias,<note place='foot'>He was trained under Theodore and Hadrian in the School of +Canterbury; cf. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIII'>V, 23</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi> The date of Gebmund's death and +the succession of Tobias cannot be earlier than 696, as Gebmund +(<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>IV, 12</ref>) appears to have been present at the Kentish Witenagemot +of Bersted in that year. (Haddan and Stubbs, III, 238, 241.) +Tobias died in 726.</note> +a man instructed in the Latin, Greek, and Saxon tongues, +and otherwise of manifold learning, whom he consecrated +in the stead of Gedmund, bishop of the Church of Rochester, +who had died. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_V_Chap_IX'/> +<head>Chap. IX. How the holy man, Egbert, would have gone +into Germany to preach, but could not; and how Wictbert +went, but because he availed nothing, returned into +Ireland, whence he came. [Circ. 688 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +At that time the venerable servant of Christ, and priest, +Egbert,<note place='foot'>III, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_IV'>4</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVII'>27</ref>; IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_III'>3</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVI'>26</ref>, and <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi> cc. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_X'>10</ref>, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XX'>22</ref>, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIII'>23</ref>, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>.</note> who is to be named with all honour, and who, +as was said before, lived as a stranger and pilgrim in +Ireland to obtain hereafter a country in heaven, purposed +in his mind to profit many, taking upon him the +work of an apostle, and, by preaching the Gospel, to +bring the Word of God to some of those nations that had +not yet heard it; many of which tribes he knew to be in +Germany, from whom the Angles or Saxons, who now +inhabit Britain, are known to have derived their race +and origin; for which reason they are still corruptly +<pb n='317'/><anchor id='Pg317'/> +called <q>Garmans</q><note place='foot'>The name does not occur in any Celtic literature which we +possess. All the evidence seems to show that the Celts have +always called the English <q>Saxons.</q> <q>Ellmyn,</q> for Allemanni, +occurs sometimes in Welsh poetry (Rhŷs, <q>Celtic Britain</q>).</note> by the neighbouring nation of the +Britons. Such are the Frisians, the Rugini, the Danes, +the Huns, the Old Saxons, and the Boructuari.<note place='foot'>The Frisians at this time occupied the coastland from the +Maas to the region beyond the Ems. The Rugini are probably the +Rugii (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Tacitus, Germania, Chapter XLIII). They were on the +shores of the Baltic, probably about the mouth of the Oder (the +name survives in Rügen and Rügenwalde). They are found with +other North German tribes in the army of Attila, and afterwards +formed a settlement on the Lower Danube. The Danes were +mainly in Jutland, Fünen, and the extreme south of Scandinavia. +The Huns, who appeared in Europe towards the end of the fourth +century and menaced both the Eastern and Western Empires, +were, after Attila's death, driven eastwards, and settled near the +Pontus, disappearing among the Bulgarians and other kindred +tribes. The Old Saxons, or Saxons of the Continent (cf. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XV'>I, 15</ref>), +occupied both sides of the Elbe. The name Saxon does not occur +in the oldest accounts of the Germans. Probably it was a new +name for a union of nations which comprised the Cherusci, Chauci, +Angrivarii (and perhaps other tribes) of Tacitus. The Boructuari +are the Bructeri in Westphalia (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Zeuss, <q>Die Deutschen und +die Nachbarstämme</q>).</note> There +are also in the same parts many other peoples still +enslaved to pagan rites, to whom the aforesaid soldier of +Christ determined to go, sailing round Britain, if haply +he could deliver any of them from Satan, and bring them +to Christ; or if this might not be, he was minded to +go to Rome, to see and adore the thresholds of the holy +Apostles and martyrs of Christ. +</p> + +<p> +But a revelation from Heaven and the working of God +prevented him from achieving either of these enterprises; +for when he had made choice of most courageous companions, +fit to preach the Word, inasmuch as they were +renowned for their good deeds and their learning, and +when all things necessary were provided for the voyage, +there came to him on a certain day early in the morning +one of the brethren, who had been a disciple of the +priest, Boisil,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVII'>IV, 27</ref> (note) and <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVIII'>28</ref>.</note> beloved of God, and had ministered to +him in Britain, when the said Boisil was provost of the +<pb n='318'/><anchor id='Pg318'/> +monastery of Mailros,<note place='foot'>Melrose; cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVI'>III, 26</ref>; <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVII'>IV, 27</ref>, and <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XII'>12</ref>.</note> under the Abbot Eata, as has +been said above.<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVII'>IV, 27</ref>. Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVI'>III, 26</ref>; IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>12</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVIII'>28</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_II'>V, 2</ref>.</note> This brother told him a vision which +he had seen that night. <q>When after matins,</q> said he, +<q>I had laid me down in my bed, and was fallen into a +light slumber, Boisil, that was sometime my master and +brought me up in all love, appeared to me, and asked, +whether I knew him? I said, <q>Yes, you are Boisil.</q> He +answered, <q>I am come to bring Egbert a message from +our Lord and Saviour, which must nevertheless be delivered +to him by you. Tell him, therefore, that he +cannot perform the journey he has undertaken; for it is +the will of God that he should rather go to teach the +monasteries of Columba.</q></q><note place='foot'>Cf. III, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_III'>3</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_IV'>4</ref>, and notes; <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, the monasteries which owed their +origin to Columba and were included in the <q>province</q> of Iona. +They are distinguished from those which are mentioned in c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XV'>15</ref> +as <q>ab Hiensium dominio liberi.</q></note> Now Columba was the +first teacher of the Christian faith to the Picts beyond +the mountains northward, and the first founder of the +monastery in the island of Hii, which was for a long time +much honoured by many tribes of the Scots and Picts. +The said Columba is now by some called Columcille, the +name being compounded from <q>Columba</q> and <q>Cella.</q><note place='foot'>His baptismal name was Colum (<foreign rend='italic'>columba</foreign> = a dove). He is said +to have acquired the name of Colum-cille, because in his youth he +was so constantly in the <q>cell</q> or oratory.</note> +Egbert, having heard the words of the vision, charged +the brother that had told it him, not to tell it to any +other, lest haply it should be a lying vision. But when +he considered the matter secretly with himself, he apprehended +that it was true, yet would not desist from preparing +for his voyage which he purposed to make to +teach those nations. +</p> + +<p> +A few days after the aforesaid brother came again to +him, saying that Boisil had that night again appeared to +him in a vision after matins, and said, <q>Why did you +tell Egbert so negligently and after so lukewarm a +manner that which I enjoined upon you to say? Yet, go +now and tell him, that whether he will or no, he must go +<pb n='319'/><anchor id='Pg319'/> +to Columba's monasteries, because their ploughs are not +driven straight; and he must bring them back into the +right way.</q> Hearing this, Egbert again charged the +brother not to reveal the same to any man. Though +now assured of the vision, he nevertheless attempted to +set forth upon his intended voyage with the brethren. +When they had put aboard all that was requisite for so +long a voyage, and had waited some days for fair winds, +there arose one night so violent a storm, that part of +what was on board was lost, and the ship itself was left +lying on its side in the sea. Nevertheless, all that belonged +to Egbert and his companions was saved. Then +he, saying, in the words of the prophet, <q>For my sake +this great tempest is upon you,</q><note place='foot'>Jonah, i, 12.</note> withdrew himself from +that undertaking and was content to remain at home. +</p> + +<p> +But one of his companions, called Wictbert,<note place='foot'>Nothing more is known of him. Alcuin mentions him in his life +of Wilbrord. His name is included in a list of the eleven companions +of Wilbrord given in a life of St. Suidbert (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi> +c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XI'>11</ref>), but no value is to be attached to it (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Haddan and Stubbs, +III, 225). Bede distinctly says that he retired from missionary +efforts after this unsuccessful attempt.</note> notable +for his contempt of the world and for his learning and +knowledge, for he had lived many years as a stranger +and pilgrim in Ireland, leading a hermit's life in great +perfection, took ship, and arriving in Frisland, preached +the Word of salvation for the space of two whole years +to that nation and to its king, Rathbed;<note place='foot'>The story is told that at one time Rathbed was about to receive +baptism at the hands of St. Wulfram, Archbishop of Sens, but +drew back on being told that his ancestors were among the lost, +refusing to go to Heaven without them. His perpetual wars with +the Franks ended in his defeat and expulsion, and he died in 719.</note> but reaped no +fruit of all his great labour among his barbarous hearers. +Returning then to the chosen place of his pilgrimage, he +gave himself up to the Lord in his wonted life of silence, +and since he could not be profitable to strangers by teaching +them the faith, he took care to be the more profitable +to his own people by the example of his virtue. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='320'/><anchor id='Pg320'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_V_Chap_X'/> +<head>Chap. X. How Wilbrord, preaching in Frisland, converted +many to Christ; and how his two companions, the +Hewalds, suffered martyrdom. [690 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +When the man of God, Egbert, perceived that neither +he himself was permitted to go and preach to the nations, +being withheld for the sake of some other advantage to +the holy Church, whereof he had been forewarned by a +revelation; nor that Wictbert, when he went into those +parts, had availed to do anything; he nevertheless still +attempted to send holy and industrious men to the work +of the Word, among whom the most notable was Wilbrord,<note place='foot'>The authority for Wilbrord's life is Alcuin, who wrote it both +in prose and verse. Wilbrord was born in 657 or 658 in Northumbria, +and was handed over by his mother to the monks at Ripon in +his infancy. His father, Wilgils, became a hermit on a promontory +at the mouth of the Humber. At the age of twenty he went to Ireland +for the sake of study and a stricter life. In 690 he set out for +Frisland with eleven others, landed at Katwyk and went to Utrecht, +which was afterwards his episcopal see (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XI'>11</ref>).</note> +a man eminent for his merit and rank as priest. +They arrived there, twelve in number, and turning aside +to Pippin,<note place='foot'>They turned aside to Pippin on finding Rathbed obdurate. +Pippin of Heristal, Mayor of the Palace of the Austrasian kings, +had defeated the Neustrians at Testry in 687 and was now the +actual ruler of the Franks, though it was his grandson, Pippin the +Short, who first assumed royal power.</note> duke of the Franks, were gladly received by +him; and as he had lately subdued the nearer part of +Frisland, and expelled King Rathbed,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. 9, p. <ref target='Pg319'>319</ref>, and note.</note> he sent them +thither to preach, supporting them at the same time with +his sovereign authority, that none might molest them in +their preaching, and bestowing many favours on those +who consented to receive the faith. Thus it came to +pass, that with the help of the Divine grace, in a short +time they converted many from idolatry to the faith of +Christ. +</p> + +<p> +Following their example, two other priests of the +English nation, who had long lived as strangers in Ireland, +for the sake of the eternal country, went into the +<pb n='321'/><anchor id='Pg321'/> +province of the Old Saxons, if haply they could there win +any to Christ by their preaching. They were alike in name +as in devotion, Hewald being the name of both, with +this distinction, that, on account of the different colour +of their hair, the one was called Black Hewald and the +other White Hewald.<note place='foot'>Roger of Wendover places their mission in 695. It must have +been later than Wilbrord's in 690.</note> They were both full of religious +piety, but Black Hewald was the more learned of the +two in Scripture. When they came into the province, +these men took up their lodging in the guesthouse of a +certain township-reeve, and asked of him that he would +conduct them to the ealdorman<note place='foot'><q>Satrap,</q> cf. Stubbs, Constitutional History, i, pp. 41-42. +From this passage and similar notices of the Continental Saxons +he infers that they had remained free from Roman influences and +from any foreign intermixture of blood or institutions. <q>They had +preserved the ancient features of German life in their purest forms.... +King Alfred, when he translated Bede had no difficulty in +recognizing in the satrap the ealdorman, in the villicus the <foreign rend='italic'>tungerefa</foreign>, +in the vicus the <foreign rend='italic'>tunscipe</foreign> of his own land.</q></note> who was over him, for +that they had a message concerning matters of importance +to communicate to him. For those Old Saxons +have no king, but many ealdormen set over their nation; +and when any war is on the point of breaking out, they +cast lots indifferently, and on whomsoever the lot falls, +him they all follow and obey during the time of war; +but as soon as the war is ended, all those ealdormen +are again equal in power. So the reeve received and +entertained them in his house some days, promising to +send them to the ealdorman who was over him, as they +desired. +</p> + +<p> +But when the barbarians perceived that they were of +another religion,—for they continually gave themselves +to singing of psalms and prayer, and daily offered up to +God the Sacrifice of the saving Victim, having with them +sacred vessels and a consecrated table for an altar,—they +began to grow suspicious of them, lest if they +should come into the presence of their ealdorman, and +converse with him, they should turn his heart from their +gods, and convert him to the new religion of the Christian +<pb n='322'/><anchor id='Pg322'/> +faith; and thus by degrees all their province should be +forced to change its old worship for a new. Wherefore +on a sudden they laid hold of them and put them to +death; and White Hewald they slew outright with the +sword; but they put Black Hewald to lingering torture +and tore him limb from limb in horrible fashion, and +they threw their bodies into the Rhine. The ealdorman, +whom they had desired to see, hearing of it, was very +angry that strangers who desired to come to him had +not been suffered to come; and therefore he sent and +put to death all those villagers and burned their village. +The aforesaid priests and servants of Christ suffered on +the 3rd of October.<note place='foot'>The year cannot be fixed.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Miracles from Heaven were not lacking at their +martyrdom. For their dead bodies, having been cast into +the river by the pagans, as has been said, were carried +against the stream for the space of almost forty miles, to +the place where their companions were. Moreover, a +long ray of light, reaching up to heaven, shone every +night above them wheresoever they chanced to be, and +that too in the sight of the very pagans that had slain +them. Moreover, one of them appeared in a vision by +night to one of his companions, whose name was Tilmon, +a man of renown and of noble birth in this world, who +having been a thegn had become a monk, telling him +that he might find their bodies in that place, where he +should see rays of light reaching from heaven to the +earth. And so it befell; and their bodies being found, +were buried with the honour due to martyrs; and the +day of their passion or of the finding of their bodies, is +celebrated in those parts with fitting veneration. Finally, +Pippin, the most glorious duke of the Franks, learning +these things, caused the bodies to be brought to him, and +buried them with much honour in the church of the city +of Cologne, on the Rhine.<note place='foot'>The Church of St. Cunibert, Cologne (Gallican Martyrology, +quoted by Smith).</note> And it is said that a spring +burst forth in the place where they were killed, which to +this day affords a plentiful stream in that same place. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='323'/><anchor id='Pg323'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_V_Chap_XI'/> +<head>Chap. XI. How the venerable Suidbert in Britain, and +Wilbrord at Rome, were ordained bishops for Frisland. +[692 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +At their first coming into Frisland, as soon as Wilbrord +found that he had leave given him by the prince to preach +there, he made haste to go to Rome, where Pope Sergius<note place='foot'>Sergius I: <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_VII'>7</ref>.</note> +then presided over the Apostolic see, that he might undertake +the desired work of preaching the Gospel to the +nations, with his licence and blessing; and hoping to +receive of him some relics of the blessed Apostles and +martyrs of Christ; to the end, that when he destroyed +the idols,<note place='foot'>Alcuin tells how he killed some of the sacred cattle of the god +Fosite, a son of Balder, in Heligoland, and baptized three men in +his well.</note> and erected churches in the nation to which he +preached, he might have the relics of saints at hand to +put into them, and having deposited them there, might +accordingly dedicate each of those places to the honour +of the saint whose relics they were. He desired also +there to learn or to receive many other things needful for +so great a work. Having obtained his desire in all these +matters, he returned to preach. +</p> + +<p> +At which time, the brothers who were in Frisland, +attending on the ministry of the Word, chose out of their +own number a man of sober life, and meek of heart, +called Suidbert,<note place='foot'>A life of him by Marcellinus (<hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_IX'>9</ref>, note on Wictbert) is +worthless historically. Besides what we learn from Bede, we have +the date of his death (713) given by the <q>Annales Francorum.</q></note> to be ordained bishop for them. He, +being sent into Britain, was consecrated, at their request, +by the most reverend Bishop Wilfrid, who, having been +driven out of his country, chanced then to be living in +banishment among the Mercians;<note place='foot'>This was after Wilfrid's second expulsion (<ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIX'>V, 19</ref>). Bertwald +was elected in July, 692, and returned from the Continent in +August, 693 (<hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_VIII'>8</ref>).</note> for Kent had no +bishop at that time, Theodore being dead, and Bertwald, +his successor, who had gone beyond the sea to be +ordained, having not yet returned to his episcopal see. +</p> + +<pb n='324'/><anchor id='Pg324'/> + +<p> +The said Suidbert, being made bishop, returned from +Britain, and not long after departed to the Boructuari; +and by his preaching brought many of them into the way +of truth; but the Boructuari being not long after subdued +by the Old Saxons, those who had received the +Word were dispersed abroad; and the bishop himself +with certain others went to Pippin, who, at the request +of his wife, Blithryda,<note place='foot'>The usual form of the name is Plectrude.</note> gave him a place of abode in a +certain island on the Rhine, called in their tongue, +Inlitore;<note place='foot'>Kaiserwerth on the Rhine, where it is believed that his relics +still remain in a silver shrine in the thirteenth-century church. (For +the preposition, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> II, 14, p. <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>, note 5.)</note> there he built a monastery, which his successors +still possess, and for a time dwelt in it, leading +a most continent life, and there ended his days. +</p> + +<p> +When they who had gone thither had spent some +years teaching in Frisland, Pippin, with the consent of +them all, sent the venerable Wilbrord to Rome, where +Sergius was still pope, desiring that he might be consecrated +archbishop over the nation of the Frisians; +which was accordingly done, as he had made request, in +the year of our Lord 696. He was consecrated in the +church of the Holy Martyr Cecilia,<note place='foot'>This was Santa Cecilia in Trastevere. The festival is 22nd +November. As to the year, Mr. Plummer considers that an entry +in an old calendar belonging to Epternach, near Trèves, Wilbrord's +own monastery, giving the date 695, is almost certainly by Wilbrord +himself.</note> on her festival; and +the said pope gave him the name of Clement, and forthwith +sent him back to his bishopric, to wit, fourteen +days after his arrival in the city. +</p> + +<p> +Pippin gave him a place for his episcopal see, in his +famous fort, which in the ancient language of those +people is called Wiltaburg, that is, the town of the +Wilts; but, in the Gallic tongue, Trajectum.<note place='foot'>Utrecht. A distinction has been drawn between the two +places, Wiltaburg, or Wiltenburg, being a village near Utrecht, +but the names appear to be interchangeable.</note> The most +reverend prelate having built a church there,<note place='foot'>The Church of St. Saviour. He also rebuilt a small church +which had been destroyed by the pagans, and consecrated it in +honour of St. Martin (Letter of St. Boniface to Pope Stephen). +The cathedral stands on the site of this church.</note> and +<pb n='325'/><anchor id='Pg325'/> +preaching the Word of faith far and near, drew many +from their errors, and built many churches and not a few +monasteries. For not long after he himself constituted +other bishops in those parts from the number of the +brethren that either came with him or after him to +preach there; of whom some are now fallen asleep in the +Lord; but Wilbrord himself, surnamed Clement, is still +living, venerable for his great age, having been thirty-six +years a bishop, and now, after manifold conflicts of +the heavenly warfare, he longs with all his heart for the +recompense of the reward in Heaven.<note place='foot'>Bede writes in 731. As Alcuin says Wilbrord lived to be +eighty-one years of age, he must have died in 738 or 739. Boniface +is fairly accurate when he says that he preached for fifty years.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_V_Chap_XII'/> +<head>Chap. XII. How one in the province of the Northumbrians, +rose from the dead, and related many things +which he had seen, some to be greatly dreaded and some +to be desired. [Circ. 696 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +At this time a memorable miracle, and like to those of +former days, was wrought in Britain; for, to the end +that the living might be roused from the death of the +soul, a certain man, who had been some time dead, rose +again to the life of the body, and related many memorable +things that he had seen; some of which I have +thought fit here briefly to describe. There was a certain +householder in that district of the Northumbrians which +is called Incuneningum,<note place='foot'>Mr. Skene (<q>Celtic Scotland,</q> i., p. 219) has shown that the +place cannot be Cunningham in Ayrshire, which was not in Northumbria, +but in Strathclyde, and not at that time subject to Northumbria. +He suggests Tininghame in East Lothian, which Simeon +of Durham calls Intiningaham, and places in the diocese of Lindisfarne +(C being a scribe's error for T). Chester-le-Street (Saxon: +Cunungaceaster) has also been suggested.</note> who led a godly life, with all +his house. This man fell sick, and his sickness daily +increasing, he was brought to extremity, and died in the +<pb n='326'/><anchor id='Pg326'/> +beginning of the night; but at dawn he came to life +again, and suddenly sat up, whereat all those that sat +about the body weeping fled away in great terror, only +his wife, who loved him better, though trembling and +greatly afraid, remained with him. And he comforting +her, said, <q>Fear not, for I am now in very deed risen +from death whereof I was holden, and permitted again +to live among men; nevertheless, hereafter I must not +live as I was wont, but after a very different manner.</q> +Then rising immediately, he went to the oratory of the +little town, and continuing in prayer till day, forthwith +divided all his substance into three parts; one whereof +he gave to his wife, another to his children, and the +third, which he kept himself, he straightway distributed +among the poor. Not long after, being set free from the +cares of this world, he came to the monastery of Mailros,<note place='foot'>Melrose, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVI'>III, 26</ref>; <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVII'>IV, 27</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_IX'>V, 9</ref>.</note> +which is almost enclosed by the winding of the river +Tweed, and having received the tonsure, went apart into +a place of abode which the abbot had provided, and there +he continued till the day of his death, in so great contrition +of mind and mortifying of the body, that even if +his tongue had been silent, his life would have declared +that he had seen many things either to be dreaded or +coveted, which were hidden from other men. +</p> + +<p> +Thus he related what he had seen.<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIX'>III, 19</ref>. On mediaeval visions, cf. Plummer, <hi rend='italic'>ad loc.</hi>, and +Bright, p. 144.</note> <q rend='pre'>He that led me +had a countenance full of light, and shining raiment, and +we went in silence, as it seemed to me, towards the +rising of the summer sun. And as we walked we came +to a broad and deep valley of infinite length; it lay on +our left, and one side of it was exceeding terrible with +raging flames, the other no less intolerable for violent +hail and cold snows drifting and sweeping through all +the place. Both sides were full of the souls of men +which seemed to be tossed from one side to the other +as it were by a violent storm; for when they could no +longer endure the fervent heat, the hapless souls leaped +<pb n='327'/><anchor id='Pg327'/> +into the midst of the deadly cold; and finding no rest +there, they leaped back again to be burnt in the midst of +the unquenchable flames. Now whereas an innumerable +multitude of misshapen spirits were thus tormented far +and near with this interchange of misery, as far as I +could see, without any interval of rest, I began to think +that peradventure this might be Hell, of whose intolerable +torments I had often heard men talk. My guide, who +went before me, answered to my thought, saying, <q>Think +not so, for this is not the Hell you believe it to be.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>When he had led me farther by degrees, sore dismayed +by that dread sight, on a sudden I saw the place +before us begin to grow dark and filled with shadows. +When we entered into them, the shadows by degrees +grew so thick, that I could see nothing else, save only +the darkness and the shape and garment of him that led +me. As we went on <q>through the shades in the lone +night,</q><note place='foot'>Vergil, Aen. VI, 268.</note> lo! on a sudden there appeared before us masses +of foul flame constantly rising as it were out of a great +pit, and falling back again into the same. When I had +been led thither, my guide suddenly vanished, and left +me alone in the midst of darkness and these fearful +sights. As those same masses of fire, without intermission, +at one time flew up and at another fell back into +the bottom of the abyss, I perceived that the summits of +all the flames, as they ascended were full of the spirits +of men, which, like sparks flying upwards with the smoke, +were sometimes thrown on high, and again, when the +vapours of the fire fell, dropped down into the depths +below. Moreover, a stench, foul beyond compare, burst +forth with the vapours, and filled all those dark places.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Having stood there a long time in much dread, not +knowing what to do, which way to turn, or what end +awaited me, on a sudden I heard behind me the sound +of a mighty and miserable lamentation, and at the same +time noisy laughter, as of a rude multitude insulting +captured enemies. When that noise, growing plainer, +came up to me, I beheld a crowd of evil spirits dragging +<pb n='328'/><anchor id='Pg328'/> +five souls of men, wailing and shrieking, into the midst +of the darkness, whilst they themselves exulted and +laughed. Among those human souls, as I could discern, +there was one shorn like a clerk, one a layman, and one +a woman. The evil spirits that dragged them went down +into the midst of the burning pit; and it came to pass +that as they went down deeper, I could no longer distinguish +between the lamentation of the men and the +laughing of the devils, yet I still had a confused sound +in my ears. In the meantime, some of the dark spirits +ascended from that flaming abyss, and running forward, +beset me on all sides, and with their flaming eyes and +the noisome fire which they breathed forth from their +mouths and nostrils, tried to choke me; and threatened +to lay hold on me with fiery tongs, which they had in +their hands, yet they durst in no wise touch me, though +they assayed to terrify me. Being thus on all sides encompassed +with enemies and shades of darkness, and +casting my eyes hither and thither if haply anywhere help +might be found whereby I might be saved, there appeared +behind me, on the way by which I had come, as it were, +the brightness of a star shining amidst the darkness; +which waxing greater by degrees, came rapidly towards +me: and when it drew near, all those evil spirits, that +sought to carry me away with their tongs, dispersed and +fled.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Now he, whose approach put them to flight, was +the same that led me before; who, then turning towards +the right, began to lead me, as it were, towards the +rising of the winter sun, and having soon brought me +out of the darkness, led me forth into an atmosphere of +clear light. While he thus led me in open light, I saw a +vast wall before us, the length on either side, and the +height whereof, seemed to be altogether boundless. I +began to wonder why we went up to the wall, seeing no +door in it, nor window, nor any way of ascent. But +when we came to the wall, we were presently, I know +not by what means, on the top of it, and lo! there was +a wide and pleasant plain full of such fragrance of +blooming flowers that the marvellous sweetness of the +<pb n='329'/><anchor id='Pg329'/> +scents immediately dispelled the foul stench of the dark +furnace which had filled my nostrils. So great was the +light shed over all this place that it seemed to exceed +the brightness of the day, or the rays of the noontide +sun. In this field were innumerable companies of men +clothed in white, and many seats of rejoicing multitudes. +As he led me through the midst of bands of happy inhabitants, +I began to think that this perchance might be +the kingdom of Heaven, of which I had often heard tell. +He answered to my thought, saying, <q>Nay, this is not +the kingdom of Heaven, as you think.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>When we had also passed those mansions of blessed +spirits, and gone farther on, I saw before me a much +more beautiful light than before, and therein heard sweet +sounds of singing, and so wonderful a fragrance was +shed abroad from the place, that the other which I had +perceived before and thought so great, then seemed to +me but a small thing; even as that wondrous brightness +of the flowery field, compared with this which I now +beheld, appeared mean and feeble. When I began to +hope that we should enter that delightful place, my guide, +on a sudden stood still; and straightway turning, led +me back by the way we came.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>In our return, when we came to those joyous mansions +of the white-robed spirits, he said to me, <q>Do you +know what all these things are which you have seen?</q> +I answered, <q>No,</q> and then he said, <q>That valley which +you beheld terrible with flaming fire and freezing cold, +is the place in which the souls of those are tried and +punished, who, delaying to confess and amend their +crimes, at length have recourse to repentance at the +point of death, and so go forth from the body; but +nevertheless because they, even at their death, confessed +and repented, they shall all be received into the kingdom +of Heaven at the day of judgement; but many are succoured +before the day of judgement, by the prayers of +the living and their alms and fasting, and more especially +by the celebration of Masses. Moreover that foul flaming +pit which you saw, is the mouth of Hell, into which whosoever +falls shall never be delivered to all eternity. This +<pb n='330'/><anchor id='Pg330'/> +flowery place, in which you see this fair and youthful +company, all bright and joyous, is that into which the +souls of those are received who, indeed, when they leave +the body have done good works, but who are not so +perfect as to deserve to be immediately admitted into +the kingdom of Heaven; yet they shall all, at the day of +judgement, behold Christ, and enter into the joys of His +kingdom; for such as are perfect in every word and deed +and thought, as soon as they quit the body, forthwith +enter into the kingdom of Heaven; in the neighbourhood +whereof that place is, where you heard the sound of +sweet singing amidst the savour of a sweet fragrance +and brightness of light. As for you, who must now return +to the body, and again live among men, if you will +seek diligently to examine your actions, and preserve +your manner of living and your words in righteousness +and simplicity, you shall, after death, have a place of +abode among these joyful troops of blessed souls which +you behold. For when I left you for awhile, it was for +this purpose, that I might learn what should become of +you.</q> When he had said this to me, I much abhorred returning +to the body, being delighted with the sweetness +and beauty of the place which I beheld, and with the +company of those I saw in it. Nevertheless, I durst not +ask my guide anything; but thereupon, on a sudden, I +found myself, I know not how, alive among men.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Now these and other things which this man of God +had seen, he would not relate to slothful men, and such +as lived negligently; but only to those who, being terrified +with the dread of torments, or ravished with the +hope of everlasting joys, would draw from his words the +means to advance in piety. In the neighbourhood of his +cell lived one Haemgils, a monk, and eminent in the priesthood, +whose good works were worthy of his office: he +is still living, and leading a solitary life in Ireland, supporting +his declining age with coarse bread and cold +water. He often went to that man, and by repeated +questioning, heard of him what manner of things he had +seen when out of the body; by whose account those few +particulars which we have briefly set down came also to +<pb n='331'/><anchor id='Pg331'/> +our knowledge. And he related his visions to King Aldfrid,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVI'>IV, 26</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_I'>V. 1</ref>.</note> +a man most learned in all respects, and was by +him so willingly and attentively heard, that at his request +he was admitted into the monastery above-mentioned, +and received the crown of the monastic tonsure; and +the said king, whensoever he came into those parts, very +often went to hear him. At that time the abbot and priest +Ethelwald,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIII'>23</ref>. He began life in the service of St. Cuthbert. He +became first Prior, or Provost, then Abbot of Melrose, and succeeded +Eadfrid, who died in 721, as Bishop of Lindisfarne. He +enriched Lindisfarne with two treasures of art: a beautiful stone +cross which he erected there, and a cover of gold and jewels for +the Lindisfarne Gospels, written by Eadfrid in honour of St. Cuthbert. +The book is now in the British Museum, but the cover is +lost.</note> a man of godly and sober life, presided over +that monastery. He now occupies the episcopal see of +the church of Lindisfarne, leading a life worthy of his +degree. +</p> + +<p> +He had a place of abode assigned him apart in that +monastery, where he might give himself more freely to +the service of his Creator in continual prayer. And inasmuch +as that place was on the banks of the river, he +was wont often to go into the same for the great desire +he had to do penance in his body, and oftentimes to +plunge in it, and to continue saying psalms or prayers +in the same as long as he could endure it, standing still, +while the waves flowed over him, sometimes up to the +middle, and sometimes even to the neck in water; and +when he went ashore, he never took off his cold, wet +garments till they grew warm and dry on his body. +And when in the winter the cracking pieces of ice were +floating about him, which he had himself sometimes +broken, to make room to stand or plunge in the river, +and those who beheld it would say, <q>We marvel, brother +Drythelm (for so he was called), that you are able +to endure such severe cold;</q> he answered simply, for +he was a simple and sober-spirited man, <q>I have seen +greater cold.</q> And when they said, <q>We marvel that +you choose to observe so hard a rule of continence,</q> he +<pb n='332'/><anchor id='Pg332'/> +replied, <q>I have seen harder things.</q> And so, until the +day of his calling hence, in his unwearied desire of +heavenly bliss, he subdued his aged body with daily +fasting, and forwarded the salvation of many by his +words and life. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_V_Chap_XIII'/> +<head>Chap. XIII. How another contrarywise before his death +saw a book containing his sins, which was shown him by +devils. [704-709 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +But contrarywise there was a man in the province of the +Mercians, whose visions and words, but not his manner +of life, were of profit to others, though not to himself. +In the reign of Coenred,<note place='foot'>704-709. Cf. <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi>, c. 19, pp. <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref>, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>, and c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>. He was the +son of Wulfhere, but being a boy at the time of his father's death, +was passed over in favour of Ethelred, Wulfhere's brother.</note> who succeeded Ethelred, there +was a layman who was a king's thegn, no less acceptable +to the king for his outward industry, than displeasing +to him for his neglect of his own soul. The king +diligently admonished him to confess and amend, and to +forsake his evil ways, lest he should lose all time for repentance +and amendment by a sudden death. But though +frequently warned, he despised the words of salvation, and +promised that he would do penance at some future time. +In the meantime, falling sick he betook himself to his +bed, and was tormented with grievous pains. The king +coming to him (for he loved the man much) exhorted him, +even then, before death, to repent of his offences. But he +answered that he would not then confess his sins, but +would do it when he was recovered of his sickness, lest +his companions should upbraid him with having done that +for fear of death, which he had refused to do in health. +He thought he spoke very bravely, but it afterwards appeared +that he had been miserably deceived by the wiles +of the Devil. +</p> + +<p> +The disease increasing, when the king came again to +visit and instruct him, he cried out straightway with a +lamentable voice, <q>What will you now? What are you +<pb n='333'/><anchor id='Pg333'/> +come for? for you can no longer do aught for my profit +or salvation.</q> The king answered, <q>Say not so; take +heed and be of sound mind.</q> <q>I am not mad,</q> replied +he, <q>but I now know the worst and have it for certain +before my eyes.</q> <q>What is that?</q> said the king. <q>Not +long since,</q> said he, <q>there came into this room two fair +youths, and sat down by me, the one at my head, and +the other at my feet. One of them drew forth a book +most beautiful, but very small, and gave it me to read; +looking into it, I there found all the good actions I had +ever done in my life written down, and they were very +few and inconsiderable. They took back the book and +said nothing to me. Then, on a sudden, appeared an army +of evil spirits of hideous countenance, and they beset this +house without, and sitting down filled the greater part of +it within. Then he, who by the blackness of his gloomy +face, and his sitting above the rest, seemed to be the +chief of them, taking out a book terrible to behold, of a +monstrous size, and of almost insupportable weight, +commanded one of his followers to bring it to me to +read. Having read it, I found therein most plainly +written in hideous characters, all the crimes I ever committed, +not only in word and deed, but even in the least +thought; and he said to those glorious men in white raiment +who sat by me, <q>Why sit ye here, since ye know +of a surety that this man is ours?</q> They answered, <q>Ye +speak truly; take him and lead him away to fill up the +measure of your damnation.</q> This said, they forthwith +vanished, and two wicked spirits arose, having in their +hands ploughshares, and one of them struck me on the +head, and the other on the foot. And these ploughshares +are now with great torment creeping into the inward +parts of my body, and as soon as they meet I shall die, +and the devils being ready to snatch me away, I shall +be dragged into the dungeons of hell.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Thus spoke that wretch in his despair, and soon after +died, and now in vain suffers in eternal torments that +penance which he failed to suffer for a short time with +the fruits of forgiveness. Of whom it is manifest, that +(as the blessed Pope Gregory writes of certain persons) +<pb n='334'/><anchor id='Pg334'/> +he did not see these things for his own sake, since they +did not avail him, but for the sake of others, who, +knowing of his end, should be afraid to put off the +time of repentance, whilst they have leisure, lest, being +prevented by sudden death, they should perish impenitent. +And whereas he saw diverse books laid before him +by the good and evil spirits, this was done by Divine dispensation, +that we may keep in mind that our deeds and +thoughts are not scattered to the winds, but are all kept +to be examined by the Supreme Judge, and will in the +end be shown us either by friendly angels or by the +enemy. And whereas the angels first drew forth a white +book, and then the devils a black one; the former a very +small one, the latter one very great; it is to be observed, +that in his first years he did some good actions, all which +he nevertheless obscured by the evil actions of his youth. +If, contrarywise, he had taken care in his youth to +correct the errors of his boyhood, and by well-doing to +put them away from the sight of God, he might have +been admitted to the fellowship of those of whom the +Psalm says, <q>Blessed are those whose iniquities are +forgiven, and whose sins are covered.</q><note place='foot'>Ps. xxxi, 1, in the Vulgate (xxxii in our Psalter).</note> This story, as +I learned it of the venerable Bishop Pechthelm,<note place='foot'>Bishop of Whitern; <hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi>, cc. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'>18</ref>, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIII'>23</ref>.</note> I have +thought good to set forth plainly, for the salvation of +such as shall read or hear it. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chap. XIV. How another in like manner, being at the +point of death, saw the place of punishment appointed +for him in Hell.</head> + +<p> +I myself knew a brother, would to God I had not known +him, whose name I could mention if it were of any avail, +dwelling in a famous monastery, but himself living infamously. +He was oftentimes rebuked by the brethren +and elders of the place, and admonished to be converted +to a more chastened life; and though he would not give +ear to them, they bore with him long and patiently, +<pb n='335'/><anchor id='Pg335'/> +on account of their need of his outward service, for he +was a cunning artificer. But he was much given to +drunkenness, and other pleasures of a careless life, and +more used to stop in his workshop day and night, than +to go to church to sing and pray and hear the Word of +life with the brethren. For which reason it befell him +according to the saying, that he who will not willingly +humble himself and enter the gate of the church must +needs be led against his will into the gate of Hell, being +damned. For he falling sick, and being brought to extremity, +called the brethren, and with much lamentation, +like one damned, began to tell them, that he saw Hell +opened, and Satan sunk in the depths thereof; and Caiaphas, +with the others that slew our Lord, hard by him, +delivered up to avenging flames. <q>In whose neighbourhood,</q> +said he, <q>I see a place of eternal perdition prepared +for me, miserable wretch that I am.</q> The brothers, +hearing these words, began diligently to exhort him, +that he should repent even then, whilst he was still in +the flesh. He answered in despair, <q>There is no time for +me now to change my course of life, when I have myself +seen my judgement passed.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Whilst uttering these words, he died without having +received the saving Viaticum, and his body was buried +in the farthest parts of the monastery, nor did any one +dare either to say Masses or sing psalms, or even to pray +for him.<note place='foot'>Cf. 1 John, v, 16.</note> Oh how far asunder hath God put light from +darkness! The blessed Stephen, the first martyr, being +about to suffer death for the truth, saw the heavens +opened, and the glory of God, and Jesus standing on the +right hand of God;<note place='foot'>Acts, vii, 56.</note> and where he was to be after death, +there he fixed the eyes of his mind, that he might die +the more joyfully. But this workman, of darkened mind +and life, when death was at hand, saw Hell opened, and +witnessed the damnation of the Devil and his followers; +he saw also, unhappy wretch! his own prison among +them, to the end that, despairing of salvation, he might +himself die the more miserably, but might by his perdition +<pb n='336'/><anchor id='Pg336'/> +afford cause of salvation to the living who should +hear of it. This befell of late in the province of the Bernicians, +and being noised abroad far and near, inclined +many to do penance for their sins without delay. Would +to God that this also might come to pass through the +reading of our words! +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_V_Chap_XV'/> +<head>Chap. XV. How divers churches of the Scots, at the +instance of Adamnan, adopted the Catholic Easter; and +how the same wrote a book about the holy places. [703 +<hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +At this time a great part of the Scots in Ireland,<note place='foot'>The northern Irish, and of them only those who were independent +of Iona (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi>). The southern Irish had conformed +much earlier; cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_III'>III, 3</ref>, and note.</note> and +some also of the Britons in Britain,<note place='foot'>It is not clear whether Bede means that any Britons were +converted by Adamnan. If so, they must have been Britons of +Strathclyde. The Welsh only conformed 755-777. The reference +may be to those of the Cornish Britons, subject to the West Saxons, +who were led in 705 by Aldhelm's letter to Geraint to adopt the +Catholic Easter (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi>, c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'>18</ref>).</note> by the grace of God, +adopted the reasonable and ecclesiastical time of keeping +Easter. For when Adamnan,<note place='foot'>Ninth Abbot of Iona, 679-704, the author of the Life of St. +Columba.</note> priest and abbot of the +monks that were in the island of Hii, was sent by his +nation on a mission to Aldfrid, king of the English,<note place='foot'>Of Northumbria. Aldfrid, who had studied in Iona during his +exile, was his friend. Adamnan visited the king twice, first, circ. +686, when he obtained the release of the sixty Irish prisoners +taken to England by Berct in 684 (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVI'>IV, 26</ref> <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi>) and again two +years later (cf. <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi> c. 21, p. <ref target='Pg372'>372</ref>, note 2).</note> he +abode some time in that province, and saw the canonical +rites of the Church. Moreover, he was earnestly admonished +by many of the more learned sort, not to presume +to live contrary to the universal custom of the +Church, either in regard to the observance of Easter, or +any other ordinances whatsoever, with those few followers +of his dwelling in the farthest corner of the world. +<pb n='337'/><anchor id='Pg337'/> +Wherefore he so changed his mind, that he readily preferred +those things which he had seen and heard in the +English churches, to the customs which he and his +people had hitherto followed. For he was a good and +wise man, and excellently instructed in knowledge of the +Scriptures. Returning home, he endeavoured to bring his +own people that were in Hii, or that were subject to that +monastery, into the way of truth, which he had embraced +with all his heart; but he could not prevail. He sailed +over into Ireland,<note place='foot'>The Irish annals mention two voyages to Ireland subsequent +to that in 686 with the prisoners, viz., in 692 and 697, after which +he probably stayed there till after Easter, 704.</note> and preaching to those people, and +with sober words of exhortation making known to them +the lawful time of Easter, he brought back many of them, +and almost all that were free from the dominion of those +of Hii, from the error of their fathers to the Catholic +unity, and taught them to keep the lawful time of Easter. +</p> + +<p> +Returning to his island, after having celebrated the +canonical Easter in Ireland, he was instant in preaching +the Catholic observance of the season of Easter in his +monastery, yet without being able to achieve his end; +and it so happened that he departed this life before the +next year came round,<note place='foot'>On 23rd September, 704. (The dates are those of Tighernach +and the <q>Annales Cambriae.</q>)</note> the Divine goodness so ordaining +it, that as he was a great lover of peace and unity, he +should be taken away to everlasting life before he should +be obliged, on the return of the season of Easter, to be +at greater variance with those that would not follow him +into the truth. +</p> + +<p> +This same man wrote a book concerning the holy +places, of great profit to many readers; his authority +was the teaching and dictation of Arculf, a bishop of +Gaul,<note place='foot'>Adamnan's <q>De Locis Sanctis,</q> and Bede's account here, are +the only sources of information with regard to this bishop. Adamnan's +book is based on the narrative of Arculf compared with +other authorities. Bede, again, in his own work on the the same +subject, made selections from Adamnan, using also other authorities, +<hi rend='italic'>e.g.</hi> Josephus.</note> who had gone to Jerusalem for the sake of the +<pb n='338'/><anchor id='Pg338'/> +holy places; and having wandered over all the Promised +Land, travelled also to Damascus, Constantinople, Alexandria, +and many islands in the sea, and returning home +by ship, was cast upon the western coast of Britain by +a great tempest. After many adventures he came to the +aforesaid servant of Christ, Adamnan, and being found +to be learned in the Scriptures, and acquainted with the +holy places, was most gladly received by him and gladly +heard, insomuch that whatsoever he said that he had +seen worthy of remembrance in the holy places, Adamnan +straightway set himself to commit to writing. Thus +he composed a work, as I have said, profitable to many, +and chiefly to those who, being far removed from those +places where the patriarchs and Apostles lived, know no +more of them than what they have learnt by reading. +Adamnan presented this book to King Aldfrid, and +through his bounty it came to be read by lesser persons.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, he had copies made of it.</note> +The writer thereof was also rewarded by him with many +gifts and sent back into his country. I believe it will be +of advantage to our readers if we collect some passages +from his writings, and insert them in this our History.<note place='foot'>Nevertheless he quotes his own book rather than Adamnan's.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Chap. XVI. The account given in the aforesaid book of +the place of our Lord's Nativity, Passion, and Resurrection.</head> + +<p> +He wrote concerning the place of the Nativity of our +Lord, after this manner:<note place='foot'>Cf. Warren and Conder, <q>Survey of Western Palestine</q>: +<q>Bethlehem, a well-built stone town, standing on a narrow ridge +which runs east and west ... towards the east is the open market +place, and, beyond this, the convent in which is the fourth +century church of St. Mary, including the Grotto of the Nativity +beneath the main apse.</q></note> <q>Bethlehem, the city of David, +is situated on a narrow ridge, encompassed on all sides +with valleys, being a mile in length from west to east, +and having a low wall without towers, built along the +edge of the level summit. In the eastern corner thereof +<pb n='339'/><anchor id='Pg339'/> +is a sort of natural half cave, the outward part whereof +is said to have been the place where our Lord was born; +the inner is called the manger of our Lord. This cave +within is all covered with rich marble, and over the particular +spot where our Lord is said to have been born, +stands the great church of St. Mary.</q> He likewise wrote +about the place of His Passion and Resurrection in this +manner: <q>Entering the city of Jerusalem on the north +side, the first place to be visited, according to the disposition +of the streets, is the church of Constantine, +called the Martyrium. It was built by the Emperor Constantine, +in a royal and magnificent manner, because the +Cross of our Lord was said to have been found there by +his mother Helena. Thence, to the westward, is seen +the church of Golgotha, in which is also to be found the +rock which once bore the Cross to which the Lord's body +was nailed, and now it upholds a large silver cross, having +a great brazen wheel with lamps hanging over it. Under +the place of our Lord's Cross, a crypt is hewn out of the +rock, in which the Sacrifice is offered on an altar for the +dead that are held in honour, their bodies remaining +meanwhile in the street. To the westward of this church +is the round church of the Anastasis or Resurrection of +our Lord, encompassed with three walls, and supported +by twelve columns. Between each of the walls is a broad +passage, which contains three altars at three different +points of the middle wall; to the south, the north, and +the west. It has eight doors or entrances in a straight +line through the three walls; four whereof face the +south-east, and four the east.<note place='foot'><q>Vulturnus</q> seems to be distinguished from its Greek equivalent, +<q>Eurus.</q></note> In the midst of it is the +round tomb of our Lord cut out of the rock, the top of +of which a man standing within can touch with his hand; +on the east is the entrance, against which that great +stone was set. To this day the tomb bears the marks of +the iron tools within, but on the outside it is all covered +with marble to the very top of the roof, which is adorned +with gold, and bears a large golden cross. In the north +<pb n='340'/><anchor id='Pg340'/> +part of the tomb the sepulchre of our Lord is hewn out +of the same rock, seven feet in length, and three hand-breadths +above the floor; the entrance being on the +south side, where twelve lamps burn day and night, four +within the sepulchre, and eight above on the edge of the +right side. The stone that was set at the entrance to the +tomb is now cleft in two; nevertheless, the lesser part of +it stands as an altar of hewn stone before the door of the +tomb; the greater part is set up as another altar, four-cornered, +at the east end of the same church, and is +covered with linen cloths. The colour of the said tomb +and sepulchre is white and red mingled together.</q><note place='foot'>The Basilica of the Anastasis was completed by Constantine +in 335 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>, and destroyed in 614 by Chosroes II, King of Persia. +Other ancient travellers besides Arculf describe the Holy Places. +Eucherius, writing about 427-440, mentions the Martyrium, Golgotha +and the Anastasis, and describes their respective sites in +similar terms. Theodorus (about 530 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>) alludes to the Invention +of the Holy Cross by Helena, but the earliest authorities do not +connect her with it.</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_V_Chap_XVII'/> +<head>Chap. XVII. What he likewise wrote of the place of +our Lord's Ascension, and the tombs of the patriarchs.</head> + +<p> +Concerning the place of our Lord's Ascension, the aforesaid +author writes thus. <q>The Mount of Olives is equal +in height to Mount Sion, but exceeds it in breadth and +length; it bears few trees besides vines and olives, and +is fruitful in wheat and barley, for the nature of that soil +is not such as to yield thickets,<note place='foot'><q>Brucosa.</q> The adjective is not found in the dictionaries. +But Ducange has the following words from which one may, perhaps, +infer an adjective of kindred meaning: <q><foreign rend='italic'>Brua</foreign>, idem quod +supra <foreign rend='italic'>Brossa</foreign>, silvula, dumetum,</q> <q><foreign rend='italic'>Bruarium</foreign>, ericetum,</q> and +<q><foreign rend='italic'>Broca</foreign>, ager incultus, dumetum.</q></note> but grass and flowers. +On the very top of it, where our Lord ascended into +heaven, is a large round church,<note place='foot'>The Basilica of the Ascension, on the summit of Mount Olivet, +is mentioned by the Pilgrim of Bordeaux who was in Jerusalem in +333 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> No traces of the church have been found. He also +speaks of the Anastasis, which was being built at the time.</note> having round about it +<pb n='341'/><anchor id='Pg341'/> +three chapels with vaulted roofs. For the inner building +could not be vaulted and roofed, by reason of the passage +of our Lord's Body; but it has an altar on the east +side, sheltered by a narrow roof. In the midst of it are +to be seen the last Footprints of our Lord, the place where +He ascended being open to the sky; and though the +earth is daily carried away by believers, yet still it +remains, and retains the same appearance, being marked +by the impression of the Feet. Round about these lies a +brazen wheel, as high as a man's neck, having an +entrance from the west, with a great lamp hanging +above it on a pulley and burning night and day. In the +western part of the same church are eight windows; and +as many lamps, hanging opposite to them by cords, +shine through the glass as far as Jerusalem; and the +light thereof is said to thrill the hearts of the beholders +with a certain zeal and compunction. Every year, on the +day of the Ascension of our Lord, when Mass is ended, +a strong blast of wind is wont to come down, and to +cast to the ground all that are in the church.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Of the situation of Hebron, and the tombs of the +fathers,<note place='foot'>Saewulf (1102 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>) writes: <q>Below is the place called Golgotha, +where Adam is said to have been raised to life by the Blood +of our Lord which fell upon him, as is said in the Passion, <q>And +many bodies of the saints which slept arose.</q> But in the sentences +of St. Augustine we read that he was buried in Hebron, where +also the three patriarchs were afterwards buried with their wives, +Abraham with Sarah, Isaac with Rebecca, and Jacob with Leah, +as well as the bones of Joseph which the children of Israel carried +with them from Egypt.</q></note> he writes thus. <q>Hebron, once a habitation +and the chief city of David's kingdom, now only showing +by its ruins what it then was, has, one furlong to the +east of it, a double cave in the valley, where the sepulchres +of the patriarchs are encompassed with a wall four-square, +their heads lying to the north. Each of the tombs +is covered with a single stone, hewn like the stones of a +church, and of a white colour, for the three patriarchs. +Adam's is of meaner and poorer workmanship, and he +lies not far from them at the farthest end of the northern +part of that wall. There are also some poorer and +<pb n='342'/><anchor id='Pg342'/> +smaller monuments of the three women. The hill Mamre +is a mile from these tombs, and is covered with grass and +flowers, having a level plain on the top. In the northern +part of it, the trunk of Abraham's oak, being twice as +high as a man, is enclosed in a church.</q> +</p> + +<p> +Thus much, gathered from the works of the aforesaid +writer, according to the sense of his words, but more +briefly and in fewer words, we have thought fit to insert +in our History for the profit of readers. Whosoever +desires to know more of the contents of that book, may +seek it either in the book itself, or in that abridgement +which we have lately made from it. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'/> +<head>Chap. XVIII. How the South Saxons received Eadbert +and Eolla, and the West Saxons, Daniel and Aldhelm, +for their bishops; and of the writings of the same Aldhelm. +[705 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord 705, Aldfrid, king of the Northumbrians, +died<note place='foot'>He died at Driffield (supposed to mean the <q>field of Deira</q>), +in the East Riding of Yorkshire, on 14th December, 705 (Saxon +Chronicle).</note> before the end of the twentieth year of +his reign. His son Osred,<note place='foot'>Bede and the Chronicle do not mention the usurper Eadwulf, +who held the sovereignty for eight weeks. With Aldfrid the +greatness of Northumbria, which had begun to decline after +Egfrid's defeat and death, passed away, except for a brief revival +in the time of Eadbert and his brother, Archbishop Egbert. Osred +was a tyrannical and lawless boy, and a period of political and +ecclesiastical trouble set in (cf. Bede, <q>Epistola ad Egbertum</q>; +Boniface, Ep. 62, etc.).</note> a boy about eight years of +age, succeeding him in the throne, reigned eleven years. +In the beginning of his reign, Haedde, bishop of the +West Saxons,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_III_Chap_VII'>III, 7</ref>; <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>IV, 12</ref>.</note> departed to the heavenly life; for he was +a good man and a just, and his life and doctrine as a +bishop were guided rather by his innate love of virtue, +than by what he had gained from books. The most +<pb n='343'/><anchor id='Pg343'/> +reverend bishop, Pechthelm, of whom we shall speak +hereafter in the proper place,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Infra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIII'>23</ref>. He has been mentioned, c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIII'>13</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi> He studied +under Aldhelm at Malmesbury (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi>).</note> and who while still +deacon or monk was for a long time with his successor +Aldhelm,<note place='foot'>The greatest scholar of his time and the man of widest influence +as a teacher. He was a West Saxon, of royal blood, born about 639; +he studied first under Hadrian in the School of Canterbury, then +under Maildufus (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi>), was ordained priest by Bishop Hlothere +(Leutherius, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VII'>III, 7</ref>), and about the year 675 became Abbot of +Malmesbury, which under his rule grew to be a place of importance +and attracted crowds of students. On one occasion he went by +invitation of Pope Sergius to Rome. He became Bishop of Sherborne, +when in 705 the West Saxon diocese was divided (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi>). +He died in 709 in the little church of Doulting in Somerset and was +buried in St. Michael's Church at Malmesbury. He greatly +strengthened the Church in Wessex by his influence with King Ini +and his zeal in building churches and monasteries in various +places. His widespread influence, as well as his generous use of +it, is shown by his letter to Wilfrid's clergy after the Council of +Estrefeld, exhorting them to remain faithful to their bishop (v. +Haddan and Stubbs, III, 254).</note> was wont to relate that many miracles of healing +have been wrought in the place where he died, +through the merit of his sanctity; and that the men of +that province used to carry the dust thence for the sick, +and put it into water, and the drinking thereof, or sprinkling +with it, brought health to many sick men and beasts; +so that the holy dust being frequently carried away, a +great hole was made there. +</p> + +<p> +Upon his death, the bishopric of that province was +divided into two dioceses.<note place='foot'>In 705. The bishopric of the West Saxons was the only one +which Theodore did not subdivide. The delay may have been due +to the political disturbances of the time, and these had come to an +end under the rule of Ini. Haedde's death removed a further +difficulty. He seems to have resisted Bertwald's attempt to divide +the diocese, for we find in 704 a council threatening the West +Saxons with excommunication if the division is not carried out. +Hampshire, Surrey, and, for a time, Sussex, were assigned to +Winchester; Berkshire, Wiltshire, Dorsetshire, and Somersetshire +to Sherborne (Haddan and Stubbs, III, 276), but the authorities +differ on this point. After the Conquest, the combined bishoprics +of Sherborne and Ramsbury (founded in 909 for Wiltshire) had their +see established at Old Sarum.</note> One of them was given to +<pb n='344'/><anchor id='Pg344'/> +Daniel,<note place='foot'>Cf. Preface, p. <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref>, and note, and <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVI'>IV, 16</ref>. In 744 he resigned +his see and died in 745. It appears from a letter of Boniface to him +that he became blind in his old age.</note> which he governs to this day; the other to Aldhelm, +wherein he presided most vigorously four years; +both of them were fully instructed, as well in matters +touching the Church as in the knowledge of the Scriptures. +Aldhelm, when he was as yet only a priest and +abbot of the monastery which is called the city of Maildufus,<note place='foot'>Malmesbury. It was founded by an Irish monk and scholar, +Maildufus (Irish <q>Maelduib</q>), as a small settlement living under +monastic rule (<hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> note on Aldhelm).</note> +by order of a synod of his own nation, wrote a +notable book<note place='foot'>His letter to Geraint or Gerontius, king of Dumnonia (Devon +and Cornwall). A West Saxon synod in 705 appointed Aldhelm to +write a book, <q>quo maligna haeresis Britonum destrueretur</q> +(Faricius, Life of Aldhelm). He appears to have influenced only +those Britons who were subject to the West Saxons. Devon and +Cornwall did not finally conform to the Catholic Easter till early +in the tenth century.</note> against the error of the Britons, in not +celebrating Easter at the due time, and in doing divers +other things contrary to the purity of doctrine and the +peace of the church; and through the reading of this +book many of the Britons, who were subject to the West +Saxons, were led by him to adopt the Catholic celebration +of our Lord's Paschal Feast. He likewise wrote +a famous book on Virginity,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_X'>IV, 10</ref> (note on Hildilid).</note> which, after the example of +Sedulius,<note place='foot'>A poet of the fifth century (circ. 450), author of a poem called +<q>Carmen Paschale.</q> He translated it into prose and called it +<q>Opus Paschale.</q> Aldhelm wrote his prose work first.</note> he composed in twofold form, in hexameters +and in prose. He wrote some other books, being a man +most instructed in all respects, for he had a polished style,<note place='foot'>His style is turgid and grandiloquent, and, owing to the high +estimation in which he was held, his influence in this respect on +contemporary writing was harmful.</note> +and was, as I have said, of marvellous learning both in +liberal and ecclesiastical studies. On his death, Forthere<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIII'>23</ref>. A letter to him from Archbishop Bertwald is +extant. We do not know how long he lived. We have his signature +to a charter of 739.</note> +<pb n='345'/><anchor id='Pg345'/> +was made bishop in his stead, and is living at this time, +being likewise a man very learned in the Holy Scriptures. +</p> + +<p> +Whilst they administered the bishopric, it was determined +by a synodal decree, that the province of the South +Saxons, which till that time belonged to the diocese of the +city of Winchester, where Daniel then presided, should +itself have an episcopal see, and a bishop of its own.<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XV'>IV, 15</ref>. The see was established at Selsey. The date of +this event is not known (Matthew of Westminster is the only +authority for 711). Bede indicates it very vaguely (<q>quibus administrantibus</q>), +and does not make it clear to whose administration +he alludes. The more obvious reference is surely to Daniel +and Aldhelm, the passage about Forthere being parenthetical, but +the other view has the authority of Haddan and Stubbs (III, 296), +viz., that he means Daniel and Forthere, and that thus the date is +fixed to some time after Aldhelm's death (709).</note> +Eadbert, at that time abbot of the monastery of Bishop +Wilfrid, of blessed memory, called Selaeseu,<note place='foot'>Selsey, cf. IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIII'>13</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIV'>14</ref>.</note> was consecrated +their first bishop. On his death, Eolla succeeded +to the office of bishop. He also died some years ago, +and the bishopric has been vacant to this day.<note place='foot'>The vacancy was filled in 733 by the appointment of Sigfrid +(<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Continuation'>Continuation</ref>).</note> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_V_Chap_XIX'/> +<head>Chap. XIX. How Coinred, king of the Mercians, and +Offa, king of the East Saxons, ended their days at Rome, +in the monastic habit; and of the life and death of +Bishop Wilfrid. [709 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the fourth year of the reign of Osred,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'>18</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi> His fourth year was 709.</note> Coenred,<note place='foot'>C. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIII'>13</ref> and <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIX'>19</ref> <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi>, and c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>. For a similar action, +cf. Caedwalla and Ini (<hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_VII'>7</ref>) and (<hi rend='italic'>infra</hi>) Offa.</note> who +had for some time nobly governed the kingdom of the +Mercians, much more nobly quitted the sceptre of his +kingdom. For he went to Rome, and there receiving +the tonsure and becoming a monk, when Constantine<note place='foot'>Constantine I, 708-715.</note> +was pope, he continued to his last hour in prayer and +fasting and alms-deeds at the threshold of the Apostles. +<pb n='346'/><anchor id='Pg346'/> +He was succeeded in the throne by Ceolred,<note place='foot'>709-716. St. Boniface (Letter to Ethelbald) gives Ceolred a very +bad character, and says that he died impenitent at a banquet, seized +with sudden madness. He alludes to him and Osred of Northumbria +as the first kings who tampered with the privileges of the Church.</note> the son of +Ethelred, who had governed the kingdom before Coenred. +With him went the son of Sighere,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXX'>III, 30</ref>, and <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_VI'>IV, 6</ref>. Sighere reigned jointly with Sebbi. They +were succeeded by Sebbi's sons, Sighard and Swefred (<ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XI'>IV, 11</ref>). +Offa probably succeeded them just before this time (709); William +of Malmesbury says he reigned for a short time. He was succeeded +by Selred (d. 746).</note> the king of the East +Saxons whom we mentioned before, by name Offa, a +youth of a most pleasing age and comeliness, and greatly +desired by all his nation to have and to hold the sceptre +of the kingdom. He, with like devotion, quitted wife, +and lands, and kindred and country, for Christ and for +the Gospel, that he might <q>receive an hundred-fold in +this life, and in the world to come life everlasting.</q><note place='foot'>St. Matt., xix, 29; St. Mark, x, 30; St. Luke, xviii, 30.</note> He +also, when they came to the holy places at Rome, received +the tonsure, and ending his life in the monastic +habit, attained to the vision of the blessed Apostles in +Heaven, as he had long desired. +</p> + +<p> +The same year that they departed from Britain, the +great bishop, Wilfrid, ended his days in the province +called Inundalum,<note place='foot'>Oundle in Northamptonshire, where he had a monastery on +land given him by Wulfhere of Mercia. For the form of the name, +cf. <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi>, <q>in provincia Undalum.</q> Here the preposition is prefixed +as often; <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XIV'>II, 14</ref>, note. Wilfrid died on a Thursday in +October: there is some uncertainty about the day of the month.</note> after he had been bishop forty-five +years.<note place='foot'>Cf. the epitaph (<hi rend='italic'>infra</hi>) and c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>, where Bede places his consecration +in 664. This is supported by William of Malmesbury, but +Eddius says he was bishop for forty-six years.</note> His body, being laid in a coffin, was carried to +his monastery, which is called Inhrypum,<note place='foot'>Ripon, <hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi>, p. 56. In the tenth century, Odo, Archbishop of +Canterbury, removed certain relics to Canterbury, believing them +to be the body of Wilfrid. At Ripon it was maintained that the +relics were those of Wilfrid II.</note> and buried in +the church of the blessed Apostle Peter, with the honour +due to so great a prelate. Concerning whose manner of +<pb n='347'/><anchor id='Pg347'/> +life, let us now turn back, and briefly make mention of +the things which were done.<note place='foot'>Our main authority for the life of Wilfrid is Eddius (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_II'>IV, 2</ref>). +Bede's account is remarkable for its omissions, though it gives a +few facts which Eddius omits.</note> Being a boy of a good disposition, +and virtuous beyond his years, he conducted +himself so modestly and discreetly in all points, that he +was deservedly beloved, respected, and cherished by his +elders as one of themselves.<note place='foot'>His birth must be placed in 634 (cf. <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi>, his consecration at +the age of thirty). His father was a Northumbrian thegn. He is +said to have had an unkind stepmother. He was sent by his father +to the court of Oswy, thence, by Eanfled (cf. II, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_IX'>9</ref>, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XX'>20</ref>; III, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XV'>15</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>, +<hi rend='italic'>et saep.</hi>) to Lindisfarne, at that time under the rule of Aidan.</note> At fourteen years of age he +chose rather the monastic than the secular life; which, +when he had signified to his father, for his mother was +dead, he readily consented to his godly wishes and +desires, and advised him to persist in that wholesome +purpose. Wherefore he came to the isle of Lindisfarne, +and there giving himself to the service of the monks, he +strove diligently to learn and to practise those things +which belong to monastic purity and piety; and being of +a ready wit, he speedily learned the psalms and some +other books, having not yet received the tonsure, but +being in no small measure marked by those virtues of +humility and obedience which are more important than +the tonsure; for which reason he was justly loved by his +elders and his equals. Having served God some years in +that monastery, and being a youth of a good understanding, +he perceived that the way of virtue delivered +by the Scots was in no wise perfect, and he resolved to +go to Rome, to see what ecclesiastical or monastic rites +were in use at the Apostolic see. When he told the +brethren, they commended his design, and advised him +to carry out that which he purposed. He forthwith +went to Queen Eanfled, for he was known to her, and it +was by her counsel and support that he had been admitted +into the aforesaid monastery, and he told her of +his desire to visit the threshold of the blessed Apostles. +She, being pleased with the youth's good purpose, sent +<pb n='348'/><anchor id='Pg348'/> +him into Kent, to King Earconbert,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_III_Chap_VIII'>III, 8</ref>. He was the son of Eadbald (II, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_V'>5</ref>, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_VI'>6</ref>, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_IX'>9</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>et saep.