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+Project Gutenberg's Economy of the Round Dairy Barn, by Wilber John Fraser
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Economy of the Round Dairy Barn
+
+Author: Wilber John Fraser
+
+Release Date: December 16, 2011 [EBook #38321]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ECONOMY OF THE ROUND DAIRY BARN ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Bryan Ness, Pat McCoy and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER NOTES:
+
+    Words in bold in the original are bracketed in equal signs
+    (=).
+
+    Words in italics in the original are bracketed by underscores
+    (_).
+
+    The tables have been modified to fit by creating a key for
+    the first column. The key precedes the tables.
+
+    Footnotes have been moved closer to the reference.
+
+    Additional notes can be found at the end of the text.
+
+
+
+
+  UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
+
+  Agricultural Experiment Station
+
+
+  BULLETIN NO. 143
+
+
+  ECONOMY OF THE ROUND
+  DAIRY BARN
+
+
+  BY WILBER J. FRASER
+
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+
+  URBANA, ILLINOIS, FEBRUARY, 1910
+
+
+
+
+SUMMARY OF BULLETIN NO. 143
+
+
+    1. Round barns would be more generally built if their
+       advantages were known and if the few which have been
+       erected had been rightly constructed.                    Page  1.
+
+    2. The round dairy barn offers greater convenience in
+       storing, handling and distributing the feed.             Page  5.
+
+    3. In the circular construction, much greater strength is
+       secured with less lumber.                                Page  6.
+
+    4. The material for rectangular barns costs from 34 to 58
+       percent more than for round barns of the same area and
+       capacity.                                                Page  7.
+
+    5. Round and rectangular barns compared.                    Page 11.
+
+    6. Round and rectangular barns, including silos, compared.  Page 13.
+
+    7. Detailed account, with illustrations showing how the
+       round barn at the University was built.                  Page 17.
+
+    8. Itemized statement of cost of a 60-foot round barn.      Page 29.
+
+    9. Brief descriptions with illustrations and plans of
+       several round dairy barns in actual use.                 Page 31.
+
+   10. Conclusions. The advantages of the round dairy barn
+       are convenience, strength and cheapness.                 Page 44.
+
+
+
+
+ECONOMY OF THE ROUND DAIRY BARN
+
+FULL SPECIFICATIONS AND DETAILED COST AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW
+SIXTY-FOOT CIRCULAR DAIRY BARN AT THE UNIVERSITY. SAVING OF ROUND OVER
+RECTANGULAR BARNS. NOTES ON SEVERAL ROUND BARNS ON DAIRY FARMS.[A]
+
+    [A] Special acknowledgment is made to Mr. H. E. Crouch and
+    Mr. R. E. Brand for their assistance in working out the
+    detailed data which are the bases for the economic
+    comparisons of the round and rectangular barns made in this
+    bulletin.
+
+BY W. J. FRASER, CHIEF IN DAIRY HUSBANDRY
+
+    The planning, construction, and arrangement of farm buildings
+    do not usually receive the thought and study these subjects
+    warrant. How many dairymen have compared a circular, 40-cow
+    barn with the common rectangular building containing the same
+    area? How many understand that the circular structure is much
+    the stronger; that the rectangular form requires 22 percent
+    more wall and foundation to enclose the same space; and that
+    the cost of material is from 34 to 58 percent more for the
+    rectangular building?
+
+
+In a community in which everyone is engaged in the same occupation, one
+person is likely to copy from his neighbor without apparently giving a
+thought as to whether or not there is a better way.
+
+In a district of Kane county, Illinois, a certain type of dairy barn is
+used by nearly everyone, while in the next county a distinctly different
+type prevails, and the dairy barns of another adjacent county differ
+from those of either of the former, simply because the early settlers of
+this particular locality came from an eastern state and started building
+the style of barn then common in Pennsylvania.
+
+In a certain community in Ohio where a milk condensing factory is
+located, a large number of farmers have barns 36 x 60 feet, with an "L"
+the same size. The loft of the "L" is used for the storage of straw, and
+the cows run loose in the lower portion. These barns are all built on
+practically the same plan and are usually of the same size, and this is
+the only community known to the writer where this form of barn is used
+in this manner.