</hi>). +Eanfled's mother was the sister of Eadbald, the Kentish princess +Ethelberg (<q>Tata</q>), wife of Edwin (II, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_IX'>9</ref>, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XI'>11</ref>, <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XX'>20</ref>).</note> who was her uncle's +son, requesting that he would send him to Rome in an +honourable manner. At that time, Honorius,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_II_Chap_XVIII'>II, 18</ref> <hi rend='italic'>et saep.</hi></note> one of the +disciples of the blessed Pope Gregory, a man very highly +instructed in ecclesiastical learning, was archbishop +there. When he had tarried there for a space, and, +being a youth of an active spirit, was diligently applying +himself to learn those things which came under his +notice, another youth, called Biscop, surnamed Benedict,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVIII'>IV, 18</ref>, and note.</note> +of the English nobility, arrived there, being likewise +desirous to go to Rome, of whom we have before made +mention. +</p> + +<p> +The king gave him Wilfrid for a companion, and bade +Wilfrid conduct him to Rome. When they came to +Lyons, Wilfrid was detained there by Dalfinus,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXV'>III, 25</ref>. Annemundus was the name of the Archbishop. +Dalfinus, Count of Lyons, was his brother. Eddius makes the same +mistake.</note> the +bishop of that city; but Benedict hastened on to Rome. +For the bishop was delighted with the youth's prudent +discourse, the grace of his comely countenance, his eager +activity, and the consistency and maturity of his thoughts; +for which reason he plentifully supplied him and his +companions with all necessaries, as long as they stayed +with him; and further offered, if he would have it, to +commit to him the government of no small part of Gaul, +to give him a maiden daughter of his own brother<note place='foot'>A daughter of the Count.</note> to +wife, and to regard him always as his adopted son. But +Wilfrid thanked him for the loving-kindness which he was +pleased to show to a stranger, and answered, that he +had resolved upon another course of life, and for that +reason had left his country and set out for Rome. +</p> + +<p> +Hereupon the bishop sent him to Rome, furnishing +him with a guide and supplying plenty of all things +requisite for his journey, earnestly requesting that he +would come that way, when he returned into his own +<pb n='349'/><anchor id='Pg349'/> +country. Wilfrid arriving at Rome, and daily giving +himself with all earnestness to prayer and the study of +ecclesiastical matters, as he had purposed in his mind, +gained the friendship of the most holy and learned Boniface, +the archdeacon,<note place='foot'>He presented Wilfrid to the Pope, Eugenius I. A leaden +<q>bulla</q> with the name of Boniface, Archdeacon, inscribed upon it +was found at Whitby not long ago.</note> who was also counsellor to the +Apostolic Pope, by whose instruction he learned in their +order the four Gospels, and the true computation of Easter; +and many other things appertaining to ecclesiastical +discipline, which he could not learn in his own country, +he acquired from the teaching of that same master. +When he had spent some months there, in successful +study, he returned into Gaul, to Dalfinus;<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, to Annemundus.</note> and having +stayed with him three years, received from him the +tonsure, and Dalfinus esteemed him so highly in love +that he had thoughts of making him his heir; but this +was prevented by the bishop's cruel death, and Wilfrid +was reserved to be a bishop of his own, that is, the +English, nation. For Queen Baldhild<note place='foot'>This seems to be another mistake in which Bede follows +Eddius. It was probably Ebroin (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_I'>IV, 1</ref>, note), Mayor of the +Palace to her infant son Clothaire III, who put Annemundus to +death. Baldhild was, however, regent at the time. Eddius calls +her a Jezebel, but all that we know of her shows her to have been +a most pious and charitable lady, and she has been canonized by +the Church. She was especially active in her efforts to stop the +traffic in slaves. She herself, though she is said to have been of +noble English birth, had been sold as a slave into Gaul. She was +married first to Ercinwald, Mayor of the Palace, the predecessor +of Ebroin (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIX'>III, 19</ref>), and afterwards to Clovis II, King of Neustria +and Burgundy, 638-656. Baldhild ended her life in the monastery +of Chelles (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VIII'>III, 8</ref>, and note).</note> sent soldiers +with orders to put the bishop to death; whom Wilfrid, +as his clerk, attended to the place where he was to be +beheaded, being very desirous, though the bishop +strongly opposed it, to die with him; but the executioners, +understanding that he was a stranger, and of +the English nation, spared him, and would not put him +to death with his bishop. +</p> + +<pb n='350'/><anchor id='Pg350'/> + +<p> +Returning to Britain, he won the friendship of King +Alchfrid,<note place='foot'>III, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIV'>14</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXI'>21</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIV'>24</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXV'>25</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XVIII'>28</ref>. He was a friend of Coinwalch of +Wessex, from whom, as Eddius says, he learned to love the +Roman rules.</note> who had learnt to follow always and love the +catholic rules of the Church; and therefore finding him +to be a Catholic, he gave him presently land of ten +families at the place called Stanford;<note place='foot'>Possibly Stamford, in Lincolnshire; more probably, since the +land belonged to Alchfrid, Stamford Bridge, on the Derwent, in +Yorkshire.</note> and not long after, +the monastery, with land of thirty families, at the place +called Inhrypum;<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXV'>III, 25</ref>, where the extent is given as forty families, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, +<q>hides.</q></note> which place he had formerly given to +those that followed the doctrine of the Scots, to build a +monastery there. But, forasmuch as they afterwards, +being given the choice, had rather quit the place than +adopt the Catholic Easter and other canonical rites, +according to the custom of the Roman Apostolic Church, +he gave the same to him whom he found to be instructed +in better discipline and better customs. +</p> + +<p> +At the same time, by the said king's command, he was +ordained priest in the same monastery, by Agilbert,<note place='foot'>Cf. III, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VII'>7</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXV'>25</ref>, <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVIII'>28</ref>; IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_I'>1</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>12</ref>. For the Gewissae, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_II_Chap_V'>II, 5</ref> and +note.</note> +bishop of the Gewissae above-mentioned, the king being +desirous that a man of so much learning and piety +should attend him constantly as his special priest and +teacher; and not long after, when the Scottish sect +had been exposed and banished,<note place='foot'>At the synod of Whitby, 664 (<ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXV'>III, 25</ref>).</note> as was said above, +he, with the advice and consent of his father Oswy, +sent him into Gaul, to be consecrated as his bishop,<note place='foot'>Tuda (<ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVI'>III, 26</ref>) had died of the plague of 664. For Wilfrid's +consecration, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVIII'>III, 28</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi>, and note. Agilbert was not +Bishop of Paris till 666 (cf. III, 25, p. <ref target='Pg194'>194</ref>, note).</note> +when he was about thirty years of age, the same +Agilbert being then bishop of the city of Paris. Eleven +other bishops met at the consecration of the new bishop, +and that function was most honourably performed. +Whilst he yet tarried beyond the sea, the holy man, +<pb n='351'/><anchor id='Pg351'/> +Ceadda,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVIII'>III, 28</ref>, and note. Wilfrid did not return to Britain till 666. +Bede omits the story of his shipwreck on the coast of Sussex, and +says nothing of the three years spent as Abbot of Ripon, whither +he retired on finding Ceadda installed in his place. During this +time he acted occasionally as Bishop for Mercia, where the see +was vacant by the death of Jaruman in 667, and for Kent, during +part of the vacancy between the death of Deusdedit in 664 and +Theodore's arrival in 669.</note> was consecrated bishop of York<note place='foot'>The same Witan which elected Wilfrid decided to transfer the +Northumbrian see from Lindisfarne back to York, where Paulinus +had originally established it.</note> by command +of King Oswy, as has been said above; and +having nobly ruled that church three years, he retired +to take charge of his monastery of Laestingaeu, and +Wilfrid was made bishop of all the province of the +Northumbrians. +</p> + +<p> +Afterwards, in the reign of Egfrid, he was expelled +from his bishopric, and others were consecrated bishops +in his stead, of whom mention has been made above.<note place='foot'>In 678, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>IV, 12</ref>, and note. Bede passes over nine years of +ceaseless activity in the diocese. It was during this time that +Wilfrid built his great churches.</note> +Designing to go to Rome, to plead his cause before the +Apostolic Pope, he took ship, and was driven by a west +wind into Frisland,<note place='foot'>Eddius says that he went there by his own wish. This is not +the occasion referred to in <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIII'>III, 13</ref> (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> note, <hi rend='italic'>ad loc.</hi>). Ebroin, from +motives of private enmity (Wilfrid had helped his enemy, Dagobert +II of Austrasia), attempted to bribe Aldgils to kill or surrender +Wilfrid, but his offer was indignantly rejected.</note> and honourably received by that +barbarous people and their King Aldgils, to whom he +preached Christ, and he instructed many thousands of +them in the Word of truth, washing them from the defilement +of their sins in the Saviour's font. Thus he began +there the work of the Gospel which was afterwards +finished with great devotion by the most reverend +bishop of Christ, Wilbrord.<note place='foot'>Cc. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_X'>10</ref>, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XI'>11</ref>; cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIII'>III, 13</ref>.</note> Having spent the winter +there successfully among this new people of God, he set +out again on his way to Rome,<note place='foot'>On the way he visited Dagobert II of Austrasia, and Perctarit, +king of the Lombards.</note> where his cause being +<pb n='352'/><anchor id='Pg352'/> +tried before Pope Agatho and many bishops,<note place='foot'>At a council of fifty bishops held in the Lateran in 679. Theodore +had sent documents stating his side of the case in charge of +a monk named Coenwald. For Agatho, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVIII'>IV, 18</ref>. The decision +was that Wilfrid should be reinstated in his bishopric and the +intruding bishops removed, but that afterwards he should appoint +coadjutors who should be consecrated by the Archbishop.</note> he was by +the judgement of them all acquitted of all blame, and +declared worthy of his bishopric. +</p> + +<p> +At the same time, the said Pope Agatho assembling a +synod at Rome, of one hundred and twenty-five bishops, +against those who asserted that there was only one will +and operation in our Lord and Saviour,<note place='foot'>This council was held in 680 in preparation for the Council at +Constantinople in 680-681, against the Monothelites (cf. IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVII'>17</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVIII'>18</ref>, +and notes).</note> ordered Wilfrid +also to be summoned, and, sitting among the bishops, to +declare his own faith and the faith of the province or +island whence he came; and he and his people being found +orthodox in their faith, it was thought fit to record the +same among the acts of that synod, which was done in +in this manner: <q>Wilfrid, the beloved of God, bishop of +the city of York, appealing to the Apostolic see, and +being by that authority acquitted of every thing, whether +specified against him or not, and being appointed to sit +in judgement with one hundred and twenty-five other +bishops in the synod, made confession of the true and +catholic faith, and confirmed the same with his subscription +in the name of all the northern part of Britain and +Ireland, and the islands inhabited by the nations of the +English and Britons, as also by the Scots and Picts.</q> +</p> + +<p> +After this, returning into Britain,<note place='foot'>In 680. Here Bede strangely omits important events. On +Wilfrid's return to Northumbria he was accused of having procured +his acquittal by bribery and was imprisoned for nine months, +first at Bromnis (unidentified) and then at Dunbar. Being released +at the request of Aebba, Abbess of Coldingham (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIX'>19</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXV'>25</ref>), who +was Egfrid's aunt, he went first to Mercia and then to Wessex, +but was expelled from both provinces. Egfrid's sister Osthryth +was the wife of Ethelred of Mercia, and in Wessex the king, +Centwine, had married a sister of the Northumbrian queen, +Eormenburg.</note> he converted the +province of the South Saxons from their idolatrous +<pb n='353'/><anchor id='Pg353'/> +worship to the faith of Christ.<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIII'>IV, 13</ref>.</note> He also sent ministers of +the Word to the Isle of Wight;<note place='foot'>IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIII'>13</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVI'>16</ref>. His connection with Caedwalla of Wessex is to +be placed here (<ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVI'>IV, 16</ref>).</note> and in the second year +of Aldfrid, who reigned after Egfrid, was restored to his +see and bishopric by that king's invitation.<note place='foot'>In 686 he was restored to the bishopric of York and the +monastery of Ripon. The diocese over which he was now placed +was greatly circumscribed. Lindsey and Abercorn, besides having +been detached by the subdivision, had both ceased to belong to +Northumbria; Lindisfarne and Hexham were separate bishoprics +and were merely administered by Wilfrid till the appointment of +Eadbert to Lindisfarne and of John to Hexham. The restoration +of Wilfrid was brought about by Theodore who had become +reconciled to him and induced Aldfrid to allow him to be reinstated.</note> Nevertheless, +five years after, being again accused, he was deprived of +his bishopric by the same king and certain bishops.<note place='foot'>This was his second expulsion, in 691. Dissensions had arisen +about various matters. The most important were the attempt, resisted +by Wilfrid, to form Ripon into a separate see, and the +requirement that he should accept the decrees of Theodore of 678. +To accept these would have been equivalent to a rejection of the +Pope's judgement in his case.</note> +Coming to Rome,<note place='foot'>Bede omits here Wilfrid's second sojourn in Mercia (eleven +years), when he acted temporarily as Bishop of the Middle English +(he alludes to it in <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXIII'>IV, 23</ref>), and the great Council, representative +of the whole English Church, summoned by Aldfrid in 702 and held +at a place in Northumbria (unidentified; possibly Austerfield in +the West Riding of Yorkshire) called by Eddius <q>Ouestraefelda</q> +and <q>Aetswinapathe</q> (supposed to mean <q>at the swine's path,</q> or +<q>Edwinspath</q>). At this Council Wilfrid was excommunicated and +deprived of all his possessions except the monastery of Ripon. He +appealed again to the Apostolic see and returned to Mercia. +Probably in the following year he set out for Rome, visiting Wilbrord +in Frisia by the way (cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIII'>III, 13</ref>).</note> he was allowed to make his defence +in the presence of his accusers, before a number of +bishops and the Apostolic Pope John.<note place='foot'>John VI, 701-705. Bertwald had sent envoys to represent +Wilfrid's opponents. The investigation took four months, during +which seventy sittings of the Council were held.</note> It was shown +by the judgement of them all, that his accusers had in +part laid false accusations to his charge; and the aforesaid +Pope wrote to the kings of the English, Ethelred +<pb n='354'/><anchor id='Pg354'/> +and Aldfrid, to cause him to be restored to his bishopric, +because he had been unjustly condemned.<note place='foot'>Bertwald was admonished to hold a synod and come to an +agreement with Wilfrid. In the event of failure, both parties were +to appear in Rome. The letter is cautious and conciliatory in tone.</note> +</p> + +<p> +His acquittal was much forwarded by the reading of +the acts of the synod of Pope Agatho,<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>supra</hi>, p. <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref>.</note> of blessed memory, +which had been formerly held, when Wilfrid was in Rome +and sat in council among the bishops, as has been said +before. For the acts of that synod being, as the case +required, read, by order of the Apostolic Pope, before the +nobility and a great number of the people for some days, +they came to the place where it was written, <q>Wilfrid, +the beloved of God, bishop of the city of York, appealing +to the Apostolic see, and being by that authority acquitted +of everything, whether specified against him or +not,</q> and the rest as above stated. This being read, +the hearers were amazed, and the reader ceasing, they +began to ask of one another, who that Bishop Wilfrid +was. Then Boniface, the Pope's counsellor,<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>supra</hi>, p. <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref>.</note> and many +others, who had seen him there in the days of Pope +Agatho, said that he was the same bishop that lately came +to Rome, to be tried by the Apostolic see, being accused +by his people, and <q>who, said they, having long since +come here upon the like accusation, the cause and contention +of both parties being heard and examined, was +proved by Pope Agatho, of blessed memory, to have +been wrongfully expelled from his bishopric, and was +held in such honour by him, that he commanded him to +sit in the council of bishops which he had assembled, +as a man of untainted faith and an upright mind.</q> +This being heard, the Pope and all the rest said, that +a man of so great authority, who had held the office +of a bishop for nearly forty years, ought by no means to +be condemned, but being altogether cleared of the faults +laid to his charge, should return home with honour. +</p> + +<p> +When he came to Gaul, on his way back to Britain, on +a sudden he fell sick, and the sickness increasing, he was +so weighed down by it, that he could not ride, but was +<pb n='355'/><anchor id='Pg355'/> +carried in his bed by the hands of his servants. Being +thus come to the city of Maeldum,<note place='foot'>Meaux, cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_I'>IV, 1</ref> (Meldi).</note> in Gaul, he lay four +days and nights, as if he had been dead, and only by his +faint breathing showed that he had any life in him. +Having continued thus four days, without meat or drink, +without speech or hearing, at length, on the fifth day, at +daybreak, as it were awakening out of a deep sleep, he +raised himself and sat up, and opening his eyes, saw +round about him a company of brethren singing psalms +and weeping. Sighing gently, he asked where Acca,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIII'>III, 13</ref>, and note; <hi rend='italic'>infra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XX'>20</ref>.</note> +the priest, was. This man, straightway being called, +came in, and seeing him somewhat recovered and able +to speak, knelt down, and gave thanks to God, with all +the brethren there present. When they had sat awhile +and begun to discourse, with great awe, of the judgements +of heaven, the bishop bade the rest go out for a +time, and spoke to the priest, Acca, after this manner: +</p> + +<p> +<q>A dread vision has even now appeared to me, which +I would have you hear and keep secret, till I know what +God will please to do with me. There stood by me a +certain one, glorious in white raiment, and he told me +that he was Michael, the Archangel, and said, <q>I am +sent to call you back from death: for the Lord has +granted you life, through the prayers and tears of your +disciples and brethren, and the intercession of His Blessed +Mother Mary, of perpetual virginity; wherefore I tell +you, that you shall now recover from this sickness; but +be ready, for I will return and visit you at the end of four +years. And when you come into your country, you shall +recover the greater part of the possessions that have +been taken from you, and shall end your days in peace +and quiet.</q></q> The bishop accordingly recovered, whereat +all men rejoiced and gave thanks to God, and setting +forward on his journey, he arrived in Britain. +</p> + +<p> +Having read the letters which he brought from the +Apostolic Pope, Bertwald, the archbishop, and Ethelred,<note place='foot'>Ethelred of Mercia had resigned his throne and was now Abbot +of Bardney; cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XI'>III, 11</ref>, and IV, 12, p. <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref>, note.</note> +<pb n='356'/><anchor id='Pg356'/> +sometime king, but then abbot, readily took his part; for +the said Ethelred, calling to him Coenred,<note place='foot'>Cc. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIII'>13</ref> and <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIX'>19</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi>; cf. c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>.</note> whom he had +made king in his own stead, begged him to be friends +with Wilfrid, in which request he prevailed; nevertheless +Aldfrid, king of the Northumbrians, disdained to receive +him. But he died soon after,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'>18</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi> He received his envoys courteously, but +refused to alter his decision for any <q>alleged writings from the +Apostolic see.</q> But Eddius says he repented on his deathbed.</note> and so it came to pass that, +during the reign of his son Osred,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi></note> when a synod was +assembled before long by the river Nidd,<note place='foot'>In 705. It was a Northumbrian council, not, like Estrefeld, +representative of the whole Church. Bertwald was present and +adopted a conciliatory line.</note> after some +contention on both sides, at length, by the consent of +all, he was restored to the government of his own church;<note place='foot'>He was restored only to Hexham and to his monastery at +Ripon. Bishop John, on the death of Bosa about this time, was +transferred to York; <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_III'>3</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi></note> +and thus he lived in peace four years, till the day of his +death. He died in his monastery, which he had in the +province of Undalum,<note place='foot'>Oundle, <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> p. <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref>, note 4.</note> under the government of the +Abbot Cuthbald;<note place='foot'>Or Cudwald. A Cuthbald succeeded Sexwulf (<ref target='Book_IV_Chap_VI'>IV, 6</ref>) as Abbot +at Medeshamstead. He is, perhaps, identical with the Abbot of +Oundle.</note> and by the ministry of the brethren, +he was carried to his first monastery which is called +Inhrypum,<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>supra</hi>, p. <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref>, and <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXV'>III, 25</ref>.</note> and buried in the church of the blessed +Apostle Peter, hard by the altar on the south side, as has +been mentioned above, and this epitaph was written over +him: +</p> + +<p> +<q>Here rests the body of the great Bishop Wilfrid, +who, for love of piety, built these courts and consecrated +them with the noble name of Peter, to whom Christ, the +Judge of all the earth, gave the keys of Heaven. And +devoutly he clothed them with gold and Tyrian purple; +yea, and he placed here the trophy of the Cross, of +shining ore, uplifted high; moreover he caused the four +<pb n='357'/><anchor id='Pg357'/> +books of the Gospel to be written in gold in their order, +and he gave a case meet for them of ruddy gold. And +he also brought the holy season of Easter, returning in +its course, to accord with the true teaching of the +catholic rule which the Fathers fixed, and, banishing all +doubt and error, gave his nation sure guidance in their +worship. And in this place he gathered a great throng +of monks, and with all diligence safeguarded the precepts +which the Fathers' rule enjoined. And long time +sore vexed by many a peril at home and abroad, when he +had held the office of a bishop forty-five years, he passed +away and with joy departed to the heavenly kingdom. +Grant, O Jesus, that the flock may follow in the path of +the shepherd.</q> +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_V_Chap_XX'/> +<head>Chap. XX. How Albinus succeeded to the godly Abbot +Hadrian, and Acca to Bishop Wilfrid. [709 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +The next year after the death of the aforesaid father,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi> 710. But Hadrian left Rome in 668 (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_I'>IV, 1</ref>), and Bede +says he died forty-one years after that event. This would be in 709.</note> +which was the fifth year of King Osred, the most +reverend father, Abbot Hadrian,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Preface'>Preface</ref> and <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_I'>IV, 1</ref>.</note> fellow labourer in the +Word of God with Bishop Theodore<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi></note> of blessed memory, +died, and was buried in the church of the Blessed Mother +of God, in his own monastery,<note place='foot'>St. Augustine's, Canterbury; cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_I'>IV, 1</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi></note> this being the forty-first +year after he was sent by Pope Vitalian with Theodore, +and the thirty-ninth after his arrival in England. Among +other proofs of his learning, as well as Theodore's, there +is this testimony, that Albinus,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Preface'>Preface</ref> and note.</note> his disciple, who succeeded +him in the government of his monastery, was so +well instructed in literary studies, that he had no small +knowledge of the Greek tongue, and knew the Latin +as well as the English, which was his native language. +</p> + +<p> +Acca,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIII'>III, 13</ref>, and note.</note> his priest, succeeded Wilfrid in the bishopric of +<pb n='358'/><anchor id='Pg358'/> +the church of Hagustald, being likewise a man of zeal +and great in noble works in the sight of God and man. +He enriched the structure of his church, which is dedicated +in honour of the blessed Apostle Andrew with +manifold adornments and marvellous workmanship. For +he gave all diligence, as he does to this day, to procure +relics of the blessed Apostles and martyrs of Christ from +all parts, and to raise altars in their honour in separate +side-chapels built for the purpose within the walls of the +same church. Besides which, he industriously gathered +the histories of their martyrdom, together with other +ecclesiastical writings, and erected there a large and +noble library. He likewise carefully provided holy vessels, +lamps, and other such things as appertain to the adorning +of the house of God. He in like manner invited to +him a notable singer called Maban,<note place='foot'>A.S. version: Mafa. For the Roman style of Church music, +cf. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_XX'>II, 20</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi></note> who had been +taught to sing by the successors of the disciples of the +blessed Pope Gregory in Kent, to instruct himself and +his clergy, and kept him twelve years, to the end that he +might teach such Church music as they did not know, +and by his teaching restore to its former state that which +was corrupted either by long use, or through neglect. +For Bishop Acca himself was a most skilful singer, as +well as most learned in Holy Writ, sound in the confession +of the catholic faith, and well versed in the rules of +ecclesiastical custom; nor does he cease to walk after +this manner, till he receive the rewards of his pious devotion. +For he was brought up from boyhood and instructed +among the clergy of the most holy and beloved +of God, Bosa, bishop of York.<note place='foot'>IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>12</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXIII'>23</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_III'>V, 3</ref>.</note> Afterwards, coming to +Bishop Wilfrid in the hope of a better plan of life, he +spent the rest of his days in attendance on him till that +bishop's death, and going with him to Rome, learned +there many profitable things concerning the ordinances +of the Holy Church, which he could not have learned in +his own country. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='359'/><anchor id='Pg359'/> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_V_Chap_XXI'/> +<head>Chap. XXI. How the Abbot Ceolfrid sent master-builders +to the King of the Picts to build a church, and with +them an epistle concerning the Catholic Easter and the +Tonsure. [710 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +At that time,<note place='foot'>In 710. Naiton, or Nechtan mac Derili, succeeded in 706. The +northern Picts had received Christianity through Columba (<ref target='Book_III_Chap_IV'>III, 4</ref>). +Naiton is said to have been converted to Roman usages by a missionary +named Boniface, who was probably an Irishman, St. Cuiritin. +Naiton did not succeed in forcing all his people to adopt +them, but in 717 he expelled the Columban clergy who refused to +conform.</note> Naiton, King of the Picts, who inhabit +the northern parts of Britain, taught by frequent meditation +on the ecclesiastical writings, renounced the error +whereby he and his nation had been holden till then, +touching the observance of Easter, and brought himself +and all his people to celebrate the catholic time of our +Lord's Resurrection. To the end that he might bring this +to pass with the more ease and greater authority, he +sought aid from the English, whom he knew to have +long since framed their religion after the example of the +holy Roman Apostolic Church. Accordingly, he sent +messengers to the venerable Ceolfrid,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVIII'>IV, 18</ref> and note.</note> abbot of the monastery +of the blessed Apostles, Peter and Paul, which +stands at the mouth of the river Wear, and near the +river Tyne, at the place called Ingyruum,<note place='foot'>Wearmouth (<hi rend='italic'>ibid.</hi>) and Jarrow, Bede's own monastery (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi>, +c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>). Though they were some distance apart, Wearmouth and +Jarrow formed together one monastery.</note> which he +gloriously governed after Benedict,<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVIII'>IV, 18</ref>.</note> of whom we have +before spoken; desiring, that he would send him a letter +of exhortation, by the help of which he might the better +confute those that presumed to keep Easter out of the +due time; as also concerning the form and manner of +tonsure whereby the clergy should be distinguished,<note place='foot'>II, 2, p. <ref target='Pg085'>85</ref>, note.</note> +notwithstanding that he himself had no small knowledge +of these things. He also prayed to have master-builders +sent him to build a church of stone in his nation after +<pb n='360'/><anchor id='Pg360'/> +the Roman manner,<note place='foot'>Wood being the usual material, cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_IV'>III, 4</ref>, <q>Candida Casa.</q> +The locality of the church is not known. Rosemarkie, on the +Moray Frith, and, more probably, Restennet, near Forfar, have +been suggested.</note> promising to dedicate the same in +honour of the blessed chief of the Apostles. Moreover, +he and all his people, he said, would always follow the +custom of the holy Roman Apostolic Church, in so far as +men so distant from the speech and nation of the Romans +could learn it. The most reverend Abbot Ceolfrid favourably +receiving his godly desires and requests, sent the +builders he desired, and likewise the following letter:<note place='foot'>The letter has been supposed to have been written by Bede +himself.</note> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'><hi rend='italic'>To the most excellent lord, and glorious King Naiton, +Abbot Ceolfrid, greeting in the Lord.</hi> We most readily +and willingly endeavour, according to your desire, to +make known to you the catholic observance of holy +Easter, according to what we have learned of the Apostolic +see, even as you, most devout king, in your godly +zeal, have requested of us. For we know, that whensoever +the lords of this world labour to learn, and to teach +and to guard the truth, it is a gift of God to his Holy +Church. For a certain profane writer<note place='foot'>Plato, Rep. 473, D.</note> has most truly said, +that the world would be most happy if either kings were +philosophers, or philosophers were kings. Now if a man +of this world could judge truly of the philosophy of this +world, and form a right choice concerning the state of +this world, how much more is it to be desired, and most +earnestly to be prayed for by such as are citizens of the +heavenly country, and strangers and pilgrims in this +world, that the more powerful any are in the world the +more they may strive to hearken to the commands of Him +who is the Supreme Judge, and by their example and +authority may teach those that are committed to their +charge, to keep the same, together with themselves.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>There are then three rules given in the Sacred +Writings, whereby the time of keeping Easter has been +appointed for us and may in no wise be changed by any +authority of man; two whereof are divinely established +<pb n='361'/><anchor id='Pg361'/> +in the law of Moses; the third is added in the Gospel by +reason of the Passion and Resurrection of our Lord. For +the law enjoined, that the Passover should be kept in the +first month of the year, and the third week of that +month, that is, from the fifteenth day to the one-and-twentieth. +It is added, by Apostolic institution, from the +Gospel, that we are to wait for the Lord's day in that +third week, and to keep the beginning of the Paschal +season on the same. Which threefold rule whosoever +shall rightly observe, will never err in fixing the Paschal +feast. But if you desire to be more plainly and fully informed +in all these particulars, it is written in Exodus, +where the people of Israel, being about to be delivered +out of Egypt, are commanded to keep the first Passover,<note place='foot'>Exod., xii, 1-3. (The quotations are from the Vulgate.)</note> +that the Lord spake unto Moses and Aaron, saying, +<q>This month shall be unto you the beginning of months; +it shall be the first month of the year to you. Speak ye +unto all the congregation of Israel, saying, In the tenth +day of this month they shall take to them every man a +lamb, according to the house of their fathers, a lamb for +an house.</q> And a little after,<note place='foot'>Exod., xii, 6.</note> <q>And ye shall keep it up +until the fourteenth day of the same month; and the +whole assembly of the congregation of Israel shall kill it +in the evening.</q> By which words it most plainly appears, +that in the Paschal observance, though mention is made +of the fourteenth day, yet it is not commanded that the +Passover be kept on that day; but on the evening of the +fourteenth day, that is, when the fifteenth moon, which +is the beginning of the third week, appears in the sky, it +is commanded that the lamb be killed; and that it was +the night of the fifteenth moon, when the Egyptians +were smitten and Israel was redeemed from long captivity. +He says,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, xii, 15.</note> <q>Seven days shall ye eat unleavened +bread.</q> By which words all the third week of that same +first month is appointed to be a solemn feast. But lest +we should think that those same seven days were to be +reckoned from the fourteenth to the twentieth, He forthwith +<pb n='362'/><anchor id='Pg362'/> +adds,<note place='foot'>Exod., xii, 15.</note> <q>Even the first day ye shall put away leaven +out of your houses; for whosoever eateth leavened bread, +from the first day until the seventh day, that soul shall +be cut off from Israel;</q> and so on, till he says,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, xii, 17.</note> <q>For in +this selfsame day I will bring your army out of the +land of Egypt.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Thus he calls that the first day of unleavened bread, +in which he was to bring their army out of Egypt. Now +it is evident, that they were not brought out of Egypt +on the fourteenth day, in the evening whereof the lamb +was killed, and which is properly called the Passover or +Phase, but on the fifteenth day, as is most plainly written +in the book of Numbers:<note place='foot'>Numbers, xxxiii, 13.</note> <q>and they departed from +Rameses on the fifteenth day of the first month, on the +morrow after the Passover the Israelites went out with +an high hand.</q> Thus the seven days of unleavened bread, +on the first whereof the people of the Lord were brought +out of Egypt, are to be reckoned from the beginning of +the third week, as has been said, that is, from the fifteenth +day of the first month, till the end of the one-and-twentieth +of the same month. But the fourteenth day is named +apart from this number, by the title of the Passover, as +is plainly shown by that which follows in Exodus:<note place='foot'>Exod., xii, 17-19.</note> +where, after it is said, <q>For in this self-same day I will +bring your army out of the land of Egypt;</q> it is forthwith +added, <q>And ye shall observe this day in your generations +by an ordinance for ever. In the first month, +on the fourteenth day of the month, ye shall eat unleavened +bread, until the one-and-twentieth day of the +month at even. Seven days shall there be no leaven +found in your houses.</q> Now, who is there that does not +perceive, that there are not only seven days, but rather +eight, from the fourteenth to the one-and-twentieth, if +the fourteenth be also reckoned in the number? But if, +as appears by diligent study of the truth of the Scriptures, +we reckon from the evening of the fourteenth day +to the evening of the one-and-twentieth, we shall certainly +<pb n='363'/><anchor id='Pg363'/> +find, that, while the Paschal feast begins on the +evening of the fourteenth day, yet the whole sacred +solemnity contains no more than only seven nights and +as many days. Wherefore the rule which we laid down +is proved to be true, when we said that the Paschal +season is to be celebrated in the first month of the year, +and the third week of the same. For it is in truth the +third week, because it begins on the evening of the +fourteenth day, and ends on the evening of the one-and-twentieth.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>But since Christ our Passover is sacrificed,<note place='foot'>1 Cor., v, 7.</note> and has +made the Lord's day, which among the ancients was +called the first day of the week, a solemn day to us for +the joy of His Resurrection, the Apostolic tradition has +included it in the Paschal festival; yet has decreed that +the time of the legal Passover be in no wise anticipated +or diminished; but rather ordains, that according to the +precept of the law, that same first month of the year, +and the fourteenth day of the same, and the evening +thereof be awaited. And when this day should chance +to fall on a Saturday, every man should take to him a +lamb, according to the house of his fathers, a lamb for +an house, and he should kill it in the evening, that is, +that all the Churches throughout the world, making one +Catholic Church, should provide Bread and Wine for the +Mystery of the Flesh and Blood of the spotless Lamb +<q>that hath taken away the sins of the world;</q><note place='foot'>St. John, i, 29.</note> and after +a fitting solemn service of lessons and prayers and Paschal +ceremonies, they should offer up these to the Lord, in +hope of redemption to come. For this is that same night +in which the people of Israel were delivered out of Egypt +by the blood of the lamb; this is the same in which all +the people of God were, by Christ's Resurrection, set free +from eternal death. Then, in the morning, when the +Lord's day dawns, they should celebrate the first day of +the Paschal festival; for that is the day on which our +Lord made known the glory of His Resurrection to His +disciples, to their manifold joy at the merciful revelation. +<pb n='364'/><anchor id='Pg364'/> +The same is the first day of unleavened bread, concerning +which it is plainly written in Leviticus,<note place='foot'>Levit., xxiii, 5-7.</note> <q>In the +fourteenth day of the first month, at even, is the Lord's +Passover. And on the fifteenth day of the same month +is the feast of unleavened bread unto the Lord; seven +days ye must eat unleavened bread. In the first day ye +shall have an holy convocation.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>If therefore it could be that the Lord's day should +always happen on the fifteenth day of the first month, +that is, on the fifteenth moon, we might always celebrate +the Passover at one and the same time with the ancient +people of God, though the nature of the mystery be +different, as we do it with one and the same faith. But +inasmuch as the day of the week does not keep pace +exactly with the moon, the Apostolic tradition, which +was preached at Rome by the blessed Peter, and confirmed +at Alexandria by Mark the Evangelist,<note place='foot'>Cf. Bede's <q>Expositio in Marci Evangelium</q> (Opp. X, 2), +where he says that St. Mark founded the Church in Alexandria, +and taught the canonical observance of Easter; and Opp. VI, 235 +(De Temp. Rat.).</note> his interpreter, +appointed that when the first month was come, +and in it the evening of the fourteenth day, we should +also wait for the Lord's day, between the fifteenth and the +one-and-twentieth day of the same month. For on whichever +of those days it shall fall, Easter will be rightly kept +on the same; seeing that it is one of those seven days +on which the feast of unleavened bread is commanded to +be kept. Thus it comes to pass that our Easter never +falls either before or after the third week of the first +month, but has for its observance either the whole of it, +to wit, the seven days of unleavened bread appointed by +the law, or at least some of them. For though it comprises +but one of them, that is, the seventh, which the +Scripture so highly commends, saying,<note place='foot'>Levit., xxiii, 8.</note> <q>But the seventh +day shall be a more holy convocation, ye shall do no +servile work therein,</q> none can lay it to our charge, that +we do not rightly keep Easter Sunday, which we received +<pb n='365'/><anchor id='Pg365'/> +from the Gospel, in the third week of the first +month, as the Law prescribes.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>The catholic reason of this observance being thus +explained, the unreasonable error, on the other hand, of +those who, without any necessity, presume either to anticipate, +or to go beyond the term appointed in the Law, +is manifest. For they that think Easter Sunday is to be +observed from the fourteenth day of the first month till +the twentieth moon, anticipate the time prescribed in +the law, without any necessary reason; for when they +begin to celebrate the vigil of the holy night from the +evening of the thirteenth day, it is plain that they make +that day the beginning of their Easter, whereof they find +no mention in the commandment of the Law; and when +they avoid celebrating our Lord's Easter on the one-and-twentieth +day of the month, it is surely manifest that they +wholly exclude that day from their solemnity, which the +Law many times commends to be observed as a greater +festival than the rest; and thus, perverting the proper +order, they sometimes keep Easter Day entirely in the +second week, and never place it on the seventh day of +the third week. And again, they who think that Easter +is to be kept from the sixteenth day of the said month +till the two-and-twentieth<note place='foot'>This was an error of the Latins in the fifth century. The +object was to make it possible for Good Friday to fall on the fourteenth +of the month Nisan, which they believed to be the actual +day of the Crucifixion, and to keep Easter Day entirely clear of +the Jewish festival.</note> no less erroneously, though +on the other side, deviate from the right way of truth, +and as it were avoiding shipwreck on Scylla, they fall +into the whirlpool of Charybdis to be drowned. For when +they teach that Easter is to be begun at the rising of the +sixteenth moon of the first month, that is, from the evening +of the fifteenth day, it is certain that they altogether +exclude from their solemnity the fourteenth day of the +same month, which the Law first and chiefly commends; +so that they scarce touch the evening of the fifteenth +day, on which the people of God were redeemed from +Egyptian bondage, and on which our Lord, by His Blood, +<pb n='366'/><anchor id='Pg366'/> +rescued the world from the darkness of sin, and on which +being also buried, He gave us the hope of a blessed rest +after death.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>And these men, receiving in themselves the recompense +of their error, when they place Easter Sunday on +the twenty-second day of the month, openly transgress +and do violence to the term of Easter appointed by the +Law, seeing that they begin Easter on the evening of +that day in which the Law commanded it to be completed +and brought to an end; and appoint that to be +the first day of Easter, whereof no mention is any where +found in the Law, to wit, the first of the fourth week. +And both sorts are mistaken, not only in fixing and computing +the moon's age, but also sometimes in finding the +first month; but this controversy is longer than can be +or ought to be contained in this letter. I will only say +thus much, that by the vernal equinox, it may always be +found, without the chance of an error, which must be +the first month of the year, according to the lunar computation, +and which the last. But the equinox, according +to the opinion of all the Eastern nations, and particularly +of the Egyptians,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi> Alexandrians.</note> who surpass all other learned +men in calculation, falls on the twenty-first day of March, +as we also prove by horological observation. Whatsoever +moon therefore is at the full before the equinox, +being on the fourteenth or fifteenth day, the same belongs +to the last month of the foregoing year, and consequently +is not meet for the celebration of Easter; but +that moon which is full after the equinox, or at the very +time of the equinox, belongs to the first month, and on +that day, without a doubt, we must understand that the +ancients were wont to celebrate the Passover; and that +we also ought to keep Easter when the Sunday comes. +And that this must be so, there is this cogent reason. +It is written in Genesis,<note place='foot'>Gen., i, 16.</note> <q>And God made two great +lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser +light to rule the night.</q> Or, as another edition<note place='foot'>The Itala.</note> has it, +<q>The greater light to begin the day, and the lesser to +<pb n='367'/><anchor id='Pg367'/> +begin the night.</q> As, therefore, the sun, coming forth +from the midst of the east, fixed the vernal equinox by +his rising, and afterwards the moon at the full, when the +sun set in the evening, followed from the midst of the +east; so every year the same first lunar month must be +observed in the like order, so that its full moon must not +be before the equinox; but either on the very day of the +equinox, as it was in the beginning, or after it is past. But +if the full moon shall happen to be but one day before +the time of the equinox, the aforesaid reason proves +that such moon is not to be assigned to the first month +of the new year, but rather to the last of the preceding, +and that it is therefore not meet for the celebration of +the Paschal festival.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Now if it please you likewise to hear the mystical +reason in this matter, we are commanded to keep Easter +in the first month of the year, which is also called the +month of new things, because we ought to celebrate the +mysteries of our Lord's Resurrection and our deliverance, +with the spirit of our minds renewed to the love of +heavenly things. We are commanded to keep it in the +third week of the same month, because Christ Himself, +who had been promised before the Law, and under the +Law, came with grace, in the third age of the world, to +be sacrificed as our Passover; and because rising from +the dead the third day after the offering of His Passion, +He wished this to be called the Lord's day, and the +Paschal feast of His Resurrection to be yearly celebrated +on the same; because, also, we do then only truly celebrate +His solemn festival, if we endeavour with Him to keep +the Passover, that is, the passing from this world to the +Father, by faith, hope, and charity. We are commanded +to observe the full moon of the Paschal month after the +vernal equinox, to the end, that the sun may first make +the day longer than the night, and then the moon may +show to the world her full orb of light; inasmuch as first +<q>the Sun of righteousness, with healing in His wings,</q><note place='foot'>Mal., iv, 2.</note> +that is, our Lord Jesus, by the triumph of His Resurrection, +<pb n='368'/><anchor id='Pg368'/> +dispelled all the darkness of death, and so ascending +into Heaven, filled His Church, which is often signified +by the name of the moon, with the light of inward grace, +by sending down upon her His Spirit. Which order of +our salvation the prophet had in his mind, when he said +<q>The sun was exalted and the moon stood in her +order.</q></q><note place='foot'>Habak., iii, 11 (from the Itala).</note> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>He, therefore, who shall contend that the full Paschal +moon can happen before the equinox, disagrees with the +doctrine of the Holy Scriptures, in the celebration of the +greatest mysteries, and agrees with those who trust that +they may be saved without the grace of Christ preventing +them,<note place='foot'>The Pelagians; <ref target='Book_I_Chap_X'>I, 10</ref>, and note; cf. <ref target='Book_I_Chap_XVII'>I, 17</ref>.</note> and who presume to teach that they might +have attained to perfect righteousness, though the true +Light had never by death and resurrection vanquished +the darkness of the world. Thus, after the rising of the +sun at the equinox, and after the full moon of the first +month following in her order, that is, after the end of +the fourteenth day of the same month, all which we have +received by the Law to be observed, we still, as we are +taught in the Gospel, wait in the third week for the +Lord's day; and so, at length, we celebrate the offering +of our Easter solemnity, to show that we are not, with +the ancients, doing honour to the casting off of the yoke +of Egyptian bondage; but that, with devout faith and +love, we worship the Redemption of the whole world, +which having been prefigured in the deliverance of the +ancient people of God, was fulfilled in Christ's Resurrection, +and that we may signify that we rejoice in the sure +and certain hope of our own resurrection, which we believe +will likewise happen on the Lord's day.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>Now this computation of Easter, which we set forth +to you to be followed, is contained in a cycle of nineteen +years, which began long since to be observed in the +Church, to wit, even in the time of the Apostles, especially +at Rome and in Egypt, as has been said above.<note place='foot'>The reference must be to p. 364, <q>the apostolic tradition.</q> +For the nineteen years' cycle, cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_III'>III, 3</ref> (Anatolius).</note> +<pb n='369'/><anchor id='Pg369'/> +But by the industry of Eusebius,<note place='foot'>The celebrated Bishop of Caesarea, called also Eusebius +Pamphili, a name which he adopted from devotion to his friend, +Pamphilus. How much he had to do with the nineteen years' cycle +seems altogether uncertain. He took a leading part in the Council +of Nicaea (325 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>), but there is no proof that the Council formally +adopted the cycle, as has been supposed. It had been in use long +before, but it may have received authoritative sanction at Nicaea. +Eusebius wrote a treatise on Easter, of which a fragment is extant.</note> who took his surname +from the blessed martyr Pamphilus,<note place='foot'>A presbyter of Caesarea, the founder of the famous library in +that place. He was martyred in 309 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> Eusebius wrote his life, +but the work is lost.</note> it was reduced to a +plainer system; insomuch that what till then used to be +enjoined every year throughout all the Churches by the +Bishop of Alexandria, might, from that time forward, be +most easily known by all men, the occurrence of the fourteenth +moon being regularly set forth in its course. This +Paschal computation, Theophilus,<note place='foot'>Archbishop of Alexandria, 385-412. He made a cycle of 418 +years (19 × 22) for Theodosius, and reckoned the days on which +Easter would fall for 100 years from the first year of the consulate +of Theodosius (380 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>).</note> Bishop of Alexandria, +made for the Emperor Theodosius, for a hundred years +to come. Cyril<note place='foot'>The great Archbishop of Alexandria, 412-444. He shortened +the cycle of Theophilus, making a cycle of ninety-five years (19 × 5), +for the sake of convenience. Part of his <q>Computus Paschalis</q> +remains.</note> also, his successor, comprised a series +of ninety-five years in five cycles of nineteen years. After +whom, Dionysius Exiguus<note place='foot'>A monk of the Western Church in the sixth century. The +surname, <q>Exiguus,</q> refers, not to his stature, but to his humbleness +of heart. Our method of dating from the Birth of Christ was +begun by him. He revived the cycle of Victorius (or Victorinus) +of Aquitaine (463 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>), hence called Dionysian. It was a cycle of +532 years, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi> the lunar cycle of 19 × the solar cycle of 28.</note> added as many more, in +order, after the same manner, reaching down to our own +time. The expiration of these is now drawing near, but +there is at the present day so great a number of calculators, +that even in our Churches throughout Britain, +there are many who, having learned the ancient rules of +the Egyptians, can with great ease carry on the Paschal +cycles for any length of time, even to five hundred and +<pb n='370'/><anchor id='Pg370'/> +thirty-two years,<note place='foot'>Cf. p. <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref>, note 5.</note> if they will; after the expiration of +which, all that appertains to the succession of sun and +moon, month and week, returns in the same order as +before. We therefore forbear to send you these same +cycles of the times to come, because, desiring only to be +instructed respecting the reason for the Paschal time, +you show that you have enough of those catholic cycles +concerning Easter.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>But having said thus much briefly and succinctly, as +you required, concerning Easter, I also exhort you to +take heed that the tonsure, concerning which likewise +you desired me to write to you, be in accordance with +the use of the Church and the Christian Faith. And we +know indeed that the Apostles were not all shorn after +the same manner, nor does the Catholic Church now, as +it agrees in one faith, hope, and charity towards God, +use one and the same form of tonsure throughout the +world. Moreover, to look back to former times, to wit, +the times of the patriarchs, Job, the pattern of patience, +when tribulation came upon him, shaved his head,<note place='foot'>Job, i, 20.</note> and +thus made it appear that he had used, in time of prosperity, +to let his hair grow. But concerning Joseph, who +more than other men practised and taught chastity, +humility, piety, and the other virtues, we read that he +was shorn when he was to be delivered from bondage,<note place='foot'>Gen., xli, 14.</note> +by which it appears, that during the time of his bondage, +he was in the prison with unshorn hair. Behold then +how each of these men of God differed in the manner of +their appearance abroad, though their inward consciences +agreed in a like grace of virtue. But though we may be +free to confess, that the difference of tonsure is not +hurtful to those whose faith is pure towards God, and +their charity sincere towards their neighbour, especially +since we do not read that there was ever any controversy +among the Catholic fathers about the difference of tonsure, +as there has been a contention about the diversity +in keeping Easter, and in matters of faith; nevertheless, +among all the forms of tonsure that are to be found in +<pb n='371'/><anchor id='Pg371'/> +the Church, or among mankind at large, I think none +more meet to be followed and received by us than that +which that disciple wore on his head, to whom, after his +confession of Himself, our Lord said,<note place='foot'>St. Matt., xvi, 18.</note> <q>Thou art Peter, +and upon this rock I will build My Church, and the gates +of Hell shall not prevail against it, and I will give unto +thee the keys of the kingdom of Heaven.</q> Nor do I think +that any is more rightly to be abhorred and detested +by all the faithful, than that which that man used, to +whom that same Peter, when he would have bought the +grace of the Holy Ghost, said,<note place='foot'>Acts, viii, 20 (Vulgate). The origin of this form of tonsure was +attributed to Simon Magus.</note> <q>Thy money perish with +thee, because thou hast thought that the gift of God +may be purchased with money. Thou hast neither part +nor lot in this word.</q> Nor do we shave ourselves in the +form of a crown only because Peter was so shorn; but +because Peter was so shorn in memory of the Passion of +our Lord, therefore we also, who desire to be saved by +the same Passion, do with him bear the sign of the same +Passion on the top of our head, which is the highest part +of our body. For as all the Church, because it was made +a Church by the death of Him that gave it life, is wont +to bear the sign of His Holy Cross on the forehead, to +the end, that it may, by the constant protection of His +banner, be defended from the assaults of evil spirits, and +by the frequent admonition of the same be taught, in +like manner, to crucify the flesh with its affections and +lusts;<note place='foot'>Gal., v, 24.</note> so also it behoves those, who having either taken +the vows of a monk, or having the degree of a clerk, must +needs curb themselves the more strictly by continence, +for the Lord's sake, to bear each one of them on his +head, by the tonsure, the form of the crown of thorns +which He bore on His head in His Passion, that He +might bear the thorns and thistles of our sins, that is, +that he might bear them away and take them from us; +to the end that they may show on their foreheads that +they also willingly, and readily, endure all scoffing and +<pb n='372'/><anchor id='Pg372'/> +reproach for his sake; and that they may signify that +they await always <q>the crown of eternal life, which God +hath promised to them that love him,</q><note place='foot'>St. James, i, 12.</note> and that for the +sake of attaining thereto they despise both the evil and +the good of this world. But as for the tonsure which +Simon Magus is said to have used, who is there of the +faithful, I ask you, who does not straightway detest and +reject it at the first sight of it, together with his magic? +Above the forehead it does seem indeed to resemble a +crown; but when you come to look at the neck, you will +find the crown cut short which you thought you saw; +so that you may perceive that such a use properly belongs +not to Christians but to Simoniacs, such as were +indeed in this life by erring men thought worthy of the +glory of an everlasting crown; but in that which is to +follow this life are not only deprived of all hope of a +crown, but are moreover condemned to eternal punishment.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>But do not think that I have said thus much, as +though I judged them worthy to be condemned who use +this tonsure, if they uphold the catholic unity by their +faith and works; nay, I confidently declare, that many +of them have been holy men and worthy servants of +God. Of which number is Adamnan,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XV'>15</ref> and notes. It is uncertain whether this incident is to +be connected with Adamnan's first or second visit to King Aldfrid.</note> the notable abbot +and priest of the followers of Columba, who, when sent +on a mission by his nation to King Aldfrid, desired to +see our monastery, and forasmuch as he showed wonderful +wisdom, humility, and piety in his words and behaviour, +I said to him among other things, when I talked +with him, <q>I beseech you, holy brother, how is it that +you, who believe that you are advancing to the crown of +life, which knows no end, wear on your head, after a +fashion ill-suited to your belief, the likeness of a crown +that has an end? And if you seek the fellowship of the +blessed Peter, why do you imitate the likeness of the +tonsure of him whom St. Peter anathematized? and why +do you not rather even now show that you choose with +<pb n='373'/><anchor id='Pg373'/> +all your heart the fashion of him with whom you desire +to live in bliss for ever.</q> He answered, <q>Be assured, my +dear brother, that though I wear the tonsure of Simon, +according to the custom of my country, yet I detest and +abhor with all my soul the heresy of Simon; and I desire, +as far as lies in my small power, to follow the footsteps +of the most blessed chief of the Apostles.</q> I replied, <q>I +verily believe it; nevertheless it is a token that you embrace +in your inmost heart whatever is of Peter the +Apostle, if you also observe in outward form that which +you know to be his. For I think your wisdom easily +discerns that it is much better to estrange from your +countenance, already dedicated to God, the fashion of +his countenance whom with all your heart you abhor, +and of whose hideous face you would shun the sight; +and, on the other hand, that it beseems you to imitate +the manner of his appearance, whom you seek to have +for your advocate before God, even as you desire to +follow his actions and his teaching.</q></q> +</p> + +<p> +<q rend='pre'>This I said at that time to Adamnan, who indeed +showed how much he had profited by seeing the ordinances +of our Churches, when, returning into Scotland,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, Ireland; cf. c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XV'>15</ref>.</note> he afterwards +by his preaching led great numbers of that nation +to the catholic observance of the Paschal time; though +he was not yet able to bring back to the way of the +better ordinance the monks that lived in the island of +Hii over whom he presided with the special authority of +a superior. He would also have been mindful to amend +the tonsure, if his influence had availed so far.</q> +</p> + +<p> +<q>But I now also admonish your wisdom, O king, that +together with the nation, over which the King of kings, +and Lord of lords, has placed you, you strive to observe +in all points those things which are in accord with the +unity of the Catholic and Apostolic Church; for so it +will come to pass, that after you have held sway in a +temporal kingdom, the blessed chief of the Apostles will +also willingly open to you and yours with all the elect +the entrance into the heavenly kingdom. The grace of +<pb n='374'/><anchor id='Pg374'/> +the eternal King preserve you in safety, long reigning +for the peace of us all, my dearly beloved son in Christ.</q> +</p> + + +<p> +This letter having been read in the presence of King +Naiton and many learned men, and carefully interpreted +into his own language by those who could understand +it, he is said to have much rejoiced at the exhortation +thereof; insomuch that, rising from among his +nobles that sat about him, he knelt on the ground, +giving thanks to God that he had been found worthy to +receive such a gift from the land of the English. <q>And +indeed,</q> he said, <q>I knew before, that this was the true +celebration of Easter, but now I so fully learn the reason +for observing this time, that I seem in all points to have +known but little before concerning these matters. Therefore +I publicly declare and protest to you that are here +present, that I will for ever observe this time of Easter, +together with all my nation; and I do decree that this +tonsure, which we have heard to be reasonable, shall be +received by all clerks in my kingdom.</q> Without delay +he accomplished by his royal authority what he had said. +For straightway the Paschal cycles of nineteen years were +sent by command of the State throughout all the provinces +of the Picts to be transcribed, learned, and observed, the +erroneous cycles of eighty-four years being everywhere +blotted out.<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>supra</hi>, p. <ref target='Pg359'>359</ref>, note 1.</note> All the ministers of the altar and monks +were shorn after the fashion of the crown; and the +nation thus reformed, rejoiced, as being newly put under +the guidance of Peter, the most blessed chief of the +Apostles, and committed to his protection. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_V_Chap_XXII'/> +<head>Chap. XXII. How the monks of Hii, and the monasteries +subject to them, began to celebrate the canonical Easter +at the preaching of Egbert. [716 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +Not long after, those monks also of the Scottish nation, +who lived in the isle of Hii, with the other monasteries that +were subject to them, were by the Lord's doing brought +<pb n='375'/><anchor id='Pg375'/> +to the canonical observance with regard to Easter, and +the tonsure. For in the year of our Lord 716, when +Osred<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'>18</ref> and note; cc. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIX'>19</ref>, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XX'>20</ref>, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'>24</ref>. He was killed in battle, but +neither the locality nor the war is known.</note> was slain, and Coenred<note place='foot'>He reigned two years, <hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi> c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIII'>23</ref>. He belonged to a +younger branch of the royal house of Northumbria. His father's +name was Cuthwine, and Ceolwulf, who succeeded Osric (c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIII'>23</ref>), +was his brother.</note> took upon him the +government of the kingdom of the Northumbrians, the +father and priest,<note place='foot'>Or, perhaps, <q>bishop;</q> cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_IV'>III, 4</ref>, note. For the circumstances +which led Egbert to undertake his work among the Columban +monasteries, <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_IX'>9</ref>. As the events narrated there were prior to +690 (Wilbrord's mission to Frisia), we may, perhaps, assume +that he had been labouring during this long interval among the +Columban monasteries in Ireland. In <ref target='Book_III_Chap_IV'>III, 4</ref>, Bede places Egbert's +arrival in Iona a year earlier.</note> Egbert, beloved of God, and worthy +to be named with all honour, whom we have before +often mentioned, came to them from Ireland, and was +honourably and joyfully received. Being a most gracious +teacher, and most devout in practising those things +which he taught, and being willingly heard by all, by +his pious and diligent exhortations, he converted them +from that deep-rooted tradition of their fathers, of whom +may be said those words of the Apostle, <q>That they +had a zeal of God, but not according to knowledge.</q><note place='foot'>Rom., x, 2.</note> +He taught them to celebrate the principal solemnity +after the catholic and apostolic manner, as has been +said, wearing on their heads the figure of an unending +crown.<note place='foot'>Cf. p. <ref target='Pg372'>372</ref>. This seems to be the meaning of the somewhat +obscure sentence, <q>... celebrationem, ut diximus, praecipuae +solemnitatis sub figura coronae perpetis agere perdocuit.</q></note> It is manifest that this came to pass by a +wonderful dispensation of the Divine goodness; to the +end, that the same nation which had willingly, and +without grudging, taken heed to impart to the English +people that learning which it had in the knowledge of +God, should afterwards, by means of the English nation, +be brought, in those things which it had not, to a perfect +rule of life. Even as, contrarywise, the Britons, who +<pb n='376'/><anchor id='Pg376'/> +would not reveal to the English the knowledge which +they had of the Christian faith, now, when the English +people believe, and are in all points instructed in the +rule of the Catholic faith, still persist in their errors, +halting and turned aside from the true path, expose +their heads without a crown, and keep the Feast of +Christ apart from the fellowship of the Church of Christ.<note place='foot'>For the conversion of the Britons to Roman usages, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> cc. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XV'>15</ref> +and <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'>18</ref>, notes.</note> +</p> + +<p> +The monks of Hii, at the teaching of Egbert, adopted the +catholic manner of conversation, under Abbot Dunchad, +about eighty years after they had sent Bishop Aidan to +preach to the English nation.<note place='foot'>This is accurate enough in round numbers. Aidan's mission +(<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_III_Chap_III'>III, 3</ref>) was probably in 635.</note> The man of God, Egbert, +remained thirteen years in the aforesaid island, which he +had thus consecrated to Christ, as it were, by a new ray +of the grace of fellowship and peace in the Church; and +in the year of our Lord 729, in which Easter was celebrated +on the 24th of April, when he had celebrated the +solemnity of the Mass, in memory of the Resurrection of +our Lord, that same day he departed to the Lord and +thus finished, or rather never ceases endlessly to celebrate, +with our Lord, and the Apostles, and the other +citizens of heaven, the joy of that greatest festival, which +he had begun with the brethren, whom he had converted +to the grace of unity. And it was a wonderful dispensation +of the Divine Providence, that the venerable man +passed from this world to the Father, not only at Easter, +but also when Easter was celebrated on that day,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, 24th April. According to the Celtic rule, Easter Day could +never have been so late, 21st April being the latest possible day, +while the Romans might celebrate as late as 25th April.</note> on +which it had never been wont to be celebrated in those +parts. The brethren rejoiced in the sure and catholic +knowledge of the time of Easter, and were glad in that +their father, by whom they had been brought into the +right way, passing hence to the Lord should plead for +them. He also gave thanks that he had so long continued +in the flesh, till he saw his hearers accept and +<pb n='377'/><anchor id='Pg377'/> +keep with him as Easter that day which they had ever +before avoided. Thus the most reverend father being +assured of their amendment, rejoiced to see the day of +the Lord, and he saw it and was glad. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_V_Chap_XXIII'/> +<head>Chap. XXIII. Of the present state of the English nation, +or of all Britain. [725-731 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>]</head> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord 725, being the seventh year of +Osric,<note place='foot'>Osric had succeeded in 718. Simeon of Durham says he was +a son of King <q>Alfrid.</q> It has been suggested (Dr. Stubbs, +in Dict. of Christian Biog.) that this may mean Alchfrid, son of +Oswy (<ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIV'>III, 14</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>et saep.</hi>), further, that this Osric is to be identified +with the Hwiccian sub-king, mentioned in <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXIII'>IV, 23</ref>, who may have +found a refuge in Mercia, when Alchfrid was disinherited. Against +this it has been maintained that the statement of Simeon of Durham +may, with greater probability, be referred to Aldfrid, the successor +of Egfrid and father of Osred.</note> king of the Northumbrians, who had succeeded +Coenred, Wictred,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVI'>IV, 26</ref>, and <ref target='Book_V_Chap_VIII'>V, 8</ref>.</note> the son of Egbert, king of Kent, +died on the 23rd of April, and left his three sons, Ethelbert, +Eadbert, and Alric,<note place='foot'>From Bede we should infer that they all succeeded in 725, and +the evidence of charters goes to show that Eadbert and Ethelbert +began to reign jointly in that year. Florence of Worcester makes +Eadbert and Ethelbert reign successively, and William of Malmesbury +gives successive reigns of considerable length to all three +brothers. This prolongs Alric's life beyond probability, and as his +reign rests on no early evidence, Dr. Stubbs is inclined to set it +aside altogether.</note> heirs of that kingdom, which +he had governed thirty-four years and a half. The next +year Tobias,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_VIII'>8</ref>.</note> bishop of the church of Rochester, died, a +most learned man, as has been said before; for he was +disciple to those masters of blessed memory, Theodore, +the archbishop, and Abbot Hadrian, wherefore, as has +been said, besides having a great knowledge of letters +both ecclesiastical and general, he learned both the +Greek and Latin tongues to such perfection, that they +were as well known and familiar to him as his native +language. He was buried in the chapel of St. Paul the +<pb n='378'/><anchor id='Pg378'/> +Apostle, which he had built within the church of St. +Andrew<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_II_Chap_III'>II, 3</ref> and note; <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIV'>III, 14</ref>.</note> for his own place of burial. After him Aldwulf<note place='foot'>Consecrated in 727 (Saxon Chronicle) and died in 739 (Simeon +of Durham).</note> +took upon him the office of bishop, having been consecrated +by Archbishop Bertwald. +</p> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord 729, two comets appeared +about the sun, to the great terror of the beholders. One +of them went before the sun in the morning at his rising, +the other followed him when he set in the evening, as it +were presaging dire disaster to both east and west; or +without doubt one was the forerunner of the day, and +the other of the night, to signify that mortals were +threatened with calamities at both times. They carried +their flaming brands towards the north, as it were ready +to kindle a conflagration. They appeared in January, +and continued nearly a fortnight. At which time a +grievous blight fell upon Gaul, in that it was laid waste +by the Saracens with cruel bloodshed; but not long after +in that country they received the due reward of their unbelief.<note place='foot'>This must refer to the battle of Tours in 732, in which Charles +Martel defeated the Saracens. As the Ecclesiastical History was +finished in 731, this passage must be regarded as a later insertion. +For Bede's view with regard to the Saracens, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> his theological +works <hi rend='italic'>passim</hi>. He believed them to be the descendants of Ishmael.</note> +In that year the holy man of God, Egbert, departed +to the Lord, as has been said above, on Easter day;<note place='foot'>In 729; <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXII'>22</ref>.</note> +and immediately after Easter, that is, on the 9th of May, +Osric,<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>supra</hi>, this chapter, <hi rend='italic'>ad init.</hi></note> king of the Northumbrians, departed this life, +after he had reigned eleven years, and appointed Ceolwulf,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Preface'>Preface</ref>, note 1, and the <ref target='Continuation'>Continuation</ref>.</note> +brother to Coenred,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXII'>22</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad init</hi> and note.</note> who had reigned before him, +his successor; the beginning and progress of whose +reign have been so filled with many and great commotions +and conflicts, that it cannot yet be known what is +to be said concerning them, or what end they will have. +</p> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord 731, Archbishop Bertwald +died of old age, on the 13th of January, having held his +<pb n='379'/><anchor id='Pg379'/> +see thirty-seven years, six months and fourteen days.<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, since 29th June, 693; <hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_VIII'>8</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi></note> +In his stead, the same year, Tatwine,<note place='foot'>He received the pall in 733 and died in 734; cf. <ref target='Continuation'>Continuation</ref>.</note> of the province +of the Mercians, was made archbishop, having been a +priest in the monastery called Briudun.<note place='foot'>Bredon in Worcestershire.</note> He was consecrated +in the city of Canterbury by the venerable men, +Daniel,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Preface'>Preface</ref>; <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVI'>IV, 16</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'>V, 18</ref>.</note> bishop of Winchester, Ingwald of London,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, of the East Saxons. He died in 745; <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Continuation'>Continuation</ref>.</note> +Aldwin of Lichfield,<note place='foot'>Called also Worr. In the Act of the Council of Clovesho in 716 +he signs as Bishop of Lichfield (to which at this time Leicester was +united) along with his predecessor, Hedda, but the authenticity of +the Act is not fully established, and it is generally supposed that +he succeeded in 721. At his death in 737 (Simeon of Durham) +Leicester was finally separated from Lichfield.</note> and Aldwulf of Rochester,<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>supra</hi>, p. <ref target='Pg378'>378</ref>.</note> on +Sunday, the 10th of June, being a man renowned for +piety and wisdom, and of notable learning in Holy +Scripture. +</p> + +<p> +Thus at the present time,<note place='foot'><p>The following list of the English bishoprics at the time when +Bede closed his history [731 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>], will enable the reader to recognize +those which belonged to each separate kingdom: +</p> +<p> +KINGDOMS; SEES; PRELATES.<lb/> +Kent; Canterbury; Tatwine.<lb/> + Rochester; Aldwulf.<lb/> +East Saxons; London; Ingwald.<lb/> +East Angles; Dunwich; Aldbert.<lb/> + Elmham; Hadulac.<lb/> +West Saxons; Winchester; Daniel.<lb/> + Sherborne; Forthere.<lb/> +Mercia; Lichfield (to which Leicester had been reunited in 705); Aldwin.<lb/> + Hereford; Walhstod.<lb/> + Worcester; Wilfrid.<lb/> + Lindsey (Sidnacester); Cynibert.<lb/> +South Saxons; Selsey; Vacant.<lb/> +Northumbria; York; Wilfrid II.<lb/> + Lindisfarne; Ethelwald.<lb/> + Hexham; Acca.<lb/> + Whitern; Pechthelm. +</p></note> the bishops Tatwine and +<pb n='380'/><anchor id='Pg380'/> +Aldwulf preside in the churches of Kent; Ingwald is +bishop in the province of the East Saxons. In the +province of the East Angles, the bishops are Aldbert +and Hadulac;<note place='foot'>Aldbert was Bishop of Dunwich, Hadulac of Elmham.</note> in the province of the West Saxons, +Daniel and Forthere;<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'>18</ref>.</note> in the province of the Mercians, +Aldwin.<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>supra</hi>, p. <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref>, note 6.</note> Among those peoples who dwell beyond the +river Severn to the westward,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, in Herefordshire. It is not certain when the see of Hereford +was founded. Besides Putta (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_II'>IV, 2</ref>, and note), Florence of +Worcester mentions Tyrhtel and Torthere as predecessors of +Walhstod.</note> Walhstod is bishop; in +the province of the Hwiccas, Wilfrid;<note place='foot'>This is Wilfrid, Bishop of Worcester, contemporary with +Wilfrid II of York (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXIII'>IV, 23</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_VI'>V, 6</ref>). He succeeded St. Egwin, +whom Bede strangely omits to mention, the successor of Oftfor +(<ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXIII'>IV, 23</ref>). For the Hwiccas, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> II, 2, p. <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref>, and for the see of Worcester, +IV, 23, p. <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref>, note 7.</note> in the province +of Lindsey, Bishop Cynibert<note place='foot'>Cf. Preface, p. <ref target='Pg004'>4</ref>, and <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>IV, 12</ref>. For Lindsey as a separate +bishopric, <hi rend='italic'>ibid.</hi></note> presides; the bishopric of +the Isle of Wight<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVI'>IV, 16</ref>.</note> belongs to Daniel, bishop of the city +of Winchester. The province of the South Saxons,<note place='foot'>Cf. c. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'>18</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi>, and notes.</note> +having now continued some years without a bishop, +receives episcopal ministrations from the prelate of the +West Saxons. All these provinces, and the other southern +provinces, as far as the boundary formed by the +river Humber, with their several kings, are subject to +King Ethelbald.<note place='foot'>He was a son of Penda's brother, Alweo. He had lived at one +time in retirement near the hermitage of St. Guthlac, flying from +the enmity of Ceolred, but on the death of the latter in 716, he +succeeded to the throne. Though he is not included in Bede's +list of Bretwaldas (<ref target='Book_II_Chap_V'>II, 5</ref>), he established the supremacy of Mercia +for twenty years over all England south of the Humber, till in 754 +Wessex freed itself in the battle of Burford. For his wars with +Wessex and Northumbria, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Continuation'>Continuation</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>sub</hi> 740 and 750. There +is a charter of his dated 749 in which he grants certain ecclesiastical +privileges, <q>pro expiatione delictorum suorum.</q> His oppression +of the Church and his private life are rebuked in the letter of Boniface +and five German bishops addressed to him (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Haddan and +Stubbs, III, 350).</note> +</p> + +<pb n='381'/><anchor id='Pg381'/> + +<p> +But in the province of the Northumbrians, where King +Ceolwulf reigns, four bishops now preside; Wilfrid<note place='foot'>Wilfrid II, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXIII'>IV, 23</ref>, and note; cf. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_VI'>V, 6</ref>.</note> +in the church of York, Ethelwald<note place='foot'>Cf. c. 12, p. <ref target='Pg331'>331</ref>, and note.</note> in that of Lindisfarne, +Acca<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIII'>III, 13</ref>, and note; cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XIV'>IV, 14</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XX'>V, 20</ref>.</note> in that of Hagustald, Pecthelm<note place='foot'>Cf. cc. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIII'>13</ref>, <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'>18</ref>. For the <q>White House</q> (Whitern), <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_III_Chap_IV'>III, 4</ref>, +and note. About this time (the exact date is not known) it became +an Anglian see, a fact which indicates that in spite of the defeat of +Egfrid in 685, which freed the Northern Picts, the Picts of Galloway +were still subject to Northumbria. The bishopric came to +an end about the close of the century, when the Northumbrian +power had fallen into decay.</note> in that which is +called the White House, which, as the number of the +faithful has increased, has lately become an episcopal +see, and has him for its first prelate. The Pictish people +also at this time are at peace with the English nation, +and rejoice in having their part in Catholic peace and +truth with the universal Church. The Scots<note place='foot'>The Scots of Dalriada (<ref target='Book_I_Chap_I'>I, 1</ref>). They had recovered their liberty +after the defeat and death of Egfrid; cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVI'>IV, 26</ref>.</note> that inhabit +Britain, content with their own territories, devise +no plots nor hostilities against the English nation. The +Britons,<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>ibid.</hi>, and p. <ref target='Pg376'>376</ref>, note 1.</note> though they, for the most part, as a nation +hate and oppose the English nation, and wrongfully, and +from wicked lewdness, set themselves against the appointed +Easter of the whole Catholic Church; yet, inasmuch +as both Divine and human power withstand +them, they can in neither purpose prevail as they desire; +for though in part they are their own masters, yet part +of them are brought under subjection to the English. +In these favourable times of peace and calm,<note place='foot'>External peace apparently. For the internal state of Northumbria, +<hi rend='italic'>v.s.</hi> p. <ref target='Pg378'>378</ref>.</note> many of +the Northumbrians, as well of the nobility as private +persons, laying aside their weapons, and receiving the +tonsure, desire rather both for themselves and their +children to take upon them monastic vows, than to +practise the pursuit of war. What will be the end hereof, +the next age will see. This is for the present the state +<pb n='382'/><anchor id='Pg382'/> +of all Britain; about two hundred and eighty-five years +after the coming of the English into Britain, and in +the 731st year of our Lord, in Whose kingdom that shall +have no end let the earth rejoice; and Britain being one +with them in the joy of His faith, let the multitude of +isles be glad, and give thanks at the remembrance of His +holiness. +</p> + +</div> + +<div> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Book_V_Chap_XXIV'/> +<head>Chap. XXIV. Chronological recapitulation of the whole +work: also concerning the author himself.</head> + +<p> +I have thought fit briefly to sum up those things which +have been related at length under their particular dates, +that they may be the better kept in memory.<note place='foot'>For the accuracy of these dates, cf. the notes on the events as +they occur in the narrative.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In the sixtieth year before the Incarnation of our Lord, +Caius Julius Cæsar, first of the Romans invaded Britain, +and was victorious, yet could not maintain the supreme +power there. [<ref target='Book_I_Chap_II'>I, 2</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord, 46, Claudius, being the second +of the Romans who came to Britain, received the surrender +of a great part of the island, and added the +Orkney islands to the Roman empire. [<ref target='Book_I_Chap_III'>I, 3</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord 167, Eleuther, being made +bishop at Rome, governed the Church most gloriously +fifteen years.<note place='foot'>The length of his pontificate is not mentioned in the narrative.</note> To whom Lucius, king of Britain, sent a +letter, asking to be made a Christian, and succeeded in +obtaining his request. [<ref target='Book_I_Chap_IV'>I, 4</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year of our Lord 189, Severus, being made +emperor, reigned seventeen years; he fortified Britain +with a rampart from sea to sea. [<ref target='Book_I_Chap_V'>I, 5</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 381, Maximus, being made emperor in +Britain, crossed over into Gaul, and slew Gratian. [<ref target='Book_I_Chap_IX'>I, 9</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 409, Rome was overthrown by the Goths, +from which time the Romans ceased to rule in Britain. +[<ref target='Book_I_Chap_XI'>I, 11</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 430, Palladius was sent by Pope Celestine +<pb n='383'/><anchor id='Pg383'/> +to the Scots that believed in Christ to be their first bishop. +[<ref target='Book_I_Chap_XIII'>I, 13</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 449, Marcian being made emperor with +Valentinian, reigned seven years; in whose time the +English, being called in by the Britons, came into +Britain. [<ref target='Book_I_Chap_XV'>I, 15</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 538, an eclipse of the sun came to pass on +the 16th of February, from the first hour until the third.<note place='foot'>This and the two following entries are not in the narrative.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In the year 540, an eclipse of the sun came to pass on +the 20th of June, and the stars appeared during almost +half an hour after the third hour of the day. +</p> + +<p> +In the year 547, Ida<note place='foot'>Ida was the first king of Bernicia, and one of the leaders of the +English invasion. He conquered the country about Bamborough, +which he is said to have founded (cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_VI'>III, 6</ref>), and settled his people +here. Deira, which was for a time a separate kingdom, was finally +united to Bernicia under the strong rule of Oswald, Ida's great +grandson (<hi rend='italic'>ib. ad fin.</hi>), who through his mother, Acha, was descended +also from the royal house of Deira.</note> began to reign; he was the +founder of the royal family of the Northumbrians, and +he reigned twelve years. +</p> + +<p> +In the year 565, the priest, Columba, came out of +Scotland,<note place='foot'>By Scotland, as usual, Ireland is meant.</note> into Britain, to teach the Picts, and he built +a monastery in the isle of Hii. [<ref target='Book_III_Chap_IV'>III, 4</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 596, Pope Gregory sent Augustine with +monks into Britain, to preach the good tidings of the +Word of God to the English nation. [<ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXIII'>I, 23</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 597, the aforesaid teachers arrived in +Britain; being about the 150th year from the coming of +the English into Britain. [<ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXV'>I, 25</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 601, Pope Gregory sent the pall into Britain +to Augustine, who was already made bishop; he sent +also several ministers of the Word, among whom was +Paulinus. [<ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXIX'>I, 29</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 603, a battle was fought at Degsastan. +[<ref target='Book_I_Chap_XXXIV'>I, 34</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 604, the East Saxons received the faith +of Christ, under King Sabert, Mellitus being bishop. +[<ref target='Book_II_Chap_III'>II, 3</ref>.] +</p> + +<pb n='384'/><anchor id='Pg384'/> + +<p> +In the year 605, Gregory died. [<ref target='Book_II_Chap_I'>II, 1</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 616, Ethelbert, king of Kent died. [<ref target='Book_II_Chap_V'>II, 5</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 625, Paulinus was ordained bishop of the +Northumbrians by Archbishop Justus. [<ref target='Book_II_Chap_IX'>II, 9</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 626, Eanfled, daughter of King Edwin, +was baptized with twelve others, on the eve of Whitsunday. +[<hi rend='italic'>Ib.</hi>] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 627, King Edwin was baptized, with his +nation, at Easter. [<ref target='Book_II_Chap_XIV'>II, 14</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 633, King Edwin being killed, Paulinus +returned to Kent. [<ref target='Book_II_Chap_XX'>II, 20</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 640, Eadbald, king of Kent, died. [<ref target='Book_III_Chap_VIII'>III, 8</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 642, King Oswald was slain. [<ref target='Book_III_Chap_IX'>III, 9</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 644, Paulinus, formerly bishop of York, +but then of the city of Rochester, departed to the Lord. +[<ref target='Book_III_Chap_XIV'>III, 14</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 651, King Oswin was killed, and Bishop +Aidan died. [<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 653, the Middle Angles, under their prince, +Penda, were admitted to the mysteries of the faith. +[<ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXI'>III, 21</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 655, Penda was slain, and the Mercians +became Christians. [<ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXIV'>III, 24</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 664, an eclipse came to pass; Earconbert, +king of Kent, died; and Colman with the Scots returned +to his people; a pestilence arose; Ceadda and Wilfrid +were ordained bishops of the Northumbrians. [<ref target='Book_III_Chap_XXVI'>III, 26-28</ref>, +<ref target='Book_IV_Chap_I'>IV, 1</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 668, Theodore was ordained bishop. +[<ref target='Book_IV_Chap_I'>IV, 1</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 670, Oswy, king of the Northumbrians, +died. [<ref target='Book_IV_Chap_V'>IV, 5</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 673, Egbert, king of Kent, died; and a +synod was held at Hertford, in the presence of King +Egfrid, Archbishop Theodore presiding: the synod was +of great profit, and its decrees are contained in ten articles. +[<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 675,<note place='foot'>Wulfhere's death is not mentioned in the narrative.</note> Wulfhere, king of the Mercians, +<pb n='385'/><anchor id='Pg385'/> +when he had reigned seventeen years, died and left the +government to his brother Ethelred. +</p> + +<p> +In the year 676, Ethelred ravaged Kent. [<ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XII'>IV, 12</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 678, a comet appeared; Bishop Wilfrid +was driven from his see by King Egfrid; and Bosa, +Eata, and Eadhaed were consecrated bishops in his +stead. [<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIX'>V, 19</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 679, Aelfwine was killed. [<ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXI'>IV, 21</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 680, a synod was held in the plain of +Haethfelth, concerning the Catholic faith, Archbishop +Theodore presiding; John, the Roman abbot, was also +present. The same year also the Abbess Hilda died at +Streanaeshalch. [IV, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVII'>17</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVIII'>18</ref>, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXIII'>23</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 685, Egfrid, king of the Northumbrians, +was slain. The same year Hlothere, king of Kent, died. +[<ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVI'>IV, 26</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 688, Caedwald, king of the West Saxons, +went to Rome from Britain. [<ref target='Book_V_Chap_VII'>V, 7</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 690, Archbishop Theodore died. [<ref target='Book_V_Chap_VIII'>V, 8</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 697, Queen Osthryth was murdered by her +own nobles, to wit, the nobles of the Mercians.<note place='foot'>This is not in the narrative. For Osthryth cf. <ref target='Book_III_Chap_XI'>III, 11</ref>; <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXI'>IV, 21</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In the year 698, Berctred, an ealdorman of the king +of the Northumbrians, was slain by the Picts.<note place='foot'>Not in the narrative. Berctred is probably to be identified with +Berct in <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVI'>IV, 26</ref> <hi rend='italic'>ad init</hi>. (Ulster Annals: <q>Brectrid</q>; Sax. Chron.: +<q>Briht.</q>)</note> +</p> + +<p> +In the year 704, Ethelred, after he had reigned thirty-one +years over the nation of the Mercians, became a +monk, and gave up the kingdom to Coenred. [<ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIX'>V, 19</ref>.]<note place='foot'>Above it is said that he succeeded in 675, making his reign +twenty-nine years, and this agrees with the Saxon Chronicle. +Wilfrid, on his return to England in 705, found him already an +abbot. (<ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIX'>V, 19</ref>.)</note> +</p> + +<p> +In the year 705, Aldfrid, king of the Northumbrians, +died. [<ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'>V, 18</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 709, Coenred, king of the Mercians, having +reigned five years, went to Rome. [<ref target='Book_V_Chap_XIX'>V, 19</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 711, the commander Bertfrid fought with +the Picts.<note place='foot'>Not in the narrative. Bertfrid was Osred's chief ealdorman, +and was besieged with him in Bamborough by the usurper Eadwulf; +cf. p. <ref target='Pg342'>342</ref>, note 2. We find him acting as spokesman in the +Council on the Nidd (V, 19, p. <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>) in demanding to have the Papal +letters translated into English.</note> +</p> + +<pb n='386'/><anchor id='Pg386'/> + +<p> +In the year 716, Osred, king of the Northumbrians, +was killed; and Ceolred, king of the Mercians, died; +and the man of God, Egbert, brought the monks of Hii +to observe the Catholic Easter and the ecclesiastical +tonsure. [<ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXII'>V, 22</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 725, Wictred, king of Kent, died. [<ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXIII'>V, 23</ref>.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 729, comets appeared; the holy Egbert +passed away; and Osric died. [<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 731, Archbishop Bertwald died. [<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>] +</p> + +<p> +The same year Tatwine was consecrated ninth archbishop +of the church of Canterbury, in the fifteenth year +of the reign of Ethelbald, king of the Mercians. [<hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>] +</p> + +<milestone unit='tb' rend='rule: 50%'/> + +<p> +Thus much of the Ecclesiastical History of Britain, and +more especially of the English nation, as far as I could +learn either from the writings of the ancients, or the +tradition of our forefathers, or of my own knowledge, +with the help of the Lord, I, Bede,<note place='foot'>For Bede's life, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Introduction.</note> the servant of Christ, +and priest of the monastery of the blessed Apostles, Peter +and Paul, which is at Wearmouth and Jarrow,<note place='foot'>IV, 18, p. <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref>, note 3.</note> have +set forth. Having been born in the territory of that +same monastery, I was given, by the care of kinsmen, at +seven years of age, to be educated by the most reverend +Abbot Benedict,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi></note> and afterwards by Ceolfrid,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>Ibid.</hi>, note 4, cf. <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XXI'>V, 21</ref>.</note> and spending +all the remaining time of my life a dweller in that +monastery, I wholly applied myself to the study of Scripture; +and amidst the observance of monastic rule, and +the daily charge of singing in the church, I always took +delight in learning, or teaching, or writing. In the nineteenth +year of my age, I received deacon's orders; in +the thirtieth, those of the priesthood, both of them by +the ministry of the most reverend Bishop John,<note place='foot'>John of Beverley, <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXIII'>IV, 23</ref>; <ref target='Book_V_Chap_II'>V, 2-6</ref>.</note> and at +<pb n='387'/><anchor id='Pg387'/> +the bidding of the Abbot Ceolfrid. From the time when I +received priest's orders, till the fifty-ninth year of my age, +I have made it my business, for my own needs and those +of my brethren, to compile out of the works of the venerable +Fathers, the following brief notes on the Holy +Scriptures, and also to make some additions after the +manner of the meaning and interpretation given by +them:<note place='foot'><p>For a full account of Bede's works, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Plummer, vol. I, Introduction, +or Dictionary of Christian Biography, <hi rend='italic'>s.v.</hi> <q>Beda.</q> Besides +the works mentioned in this list, the following are certainly +genuine: +</p> +<p> +The short <q>Epistola ad Albinum</q> (sent with a copy of the Ecclesiastical +History). +</p> +<p> +<q>Retractationes in Acta.</q> +</p> +<p> +<q>Epistola ad Egberctum.</q> +</p> +<p> +<q>De locis Sanctis</q> (to which Bede alludes in <ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVII'>V. 17</ref>). A number +of other works, some certainly, others probably spurious, and a +few possibly genuine, have been attributed to him.</p></note> +</p> + +<p> +On the Beginning of Genesis, to the birth of Isaac and +the casting out of Ishmael, four books. +</p> + +<p> +Concerning the Tabernacle and its Vessels, and of the +Vestments of the Priests, three books. +</p> + +<p> +On the first part of Samuel, to the Death of Saul, +three books. +</p> + +<p> +Concerning the Building of the Temple, of Allegorical +Exposition, and other matters, two books. +</p> + +<p> +Likewise on the Book of Kings, thirty Questions.<note place='foot'>An answer to questions put to him by Nothelm (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Preface, +p. <ref target='Pg002'>2</ref>, note 4, and <ref target='Continuation'>Continuation</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>sub</hi> 735).</note> +</p> + +<p> +On the Proverbs of Solomon, three books. +</p> + +<p> +On the Song of Songs, seven books. +</p> + +<p> +On Isaiah, Daniel, the twelve Prophets, and Part of +Jeremiah, Divisions of Chapters, collected from the Treatise +of the blessed Jerome. +</p> + +<p> +On Ezra and Nehemiah, three books. +</p> + +<p> +On the song of Habakkuk, one book. +</p> + +<p> +On the Book of the blessed Father Tobias, one Book +of Allegorical Explanation concerning Christ and the +Church. +</p> + +<p> +Also, Chapters of Readings on the Pentateuch of +Moses, Joshua, and Judges; +</p> + +<pb n='388'/><anchor id='Pg388'/> + +<p> +On the Books of Kings and Chronicles; +</p> + +<p> +On the Book of the blessed Father Job; +</p> + +<p> +On the Proverbs,<note place='foot'><q>Parabolae</q> = comparisons. <q>Parabolae Salomonis</q> are the +first words of the Book of Proverbs in the Vulgate.</note> Ecclesiastes, and the Song of Songs; +</p> + +<p> +On the Prophets Isaiah, Ezra, and Nehemiah. +</p> + +<p> +On the Gospel of Mark, four books. +</p> + +<p> +On the Gospel of Luke, six books. +</p> + +<p> +Of Homilies on the Gospel, two books. +</p> + +<p> +On the Apostle,<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, St. Paul.</note> whatsoever I have found in the works +of St. Augustine I have taken heed to transcribe in order. +</p> + +<p> +On the Acts of the Apostles, two books. +</p> + +<p> +On the seven Catholic Epistles, a book on each. +</p> + +<p> +On the Revelation of St. John, three books. +</p> + +<p> +Likewise, Chapters of Lessons on all the New Testament, +except the Gospel. +</p> + +<p> +Likewise a book of Epistles to divers Persons, of which +one is of the Six Ages of the world; one of the Halting-places +of the Children of Israel; one on the words of +Isaiah, <q>And they shall be shut up in the prison, and +after many days shall they be visited</q>;<note place='foot'>Isa., xxiv, 22.</note> one of the Reason +of Leap-Year, and one of the Equinox, according to +Anatolius.<note place='foot'><ref target='Book_III_Chap_III'>III, 3</ref>, note; cf. III, 25, p. <ref target='Pg198'>198</ref>.</note> +</p> + +<p> +Likewise concerning the Histories of Saints: I translated +the Book of the Life and Passion of St. Felix, Confessor,<note place='foot'>A priest of Nola in Campania. He was of Syrian extraction, +but born at Nola, and ordained priest <hi rend='italic'>circ.</hi> 250 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi> He was persecuted +under Decius, and again under Valerian, but escaped. +His history is told in the poems of Paulinus, Bishop of Nola (409-431).</note> +from the metrical work of Paulinus, into prose; +the Book of the Life and Passion of St. Anastasius,<note place='foot'>This work is not known to exist. Probably the saint is Anastasius +the Younger, Patriarch of Antioch, killed in 610 by the Jews +in a sedition on 21st December, and in the Roman martyrology +honoured on that day as a martyr (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Butler, <q>Lives of the +Saints</q>).</note> +which was ill translated from the Greek, and worse +amended by some ignorant person, I have corrected as +to the sense as far as I could; I have written the Life of +<pb n='389'/><anchor id='Pg389'/> +the Holy Father Cuthbert,<note place='foot'>Cf. <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XXVI'>IV, 26-32</ref>.</note> who was both monk and +bishop, first in heroic verse, and afterwards in prose. +</p> + +<p> +The History of the Abbots of this monastery, in which +I rejoice to serve the Divine Goodness, to wit, Benedict, +Ceolfrid, and Huaetbert,<note place='foot'>For Benedict and Ceolfrid, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> <ref target='Book_IV_Chap_XVIII'>IV, 18</ref>. Huaetbert belonged to +the monastery of Wearmouth and Jarrow from his earliest childhood, +and succeeded Ceolfrid as abbot in 716. He survived Bede. +The latter dedicated his commentary on the Apocalypse and the +De temp. Rat. to him under his name of Eusebius given him for +his piety (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Bede's Hist. Abb. and Anon., Hist. Abb.).</note> in two books. +</p> + +<p> +The Ecclesiastical History of our Island and Nation, +in five books. +</p> + +<p> +The Martyrology of the Festivals of the Holy Martyrs, +in which I have carefully endeavoured to set down all +whom I could find, and not only on what day, but also +by what sort of combat, and under what judge they overcame +the world. +</p> + +<p> +A Book of Hymns in divers sorts of metre, or rhythm. +</p> + +<p> +A Book of Epigrams in heroic or elegiac verse. +</p> + +<p> +Of the Nature of Things, and of the Times, one book +of each; likewise, of the Times, one larger book. +</p> + +<p> +A book of Orthography arranged in Alphabetical +Order. +</p> + +<p> +Likewise a Book of the Art of Poetry, and to it I have +added another little Book of Figures of Speech or Tropes; +that is, of the Figures and Modes of Speech in which +the Holy Scriptures are written. +</p> + +<p> +And I beseech Thee, good Jesus, that to whom Thou +hast graciously granted sweetly to drink in the words of +Thy knowledge, Thou wilt also vouchsafe in Thy loving-kindness +that he may one day come to Thee, the Fountain +of all wisdom, and appear for ever before Thy face. +</p> + +</div> + +</div> + +<pb n='390'/><anchor id='Pg390'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<anchor id='Continuation'/> +<head>Continuation</head> + +<p> +<hi rend='italic'>The Continuation of Bede.</hi><note place='foot'>(Only names which have not occurred in the narrative are +annotated; references for those already mentioned will be found in +the Index.) The Continuation is by a later hand. But Mr. Plummer +considers that the entries under the years 731, 732, 733 and 734, +may have been added by Bede himself. They appear in the great +Moore MS., and those for 733 and 734 also in another eighth century +MS. The entries enclosed in square brackets are found in a +fifteenth century MS.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In the year 731 King Ceolwulf was taken prisoner, and +tonsured, and sent back to his kingdom; Bishop Acca +was driven from his see. +</p> + +<p> +In the year 732, Egbert<note place='foot'>He succeeded Wilfrid II, and two years later became Archbishop +of York (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi> under 735). It was to him that Bede +addressed the <q>Epist. ad Egberctum.</q></note> was made Bishop of York, +in the room of Wilfrid. +</p> + +<p> +[Cynibert Bishop of Lindsey died.] +</p> + +<p> +[In the year of our Lord 733, Archbishop Tatwine, +having received the pall by Apostolic authority, ordained +Alwic<note place='foot'>Bishop of Lindsey.</note> and Sigfrid,<note place='foot'>Bishop of Selsey.</note> bishops.] +</p> + +<p> +In the year 733, there was an eclipse of the sun on the +14th day of August about the third hour, in such wise +that the whole orb of the sun seemed to be covered with +a black and gloomy shield. +</p> + +<p> +In the year 734, the moon, on the 31st of January, +about the time of cock-crowing, was, for about a whole +hour, coloured blood-red, after which a blackness followed, +and she regained her wonted light. +</p> + +<p> +In the year from the Incarnation of Christ, 734, bishop +Tatwine died. +</p> + +<p> +In the year 735, Nothelm was ordained archbishop; +and bishop Egbert, having received the pall from the +Apostolic see, was the first to be established as +<pb n='391'/><anchor id='Pg391'/> +archbishop<note place='foot'><hi rend='italic'>I.e.</hi>, of York.</note> after Paulinus, and he ordained Frithbert,<note place='foot'>Bishop of Hexham.</note> and +Frithwald<note place='foot'>Bishop of Whitern.</note> bishops; and the priest Bede died.<note place='foot'>The early authorities differ as to the year, but this is the traditional +date, and is usually accepted.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In the year 737, an excessive drought rendered the +land unfruitful; and Ceolwulf, voluntarily receiving the +tonsure, left the kingdom to Eadbert.<note place='foot'>King of Northumbria 737-758 (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi>); died in 768. He was +a son of Eata, called by Nennius, Eata <q>Glinmaur,</q> a descendant +of Ida, and was the brother of Archbishop Egbert. Under him +the Northumbrian power revived for a period.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In the year 739, Edilhart,<note place='foot'>He was the kinsman and predecessor of Cuthred (<hi rend='italic'>v. infra</hi>).</note> king of the West-Saxons, +died, as did Archbishop Nothelm. +</p> + +<p> +In the year 740, Cuthbert<note place='foot'>Archbishop of Canterbury in succession to Nothelm. The first +archbishop not buried in St. Augustine's, <hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> II, 3, p. <ref target='Pg090'>90</ref>, note.</note> was consecrated in Nothelm's +stead. Ethelbald, king of the Mercians, cruelly +and wrongfully wasted part of Northumbria, their king, +Eadbert, with his army, being employed against the +Picts. Bishop Ethelwald died also, and Conwulf,<note place='foot'>Bishop of Lindisfarne in succession to Ethelwald (<ref target='Book_V_Chap_XII'>V, 12</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>ad fin.</hi>, +note).</note> was +consecrated in his stead. Arnwin<note place='foot'>Probably a son of that Eadwulf who usurped the throne of +Northumbria at Aldfrid's death (<ref target='Book_V_Chap_XVIII'>V, 18</ref>); cf. Simeon of Durham, II, +38 (Rolls Series), <q>Arwine filius Eadulfi.</q></note> and Eadbert<note place='foot'>Not known.</note> were +slain. +</p> + +<p> +In the year 741, a great drought came upon the +country. Charles,<note place='foot'>Charles Martel.</note> king of the Franks, died; and his +sons, Caroloman and Pippin,<note place='foot'>Pippin the Short. Carloman resigned in 747, and became a +monk.</note> reigned in his stead. +</p> + +<p> +In the year 745, Bishop Wilfrid and Ingwald, Bishop +of London, departed to the Lord. +</p> + +<p> +In the year 747, the man of God, Herefrid,<note place='foot'>There is a letter of Boniface (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> Haddan and Stubbs III, 358) to +a priest, Herefrid, who is supposed to be the man mentioned here.</note> died. +</p> + +<p> +In the year 750, Cuthred, king of the West Saxons, +rose up against king Ethelbald and Oengus; Theudor +<pb n='392'/><anchor id='Pg392'/> +and Eanred died; Eadbert added the plain of Kyle and +other places to his dominions.<note place='foot'>This seems confused and obscure. The West Saxons under +Cuthred threw off the Mercian yoke in the insurrection which culminated +in the battle of Burford (<hi rend='italic'>v.</hi> V. 23, p. <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref>, note 9). +Oengus or Angus (the Brythonic form is Ungust), son of Fergus, +was a Pictish king who crushed the Dalriadic Scots, and, in alliance +with Eadbert of Northumbria, conquered the Britons of Strathclyde. +But this does not explain the strange statement which +brings him into connection with Ethelbald of Mercia. Nor is it +told who Eanred was. Theudor was a king of the Britons of +Strathclyde. Kyle is a district in Ayrshire.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In the year 753, in the fifth year of King Eadbert, on +the 9th of January,<note place='foot'>Adopting the emendation <q>quinto Idus</q> (Hussey). The date +is thus right for the eclipses, but the year is the sixteenth of Eadbert. +Probably the numeral (XVI) has fallen out, and the passage +ought to run: <q>anno regni Eadbercti XVI, quinto Id. Ian.</q></note> an eclipse of the sun came to pass; +afterwards, in the same year and month, on the 24th day +of January, the moon suffered an eclipse, being covered +with a gloomy, black shield, in like manner as was the +sun a little while before. +</p> + +<p> +In the year 754, Boniface,<note place='foot'>The great missionary bishop of Germany, a West Saxon by +birth. He crossed to the Continent <hi rend='italic'>circ.</hi> 716, and, supported by +Charles Martel and his sons, evangelized Central Europe, became +Archbishop of Mainz, and founded sees throughout Germany. +Finally he was martyred in Frisland. Lul, a West Saxon, was +his successor, not Redger, but it has been suggested that this may +be another name for him. The pope is Stephen III.</note> called also Winfrid, Bishop +of the Franks, received the crown of martyrdom, together +with fifty-three others; and Redger was consecrated +archbishop in his stead, by pope Stephen. +</p> + +<p> +In the year 757, Ethelbald, king of the Mercians, was +treacherously and miserably murdered, in the night, by +his own guards; Beornred<note place='foot'>He is said by William of Malmesbury to have been the murderer +of Ethelbald. After a year of anarchy Offa succeeded, and +retrieved the position of Mercia.</note> began his reign; Cyniwulf,<note place='foot'>He was killed in an insurrection in 784. (Sax. Chron.)</note> +king of the West Saxons, died; and the same +year, Offa, having put Beornred to flight, sought to gain +the kingdom of the Mercians by bloodshed. +</p> + +<p> +In the year 758, Eadbert, king of the Northumbrians, +<pb n='393'/><anchor id='Pg393'/> +receiving St. Peter's tonsure for the love of God, and to +the end that he might take the heavenly country by +force,<note place='foot'>St. Matt. xi, 12. After Eadbert, Northumbria fell into a state +of anarchy, obscure kings contending for the throne.</note> left the kingdom to his son Oswulf. +</p> + +<p> +In the year 755, Oswulf was wickedly murdered by +his own thegns; and Ethelwald, being chosen the same +year by his people, entered upon the kingdom; in whose +second year there was great tribulation by reason of +pestilence, which continued almost two years, divers +grievous sicknesses raging, but more especially the disease +of dysentery. +</p> + +<p> +In the year 761, Oengus,<note place='foot'>Cf. <hi rend='italic'>supra, sub</hi> 750.</note> king of the Picts, died; +who, from the beginning to the end of his reign, continued +to be a blood-stained and tyrannical butcher; +Oswin<note place='foot'>An aetheling killed by Moll, king of Northumbria, at a place +called Edwin's Cliff (Sax. Chron.).</note> was also slain. +</p> + +<p> +In the year 765, King Aluchred came to the throne.<note place='foot'>Of Northumbria.</note> +</p> + +<p> +In the year 766 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>, Archbishop Egbert, of the royal +race, and endued with divine knowledge, as also Frithbert, +both of them truly faithful bishops, departed to the +Lord. +</p> + +</div> + +<pb n='395'/><anchor id='Pg395'/> + +<div rend='page-break-before: always'> +<index index='toc'/> +<index index='pdf'/> +<head>Index</head> + +<lg> +<l>Aaron, British Martyr, <ref target='Pg018'>18</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aaron, High Priest, <ref target='Pg361'>361</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Abbots'/> +<l><q>Abbots, Anonymous History of the,</q> editorial references to, <ref target='Pgxxxv'>xxxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref> n., <ref target='Pg389'>389</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>and see</hi> <ref target='Index-Bede'>Bede</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Abercorn'/> +<l>Abercorn or Aebbercurnig, Monastery of, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg286'>286</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Abraham's Oak, <ref target='Pg342'>342</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Abraham's Tomb, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Acca'/> +<l>Acca, friend of Bede, afterwards Bishop of Hexham, in succession to Wilfrid, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref>, <ref target='Pg248'>248</ref>, <ref target='Pg357'>357</ref>, <ref target='Pg358'>358</ref>, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref> n., <ref target='Pg381'>381</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his attachment to Wilfrid, <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref>, <ref target='Pg355'>355</ref>, <ref target='Pg358'>358</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>driven from his see, <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref>, <ref target='Pg390'>390</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his good works, musical gifts and learning, <ref target='Pg358'>358</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>educated by Bosa, <ref target='Pg358'>358</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Acha, sister of Edwin, wife of Ethelfrid, and mother of Oswald, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>, <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Acts of the Apostles, quoted, <ref target='Pg011'>11</ref>, <ref target='Pg197'>197</ref>, <ref target='Pg304'>304</ref>, <ref target='Pg335'>335</ref>, <ref target='Pg371'>371</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Adalbert, Life of,</q> editorial reference to, <ref target='Pg143'>143</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Adam, <ref target='Pg130'>130</ref>, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his tomb, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Adamnan-Iona'/> +<l>Adamnan, Abbot of Iona, <ref target='Pg140'>140</ref> n., <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his work on the Holy Places (<q>De Locis Sanctis</q>), <ref target='Pgxxii'>xxii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref>, <ref target='Pg338'>338</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his <q>Life of St. Columba,</q> <ref target='Pg336'>336</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his missions to King Aldfrid, <ref target='Pg336'>336</ref>, <ref target='Pg372'>372</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>converts the Irish to the Catholic Easter and ecclesiastical tonsure, <ref target='Pg336'>336</ref>, <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref>, <ref target='Pg372'>372</ref>, <ref target='Pg373'>373</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his death, <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>receives Arculf, <ref target='Pg338'>338</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>return to Ireland, <ref target='Pg373'>373</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Adamnan, Monk of Coldingham, foretells the burning of Coldingham Monastery, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg283'>283</ref>, <ref target='Pg284'>284</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his vision, <ref target='Pg281'>281</ref>, <ref target='Pg283'>283</ref>, <ref target='Pg284'>284</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his penitence, <ref target='Pg282'>282</ref>, <ref target='Pg283'>283</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his austerity, <ref target='Pg281'>281</ref>, <ref target='Pg282'>282</ref>, <ref target='Pg283'>283</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ad-Barvae'/> +<l>Ad Barvae, or At the Wood, Monastery of, <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref>, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Adda, Northumbrian priest, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref>, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Addi, a thegn, <ref target='Pg308'>308</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Adeodatus, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Adgefrin, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Yeavering'>Yeavering</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Adtuifyrdi, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Twyford'>Twyford</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Adulwald, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Eadbald'>Eadbald</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Aebba'/> +<l>Aebba, Abbess of Coldingham, half-sister of Oswy, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref>, <ref target='Pg283'>283</ref>, <ref target='Pg284'>284</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>her name, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>founds the monasteries of Ebchester and Coldingham, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>her friendship for Cuthbert, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>intercedes for Wilfrid, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref> n., <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>her death, <ref target='Pg284'>284</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aebbercurnig, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Abercorn'>Abercorn</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Aecci'/> +<l>Aecci, Bishop of Dunwich, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Aedan'/> +<l>Aedan, King of Scots, defeated by Ethelfrid, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref>, <ref target='Pg074'>74</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aedgils, fellow priest of Bede, <ref target='Pg284'>284</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aelfric (<q>Grammaticus</q>) editorial reference to, <ref target='Pg288'>288</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aelfric, father of Osric, <ref target='Pg134'>134</ref>, <ref target='Pg164'>164</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Aelfwine'/> +<l>Aelfwine, brother of Egfrid, <ref target='Pg267'>267</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='396'/><anchor id='Pg396'/> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Aelli-Deira'/> +<l>Aelli, King of Deira, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref>, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Gregory's pun on his name, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Aelli'/> +<l>Aelli, King of Sussex, first Bretwalda, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Aenhere'/> +<l>Aenhere, King of the Hwiccas, <ref target='Pg246'>246</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Aescwine'/> +<l>Aescwine, Sub-king of Wessex, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aesica, a little boy dedicated to religion, <ref target='Pgxxxiii'>xxxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pg234'>234</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Aetherius'/> +<l>Aetherius, Archbishop of Lyons, <ref target='Pg044'>44</ref>, <ref target='Pg049'>49</ref>, <ref target='Pg063'>63</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aetius, the Consul, <ref target='Pg026'>26</ref>, <ref target='Pg027'>27</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>put to death by Valentinian, <ref target='Pg027'>27</ref>, <ref target='Pg041'>41</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Aetla'/> +<l>Aetla, Bishop of Dorchester, <ref target='Pg272'>272</ref>, <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aetswinapathe, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Ouestraefelda'>Ouestraefelda</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Africa, Churches of, <ref target='Pg196'>196</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Agabus, the prophet, <ref target='Pg011'>11</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Agatha, St., <ref target='Pg265'>265</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Agatho, Pope, <ref target='Pg254'>254</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sends John the precentor to report on the English Church, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref>, <ref target='Pg258'>258</ref>, <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>holds a Synod against the Monothelites, <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>tries Wilfrid's cause, <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref>, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref>, <ref target='Pg354'>354</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Agatho, a priest, companion of Agilbert, <ref target='Pg195'>195</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Agilbert'/> +<l>Agilbert, missionary to the West Saxons, Bishop of Dorchester, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref>, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref>, <ref target='Pg194'>194</ref>, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>offended by Coinwalch, returns to Gaul, <ref target='Pg150'>150</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>made Bishop of Paris, <ref target='Pg150'>150</ref>, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>refuses to return to England, and sends Leutherius in his place, <ref target='Pg150'>150</ref>, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at the Whitby Synod, <ref target='Pg195'>195</ref>, <ref target='Pg196'>196</ref>, <ref target='Pg201'>201</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his ignorance of English, <ref target='Pg196'>196</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>entertains Theodore, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>consecrates Wilfrid, <ref target='Pg206'>206</ref>, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Agnes, St., <ref target='Pg054'>54</ref> n., <ref target='Pg265'>265</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Agricola, <ref target='Pg011'>11</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Agricola, son of Severianus, a Pelagian, <ref target='Pg032'>32</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Aidan'/> +<l>Aidan, Monk of Iona, Abbot and Bishop of Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg004'>4</ref> n., <ref target='Pg139'>139</ref> n., <ref target='Pg140'>140</ref>, <ref target='Pg201'>201</ref>, <ref target='Pg347'>347</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Bede's admiration for, <ref target='Pgxxxix'>xxxix</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his mission to Northumbria, <ref target='Pg138'>138</ref>, <ref target='Pg144'>144</ref>, <ref target='Pg146'>146</ref>, <ref target='Pg376'>376</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his life, <ref target='Pg144'>144</ref>, <ref target='Pg146'>146</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ordination, <ref target='Pg144'>144</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his character, <ref target='Pg138'>138</ref>, <ref target='Pg144'>144</ref>, <ref target='Pg145'>145</ref>, <ref target='Pg170'>170</ref>, <ref target='Pg171'>171</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his doctrine, <ref target='Pg144'>144</ref>, <ref target='Pg145'>145</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his good example, <ref target='Pg144'>144</ref>, <ref target='Pg145'>145</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his rebuke to Corman, <ref target='Pg145'>145</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>gives his horse to a beggar, <ref target='Pg165'>165</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his friendship for Oswin, <ref target='Pg165'>165</ref>, <ref target='Pg166'>166</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg166'>166</ref>, <ref target='Pg169'>169</ref>, <ref target='Pg192'>192</ref>, <ref target='Pg288'>288</ref> n., <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his prevision of Oswin's death, <ref target='Pg166'>166</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>foretells and calms a storm, <ref target='Pg166'>166</ref>, <ref target='Pg167'>167</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his miracles, <ref target='Pg166'>166</ref>, <ref target='Pg167'>167</ref>, <ref target='Pg168'>168</ref>, <ref target='Pg169'>169</ref>, <ref target='Pg170'>170</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at Farne, <ref target='Pg168'>168</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>saves Bamborough from fire, <ref target='Pg168'>168</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his body translated to Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pg169'>169</ref>, <ref target='Pg202'>202</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his observance of Easter, <ref target='Pg170'>170</ref>, <ref target='Pg171'>171</ref>, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his disciples, <ref target='Pg202'>202</ref>, <ref target='Pg208'>208</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his rule, <ref target='Pg290'>290</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>persuades Hilda to return to Northumbria, <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>consecrates Heiu as a nun, <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aire, the River, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Akeburg'/> +<l>Akeburgh (perhaps Jacobsburgh), <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Alani, the, <ref target='Pg022'>22</ref>, <ref target='Pg041'>41</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Alaric, <ref target='Pg022'>22</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Alban, St., <ref target='Pgxxiii'>xxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pg039'>39</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his conversion, <ref target='Pg014'>14</ref>, <ref target='Pg015'>15</ref>, <ref target='Pg016'>16</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Lives of, <ref target='Pg015'>15</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>miracles, <ref target='Pg017'>17</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his tomb, <ref target='Pg036'>36</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his blood, <ref target='Pg036'>36</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Albinus'/> +<l>Albinus, Abbot of St. Augustine's Monastery, Canterbury, in succession to Hadrian, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg002'>2</ref> n., <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref>, <ref target='Pg357'>357</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his scholarship, <ref target='Pg002'>2</ref>, <ref target='Pg357'>357</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>furnishes Bede with materials for the <q>Ecclesiastical History,</q> <ref target='Pg002'>2</ref>, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Albion, early name of Britain, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Alchfled, daughter of Oswy, wife of Peada, <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref>, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Alchfrid, King of Deira, son of Oswy, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pg195'>195</ref>, <ref target='Pg206'>206</ref>, <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>rebels against Oswy, <ref target='Pg163'>163</ref>, <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg163'>163</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>converts Peada, <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at the battle of the Winwaed, <ref target='Pg188'>188</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>friendship for Wilfrid, <ref target='Pg194'>194</ref>, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his observance of Easter, <ref target='Pg194'>194</ref>, <ref target='Pg195'>195</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at Whitby, <ref target='Pg195'>195</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>friendship for Coinwalch of Wessex, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='397'/><anchor id='Pg397'/> + +<lg> +<l>Alcluith, or Dumbarton, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Dumbarton'>Dumbarton</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Alcuin'/> +<l>Alcuin, his letter to the monks of Wearmouth, <ref target='Pgxxxv'>xxxv</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his influence on learning, <ref target='Pgxxxvi'>xxxvi</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his anecdote of Bede, <ref target='Pgxxxvii'>xxxvii</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his <q>De Sanct. Ebor.</q> quoted, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref> n., <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his <q>Life of Wilbrord</q> quoted, <ref target='Pg143'>143</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ref. to, <ref target='Pg319'>319</ref> n., <ref target='Pg320'>320</ref>, <ref target='Pg323'>323</ref> n., <ref target='Pg325'>325</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Aldbert'/> +<l>Aldbert, Bishop of Dunwich, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref>, <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Aldfrid'/> +<l>Aldfrid, King of Northumbria after Egfrid, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref>, <ref target='Pg302'>302</ref>, <ref target='Pg312'>312</ref>, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref> n., <ref target='Pg372'>372</ref>, <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg342'>342</ref>, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his relations with Wilfrid, <ref target='Pg247'>247</ref> n., <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref>, <ref target='Pg354'>354</ref>, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>retrieves the fortunes of Northumbria, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>visits Drythelm, <ref target='Pg331'>331</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>friendship for Adamnan, <ref target='Pg336'>336</ref>, <ref target='Pg338'>338</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his exile in Iona, <ref target='Pg336'>336</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Aldgils'/> +<l>Aldgils, King of Frisland, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Aldhelm'/> +<l>Aldhelm, Bishop of Sherborne, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref> n., <ref target='Pg210'>210</ref> n., <ref target='Pg265'>265</ref> n., <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref>, <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his women scholars, <ref target='Pg237'>237</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>letter to Geraint, <ref target='Pg336'>336</ref> n., <ref target='Pg344'>344</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>letter to Wilfrid's clergy, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>made Abbot of Malmesbury, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n., <ref target='Pg344'>344</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n., <ref target='Pg344'>344</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>buried at St. Michael's, Malmesbury, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his literary works, <ref target='Pg344'>344</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Aldwin-Partney'/> +<l>Aldwin, Abbot of Partney or Peartaneu, <ref target='Pg158'>158</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Aldwin-Worr'/> +<l>Aldwin, or Worr, Bishop of Lichfield, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref>, <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Aldwulf-Rochester'/> +<l>Aldwulf, Bishop of Rochester, <ref target='Pg378'>378</ref>, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref>, <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Aldwulf-King'/> +<l>Aldwulf, King of East Anglia, son of Ethelhere, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref>, <ref target='Pg254'>254</ref>, <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his support of Ethelthryth, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Alemanni, the, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Alexandria, <ref target='Pg338'>338</ref>, <ref target='Pg364'>364</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Alexandria, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Cyril'>Cyril</ref>, <ref target='Index-Theophilus'>Theophilus</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Alexandrians, the, <ref target='Pg366'>366</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Alfred, his translation of the <q>Ecclesiastical History,</q> <ref target='Pgxx'>xx</ref>, <ref target='Pg321'>321</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Alfrid'/> +<l><q>Alfrid,</q> King of Northumbria, <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Allectus, <ref target='Pg014'>14</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Allelujah, or Hallelujah, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>All Martyrs, the Festival of, later the festival of All Saints, <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>All Saints, the Festival of, introduced by Pope Boniface, <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Alne, the River, <ref target='Pg292'>292</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Alric'/> +<l>Alric, son of Wictred of Kent, <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Aluchred'/> +<l>Aluchred, King of Northumbria, <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Alweo, brother of Penda, <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Alwic'/> +<l>Alwic, Bishop of Lindsey, <ref target='Pg390'>390</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Amasea, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Asterius'>Asterius</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Amber, <ref target='Pg006'>6</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ambleteuse, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Amfleat'>Amfleat</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ambrose, St., quoted, <ref target='Pgxlii'>xlii</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ambrosius Aurelianus, <ref target='Pg031'>31</ref>, <ref target='Pg032'>32</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Amfleat'/> +<l>Amfleat, or Ambleteuse, <ref target='Pg072'>72</ref>, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Amphibalus, St., <ref target='Pg015'>15</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Amulets, <ref target='Pg289'>289</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Anastasis (Resurrection of our Lord), Church at Jerusalem, <ref target='Pg339'>339</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Anastasius'/> +<l>Anastasius, St., <ref target='Pg388'>388</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Anatolius'/> +<l>Anatolius, Bishop of Laodicea, authority on the Easter question, <ref target='Pg139'>139</ref>, <ref target='Pg198'>198</ref>, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref>, <ref target='Pg368'>368</ref> n., <ref target='Pg388'>388</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ancyra, a cloak of, <ref target='Pg109'>109</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Andeley-sur-Seine'/> +<l>Andeley-sur-Seine, Monastery of, <ref target='Pg152'>152</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Andhun, ealdorman, rules the South Saxons, <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Andilegum, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Andeley-sur-Seine'>Andeley-sur-Seine</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Andragius, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Androgius'>Androgius</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Andredsweald, the, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Andrew, a monk, refuses the English Archbishopric, <ref target='Pg214'>214</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Andrew, St., <ref target='Pg042'>42</ref> n., <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref>, <ref target='Pg163'>163</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Androgius'/> +<l>Androgius, Andragius, Androgorius or Mandubracius, Chief of the Trinovantes, <ref target='Pg010'>10</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Angels, <ref target='Pgxxxviii'>xxxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pg174'>174</ref>, <ref target='Pg175'>175</ref>, <ref target='Pg176'>176</ref>, <ref target='Pg221'>221</ref>, <ref target='Pg222'>222</ref>, <ref target='Pg333'>333</ref>, <ref target='Pg334'>334</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Angles, <ref target='Pg029'>29</ref>, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>, <ref target='Pg031'>31</ref>, <ref target='Pg082'>82</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Gregory's pun upon, <ref target='Pg082'>82</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='398'/><anchor id='Pg398'/> + +<lg> +<l>Anglesea, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>, <ref target='Pg102'>102</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Anglia'/> +<l>Anglia, the name of, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Angrivarii, the, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Angulus, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Anglia'>Anglia</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Anna'/> +<l>Anna, King of East Anglia, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref>, <ref target='Pg152'>152</ref>, <ref target='Pg172'>172</ref>, <ref target='Pg185'>185</ref>, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref>, <ref target='Pg232'>232</ref>, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref> n., <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his piety, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref>, <ref target='Pg172'>172</ref>, <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his good children, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref>, <ref target='Pg173'>173</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>slain by Penda, <ref target='Pg173'>173</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>enriches the monastery of Cnobheresburg, <ref target='Pg174'>174</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Annales Cambriae,</q> editorial references to, <ref target='Pg032'>32</ref> n., <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Annales Francorum,</q> editorial reference to, <ref target='Pg323'>323</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Annegray, Monastery of, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Annemundus'/> +<l>Annemundus (Dalfinus), Archbishop of Lyons, <ref target='Pg194'>194</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his kindness to Wilfrid, <ref target='Pg248'>248</ref>, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his execution, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Anselm'/> +<l>Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, <ref target='Pg072'>72</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Antioch, Patriarch of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Anastasius'>Anastasius</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Antoninus Pius, his rampart, <ref target='Pg024'>24</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Antonius-Bassianus'/> +<l>Antonius, Bassianus, Emperor, <ref target='Pg013'>13</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Antwerp, <ref target='Pgxxi'>xxi</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Appleby'/> +<l>Appleby, Thomas, Bishop of Carlisle, <ref target='Pg294'>294</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Apollinarianism, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Apostles, the, their manner of tonsure, <ref target='Pg370'>370</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aquila, <ref target='Pg197'>197</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aquileia, <ref target='Pg020'>20</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aquitaine, <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref> n., <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref> n., <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Arcadius, Emperor of the East, son of Theodosius, <ref target='Pg020'>20</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Arculf'/> +<l>Arculf, Bishop of Gaul, <ref target='Pg337'>337-340</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Argyll, <ref target='Pg008'>8</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Arianism, <ref target='Pgxxiii'>xxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pg019'>19</ref>, <ref target='Pg020'>20</ref>, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref> n., <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Arles, <ref target='Pg022'>22</ref>, <ref target='Pg049'>49</ref>, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Bishop of, <ref target='Pg054'>54</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Arles, Archbishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-John-Arles'>John</ref>, <ref target='Index-Vergilius'>Vergilius</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Armagh, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Tomene'>Tomene</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Armagh, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Tomene'>Tomene</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Armenia, <ref target='Pg006'>6</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Armorica, <ref target='Pg007'>7</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Armoricans, <ref target='Pg041'>41</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Arnwin, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Arwald'/> +<l>Arwald, King of the Isle of Wight, <ref target='Pg252'>252</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his brothers, <ref target='Pg252'>252</ref>, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Asclepiodotus, restores Britain to the Romans, <ref target='Pg014'>14</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ascension, the Basilica of the, at Jerusalem, <ref target='Pg340'>340</ref>, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Asia, Churches of, <ref target='Pg196'>196</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Asterius-Genoa'/> +<l>Asterius, Bishop of Genoa (Archbishop of Milan), <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Asterius'/> +<l>Asterius, Bishop of Amasea, <ref target='Pg265'>265</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Astronomy, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Athelstan, <ref target='Pg303'>303</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Atlantic, the, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>At the Stone, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Stoneham'>Stoneham</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>At the Wood, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Ad-Barvae'>Ad Barvae</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Attila, King of the Huns, <ref target='Pg027'>27</ref>, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Audrey, popular form of Ethelthryth, <ref target='Pg263'>263</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Augustine'/> +<l>Augustine, St., sent by Pope Gregory to convert the English, <ref target='Pgxxi'>xxi</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxii'>xxii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxiii'>xxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg042'>42</ref>, <ref target='Pg043'>43</ref>, <ref target='Pg047'>47</ref>, <ref target='Pg048'>48</ref>, <ref target='Pg081'>81</ref>, <ref target='Pg086'>86</ref>, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref> n., <ref target='Pg098'>98</ref>, <ref target='Pg126'>126</ref>, <ref target='Pg210'>210</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ordained abbot, <ref target='Pg043'>43</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>recommended to Aetherius, <ref target='Pg044'>44</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>lands in Thanet, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref>, <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref>, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>, <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref> n., <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>received by Ethelbert and Bertha, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref>, <ref target='Pg046'>46</ref>, <ref target='Pg047'>47</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>settles at Canterbury, <ref target='Pg047'>47</ref>, <ref target='Pg048'>48</ref>, <ref target='Pg072'>72</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his report to Gregory, <ref target='Pg049'>49</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ordained Archbishop of the English at Arles, <ref target='Pg049'>49</ref>, <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his see, <ref target='Pg049'>49</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>recommended by Gregory to Vergilius, <ref target='Pg063'>63</ref>, <ref target='Pg064'>64</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>receives the pall, <ref target='Pg064'>64</ref>, <ref target='Pg065'>65</ref>, <ref target='Pg066'>66</ref>, <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his miracles, <ref target='Pg068'>68</ref>, <ref target='Pg069'>69</ref>, <ref target='Pg081'>81</ref>, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref>, <ref target='Pg085'>85</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>recommended to Ethelbert by Gregory, <ref target='Pg070'>70</ref>, <ref target='Pg071'>71</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>restores the Church of St. Saviour, Canterbury, <ref target='Pg072'>72</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>builds the Monastery of SS. Peter and Paul, <ref target='Pg072'>72</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>calls a Synod, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his dispute with the British bishops, <ref target='Pg085'>85</ref>, <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his prophecy of disaster, <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref>, <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ordains Mellitus and Justus, <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg088'>88</ref>, <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref>, <ref target='Pg090'>90</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>buried in the Church of SS. Peter and Paul, <ref target='Pg072'>72</ref>, <ref target='Pg090'>90</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his tomb and epitaph, <ref target='Pg090'>90</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his body translated, <ref target='Pg090'>90</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his monastic rule, <ref target='Pg290'>290</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='399'/><anchor id='Pg399'/> + +<lg> +<l>Augustine, St., Bishop of Hippo, <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref>, <ref target='Pg388'>388</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>The Sentences of, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Augustine's Ác, or Augustine's Oak, Synod at, <ref target='Pg084'>84-86</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Augustus, Emperor, <ref target='Pg011'>11</ref>, <ref target='Pg012'>12</ref>, <ref target='Pg013'>13</ref>, <ref target='Pg020'>20</ref>, <ref target='Pg022'>22</ref>, <ref target='Pg026'>26</ref>, <ref target='Pg029'>29</ref>, <ref target='Pg042'>42</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Aurelius'/> +<l>Aurelius Commodus, Emperor, <ref target='Pg012'>12</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aurelius Victor, quoted, <ref target='Pg135'>135</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aust, probably Augustine's Ác, <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Austerfield, Northumbria, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Austrasia, King of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Dagobert-II'>Dagobert</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Avon, the River, in Linlithgow, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Aylesford, Kent, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ayrshire, <ref target='Pg325'>325</ref> n., <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Babbanburch, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Bamborough'>Bamborough</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Badbury, Dorsetshire, supposed to be Badon Hill, <ref target='Pg032'>32</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Badon Hill, Battle of, <ref target='Pg032'>32</ref>, <ref target='Pg042'>42</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Baducing, patronymic of Benedict Biscop, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Badudegn, a monk of Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pg298'>298</ref>, <ref target='Pg299'>299</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Badwin'/> +<l>Badwin, Bishop of Elmham, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Baithanus, Irish bishop, <ref target='Pg128'>128</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Balder, the God, <ref target='Pg323'>323</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Baldhild'/> +<l>Baldhild, or Bathild, Queen Regent of Neustria, wife of Clovis II, <ref target='Pg152'>152</ref> n., <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ballads, English, <ref target='Pg277'>277</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Baltic, The, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Bamborough'/> +<l>Bamborough, Babbanburch, Bebbanburh, or Bebburgh, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>, <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref>, <ref target='Pg168'>168</ref>, <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref> n., <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bangor, alleged birthplace of Pelagius, <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bangor-is-Coed, or Bancornaburg, monastery of, <ref target='Pg086'>86</ref>, <ref target='Pg086'>86</ref> n., <ref target='Pg088'>88</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bangor, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Dinoot'>Dinoot</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Baptism, of