+
+This tendency to imitate emphasizes the fact that men do not exercise
+sufficient originality. Because most barns are rectangular is no reason
+that this is the best and most economical form.
+
+
+
+
+WHY MORE ROUND BARNS ARE NOT BUILT
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1. BARN NO. 5. 100 FEET IN DIAMETER, SCALE 20 FEET
+TO ONE INCH; SHOWING INCREASED MOW CAPACITY GIVEN BY SELF-SUPPORTING
+ROOF.]
+
+In an early day when lumber was cheap, buildings were built of logs, or
+at least had heavy frames. Under these conditions, the rectangular barn
+was the one naturally used, and people have followed in the footsteps of
+their forefathers in continuing this form of barn. The result is that
+the economy and advantages of the round barn have apparently never been
+considered. This is because they are not obvious at first sight, and
+become fully apparent only after a detailed study of the construction.
+For these reasons, the rectangular form still continues to be built,
+altho it requires much more lumber. As the price of lumber has advanced
+so materially in recent years, the possible saving in this material is a
+large item, and well worth investigating.
+
+The objections to round barns have usually been made by those who have
+only a superficial knowledge of the subject, and do not really
+understand the relative merits of the two forms. To the writer's
+knowledge, there has never been published a carefully figured out,
+detailed comparison of a properly constructed circular barn with the
+rectangular barn.
+
+The difficulty with most round barns that have been built, thus far, is
+that they do not have a self-supporting roof, and consequently lose many
+of the advantages of a properly constructed round barn. This is the
+principal reason why round barns have not become more popular. A
+straight roof necessarily requires many supports in the barn below.
+These are both costly and inconvenient, and make the roof no stronger
+than a dome-shaped, self-supporting roof which nearly doubles the
+capacity of the mow. See Fig. (1).
+
+Many who have thus disregarded capacity have also wasted lumber and made
+a needless amount of work by chopping or hewing out the sill and plate,
+thus requiring more labor and lumber, besides sacrificing the greater
+strength of a built-up sill. Rightly constructed round barns are,
+however, being built to a limited extent. One contractor has erected
+twenty-four round barns, with self-supporting roofs, in the last nine
+years. These barns vary in size from 40 feet in diameter with 18-foot
+posts to 102 feet in diameter with 30-foot posts.
+
+Another reason for the scarcity of round barns is the difficulty in
+getting them built. Most carpenters hesitate to undertake the work
+because in the erection of a round barn the construction should be
+entirely different from that of the rectangular form. Many new problems
+present themselves, but when these are once understood, the round barn
+offers no more difficulties in construction than the rectangular form.
+It is, however, important to have a head carpenter who is accustomed to
+putting up round barns, as a man with ingenuity and experience can take
+advantage of many opportunities to save labor and material.
+
+
+KIND OF BARN NEEDED
+
+The first thing to consider in the erection of a barn is a convenient
+arrangement for the purpose for which it is to be used. At the
+University of Illinois, two years ago, a twenty-acre demonstration dairy
+farm was started, the sole object being to produce the largest amount of
+milk per acre at the least possible cost. To meet the requirements of a
+barn for this purpose, it became imperative to build one that was
+convenient for feeding and caring for the cows, economical of
+construction, and containing a large storage capacity in both silo and
+mow. These are the requirements of a barn for every practical dairyman.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2. FILLING THE SILO.]