women, <ref target='Pg055'>55</ref>, <ref target='Pg056'>56</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of children, <ref target='Pg055'>55</ref>, <ref target='Pg056'>56</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>its practice in the British Church, <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>in the Roman Church, <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>proper days for, <ref target='Pg104'>104</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ritual of, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Bardney'/> +<l>Bardney, Monastery of, <ref target='Pg123'>123</ref> n., <ref target='Pg157'>157</ref>, <ref target='Pg158'>158</ref>, <ref target='Pg224'>224</ref>, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>endowed by Ethelred and Osthryth, <ref target='Pg157'>157</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>burial place of Oswald, <ref target='Pg157'>157</ref>, <ref target='Pg158'>158</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bardney, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Ethelred'>Ethelred</ref>, <ref target='Index-Hygbald'>Hygbald</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Barking'/> +<l>Barking, or In Berecingum, Monastery of, <ref target='Pgxxviii'>xxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxiii'>xxxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pg232'>232</ref>, <ref target='Pg233'>233</ref>, <ref target='Pg234'>234</ref>, <ref target='Pg235'>235</ref>, <ref target='Pg237'>237</ref>, <ref target='Pg238'>238</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Barking, Abbess of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Ethelburg'>Ethelburg</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Barrow, Lincolnshire, <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Barton-on-Humber, <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Basil, St., his Hexameron, quoted, <ref target='Pg006'>6</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bassianus, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Antonius-Bassianus'>Antonius</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bassus, Edwin's thegn, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bathild, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Baldhild'>Baldhild</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Baths of Britain, <ref target='Pg006'>6</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bay of the Lighthouse, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Whitby-Bay'>Whitby</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Beardaneu, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Bardney'>Bardney</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bebba, Queen, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>, <ref target='Pg168'>168</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bebbanburh, or Bebburgh, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Bamborough'>Bamborough</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Bede'/> +<l>Bede, or Beda, the author, called <q>Venerable,</q> <ref target='Pgxxi'>xxi</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxiv'>xxxiv</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of his life, <ref target='Pgxxxiii'>xxxiii-xliii</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his family, <ref target='Pgxxxiii'>xxxiii</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>born near Wearmouth, <ref target='Pgxxxiii'>xxxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxiv'>xxxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg386'>386</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his instructors, <ref target='Pgxxxiii'>xxxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxiv'>xxxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg222'>222</ref>, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref> n., <ref target='Pg386'>386</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his ordination, <ref target='Pgxxxiii'>xxxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref> n., <ref target='Pg386'>386</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his life spent in the Monastery of Wearmouth and Jarrow, <ref target='Pgxxxiii'>xxxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxiv'>xxxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg137'>137</ref> n., <ref target='Pg386'>386</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>dates of his birth and death, <ref target='Pgxxxiv'>xxxiv</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his autobiography, <ref target='Pgxxxiv'>xxxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg386'>386-389</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his diligence, <ref target='Pgxxxiv'>xxxiv</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his eyes dim in age, <ref target='Pgxxxiv'>xxxiv</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his death, <ref target='Pgxix'>xix</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxiv'>xxxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxix'>xxxix-xliii</ref>, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his epitaph, <ref target='Pgxxxiv'>xxxiv</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his learning, <ref target='Pgxxxiv'>xxxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxxv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxvi'>xxxvi</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his style, <ref target='Pgxxxvi'>xxxvi</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>visits Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pgxxxvi'>xxxvi</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>visits York, <ref target='Pgxxxvi'>xxxvi</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Egbert his pupil, <ref target='Pgxxxvi'>xxxvi</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his <q>Epistola ad Ecgbertum,</q> <ref target='Pgxxxvi'>xxxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref> n., <ref target='Pg342'>342</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his influence, <ref target='Pgxxxvi'>xxxvi</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his last illness, <ref target='Pgxxxvi'>xxxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxix'>xxxix</ref>, <ref target='Pgxl'>xl</ref>, <ref target='Pgxlii'>xlii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxliii'>xliii</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his <q>Life of Cuthbert</q> in prose and verse, <ref target='Pgxxxvi'>xxxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg004'>4</ref> n., <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref> n., <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref> n., <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref> n., +<pb n='400'/><anchor id='Pg400'/> +<ref target='Pg288'>288</ref> n., <ref target='Pg291'>291</ref>, <ref target='Pg309'>309</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>story of his visit to Rome, <ref target='Pgxxxvi'>xxxvi</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>story of his residence at Cambridge, <ref target='Pgxxxvi'>xxxvi</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his writings, <ref target='Pgxxxvii'>xxxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pg311'>311</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>list of his literary works and compilations, <ref target='Pg386'>386-389</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his studies, <ref target='Pgxxxvii'>xxxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pg386'>386-389</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his duties, <ref target='Pgxxxvii'>xxxvii</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his character, <ref target='Pgxxxvii'>xxxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxviii'>xxxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxix'>xxxix</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his zeal for Catholic usages, <ref target='Pgxxxviii'>xxxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxix'>xxxix</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his admiration for Aidan, <ref target='Pgxxxix'>xxxix</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>dictates to Wilbert his translation of St. John and St. Isidore, <ref target='Pgxlii'>xlii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxliii'>xliii</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>buried at Jarrow, <ref target='Pgxl'>xl</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his relics stolen by Elfred and carried to Durham, <ref target='Pgxl'>xl</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>translated with those of St. Cuthbert to the new Cathedral, <ref target='Pgxl'>xl</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>a shrine erected to him by Hugh de Puisac, <ref target='Pgxl'>xl</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his chronology corrected, <ref target='Pg009'>9</ref>, <ref target='Pg011'>11</ref>, <ref target='Pg012'>12</ref>, <ref target='Pg013'>13</ref> n., <ref target='Pg020'>20</ref> n., <ref target='Pg022'>22</ref> n., <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref> n., <ref target='Pg027'>27</ref> n., <ref target='Pg028'>28</ref> n., <ref target='Pg029'>29</ref> n., <ref target='Pg042'>42</ref> n., <ref target='Pg063'>63</ref> n., <ref target='Pg068'>68</ref> n., <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref> n., <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref> n., <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref> n., <ref target='Pg254'>254</ref> n., <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref> n., <ref target='Pg314'>314</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his <q>Martyrology,</q> editorial references to, <ref target='Pg027'>27</ref> n., <ref target='Pg099'>99</ref> n., <ref target='Pg265'>265</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his friendship for Acca, <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his <q>De Temporibus,</q> <ref target='Pg170'>170</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his <q>De temporum Ratione,</q> <ref target='Pg170'>170</ref>, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his <q>History of the Abbots,</q> <ref target='Pg213'>213</ref> n., <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref> n., <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref> n., <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>uses the Caesarean system of Indictions, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his <q>De Locis Santis,</q> <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref> n., <ref target='Pg338'>338</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>said to have written Ceolfrid's Letter to Naiton, <ref target='Pg360'>360</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his <q>Expositio in Marci Evangelium,</q> <ref target='Pg364'>364</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his <q>Ecclesiastical History,</q> <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Ecclesiastical-History'>Ecclesiastical</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bega, Irish Saint, <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref> n., <ref target='Pg275'>275</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Begu, a nun, has a vision of Hilda's death, <ref target='Pg275'>275</ref>, <ref target='Pg276'>276</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Belgium, or Belgic Gaul, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>, <ref target='Pg013'>13</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Benedict I, Pope, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Benedict-Biscop'/> +<l>Benedict Biscop, Abbot of Wearmouth, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref> n., <ref target='Pg359'>359</ref>, <ref target='Pg389'>389</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Bede trained under, <ref target='Pgxxxiii'>xxxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pg386'>386</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>founds the monasteries of Wearmouth and Jarrow, <ref target='Pgxxxiv'>xxxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his library, <ref target='Pgxxxv'>xxxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref> n., <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>temporary abbot of SS. Peter and Paul's Monastery, <ref target='Pg216'>216</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>goes to Rome, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref>, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>brings John the Precentor back with him to Britain, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref>, <ref target='Pg258'>258</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>obtains a letter of privilege for his monastery, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref>, <ref target='Pg258'>258</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his monastic rule, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Benedictus Crispus, Archbishop of Milan, <ref target='Pg313'>313</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Benedictine Order of Monks, <ref target='Pg275'>275</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Beneventum, <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Benjamin, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Beornred'/> +<l>Beornred, King of Mercia, said to have murdered Ethelbald, <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Berct'/> +<l>Berct, Berctred, Brectrid or Briht, Egfrid's General, lays Ireland waste, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref>, <ref target='Pg336'>336</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>slain by the Picts, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Berecingum, or Barking, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Barking'>Barking</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Berkshire, <ref target='Pg010'>10</ref> n., <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bernicia, History of, xxvi, <ref target='Pg082'>82</ref> n., <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref> n., <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref>, <ref target='Pg137'>137</ref>, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref>, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>, <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>diocese of, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bernicia, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Eata'>Eata</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bernicia, King of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Eanfrid-Bernicia'>Eanfrid</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ethelric'>Ethelric</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ida'>Ida</ref>, <ref target='Index-Oswald'>Oswald</ref>, <ref target='Index-Oswy'>Oswy</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bernwin, Wilfrid's nephew, his mission to the Isle of Wight, <ref target='Pg252'>252</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bersted, Witenagemot of, <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bertfrid, Osrid's Ealdorman, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bertgils, surnamed Boniface, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Boniface-Bertgils'>Boniface</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bertha, daughter of Charibert, wife of Ethelbert of Kent, <ref target='Pg046'>46</ref>, <ref target='Pg048'>48</ref>, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>, <ref target='Pg095'>95</ref> n., <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Berthun, Ethelwalch's Ealdorman, <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Berthun'/> +<l>Berthun, Abbot of Beverley, <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref> n., <ref target='Pg302'>302</ref>, <ref target='Pg303'>303</ref>, <ref target='Pg305'>305</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Bertwald'/> +<l>Bertwald, Archbishop of Canterbury after Theodore, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxi'>xxxi</ref>, <ref target='Pg239'>239</ref> n., <ref target='Pg314'>314</ref>, <ref target='Pg315'>315</ref>, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n., <ref target='Pg344'>344</ref> n., <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his burial place, <ref target='Pg090'>90</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his election and consecration, <ref target='Pg274'>274</ref> n., <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref>, <ref target='Pg323'>323</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Abbot of Reculver, +<pb n='401'/><anchor id='Pg401'/> +<ref target='Pg315'>315</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his learning, <ref target='Pg315'>315</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ordains Tobias, <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>returns from the Continent, <ref target='Pg323'>323</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>reconciled to Wilfrid, <ref target='Pg354'>354</ref> n., <ref target='Pg355'>355</ref>, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at the Synod on the Nidd, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>consecrates Aldwulf, <ref target='Pg378'>378</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg378'>378</ref>, <ref target='Pg386'>386</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Berwickshire, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Betendune, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Watton'>Watton</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bethlehem, <ref target='Pg338'>338</ref>, <ref target='Pg339'>339</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Betti, a Northumbrian priest, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref>, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Beverley, Inderauuda, or In the Wood of the Deiri, Monastery of, founded by John and Berthun, <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref> n., <ref target='Pg303'>303</ref>, <ref target='Pg307'>307</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Beverley, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Berthun'>Berthun</ref>, <ref target='Index-John-Beverley'>John</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bewcastle, <ref target='Pg163'>163</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Birinus'/> +<l>Birinus, Bishop of Dorchester, converts the West Saxons, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref>, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>consecrated by Asterius, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>buried at Dorchester, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his body translated to Winchester, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref>, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Biscop, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Benedict-Biscop'>Benedict</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Bishop-Burton'/> +<l>Bishop Burton, <ref target='Pg307'>307</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bishops, rules for, <ref target='Pg049'>49</ref>, <ref target='Pg050'>50</ref>, <ref target='Pg228'>228</ref>, <ref target='Pg229'>229</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>their stipends, <ref target='Pg049'>49</ref>, <ref target='Pg050'>50</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>consecration of, <ref target='Pg053'>53</ref>, <ref target='Pg054'>54</ref>, <ref target='Pg065'>65</ref>, <ref target='Pg085'>85</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bishoprics, English, List of in 731 <hi rend='smallcaps'>a.d.</hi>, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>subdivision of, <ref target='Pg122'>122</ref> n., <ref target='Pg229'>229</ref>, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref>, <ref target='Pg242'>242-4</ref>, <ref target='Pg272'>272</ref> n., <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref> n., <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Bisi'/> +<l>Bisi, Bishop of Dunwich after Boniface, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref>, <ref target='Pg228'>228</ref> n., <ref target='Pg230'>230</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Blackwater, the River, <ref target='Pg183'>183</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Blaecca, Reeve of Lincoln, converted, <ref target='Pg122'>122</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bledla, King of the Huns, <ref target='Pg027'>27</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Blessed Mother of God, Church of the, at Lastingham, <ref target='Pg187'>187</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at Barking, <ref target='Pg237'>237</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>in St. Augustine's, Canterbury, <ref target='Pg357'>357</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Blithryda'/> +<l>Blithryda, or Plectrude, wife of Pippin, <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Blood-letting, <ref target='Pg305'>305</ref>, <ref target='Pg306'>306</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bobbio, Monastery of, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Boethius referred to, <ref target='Pg145'>145</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Boisil'/> +<l>Boisil, Provost of Melrose, <ref target='Pg288'>288</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>teaches Cuthbert, <ref target='Pg288'>288</ref>, <ref target='Pg289'>289</ref>, <ref target='Pg292'>292</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg289'>289</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>appears to one of his disciples in dreams, and forbids Egbert to go to the Germans, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref>, <ref target='Pg318'>318</ref>, <ref target='Pg319'>319</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Boniface IV, Pope, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref>, <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his pastoral letters to the English Church, <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Boniface V, Pope, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg112'>112</ref>, <ref target='Pg124'>124</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his letters, <ref target='Pg098'>98</ref>, <ref target='Pg100'>100</ref>, <ref target='Pg101'>101</ref>, <ref target='Pg105'>105</ref>, <ref target='Pg111'>111</ref>, <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sends the pall to Justus, <ref target='Pg100'>100</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sends gifts to Edwin, <ref target='Pg109'>109</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>to Ethelberg, <ref target='Pg111'>111</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg105'>105</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Boniface, St., editorial references to, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref> n., <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref> n., <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref> n., <ref target='Pg237'>237</ref> n., <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref> n., <ref target='Pg325'>325</ref> n., <ref target='Pg342'>342</ref> n., <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref> n., <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his martyrdom, <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Boniface-Bertgils'/> +<l>Boniface, or Bertgils, Bishop of Dunwich, or of the East Angles, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref>, <ref target='Pg206'>206</ref> n., <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg230'>230</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Boniface, the Archdeacon, Pope's Counsellor at Wilfrid's second trial, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref>, <ref target='Pg354'>354</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Boniface (probably St. Cuiritin), missionary, converts Naiton to Roman usages, <ref target='Pg359'>359</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bordeaux, Pilgrim of, <ref target='Pg340'>340</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Borrowdale, <ref target='Pg294'>294</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Boructuari, The, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref> n., <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>converted by Suidbert, <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Bosa'/> +<l>Bosa, Bishop of Deira or York, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref>, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref>, <ref target='Pg358'>358</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>consecrated in Wilfrid's place, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>educated at Whitby under Hilda, <ref target='Pg272'>272</ref>, <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg305'>305</ref>, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Bosel'/> +<l>Bosel, Bishop of Worcester, <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref>, <ref target='Pg274'>274</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bosham, or Bosanhamm, Monastery of, <ref target='Pg246'>246</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bothelm, <ref target='Pg137'>137</ref>, <ref target='Pg138'>138</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Boulogne'/> +<l>Boulogne, or Gessoriacum, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>, <ref target='Pg013'>13</ref>, <ref target='Pg072'>72</ref> n., <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bowmont Water, <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bowness-on-Solway, <ref target='Pg025'>25</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Boy, a Saxon, his dying vision of SS. Peter and Paul, <ref target='Pg248'>248</ref>, <ref target='Pg249'>249</ref>, <ref target='Pg250'>250</ref>, <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='402'/><anchor id='Pg402'/> + +<lg> +<l>Bradford-on-Avon, <ref target='Pg210'>210</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Bredon'/> +<l>Bredon, or Briudun, monastery of, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bregusuid, mother of Hilda, <ref target='Pg274'>274</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bretwalda, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aelli'>Aelli</ref>, <ref target='Index-Caelin'>Caelin</ref>, <ref target='Index-Edwin'>Edwin</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ethelbert'>Ethelbert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Oswald'>Oswald</ref>, <ref target='Index-Oswy'>Oswy</ref>, <ref target='Index-Redwald'>Redwald</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Bridius'/> +<l>Bridius, or Bruide Mac Maelchon, King of the Picts, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref> n., <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Brige'/> +<l>Brige, In Brige, or Faremoûtier-en-Brie, monastery of, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>, <ref target='Pg152'>152</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Brige, Abbess of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Fara'>Fara</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ethelberg-Brige'>Ethelberg</ref>, <ref target='Index-Saethryth'>Saethryth</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bright, his <q>Early English Church History,</q> vi;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>references to, <ref target='Pg012'>12</ref> n., <ref target='Pg051'>51</ref> n., <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n., <ref target='Pg105'>105</ref> n., <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref> n., <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref> n., <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref> n., <ref target='Pg183'>183</ref> n., <ref target='Pg195'>195</ref> n., <ref target='Pg214'>214</ref> n., <ref target='Pg242'>242</ref> n., <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref> n., <ref target='Pg292'>292</ref> n., <ref target='Pg326'>326</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Briht, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Berct'>Berct</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Britain, <ref target='Pgxxiii'>xxiii</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Roman occupation of, <ref target='Pgxxiii'>xxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pg009'>9-23</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>description of, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>, <ref target='Pg006'>6</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>language, <ref target='Pg006'>6</ref>, <ref target='Pg080'>80</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>freed from Roman rule, <ref target='Pg022'>22</ref>, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref>, <ref target='Pg026'>26</ref>, <ref target='Pg382'>382</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>the Romans return to, <ref target='Pg024'>24</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>its corruption during peace, <ref target='Pg028'>28</ref>, <ref target='Pg041'>41</ref>, <ref target='Pg042'>42</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>suffers from a plague, <ref target='Pg028'>28</ref>, <ref target='Pg029'>29</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>overrun by the Angles and Saxons, <ref target='Pg029'>29</ref>, <ref target='Pg031'>31</ref>, <ref target='Pg032'>32</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>civil wars in, <ref target='Pg041'>41</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>converted to Christianity, <ref target='Pg080'>80</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Britain, Church of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-British'>British</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Britain, King of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Lucius-Britain'>Lucius</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Britannicus, son of Claudius, <ref target='Pg011'>11</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-British'/> +<l>British Church, <ref target='Pgxxiii'>xxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxix'>xxxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg019'>19</ref>, <ref target='Pg054'>54</ref>, <ref target='Pg055'>55</ref>, <ref target='Pg086'>86</ref>, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>its attitude towards the Easter question, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref>, <ref target='Pg196'>196</ref>, <ref target='Pg336'>336</ref>, <ref target='Pg344'>344</ref>, <ref target='Pg376'>376</ref> n., <ref target='Pg381'>381</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>refuses allegiance to Augustine, <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>approached by Laurentius, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>British Museum, The, <ref target='Pg331'>331</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Britons'/> +<l>Britons, or Brythons, <ref target='Pgxxxi'>xxxi</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>defeated by Ethelfrid, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>origin of, <ref target='Pg006'>6</ref>, <ref target='Pg007'>7</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>language, <ref target='Pg006'>6</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Britons of Strathclyde, <ref target='Pg286'>286</ref>, <ref target='Pg336'>336</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Britons of Strathclyde, King of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Theudor'>Theudor</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Brittany, <ref target='Pg007'>7</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Briudun, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Bredon'>Bredon</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Brocmail, Welsh Prince, <ref target='Pg088'>88</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bromnis, <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bructeri, The, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bruide, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Bridius'>Bridius</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Bruide-Mac-Bili'/> +<l>Bruide Mac Bili, King of the Picts, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Brythons, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Britons'>Britons</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Buckinghamshire, <ref target='Pg010'>10</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bulgarians, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Burford, Battle of, <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref> n., <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Burgh Castle, Monastery of, <ref target='Pg174'>174</ref>, <ref target='Pg177'>177</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Burgh-Castle'/> +<l>Burgh Castle, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Fursa'>Fursa</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Burghelm, a priest of Wilfrid's, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Burgundians, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Burgundofarus, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Faro'>Faro</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Burgundy, <ref target='Pg122'>122</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Burton, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Bishop-Burton'>Bishop</ref>, <ref target='Index-North-Burton'>North</ref>, <ref target='Index-South-Burton'>South</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Bury, Professor, his <q>Life of St. Patrick,</q> reference to, <ref target='Pg027'>27</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Butler, his <q>Lives of the Saints,</q> reference to, <ref target='Pg388'>388</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Cadvan'/> +<l>Cadvan, father of Caedwalla the Briton, <ref target='Pg130'>130</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cadwalader, son of Caedwalla the Briton, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cadwallon, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Caedwalla-Cadwallon'>Caedwalla</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Caedmon, the Poet, his life and death, <ref target='Pg277'>277-281</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Caedwalla-Cadwallon'/> +<l>Caedwalla, or Cadwallon, King of Gwynedd in Wales, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg130'>130</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his revolt against Edwin, <ref target='Pg130'>130</ref>, <ref target='Pg131'>131</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>allied with Penda, <ref target='Pg130'>130</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his cruelty, <ref target='Pg131'>131</ref>, <ref target='Pg135'>135</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>a Christian, <ref target='Pg131'>131</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>besieged by Osric in York, <ref target='Pg134'>134</ref>, <ref target='Pg135'>135</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>kills Osric, <ref target='Pg134'>134</ref>, <ref target='Pg135'>135</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>kills Eanfrid by treachery, <ref target='Pg135'>135</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>slain by Oswald, <ref target='Pg135'>135</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Caedwalla-Wessex'/> +<l>Caedwalla, King of Wessex, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref> n., <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>in exile, <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>kills Ethelwalch in battle, <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>expelled by Andhun and Berthun, <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>kills Berthun, <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>conquers and reunites Wessex, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref>, <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref>, <ref target='Pg252'>252</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>conquers the South Saxons and the Isle of Wight, <ref target='Pg252'>252</ref>, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his relations with Wilfrid, <ref target='Pg252'>252</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>kills +<pb n='404'/><anchor id='Pg404'/> +Arwald's brothers, <ref target='Pg252'>252</ref>, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>in concealment at Redbridge, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>wounded in the Isle of Wight, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>abdicates, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref>, <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his pilgrimage to Rome, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref>, <ref target='Pg312'>312</ref>, <ref target='Pg313'>313</ref>, <ref target='Pg314'>314</ref>, <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>baptized under the name of Peter, <ref target='Pg312'>312</ref>, <ref target='Pg313'>313</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>dies at Rome, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref>, <ref target='Pg312'>312</ref>, <ref target='Pg314'>314</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>buried in St. Peter's, <ref target='Pg313'>313</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his epitaph, <ref target='Pg313'>313</ref>, <ref target='Pg314'>314</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Caelin'/> +<l>Caelin, or Ceaulin, King of the West Saxons, second Bretwalda, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Caelin, brother of Cedd, <ref target='Pg185'>185</ref>, <ref target='Pg187'>187</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Caerleon'/> +<l>Caerleon-on-Usk, or City of Legions, <ref target='Pg018'>18</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Caesar'/> +<l>Caesar, Caius Julius, editorial references to his works, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref> n., <ref target='Pg010'>10</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his invasion of Britain, <ref target='Pg009'>9</ref>, <ref target='Pg010'>10</ref>, <ref target='Pg011'>11</ref>, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref>, <ref target='Pg382'>382</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>returns to Gaul, <ref target='Pg010'>10</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Caesarea, library of, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Eusebius-Pamphili'>Eusebius</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Caesarean System of Indictions, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref> n., <ref target='Pg254'>254</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Caiaphas, <ref target='Pg335'>335</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cairbre Riada, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Reuda'>Reuda</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Caistor'/> +<l>Caistor, or Cyneburgacaster, Abbess of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Cyneburg'>Cyneburg</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Calcaria'/> +<l>Calcaria, or Kaelcacaestir, now Tadcaster, <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref>, <ref target='Pg272'>272</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cale, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Chelles'>Chelles</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Caledonians, the, <ref target='Pg014'>14</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cambridge, <ref target='Pgxix'>xix</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxvi'>xxxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg172'>172</ref> n., <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cambridgeshire, <ref target='Pg112'>112</ref> n., <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref> n., <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Campania, <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref>, <ref target='Pg214'>214</ref>, <ref target='Pg388'>388</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Campodonum'/> +<l>Campodonum, or Donafeld, <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Canche, the, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Candidus, a presbyter, <ref target='Pg044'>44</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cannes, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Canons of the Western Church, <ref target='Pg228'>228</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Canterbury'/> +<l>Canterbury, or Doruvernis, <ref target='Pg047'>47</ref>, <ref target='Pg048'>48</ref>, <ref target='Pg049'>49</ref>, <ref target='Pg210'>210</ref> n., <ref target='Pg254'>254</ref>, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref>, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>churches of, xxii, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref>, <ref target='Pg051'>51</ref> n., <ref target='Pg072'>72</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>see of, <ref target='Pg049'>49</ref> n., <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>monastery at, <ref target='Pg072'>72</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>almost destroyed by fire, <ref target='Pg099'>99</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>school of, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref> n., <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref> n., <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Canterbury, Archbishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Anselm'>Anselm</ref>, <ref target='Index-Augustine'>Augustine</ref>, <ref target='Index-Bertwald'>Bertwald</ref>, <ref target='Index-Cuthbert-Archbishop'>Cuthbert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Deusdedit-Archbishop'>Deusdedit</ref>, <ref target='Index-Honorius-Archbishop'>Honorius</ref>, <ref target='Index-Justus'>Justus</ref>, <ref target='Index-Lanfranc'>Lanfranc</ref>, <ref target='Index-Laurentius-Archbishop'>Laurentius</ref>, <ref target='Index-Mellitus'>Mellitus</ref>, <ref target='Index-Nothelm'>Nothelm</ref>, <ref target='Index-Tatwine'>Tatwine</ref>, <ref target='Index-Theodore-Archbishop'>Theodore</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cantuarians, the, <ref target='Pg133'>133</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cantuarii, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cantus Ambrosianus, <ref target='Pg133'>133</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cantus Romanus, <ref target='Pg133'>133</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cantyre, or Kintyre, <ref target='Pg008'>8</ref> n., <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Caracalla, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Antonius-Bassianus'>Antonius Bassianus</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Carausius, <ref target='Pg013'>13</ref>, <ref target='Pg014'>14</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Carlegion, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Chester'>Chester</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Carlisle'/> +<l>Carlisle, Luel, or Lugubalia, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref> n., <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref> n., <ref target='Pg294'>294</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Carlisle, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Appleby'>Appleby</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Carloman'/> +<l>Carloman, King of the Franks, son of Charles Martel, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>, <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Carmen Paschale,</q> <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Sedulius'>Sedulius</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Carpophorus, St., <ref target='Pg099'>99</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Carriden (probably Urbs Iudeu), <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref> n., <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cassobellaunus, chief of the Catuvellauni, <ref target='Pg010'>10</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Catterick Bridge, Cataract, or Cataractonium, <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref>, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>, <ref target='Pg164'>164</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Catuvellauni, the, <ref target='Pg010'>10</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ceadda'/> +<l>Ceadda, or Chad, St., afterwards Bishop of Lichfield and York, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Abbot of Lastingham, <ref target='Pgxxxv'>xxxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg187'>187</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>consecrated Bishop of York in Wilfrid's place, <ref target='Pg206'>206</ref>, <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>reconsecrated by Theodore, <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref> n., <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>on Wilfrid's return retires to Lastingham, <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>made Bishop of Lichfield, <ref target='Pg192'>192</ref>, <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref>, <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>a disciple of Aidan, <ref target='Pg208'>208</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his holy life, <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref>, <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref>, <ref target='Pg222'>222</ref>, <ref target='Pg223'>223</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>builds the monastery of Ad Barvae, <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of his death, <ref target='Pgxxxviii'>xxxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref>, <ref target='Pg222'>222</ref>, <ref target='Pg224'>224</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>buried at Lichfield, <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref>, <ref target='Pg224'>224</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his posthumous miracles, <ref target='Pg224'>224</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his relics, <ref target='Pg224'>224</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Cearl'/> +<l>Cearl, King of Mercia, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ceaulin, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Caelin'>Caelin</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cecilia, St., <ref target='Pg265'>265</ref>, <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='405'/><anchor id='Pg405'/> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Cedd'/> +<l>Cedd, afterwards Bishop of Essex, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref>, <ref target='Pg183'>183</ref>, <ref target='Pg206'>206</ref> n., <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref>, <ref target='Pg208'>208</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his mission to Mid-Anglia, <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref>, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>reconverts the East Saxons, <ref target='Pg182'>182</ref>, <ref target='Pg183'>183</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>excommunicates a <q>gesith</q> for his unlawful marriage, <ref target='Pg184'>184</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>rebukes King Sigbert and prophecies his death, <ref target='Pg184'>184</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>baptizes King Suidhelm, <ref target='Pg184'>184</ref>, <ref target='Pg185'>185</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>visits Northumbria, <ref target='Pg185'>185</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his self-imposed discipline, <ref target='Pg186'>186</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>founds the monastery of Lastingham, <ref target='Pg185'>185</ref>, <ref target='Pg186'>186</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his brothers, <ref target='Pg185'>185</ref>, <ref target='Pg186'>186</ref>, <ref target='Pg187'>187</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his death, <ref target='Pg185'>185</ref>, <ref target='Pg186'>186</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>burial, <ref target='Pg186'>186</ref>, <ref target='Pg187'>187</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>trained at Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pg186'>186</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>posthumous miracle, <ref target='Pg187'>187</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at Whitby, <ref target='Pg195'>195</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>forsakes the Celtic Easter, <ref target='Pg201'>201</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his spirit appears at the time of Ceadda's death, <ref target='Pg224'>224</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Celestine, or Celestinus, Pope, sends Palladius to the Irish, <ref target='Pg027'>27</ref>, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref> n., <ref target='Pg382'>382</ref>, <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Celtic Churches, <ref target='Pgxxiii'>xxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxi'>xxxi</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>and <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-British'>British Church</ref>, <ref target='Index-Irish-Church'>Irish Church</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Celtic Missions, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg139'>139</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Celtic Scotland,</q> Skene's, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Skene'>Skene</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Celts, <ref target='Pg007'>7</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>their observance of Easter, <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n., <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>and <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Easter-Controversy'>Easter Controversy</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Centwine'/> +<l>Centwine, sub-king of Wessex, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref> n., <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his wife, <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ceolfrid'/> +<l>Ceolfrid, Abbot of Wearmouth and Jarrow, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxiv'>xxxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxv'>xxxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg387'>387</ref>, <ref target='Pg389'>389</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>educates Bede, <ref target='Pgxxxiii'>xxxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pg386'>386</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>enlarges the library of Wearmouth and Jarrow, <ref target='Pgxxxv'>xxxv</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Pope Sergius' letter to, <ref target='Pgxxxvi'>xxxvi</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sends builders to Naiton, King of the Picts, <ref target='Pg359'>359</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his letter to Naiton (said to be written by Bede), <ref target='Pg360'>360-374</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ceollach'/> +<l>Ceollach, Bishop of Mid-Anglia and Mercia, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ceolred'/> +<l>Ceolred, King of Mercia, son of Ethelred, succeeds Coinred, <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his bad character, <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his death, <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref> n., <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref> n., <ref target='Pg386'>386</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his enmity to Ethelbald, <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ceolwulf'/> +<l>Ceolwulf, King of Northumbria, brother of Coenred, succeeds Osric, <ref target='Pgxxxi'>xxxi</ref>, <ref target='Pg375'>375</ref> n., <ref target='Pg381'>381</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><q>Ecclesiastical History</q> dedicated to, <ref target='Pgxxii'>xxii</ref>, <ref target='Pg001'>1</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg001'>1</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>taken prisoner, tonsured, and sent back to his kingdom, <ref target='Pg390'>390</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>leaves the kingdom to Eadbert, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Cerdic'/> +<l>Cerdic, British King, <ref target='Pg274'>274</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cerot, Island of, <ref target='Pg232'>232</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cerotaesei, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Chertsey'>Chertsey</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Chad, St., <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Ceadda'>Ceadda</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Chalcedon, <ref target='Pg265'>265</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>council of, <ref target='Pg228'>228</ref> n., <ref target='Pg254'>254</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Chaldeans, the, <ref target='Pg031'>31</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Charibert'/> +<l>Charibert, King of Paris, <ref target='Pg046'>46</ref> n., <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Charles'/> +<l>Charles Martel, King of the Franks, defeats the Saracens, <ref target='Pg378'>378</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>supports Boniface's mission, <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Charybdis, <ref target='Pg365'>365</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Chauci, the, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Chelles'/> +<l>Chelles, or Cale, monastery of, <ref target='Pg152'>152</ref>, <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref>, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Chepstow, <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Chertsey'/> +<l>Chertsey, Cerotaesei, or the Island of Cerot, monastery of, <ref target='Pgxxviii'>xxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pg232'>232</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cherusci, the, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cheshire, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Chester'/> +<l>Chester, Carlegion, City of Legions, or Legacaestir, <ref target='Pg018'>18</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Battle of, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref>, <ref target='Pg088'>88</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Chester-le-Street'/> +<l>Chester-le-Street, or Cunungaceaster, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref> n., <ref target='Pg325'>325</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Chichester, <ref target='Pg246'>246</ref> n., <ref target='Pg247'>247</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Childebert'/> +<l>Childebert, King of Austrasia and Burgundy, <ref target='Pg049'>49</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Chilperic'/> +<l>Chilperic, King of Neustria, brother of Charibert, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Chosroes'/> +<l>Chosroes II, King of Persia, <ref target='Pg340'>340</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Chrism, <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Christ Church Cathedral, Canterbury, <ref target='Pg072'>72</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Christians, persecuted under Diocletian +<pb n='406'/><anchor id='Pg406'/> +and Maximian, <ref target='Pg014'>14-19</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>under Nero, <ref target='Pg014'>14</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Christmas'/> +<l>Christmas, <ref target='Pg206'>206</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Chronological Recapitulation of the whole Work,</q> <ref target='Pg382'>382</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Church Furniture, <ref target='Pg065'>65</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Music, <ref target='Pg133'>133</ref>, <ref target='Pg358'>358</ref>, <ref target='Pg386'>386</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Church Historians,</q> <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Stevenson'>Stevenson</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Churches of Wood, <ref target='Pg170'>170</ref>, <ref target='Pg192'>192</ref>, <ref target='Pg360'>360</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of stone, <ref target='Pg192'>192</ref>, <ref target='Pg359'>359</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>covered with lead, <ref target='Pg192'>192</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cilicia, <ref target='Pg214'>214</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>City of Legions, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Caerleon'>Caerleon</ref> and <ref target='Index-Chester'>Chester</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Claudius, Emperor, invades Britain and conquers the Orkneys, <ref target='Pg011'>11</ref>, <ref target='Pg382'>382</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Clement, St., <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Clement, name given to Wilbrord, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref> n., <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Clergy, rules for, <ref target='Pg050'>50</ref>, <ref target='Pg229'>229</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Cliff-at-Hoe'/> +<l>Cliff-at-Hoe, Clofeshoch, or Clovesho, <ref target='Pg229'>229</ref> n., <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Clonard, <ref target='Pg140'>140</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Clonard, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Colman-Columbanus'>Colman or Columbanus</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Clothaire-III'/> +<l>Clothaire III, King of Neustria, <ref target='Pg206'>206</ref>, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Clothilde, wife of Clovis I, <ref target='Pg152'>152</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Clovesho, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Cliff-at-Hoe'>Cliff-at-Hoe</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Clovis-I'/> +<l>Clovis I, King of the Franks, <ref target='Pg152'>152</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Clovis-II'/> +<l>Clovis II, King of Neustria, <ref target='Pg152'>152</ref> n., <ref target='Pg178'>178</ref>, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Clyde, or Cluith, the river, <ref target='Pg024'>24</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cnobheresburg, or Cnobhere's Town, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Burgh-Castle'>Burgh Castle</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Coenred-Coinred'/> +<l>Coenred, or Coinred, King of Mercia after Ethelred, son of Wulfhere, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg332'>332</ref>, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his thegn's visions, <ref target='Pg332'>332</ref>, <ref target='Pg333'>333</ref>, <ref target='Pg334'>334</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>gives up his throne and goes to Rome, <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref>, <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>becomes a monk, <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref>, <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>reconciled to Wilfrid, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Coenred-Northumbria'/> +<l>Coenred, King of Northumbria, <ref target='Pg375'>375</ref>, <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref>, <ref target='Pg378'>378</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Coenwald, Theodore's representative at Wilfrid's trial, <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Coifi, a pagan priest converted to Christianity, <ref target='Pg116'>116</ref>, <ref target='Pg117'>117</ref>, <ref target='Pg118'>118</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Coinwalch'/> +<l>Coinwalch, King of Wessex, son of Cynegils, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref>, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>in exile in East Anglia, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>puts away his wife, Penda's sister, and marries another, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>restored to his kingdom, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his relations with Agilbert, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref>, <ref target='Pg150'>150</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Coldingham-Coludi'/> +<l>Coldingham, or Coludi, monastery of, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref>, <ref target='Pg266'>266</ref> n., <ref target='Pg281'>281</ref>, <ref target='Pg283'>283</ref>, <ref target='Pg284'>284</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Coldingham, Abbess of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aebba'>Aebba</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Coldstream, <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Colman'/> +<l>Colman, Bishop of Northumbria, <ref target='Pgxxviii'>xxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pg194'>194</ref>, <ref target='Pg201'>201</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at the Whitby Synod, <ref target='Pg195'>195</ref>, <ref target='Pg196'>196</ref>, <ref target='Pg198'>198</ref>, <ref target='Pg200'>200</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>returns to Ireland, <ref target='Pg201'>201</ref>, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref>, <ref target='Pg213'>213</ref>, <ref target='Pg225'>225</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>takes some of Aidan's bones with him, <ref target='Pg202'>202</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his frugality and plain living, <ref target='Pg202'>202</ref>, <ref target='Pg203'>203</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at Iona, <ref target='Pg225'>225</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at Innisboffin, <ref target='Pg225'>225</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at Mayo, <ref target='Pg225'>225</ref>, <ref target='Pg226'>226</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Colman-Columbanus'/> +<l>Colman, or Columbanus, Irish bishop, <ref target='Pg128'>128</ref>, <ref target='Pg129'>129</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cologne, <ref target='Pg322'>322</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Coludi, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Coldingham-Coludi'>Coldingham</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Columba-Columcille'/> +<l>Columba, or Columcille, St., Bishop of Iona, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref> n., <ref target='Pg372'>372</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his mission to the Picts, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg140'>140</ref>, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref>, <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref>, <ref target='Pg359'>359</ref> n., <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>converts King Bridius, <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg140'>140</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his name, <ref target='Pg140'>140</ref> n., <ref target='Pg318'>318</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>founds the monastery of Iona, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref>, <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>builds the monastery of Dearmach, <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his rule and jurisdiction, <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref>, <ref target='Pg143'>143</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>records of him, <ref target='Pg143'>143</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>miracles, <ref target='Pg199'>199</ref>, <ref target='Pg200'>200</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>buried at Iona, <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Columba, St., Life of,</q> <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Adamnan-Iona'>Adamnan</ref> and <ref target='Index-Reeves'>Reeves</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Columban Monasteries, Egbert's mission to, <ref target='Pg318'>318</ref>, <ref target='Pg319'>319</ref>, <ref target='Pg375'>375</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Columbanus, Irish missionary to the continent, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Columbanus, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Colman-Columbanus'>Colman</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Columcille, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Columba-Columcille'>Columba</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='407'/><anchor id='Pg407'/> + +<lg> +<l>Comb sent by Boniface to Ethelberg, <ref target='Pg111'>111</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Comets, <ref target='Pgxxxi'>xxxi</ref>, <ref target='Pg242'>242</ref>, <ref target='Pg378'>378</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>, <ref target='Pg386'>386</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Communion'/> +<l>Communion, Holy, <ref target='Pg053'>53</ref>, <ref target='Pg054'>54</ref>, <ref target='Pg055'>55</ref>, <ref target='Pg056'>56</ref>, <ref target='Pg058'>58</ref>, <ref target='Pg060'>60</ref>, <ref target='Pg061'>61</ref>, <ref target='Pg062'>62</ref>, <ref target='Pg065'>65</ref>, <ref target='Pg096'>96</ref>, <ref target='Pg101'>101</ref>, <ref target='Pg249'>249</ref>, <ref target='Pg275'>275</ref>, <ref target='Pg280'>280</ref>, <ref target='Pg363'>363</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Compiegne'/> +<l>Compiègne, Royal Villa, <ref target='Pg206'>206</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Conall'/> +<l>Conall, King of the Dalriadic Scots, <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Confirmation, the rite of, <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Connor, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Dima'>Dima</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Conquest, the Norman, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Conrad, Prior of Canterbury, <ref target='Pg072'>72</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Constans-II'/> +<l>Constans II, or Constantine IV, Emperor, <ref target='Pg256'>256</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Constans, son of Constantine, Tyrant of Britain, <ref target='Pg022'>22</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Constantine I, Pope, <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Constantine the Great, Emperor, <ref target='Pg019'>19</ref>, <ref target='Pg210'>210</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>establishes Christianity, <ref target='Pg070'>70</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>completes the Basilica of the Anastasis, and builds the Church of the Martyrium, Jerusalem, <ref target='Pg339'>339</ref>, <ref target='Pg340'>340</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Constantine III, Emperor, <ref target='Pg127'>127</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Constantine IV, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Constans-II'>Constans II</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Constantine, Tyrant in Britain, <ref target='Pg022'>22</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Constantinople'/> +<l>Constantinople, <ref target='Pgxxxviii'>xxxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pg027'>27</ref>, <ref target='Pg077'>77</ref>, <ref target='Pg254'>254</ref> n., <ref target='Pg338'>338</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Church at, <ref target='Pg254'>254</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>councils of, <ref target='Pg254'>254</ref>, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref>, <ref target='Pg256'>256</ref>, <ref target='Pg258'>258</ref>, <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Constantinople, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Eudoxius'>Eudoxius</ref>, <ref target='Index-Macedonius'>Macedonius</ref>, <ref target='Index-Nestorius'>Nestorius</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Constantinopolitan System of Indictions, the, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Constantius, father of Constantine the Great, <ref target='Pg019'>19</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Constantius, Count, <ref target='Pg022'>22</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Constantius Chlorus, Emperor, <ref target='Pg014'>14</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Constantius-Lyons'/> +<l>Constantius of Lyons, his <q>Life of Germanus,</q> <ref target='Pgxxii'>xxii</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>editorial references to, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref> n., <ref target='Pg036'>36</ref> n., <ref target='Pg038'>38</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Continuation of Bede, the, <ref target='Pg390'>390</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Conwulf'/> +<l>Conwulf, Bishop of Lindisfarne, after Ethelwald, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Corinth, <ref target='Pg197'>197</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Corinthians, Epistle to the, quoted, <ref target='Pg103'>103</ref>, <ref target='Pg111'>111</ref>, <ref target='Pg363'>363</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Corman, his unsuccessful mission to the Northumbrians, <ref target='Pg145'>145</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cornish Britons, <ref target='Pg007'>7</ref> n., <ref target='Pg336'>336</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cornwall, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref> n., <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Corrib, Lough, monastery on, <ref target='Pg174'>174</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Cotton MSS.,</q> <ref target='Pgxix'>xix</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Councils'/> +<l>Councils, <ref target='Pg116'>116</ref>, <ref target='Pg128'>128</ref>, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref> n., <ref target='Pg256'>256</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>and <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Constantinople'>Constantinople</ref>, <ref target='Index-Rome'>Rome</ref>, and <ref target='Index-Synods'>Synods</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cousins, marriage of, <ref target='Pg052'>52</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cricklade, <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Crimea, the, <ref target='Pg256'>256</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Croes Oswallt, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Oswalds-Tree'>Oswestry</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Cromanus'/> +<l>Cromanus, or Cronan, Bishop of Nendrum, <ref target='Pg129'>129</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cross, The, in procession, <ref target='Pg046'>46</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sign of the, <ref target='Pg304'>304</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Invention of the Holy, by Helena, <ref target='Pg339'>339</ref>, <ref target='Pg340'>340</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cross, erected by Oswald, at Hefenfelth, <ref target='Pg136'>136</ref>, <ref target='Pg137'>137</ref>, <ref target='Pg138'>138</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cross at Maserfelth, <ref target='Pg154'>154</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cudwald, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Cuthbald-Cudwald'>Cuthbald</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Cuichelm-Wessex'/> +<l>Cuichelm, King of Wessex, son of Cynegils, <ref target='Pg103'>103</ref>, <ref target='Pg104'>104</ref>, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Cuichelm-Rochester'/> +<l>Cuichelm, Bishop of Rochester after Putta, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref>, <ref target='Pg242'>242</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cuiritin, Irish saint, <ref target='Pg359'>359</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Culdees, The,</q> <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Reeves'>Reeves</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cunningham, <ref target='Pg325'>325</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cunungaceaster, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Chester-le-Street'>Chester-le-Street</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Cuthbald-Medeshamstead'/> +<l>Cuthbald, Abbot of Medeshamstead, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Cuthbald-Cudwald'/> +<l>Cuthbald, or Cudwald, Abbot of Oundle, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Cuthbert-Lindisfarne'/> +<l>Cuthbert, St., Bishop of Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pgxxii'>xxii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxviii'>xxxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pg004'>4</ref>, <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref> n., <ref target='Pg168'>168</ref> n., <ref target='Pg192'>192</ref> n., <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref> n., <ref target='Pg331'>331</ref> n., <ref target='Pg389'>389</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>history of, <ref target='Pg288'>288-295</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at Farne, <ref target='Pg288'>288</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at Melrose, <ref target='Pg288'>288</ref>, <ref target='Pg289'>289</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>succeeds Boisil as Provost, <ref target='Pg289'>289</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at Ripon, <ref target='Pg194'>194</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his consecration, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref>, <ref target='Pg288'>288</ref>, <ref target='Pg292'>292</ref>, <ref target='Pg293'>293</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Bishop of Hexham, <ref target='Pg293'>293</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pg293'>293</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his friendship for Elfled, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>foretells Egfrid's defeat by the Picts, and death, +<pb n='408'/><anchor id='Pg408'/> +<ref target='Pg189'>189</ref> n., <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref>, <ref target='Pg286'>286</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his vision, <ref target='Pg288'>288</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his spiritual powers, <ref target='Pg289'>289</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his missionary journeys, <ref target='Pg289'>289</ref>, <ref target='Pg290'>290</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his hermitage on Farne Island, <ref target='Pg291'>291</ref>, <ref target='Pg292'>292</ref>, <ref target='Pg294'>294</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>attends the Synod at Twyford, <ref target='Pg292'>292</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his piety, <ref target='Pg293'>293</ref>, <ref target='Pg297'>297</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at Carlisle, <ref target='Pg294'>294</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>foretells his own death to Herebert, <ref target='Pg294'>294</ref>, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>buried at Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref>, <ref target='Pg302'>302</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his body preserved from corruption, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref> n., <ref target='Pg296'>296</ref>, <ref target='Pg297'>297</ref>, <ref target='Pg300'>300</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>removal of his relics, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref> n., <ref target='Pg302'>302</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>miracles, <ref target='Pg291'>291</ref>, <ref target='Pg292'>292</ref>, <ref target='Pg297'>297</ref>, <ref target='Pg298'>298</ref>, <ref target='Pg299'>299</ref>, <ref target='Pg300'>300</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Anonymous Life of, <ref target='Pgxxii'>xxii</ref>, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Bede's Life of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Bede'>Bede</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Cuthbert-Archbishop'/> +<l>Cuthbert, Archbishop of Canterbury after Nothelm, <ref target='Pg090'>90</ref> n., <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Cuthbert-Wearmouth'/> +<l>Cuthbert, Abbot of Wearmouth and Jarrow, pupil of Bede, <ref target='Pgxxxix'>xxxix</ref>, <ref target='Pgxl'>xl</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his letter to Cuthwin describing Bede's death, <ref target='Pgxxxiv'>xxxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxv'>xxxv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxix'>xxxix</ref>, <ref target='Pgxl'>xl-xliii</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Cuthred'/> +<l>Cuthred, King of Wessex, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>, <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cuthwin, <ref target='Pgxxxiv'>xxxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxl'>xl</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cuthwine, father of Coenred, King of Northumbria, <ref target='Pg375'>375</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Cycles'/> +<l>Cycles, Paschal, <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n., <ref target='Pg368'>368</ref>, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref>, <ref target='Pg370'>370</ref>, <ref target='Pg374'>374</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Cyneburg'/> +<l>Cyneburg, St., daughter of Penda, wife of Alchfrid, Abbess of Caistor, <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cyneburga, daughter of Cynegils, wife of Oswald, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cyneburgacaster, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Caistor'>Caistor</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Cynegils'/> +<l>Cynegils, King of Wessex, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg103'>103</ref> n., <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>baptized with all his people, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his daughter married to Oswald, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>divides the West Saxon diocese, <ref target='Pg150'>150</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Cynibert-Lindsey'/> +<l>Cynibert, Bishop of Lindsey or Sidnacester, <ref target='Pg004'>4</ref>, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref>, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref>, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref> n., <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg390'>390</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Cynibert-Redbridge'/> +<l>Cynibert, Abbot of Redbridge, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cynibill, brother of Cedd, <ref target='Pg186'>186</ref>, <ref target='Pg187'>187</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cynifrid, surgeon to Ethelthryth, <ref target='Pg262'>262</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cynimund, a priest, <ref target='Pg167'>167</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Cyniwulf'/> +<l>Cyniwulf, King of Wessex, <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cynwise, wife of Penda, <ref target='Pg188'>188</ref>, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Cyril'/> +<l>Cyril, Archbishop of Alexandria, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref> n., <ref target='Pg256'>256</ref>, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Cyrus, in Syria, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Theodoret'>Theodoret</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dacre, or Dacore, The Monastery of, <ref target='Pg299'>299</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>a monk of, miraculously cured of a tumour, <ref target='Pg299'>299</ref>, <ref target='Pg300'>300</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dacre, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Suidbert-Abbot'>Suidbert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Thruidred'>Thruidred</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dacre, The River, <ref target='Pg299'>299</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Dagan'/> +<l>Dagan, Bishop of Inverdaeile, or Ennereilly, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Dagobert-I'/> +<l>Dagobert I, King of the Franks, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Dagobert-II'/> +<l>Dagobert II, King of Austrasia, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dal, Signification of, <ref target='Pg008'>8</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dalfinus, Archbishop of Lyons, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Annemundus'>Annemundus</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Dalfinus-Count'/> +<l>Dalfinus, Count of Lyons, <ref target='Pg194'>194</ref> n., <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dalriada, the Dalreudini or Dalriadic Scots, history, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg008'>8</ref>, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref>, <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref> n., <ref target='Pg286'>286</ref>, <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dalriadic Scots, King of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Conall'>Conall</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dalston, near Carlisle, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Damascus, <ref target='Pg338'>338</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Damian'/> +<l>Damian, or Damianus, Bishop of Rochester after Ithamar, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref>, <ref target='Pg216'>216</ref>, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg206'>206</ref> n., <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Danes, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>their invasions of England, <ref target='Pg122'>122</ref> n., <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref> n., <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref> n., <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref> n., <ref target='Pg303'>303</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Daniel'/> +<l>Daniel, Bishop of Winchester, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref>, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref> n., <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref>, <ref target='Pg344'>344</ref>, <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref>, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref>, <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Danube, The River, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Darling, Grace, <ref target='Pg168'>168</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>David, <ref target='Pg061'>61</ref>, <ref target='Pg338'>338</ref>, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dawstane Rig, Liddesdale, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='409'/><anchor id='Pg409'/> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Dearmach'/> +<l>Dearmach, Durrow, or Field of Oaks, Monastery of, <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Decius, Emperor, <ref target='Pg265'>265</ref>, <ref target='Pg388'>388</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Deda'/> +<l>Deda, Abbot of Partney, <ref target='Pg123'>123</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Degsastan, or Degsa Stone, Battle of, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref>, <ref target='Pg074'>74</ref>, <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>De Ingratis,</q> <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Prosper'>Prosper</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Deira, History of, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg082'>82</ref> n., <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref> n., <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref>, <ref target='Pg134'>134</ref>, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>, <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>, <ref target='Pg270'>270</ref> n., <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>diocese of, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Gregory's pun on the name, <ref target='Pg082'>82</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Deira, King of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aelli-Deira'>Aelli</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ethelfrid'>Ethelfrid</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ethelric'>Ethelric</ref>, <ref target='Index-Oidilwald'>Oidilwald</ref>, <ref target='Index-Osric-Deira'>Osric</ref>, <ref target='Index-Oswin-Deira'>Oswin</ref>, <ref target='Index-Yffi-Deira'>Yffi</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Deira, Sub-king of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aelfwine'>Aelfwine</ref>, <ref target='Index-Egfrid'>Egfrid</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Deira, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Bosa'>Bosa</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>De Locis Sanctis,</q> <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Adamnan-Iona'>Adamnan</ref> and <ref target='Index-Bede'>Bede</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>De Mensura Orbis Terrae,</q> the author of, <ref target='Pg246'>246</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Denisesburna, or The Brook of Denis, Battle of, <ref target='Pg135'>135</ref>, <ref target='Pg136'>136</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Deogratias, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Derbyshire, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Derwent, the River (Cumberland), <ref target='Pg294'>294</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Derwent, the River (Durham), <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Derwent, the River (Yorkshire), <ref target='Pg104'>104</ref>, <ref target='Pg118'>118</ref>, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Derwentwater, <ref target='Pg294'>294</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Deusdedit, Pope, <ref target='Pg098'>98</ref>, <ref target='Pg100'>100</ref>, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Deusdedit-Archbishop'/> +<l>Deusdedit, or Frithonas, Archbishop of Canterbury, after Honorius, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg178'>178</ref>, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref>, <ref target='Pg208'>208</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref>, <ref target='Pg206'>206</ref> n., <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref>, <ref target='Pg213'>213</ref>, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Deusdedit, The name of, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Deuteronomy, quoted, <ref target='Pg055'>55</ref>, <ref target='Pg279'>279</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Devils, <ref target='Pg328'>328</ref>, <ref target='Pg332'>332</ref>, <ref target='Pg333'>333</ref>, <ref target='Pg334'>334</ref>, <ref target='Pg335'>335</ref>, <ref target='Pg336'>336</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Devil's Water, <ref target='Pg135'>135</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Devon and Cornwall, Kingdom of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Dumnonia'>Dumnonia</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Diarmaid, Irish King, <ref target='Pg140'>140</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Dictionary of Christian Antiquities,</q> referred to, vi, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Dictionary of Christian Biography,</q> referred to, <ref target='Pgvi'>vi</ref>, <ref target='Pg019'>19</ref> n., <ref target='Pg049'>49</ref> n., <ref target='Pg387'>387</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dicul, an Irish monk of Bosham, <ref target='Pg246'>246</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dicull, one of Fursa's priests, <ref target='Pg177'>177</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Dima'/> +<l>Dima, Bishop of Connor, <ref target='Pg129'>129</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dinnaus, probably Dima, <ref target='Pg128'>128</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Dinoot'/> +<l>Dinoot, Donatus, Dunawd or Dunod, Abbot of Bangor, <ref target='Pg086'>86</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Diocletian, Emperor, <ref target='Pg012'>12</ref>, <ref target='Pg013'>13</ref>, <ref target='Pg014'>14</ref>, <ref target='Pg019'>19</ref>, <ref target='Pg265'>265</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dionysius Exiguus, <ref target='Pg228'>228</ref> n., <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Discipline, Augustine's Questions and Gregory's Answers on, <ref target='Pg049'>49-64</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Diuma'/> +<l>Diuma, Bishop of Lindsey, Mercia, and Mid-Anglia, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>, <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>accompanies Peada into Mid-Anglia, <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref>, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>, <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>burial, <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Divorce, <ref target='Pg230'>230</ref>, <ref target='Pg238'>238</ref>, <ref target='Pg239'>239</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dolphins in Britain, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Domesday-Book, <ref target='Pg268'>268</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dommoc, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Dunwich'>Dunwich</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Don, The River, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Donafeld, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Campodonum'>Campodonum</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Donatus, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Dinoot'>Dinoot</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Doncaster (perhaps Campodonum), <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref> n., <ref target='Pg131'>131</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dooms, of Edric, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of Ethelbert, <ref target='Pg095'>95</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of Hlothere, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of Ini, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref> n., <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dorchester (Oxfordshire), See at, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref>, <ref target='Pg272'>272</ref> n., <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dorchester, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aetla'>Aetla</ref>, <ref target='Index-Agilbert'>Agilbert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Birinus'>Birinus</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dorsetshire, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dorubrevis, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Rochester'>Rochester</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Doruvernis, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Canterbury'>Canterbury</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Double Procession of the Holy Spirit, Doctrine of, <ref target='Pg256'>256</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Doulting, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dreams, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Visions'>Visions</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Driffield, or Field of Deira, <ref target='Pg342'>342</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Drought, An excessive, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Drythelm, a Northumbrian, his visions of Death, Hell and Judgement, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg325'>325-331</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>retires into the monastery of Melrose, <ref target='Pg326'>326</ref>, <ref target='Pg331'>331</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg332'>332</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ducange, editorial references to, <ref target='Pg077'>77</ref>, <ref target='Pg090'>90</ref>, <ref target='Pg135'>135</ref> n., <ref target='Pg266'>266</ref> n., <ref target='Pg305'>305</ref> n., <ref target='Pg340'>340</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='410'/><anchor id='Pg410'/> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Dudden'/> +<l>Dudden, F. Homes, his <q>Gregory the Great,</q> editorial references to, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref> n., <ref target='Pg081'>81</ref> n., <ref target='Pg133'>133</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Dugdale'/> +<l>Dugdale's <q>Monasticon,</q> editorial references to, <ref target='Pg018'>18</ref> n., <ref target='Pg275'>275</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Dumbarton'/> +<l>Dumbarton, Alcluith, or Dúnbrettan, <ref target='Pg009'>9</ref>, <ref target='Pg024'>24</ref>, <ref target='Pg025'>25</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Dumnonia'/> +<l>Dumnonia, <ref target='Pg344'>344</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dumnonia, King of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Geraint-King'>Geraint</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dunawd, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Dinoot'>Dinoot</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dunbar, <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dúnbrettan, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Dumbarton'>Dumbarton</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dunchad, Abbot of Iona, <ref target='Pg376'>376</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dunnechtan, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Nechtansmere'>Nechtansmere</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dunnichen, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dunod, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Dinoot'>Dinoot</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Dunwich'/> +<l>Dunwich, or Dommoc, Diocese of, <ref target='Pg122'>122</ref> n., <ref target='Pg172'>172</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dunwich, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aecci'>Aecci</ref>, <ref target='Index-Aldbert'>Aldbert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Bisi'>Bisi</ref>, <ref target='Index-Boniface-Bertgils'>Boniface</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Durham, <ref target='Pgxl'>xl</ref>, <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref> n., <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref> n., <ref target='Pg288'>288</ref> n., <ref target='Pg302'>302</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Cathedral, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Durham, Reginald of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Reginald'>Reginald</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Durrow, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Dearmach'>Dearmach</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Dysentery, <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eabae, daughter of Eanfrid, wife of Ethelwalch, baptized, <ref target='Pg246'>246</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Eadbald'/> +<l>Eadbald, King of Kent, son of Ethelbert, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg095'>95</ref>, <ref target='Pg099'>99</ref>, <ref target='Pg127'>127</ref>, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his wickedness, <ref target='Pg095'>95</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>marries his stepmother, <ref target='Pg095'>95</ref>, <ref target='Pg097'>97</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>gives her up, <ref target='Pg097'>97</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>converted by Laurentius, <ref target='Pg097'>97</ref>, <ref target='Pg098'>98</ref>, <ref target='Pg101'>101</ref>, <ref target='Pg105'>105</ref> n., <ref target='Pg107'>107</ref>, <ref target='Pg110'>110</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>recalls Mellitus and Justus, <ref target='Pg098'>98</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>builds the Church of the Mother of God, <ref target='Pg098'>98</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his letters to Pope Boniface, <ref target='Pg101'>101</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>gives his sister in marriage to Edwin, <ref target='Pg102'>102</ref>, <ref target='Pg103'>103</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>welcomes Paulinus back to Kent, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Eadbert-Kent'/> +<l>Eadbert, King of Kent, son of Wictred, <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Eadbert-Northumbria'/> +<l>Eadbert, King of Northumbria after Ceolwulf, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>, <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref>, <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Eadbert-Lindisfarne'/> +<l>Eadbert, Bishop of Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pg192'>192</ref>, <ref target='Pg296'>296</ref>, <ref target='Pg297'>297</ref>, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>illness and death, <ref target='Pg297'>297</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>buried with Cuthbert at Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pg297'>297</ref>, <ref target='Pg302'>302</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>posthumous miracles, <ref target='Pg297'>297</ref>, <ref target='Pg298'>298</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Eadbert-Selsey'/> +<l>Eadbert, Abbot of Selsey, afterwards Bishop of Selsey, <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eadbert, (unknown), slain, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eadbert, Mercian Chief, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>, <ref target='Pg192'>192</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Eadfrid-Lindisfarne'/> +<l>Eadfrid, Bishop of Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pg331'>331</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eadfrid, son of Edwin, baptized, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>killed by Penda, <ref target='Pg131'>131</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eadgyth, a nun of Barking, <ref target='Pg234'>234</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Eadhaed'/> +<l>Eadhaed, Bishop of Lindsey, <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref>, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>translated to Ripon, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Eadwulf'/> +<l>Eadwulf, usurps the throne of Northumbria, <ref target='Pg342'>342</ref> n., <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>besieges Bamborough, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eafa, Mercian Chief, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>, <ref target='Pg192'>192</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Eanfled'/> +<l>Eanfled, daughter of Edwin, wife of Oswy, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg165'>165</ref> n., <ref target='Pg167'>167</ref>, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref> n., <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>her birth, <ref target='Pg104'>104</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>baptism, <ref target='Pg104'>104</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>taken by her mother and Paulinus into Kent, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>, <ref target='Pg167'>167</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>observes the Catholic Easter, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>receives a cross from Pope Vitalian, <ref target='Pg211'>211</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>befriends Wilfrid, <ref target='Pg347'>347</ref>, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>joint Abbess of Whitby with her daughter Elfled, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref> n., <ref target='Pg286'>286</ref>, <ref target='Pg306'>306</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>buried at Whitby, <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>her relatives, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Eanfrid-Bernicia'/> +<l>Eanfrid, King of Bernicia, son of Ethelfrid, <ref target='Pg134'>134</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Eanfrid-Hwiccas'/> +<l>Eanfrid, King of the Hwiccas, <ref target='Pg246'>246</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eanred, <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Eappa'/> +<l>Eappa, a priest of Wilfrid's, afterwards Abbot of Selsey, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref>, <ref target='Pg248'>248</ref>, <ref target='Pg249'>249</ref>, <ref target='Pg250'>250</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Earconbert'/> +<l>Earconbert, King of Kent, son of Eadbald, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>, <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>suppresses idolatry, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sends Wilfrid and Benedict Biscop to Rome, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg213'>213</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Earcongota, daughter of Earconbert and granddaughter of Anna, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref> n., <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>, <ref target='Pg152'>152</ref>, <ref target='Pg153'>153</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Earconwald'/> +<l>Earconwald, St., Bishop of London, <ref target='Pgxxviii'>xxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref>, <ref target='Pg232'>232</ref>, <ref target='Pg239'>239</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Earpwald'/> +<l>Earpwald, King of East Anglia, +<pb n='411'/><anchor id='Pg411'/> +son of Redwald, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg171'>171</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>converted by Edwin, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref>, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>slain by Ricbert, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>East Angles, The, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>East Anglia, History of, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref>, <ref target='Pg112'>112</ref> n., <ref target='Pg177'>177</ref>, <ref target='Pg220'>220</ref>, <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>establishment of Christianity in, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref>, <ref target='Pg122'>122</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>diocese of, <ref target='Pgxxviii'>xxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref>, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref> n., <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>East Anglia, King of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aldwulf-King'>Aldwulf</ref>, <ref target='Index-Anna'>Anna</ref>, <ref target='Index-Earpwald'>Earpwald</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ecgric'>Ecgric</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ethelhere'>Ethelhere</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ethelwald-Anglia'>Ethelwald</ref>, <ref target='Index-Redwald'>Redwald</ref>, <ref target='Index-Sigbert-Anglia'>Sigbert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Tytilus'>Tytilus</ref>, <ref target='Index-Uuffa'>Uuffa</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>East Anglia, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Bisi'>Bisi</ref>, <ref target='Index-Boniface-Bertgils'>Boniface</ref>, <ref target='Index-Thomas-Anglia'>Thomas</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Easter-Controversy'/> +<l>Easter Controversy, The, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxviii'>xxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxi'>xxxi</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxviii'>xxxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxix'>xxxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref>, <ref target='Pg085'>85</ref>, <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref>, <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref>, <ref target='Pg128'>128</ref>, <ref target='Pg129'>129</ref>, <ref target='Pg138'>138</ref>, <ref target='Pg139'>139</ref>, <ref target='Pg143'>143</ref>, <ref target='Pg170'>170</ref>, <ref target='Pg171'>171</ref>, <ref target='Pg192'>192-201</ref>, <ref target='Pg210'>210</ref>, <ref target='Pg216'>216</ref>, <ref target='Pg228'>228</ref>, <ref target='Pg336'>336</ref>, <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref>, <ref target='Pg344'>344</ref>, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref>, <ref target='Pg359'>359-370</ref>, <ref target='Pg374'>374-376</ref>, <ref target='Pg381'>381</ref>, <ref target='Pg386'>386</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Easter kept twice in one year, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eastern Church, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Greek'>Greek</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>East Lothian, <ref target='Pg325'>325</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>East Saxons, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref>, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>diocese of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-London'>London</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>province of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Essex'>Essex</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Eata'/> +<l>Eata, Abbot of Melrose, afterwards Bishop of Hexham, <ref target='Pg194'>194</ref> n., <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref>, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref> n., <ref target='Pg288'>288</ref>, <ref target='Pg290'>290</ref>, <ref target='Pg318'>318</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ordained at York in Wilfrid's place, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Bishop of Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pg202'>202</ref>, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref> n., <ref target='Pg288'>288</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg302'>302</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eata Glinmaur, father of Eadbert of Northumbria, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ebbsfleet, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ebchester, Monastery of, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ebroin'/> +<l>Ebroin, Mayor of the Palace to Clothaire III, <ref target='Pg192'>192</ref> n., <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>plots against Wilfrid, <ref target='Pg192'>192</ref> n., <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>detains Hadrian and Theodore, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>, <ref target='Pg216'>216</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>murdered, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Ecclesiastes,</q> quoted, <ref target='Pg220'>220</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ecclesiastical Arithmetic, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ecclesiastical-History'/> +<l><q>Ecclesiastical History,</q> Bede's, MSS. of, <ref target='Pgxix'>xix</ref>, <ref target='Pg277'>277</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sources of, <ref target='Pgxxi'>xxi</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxii'>xxii</ref>, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>editions of, <ref target='Pgxix'>xix</ref>, <ref target='Pgxx'>xx</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>translations of, <ref target='Pgxx'>xx</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxi'>xxi</ref>, <ref target='Pg249'>249</ref> n., <ref target='Pg321'>321</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>date of, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Bede's own account of, <ref target='Pg386'>386</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>and <hi rend='italic'>passim</hi>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ecgric'/> +<l>Ecgric, King of East Anglia, after Sigbert, <ref target='Pg172'>172</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eclanum, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Julianus'>Julianus</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eclipses of the Moon, <ref target='Pg390'>390</ref>, <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of the Sun, <ref target='Pg203'>203</ref>, <ref target='Pg213'>213</ref>, <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>, <ref target='Pg390'>390</ref>, <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Eddi'/> +<l>Eddi, or Eddius, surnamed Stephen, editorial references to, his <q>Life of Wilfrid,</q> <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref> n., <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref> n., <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref> n., <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref> n., <ref target='Pg252'>252</ref> n., <ref target='Pg267'>267</ref> n., <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref> n., <ref target='Pg347'>347</ref> n., <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref> n., <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref> n., <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref> n., <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref> n., <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>teaches the Northumbrians to sing in church, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Edessa, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Ibas'>Ibas</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Edgar'/> +<l>Edgar, Bishop of Lindsey, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Edilhart'/> +<l>Edilhart, King of Wessex, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Edinburgh (perhaps Urbs Iudeu), <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref> n., <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Edric, King of Kent, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Edwin'/> +<l>Edwin, King of Deira, afterwards of Northumbria, 5th Bretwalda, <ref target='Pg109'>109</ref>, <ref target='Pg127'>127</ref>, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>, <ref target='Pg164'>164</ref>, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref> n., <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his early history, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg112'>112</ref>, <ref target='Pg115'>115</ref>, <ref target='Pg130'>130</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>marries Ethelberg of Kent, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg102'>102</ref>, <ref target='Pg103'>103</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>conquers the Mevanian Islands, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>, <ref target='Pg102'>102</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his dominion, <ref target='Pg102'>102</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his vision, <ref target='Pg112'>112</ref>, <ref target='Pg113'>113</ref>, <ref target='Pg114'>114</ref>, <ref target='Pg115'>115</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his conversion and baptism, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg102'>102</ref>, <ref target='Pg105'>105</ref>, <ref target='Pg110'>110</ref>, <ref target='Pg111'>111</ref>, <ref target='Pg115'>115</ref>, <ref target='Pg116'>116</ref>, <ref target='Pg118'>118</ref>, <ref target='Pg131'>131</ref>, <ref target='Pg270'>270</ref>, <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>allows his daughter to be baptized, <ref target='Pg104'>104</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his children, <ref target='Pg104'>104</ref>, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>receives letters from Pope Honorius, <ref target='Pg124'>124</ref>, <ref target='Pg125'>125</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>converts Earpwald, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref>, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Eumer's attack on his life, <ref target='Pg103'>103</ref>, <ref target='Pg104'>104</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his war against the West Saxons, <ref target='Pg104'>104</ref>, <ref target='Pg105'>105</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>builds St. Peter's, York, <ref target='Pg118'>118</ref>, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>, <ref target='Pg131'>131</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>bestows the see of York upon Paulinus, <ref target='Pg118'>118</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>marries Quenburga, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his glorious reign, <ref target='Pg123'>123</ref>, <ref target='Pg124'>124</ref>, <ref target='Pg130'>130</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Caedwalla rebels against him, <ref target='Pg130'>130</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>defeated and killed at the battle of Hatfield, +<pb n='412'/><anchor id='Pg412'/> +<ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>, <ref target='Pg130'>130</ref>, <ref target='Pg131'>131</ref>, <ref target='Pg134'>134</ref>, <ref target='Pg135'>135</ref> n., <ref target='Pg154'>154</ref>, <ref target='Pg167'>167</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>buried at Whitby, <ref target='Pg131'>131</ref> n., <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his head laid in St. Gregory's Chapel in St. Peter's, York, <ref target='Pg131'>131</ref>, <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his Cross and Chalice preserved at Canterbury, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Edwin's Cliff, <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Edwinspath, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Ouestraefelda'>Ouestraefelda</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Egbert-York'/> +<l>Egbert, Bishop of York after Wilfrid II, afterwards Archbishop, pupil of Bede, <ref target='Pgxxxvi'>xxxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref> n., <ref target='Pg342'>342</ref> n., <ref target='Pg390'>390</ref>, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>founder of the School of York, <ref target='Pgxxxvi'>xxxvi</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Bede's <q>Epistola ad Ecgbertum</q> addressed to, <ref target='Pgxxxvi'>xxxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg390'>390</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Bede visits, <ref target='Pgxxxvi'>xxxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxix'>xxxix</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Egbert, English monk in Ireland, probably bishop, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxi'>xxxi</ref>, <ref target='Pg143'>143</ref>, <ref target='Pg203'>203</ref>, <ref target='Pg205'>205</ref>, <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg143'>143</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>seized with the plague, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his vow and recovery, <ref target='Pg205'>205</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his attempted mission to Frisland, <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref> n., <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>dissuaded by a revelation, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref>, <ref target='Pg318'>318</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sends Wilbrord instead, <ref target='Pg320'>320</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>saved from shipwreck, <ref target='Pg319'>319</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his good example, <ref target='Pg205'>205</ref>, <ref target='Pg206'>206</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his account of Ceadda's death, <ref target='Pg223'>223</ref>, <ref target='Pg224'>224</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>advises Egfrid against the war with the Scots, <ref target='Pg286'>286</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his mission to the Columban monasteries, <ref target='Pg318'>318</ref>, <ref target='Pg319'>319</ref>, <ref target='Pg375'>375</ref>, <ref target='Pg376'>376</ref>, <ref target='Pg386'>386</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, on Easter Day, <ref target='Pg205'>205</ref>, <ref target='Pg376'>376</ref>, <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref>, <ref target='Pg378'>378</ref>, <ref target='Pg386'>386</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Egbert-King'/> +<l>Egbert, King of Kent, after Earconbert, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pg213'>213</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref>, <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>consults with Oswy on Church matters, <ref target='Pg208'>208</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sends Wighard to Rome, <ref target='Pg208'>208</ref>, <ref target='Pg213'>213</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sends Raedfrid to meet Theodore, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg226'>226</ref>, <ref target='Pg230'>230</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Egfrid'/> +<l>Egfrid, King of Northumbria, son of Oswy, <ref target='Pgxxviii'>xxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg137'>137</ref> n., <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref>, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref>, <ref target='Pg254'>254</ref>, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref>, <ref target='Pg266'>266</ref> n., <ref target='Pg302'>302</ref>, <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref> n., <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>hostage with Queen Cynwise, <ref target='Pg188'>188</ref>, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref>, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>defeats Wulfhere and annexes Lindsey, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref> n., <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref>, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his conquests, <ref target='Pg226'>226</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>defeated by Ethelred at the battle of the Trent, <ref target='Pg267'>267</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>reconciled to Ethelred by Theodore, <ref target='Pg267'>267</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>gives Benedict Biscop land for the monasteries of Wearmouth and Jarrow, <ref target='Pgxxxiv'>xxxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg258'>258</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his dispute with Wilfrid, <ref target='Pg242'>242</ref>, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>marries Ethelthryth, <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his relations with her, <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref>, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>appoints Cuthbert Bishop of Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pg288'>288</ref>, <ref target='Pg293'>293</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at the Synod of Twyford, <ref target='Pg292'>292</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at the Synod of Hertford, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his death foretold by Cuthbert, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref> n., <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sends an army to ravage Ireland, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his expedition against the Picts and Scots, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref> n., <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref>, <ref target='Pg286'>286</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>defeated and killed at the battle of Nechtansmere, <ref target='Pg247'>247</ref>, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref>, <ref target='Pg286'>286</ref>, <ref target='Pg288'>288</ref>, <ref target='Pg342'>342</ref> n., <ref target='Pg381'>381</ref> n., <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>buried at Iona, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Egwin'/> +<l>Egwin, St., Bishop of Worcester, <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Egypt, <ref target='Pg067'>67</ref>, <ref target='Pg361'>361</ref>, <ref target='Pg362'>362</ref>, <ref target='Pg363'>363</ref>, <ref target='Pg368'>368</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>churches of, <ref target='Pg196'>196</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Egyptians, their skill in calculation, <ref target='Pg366'>366</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Elafius, British Chief, his son cured of his lameness by Germanus, <ref target='Pg039'>39</ref>, <ref target='Pg040'>40</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Elbe, The river, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eleutherus, or Eleuther, Pope, <ref target='Pg012'>12</ref>, <ref target='Pg382'>382</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Elfled'/> +<l>Elfled, daughter of Oswy, dedicated to religion by her father, <ref target='Pgxxxiii'>xxxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pg188'>188</ref>, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>trained at Whitby, <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>enters the Monastery of Hartlepool, <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>joint Abbess of Whitby with her mother, Eanfled, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref> n., <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref> n., <ref target='Pg286'>286</ref>, <ref target='Pg306'>306</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>her friendship with Trumwine, <ref target='Pg286'>286</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>buried at Whitby, <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Elford-on-Trent, <ref target='Pg267'>267</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Elfred the priest, carries Bede's bones to Durham, <ref target='Pgxl'>xl</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='413'/><anchor id='Pg413'/> + +<lg> +<l>Elge, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Ely'>Ely</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Elizabeth, Queen, <q>The Ecclesiastical History,</q> translated for her benefit, <ref target='Pgxxi'>xxi</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ellmyn, Celtic name for the English, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Elmet Wood, <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Elmham, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Badwin'>Badwin</ref>, <ref target='Index-Hadulac'>Hadulac</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ely'/> +<l>Ely, Isle of, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref> n., <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref>, <ref target='Pg263'>263</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Monastery of, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref>, <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref>, <ref target='Pg262'>262</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>St. Audrey's Fair at, <ref target='Pg263'>263</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ely, Abbess of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Ermingild'>Ermingild</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ethelthryth-St'>Ethelthryth</ref>, <ref target='Index-Sexburg-Anna'>Sexburg</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Emme'/> +<l>Emme, Emmo, or Haymo, Bishop of Sens, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ems, The, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>End of the World, <ref target='Pg071'>71</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>English, The, come to Britain, <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>idolatry among, <ref target='Pg067'>67</ref>, <ref target='Pg070'>70</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>called Garmans, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Saxons, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Ellmyn, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Church, <ref target='Pgxxiii'>xxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg053'>53</ref>, <ref target='Pg065'>65</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>language, <ref target='Pg006'>6</ref>, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>religious poetry, <ref target='Pg277'>277</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>English Historical Review, The,</q> editorial reference to, <ref target='Pg032'>32</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eni, father of Anna, <ref target='Pg172'>172</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ennereilly, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Inver-Daeile'>Inver Daeile</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Eolla'/> +<l>Eolla, Bishop of Selsey, <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eormenburg, second wife of Egfrid, <ref target='Pg242'>242</ref> n., <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>warned by Cuthbert of Egfrid's death, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Ephesians, Epistle to the,</q> quoted, <ref target='Pg110'>110</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ephesus, Council of, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Epigrams, <ref target='Pg389'>389</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Epistola ad Ecgbertum,</q> <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Bede'>Bede</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Epternach, Wilbrord's monastery at, <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Equinox, the Vernal, <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n., <ref target='Pg366'>366</ref>, <ref target='Pg388'>388</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ercinwald'/> +<l>Ercinwald, Mayor of the Palace to Clovis II, <ref target='Pg178'>178</ref>, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref> n., <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ermingild'/> +<l>Ermingild, daughter of Sexburg, and wife of Wulfhere, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref> n., <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Abbess of Ely and Sheppey, <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ermynge'/> +<l>Ermynge, or Ixning, <ref target='Pg266'>266</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Erneshow, or Herneshaw, now St. John's Lee, Hexham, <ref target='Pg303'>303</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ernianus, Irish priest, <ref target='Pg129'>129</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Esi, Abbot, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Esquiline, The, Rome, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Essex'/> +<l>Essex, History of, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref>, <ref target='Pg010'>10</ref> n., <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref>, <ref target='Pg150'>150</ref> n., <ref target='Pg182'>182</ref>, <ref target='Pg183'>183</ref>, <ref target='Pg212'>212</ref>, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref> n., <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref>, <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>diocese of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-London'>London</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Essex, King of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Offa-Essex'>Offa</ref>, <ref target='Index-Saba'>Sabert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Sebbi'>Sebbi</ref>, <ref target='Index-Sigbert-Good'>Sigbert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Sighard'>Sighard</ref>, <ref target='Index-Sighere'>Sighere</ref>, <ref target='Index-Suefred'>Suefred</ref>, <ref target='Index-Suidhelm'>Suidhelm</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Estrefeld, Council of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Ouestraefelda'>Ouestraefelda</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Etaples'/> +<l>Etaples, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eternal punishment, <ref target='Pg051'>51</ref>, <ref target='Pg053'>53</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ethelbald'/> +<l>Ethelbald, King of Mercia, son of Alweo, <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref> n., <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref>, <ref target='Pg386'>386</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ravages Northumbria, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>murdered, <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ethelberg-Brige'/> +<l>Ethelberg, daughter of Anna, Abbess of Brige, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref> n., <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>, <ref target='Pg152'>152</ref>, <ref target='Pg153'>153</ref>, <ref target='Pg232'>232</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ethelberg-Tata'/> +<l>Ethelberg, or Tata, daughter of Ethelbert of Kent, wife of Edwin of Northumbria, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg102'>102</ref>, <ref target='Pg103'>103</ref>, <ref target='Pg104'>104</ref>, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>receives a letter and gifts from Pope Boniface, <ref target='Pg109'>109</ref>, <ref target='Pg111'>111</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>her piety, <ref target='Pg110'>110</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>after Edwin's death, returns with her children and Paulinus into Kent, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg131'>131</ref>, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sends Wusfrea and Yffi to King Dagobert, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ethelbert'/> +<l>Ethelbert, King of Kent, third Bretwalda, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref>, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref>, <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref>, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>, <ref target='Pg102'>102</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his wife Bertha, <ref target='Pg046'>46</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>converted by St. Augustine, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref>, <ref target='Pg046'>46</ref>, <ref target='Pg047'>47</ref>, <ref target='Pg090'>90</ref>, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>receives a letter and gift from Gregory, <ref target='Pg069'>69</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>builds St. Paul's, London, and St. Andrew's, Rochester, <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref>, <ref target='Pg163'>163</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>endows the bishoprics of London, Rochester and Canterbury, <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>receives a letter from Boniface, <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of his reign, <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref>, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his <q>dooms,</q> <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>;</l> +<pb n='414'/><anchor id='Pg414'/> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref>, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>, <ref target='Pg095'>95</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>burial, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>genealogy, <ref target='Pg095'>95</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his second wife marries his son Eadbald, <ref target='Pg095'>95</ref>, <ref target='Pg097'>97</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ethelbert, King of Kent, son of Wictred, <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ethelburg'/> +<l>Ethelburg, St., sister of Earconwald, Abbess of Barking, <ref target='Pgxxviii'>xxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pg232'>232</ref>, <ref target='Pg233'>233</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>her miracles, <ref target='Pg232'>232</ref>, <ref target='Pg233'>233</ref>, <ref target='Pg236'>236</ref>, <ref target='Pg237'>237</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg235'>235</ref>, <ref target='Pg236'>236</ref>, <ref target='Pg237'>237</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>burial, <ref target='Pg236'>236</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>her spirit appears to Tortgyth, <ref target='Pg237'>237</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><q>Life of,</q> <ref target='Pgxxii'>xxii</ref>, <ref target='Pg237'>237</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ethelfrid'/> +<l>Ethelfrid, King of Northumbria, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg112'>112</ref>, <ref target='Pg134'>134</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>defeats the Britons at Legacaestir, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref>, <ref target='Pg088'>88</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>defeats the Scots at Degsastan, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref>, <ref target='Pg074'>74</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his genealogy and reign, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref>, <ref target='Pg074'>74</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his persecution of Edwin, <ref target='Pg112'>112</ref>, <ref target='Pg113'>113</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>killed in battle by Redwald, <ref target='Pg115'>115</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his wives, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his sons, <ref target='Pg163'>163</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ethelhere'/> +<l>Ethelhere, King of East Anglia, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref> n., <ref target='Pg185'>185</ref> n., <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref> n., <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>occasions the war between Penda and Oswy, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>slain at the Winwaed, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ethelhild, Abbess, <ref target='Pg158'>158</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ethelhun, son of Edwin, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ethelhun, brother of Ethelwin, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref>, <ref target='Pg205'>205</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ethelred'/> +<l>Ethelred, King of Mercia, son of Penda, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg254'>254</ref>, <ref target='Pg268'>268</ref>, <ref target='Pg332'>332</ref>, <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref>, <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref> n., <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>defeats Egfrid at the battle of the Trent, <ref target='Pg267'>267</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>reconciled to Egfrid by Theodore, <ref target='Pg267'>267</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>recovers Lindsey, <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref> n. <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref>, <ref target='Pg267'>267</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ravages Kent, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref>, <ref target='Pg242'>242</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his veneration for Bardney Monastery, <ref target='Pg157'>157</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>appoints Oftfor Bishop of Worcester, <ref target='Pg274'>274</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>reconciled to Wilfrid, <ref target='Pg355'>355</ref>, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>resigns his throne to Coinred, and becomes a monk, <ref target='Pg355'>355</ref>, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Abbot of Bardney, <ref target='Pg355'>355</ref>, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>reconciles Coinred to Wilfrid, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ethelric'/> +<l>Ethelric, King of Northumbria, son of Ida, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref> n., <ref target='Pg270'>270</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ethelthryth-St'/> +<l>Ethelthryth, St. (of Audrey), daughter of Anna, wife of Tondbert and of Egfrid, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref> n., <ref target='Pg220'>220</ref>, <ref target='Pg263'>263</ref>, <ref target='Pg269'>269</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>her history, <ref target='Pg266'>266</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>her virginity, <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref>, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref>, <ref target='Pg264'>264</ref>, <ref target='Pg267'>267</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>her virtues, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref>, <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>her gift of prophecy, <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>gives land for a church at Hexham, <ref target='Pg137'>137</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>obtains a divorce and retires into the Monastery of Coldingham, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>founds the Monastery of Ely, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref>, <ref target='Pg263'>263</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>dies of a tumour, <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref>, <ref target='Pg262'>262</ref>, <ref target='Pg263'>263</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>her flesh preserved from corruption, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref>, <ref target='Pg262'>262</ref>, <ref target='Pg266'>266</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>her posthumous miracles, <ref target='Pg262'>262</ref>, <ref target='Pg263'>263</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>her bones translated by Sexburg, <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref>, <ref target='Pg262'>262</ref>, <ref target='Pg263'>263</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Bede's hymn in her honour, <ref target='Pg264'>264-267</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ethelthryth, daughter of Edwin, baptized, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ethelwalch'/> +<l>Ethelwalch, King of the South Saxons, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref>, <ref target='Pg247'>247</ref>, <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ethelwald-Deira'/> +<l>Ethelwald, or Oidilwald, sub-king of Deira, son of Oswald, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pg185'>185</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>rebels against his uncle Oswy and supports Penda, <ref target='Pg163'>163</ref>, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>gives Cedd land for a monastery at Lastingham, <ref target='Pg185'>185</ref>, <ref target='Pg186'>186</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ethelwald-Anglia'/> +<l>Ethelwald, King of East Anglia, <ref target='Pg185'>185</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ethelwald-Northumbria'/> +<l>Ethelwald, King of Northumbria after Oswulf, <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ethelwald-Melrose'/> +<l>Ethelwald, Abbot of Melrose and Bishop of Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pg331'>331</ref>, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref> n., <ref target='Pg381'>381</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his death, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his gifts to Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pg331'>331</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ethelwald, Hermit, <ref target='Pg301'>301</ref>, <ref target='Pg302'>302</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ethelward, of the Hwiccas, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ethelwin'/> +<l>Ethelwin, Bishop of Lindsey, <ref target='Pg158'>158</ref>, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref>, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ethelwulf, <ref target='Pg143'>143</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ethilwin, Oswy's reeve, <ref target='Pg164'>164</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eucharist, The, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Communion'>Communion</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eucherius, <ref target='Pg340'>340</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Eudoxius'/> +<l>Eudoxius, heretic Bishop of Constantinople, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref> n., <ref target='Pg256'>256</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eugenius I, Pope, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eulalia, St., <ref target='Pg265'>265</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='415'/><anchor id='Pg415'/> + +<lg> +<l>Eumer, attempts to murder Edwin, <ref target='Pg103'>103</ref>, <ref target='Pg104'>104</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Euphemia, St., <ref target='Pg265'>265</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Europe, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Eusebius-Pamphili'/> +<l>Eusebius Pamphili, Bishop of Caesarea, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eusebius, name in religion given to Huaetbert, <ref target='Pg389'>389</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eutropius, quoted, <ref target='Pgxxii'>xxii</ref>, <ref target='Pg019'>19</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eutyches, founder of Eutychianism, <ref target='Pg078'>78</ref> n., <ref target='Pg254'>254</ref> n., <ref target='Pg256'>256</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eutychius, heretic patriarch of Constantinople, <ref target='Pg078'>78</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Eve, <ref target='Pg266'>266</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Excommunication, <ref target='Pg184'>184</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Excursus on Paschal Controversy,</q> <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Plummer'>Plummer</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Exodus,</q> quoted, <ref target='Pg361'>361</ref>, <ref target='Pg362'>362</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Exorcism of Evil Spirits, <ref target='Pg311'>311</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Ezekiel, Commentary on,</q> by Gregory, <ref target='Pg079'>79</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Ezra,</q> <ref target='Pg387'>387</ref>, <ref target='Pg388'>388</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fainéant, Roi, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Clothaire-III'>Clothaire III</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Famines, <ref target='Pg026'>26</ref>, <ref target='Pg027'>27</ref>, <ref target='Pg028'>28</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Fara'/> +<l>Fara, or Burgundofara, foundress of the Monastery of Brige, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Faremoûtier-en-Brie, or Farae Monasterium in Brige, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Brige'>Brige</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Farne'/> +<l>Farne, Isle of, or House Island, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg168'>168</ref>, <ref target='Pg288'>288</ref>, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref>, <ref target='Pg301'>301</ref>, <ref target='Pg302'>302</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Faro'/> +<l>Faro, or Burgundofarus, Bishop of Meaux, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fasting, <ref target='Pg145'>145</ref>, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>, <ref target='Pg206'>206</ref>, <ref target='Pg282'>282</ref>, <ref target='Pg307'>307</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Feliskirk, Yorkshire, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Felix, St., <ref target='Pg388'>388</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Felix III, Pope, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Felix IV, Pope, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Felix, Bishop of Dunwich, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref>, <ref target='Pg122'>122</ref>, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his school, <ref target='Pg172'>172</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg122'>122</ref>, <ref target='Pg178'>178</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Felixstowe, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fen Country, The, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fergus, father of Oengus, <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Field-of-Oaks, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Dearmach'>Dearmach</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fina, mother of Aldfrid, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Finan'/> +<l>Finan, Bishop of Lindisfarne, after Aidan, <ref target='Pg169'>169</ref>, <ref target='Pg201'>201</ref>, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>baptizes Peada, <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ordains Diuma, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>baptizes Sigbert, <ref target='Pg182'>182</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ordains Cedd, <ref target='Pg183'>183</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>builds a church at Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pg192'>192</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his controversy with Ronan on the Easter question, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Finchale, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fire, future punishment by, <ref target='Pg175'>175</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fire of London, <ref target='Pg240'>240</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fish of Britain, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fiskerton, <ref target='Pg123'>123</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Flintshire, <ref target='Pg086'>86</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Florence of Worcester, editorial references to, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref> n., <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref> n., <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref> n., <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref> n., <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref> n., <ref target='Pg272'>272</ref> n., <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref>, <ref target='Pg274'>274</ref>, <ref target='Pg301'>301</ref> n., <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref> n., <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Foillan, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Fullan'>Fullan</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Folcard, his Life of St. John of Beverley, editorial references to, <ref target='Pg303'>303</ref> n., <ref target='Pg305'>305</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fontaines, Monastery of, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Forfar, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref> n., <ref target='Pg360'>360</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Forth, the, or Sea of Giudan, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref> n., <ref target='Pg024'>24</ref> n., <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref> n., <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref> n., <ref target='Pg286'>286</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Forthere-Sherborne'/> +<l>Forthere, Bishop of Sherborne after Aldhelm, <ref target='Pg344'>344</ref>, <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref>, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref> n., <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Forthhere, Edwin's thegn, <ref target='Pg104'>104</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Fortunatus'/> +<l>Fortunatus, Venantius, Bishop of Poitiers, <ref target='Pg014'>14</ref>, <ref target='Pg265'>265</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his <q>Praise of Virgins</q> quoted, <ref target='Pg015'>15</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fosite, the god, son of Balder, <ref target='Pg323'>323</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fosse, monastery of, <ref target='Pg177'>177</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fosse, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Ultan'>Ultan</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>France, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Franks, the, <ref target='Pg013'>13</ref>, <ref target='Pg022'>22</ref>, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>their language, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Church of, <ref target='Pg051'>51</ref>, <ref target='Pg054'>54</ref>, <ref target='Pg055'>55</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>and <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Gaul'>Gaul</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Franks, King of the, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Carloman'>Carloman</ref>, <ref target='Index-Charles'>Charles Martel</ref>, <ref target='Index-Charibert'>Charibert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Childebert'>Childebert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Chilperic'>Chilperic</ref>, <ref target='Index-Clothaire-III'>Clothaire III</ref>, <ref target='Index-Clovis-I'>Clovis</ref>, <ref target='Index-Dagobert-I'>Dagobert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Pippin-Short'>Pippin</ref>, <ref target='Index-Theodebert'>Theodebert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Theoderic'>Theoderic</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Franks, Duke of the, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Pippin-Heristal'>Pippin of Heristal</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Freeman'/> +<l>Freeman's <q>Norman Conquest,</q> editorial references to, <ref target='Pg032'>32</ref>, <ref target='Pg246'>246</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='416'/><anchor id='Pg416'/> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Frigyth'/> +<l>Frigyth, Prioress of Hackness, <ref target='Pg276'>276</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Frisia, or Frisland, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref>, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Wictbert's mission to, <ref target='Pg319'>319</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>conquered by Pippin, <ref target='Pg320'>320</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Wilbrord's mission to, <ref target='Pg320'>320</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Wilfrid's mission in, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Frisland, Archbishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Wilbrord'>Wilbrord</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Frisland, King of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aldgils'>Aldgils</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Frisland, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Suidbert-Abbot'>Suidbert</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Frithbert'/> +<l>Frithbert, Bishop of Hexham, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>, <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Frithonas, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Deusdedit-Archbishop'>Deusdedit</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Frithwald'/> +<l>Frithwald, Bishop of Whitern, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Fullan'/> +<l>Fullan, or Foillan, brother of Fursa, <ref target='Pg177'>177</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fuller, his story about Bede's epitaph, <ref target='Pgxxxiv'>xxxiv</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Fünen, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Fursa'/> +<l>Fursa, St., <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg173'>173-178</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Fursa, Life of St.,</q> <ref target='Pgxxii'>xxii</ref>, <ref target='Pg173'>173</ref> n., <ref target='Pg174'>174</ref>, <ref target='Pg178'>178</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gaels, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Goidels'>Goidels</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Galatians, Epistle to the,</q> quoted, <ref target='Pg371'>371</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Gallican Martyrology,</q> editorial reference to, <ref target='Pg322'>322</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Galloway, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Garmans, English so-called by the Britons, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Gateshead-on-Tyne'/> +<l>Gateshead-on-Tyne, or At-the-Goat's Head, <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gateshead, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Utta'>Utta</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Gaul'/> +<l>Gaul, history of, <ref target='Pgxxxi'>xxxi</ref>, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>, <ref target='Pg007'>7</ref>, <ref target='Pg010'>10</ref>, <ref target='Pg014'>14</ref> n., <ref target='Pg019'>19</ref>, <ref target='Pg020'>20</ref>, <ref target='Pg022'>22</ref>, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref>, <ref target='Pg044'>44</ref> n., <ref target='Pg055'>55</ref>, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref> n., <ref target='Pg096'>96</ref>, <ref target='Pg098'>98</ref>, <ref target='Pg150'>150</ref>, <ref target='Pg178'>178</ref>, <ref target='Pg214'>214</ref>, <ref target='Pg378'>378</ref>, <ref target='Pg382'>382</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Church of, <ref target='Pg051'>51</ref>, <ref target='Pg054'>54</ref>, <ref target='Pg055'>55</ref>, <ref target='Pg196'>196</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>schools of, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref> n., <ref target='Pg172'>172</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gaul, Archbishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Annemundus'>Annemundus</ref>, <ref target='Index-Godwin'>Godwin</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gaul, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Arculf'>Arculf</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gauls, <ref target='Pg009'>9</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Gebmund'/> +<l>Gebmund, Bishop of Rochester, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref>, <ref target='Pg242'>242</ref>, <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Genesis, quoted, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref>, <ref target='Pg110'>110</ref>, <ref target='Pg366'>366</ref>, <ref target='Pg370'>370</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Genlade, the river, <ref target='Pg315'>315</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Genoa, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Asterius-Genoa'>Asterius</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Geraint-Gerontius'/> +<l>Geraint, or Gerontius, Count, <ref target='Pg022'>22</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Geraint-King'/> +<l>Geraint, or Gerontius, King of Dumnonia, <ref target='Pg336'>336</ref> n., <ref target='Pg344'>344</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Germans, <ref target='Pg009'>9</ref>, <ref target='Pg022'>22</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Germanus, Bishop of Auxerre, sent to Britain to confute the Pelagians, <ref target='Pgxxii'>xxii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxiii'>xxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pg014'>14</ref> n., <ref target='Pg032'>32</ref>, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref>, <ref target='Pg034'>34</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>church dedicated to, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>stills a tempest, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref>, <ref target='Pg034'>34</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>casts out evil spirits, <ref target='Pg034'>34</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>converts the heretics, <ref target='Pg034'>34</ref>, <ref target='Pg035'>35</ref>, <ref target='Pg036'>36</ref>, <ref target='Pg039'>39</ref>, <ref target='Pg040'>40</ref>, <ref target='Pg041'>41</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>heals a blind girl, <ref target='Pg035'>35</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at St. Alban's tomb, <ref target='Pg035'>35</ref>, <ref target='Pg036'>36</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>quenches a fire, <ref target='Pg036'>36</ref>, <ref target='Pg037'>37</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>healed of lameness by a vision, <ref target='Pg036'>36</ref>, <ref target='Pg037'>37</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>assists the Britons in battle, <ref target='Pg037'>37</ref>, <ref target='Pg038'>38</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>goes to Ravenna, <ref target='Pg041'>41</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Duke of Armorica, <ref target='Pg041'>41</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>returns to Britain, <ref target='Pg039'>39</ref>, <ref target='Pg040'>40</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his death, <ref target='Pg041'>41</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Germanus, Life of,</q> <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Constantius-Lyons'>Constantius</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Germany, <ref target='Pgxxiii'>xxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>, <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref>, <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>English missions to, <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref>, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref>, <ref target='Pg319'>319</ref>, <ref target='Pg320'>320</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gerontius, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Geraint-Gerontius'>Geraint</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gertrude, St., <ref target='Pg177'>177</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gessoriacum, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Boulogne'>Boulogne</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Geta, son of Severus, <ref target='Pg013'>13</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gewissae, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-West-Saxons'>West Saxons</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gidley, Rev. L., his translation of the <q>Ecclesiastical History,</q> <ref target='Pgxxi'>xxi</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gildas, historian, editorial references to, <ref target='Pgxxii'>xxii</ref>, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref> n., <ref target='Pg019'>19</ref> n., <ref target='Pg025'>25</ref> n., <ref target='Pg042'>42</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his <q>De Excidio Liber Querulus,</q> quoted, <ref target='Pg042'>42</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Giles, Dr., his translation of the <q>Ecclesiastical History,</q> <ref target='Pgv'>v</ref>, <ref target='Pgxx'>xx</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxi'>xxi</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gilling, <ref target='Pg165'>165</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gilling, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Trumhere'>Trumhere</ref>, <ref target='Index-Tunbert'>Tunbert</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Giudan, Sea of, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, Firth of Forth, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Giudi (probably Inchkeith), <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Glen, the river, <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Glendale, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gloucestershire, <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Goat's Head, At the, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Gateshead-on-Tyne'>Gateshead</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='417'/><anchor id='Pg417'/> + +<lg> +<l>Gobban, one of Fursa's priests, <ref target='Pg177'>177</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Godmunddingham'/> +<l>Godmunddingaham, or Goodmanham, <ref target='Pg118'>118</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Godwin'/> +<l>Godwin, Archbishop of Lyons, <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Godwine, <ref target='Pg246'>246</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Goidels'/> +<l>Goidels, or Gaels, <ref target='Pg007'>7</ref> n., <ref target='Pg024'>24</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Golgotha, <ref target='Pg339'>339</ref>, <ref target='Pg340'>340</ref> n., <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Goodmanham, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Godmunddingham'>Godmunddingaham</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gordianus, father of Gregory, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gore's <q>Bampton Lectures,</q> editorial references to, <ref target='Pg019'>19</ref> n., <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Goths, The, <ref target='Pg022'>22</ref>, <ref target='Pg382'>382</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Grampians, the, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Grantacaestir, or Grantchester, <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref>, <ref target='Pg262'>262</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gratian, Emperor, <ref target='Pg020'>20</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>slain by Maximus, <ref target='Pg382'>382</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gratian, or Gratianus, tyrant in Britain, <ref target='Pg022'>22</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Greece, churches of, <ref target='Pg196'>196</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Greek'/> +<l>Greek, or Eastern Church, practices of the, <ref target='Pg214'>214</ref>, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Green'/> +<l>Green, J. R., his <q>Making of England,</q> editorial references to, <ref target='Pg032'>32</ref> n., <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n., <ref target='Pg188'>188</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gregorian Music, <ref target='Pg077'>77</ref> n., <ref target='Pg133'>133</ref>, <ref target='Pg358'>358</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Gregorian Sacramentary,</q> <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Liber-Sacramentorum'><q>Liber Sacramentorum.</q></ref></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Gregory-Great'/> +<l>Gregory the Great, St., Pope, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxviii'>xxxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pg002'>2</ref>, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref>, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref>, <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref>, <ref target='Pg122'>122</ref> n., <ref target='Pg126'>126</ref>, <ref target='Pg213'>213</ref> n., <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg042'>42</ref> n., <ref target='Pg075'>75-83</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his genealogy, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref>, <ref target='Pg076'>76</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his character, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his pontificate, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref>, <ref target='Pg081'>81</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sent to Constantinople, <ref target='Pg077'>77</ref>, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>confutes the heresy of Eutychius, <ref target='Pg078'>78</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his learning and literary works, <ref target='Pg077'>77</ref>, <ref target='Pg078'>78</ref>, <ref target='Pg079'>79</ref>, <ref target='Pg080'>80</ref>, <ref target='Pg081'>81</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his connection with Church music, <ref target='Pg133'>133</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his meeting with the Anglian slaves, <ref target='Pg082'>82</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sends Augustine on a mission to Britain to convert the English, <ref target='Pg042'>42</ref>, <ref target='Pg043'>43</ref>, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref>, <ref target='Pg049'>49</ref>, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref>, <ref target='Pg080'>80</ref>, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref>, <ref target='Pg131'>131</ref>, <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>letter recommending Augustine and Candidus to Aetherius, <ref target='Pg044'>44</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>letters to Augustine and the English mission, <ref target='Pg043'>43</ref>, <ref target='Pg064'>64</ref>, <ref target='Pg065'>65</ref>, <ref target='Pg068'>68</ref>, <ref target='Pg069'>69</ref>, <ref target='Pg290'>290</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>letter to Vergilius, <ref target='Pg063'>63</ref>, <ref target='Pg064'>64</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>letter to Mellitus, <ref target='Pg066'>66</ref>, <ref target='Pg067'>67</ref>, <ref target='Pg068'>68</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sends the pall to Augustine, <ref target='Pg064'>64</ref>, <ref target='Pg065'>65</ref>, <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>letter to Ethelbert, <ref target='Pg069'>69-72</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his gifts to Ethelbert, <ref target='Pg069'>69</ref>, <ref target='Pg071'>71</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his answers to Augustine's questions on discipline, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg049'>49-63</ref>, <ref target='Pg079'>79</ref>, <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n., <ref target='Pg085'>85</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>private letters, <ref target='Pg079'>79</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sends Paulinus to Britain, <ref target='Pg064'>64</ref>, <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his weak health, <ref target='Pg079'>79</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref>, <ref target='Pg081'>81</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>burial, <ref target='Pg081'>81</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>epitaph, <ref target='Pg081'>81</ref>, <ref target='Pg082'>82</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>altar dedicated to him at SS. Peter and Paul's, Canterbury, <ref target='Pg090'>90</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>quoted, <ref target='Pg333'>333</ref>, <ref target='Pg334'>334</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his disciples, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>, <ref target='Pg358'>358</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>lives of, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref> n., <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>and <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Dudden'>Dudden</ref>, <ref target='Index-Whitby-Monk'>Whitby</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gregory, St., Martyr, <ref target='Pg210'>210</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gregory II, Pope, <ref target='Pg002'>2</ref>, <ref target='Pg314'>314</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gregory III, Pope, <ref target='Pg002'>2</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Guest, editorial reference to, <ref target='Pg032'>32</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Guthfrid'/> +<l>Guthfrid, Abbot of Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pg301'>301</ref>, <ref target='Pg302'>302</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Guthlac, St., his Hermitage, <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Gwynedd, King of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Caedwalla-Cadwallon'>Caedwalla</ref>, <ref target='Index-Cadvan'>Cadvan</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Habakkuk, quoted, <ref target='Pg368'>368</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Habetdeus, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hackness, or Hacanos, Monastery of, <ref target='Pg275'>275</ref>, <ref target='Pg276'>276</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hackness, Abbess of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Hilda'>Hilda</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hackness, Prioress of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Frigyth'>Frigyth</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Haddan-Stubbs'/> +<l>Haddan and Stubbs, <q>Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents,</q> editorial references to, <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n., <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref> n., <ref target='Pg306'>306</ref> n., <ref target='Pg315'>315</ref> n., <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref> n., <ref target='Pg319'>319</ref> n., <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n., <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref> n., <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref> n., <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref> n., <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Haddenham, <ref target='Pg220'>220</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hades, <ref target='Pg326'>326</ref>, <ref target='Pg327'>327</ref>, <ref target='Pg329'>329</ref>, <ref target='Pg330'>330</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hadrian, Pope, <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hadrian, Emperor, his wall, <ref target='Pg013'>13</ref> n., <ref target='Pg025'>25</ref>, <ref target='Pg026'>26</ref>, <ref target='Pg136'>136</ref> n., <ref target='Pg137'>137</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Hadrian-Abbot'/> +<l>Hadrian, Abbot of Niridanum and later of St. Augustine's Monastery, +<pb n='418'/><anchor id='Pg418'/> +Canterbury, <ref target='Pgxxviii'>xxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg214'>214</ref>, <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref> n., <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n., <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>refuses the English Archbishopric, <ref target='Pg002'>2</ref>, <ref target='Pg214'>214</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>recommends Andrew, <ref target='Pg214'>214</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>recommends Theodore, <ref target='Pg002'>2</ref> n., <ref target='Pg214'>214</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>accompanies Theodore on his journey to Britain, <ref target='Pg002'>2</ref> n., <ref target='Pg213'>213</ref>, <ref target='Pg214'>214</ref>, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>detained by Ebroin at Quentavic, <ref target='Pg216'>216</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his arrival in Britain, <ref target='Pg216'>216</ref>, <ref target='Pg357'>357</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>made Abbot of St. Augustine's, <ref target='Pg216'>216</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his learning, <ref target='Pg216'>216</ref>, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref>, <ref target='Pg357'>357</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>accompanies Theodore in his pastoral visitations, <ref target='Pg216'>216</ref>, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg357'>357</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>buried in St. Augustine's, <ref target='Pg357'>357</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Hadulac'/> +<l>Hadulac, Bishop of Elmham, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref> n., <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Haedde'/> +<l>Haedde, Bishop of Winchester after Leutherius, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref>, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>supposed to be identical with Aetla, <ref target='Pg272'>272</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his character, <ref target='Pg342'>342</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>resists Bertwald's division of the Bishopric, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg342'>342</ref>, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>posthumous miracles, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Haemgils, a monk, <ref target='Pg330'>330</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Haethfelth-Chase'/> +<l>Haethfelth (Hatfield Chase, near Doncaster), Battle of, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg131'>131</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Haethfelth (Hatfield, Hertfordshire), Synod of, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg254'>254</ref>, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref>, <ref target='Pg256'>256</ref>, <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hagustald, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Hexham'>Hexham</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hallelujah, or Allelujah, <ref target='Pg080'>80</ref>, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hallelujah victory of Germanus, <ref target='Pg038'>38</ref>, <ref target='Pg039'>39</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hallington, <ref target='Pg136'>136</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Halydene, <ref target='Pg136'>136</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Hamble'/> +<l>Hamble, or Homelea, The River, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hampshire, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref> n., <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Harold, <ref target='Pg246'>246</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Hartlepool'/> +<l>Hartlepool, Heruteu, or the Island of the Hart, Monastery at, <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>, <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hartlepool, Abbess of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Heiu'>Heiu</ref>, <ref target='Index-Hilda'>Hilda</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Hateful Year, The,</q> in Northumbria, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg135'>135</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hatfield, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Haethfelth-Chase'>Haethfelth</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hatfield Chase, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Haethfelth-Chase'>Haethfelth</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Haverfield, editorial reference to, <ref target='Pg013'>13</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Haymo, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Emme'>Emme</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Healaugh, Monastery of, <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Heavenly Field, the, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Hefenfelth'>Hefenfelth</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Hebrews, The Epistle to the,</q> quoted, <ref target='Pg079'>79</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hebron, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref>, <ref target='Pg342'>342</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hecana, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Hereford'>Hereford</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Hedda'/> +<l>Hedda, Bishop of Lichfield, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Hefenfelth'/> +<l>Hefenfelth, or The Heavenly Field, <ref target='Pg136'>136</ref>, <ref target='Pg137'>137</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Heiu'/> +<l>Heiu, first Northumbrian nun, <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref>, <ref target='Pg275'>275</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>founds the monastery of Hartlepool, <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>retires to Calcaria, <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref>, <ref target='Pg272'>272</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>her gravestone, <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Helen, <ref target='Pg264'>264</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Helena, mother of Constantine, <ref target='Pg019'>19</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>legality of her marriage, <ref target='Pg019'>19</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>her Finding of the True Cross, <ref target='Pg339'>339</ref>, <ref target='Pg340'>340</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Heliand, The, <ref target='Pg277'>277</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Heligoland, <ref target='Pg323'>323</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hell, <ref target='Pg051'>51</ref>, <ref target='Pg327'>327</ref>, <ref target='Pg328'>328</ref>, <ref target='Pg335'>335</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hengist, leader of the Anglo-Saxons, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref> n., <ref target='Pg095'>95</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Henry VIII, <ref target='Pg275'>275</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Heracleonas, or Heraclius, Emperor, son of Heraclius, <ref target='Pg127'>127</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Heraclius, Emperor, <ref target='Pg127'>127</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Herbert, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Herebert'>Herebert</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Herebald'/> +<l>Herebald, Abbot of Tynemouth, <ref target='Pg309'>309</ref>, <ref target='Pg310'>310</ref>, <ref target='Pg311'>311</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Herebert'/> +<l>Herebert, St., a hermit, the friend of Cuthbert, <ref target='Pg294'>294</ref>, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Hereford'/> +<l>Hereford, See of, <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref> n., <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hereford, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Putta-Hereford'>Putta</ref>, <ref target='Index-Tyrhtel'>Tyrhtel</ref>, <ref target='Index-Torthere'>Torthere</ref>, <ref target='Index-Wahlstod'>Wahlstod</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Herefrid, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hereric, nephew of Edwin, and father of Hilda, <ref target='Pg270'>270</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>poisoned by Cerdic, <ref target='Pg274'>274</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Heresuid, sister of Hilda, and wife of Ethelhere, <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Heriburg'/> +<l>Heriburg, Abbess of Watton, her daughter healed by John of +<pb n='419'/><anchor id='Pg419'/> +Beverley's prayers, <ref target='Pg305'>305</ref>, <ref target='Pg306'>306</ref>, <ref target='Pg307'>307</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hermit, a British, lays a trap for Augustine, <ref target='Pg086'>86</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Hertford'/> +<l>Hertford, Synod of, <ref target='Pgxxviii'>xxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pg226'>226</ref>, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hertfordshire, <ref target='Pg010'>10</ref> n., <ref target='Pg018'>18</ref> n., <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Heruteu, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Hartlepool'>Hartlepool</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Herutford, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Hertford'>Hertford</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hewalds, The Two (Black and White), martyrs, <ref target='Pg320'>320</ref>, <ref target='Pg321'>321</ref>, <ref target='Pg322'>322</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Hexham'/> +<l>Hexham, or Hagustald, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg136'>136</ref> n., <ref target='Pg137'>137</ref>, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref> n., <ref target='Pg303'>303</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>diocese of, <ref target='Pg137'>137</ref> n., <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hexham, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Acca'>Acca</ref>, <ref target='Index-Eata'>Eata</ref>, <ref target='Index-Frithbert'>Frithbert</ref>, <ref target='Index-John-Beverley'>John</ref>, <ref target='Index-Tunbert'>Tunbert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Wilfrid-St'>Wilfrid</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hiddila, priest to Bernwin, <ref target='Pg252'>252</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hii, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Iona'>Iona</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hilarus, arch-presbyter, <ref target='Pg129'>129</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Hilda'/> +<l>Hilda, St., daughter of Hereric, Abbess of Hartlepool and afterwards of Whitby, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>, <ref target='Pg270'>270</ref>, <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref>, <ref target='Pg272'>272</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of her life, <ref target='Pg270'>270-275</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>builds the monastery of Streanaeshalch or Whitby, <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>, <ref target='Pg272'>272</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>her attitude on the Easter question, <ref target='Pg195'>195</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>her opposition to Wilfrid, <ref target='Pg195'>195</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>her character, <ref target='Pg272'>272</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>her pupils, <ref target='Pg272'>272</ref>, <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref>, <ref target='Pg274'>274</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>illness and death, <ref target='Pg270'>270</ref>, <ref target='Pg275'>275</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>friendship for Aidan, <ref target='Pg272'>272</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hildilid, pupil of Aldhelm, Abbess of Barking after Ethelburg, <ref target='Pg237'>237</ref>, <ref target='Pg344'>344</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>History of the Abbots,</q> Anonymous, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Abbots'>Abbots</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Bede's, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Bede'>Bede</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Hlothere'/> +<l>Hlothere, King of Kent after Egbert, <ref target='Pgxxviii'>xxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg230'>230</ref>, <ref target='Pg254'>254</ref>, <ref target='Pg269'>269</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Edric's revolt against, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>grants Bertwald land in Thanet, <ref target='Pg315'>315</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Holder, editor of the <q>Ecclesiastical History,</q> <ref target='Pgxx'>xx</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Holmhurst, <ref target='Pg018'>18</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Holy Island, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Lindisfarne'>Lindisfarne</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Holy Housel, <ref target='Pg275'>275</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Homelea, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Hamble'>Hamble</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Honorius, Emperor, <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref>, <ref target='Pg022'>22</ref>, <ref target='Pg026'>26</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Honorius, Pope, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg105'>105</ref> n., <ref target='Pg124'>124</ref>, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sends the Pall to Paulinus, and to Archbishop Honorius, <ref target='Pg124'>124</ref>, <ref target='Pg125'>125</ref>, <ref target='Pg126'>126</ref>, <ref target='Pg127'>127</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his letters, <ref target='Pg124'>124-130</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sends Birinus to the West Saxons, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Honorius-Archbishop'/> +<l>Honorius, Archbishop of Canterbury after Justus, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg123'>123</ref>, <ref target='Pg125'>125</ref>, <ref target='Pg126'>126</ref>, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>, <ref target='Pg163'>163</ref>, <ref target='Pg164'>164</ref>, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ordained by Paulinus, <ref target='Pg126'>126</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>receives the Pall from Pope Honorius, <ref target='Pg125'>125</ref>, <ref target='Pg126'>126</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sends Felix to East Anglia, <ref target='Pg122'>122</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>a disciple of Pope Gregory, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg178'>178</ref>, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Horsa, brother of Hengist, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Horse, miraculously cured at Oswald's death-place, <ref target='Pg155'>155</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Horsted, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>House Island, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Farne'>Farne</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hreutford, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Redbridge'>Redbridge</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hrof, <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hrofaescaestrae, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Rochester'>Rochester</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Huaetbert'/> +<l>Huaetbert, Abbot of Wearmouth and Jarrow, <ref target='Pgxxxiv'>xxxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxl'>xl</ref>, <ref target='Pg389'>389</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Huddersfield, <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hugh de Puisac, erects a shrine at Durham, for the bones of Bede and others, <ref target='Pgxl'>xl</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hull, The River, <ref target='Pg303'>303</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Humber, The River, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref>, <ref target='Pg082'>82</ref> n., <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref>, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>, <ref target='Pg102'>102</ref>, <ref target='Pg122'>122</ref>, <ref target='Pg164'>164</ref>, <ref target='Pg320'>320</ref>, <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hunt, Dr., his <q>History of the English Church,</q> editorial references to, vi, <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Huntingdonshire, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Huns, The, <ref target='Pg027'>27</ref>, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hunwald, betrays Oswin, <ref target='Pg164'>164</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hurst, W., his translation of the <q>Ecclesiastical History,</q> <ref target='Pgxxi'>xxi</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hussey, his edition of the <q>Ecclesiastical History,</q> <ref target='Pgxx'>xx</ref>, <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hwiccas, The, <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref>, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>diocese of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Worcester'>Worcester</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hwiccas, King of the, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aenhere'>Aenhere</ref>, <ref target='Index-Eanfrid-Hwiccas'>Eanfrid</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hwiccas, sub-king of the, <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>and <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Osric-Hwiccas'>Osric</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Hygbald'/> +<l>Hygbald, Abbot of Bardney, <ref target='Pg223'>223</ref>, <ref target='Pg224'>224</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Hymns, <ref target='Pg264'>264-267</ref>, <ref target='Pg389'>389</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='420'/><anchor id='Pg420'/> + +<lg> +<l>I (Iona), <ref target='Pg140'>140</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ibas'/> +<l>Ibas, Bishop of Edessa, his heresy, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref> n., <ref target='Pg256'>256</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ida'/> +<l>Ida, first King of Bernicia, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref> n., <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>founds Bamborough, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref> n., <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Idle, the Battle of the, <ref target='Pg115'>115</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Idols, destruction of, <ref target='Pg067'>67</ref>, <ref target='Pg070'>70</ref>, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ii (Iona), <ref target='Pg140'>140</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Imma, <ref target='Pg268'>268</ref>, <ref target='Pg269'>269</ref>, <ref target='Pg270'>270</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Immersion, Single, <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Immin, Mercian chief, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>, <ref target='Pg192'>192</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Importunus'/> +<l>Importunus, Bishop of Paris, <ref target='Pg194'>194</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>In Berecingum, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Barking'>Barking</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>In Brige, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Brige'>Brige</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>In Compendio, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Compiegne'>Compiègne</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Incuneningum, <ref target='Pg325'>325</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Inderauuda, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-John-Beverley'>John of Beverley</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Indictions, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref>, <ref target='Pg254'>254</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Indulgences, <ref target='Pg294'>294</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Infeppingum, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ingetlingum, monastery of, <ref target='Pg164'>164</ref>, <ref target='Pg165'>165</ref>, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ingwald'/> +<l>Ingwald, Bishop of London, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref>, <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref>, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ingyruum, <ref target='Pg359'>359</ref>, and <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Jarrow'>Jarrow</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Inhrypum, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Ripon'>Ripon</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ini'/> +<l>Ini, or Ine, King of Wessex after Caedwalla, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg314'>314</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>conquers Sussex, <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his <q>Dooms,</q> <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref> n., <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Aldhelm's influence with, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his abdication and pilgrimage to Rome, <ref target='Pg314'>314</ref>, <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Inisboufinde, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Innisboffin'>Innisboffin</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Inishmahee, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Cromanus'>Cronan</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Inlade, the river, <ref target='Pg315'>315</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Inlitore, now Kaiserwerth, Monastery at, <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Innisboffin'/> +<l>Innisboffin, Inisboufinde, or The Island of the White Heifer, <ref target='Pg225'>225</ref>, <ref target='Pg226'>226</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Intiningaham, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Tininghame'>Tininghame</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Inundalum, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Oundle'>Oundle</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Inver-Daeile'/> +<l>Inver Daeile, or Ennereilly, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Dagan'>Dagan</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Inverness, <ref target='Pg140'>140</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Iona'/> +<l>Iona, Hii, I or Ii, the island of, included in Ireland, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref> n., <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref> n., <ref target='Pg201'>201</ref>, <ref target='Pg225'>225</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>given to Columba by Bridius or by Conall, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>its monastery founded by Columba, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref>, <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>its constitution and jurisdiction, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg139'>139</ref> n., <ref target='Pg140'>140</ref>, <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref>, <ref target='Pg169'>169</ref>, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>, <ref target='Pg183'>183</ref> n., <ref target='Pg318'>318</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>its monks converted to Catholic usages, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxi'>xxxi</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxix'>xxxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref>, <ref target='Pg373'>373</ref>, <ref target='Pg374'>374</ref>, <ref target='Pg375'>375</ref>, <ref target='Pg376'>376</ref>, <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>piety of its Abbots, <ref target='Pg143'>143</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>derivation of the name, <ref target='Pg140'>140</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Iona, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Adamnan-Iona'>Adamnan</ref>, <ref target='Index-Columba-Columcille'>Columba</ref>, <ref target='Index-Segeni'>Segeni</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ireland'/> +<l>Ireland, History of, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>, <ref target='Pg007'>7</ref>, <ref target='Pg008'>8</ref>, <ref target='Pg009'>9</ref>, <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref>, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref>, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>, <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref>, <ref target='Pg177'>177</ref>, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref> n., <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref>, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref>, <ref target='Pg306'>306</ref> n., <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref>, <ref target='Pg373'>373</ref>, <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>description of, <ref target='Pg007'>7</ref>, <ref target='Pg008'>8</ref>, <ref target='Pg009'>9</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>its hospitality to the English monks, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Irish, or Scots, Bishop of the, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Palladius'>Palladius</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Irish Annals, editorial reference to, <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Irish-Church'/> +<l>Irish Church, <ref target='Pgxxiii'>xxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxix'>xxxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref> n., <ref target='Pg138'>138</ref>, <ref target='Pg139'>139</ref>, <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref> n., <ref target='Pg143'>143</ref>, <ref target='Pg144'>144</ref>, <ref target='Pg193'>193-201</ref>, <ref target='Pg336'>336</ref>, <ref target='Pg374'>374-377</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Irminric'/> +<l>Irminric, father of Ethelbert, King of Kent, <ref target='Pg095'>95</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Isaac, <ref target='Pg387'>387</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his tomb, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Isaiah, quoted, <ref target='Pg186'>186</ref>, <ref target='Pg209'>209</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ishmael, <ref target='Pg378'>378</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Isle of Wight, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Wight'>Wight</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Israel, <ref target='Pg067'>67</ref>, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Itala, the, <ref target='Pg366'>366</ref>, <ref target='Pg368'>368</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Italian Sea, the, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Italy, <ref target='Pg006'>6</ref>, <ref target='Pg020'>20</ref>, <ref target='Pg079'>79</ref>, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref> n., <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref>, <ref target='Pg196'>196</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Itchen, the river, <ref target='Pg252'>252</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ithamar'/> +<l>Ithamar, Bishop of Rochester, <ref target='Pg164'>164</ref>, <ref target='Pg178'>178</ref> n., <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Iudeu, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref> n., <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ixning, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Ermynge'>Ermynge</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Jacobsburgh, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Akeburg'>Akeburgh</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Jacob's Tomb, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>James, St., quoted, <ref target='Pg197'>197</ref>, <ref target='Pg372'>372</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>James the Less, St., <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='421'/><anchor id='Pg421'/> + +<lg> +<l>James the Deacon, companion of Paulinus, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg123'>123</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>left at York when Paulinus flees into Kent, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>a village named after him, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>teaches Church music, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>, <ref target='Pg133'>133</ref>, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>observes the Catholic Easter, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>, <ref target='Pg195'>195</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at Whitby, <ref target='Pg195'>195</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg133'>133</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Jarrow'/> +<l>Jarrow, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Wearmouth-Jarrow'>Wearmouth and Jarrow</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Jarrow, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Benedict-Biscop'>Benedict Biscop</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ceolfrid'>Ceolfrid</ref>, <ref target='Index-Huaetbert'>Huaetbert</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Jaruman'/> +<l>Jaruman, Bishop of Mercia, <ref target='Pgxxviii'>xxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pg192'>192</ref>, <ref target='Pg206'>206</ref> n., <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his mission to the East Saxons, <ref target='Pg212'>212</ref>, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Jerome, <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref> n., <ref target='Pg387'>387</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Jerusalem, <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref>, <ref target='Pg339'>339</ref>, <ref target='Pg340'>340</ref>, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Jet, <ref target='Pg006'>6</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Jezebel, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Job, quoted, <ref target='Pg080'>80</ref>, <ref target='Pg370'>370</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his tonsure, <ref target='Pg370'>370</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><q>Commentary on,</q> <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Gregory-Great'>Gregory</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>John the Baptist, St., his martyrdom, <ref target='Pg053'>53</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>John the Deacon, author of <q>Life of Gregory,</q> <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref> n., <ref target='Pg081'>81</ref> n., <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>John the Evangelist, St., <ref target='Pgxlii'>xlii</ref>, <ref target='Pg304'>304</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his celebration of Easter, <ref target='Pg196'>196</ref>, <ref target='Pg197'>197</ref>, <ref target='Pg198'>198</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>quoted, <ref target='Pg335'>335</ref>, <ref target='Pg363'>363</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>John IV, Pope, consecrated, <ref target='Pg128'>128</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his letter to the Scots, <ref target='Pg128'>128</ref>, <ref target='Pg129'>129</ref>, <ref target='Pg130'>130</ref>, <ref target='Pg144'>144</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>John VI, Pope, Wilfrid's cause tried before, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-John-Arles'/> +<l>John, Archbishop of Arles, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>John, Chief of the Papal notaries, <ref target='Pg129'>129</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-John-Beverley'/> +<l>John of Beverley, Bishop of Hexham after Eata, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg302'>302</ref>, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>a pupil of Hilda, <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of Theodore, <ref target='Pg305'>305</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>appointed Bishop of York, <ref target='Pg305'>305</ref>, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ordains Bede, <ref target='Pgxxxiii'>xxxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pg386'>386</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his miracles, <ref target='Pg302'>302</ref>, <ref target='Pg303'>303</ref>, <ref target='Pg304'>304</ref>, <ref target='Pg305'>305</ref>, <ref target='Pg306'>306</ref>, <ref target='Pg307'>307</ref>, <ref target='Pg308'>308</ref>, <ref target='Pg309'>309</ref>, <ref target='Pg310'>310</ref>, <ref target='Pg311'>311</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at Erneshow, <ref target='Pg303'>303</ref>, <ref target='Pg304'>304</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at Watton, <ref target='Pg305'>305</ref>, <ref target='Pg306'>306</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>consecrates churches, <ref target='Pg307'>307</ref>, <ref target='Pg308'>308</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>resigns the bishopric of York and retires to Beverley, <ref target='Pg312'>312</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ordains his successor, Wilfrid II, Bishop of York, <ref target='Pg312'>312</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg311'>311</ref>, <ref target='Pg312'>312</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>buried at St. Peter's, Beverley, <ref target='Pg311'>311</ref>, <ref target='Pg312'>312</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>John, a martyr, <ref target='Pg210'>210</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-John-Precentor'/> +<l>John, the precentor, brought into Britain to teach Church music, <ref target='Pg258'>258</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Abbot of St. Martin's Monastery, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at the Synod of Haethfelth, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref>, <ref target='Pg258'>258</ref>, <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>dies on his way back to Rome, <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>buried at Tours, <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Jonah, quoted, <ref target='Pg319'>319</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Joseph, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref> n., <ref target='Pg370'>370</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Julianus'/> +<l>Julianus of Campania, heretic Bishop of Eclanum, <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Julius, British martyr, <ref target='Pg018'>18</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Julius Caesar, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Caesar'>Caesar</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Justin II, Emperor, <ref target='Pg140'>140</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Justinian I, Emperor, <ref target='Pg140'>140</ref>, <ref target='Pg203'>203</ref> n., <ref target='Pg256'>256</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Justinian II, Emperor, <ref target='Pg314'>314</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Justus'/> +<l>Justus, Bishop of Rochester, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref>, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref>, <ref target='Pg100'>100</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sent by Gregory to Augustine, <ref target='Pg064'>64</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>takes refuge in Gaul, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg096'>96</ref>, <ref target='Pg097'>97</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ordains Romanus Bishop of Rochester, <ref target='Pg100'>100</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ordains Paulinus, <ref target='Pg103'>103</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sends Romanus on a mission to Pope Honorius, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg123'>123</ref>, <ref target='Pg125'>125</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Jutes, the, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>, <ref target='Pg031'>31</ref>, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref> n., <ref target='Pg252'>252</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Jutland, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Kaelcacaestir, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Calcaria'>Calcaria</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Kaiserswerth, <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Katwyk, <ref target='Pg320'>320</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Kent, history, <ref target='Pgxxii'>xxii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg002'>2</ref>, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref> n., <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>, <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref>, <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref>, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>, <ref target='Pg096'>96</ref>, <ref target='Pg102'>102</ref> n., <ref target='Pg127'>127</ref> n., <ref target='Pg130'>130</ref>, <ref target='Pg152'>152</ref>, <ref target='Pg166'>166</ref>, <ref target='Pg172'>172</ref>, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref>, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref>, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref>, <ref target='Pg242'>242</ref>, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref>, <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref>, <ref target='Pg269'>269</ref>, <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref>, <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref> n., <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>language of, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>settlement of Christianity in, <ref target='Pgxxii'>xxii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg095'>95</ref>, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>, <ref target='Pg290'>290</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>diocese of, <ref target='Pg323'>323</ref>, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref> n., <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>and <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Canterbury'>Canterbury</ref> and <ref target='Index-Rochester'>Rochester</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Kent, king of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Alric'>Alric</ref>, <ref target='Index-Eadbert-Kent'>Eadbert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Earconbert'>Earconbert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Egbert-King'>Egbert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ethelbert'>Ethelbert</ref>, +<pb n='422'/><anchor id='Pg422'/> +<ref target='Index-Hlothere'>Hlothere</ref>, <ref target='Index-Irminric'>Irminric</ref>, <ref target='Index-Mul'>Mul</ref>, <ref target='Index-Octa'>Octa</ref>, <ref target='Index-Oeric'>Oeric</ref>, <ref target='Index-Suaebhard'>Suaebhard</ref>, <ref target='Index-Wictred'>Wictred</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Kerslake, T., his <q>Vestiges of the Supremacy of Mercia,</q> editorial reference to, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Kyle, Plain of, conquered by Eadbert, <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Labienus, the Tribune, slain in battle with the Britons, <ref target='Pg010'>10</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Laestingaeu, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Lastingham'>Lastingham</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Lagny'/> +<l>Lagny-on-the-Marne, or Latineacum, <ref target='Pg178'>178</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Laistranus, Irish priest, <ref target='Pg129'>129</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lammermuir Hills, <ref target='Pg288'>288</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lancashire, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Lanfranc'/> +<l>Lanfranc, Archbishop, rebuilds Canterbury Cathedral, <ref target='Pg072'>72</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Langres, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Laodicea, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Anatolius'>Anatolius</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Lastingham'/> +<l>Lastingham, or Laestingaeu, Monastery of, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxv'>xxxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref>, <ref target='Pg185'>185</ref>, <ref target='Pg186'>186</ref>, <ref target='Pg187'>187</ref>, <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref>, <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref>, <ref target='Pg220'>220</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lastingham, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Ceadda'>Ceadda</ref>, <ref target='Index-Cedd'>Cedd</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lateran Councils, <ref target='Pg256'>256</ref> n., <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Latin Language, <ref target='Pg006'>6</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>poetry, <ref target='Pg264'>264</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Latineacum, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Lagny'>Lagny</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Laurentius, St., Deacon and Martyr, <ref target='Pg210'>210</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Laurentius-Archbishop'/> +<l>Laurentius, second Archbishop of Canterbury, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg049'>49</ref>, <ref target='Pg064'>64</ref> n., <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref>, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref>, <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref>, <ref target='Pg096'>96</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sent by Augustine to Gregory, <ref target='Pg049'>49</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>consecrates the Church of SS. Peter and Paul, Canterbury, <ref target='Pg090'>90</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his letters to the Scots and Britons, <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref>, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>rebuked and scourged by St. Peter in a dream, <ref target='Pg097'>97</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>converts King Eadbald, <ref target='Pg097'>97</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death and burial, <ref target='Pg098'>98</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Leah's Tomb, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref> n., <ref target='Pg342'>342</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Leeds'/> +<l>Leeds, or Loidis, <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref>, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Leeds, or Loidis and Elmet, King of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Cerdic'>Cerdic</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Legacaestir, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Chester'>Chester</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Legions, City of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Chester'>Chester</ref> and <ref target='Index-Caerleon'>Caerleon-on-Usk</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Leicester, Diocese of, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref> n., <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Leicester, Bishop of, <ref target='Pg274'>274</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Leicestershire, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Leinster, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref> n., <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref> n., <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lent, <ref target='Pg038'>38</ref>, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>, <ref target='Pg186'>186</ref>, <ref target='Pg206'>206</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Leptis in Tripolis, <ref target='Pg012'>12</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lérins, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Leutherius'/> +<l>Leutherius, or Hlothere, Bishop of Wessex, nephew of Agilbert, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>, <ref target='Pg150'>150</ref>, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>consecrated by Theodore, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at the Hertford Synod, <ref target='Pg228'>228</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ordains Aldhelm, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Leviticus, quoted <ref target='Pg279'>279</ref>, <ref target='Pg364'>364</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Liber-Sacramentorum'/> +<l><q>Liber Sacramentorum,</q> or Gregorian Sacramentary, attributed to Gregory, <ref target='Pg081'>81</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Liber Eliensis,</q> editorial reference to, <ref target='Pg266'>266</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Lichfield'/> +<l>Lichfield, Diocese of, <ref target='Pgxxviii'>xxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Cathedral, <ref target='Pg224'>224</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lichfield, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aldwin-Worr'>Aldwin</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ceadda'>Ceadda</ref>, <ref target='Index-Hedda'>Hedda</ref>, <ref target='Index-Sexwulf'>Sexwulf</ref>, <ref target='Index-Wynfrid'>Wynfrid</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Liddesdale, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Liège, <ref target='Pg177'>177</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Light, Supernatural, <ref target='Pg157'>157</ref>, <ref target='Pg232'>232</ref>, <ref target='Pg233'>233</ref>, <ref target='Pg234'>234</ref>, <ref target='Pg322'>322</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lilla, gives his life for Edwin's, <ref target='Pg104'>104</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lincoln, <ref target='Pg122'>122</ref>, <ref target='Pg123'>123</ref>, <ref target='Pg126'>126</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lincolnshire, <ref target='Pg122'>122</ref> n., <ref target='Pg123'>123</ref> n., <ref target='Pg157'>157</ref>, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref> n., <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lindisfari, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Lindisfarne'/> +<l>Lindisfarne, or Holy Island, Monastery of, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxvi'>xxxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg001'>1</ref> n., <ref target='Pg004'>4</ref>, <ref target='Pg139'>139</ref>, <ref target='Pg169'>169</ref>, <ref target='Pg186'>186</ref>, <ref target='Pg202'>202</ref>, <ref target='Pg203'>203</ref>, <ref target='Pg225'>225</ref>, <ref target='Pg290'>290</ref>, <ref target='Pg347'>347</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Church of, <ref target='Pgxxiii'>xxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pg004'>4</ref>, <ref target='Pg183'>183</ref>, <ref target='Pg192'>192</ref>, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref>, <ref target='Pg302'>302</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>diocese of, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref> n., <ref target='Pg325'>325</ref> n., <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref> n., <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lindisfarne, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aidan'>Aidan</ref>, <ref target='Index-Guthfrid'>Guthfrid</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lindisfarne, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aidan'>Aidan</ref>, <ref target='Index-Colman'>Colman</ref>, <ref target='Index-Conwulf'>Conwulf</ref>, <ref target='Index-Cuthbert-Lindisfarne'>Cuthbert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Eadbert-Lindisfarne'>Eadbert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Eadfrid-Lindisfarne'>Eadfrid</ref>, <ref target='Index-Eata'>Eata</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ethelwald-Melrose'>Ethelwald</ref>, <ref target='Index-Finan'>Finan</ref>, <ref target='Index-Tuda'>Tuda</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lindsey, history, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref>, <ref target='Pg004'>4</ref>, <ref target='Pg157'>157</ref>, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>, <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref> n., <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref> n., <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref>, <ref target='Pg267'>267</ref> n., <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>diocese of, <ref target='Pg225'>225</ref>, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref> n., <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='423'/><anchor id='Pg423'/> + +<lg> +<l>Lindsey, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Alwic'>Alwic</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ceadda'>Ceadda</ref>, <ref target='Index-Cynibert-Lindsey'>Cynibert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Diuma'>Diuma</ref>, <ref target='Index-Eadhaed'>Eadhaed</ref>, <ref target='Index-Edgar'>Edgar</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ethelwin'>Ethelwin</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Linlithgow, <ref target='Pg032'>32</ref>, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Littleborough, <ref target='Pg123'>123</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Liudhard'/> +<l>Liudhard, Bishop, Chaplain to Bertha, <ref target='Pg046'>46</ref>, <ref target='Pg051'>51</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Loidis, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Leeds'>Leeds</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lombards, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>King of the, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Perctarit'>Perctarit</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-London'/> +<l>London, metropolis of the East Saxons, <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref>, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>diocese of, <ref target='Pg049'>49</ref> n., <ref target='Pg065'>65</ref>, <ref target='Pg183'>183</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>London, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Earconwald'>Earconwald</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ingwald'>Ingwald</ref>, <ref target='Index-Mellitus'>Mellitus</ref>, <ref target='Index-Waldhere'>Waldhere</ref>, <ref target='Index-Wini'>Wini</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Looking-glass, sent by Pope Boniface to Queen Ethelberg, <ref target='Pg111'>111</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lord's Day, the, <ref target='Pg197'>197</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lothians, the, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Louth, County, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Lucius-Britain'/> +<l>Lucius, King of Britain, his conversion, <ref target='Pgxxiii'>xxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pg012'>12</ref>, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref> n., <ref target='Pg382'>382</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lucius Bibulus, Consul, <ref target='Pg009'>9</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lucius Verus, Emperor, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aurelius'>Aurelius</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lugubalia, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Carlisle'>Carlisle</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Luke, St., quoted, <ref target='Pg078'>78</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Lul'/> +<l>Lul, Archbishop of Mainz, <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Lupus'/> +<l>Lupus, Bishop of Troyes, <ref target='Pg040'>40</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sent to Britain to confute the Pelagians, <ref target='Pgxxiii'>xxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pg032'>32</ref>, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref>, <ref target='Pg034'>34</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>churches dedicated to, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>casts out evil spirits, <ref target='Pg034'>34</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Luxeuil, Monastery of, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lyccidfelth, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Lichfield'>Lichfield</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lyons, <ref target='Pg194'>194</ref>, <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lyons, Archbishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aetherius'>Aetherius</ref>, <ref target='Index-Annemundus'>Annemundus</ref>, <ref target='Index-Godwin'>Godwin</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Lyons, Count of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Dalfinus-Count'>Dalfinus</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Maas, the, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Maban'/> +<l>Maban, or Mafa, a teacher of Church music, <ref target='Pg358'>358</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Macedonia, <ref target='Pg006'>6</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Macedonius'/> +<l>Macedonius, Heretic Bishop of Constantinople, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref> n., <ref target='Pg256'>256</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Maelduib, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Maildufus'>Maildufus</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Maeldum, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Meaux'>Meaux</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Maelmin, Northumbria, <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Maestricht, <ref target='Pg177'>177</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Maes-y-Garmon, or Field of Germanus, said to be the scene of the Hallelujah Victory, <ref target='Pg038'>38</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mafa, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Maban'>Maban</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mageo, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Mayo'>Mayo</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Maildufus'/> +<l>Maildufus, or Maelduib founds the Monastery of Malmesbury, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n., <ref target='Pg344'>344</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mailros, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Melrose'>Melrose</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Maintz, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Boniface-Bertgils'>Boniface</ref>, <ref target='Index-Redger'>Redger</ref>, <ref target='Index-Lul'>Lul</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Making of England, The,</q> <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Green'>Green</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Malachi, quoted, <ref target='Pg367'>367</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Malmesbury, or City of Maildufus, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref>, <ref target='Pg344'>344</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>perhaps Augustine's Ác, <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Malmesbury, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aldhelm'>Aldhelm</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Malmesbury, William of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-William'>William</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mamre, Hill of, <ref target='Pg342'>342</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Man, Isle of, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>, <ref target='Pg102'>102</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>and <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Mevanian'>Mevanian Islands</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mandubracius, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Androgius'>Androgius</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Marcellinus, his <q>Life of Suidbert,</q> <ref target='Pg323'>323</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Marcian, Emperor, <ref target='Pg029'>29</ref>, <ref target='Pg041'>41</ref>, <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Marcus, Emperor in Britain, <ref target='Pg022'>22</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Marcus Antoninus Verus, or Marcus Aurelius, Emperor, <ref target='Pg012'>12</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Marigena, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Pelagius'>Pelagius</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mark, St., quoted, <ref target='Pg110'>110</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his observance of Easter, <ref target='Pg364'>364</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Market Weighton, <ref target='Pg118'>118</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Maro (Vergil), <ref target='Pg264'>264</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Marriage, of the lower clergy, <ref target='Pg050'>50</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>lawful and unlawful, <ref target='Pg052'>52</ref>, <ref target='Pg053'>53</ref>, <ref target='Pg095'>95</ref>, <ref target='Pg097'>97</ref>, <ref target='Pg184'>184</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>customs of, <ref target='Pg054'>54</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>rules and discipline of, <ref target='Pg056'>56</ref>, <ref target='Pg057'>57</ref>, <ref target='Pg059'>59</ref>, <ref target='Pg060'>60</ref>, <ref target='Pg061'>61</ref>, <ref target='Pg230'>230</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Marseilles, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Martial, editorial reference to, <ref target='Pg264'>264</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Martin-Tours'/> +<l>Martin, St., Bishop of Tours, <ref target='Pg048'>48</ref>, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref>, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref> n., <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Martin, Pope, <ref target='Pg256'>256</ref>, <ref target='Pg258'>258</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='424'/><anchor id='Pg424'/> + +<lg> +<l>Martyrium Church at Jerusalem, <ref target='Pg339'>339</ref>, <ref target='Pg340'>340</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Martyrology,</q> Bede's, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Bede'>Bede</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Martyrs, Church of the Four Crowned, Canterbury, <ref target='Pg099'>99</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mary, the Virgin, <ref target='Pg264'>264</ref>, <ref target='Pg266'>266</ref>, <ref target='Pg355'>355</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>churches of, <ref target='Pg224'>224</ref>, <ref target='Pg339'>339</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Maserfelth, Battle of, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg154'>154</ref>, <ref target='Pg155'>155</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Masses, <ref target='Pg051'>51</ref>, <ref target='Pg081'>81</ref>, <ref target='Pg096'>96</ref>, <ref target='Pg268'>268</ref>, <ref target='Pg269'>269</ref>, <ref target='Pg270'>270</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>and <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Communion'>Communion</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Mason'/> +<l>Mason, Dr., his <q>Mission of St. Augustine,</q> editorial references to, <ref target='Pgvi'>vi</ref>, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Matthew, St., quoted, <ref target='Pg100'>100</ref>, <ref target='Pg101'>101</ref>, <ref target='Pg110'>110</ref>, <ref target='Pg126'>126</ref>, <ref target='Pg127'>127</ref>, <ref target='Pg173'>173</ref>, <ref target='Pg200'>200</ref>, <ref target='Pg211'>211</ref>, <ref target='Pg371'>371</ref>, <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Matthew of Westminster, editorial reference to, <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Maurice, or Mauritius, Emperor, <ref target='Pg042'>42</ref>, <ref target='Pg043'>43</ref>, <ref target='Pg044'>44</ref>, <ref target='Pg064'>64</ref>, <ref target='Pg066'>66</ref>, <ref target='Pg068'>68</ref>, <ref target='Pg071'>71</ref>, <ref target='Pg072'>72</ref>, <ref target='Pg081'>81</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Maximian, surnamed Herculius, Emperor, <ref target='Pg013'>13</ref>, <ref target='Pg014'>14</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Maximus, Emperor in Britain, <ref target='Pg020'>20</ref>, <ref target='Pg382'>382</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Mayo'/> +<l>Mayo, Mageo or Muigeo, <ref target='Pg225'>225</ref> n., <ref target='Pg226'>226</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mayor and Lumby's edition of Books III and IV of the <q>Ecclesiastical History,</q> editorial references to, <ref target='Pgvi'>vi</ref>, <ref target='Pgxx'>xx</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxv'>xxxv</ref> n., <ref target='Pg220'>220</ref> n., <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mayor of the Palace, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Ebroin'>Ebroin</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ercinwald'>Ercinwald</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Meanware, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Meaux'/> +<l>Meaux, or Maeldum, <ref target='Pg355'>355</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Meaux, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Faro'>Faro</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Medeshamstead, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Peterborough'>Peterborough</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Medeshamstead, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Cuthbald-Medeshamstead'>Cuthbald</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Meilochon, father of Bridius, King of the Picts, <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Meldi, the, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Melfont, or Mellifont, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Mellitus'/> +<l>Mellitus, Bishop of London and afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, sent by Gregory to Augustine, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg064'>64</ref>, <ref target='Pg066'>66</ref>, <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref>, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref>, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref> n., <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg064'>64</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>goes to Rome, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref>, <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>expelled by the East Saxons, takes refuge with Justus in Gaul, <ref target='Pg096'>96</ref>, <ref target='Pg097'>97</ref>, <ref target='Pg182'>182</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>returns from Gaul, <ref target='Pg098'>98</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>succeeds Laurentius as Archbishop of Canterbury, <ref target='Pg098'>98</ref>, <ref target='Pg099'>99</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>suffers from gout, <ref target='Pg098'>98</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death and burial, <ref target='Pg099'>99</ref>, <ref target='Pg100'>100</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his character, <ref target='Pg098'>98</ref>, <ref target='Pg099'>99</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Melrose'/> +<l>Melrose, or Mailros, Monastery of, <ref target='Pg194'>194</ref> n., <ref target='Pg202'>202</ref>, <ref target='Pg288'>288</ref>, <ref target='Pg290'>290</ref>, <ref target='Pg318'>318</ref>, <ref target='Pg326'>326</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Melrose, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Eata'>Eata</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ethelwald-Melrose'>Ethelwald</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Provost of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Boisil'>Boisil</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Menapia, Belgium, <ref target='Pg013'>13</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Meon, East and West, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Meonstoke, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mercia, history of, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref>, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref>, <ref target='Pg115'>115</ref>, <ref target='Pg122'>122</ref> n., <ref target='Pg163'>163</ref>, <ref target='Pg172'>172</ref>, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref> n., <ref target='Pg226'>226</ref> n., <ref target='Pg323'>323</ref>, <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref> n., <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref> n., <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref>, <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref> n., <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>its conversion, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxviii'>xxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pg177'>177</ref>, <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>diocese of, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref> n., <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref> n., <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref> n., <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref> n., <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref> n., <ref target='Pg272'>272</ref> n., <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref> n., <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref> n., <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mercia, King of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Beornred'>Beornred</ref>, <ref target='Index-Cearl'>Cearl</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ceolred'>Ceolred</ref>, <ref target='Index-Coenred-Coinred'>Coenred</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ethelbald'>Ethelbald</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ethelred'>Ethelred</ref>, <ref target='Index-Offa-Mercia'>Offa</ref>, <ref target='Index-Penda'>Penda</ref>, <ref target='Index-Wulfhere'>Wulfhere</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mercia, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aldwin-Worr'>Aldwin</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ceadda'>Ceadda</ref>, <ref target='Index-Jaruman'>Jaruman</ref>, <ref target='Index-Sexwulf'>Sexwulf</ref>, <ref target='Index-Wilfrid-St'>Wilfrid</ref>, <ref target='Index-Wynfrid'>Wynfrid</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><hi rend='italic'>and see</hi> <ref target='Index-Mid-Anglia'>Mid-Anglia</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mercians, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Merivale, editorial reference to, <ref target='Pg018'>18</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Metals of Britain, <ref target='Pg006'>6</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Metrical Art, the, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Mevanian'/> +<l>Mevanian Islands (Man and Anglesea), conquered by Edwin, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>, <ref target='Pg102'>102</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Michael, the Archangel, appears to Wilfrid in a dream, <ref target='Pg355'>355</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Mid-Anglia'/> +<l>Mid-Anglia, conversion of, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref>, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mid-Anglia and Mercia, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Diuma'>Diuma</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ceollach'>Ceollach</ref>, <ref target='Index-Trumhere'>Trumhere</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Middlesex, <ref target='Pg010'>10</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Milan, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Milan, Archbishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Asterius-Genoa'>Asterius</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='425'/><anchor id='Pg425'/> + +<lg> +<l>Millfield (perhaps Maelmin), <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Miracles, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxix'>xxxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg232'>232</ref>, <ref target='Pg233'>233</ref>, <ref target='Pg237'>237</ref>, <ref target='Pg238'>238</ref>, <ref target='Pg268'>268</ref>, <ref target='Pg269'>269</ref>, <ref target='Pg270'>270</ref>, <ref target='Pg325'>325</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of Aidan, <ref target='Pg167'>167</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of Augustine, <ref target='Pg081'>81</ref>, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of Cedd, <ref target='Pg187'>187</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of Cuthbert, <ref target='Pg291'>291</ref>, <ref target='Pg292'>292</ref>, <ref target='Pg297'>297</ref>, <ref target='Pg300'>300</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of Earcongota, <ref target='Pg152'>152</ref>, <ref target='Pg153'>153</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of Earconwald, <ref target='Pg232'>232</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of Ethelthryth, <ref target='Pg262'>262</ref>, <ref target='Pg263'>263</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of Ethelwald, <ref target='Pg301'>301</ref>, <ref target='Pg302'>302</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of Haedde, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of the Hewalds, <ref target='Pg322'>322</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of John of Beverley, <ref target='Pg302'>302-311</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of Oswald, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg136'>136</ref>, <ref target='Pg137'>137</ref>, <ref target='Pg138'>138</ref>, <ref target='Pg154'>154-160</ref>, <ref target='Pg162'>162</ref>, <ref target='Pg163'>163</ref>, <ref target='Pg248'>248</ref>, <ref target='Pg249'>249</ref>, <ref target='Pg250'>250</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of Paulinus, <ref target='Pg122'>122</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of Sebbi, <ref target='Pg240'>240</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Miracles, Gregory on, <ref target='Pg068'>68</ref>, <ref target='Pg069'>69</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Mission of St. Augustine,</q> <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Mason'>Mason</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Moberly, his edition of the <q>Ecclesiastical History,</q> <ref target='Pgxx'>xx</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Moinenn, name for Ninias, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Moll'/> +<l>Moll, King of Northumbria, <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Monasteries, in England, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>in Gaul, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>double or mixed, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref> n., <ref target='Pg177'>177</ref> n., <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>, <ref target='Pg233'>233</ref>, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref> n., <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref>, <ref target='Pg283'>283</ref>, <ref target='Pg284'>284</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>rules for, <ref target='Pg229'>229</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>constitution of, <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>hereditary succession in, <ref target='Pg306'>306</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Monasticon,</q> <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Dugdale'>Dugdale</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Monk, an ungodly, his wicked life and miserable death, <ref target='Pg334'>334</ref>, <ref target='Pg335'>335</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his visions of hell, <ref target='Pg335'>335</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Monophysite Heresy, the, <ref target='Pg254'>254</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Monothelitism, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg214'>214</ref> n., <ref target='Pg254'>254</ref> n., <ref target='Pg258'>258</ref>, <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Monumenta Historica Britannica,</q> <ref target='Pgxx'>xx</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Moore, Bishop, his MS. of the <q>Ecclesiastical History,</q> <ref target='Pgxix'>xix</ref>, <ref target='Pgxx'>xx</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Moray Frith, <ref target='Pg360'>360</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mopsuestia, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Theodore-Theodorus'>Theodore</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Morgan, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Pelagius'>Pelagius</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Morini, The, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>, <ref target='Pg009'>9</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mosaic Law, <ref target='Pg196'>196</ref>, <ref target='Pg198'>198</ref>, <ref target='Pg361'>361</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Mount-Olives'/> +<l>Mount of Olives, <ref target='Pg340'>340</ref>, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Mount Sion, <ref target='Pg340'>340</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Muigeo, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Mayo'>Mayo</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Mul'/> +<l>Mul, usurper in Kent, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Music, Church, <ref target='Pg133'>133</ref>, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref>, <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref>, <ref target='Pg258'>258</ref>, <ref target='Pg265'>265</ref> n., <ref target='Pg358'>358</ref>, <ref target='Pg386'>386</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>supernatural, <ref target='Pg221'>221</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Naiton'/> +<l>Naiton, or Nechtan mac Derili, King of the Picts, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxi'>xxxi</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>adopts Catholic usages, <ref target='Pg359'>359</ref>, <ref target='Pg360'>360</ref>, <ref target='Pg374'>374</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>asks Ceolfrid for advice and builders, <ref target='Pg359'>359</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>builds a stone church, <ref target='Pg359'>359</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>expels the Columban clergy, <ref target='Pg359'>359</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>receives Ceolfrid's letter, <ref target='Pg374'>374</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Namur MS. of the <q>Ecclesiastical History,</q> <ref target='Pgxix'>xix</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Naples, <ref target='Pg214'>214</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Nativity of our Lord, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Christmas'>Christmas</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Nechtan mac Derili, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Naiton'>Naiton</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Nechtansmere'/> +<l>Nechtansmere, or Dunnechtan, battle of, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Nendrum, or Inishmahee, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Cromanus'>Cromanus</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Nennius, editorial references to, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref> n., <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref> n., <ref target='Pg188'>188</ref> n., <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref> n., <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Nero, Emperor, <ref target='Pg011'>11</ref>, <ref target='Pg014'>14</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Nestorius'/> +<l>Nestorius, Bishop of Constantinople, his heresy, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref> n., <ref target='Pg256'>256</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Neustria, King of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Chilperic'>Chilperic</ref>, <ref target='Index-Clothaire-III'>Clothaire III</ref>, <ref target='Index-Clovis-II'>Clovis II</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Neustrians defeated by Pippin, <ref target='Pg320'>320</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Newark, <ref target='Pg123'>123</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Newcastle, <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Nicaea, Council of, <ref target='Pg019'>19</ref>, <ref target='Pg128'>128</ref>, <ref target='Pg198'>198</ref>, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref> n., <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref>, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Nicene Creed, <ref target='Pg256'>256</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Nidd, Synod of the, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ninian'/> +<l>Ninian, Ninias or Moinenn, Bishop of Whitern, <ref target='Pg048'>48</ref> n., <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his mission to the Southern Picts, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Niridanum, monastery of, <ref target='Pg214'>214</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Nisan, the month, <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n., <ref target='Pg365'>365</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Nivelles, monastery of, <ref target='Pg177'>177</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Nola, Campania, <ref target='Pg388'>388</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Nola, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Paulinus-Nola'>Paulinus</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Norfolk, Bishopric of, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Norman Conquest, The,</q> <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Freeman'>Freeman</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='426'/><anchor id='Pg426'/> + +<lg> +<l>Northamptonshire, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref> n., <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref>, <ref target='Pg268'>268</ref> n., <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-North-Burton'/> +<l>North Burton, <ref target='Pg308'>308</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>North Pole, the, <ref target='Pg006'>6</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Northumberland, <ref target='Pg004'>4</ref> n., <ref target='Pg292'>292</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Northumbria, Bede's acquaintance with its history, <ref target='Pgxxii'>xxii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxiii'>xxiii</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>history of, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg082'>82</ref> n., <ref target='Pg122'>122</ref> n., <ref target='Pg127'>127</ref> n., <ref target='Pg131'>131</ref>, <ref target='Pg164'>164</ref>, <ref target='Pg168'>168</ref>, <ref target='Pg185'>185</ref>, <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref> n., <ref target='Pg195'>195</ref>, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref>, <ref target='Pg226'>226</ref> n., <ref target='Pg286'>286</ref>, <ref target='Pg325'>325</ref>, <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref> n., <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref> n., <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>establishment of Christianity in, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg102'>102</ref>, <ref target='Pg104'>104</ref>, <ref target='Pg117'>117</ref>, <ref target='Pg118'>118</ref>, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>, <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref>, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>, <ref target='Pg133'>133</ref>, <ref target='Pg139'>139</ref>, <ref target='Pg381'>381</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>diocese of, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref>, <ref target='Pg004'>4</ref>, <ref target='Pg137'>137</ref> n., <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref>, <ref target='Pg242'>242</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref> n., <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref> n., <ref target='Pg381'>381</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Northumbria, King of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aldfrid'>Aldfrid</ref>, <ref target='Index-Alfrid'><q>Alfrid,</q></ref> <ref target='Index-Aluchred'>Aluchred</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ceolwulf'>Ceolwulf</ref>, <ref target='Index-Coenred-Northumbria'>Coenred</ref>, <ref target='Index-Eadbert-Northumbria'>Eadbert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Eadwulf'>Eadwulf</ref>, <ref target='Index-Edwin'>Edwin</ref>, <ref target='Index-Egfrid'>Egfrid</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ethelfrid'>Ethelfrid</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ethelwald-Northumbria'>Ethelwald</ref>, <ref target='Index-Moll'>Moll</ref>, <ref target='Index-Osred'>Osred</ref>, <ref target='Index-Osric-Northumbria'>Osric</ref>, <ref target='Index-Oswald'>Oswald</ref>, <ref target='Index-Oswulf'>Oswulf</ref>, <ref target='Index-Oswy'>Oswy</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Northumbria, Bishop of, <ref target='Pg143'>143</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>and <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> Bishops of <ref target='Index-Lindisfarne'>Lindisfarne</ref> and <ref target='Index-York'>York</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Northumbrians, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>North Wales, <ref target='Pg086'>86</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Norwich, the diocese of, <ref target='Pg122'>122</ref> n., <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Nothelm'/> +<l>Nothelm, Archbishop of Canterbury, <ref target='Pgxxii'>xxii</ref>, <ref target='Pg002'>2</ref>, <ref target='Pg390'>390</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his research, <ref target='Pgxxii'>xxii</ref>, <ref target='Pg002'>2</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his questions to Bede answered, <ref target='Pg387'>387</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Nottinghamshire, <ref target='Pg115'>115</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Numbers, quoted, <ref target='Pg362'>362</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Oak, the (possibly Augustine's Ác), <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Octa'/> +<l>Octa, grandfather of Ethelbert, King of Kent, <ref target='Pg095'>95</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Oder, the river, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Odo, Archbishop of Canterbury, <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Oecumenical Councils, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Councils'>Councils</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Oengus'/> +<l>Oengus, Angus or Ungust, King of the Picts, son of Fergus, <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref> n., <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Oeric'/> +<l>Oeric, Oisc, son of Hengist, <ref target='Pg095'>95</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Offa-Essex'/> +<l>Offa, King of Essex, son of Sighere, his abdication and pilgrimage to Rome, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref> n., <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Offa-Mercia'/> +<l>Offa, King of Mercia, <ref target='Pg018'>18</ref> n., <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref> n., <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Offerings at the Altar, divisions of, <ref target='Pg049'>49</ref>, <ref target='Pg050'>50</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Oftfor'/> +<l>Oftfor, Bishop of Worcester, <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref>, <ref target='Pg274'>274</ref>, <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Oiddi, a priest of Wilfrid's, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Oidilwald'/> +<l>Oidilwald, sub-king of Deira, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Ethelwald-Deira'>Ethelwald</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Oil calms a storm, <ref target='Pg167'>167</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Oisc, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Oeric'>Oeric</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Oiscings, the, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Olivet, Mount, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Mount-Olives'>Mount of Olives</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Old Saxons, The, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref>, <ref target='Pg320'>320</ref>, <ref target='Pg321'>321</ref>, <ref target='Pg322'>322</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Old Sarum, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Opus Paschale, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Sedulius'>Sedulius</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Orcades, The, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Orkneys'>Orkneys</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ordination of bishops, <ref target='Pg049'>49</ref>, <ref target='Pg050'>50</ref>, <ref target='Pg053'>53</ref>, <ref target='Pg054'>54</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Orkneys'/> +<l>Orkneys, The, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>, <ref target='Pg011'>11</ref>, <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref> n., <ref target='Pg382'>382</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Orosius, <ref target='Pgxxii'>xxii</ref>, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref> n., <ref target='Pg025'>25</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Orthography, <ref target='Pg389'>389</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Osfrid, son of Edwin, baptized, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>slain in battle, <ref target='Pg131'>131</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his son, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Osred'/> +<l>Osred, King of Northumbria, after Aldfrid, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg342'>342</ref>, <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref>, <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref> n., <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>, <ref target='Pg357'>357</ref>, <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref> n., <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>besieged in Bamborough by Eadwulf, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>killed in battle, <ref target='Pg375'>375</ref>, <ref target='Pg386'>386</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Osric-Hwiccas'/> +<l>Osric, sub-king of the Hwiccas, <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Osric-Deira'/> +<l>Osric, King of Deira after Edwin, son of Aelfric, <ref target='Pg134'>134</ref>, <ref target='Pg135'>135</ref>, <ref target='Pg164'>164</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Osric-Northumbria'/> +<l>Osric, King of Northumbria after Coenred, <ref target='Pgxxxi'>xxxi</ref>, <ref target='Pg001'>1</ref> n., <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref> n., <ref target='Pg375'>375</ref> n., <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his parentage, <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg378'>378</ref>, <ref target='Pg386'>386</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Osthryth, daughter of Oswy, wife of Ethelred, King of Mercia, <ref target='Pg157'>157</ref>, <ref target='Pg267'>267</ref>, <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>her love for Bardney Monastery, <ref target='Pg157'>157</ref>, <ref target='Pg158'>158</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>murdered by her nobles, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='427'/><anchor id='Pg427'/> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Oswald'/> +<l>Oswald, King of Northumbria after Eanfrid and Osric, and sixth Bretwalda, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>, <ref target='Pg131'>131</ref>, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>, <ref target='Pg135'>135</ref>, <ref target='Pg185'>185</ref>, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref>, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>unites Bernicia and Deira, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg134'>134</ref>, <ref target='Pg164'>164</ref> n., <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>extent of his dominions, <ref target='Pg146'>146</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his mother, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his victory over Caedwalla at Hefenfelth, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg135'>135</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>erects a cross at Hefenfelth, <ref target='Pg136'>136</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>invites Aidan to restore Northumbria to Christianity, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg134'>134</ref>, <ref target='Pg138'>138</ref>, <ref target='Pg145'>145</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>baptized, <ref target='Pg138'>138</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>appoints Aidan Bishop of Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pg138'>138</ref>, <ref target='Pg139'>139</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his relations with Cynegils, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>marries Cynegils' daughter, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>makes Birinus Bishop of Dorchester, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>finishes building St. Peter's, York, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his piety, <ref target='Pg136'>136</ref>, <ref target='Pg146'>146</ref>, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>, <ref target='Pg154'>154</ref>, <ref target='Pg160'>160</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>church built in his honour, <ref target='Pg137'>137</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>length of his reign, <ref target='Pg135'>135</ref>, <ref target='Pg154'>154</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>slain at Maserfelth, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg137'>137</ref>, <ref target='Pg154'>154</ref>, <ref target='Pg160'>160</ref>, <ref target='Pg163'>163</ref>, <ref target='Pg164'>164</ref> n., <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>burial and translation of his remains, <ref target='Pg157'>157</ref>, <ref target='Pg158'>158</ref>, <ref target='Pg160'>160</ref>, <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his arms miraculously preserved from corruption, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his posthumous miracles, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg154'>154</ref>, <ref target='Pg155'>155</ref>, <ref target='Pg156'>156</ref>, <ref target='Pg157'>157</ref>, <ref target='Pg158'>158</ref>, <ref target='Pg159'>159</ref>, <ref target='Pg160'>160</ref>, <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref>, <ref target='Pg162'>162</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>averts a pestilence by his posthumous prayers, <ref target='Pg248'>248</ref>, <ref target='Pg249'>249</ref>, <ref target='Pg250'>250</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>legend connected with his name, <ref target='Pg154'>154</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>the day of his death celebrated, <ref target='Pg250'>250</ref>, <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><q>Life of,</q> <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Reginald'>Reginald</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Oswalds-Tree'/> +<l>Oswald's Tree, Oswestry, or Croes Oswallt (Cross Oswald), <ref target='Pg154'>154</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Oswin-Deira'/> +<l>Oswin, King of Deira, son of Osric, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg164'>164</ref>, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref> n., <ref target='Pg185'>185</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his love for Aidan, <ref target='Pg165'>165</ref>, <ref target='Pg166'>166</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his character and appearance, <ref target='Pg164'>164</ref>, <ref target='Pg165'>165</ref>, <ref target='Pg166'>166</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his reign, <ref target='Pg164'>164</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>murdered by Oswy, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg164'>164</ref>, <ref target='Pg166'>166</ref>, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>monastery built in his memory, <ref target='Pg165'>165</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Oswin, an Aetheling, killed by Moll, <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Oswinthorp, <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Oswulf'/> +<l>Oswulf, King of Northumbria, son of Eadbert, <ref target='Pg393'>393</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Oswy'/> +<l>Oswy, King of Bernicia and afterwards of Northumbria, seventh Bretwalda, son of Ethelfrid, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxviii'>xxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>, <ref target='Pg157'>157</ref>, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref> n., <ref target='Pg201'>201</ref>, <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref>, <ref target='Pg224'>224</ref> n., <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref> n., <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref> n., <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref>, <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>murders Oswin, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg163'>163</ref>, <ref target='Pg164'>164</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>buries Oswald's head and arms, <ref target='Pg160'>160</ref>, <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his reign, <ref target='Pg163'>163</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his dominions, <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref>, <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>attacks upon him, <ref target='Pg163'>163</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his struggle with and defeat of Penda of Mercia, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>, <ref target='Pg188'>188</ref>, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref>, <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>marries Eanfled, daughter of Edwin, <ref target='Pg167'>167</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>dedicates his daughter Elfled to a religious life, <ref target='Pgxxxiii'>xxxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pg188'>188</ref>, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his daughter Alchfled married to Peada, son of Penda, <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref>, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sends Cedd to convert the East Saxons, <ref target='Pg182'>182</ref>, <ref target='Pg183'>183</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>endows monasteries, <ref target='Pg188'>188</ref>, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref>, <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>instructed by the Scots, <ref target='Pg194'>194</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>converted to Catholic usages, <ref target='Pg200'>200</ref>, <ref target='Pg201'>201</ref>, <ref target='Pg226'>226</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at the Whitby Synod, <ref target='Pg195'>195</ref>, <ref target='Pg200'>200</ref>, <ref target='Pg201'>201</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pg202'>202</ref>, <ref target='Pg203'>203</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sends Ceadda into Kent, <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his conference with Egbert, <ref target='Pg208'>208</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sends Wighard to Rome, <ref target='Pg208'>208</ref>, <ref target='Pg213'>213</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his treatment of Wilfrid, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Pope Vitalian's letter to, <ref target='Pg208'>208</ref>, <ref target='Pg209'>209</ref>, <ref target='Pg210'>210</ref>, <ref target='Pg211'>211</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>intends to go to Rome, <ref target='Pg226'>226</ref>, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sickness and death, <ref target='Pg226'>226</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>buried at Whitby, <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Othona, <ref target='Pg183'>183</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ouestraefelda'/> +<l>Ouestraefelda (Estrefeld), Aetswinapathe, or Edwins-path, Synod of, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n., <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref> n., <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Oundle'/> +<l>Oundle, or Inundalum, Monastery at, <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref>, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Oundle, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Cuthbald-Cudwald'>Cuthbald</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ovid, editorial reference to, <ref target='Pg264'>264</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Owini, <ref target='Pg220'>220</ref>, <ref target='Pg221'>221</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his narrative of Ceadda's death, <ref target='Pg221'>221</ref>, <ref target='Pg222'>222</ref>, <ref target='Pg223'>223</ref>, <ref target='Pg224'>224</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Oxford, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref> n., <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Oxford, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Paget'>Paget</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='428'/><anchor id='Pg428'/> + +<lg> +<l>Padda, a priest of Wilfrid's, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Paegnalaech, or Paegnalech, Monastery of, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Paget'/> +<l>Paget, Dr., Bishop of Oxford, his <q>Studies in the Christian Character,</q> quoted, <ref target='Pgxxxviii'>xxxviii</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Palestine, <ref target='Pg338'>338</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pall, the, <ref target='Pg049'>49</ref> n., <ref target='Pg054'>54</ref>, <ref target='Pg100'>100</ref>, <ref target='Pg101'>101</ref>, <ref target='Pg124'>124</ref>, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>, <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref> n., <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>, <ref target='Pg390'>390</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Palladius'/> +<l>Palladius, Bishop, sent by Pope Celestine to the Christian Irish, <ref target='Pgxxiii'>xxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pg026'>26</ref>, <ref target='Pg027'>27</ref>, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref> n., <ref target='Pg382'>382</ref>, <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pallinsburn, <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Palsy, girl miraculously cured of the, <ref target='Pg155'>155</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pamphilus, Martyr, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pancras, or Pancratius, St., <ref target='Pg210'>210</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pant, The River, afterwards the Blackwater, <ref target='Pg183'>183</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pantheon, The, given by Phocas to the Church, <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Paris, <ref target='Pg152'>152</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Paris, King of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Charibert'>Charibert</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Paris, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Agilbert'>Agilbert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Importunus'>Importunus</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Parker, editorial reference to, <ref target='Pg048'>48</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Parochial system, The, <ref target='Pg183'>183</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Partney'/> +<l>Partney, or Peartaneu Monastery, <ref target='Pg123'>123</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Partney, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aldwin-Partney'>Aldwin</ref>, <ref target='Index-Deda'>Deda</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Paschal, Pope, <ref target='Pg265'>265</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Paschal Controversy, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Easter-Controversy'>Easter</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Paschal Cycles, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Cycles'>Cycles</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Passover and Easter, <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n., <ref target='Pg361'>361</ref>, <ref target='Pg362'>362</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>et seq.</hi></l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Pastoral Care, The,</q> <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Gregory-Great'>Gregory</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Patriarchs, The, their tonsure, <ref target='Pg370'>370</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Patriarchs' tombs, The, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref>, <ref target='Pg342'>342</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Patrick, St., Missionary to the Irish, <ref target='Pg027'>27</ref> n., <ref target='Pg048'>48</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Paul, St., <ref target='Pg072'>72</ref>, <ref target='Pg081'>81</ref>, <ref target='Pg196'>196</ref>, <ref target='Pg197'>197</ref>, <ref target='Pg210'>210</ref>, <ref target='Pg211'>211</ref>, <ref target='Pg240'>240</ref>, <ref target='Pg265'>265</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>quoted, xli, <ref target='Pg060'>60</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his tonsure, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>appears to a Saxon boy, <ref target='Pg248'>248</ref>, <ref target='Pg249'>249</ref>, <ref target='Pg250'>250</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Paul a Martyr, <ref target='Pg210'>210</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Paul the Deacon, his <q>Life of Gregory,</q> <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref> n., <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Paulinus-York'/> +<l>Paulinus, Archbishop of York, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg118'>118</ref>, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sent by Gregory to Augustine, <ref target='Pg064'>64</ref>, <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>goes to Northumbria with Queen Ethelberg, <ref target='Pg102'>102</ref>, <ref target='Pg103'>103</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his conversion of Edwin, <ref target='Pg102'>102</ref>, <ref target='Pg104'>104</ref>, <ref target='Pg112'>112</ref>, <ref target='Pg115'>115</ref>, <ref target='Pg116'>116</ref>, <ref target='Pg270'>270</ref>, <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>converts the Northumbrians, <ref target='Pg103'>103</ref>, <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref>, <ref target='Pg124'>124</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his ordination, <ref target='Pg103'>103</ref>, <ref target='Pg105'>105</ref> n., <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>baptizes Edwin's daughter Eanfled, <ref target='Pg104'>104</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>teaches and baptizes in Northumbria, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>, <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>preaches in Lindsey, <ref target='Pg122'>122</ref>, <ref target='Pg123'>123</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>converts Blaecca of Lincoln, <ref target='Pg122'>122</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>builds St. Paul's, Lincoln, <ref target='Pg122'>122</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>consecrates Honorius, <ref target='Pg123'>123</ref>, <ref target='Pg126'>126</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his appearance, <ref target='Pg123'>123</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>receives the pall from Pope Honorius, <ref target='Pg124'>124</ref>, <ref target='Pg125'>125</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>converts Osric, <ref target='Pg134'>134</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>converts Hilda, <ref target='Pg270'>270</ref>, <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>on Edwin's death takes Ethelberg and her children back to Kent, <ref target='Pg130'>130</ref>, <ref target='Pg131'>131</ref>, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>made Bishop of Rochester, <ref target='Pg130'>130</ref>, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death and burial, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>, <ref target='Pg163'>163</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Paulinus-Nola'/> +<l>Paulinus, Bishop of Nola, his poems, <ref target='Pg388'>388</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Peada'/> +<l>Peada, son of Penda, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his conversion, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref>, <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>made King of the South Mercians by Oswy, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref> n., <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref>, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his character, <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>marries Oswy's daughter Alchfled, <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>slain by the treachery of his wife, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Peanfahel, or Penneltun, <ref target='Pg024'>24</ref>, <ref target='Pg025'>25</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pearls of various colours, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Peartaneu, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Partney'>Partney</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Pechthelm'/> +<l>Pechthelm, Bishop of Whitern, <ref target='Pg334'>334</ref>, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref>, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref> n., <ref target='Pg381'>381</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pelagians, The, <ref target='Pgxxiii'>xxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg128'>128</ref>, <ref target='Pg129'>129</ref>, <ref target='Pg130'>130</ref>, <ref target='Pg368'>368</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>in Britain, <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref>, <ref target='Pg032'>32</ref>, <ref target='Pg039'>39</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at the conference of St. Albans, <ref target='Pg034'>34</ref>, <ref target='Pg035'>35</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>their teachers confuted and expelled by Germanus, <ref target='Pg040'>40</ref>, <ref target='Pg041'>41</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pelagius II, Pope, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Pelagius'/> +<l>Pelagius, the heretic, <ref target='Pg020'>20</ref>, <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref> n., <ref target='Pg032'>32</ref> n., <ref target='Pg035'>35</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his doctrine, <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>refuted by St. Augustine, <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='429'/><anchor id='Pg429'/> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Penda'/> +<l>Penda, King of Mercia, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref>, <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref>, <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref> n., <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref> n., <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his war against Edwin, <ref target='Pg130'>130</ref>, <ref target='Pg131'>131</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>treacherously slays Eadfrid, <ref target='Pg131'>131</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his attitude towards Christianity, <ref target='Pg131'>131</ref>, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his sister married to and divorced by Coinwalch, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>deprives Coinwalch of his kingdom, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>kills Oswald, <ref target='Pg154'>154</ref>, <ref target='Pg188'>188</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>kills Sigbert and Ecgric in battle, <ref target='Pg172'>172</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>conquers Lindsey, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>invades and ravages Northumbria, <ref target='Pg168'>168</ref>, <ref target='Pg169'>169</ref>, <ref target='Pg188'>188</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>attempts to burn Bamborough, <ref target='Pg168'>168</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>burns the church where Aidan died, <ref target='Pg170'>170</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his children, <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>slain by Oswy at the Battle of Winwaed, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>, <ref target='Pg188'>188</ref>, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref>, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pentecost, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Whitsuntide'>Whitsuntide</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Perctarit'/> +<l>Perctarit, King of the Lombards, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Perrona, or Péronne, Church at, <ref target='Pg178'>178</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Monastery of, <ref target='Pg177'>177</ref> n., <ref target='Pg178'>178</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Péronne, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Ultan'>Ultan</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Persia, King of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Chosroes'>Chosroes</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Peter, St., <ref target='Pg071'>71</ref>, <ref target='Pg072'>72</ref>, <ref target='Pg081'>81</ref>, <ref target='Pg109'>109</ref>, <ref target='Pg127'>127</ref>, <ref target='Pg196'>196</ref>, <ref target='Pg200'>200</ref>, <ref target='Pg201'>201</ref>, <ref target='Pg210'>210</ref>, <ref target='Pg211'>211</ref>, <ref target='Pg304'>304</ref>, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>, <ref target='Pg372'>372</ref>, <ref target='Pg373'>373</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his tomb, <ref target='Pg054'>54</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>founds the Church of Rome, <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>said to have consecrated Clement, <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his observance of Easter, <ref target='Pg198'>198</ref>, <ref target='Pg364'>364</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>monastery dedicated to, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>appears in a vision to a Saxon boy, <ref target='Pg248'>248</ref>, <ref target='Pg249'>249</ref>, <ref target='Pg250'>250</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his wife's mother, <ref target='Pg308'>308</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>church built by Naiton dedicated to, <ref target='Pg360'>360</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>preaching at Rome, <ref target='Pg364'>364</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his tonsure, <ref target='Pg371'>371</ref>, <ref target='Pg374'>374</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Peter, Gregory's Deacon, <ref target='Pg076'>76</ref>, <ref target='Pg079'>79</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Peter-Augustines'/> +<l>Peter, first Abbot of St. Augustine's Monastery, <ref target='Pg049'>49</ref>, <ref target='Pg072'>72</ref>, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Peter, name given to Caedwalla in his baptism, <ref target='Pg312'>312</ref>, <ref target='Pg313'>313</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Peterborough'/> +<l>Peterborough, or Medeshamstead, Monastery founded by Sexwulf, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Peterborough, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Cuthbald-Medeshamstead'>Cuthbald</ref>, <ref target='Index-Sexwulf'>Sexwulf</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Phase, or Passover, <ref target='Pg362'>362</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Philippians, Epistle to the,</q> quoted, <ref target='Pg144'>144</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Phocas, Emperor, <ref target='Pg042'>42</ref> n., <ref target='Pg074'>74</ref>, <ref target='Pg081'>81</ref>, <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Phrygia, <ref target='Pg078'>78</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Picardy, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pickering, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Picts, the, <ref target='Pgxxiii'>xxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxi'>xxxi</ref>, <ref target='Pg007'>7</ref>, <ref target='Pg009'>9</ref>, <ref target='Pg205'>205</ref>, <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>their law of succession, <ref target='Pg008'>8</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>their incursions, <ref target='Pg007'>7</ref>, <ref target='Pg008'>8</ref>, <ref target='Pg020'>20</ref> n., <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref>, <ref target='Pg026'>26</ref>, <ref target='Pg028'>28</ref>, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>subdued by Oswy and made subject to Northumbria, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref>, <ref target='Pg381'>381</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>regain their Independence, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref> n., <ref target='Pg286'>286</ref>, <ref target='Pg381'>381</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>defeat Egfrid at Nechtansmere, <ref target='Pg285'>285</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at peace with the English, <ref target='Pg381'>381</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>their conversion, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref>, <ref target='Pg359'>359</ref> n., <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>attitude towards Easter question, <ref target='Pg196'>196</ref>, <ref target='Pg359'>359</ref>, <ref target='Pg374'>374</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Picts, King of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Bridius'>Bridius</ref>, <ref target='Index-Bruide-Mac-Bili'>Bruide Mac Bili</ref>, <ref target='Index-Naiton'>Naiton</ref>, <ref target='Index-Oengus'>Oengus</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Picts, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Trumwine'>Trumwine</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pilgrimages, <ref target='Pg294'>294</ref> n., <ref target='Pg312'>312</ref>, <ref target='Pg313'>313</ref>, <ref target='Pg314'>314</ref>, <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref>, <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pilgrim of Bordeaux, The, <ref target='Pg340'>340</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pincahala, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Pippin-Heristal'/> +<l>Pippin of Heristal, Duke of the Franks, account of, <ref target='Pg320'>320</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his kindness to Wilbrord, <ref target='Pg320'>320</ref>, <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>buries the Hewalds, <ref target='Pg322'>322</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>gives Suidbert land for a monastery at Inlitore, <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Pippin-Short'/> +<l>Pippin the Short, King of the Franks, son of Charles Martel, grandson of Pippin of Heristal, <ref target='Pg320'>320</ref> n., <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>, <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Placidia, Mother of Valentinian, <ref target='Pg041'>41</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Plague, The, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxviii'>xxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxv'>xxxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg028'>28</ref>, <ref target='Pg162'>162</ref>, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref> n., <ref target='Pg186'>186</ref>, <ref target='Pg187'>187</ref>, <ref target='Pg201'>201</ref> n., <ref target='Pg203'>203</ref>, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref>, <ref target='Pg212'>212</ref>, <ref target='Pg213'>213</ref>, <ref target='Pg220'>220</ref>, <ref target='Pg233'>233</ref>, <ref target='Pg234'>234</ref>, <ref target='Pg237'>237</ref> n., <ref target='Pg288'>288</ref> n., <ref target='Pg289'>289</ref>, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref> n., <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Plato, quoted, <ref target='Pg360'>360</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Plectrude, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Blithryda'>Blithryda</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pliny, <ref target='Pgxxii'>xxii</ref>, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Plummer'/> +<l>Plummer, editorial references to his edition of the <q>Ecclesiastical History</q> and Historical Works of Bede, <ref target='Pgv'>v</ref>, <ref target='Pgxix'>xix</ref>, <ref target='Pgxx'>xx</ref>, <ref target='Pg002'>2</ref> n., +<pb n='430'/><anchor id='Pg430'/> +<ref target='Pg013'>13</ref> n., <ref target='Pg032'>32</ref> n., <ref target='Pg068'>68</ref> n., <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n., <ref target='Pg090'>90</ref> n., <ref target='Pg226'>226</ref> n., <ref target='Pg277'>277</ref> n., <ref target='Pg305'>305</ref> n., <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref> n., <ref target='Pg326'>326</ref> n., <ref target='Pg387'>387</ref> n., <ref target='Pg390'>390</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Poetry, English Religious, <ref target='Pg277'>277</ref>, <ref target='Pg278'>278</ref>, <ref target='Pg279'>279</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Latin, <ref target='Pg246'>246</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Poitiers, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Fortunatus'>Fortunatus</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pontifical System of Indictions, The, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref> n., <ref target='Pg254'>254</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Pontus, The, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Praetorian Guards, The, <ref target='Pg014'>14</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Praise of Virgins, The,</q> <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Fortunatus'>Fortunatus</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Priestfield, Rochester, <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Primacy, The, <ref target='Pg049'>49</ref>, <ref target='Pg065'>65</ref>, <ref target='Pg066'>66</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Priscilla, <ref target='Pg197'>197</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Promised Land, The, <ref target='Pg338'>338</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Prosper'/> +<l>Prosper of Aquitaine, <ref target='Pgxxii'>xxii</ref>, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>quoted, <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Prosper Tiro, <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Psalms, The,</q> quoted, <ref target='Pg101'>101</ref>, <ref target='Pg107'>107</ref>, <ref target='Pg174'>174</ref>, <ref target='Pg223'>223</ref>, <ref target='Pg334'>334</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Puch, a thegn, his wife healed by John of Beverley, <ref target='Pg307'>307</ref>, <ref target='Pg308'>308</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Putta-Rochester'/> +<l>Putta, Bishop of Rochester, <ref target='Pg216'>216</ref>, <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at the Hertford Synod, <ref target='Pg228'>228</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>leaves Rochester for Mercia, <ref target='Pg242'>242</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his unworldliness, <ref target='Pg242'>242</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>teaches Church music, <ref target='Pg242'>242</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg242'>242</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Putta-Hereford'/> +<l>Putta, Bishop of Hereford, <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref> n., <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Purgatory, <ref target='Pg326'>326</ref>, <ref target='Pg327'>327</ref>, <ref target='Pg329'>329</ref>, <ref target='Pg330'>330</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Quartodecimans, <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n., <ref target='Pg129'>129</ref> n., <ref target='Pg143'>143</ref> n., <ref target='Pg196'>196</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Quenburga, daughter of Cearl, first wife of Edwin, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Quentavic, Quentae vicus, or Etaples, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Etaples'>Etaples</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Quodvultdeus, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Quoenburg, daughter of Heriburg, healed by the prayers of Bishop John of Beverley, <ref target='Pg305'>305-307</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Racuulfe, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Reculver-Racuulfe'>Reculver</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Raedfrid, Egbert's reeve, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Raegenheri, son of Redwald, <ref target='Pg115'>115</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rameses, <ref target='Pg362'>362</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ramsbury, Diocese of, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rathbed, King of Frisland, <ref target='Pg319'>319</ref>, <ref target='Pg320'>320</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rathmelsigi, Monastery of, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ravenna, <ref target='Pg041'>41</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rebecca's Tomb, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref> n., <ref target='Pg342'>342</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Reculver-Racuulfe'/> +<l>Reculver or Racuulfe, Monastery of, <ref target='Pg315'>315</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Reculver, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Bertwald'>Bertwald</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Redbridge'/> +<l>Redbridge, Ford of Reeds, or Hreutford, Monastery of, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Redbridge, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Cynibert-Redbridge'>Cynibert</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Redger'/> +<l>Redger, Archbishop of Maintz, <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Redwald'/> +<l>Redwald, King of the East Angles, fourth Bretwalda, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>, <ref target='Pg112'>112</ref>, <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref>, <ref target='Pg171'>171</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his protection of Edwin, <ref target='Pg112'>112-115</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>leads an army against Ethelfrid, <ref target='Pg115'>115</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>banishes Sigbert, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref>, <ref target='Pg172'>172</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his conversion and perversion, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his genealogy, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his Queen, <ref target='Pg114'>114</ref>, <ref target='Pg115'>115</ref>, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Reeves'/> +<l>Reeves, Dr., editorial reference to his <q>Culdees,</q> <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>to his edition of Adamnan's <q>Life of St. Columba,</q> <ref target='Pg140'>140</ref> n., <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Reginald'/> +<l>Reginald of Durham, editorial references to his <q>Life of St. Oswald,</q> <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref> n., <ref target='Pg154'>154</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Religious Orders, <ref target='Pg202'>202</ref>, <ref target='Pg203'>203</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rendlesham, Rendlaesham or Rendil's Dwelling, <ref target='Pg185'>185</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Reppington, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Repton'>Repton</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Reptacaestir, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Richborough'>Richborough</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Reptiles, their absence from Ireland, <ref target='Pg008'>8</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Repton'/> +<l>Repton or Reppington, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Responsa, Gregory's, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Gregory-Great'>Gregory's Answers</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Restennet, near Forfar, <ref target='Pg360'>360</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Resurrection, Doctrine of the, <ref target='Pg078'>78</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Retford, <ref target='Pg115'>115</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Reuda'/> +<l>Reuda, leader of the Scots, <ref target='Pg008'>8</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rhine, the River, <ref target='Pg009'>9</ref>, <ref target='Pg022'>22</ref>, <ref target='Pg322'>322</ref>, <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rhŷs, Dr., editorial references to his <q>Celtic Britain,</q> vi, <ref target='Pg007'>7</ref> n., <ref target='Pg008'>8</ref> n., <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref> n., <ref target='Pg029'>29</ref> n., <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref> n., <ref target='Pg086'>86</ref> n., <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='431'/><anchor id='Pg431'/> + +<lg> +<l>Riada, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Reuda'>Reuda</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Richard of Hexham, editorial references to, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref> n., <ref target='Pg303'>303</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Richborough'/> +<l>Richborough, Reptacaestir or Rutubi Portus, Kent, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Richmond, Yorks., <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ricula, sister of Ethelbert, <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ricbert kills Earpwald, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ripon'/> +<l>Ripon, or Inhrypum, <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Monastery of, <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref> n., <ref target='Pg194'>194</ref>, <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref> n., <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref>, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref> n., <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref> n., <ref target='Pg301'>301</ref>, <ref target='Pg320'>320</ref> n., <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref>, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref>, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref> n., <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>diocese of, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref> n., <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ripon, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Eadhaed'>Eadhaed</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ripon, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Wilfrid-St'>Wilfrid</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ritual, <ref target='Pg051'>51</ref>, <ref target='Pg085'>85</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Rochester'/> +<l>Rochester, Dorubrevis, Hrofaescaestrae or The Kentish Castle, <ref target='Pg163'>163</ref>, <ref target='Pg228'>228</ref>, <ref target='Pg229'>229</ref> n., <ref target='Pg242'>242</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>diocese of, <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref>, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rochester, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aldwulf-Rochester'>Aldwulf</ref>, <ref target='Index-Cuichelm-Rochester'>Cuichelm</ref>, <ref target='Index-Damian'>Damian</ref>, <ref target='Index-Gebmund'>Gebmund</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ithamar'>Ithamar</ref>, <ref target='Index-Justus'>Justus</ref>, <ref target='Index-Paulinus-York'>Paulinus</ref>, <ref target='Index-Putta-Rochester'>Putta</ref>, <ref target='Index-Romanus-Rochester'>Romanus</ref>, <ref target='Index-Tobias'>Tobias</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Roger of Wendover, editorial references to, <ref target='Pg252'>252</ref> n., <ref target='Pg321'>321</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Roman Law, <ref target='Pg052'>52</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Roman remains at Grantchester, <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Romans, The, in Britain, <ref target='Pgxxiii'>xxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pg009'>9-23</ref>, <ref target='Pg025'>25</ref>, <ref target='Pg026'>26</ref>, <ref target='Pg382'>382</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Rome'/> +<l>Rome, <ref target='Pg009'>9</ref>, <ref target='Pg011'>11</ref>, <ref target='Pg054'>54</ref> n., <ref target='Pg078'>78</ref>, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref>, <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref>, <ref target='Pg099'>99</ref> n., <ref target='Pg133'>133</ref> n., <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref>, <ref target='Pg194'>194</ref>, <ref target='Pg196'>196</ref>, <ref target='Pg214'>214</ref>, <ref target='Pg226'>226</ref>, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref>, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref>, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref>, <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref>, <ref target='Pg312'>312</ref>, <ref target='Pg313'>313</ref>, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref>, <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref>, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n., <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref>, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref>, <ref target='Pg358'>358</ref>, <ref target='Pg364'>364</ref>, <ref target='Pg368'>368</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Bede's alleged visit to, <ref target='Pgxxxvi'>xxxvi</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>taken by the Goths, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref>, <ref target='Pg382'>382</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Apostolic see of, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref>, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref>, <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>councils held at, <ref target='Pg254'>254</ref> n., <ref target='Pg256'>256</ref>, <ref target='Pg258'>258</ref>, <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref>, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref> n., <ref target='Pg354'>354</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Romanus-Rochester'/> +<l>Romanus, Bishop of Rochester after Justus, <ref target='Pg100'>100</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>drowned on his way to Rome, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Romanus, a priest of Queen Eanfled's, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>, <ref target='Pg195'>195</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Romulus, <ref target='Pg313'>313</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Romulus Augustulus, Emperor, <ref target='Pg041'>41</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ronan, <ref target='Pg193'>193</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rosemarkie, on the Moray Frith, <ref target='Pg360'>360</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rowley Water, <ref target='Pg135'>135</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Rufinianus'/> +<l>Rufinianus, Abbot of St. Augustine's Monastery, <ref target='Pg064'>64</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rügen, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rügenwalde, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rugii, the, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rugini, the, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Rutubi Portus, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Richborough'>Richborough</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Saba'/> +<l>Saba, or Sabert, King of Essex, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref>, <ref target='Pg096'>96</ref>, <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his pagan sons, <ref target='Pg095'>95</ref>, <ref target='Pg096'>96</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pgxxiv'>xxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref>, <ref target='Pg095'>95</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sacrarium, Signification of, <ref target='Pg158'>158</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Sacrilege'/> +<l>Sacrilege, <ref target='Pg051'>51</ref>, <ref target='Pg052'>52</ref>, <ref target='Pg095'>95</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sacrifice of Animals, <ref target='Pg067'>67</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Saethryth'/> +<l>Saethryth, Abbess of Brige, step-daughter of Anna, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref> n., <ref target='Pg152'>152</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Saewulf, quoted, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Abb's Head, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Agnes' Convent, Rome, <ref target='Pg054'>54</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-St-Albans'/> +<l>St. Alban's, Vaeclingacaestir, Verlamacaestir, or Verulam, <ref target='Pg018'>18</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Monastery of, <ref target='Pg018'>18</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>conference at, <ref target='Pg034'>34</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Amphibalus, Church of, at Winchester, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Andrew's Church, Hexham, <ref target='Pg358'>358</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Andrew's, Rochester, built by Ethelbert, <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref>, <ref target='Pg163'>163</ref>, <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref>, <ref target='Pg378'>378</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Andrew's Monastery, Rome, <ref target='Pg042'>42</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Audrey's Fair, Ely, <ref target='Pg263'>263</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Audrey's Lace, or Tawdry Lace, <ref target='Pg263'>263</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-St-Augustines'/> +<l>St. Augustine's Monastery, (Monastery of SS. Peter and Paul), founded by Augustine, at Canterbury, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg002'>2</ref> n., <ref target='Pg064'>64</ref> n., <ref target='Pg072'>72</ref>, <ref target='Pg090'>90</ref>, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref> n., <ref target='Pg216'>216</ref>, <ref target='Pg357'>357</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Augustine and subsequent archbishops buried there, <ref target='Pg090'>90</ref>, <ref target='Pg098'>98</ref>, <ref target='Pg216'>216</ref>, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Augustine's, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Albinus'>Albinus</ref>, <ref target='Index-Benedict-Biscop'>Benedict</ref>, <ref target='Index-Hadrian-Abbot'>Hadrian</ref>, <ref target='Index-Peter-Augustines'>Peter</ref>, <ref target='Index-Rufinianus'>Rufinianus</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Bees, <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Boswells, <ref target='Pg288'>288</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='432'/><anchor id='Pg432'/> + +<lg> +<l>St. Cecilia in Trastevere, <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Cunibert's Church, Cologne, <ref target='Pg322'>322</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Ebbe's Church, Oxford, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Gallen, Monastery of, <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>its MS. of Cuthbert's Letter to Cuthwin, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Cuthbert-Wearmouth'>Cuthbert</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Gregory's Chapel in St. Peter's, York, <ref target='Pg131'>131</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Herbert's Island, Derwentwater, <ref target='Pg294'>294</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. John's Lee, Hexham, <ref target='Pg303'>303</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Lawrence's Church, Bradford-on-Avon, <ref target='Pg210'>210</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Martin of Tours, <ref target='Pg048'>48</ref>, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref>, <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Martin's Church, Canterbury, <ref target='Pg048'>48</ref>, <ref target='Pg051'>51</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Martin's Church, Tours, <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Martin's Church, Utrecht, <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Martin's Church, Whitern, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Martin's Monastery, Rome, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref>, <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Martin's, Rome, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-John-Precentor'>John</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Mary's Church, Bethlehem, <ref target='Pg339'>339</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Mary's Church, Lichfield, <ref target='Pg224'>224</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Michael's Church, Malmesbury, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Michael's Oratory, Erneshow, <ref target='Pg303'>303</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Oswald's, near Hexham, <ref target='Pg137'>137</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Pancras Church, Canterbury, <ref target='Pg210'>210</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Paul's Cathedral, London, <ref target='Pg089'>89</ref>, <ref target='Pg240'>240</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Paul's Church, Rome, <ref target='Pg081'>81</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Peter, the patrimony of, in Gaul, <ref target='Pg044'>44</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Peter's Church, Bamborough, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Peter's Church, Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pg169'>169</ref>, <ref target='Pg192'>192</ref>, <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref>, <ref target='Pg302'>302</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Peter's Church, Ripon, <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref>, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Peter's, Rome, <ref target='Pg081'>81</ref>, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref>, <ref target='Pg313'>313</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Peter's Church, Whitby, <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Peter's Church, York, now York Minster, <ref target='Pg118'>118</ref>, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>SS. Peter and Paul, Church and Monastery of, Canterbury, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>, <ref target='Pg098'>98</ref> n., <ref target='Pg314'>314</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>and <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-St-Augustines'>St. Augustine's</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>SS. Peter and Paul, Church of, at Dorchester, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>SS. Peter and Paul, Church of, at Winchester, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>SS. Peter and Paul, monastery of, at Wearmouth and Jarrow, <ref target='Pg386'>386</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>and <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Wearmouth-Jarrow'>Wearmouth</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Saviour's Church, Utrecht, <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>St. Stephen's Church, Faremoûtier-en-Brie, <ref target='Pg153'>153</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Santi Quattro Coronati, Church of, at Rome, <ref target='Pg099'>99</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>S. Lorenzo fuori le Mura, Rome, <ref target='Pg210'>210</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Saracens, The, <ref target='Pgxxxi'>xxxi</ref>; origin of, <ref target='Pg378'>378</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sarah's Tomb, <ref target='Pg341'>341</ref> n., <ref target='Pg342'>342</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Saranus, or Saran Ua Critain, Irish Ecclesiastic, <ref target='Pg129'>129</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Saul, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref>, <ref target='Pg387'>387</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Saxon, the name, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Saxon Chronicle, The,</q> editorial references to, <ref target='Pg125'>125</ref> n., <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref> n., <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref> n., <ref target='Pg342'>342</ref> n., <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Saxons, The, <ref target='Pgxxiii'>xxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pg013'>13</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>called in to help the Britons, <ref target='Pg029'>29</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>conquer Britain, <ref target='Pg029'>29</ref>, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>, <ref target='Pg031'>31</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>settled in Britain, <ref target='Pg037'>37</ref>, <ref target='Pg042'>42</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Saxony, Old, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Scandinavia, <ref target='Pg007'>7</ref> n., <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Scarborough, <ref target='Pg275'>275</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Scarlet Dye made from snails, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Scellanus, Irish priest, <ref target='Pg129'>129</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Schleswig, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Schools, founded by Sigbert, <ref target='Pg172'>172</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>in Gaul, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref> n., <ref target='Pg172'>172</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>in Kent, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref> n., <ref target='Pg172'>172</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Scotland, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Ireland'>Ireland</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Scottia, signification of, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Scottish Language, <ref target='Pg006'>6</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Scots, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, Irish, <ref target='Pgxxiii'>xxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxi'>xxxi</ref>, <ref target='Pg007'>7</ref>, <ref target='Pg008'>8</ref>, <ref target='Pg009'>9</ref>, <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref>, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>incursions of, <ref target='Pg020'>20</ref> n., <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref>, <ref target='Pg026'>26</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Christianity among, <ref target='Pg008'>8</ref>, <ref target='Pg026'>26</ref>, +<pb n='433'/><anchor id='Pg433'/> +<ref target='Pg027'>27</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>their observance of Easter, <ref target='Pg091'>91</ref>, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref>, <ref target='Pg128'>128</ref>, <ref target='Pg129'>129</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>expelled from England, <ref target='Pg028'>28</ref>, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref>, <ref target='Pg074'>74</ref>, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of Dalriada, <ref target='Pg008'>8</ref>, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref>, <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref> n., <ref target='Pg286'>286</ref>, <ref target='Pg381'>381</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Scots, King of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aedan'>Aedan</ref>, <ref target='Index-Conall'>Conall</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Scott, Sir W., editorial reference to his <q>Antiquary,</q> <ref target='Pg025'>25</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Scylla, <ref target='Pg365'>365</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Scythia, <ref target='Pg007'>7</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Seals in Britain, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Sebbi'/> +<l>Sebbi, Joint King of Essex, brother of Sigbert the Little, <ref target='Pgxxviii'>xxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pg212'>212</ref>, <ref target='Pg232'>232</ref>, <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his piety, <ref target='Pg212'>212</ref>, <ref target='Pg238'>238</ref>, <ref target='Pg239'>239</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his queen, <ref target='Pg238'>238</ref>, <ref target='Pg240'>240</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>retires into a monastery, <ref target='Pg238'>238</ref>, <ref target='Pg239'>239</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his vision, <ref target='Pg239'>239</ref>, <ref target='Pg240'>240</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg212'>212</ref>, <ref target='Pg239'>239</ref>, <ref target='Pg240'>240</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>burial, <ref target='Pg240'>240</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>posthumous miracle, <ref target='Pg240'>240</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Sedulius'/> +<l>Sedulius, author of <q>Carmen Paschale,</q> and <q>Opus Paschale,</q> <ref target='Pg344'>344</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Segeni'/> +<l>Segeni, Abbot of Iona, <ref target='Pg144'>144</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Segenus, Irish priest, <ref target='Pg129'>129</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Selaeseu, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Selsey'>Selsey</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Selred, King of the East Saxons, <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Selsey'/> +<l>Selsey, Selaeseu, or the Island of the Sea-calf, monastery at, <ref target='Pg247'>247</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>diocese of, <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref> n., <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref>, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Selsey, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Eadbert-Selsey'>Eadbert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Eolla'>Eolla</ref>, <ref target='Index-Sigfrid'>Sigfrid</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Selsey, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Eappa'>Eappa</ref>, <ref target='Index-Eadbert-Selsey'>Eadbert</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Senlis, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Liudhard'>Liudhard</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Senones, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sens, Archbishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Emme'>Emme</ref>, <ref target='Index-Wulfram'>Wulfram</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sepulchre, The Holy, <ref target='Pg339'>339</ref>, <ref target='Pg340'>340</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sergius I, Pope, <ref target='Pgxxxvi'>xxxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg312'>312</ref>, <ref target='Pg313'>313</ref>, <ref target='Pg314'>314</ref>, <ref target='Pg323'>323</ref>, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Serpent, the Devil, <ref target='Pg266'>266</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Severianus, St., <ref target='Pg099'>99</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Severianus, Pelagian Bishop, <ref target='Pg032'>32</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Severinus, Pope, <ref target='Pg128'>128</ref>, <ref target='Pg129'>129</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Severn, The river, <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n., <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Severus, Emperor, divides Britain by a rampart, <ref target='Pg012'>12</ref>, <ref target='Pg013'>13</ref>, <ref target='Pg025'>25</ref>, <ref target='Pg382'>382</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his government of Britain, <ref target='Pg012'>12</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg012'>12</ref>, <ref target='Pg013'>13</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Severus-Treves'/> +<l>Severus, Bishop of Trèves, accompanies Germanus to Britain, <ref target='Pg039'>39</ref>, <ref target='Pg040'>40</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sexbald of Essex, <ref target='Pg184'>184</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Sexburg-Anna'/> +<l>Sexburg, daughter of Anna, wife of Earconbert, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref> n., <ref target='Pg152'>152</ref>, <ref target='Pg269'>269</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Abbess of Ely and of Sheppey, <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>acts as regent, <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>translates Ethelthryth's bones, <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref>, <ref target='Pg262'>262</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sexburg, wife of Coinwalch, reigns in Wessex, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Sexwulf'/> +<l>Sexwulf, Abbot of Medeshamstead, afterwards Bishop of Mercia, in place of Wynfrid, <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref> n., <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref>, <ref target='Pg242'>242</ref>, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref>, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>expelled from Mercia, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sheppey, Monastery of, <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sheppey, Abbess of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Ermingild'>Ermingild</ref>, <ref target='Index-Sexburg-Anna'>Sexburg</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sherborne, Diocese of, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sherborne, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aldhelm'>Aldhelm</ref>, <ref target='Index-Forthere-Sherborne'>Forthere</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sidnacaestir, <ref target='Pg004'>4</ref>, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Sigbert-Anglia'/> +<l>Sigbert, King of East Anglia, half-brother to Earpwald, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref>, <ref target='Pg171'>171</ref>, <ref target='Pg182'>182</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>driven into exile by Redwald, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref> n., <ref target='Pg172'>172</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>returns home, <ref target='Pg172'>172</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>restores Christianity in East Anglia, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his piety and good works, <ref target='Pg171'>171</ref>, <ref target='Pg172'>172</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>abdicates and retires into a monastery, <ref target='Pg172'>172</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>drawn out to lead his people against the Mercians, and killed in battle, <ref target='Pg172'>172</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Sigbert-Good'/> +<l>Sigbert the Good, King of Essex, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pg182'>182</ref>, <ref target='Pg183'>183</ref>, <ref target='Pg184'>184</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sigbert the Little, King of Essex, <ref target='Pg182'>182</ref>, <ref target='Pg212'>212</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Sigfrid'/> +<l>Sigfrid, Bishop of Selsey, <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref> n., <ref target='Pg390'>390</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Sighard'/> +<l>Sighard, King of Essex, son of Sebbi, reigns jointly with his brother Suefred, <ref target='Pg240'>240</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Sighere'/> +<l>Sighere, Joint King of Essex, son of Sigbert the Little, <ref target='Pg212'>212</ref>, <ref target='Pg232'>232</ref>, <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='434'/><anchor id='Pg434'/> + +<lg> +<l>Simeon of Durham, editorial references to, <ref target='Pgxxxiv'>xxxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxl'>xl</ref>, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref> n., <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref> n., <ref target='Pg288'>288</ref> n., <ref target='Pg294'>294</ref> n., <ref target='Pg295'>295</ref> n., <ref target='Pg309'>309</ref> n., <ref target='Pg325'>325</ref> n., <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref> n., <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Simoniacs, <ref target='Pg372'>372</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Simon Magus, his tonsure, <ref target='Pg371'>371</ref>, <ref target='Pg372'>372</ref>, <ref target='Pg373'>373</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sinai, Mount, <ref target='Pg060'>60</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sirmium, <ref target='Pg020'>20</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sister-in-law, marriage with a, <ref target='Pg052'>52</ref>, <ref target='Pg053'>53</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Skene'/> +<l>Skene, editorial references to his <q>Celtic Scotland,</q> <ref target='Pg032'>32</ref> n., <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref> n., <ref target='Pg140'>140</ref>, <ref target='Pg325'>325</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Slack (perhaps Campodonum), <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Slave Market at Rome, <ref target='Pg082'>82</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Slaves, <ref target='Pg082'>82</ref>, <ref target='Pg145'>145</ref>, <ref target='Pg202'>202</ref> n., <ref target='Pg248'>248</ref>, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Smith, his edition of the <q>Ecclesiastical History,</q> editorial references to, <ref target='Pgxix'>xix</ref>, <ref target='Pgxx'>xx</ref>, <ref target='Pg125'>125</ref> n., <ref target='Pg303'>303</ref> n., <ref target='Pg305'>305</ref> n., <ref target='Pg322'>322</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Snails, dye made from, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Snakes, <ref target='Pg008'>8</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Soissons, <ref target='Pg194'>194</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Solent'/> +<l>Solent, or Solvente, The, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Solinus, <ref target='Pgxxii'>xxii</ref>, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Solvente, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Solent'>Solent</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Solway, The, <ref target='Pg013'>13</ref> n., <ref target='Pg136'>136</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Somerset, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Southampton, <ref target='Pg252'>252</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Southampton Water, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>South Brabant, <ref target='Pg177'>177</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-South-Burton'/> +<l>South Burton, now Bishop Burton, <ref target='Pg307'>307</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>South Downs, the, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Southern Gyrwas, locality of, <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ealdorman of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Tondbert'>Tondbert</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>South Mercia, King of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Peada'>Peada</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>South Saxons, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>diocese of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Selsey'>Selsey</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>kingdom of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Sussex'>Sussex</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>South Wales, <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Southwell, <ref target='Pg123'>123</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Spain, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>, <ref target='Pg007'>7</ref>, <ref target='Pg019'>19</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Church of, <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref> n., <ref target='Pg256'>256</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Springs, salt and hot, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>, <ref target='Pg006'>6</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Staffordshire, <ref target='Pg267'>267</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Stamford, Lincs., <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Stamford Bridge, Yorks., <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Stanford, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Stapleton, Thomas, his translation of the <q>Ecclesiastical History,</q> <ref target='Pgxxi'>xxi</ref>, <ref target='Pg249'>249</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Stephen, St., <ref target='Pg153'>153</ref>, <ref target='Pg335'>335</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Stephen III, Pope, <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref> n., <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Stephen, surname of Eddius, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Stepmother, marriage with a, <ref target='Pg052'>52</ref>, <ref target='Pg053'>53</ref>, <ref target='Pg095'>95</ref>, <ref target='Pg097'>97</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Stevens, John, his translation of the <q>Ecclesiastical History,</q> <ref target='Pgv'>v</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxi'>xxi</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Stevenson'/> +<l>Stevenson, editorial references to his edition of the <q>Ecclesiastical History,</q> <ref target='Pgxx'>xx</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>to his <q>Church Historians,</q> <ref target='Pgxl'>xl</ref>, <ref target='Pg246'>246</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Stevenson, W. H., editorial reference to, <ref target='Pg032'>32</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Stigmata, <ref target='Pg176'>176</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Stokes'/> +<l>Stokes, Margaret, editorial reference to her <q>Three Months in the Forests of France,</q> <ref target='Pg173'>173</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Stonar, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Stone, used in building churches, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref>, <ref target='Pg142'>142</ref>, <ref target='Pg359'>359</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Stoneham'/> +<l>Stoneham, or At the Stone, <ref target='Pg252'>252</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Stour, the river, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Stow, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Strathclyde, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref> n., <ref target='Pg286'>286</ref> n., <ref target='Pg325'>325</ref> n., <ref target='Pg336'>336</ref> n., <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Streanaeshalch, <ref target='Pg195'>195</ref>, and <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Whitby-Bay'>Whitby</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Stubbs, editorial references to his <q>Constitutional History,</q> <ref target='Pg267'>267</ref> n., <ref target='Pg321'>321</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>to his articles in <q>Dictionary of Christian Biography,</q> <ref target='Pg237'>237</ref> n., <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>and <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Haddan-Stubbs'>Haddan and Stubbs</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Studies in the Christian Character,</q> <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Paget'>Paget</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Suaebhard'/> +<l>Suaebhard, Joint King of Kent, <ref target='Pg240'>240</ref> n., <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref> n., <ref target='Pg315'>315</ref>, <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sudergeona (Surrey), <ref target='Pg232'>232</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Suefred'/> +<l>Suefred, or Swefred, King of Essex, son of Sebbi, reigns jointly with his brother Sighard, <ref target='Pg240'>240</ref>, <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>grants land at Twickenham to Waldhere, <ref target='Pg239'>239</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='435'/><anchor id='Pg435'/> + +<lg> +<l>Suevi, the, <ref target='Pg022'>22</ref>, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Suffolk, <ref target='Pg112'>112</ref> n., <ref target='Pg122'>122</ref> n., <ref target='Pg174'>174</ref> n., <ref target='Pg185'>185</ref> n., <ref target='Pg266'>266</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>bishopric of, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Suidbert-Abbot'/> +<l>Suidbert, Abbot of Dacre, <ref target='Pg299'>299</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Suidbert, St., <ref target='Pg319'>319</ref>, <ref target='Pg323'>323</ref>, <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Suidhelm'/> +<l>Suidhelm, King of Essex after Sigbert, son of Sexwald, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pg184'>184</ref>, <ref target='Pg185'>185</ref>, <ref target='Pg212'>212</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Supernatural Appearances, <ref target='Pg234'>234</ref>, <ref target='Pg235'>235</ref>, <ref target='Pg236'>236</ref>, <ref target='Pg237'>237</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>fragrance, <ref target='Pg237'>237</ref>, <hi rend='italic'>and see</hi> <ref target='Index-Visions'>Visions</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Surnames, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Surrey, <ref target='Pg232'>232</ref> n., <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Sussex'/> +<l>Sussex, History, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref>, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref> n., <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref> n., <ref target='Pg246'>246</ref>, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sussex, King of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aelli'>Aelli</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ethelwalch'>Ethelwalch</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Swale, the river, <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Swefred, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Suefred'>Suefred</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Sylvester, St., <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Symmachus, Pope, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Synods'/> +<l>Synods, or Councils, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxviii'>xxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref>, <ref target='Pg034'>34</ref>, <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref>, <ref target='Pg086'>86</ref>, <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref>, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref>, <ref target='Pg093'>93</ref>, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>, <ref target='Pg194'>194</ref> n., <ref target='Pg195'>195-201</ref>, <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref>, <ref target='Pg254'>254</ref>, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref>, <ref target='Pg292'>292</ref>, <ref target='Pg305'>305</ref> n., <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n., <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref> n., <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>rules for, <ref target='Pg229'>229</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Synodical Epistle, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Gregory-Great'>Gregory</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Syria, <ref target='Pg011'>11</ref>, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tacitus, editorial references to, <ref target='Pg011'>11</ref> n., <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tadcaster, <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tanfield (perhaps Campodonum), <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tarsus, Cilicia, <ref target='Pg002'>2</ref> n., <ref target='Pg214'>214</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tata, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Ethelberg-Tata'>Ethelberg</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Tatfrid'/> +<l>Tatfrid, bishop elect of the Hwiccas, <ref target='Pg274'>274</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Tatwine'/> +<l>Tatwine, a priest of Bredon, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, <ref target='Pgxxxi'>xxxi</ref>, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref>, <ref target='Pg386'>386</ref>, <ref target='Pg390'>390</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tawdry, <ref target='Pg263'>263</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tecla, St., <ref target='Pg265'>265</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tees, the river, <ref target='Pg082'>82</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Temples, Heathen, to be converted into churches, <ref target='Pg067'>67</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>to be destroyed, <ref target='Pg070'>70</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>half Christian and half heathen, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Testry, battle of, <ref target='Pg320'>320</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Thame, the river, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Thames, the river, <ref target='Pg010'>10</ref>, <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n., <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref> n., <ref target='Pg183'>183</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Thanet, Isle of, <ref target='Pg032'>32</ref> n., <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref>, <ref target='Pg315'>315</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Theft, Sacrilegious, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Sacrilege'>Sacrilege</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Theium, <ref target='Pg078'>78</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Theodbald, brother of Ethelfrid, <ref target='Pg073'>73</ref>, <ref target='Pg074'>74</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Theodebert'/> +<l>Theodebert, King of Austrasia, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Theoderic'/> +<l>Theoderic, King of Burgundy, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Theodore-Archbishop'/> +<l>Theodore, of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury, <ref target='Pgxxviii'>xxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg122'>122</ref> n., <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref>, <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref> n., <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref>, <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref> n., <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref> n., <ref target='Pg357'>357</ref>, <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg002'>2</ref> n., <ref target='Pg214'>214</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his journey to Britain, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>, <ref target='Pg216'>216</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>arrival, <ref target='Pg216'>216</ref>, <ref target='Pg226'>226</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ordination and consecration, <ref target='Pg213'>213</ref>, <ref target='Pg214'>214</ref>, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>, <ref target='Pg216'>216</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his learning, <ref target='Pg002'>2</ref>, <ref target='Pg216'>216</ref>, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his subdivision of bishoprics, <ref target='Pg137'>137</ref> n., <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref> n., <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref> n., <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref>, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref>, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>dedicates St. Peter's, Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pg192'>192</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his tonsure, <ref target='Pg214'>214</ref>, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his visitation, <ref target='Pg216'>216</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his teaching, <ref target='Pg216'>216</ref>, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>bishops consecrated by him, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref>, <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref>, <ref target='Pg224'>224</ref>, <ref target='Pg225'>225</ref>, <ref target='Pg230'>230</ref>, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref>, <ref target='Pg232'>232</ref>, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref>, <ref target='Pg242'>242</ref>, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref>, <ref target='Pg293'>293</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>presides at the Synod of Hertford, <ref target='Pg226'>226-231</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of Hatfield, <ref target='Pg254'>254</ref>, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref>, <ref target='Pg256'>256</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>of Twyford, <ref target='Pg292'>292</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his quarrel and reconciliation with Wilfrid, <ref target='Pg228'>228</ref> n., <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref> n., <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref> n., <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>reconciles Egfrid and Ethelred, <ref target='Pg267'>267</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>on blood-letting, <ref target='Pg306'>306</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his decrees of 678, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>length of his episcopate, <ref target='Pg216'>216</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>foretells the length of his life, <ref target='Pg314'>314</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg314'>314</ref>, <ref target='Pg323'>323</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>burial, <ref target='Pg090'>90</ref>, <ref target='Pg314'>314</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his epitaph, <ref target='Pg315'>315</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his character, <ref target='Pg315'>315</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Theodore-Theodorus'/> +<l>Theodore, or Theodorus, Bishop of Mopsuestia, heretic, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref> n., <ref target='Pg256'>256</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Theodore, the name, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Theodoret'/> +<l>Theodoret, Bishop of Cyrus, heretic, <ref target='Pg255'>255</ref> n., <ref target='Pg256'>256</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Theodorus, <ref target='Pg340'>340</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>and <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Theodore-Theodorus'>Theodore</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Theodosius the Great, Emperor, <ref target='Pg020'>20</ref>, <ref target='Pg022'>22</ref>, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='436'/><anchor id='Pg436'/> + +<lg> +<l>Theodosius, father of Theodosius the Great, <ref target='Pg020'>20</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Theodosius the Younger, Emperor, <ref target='Pg026'>26</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Theophilus'/> +<l>Theophilus, Archbishop of Alexandria, his Paschal computation, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Thetford, Diocese of, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Theudor'/> +<l>Theudor, King of the Britons of Strathclyde, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>, <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Thomas-Anglia'/> +<l>Thomas, Bishop of East Anglia after Felix, <ref target='Pg178'>178</ref> n., <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Thomas of Elmham, editorial references to, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref> n., <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Thrace, <ref target='Pg020'>20</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Three Months in the Forests of France,</q> <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Stokes'>Stokes</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Thruidred'/> +<l>Thruidred, Abbot of Dacre, <ref target='Pg300'>300</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Thuuf, or Tufa, a banner, <ref target='Pg124'>124</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Thrydwulf, Abbot, <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tiberius Constantine, Emperor, <ref target='Pg078'>78</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tiburtina, Via, Rome, <ref target='Pg210'>210</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Tighernach, Annals of,</q> editorial references to, <ref target='Pg140'>140</ref> n., <ref target='Pg337'>337</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tilbury, or Tilaburg, <ref target='Pg183'>183</ref>, <ref target='Pg187'>187</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Till, The River, <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tilmon, his vision of the Hewalds, <ref target='Pg322'>322</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Timothy, <ref target='Pg197'>197</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><q>The Epistle to,</q> quoted, <ref target='Pg050'>50</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Tininghame'/> +<l>Tininghame, or Intiningaham, <ref target='Pg325'>325</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tiowulfingacaestir, <ref target='Pg123'>123</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Titillus, Theodore's notary, <ref target='Pg230'>230</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Tobias'/> +<l>Tobias, Bishop of Rochester, disciple of Theodore and Hadrian, <ref target='Pgxxxi'>xxxi</ref>, <ref target='Pg314'>314</ref>, <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref>, <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref>, <ref target='Pg387'>387</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his learning, <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref> n., <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>burial, <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref>, <ref target='Pg378'>378</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Toledo, Council of, <ref target='Pg256'>256</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Tomene'/> +<l>Tomene, or Tomianus, Abbot and Bishop of Armagh, <ref target='Pg128'>128</ref>, <ref target='Pg129'>129</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Tondbert'/> +<l>Tondbert, first husband of Ethelthryth, <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref>, <ref target='Pg266'>266</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tondhere, Oswin's thegn, <ref target='Pg164'>164</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tonsure, the, <ref target='Pg085'>85</ref> n., <ref target='Pg201'>201</ref>, <ref target='Pg214'>214</ref>, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>, <ref target='Pg370'>370-373</ref>, <ref target='Pg386'>386</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tours, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref> n., <ref target='Pg259'>259</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>battle of, <ref target='Pg378'>378</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tours, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Martin-Tours'>Martin</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Torksey, <ref target='Pg123'>123</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tortgyth, a nun of Barking, <ref target='Pg235'>235</ref>, <ref target='Pg236'>236</ref>, <ref target='Pg237'>237</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Torthere'/> +<l>Torthere, Bishop of Hereford, <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tovecester, or Towcester, <ref target='Pg268'>268</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Trajectum, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Wiltaburg'>Wiltaburg</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Trent, The River, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref>, <ref target='Pg115'>115</ref> n., <ref target='Pg123'>123</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>the battle of the, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg267'>267</ref>, <ref target='Pg268'>268</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Trèves, or the Treveri, <ref target='Pg040'>40</ref>, <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Trèves, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Severus-Treves'>Severus</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Trinity, Invocation of the, <ref target='Pgxxxiv'>xxxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Trinovantes, <ref target='Pg010'>10</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tripolis, <ref target='Pg012'>12</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Troyes, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Lupus'>Lupus</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Trumbert, one of Bede's teachers, his account of Ceadda, <ref target='Pgxxxv'>xxxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg222'>222</ref>, <ref target='Pg223'>223</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Trumhere'/> +<l>Trumhere, Abbot of Gilling, Bishop of Mid-Anglia and Mercia, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>, <ref target='Pg192'>192</ref>, <ref target='Pg212'>212</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Trumwine'/> +<l>Trumwine, Bishop of the Picts, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>retires to Whitby, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref> n., <ref target='Pg286'>286</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>assists Elfled with his counsels, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at the Synod of Twyford, <ref target='Pg292'>292</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death and burial at Whitby, <ref target='Pg286'>286</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tuam, Archbishopric of, <ref target='Pg226'>226</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Tuda'/> +<l>Tuda, Bishop of Lindisfarne after Colman, <ref target='Pg201'>201</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>dies of the Plague, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref>, <ref target='Pg206'>206</ref>, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>buried at Paegnalaech, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Tunbert'/> +<l>Tunbert, Abbot of Gilling, Bishop of Hexham, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>appointed and deposed by Theodore, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref>, <ref target='Pg293'>293</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tunna, Abbot of Tunnacaestir, his prayers miraculously release his brother Imma, <ref target='Pg268'>268</ref>, <ref target='Pg269'>269</ref>, <ref target='Pg270'>270</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tunnacaestir, <ref target='Pg268'>268</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tweed, The River (<q>Tuidi flumen</q>), <ref target='Pg202'>202</ref> n., <ref target='Pg288'>288</ref>, <ref target='Pg326'>326</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Twickenham, <ref target='Pg239'>239</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Twyford'/> +<l>Twyford, Adtuifyrdi, or At the Two Fords, Synod at, <ref target='Pg292'>292</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tyne, The River, <ref target='Pg013'>13</ref> n., <ref target='Pg082'>82</ref> n., <ref target='Pg136'>136</ref> n., <ref target='Pg303'>303</ref>, <ref target='Pg309'>309</ref>, <ref target='Pg359'>359</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Tynemouth, Monasteries at, <ref target='Pg309'>309</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='437'/><anchor id='Pg437'/> + +<lg> +<l>Tynemouth, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Herebald'>Herebald</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Tyrhtel'/> +<l>Tyrhtel, Bishop of Hereford, <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Tytilus'/> +<l>Tytilus, father of Redwald, King of East Anglia, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ulster, <ref target='Pg008'>8</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Ulster, the Annals of,</q> editorial references to, <ref target='Pg225'>225</ref> n., <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Ultan'/> +<l>Ultan, a hermit, Abbot of Fosse and Péronne, brother of Fursa, <ref target='Pg177'>177</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Undalum, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Oundle'>Oundle</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Urbs Giudi, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Urbs Iudeu, <ref target='Pg023'>23</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Utrecht, <ref target='Pg320'>320</ref> n., <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Utrecht, Archbishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Wilbrord'>Wilbrord</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Utta'/> +<l>Utta, Abbot of Gateshead, <ref target='Pg166'>166</ref>, <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sent to fetch Eanfled from Kent, <ref target='Pg166'>166</ref>, <ref target='Pg167'>167</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>calms a storm with oil, <ref target='Pg167'>167</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Uuffa'/> +<l>Uuffa, grandfather of Redwald, King of East Anglia, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Uuffings, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, Kings of East Anglia, <ref target='Pg121'>121</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Uurtigern, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Vortigern'>Vortigern</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Vaeclingacaestir, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-St-Albans'>St. Albans</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Valens, Emperor, <ref target='Pg020'>20</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Valentinian II, Emperor, <ref target='Pg020'>20</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>expelled from Italy, <ref target='Pg020'>20</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>restored, <ref target='Pg020'>20</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>kills Maximus, <ref target='Pg020'>20</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Valentinian III, Emperor, <ref target='Pg029'>29</ref>, <ref target='Pg383'>383</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>murders Aetius, <ref target='Pg027'>27</ref> n., <ref target='Pg041'>41</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>murdered, <ref target='Pg041'>41</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Valerian, Emperor, <ref target='Pg388'>388</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Vandals, the, <ref target='Pg022'>22</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Vecta, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Venantius Fortunatus, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Fortunatus'>Fortunatus</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Venta, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Winchester'>Winchester</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Vergil'/> +<l>Vergil, quoted, <ref target='Pg113'>113</ref>, <ref target='Pg118'>118</ref>, <ref target='Pg159'>159</ref>, <ref target='Pg286'>286</ref>, <ref target='Pg327'>327</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Vergilius'/> +<l>Vergilius, Archbishop of Arles, <ref target='Pg049'>49</ref> n., <ref target='Pg054'>54</ref>, <ref target='Pg055'>55</ref>, <ref target='Pg063'>63</ref>, <ref target='Pg064'>64</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Verlamacaestir, or Verulam, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-St-Albans'>St. Albans</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Vespasian conquers the Isle of Wight, <ref target='Pg011'>11</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Vestments, Ecclesiastical, <ref target='Pg065'>65</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Viaticum, the, <ref target='Pg249'>249</ref> n., <ref target='Pg275'>275</ref>, <ref target='Pg280'>280</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Victgilsus, Father of Hengist and Horsa, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Victorinus, St., <ref target='Pg099'>99</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Victorius, or Victorinus of Aquitaine, his Paschal Cycle, <ref target='Pg369'>369</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Vienne, <ref target='Pg022'>22</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Vines in Britain, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>in Ireland, <ref target='Pg009'>9</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Virgil, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Vergil'>Vergil</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Virginity, poem in honour of, <ref target='Pg264'>264</ref>, <ref target='Pg265'>265</ref>, <ref target='Pg266'>266</ref>, <ref target='Pg267'>267</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Aldhelm's work on, <ref target='Pg237'>237</ref> n., <ref target='Pg344'>344</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Visions'/> +<l>Visions, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg248'>248</ref>, <ref target='Pg249'>249</ref>, <ref target='Pg250'>250</ref>, <ref target='Pg332'>332</ref>, <ref target='Pg333'>333</ref>, <ref target='Pg334'>334</ref>, <ref target='Pg335'>335</ref>, <ref target='Pg336'>336</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>seen by Adamnan, <ref target='Pg281'>281</ref>, <ref target='Pg282'>282</ref>, <ref target='Pg283'>283</ref>, <ref target='Pg284'>284</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>by Begu, <ref target='Pg275'>275</ref>, <ref target='Pg276'>276</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>by a nun at Whitby, <ref target='Pg277'>277</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>by Bregusuid, <ref target='Pg274'>274</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>by Caedmon, <ref target='Pg278'>278</ref>, <ref target='Pg279'>279</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>by Drythelm, <ref target='Pg325'>325-331</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at Barking, <ref target='Pg232'>232-237</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>by Earcongota, <ref target='Pg152'>152</ref>, <ref target='Pg153'>153</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>by Edwin, <ref target='Pg112'>112</ref>, <ref target='Pg113'>113</ref>, <ref target='Pg114'>114</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>by a disciple of Boisil, <ref target='Pg224'>224</ref>, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref>, <ref target='Pg318'>318</ref>, <ref target='Pg319'>319</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>by Fursa, <ref target='Pg173'>173-177</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>by Sebbi, <ref target='Pg239'>239</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>by Theodore, <ref target='Pg314'>314</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>by Tilmon, <ref target='Pg322'>322</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>by Wilfrid, <ref target='Pg355'>355</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Vitalian, Pope, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pg002'>2</ref> n., <ref target='Pg216'>216</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his letter to Oswy, <ref target='Pg208'>208</ref>, <ref target='Pg209'>209</ref>, <ref target='Pg210'>210</ref>, <ref target='Pg211'>211</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>seeks a suitable Archbishop for Canterbury, <ref target='Pg213'>213</ref>, <ref target='Pg214'>214</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ordains Theodore, <ref target='Pg215'>215</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sends Theodore and Hadrian to Britain, <ref target='Pg357'>357</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Vitta, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Voyage Provision, <hi rend='italic'>i.e.</hi>, the Viaticum, <ref target='Pg249'>249</ref>, <ref target='Pg275'>275</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Vortigern'/> +<l>Vortigern, or Uurtigern, King of Britain, calls in the Saxons, <ref target='Pg029'>29</ref>, <ref target='Pg095'>95</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Vulgate, the, quoted, <ref target='Pg080'>80</ref>, <ref target='Pg107'>107</ref>, <ref target='Pg174'>174</ref>, <ref target='Pg209'>209</ref>, <ref target='Pg282'>282</ref>, <ref target='Pg361'>361-372</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wagele, perhaps Whalley, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Wahlstod'/> +<l>Wahlstod, Bishop of Hereford, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref> n., <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Walbottle, <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Waldhere'/> +<l>Waldhere, Bishop of London, <ref target='Pg239'>239</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wales, <ref target='Pg033'>33</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wall, At the, <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref>, <ref target='Pg182'>182</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='438'/><anchor id='Pg438'/> + +<lg> +<l>Walls, Roman, <ref target='Pg012'>12</ref>, <ref target='Pg013'>13</ref>, <ref target='Pg024'>24</ref>, <ref target='Pg025'>25</ref>, <ref target='Pg026'>26</ref>, <ref target='Pg183'>183</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wallsend-on-Tyne, <ref target='Pg025'>25</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Walton, near Newcastle, <ref target='Pg180'>180</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wantsum, the River, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wash, the, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Watling Street, <ref target='Pg018'>18</ref> n., <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Watton'/> +<l>Watton, Betendune, or Wetadun, Monastery of, <ref target='Pg305'>305</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Watton, Abbess of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Heriburg'>Heriburg</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Welsh, The, <ref target='Pg007'>7</ref> n., <ref target='Pg336'>336</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wear, The River, <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref>, <ref target='Pg359'>359</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Wearmouth-Jarrow'/> +<l>Wearmouth and Jarrow, Monastery, of, <ref target='Pgxxiii'>xxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxiii'>xxxiii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxiv'>xxxiv</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxv'>xxxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg137'>137</ref> n., <ref target='Pg167'>167</ref>, <ref target='Pg177'>177</ref>, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref>, <ref target='Pg284'>284</ref>, <ref target='Pg359'>359</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>its library, <ref target='Pgxxxv'>xxxv</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wearmouth and Jarrow, Abbot of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Benedict-Biscop'>Benedict</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ceolfrid'>Ceolfrid</ref>, <ref target='Index-Cuthbert-Wearmouth'>Cuthbert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Huaetbert'>Huaetbert</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Went, the River, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wergild, the, <ref target='Pg267'>267</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Wessex'/> +<l>Wessex, History of, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref>, <ref target='Pg045'>45</ref>, <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref>, <ref target='Pg096'>96</ref>, <ref target='Pg097'>97</ref>, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref>, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref>, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref> n., <ref target='Pg206'>206</ref>, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref>, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref> n., <ref target='Pg247'>247</ref> n., <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref>, <ref target='Pg336'>336</ref> n., <ref target='Pg342'>342</ref>, <ref target='Pg344'>344</ref>, <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref> n., <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref>, <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>diocese of, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref> n., <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref>, <ref target='Pg150'>150</ref>, <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref>, <ref target='Pg342'>342</ref>, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref>, <ref target='Pg344'>344</ref>, <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref>, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref>, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref> n., <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wessex, King of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aescwine'>Aescwine</ref>, <ref target='Index-Caedwalla-Wessex'>Caedwalla</ref>, <ref target='Index-Caelin'>Caelin</ref>, <ref target='Index-Centwine'>Centwine</ref>, <ref target='Index-Coinwalch'>Coinwalch</ref>, <ref target='Index-Cuichelm-Wessex'>Cuichelm</ref>, <ref target='Index-Cuthred'>Cuthred</ref>, <ref target='Index-Cynegils'>Cynegils</ref>, <ref target='Index-Cyniwulf'>Cyniwulf</ref>, <ref target='Index-Edilhart'>Edilhart</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ini'>Ini</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wessex, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Agilbert'>Agilbert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Birinus'>Birinus</ref>, <ref target='Index-Daniel'>Daniel</ref>, <ref target='Index-Haedde'>Haedde</ref>, <ref target='Index-Leutherius'>Leutherius</ref>, <ref target='Index-Wini'>Wini</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Westphalia, <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-West-Saxons'/> +<l>West Saxons, called Gewissae or Gewissi, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>, <ref target='Pg096'>96</ref>, <ref target='Pg147'>147</ref>, <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>history and province of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Wessex'>Wessex</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wetadun, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Watton'>Watton</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Whales in Britain, <ref target='Pg005'>5</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Whalley, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wharfe, The River, <ref target='Pg271'>271</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Whelock, Abraham, his edition of the <q>Ecclesiastical History,</q> <ref target='Pgxix'>xix</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Whitby-Bay'/> +<l>Whitby, Bay of the Lighthouse or Streanaeshalch, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg195'>195</ref>, <ref target='Pg275'>275</ref> n., <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>monastery of, built by Hilda, <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref>, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref> n., <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref> n., <ref target='Pg270'>270</ref>, <ref target='Pg272'>272-281</ref>, <ref target='Pg286'>286</ref>, <ref target='Pg306'>306</ref> n., <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Synod of, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxviii'>xxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n., <ref target='Pg194'>194</ref> n., <ref target='Pg195'>195</ref>, <ref target='Pg196'>196-201</ref>, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Whitby, Abbess of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Eanfled'>Eanfled</ref>, <ref target='Index-Elfled'>Elfled</ref>, <ref target='Index-Hilda'>Hilda</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Whitby-Monk'/> +<l>Whitby, a monk of, editorial references to his <q>Life of Gregory,</q> <ref target='Pg075'>75</ref> n., <ref target='Pg190'>190</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Whitern or White House, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref>, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>diocese of, <ref target='Pg381'>381</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Whitern, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Frithwald'>Frithwald</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ninian'>Ninian</ref>, <ref target='Index-Pechthelm'>Pechthelm</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Whitsuntide'/> +<l>Whitsuntide, <ref target='Pgxli'>xli</ref> n., <ref target='Pg206'>206</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Whittingham, <ref target='Pg292'>292</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wicklow, <ref target='Pg092'>92</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wictbert, Irish hermit, his unsuccessful mission to Frisland, <ref target='Pg319'>319</ref>, <ref target='Pg320'>320</ref>, <ref target='Pg323'>323</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Wictred'/> +<l>Wictred, King of Kent, son of Egbert, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxxi'>xxxi</ref>, <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref>, <ref target='Pg315'>315</ref>, <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his sons, <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref>, <ref target='Pg386'>386</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wighard, a disciple of Gregory's, sent to Rome to be ordained Archbishop, dies there, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pg208'>208</ref>, <ref target='Pg210'>210</ref>, <ref target='Pg211'>211</ref>, <ref target='Pg213'>213</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Wight'/> +<l>Wight, Isle of, history, <ref target='Pgxxix'>xxix</ref>, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref>, <ref target='Pg011'>11</ref>, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref>, <ref target='Pg252'>252</ref>, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Christianity introduced into, <ref target='Pg252'>252</ref>, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>described, <ref target='Pg253'>253</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>bishopric of, <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wight, the Isle of, King of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Arwald'>Arwald</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wigton Bay, <ref target='Pg141'>141</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wilbert, a boy to whom Bede dictates the last sentences of his translations, <ref target='Pgxliii'>xliii</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Wilbrord'/> +<l>Wilbrord, Missionary, Archbishop of Frisland, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg143'>143</ref> n., <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref>, <ref target='Pg319'>319</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref> n., <ref target='Pg320'>320</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at Rome, <ref target='Pg323'>323</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his mission to Frisland, <ref target='Pg320'>320</ref>, <ref target='Pg321'>321</ref> n., <ref target='Pg323'>323</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg375'>375</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>destroys idols and kills the sacred cattle of Fosite, <ref target='Pg323'>323</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his consecration, <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>given the name of Clement in religion, <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his see at Utrecht, <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his monastery near Trèves, <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>calendar said to contain an entry by him, <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>builds St. Saviour's, and rebuilds St. +<pb n='439'/><anchor id='Pg439'/> +Martin's Church, Utrecht, <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>date of his death, <ref target='Pg325'>325</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><q>Life of,</q> <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Alcuin'>Alcuin</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wilfaraesdun or Wilfar's Hill, <ref target='Pg164'>164</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Wilfrid-St'/> +<l>Wilfrid, St., Bishop, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg137'>137</ref> n., <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref>, <ref target='Pg163'>163</ref> n., <ref target='Pg227'>227</ref>, <ref target='Pg257'>257</ref> n., <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of his life and character, <ref target='Pg347'>347-357</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his birth and family, <ref target='Pg347'>347</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>educated at Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pg347'>347</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sent to the Court of Oswy, <ref target='Pg347'>347</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>to Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pg347'>347</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>resolves to go to Rome, <ref target='Pg347'>347</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>assisted by Queen Eanfled, <ref target='Pg347'>347</ref>, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>starts with Benedict Biscop, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>detained at Lyons by Annemundus, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>in Rome, <ref target='Pg348'>348</ref>, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>on his way home stays at Lyons, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his fidelity to Annemundus, <ref target='Pg349'>349</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>wins the friendship of Alchfrid, <ref target='Pg194'>194</ref>, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>given land at Stanford, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>made Abbot of Ripon, <ref target='Pg194'>194</ref>, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at the Whitby Synod, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pg195'>195-200</ref>, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>made Bishop of Northumbria, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref>, <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref>, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>consecrated in Gaul by Agilbert, <ref target='Pg206'>206</ref>, <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref>, <ref target='Pg350'>350</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>superseded by Ceadda, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref> n., <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>returns to Britain, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>shipwrecked on the coast of Sussex, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>discharges episcopal functions for Mercia and Kent, <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref>, <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref> n., <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>restored by Theodore, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his relations with Ethelthryth, <ref target='Pg242'>242</ref> n., <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref>, <ref target='Pg262'>262</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his relations with Theodore, <ref target='Pg228'>228</ref> n., <ref target='Pg229'>229</ref> n., <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref> n., <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref> n., <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>represented at Hertford by proxy, <ref target='Pg228'>228</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his Catholic teaching, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pg208'>208</ref>, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>invites Eddi from Kent to teach church singing, <ref target='Pg217'>217</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>expelled from his see by Egfrid, <ref target='Pg242'>242</ref>, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref> n., <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref>, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref>, <ref target='Pg267'>267</ref> n., <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>, <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>foretells the battle of the Trent, <ref target='Pg267'>267</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>demands an explanation from the King and Archbishop, <ref target='Pg242'>242</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>goes to Rome to plead his cause, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref> n., <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref>, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Ebroin's plot against his life, <ref target='Pg192'>192</ref> n., <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>on his way to Rome driven by the wind to Frisland, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>visits Dagobert II of Austrasia, and Perctarit, King of the Lombards, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>acquitted by Agatho and the Lateran Council, <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his confession of faith on behalf of the English Church, <ref target='Pg254'>254</ref> n., <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>returns to Britain, <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref>, accused of bribery, <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>imprisoned at Bromnis, <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at Dunbar, <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>released at Aebba's request, <ref target='Pg260'>260</ref> n., <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>takes refuge in Mercia, <ref target='Pg267'>267</ref> n., <ref target='Pg323'>323</ref>, <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>expelled from Mercia, <ref target='Pg267'>267</ref> n., <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>converts the South Saxons and the Isle of Wight, <ref target='Pg179'>179</ref> n., <ref target='Pg245'>245-248</ref>, <ref target='Pg252'>252</ref>, <ref target='Pg352'>352</ref>, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>founds the Monastery of Selsey, <ref target='Pg247'>247</ref>, <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his restoration to York, Hexham, and Ripon, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref> n., <ref target='Pg247'>247</ref> n., <ref target='Pg296'>296</ref>, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref> n., <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>administers Lindisfarne, <ref target='Pg296'>296</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his second expulsion, <ref target='Pg274'>274</ref> n., <ref target='Pg296'>296</ref> n., <ref target='Pg323'>323</ref>, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>second sojourn in Mercia, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>consecrates Oftfor, <ref target='Pg274'>274</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>consecrates Suidbert, <ref target='Pg323'>323</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>excommunicated by the Council of Ouestraefelda, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>second visit to Frisland, <ref target='Pg161'>161</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>again goes to Rome to plead his cause, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>acquitted by Pope John and the Council, <ref target='Pg353'>353</ref>, <ref target='Pg354'>354</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>taken ill at Meaux on his way back to Britain, <ref target='Pg354'>354</ref>, <ref target='Pg355'>355</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his vision, <ref target='Pg355'>355</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>arrives in Britain, <ref target='Pg355'>355</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>reconciled to Bertwald, Ethelred and Coenred, <ref target='Pg355'>355</ref>, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Aldfrid refuses to receive him, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Elfled's influence in his favour, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>restored to his bishopric of Hexham by the Synod on the Nidd, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>dies at Oundle, <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref>, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>, <ref target='Pg391'>391</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>buried at St. Peter's, Ripon, <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref>, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his epitaph, <ref target='Pg356'>356</ref>, <ref target='Pg357'>357</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>length of his episcopate, <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his relics, <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his character, <ref target='Pg347'>347</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>churches built by him, <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'><q>Life of,</q> <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Eddi'>Eddius</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<pb n='440'/><anchor id='Pg440'/> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Wilfrid-II'/> +<l>Wilfrid II, Bishop of York, <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref>, <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref> n., <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref> n., <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref> n., <ref target='Pg381'>381</ref>, <ref target='Pg390'>390</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>ordained by John, <ref target='Pg312'>312</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Wilfrid-Worcester'/> +<l>Wilfrid, Bishop of Worcester, <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref> n., <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wilgils, father of Wilbrord, <ref target='Pg320'>320</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>William III, <ref target='Pgxix'>xix</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-William'/> +<l>William of Malmesbury, editorial references to, <ref target='Pgxxxvi'>xxxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg086'>86</ref> n., <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref> n., <ref target='Pg125'>125</ref> n., <ref target='Pg232'>232</ref> n., <ref target='Pg239'>239</ref> n., <ref target='Pg287'>287</ref> n., <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref> n., <ref target='Pg377'>377</ref> n., <ref target='Pg392'>392</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Wiltaburg'/> +<l>Wiltaburg, Wiltenburg, the Town of the Wilts, or Trajectum, now Utrecht, <ref target='Pg324'>324</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wiltshire, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wincanheale, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Winchester'/> +<l>Winchester, Venta, or Wintancaestir, <ref target='Pg228'>228</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>churches at, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>diocese of, <ref target='Pgxxvi'>xxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxx'>xxx</ref>, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref> n., <ref target='Pg148'>148</ref>, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref>, <ref target='Pg150'>150</ref>, <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref>, <ref target='Pg343'>343</ref> n., <ref target='Pg345'>345</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Winchester, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Daniel'>Daniel</ref>, <ref target='Index-Haedde'>Haedde</ref>, <ref target='Index-Leutherius'>Leutherius</ref>, <ref target='Index-Wini'>Wini</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Winfrid, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> Boniface.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Wini'/> +<l>Wini, Bishop of Winchester, <ref target='Pg150'>150</ref>, <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>consecrates Ceadda, <ref target='Pg207'>207</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>expelled from Winchester, purchases the bishopric of London, <ref target='Pg150'>150</ref>, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>returns to Winchester, <ref target='Pg228'>228</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wintancaestir, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Winchester'>Winchester</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l><q>Winter's Tale, The,</q> editorial reference to, <ref target='Pg263'>263</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Winwaed, Battle of the, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pg185'>185</ref> n., <ref target='Pg188'>188</ref>, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Winwaed, The River, <ref target='Pg189'>189</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Witberg, daughter of Anna, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Witenagemot, The, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg094'>94</ref>, <ref target='Pg095'>95</ref>, <ref target='Pg116'>116</ref>, <ref target='Pg151'>151</ref> n., <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref> n., <ref target='Pg242'>242</ref> n., <ref target='Pg251'>251</ref> n., <ref target='Pg316'>316</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Woden, <ref target='Pg030'>30</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>the sons of, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wooler, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Worcester'/> +<l>Worcester, diocese of the Hwiccas, <ref target='Pg273'>273</ref> n., <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref> n., <ref target='Pg380'>380</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Worcester, Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Bosel'>Bosel</ref>, <ref target='Index-Egwin'>Egwin</ref>, <ref target='Index-Oftfor'>Oftfor</ref>, <ref target='Index-Tatfrid'>Tatfrid</ref>, <ref target='Index-Wilfrid-Worcester'>Wilfrid</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Worcestershire, <ref target='Pg084'>84</ref> n., <ref target='Pg379'>379</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Worr, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Aldwin-Worr'>Aldwin</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Wulfhere'/> +<l>Wulfhere, King of Mercia, son of Penda, <ref target='Pgxxvii'>xxvii</ref>, <ref target='Pgxxviii'>xxviii</ref>, <ref target='Pg149'>149</ref> n., <ref target='Pg150'>150</ref>, <ref target='Pg181'>181</ref>, <ref target='Pg218'>218</ref>, <ref target='Pg226'>226</ref> n., <ref target='Pg241'>241</ref> n., <ref target='Pg261'>261</ref> n., <ref target='Pg332'>332</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>with the aid of Immin, Eafa, and Eadbert, recovers Mercia from Oswy, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his reign, <ref target='Pg192'>192</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>his realm, <ref target='Pg225'>225</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>conquers Lindsey, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>sends Jaruman to the East Saxons, <ref target='Pg212'>212</ref>, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>brings about the conversion of Ethelwalch, <ref target='Pg245'>245</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>endows monasteries, <ref target='Pg219'>219</ref>, <ref target='Pg346'>346</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>invades Northumbria, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>defeated by Egfrid, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg191'>191</ref> n., <ref target='Pg384'>384</ref> n., <ref target='Pg385'>385</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Wulfram'/> +<l>Wulfram, St., Archbishop of Sens, <ref target='Pg319'>319</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Wuscfrea, son of Edwin, baptized, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>taken by his mother into Kent, and sent into Gaul, where he dies in infancy, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Wynfrid'/> +<l>Wynfrid, Bishop of Lichfield, <ref target='Pg192'>192</ref>, <ref target='Pg224'>224</ref>, <ref target='Pg225'>225</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>account of, <ref target='Pg192'>192</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>deacon under Ceadda, <ref target='Pg225'>225</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>at the Hertford Synod, <ref target='Pg228'>228</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>deposed by Theodore, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref>, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>retires to Ad Barvae, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>death, <ref target='Pg231'>231</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Yeavering'/> +<l>Yeavering or Adgefrin, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>, <ref target='Pg120'>120</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Yellow pest, a bubonic plague, <ref target='Pg203'>203</ref>, <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-Yffi-Deira'/> +<l>Yffi, first King of Deira, <ref target='Pg083'>83</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Yffi, son of Osfrid, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<anchor id='Index-York'/> +<l>York, <ref target='Pgxxxvi'>xxxvi</ref>, <ref target='Pg013'>13</ref>, <ref target='Pg118'>118</ref>, <ref target='Pg131'>131</ref>, <ref target='Pg132'>132</ref>, <ref target='Pg135'>135</ref>, <ref target='Pg244'>244</ref>, <ref target='Pg293'>293</ref>, <ref target='Pg354'>354</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>diocese of, <ref target='Pgxxv'>xxv</ref>, <ref target='Pg065'>65</ref>, <ref target='Pg066'>66</ref>, <ref target='Pg243'>243</ref> n., <ref target='Pg351'>351</ref> n.;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Cathedral, <ref target='Pg119'>119</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>York, Archbishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Egbert-York'>Egbert</ref>, <ref target='Index-Paulinus-York'>Paulinus</ref>;</l> +<l rend='margin-left: 2'>Bishop of, <hi rend='italic'>see</hi> <ref target='Index-Bosa'>Bosa</ref>, <ref target='Index-Ceadda'>Ceadda</ref>, <ref target='Index-John-Beverley'>John</ref>, <ref target='Index-Wilfrid-St'>Wilfrid</ref>, <ref target='Index-Wilfrid-II'>Wilfrid II</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Yorkshire, <ref target='Pg003'>3</ref> n., <ref target='Pg118'>118</ref> n., <ref target='Pg204'>204</ref> n., <ref target='Pg305'>305</ref> n., <ref target='Pg342'>342</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Ythancaestir, Monastery of, <ref target='Pg183'>183</ref>, <ref target='Pg187'>187</ref>.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Zacharias, Pope, letter to Boniface, <ref target='Pg087'>87</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Zeuss, his <q>Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme,</q> <ref target='Pg317'>317</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +<lg> +<l>Zozimus, Pope, <ref target='Pg021'>21</ref> n.</l> +</lg> + +</div> + +</body> +<back rend="page-break-before: right"> + <div id="footnotes"> + <index index="toc" /> + <index index="pdf" /> + <head>Footnotes</head> + <divGen type="footnotes"/> + </div> + <div rend="page-break-before: right"> + <divGen type="pgfooter" /> + </div> +</back> +</text> +</TEI.2> |