+
+A silo was needed that could be fed from the year round. With the small
+number of cows kept, a deep enough layer of silage could not be fed off
+each day to keep it good thru the summer, if the silo was more than 12
+feet in diameter. As this small diameter was a necessity, it would
+require two silos 33 feet deep to supply enough silage. Two silos of
+such small diameter would not only be costly, but difficult to make
+stand, unless built of concrete. This difficulty was overcome by using
+the circular barn and placing in the center a silo which is 12 feet in
+diameter and 54 feet deep, thus making the one silo, with as much
+capacity as the two before mentioned, answer every purpose. This deep
+silo is an important part of the round barn, as it not only forms a
+support for the roof, but is protected by the barn, thus saving the cost
+of siding. Then, too, besides occupying the space least valuable for
+other purposes, it being centrally located, is in the most convenient
+place for feeding. The silage chute being open at the top forms a
+suction of air, which keeps the silage odor from the barn at milking
+time, and also assists in ventilation when the door to the chute is
+open.
+
+
+
+
+ADVANTAGES OF THE ROUND BARN
+
+    The points of superiority that the round dairy barn shows
+    over the rectangular form are convenience, strength, and
+    cheapness.
+
+
+ROUND BARN MOST CONVENIENT
+
+Considering that the barn on a dairy farm is used twice every day in the
+year, and that for six months each year the cows occupy it almost
+continuously, and that during this time a large amount of the labor of
+the farm is done inside the barn, it is evident that the question of its
+convenience is a vital one. The amount of time and strength wasted in
+useless labor in poorly arranged buildings is appalling. People do not
+stop to consider the saving in a year or a lifetime by having the barn
+so conveniently arranged that there is a saving of only a few seconds on
+each task that has to be done two or three times every day.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3. INTERIOR OF BARN, SECOND FLOOR, SHOWING SILO AND
+LOCATION OF ENSILAGE CUTTER. (TEAM UNHITCHED TO SHOW CUTTER.)]
+
+The round barn has a special advantage in the work of distributing
+silage to the cows. The feeding commences at the chute where it is
+thrown down, and is continued around the circle, ending with the silage
+cart at the chute again, ready for the next feeding. The same thing is
+true in feeding hay and grain.
+
+Still another great advantage is the large unobstructed hay mow. With
+the self-supporting roof, there are no timbers whatever obstructing the
+mow, which means no dragging of hay around posts or over girders. The
+hay carrier runs on a circular track around the mow, midway between the
+silo and the outside wall, and drops the hay at any desired point, thus
+in no case does the hay have to be moved but a few feet, which means a
+saving of much labor in the mowing.
+
+To successfully embody all of the above discussed advantages in a dairy
+barn is one of the large problems in milk production. In a careful study
+of the barn question it soon became apparent that it was impossible to
+embody all of the requirements advantageously in anything but a circular
+form of building, and the 60-foot round barn, which is here described,
+was built.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4. SOUTH VIEW, SHOWING WELL LIGHTED STABLE.]
+
+
+CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION THE STRONGEST
+
+The circular construction is the strongest, because it takes advantage
+of the lineal, instead of the breaking strength of the lumber. Each row
+of boards running around the barn forms a hoop that holds the barn
+together. A barrel, properly hooped and headed, is almost indestructible,
+and much stronger than a box, altho the hoops are small. This strength
+is because the stress comes on the hoops in a lineal direction. Any
+piece of timber is many times stronger on a lineal pull than on a
+breaking stress. Take for example a No. 1 yellow pine 2 x 6, 16 feet
+long, with an actual cross section of 1-5/8 x 5-5/8 inches. If placed
+on edge and supported at the ends, as a joist, the limit of safety for a
+load evenly distributed is 642 pounds, while the limit of safety for a
+load in the lineal direction of the same piece of timber is 12,800
+pounds, or twenty times as great.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5. IN COW STABLE, SHOWING SILO AND FEED ALLEY IN
+CENTER OF BARN; STANCHIONS ON RIGHT, MILK SCALES AND RECORD SHEET ON
+LEFT.]
+
+All exposed surfaces of a round barn are circular, as both the sides and
+roof are arched, which is the strongest form of construction to resist
+wind pressure; besides, the wind, in striking it, glances off and can
+get no direct hold on the walls or roof, as it can on the flat sides or
+gable ends of a rectangular structure. If the lumber is properly placed
+in a round barn, much of it will perform two or more functions. Every
+row of siding boards running around the building serves also as a brace,
+and the same is true of the roof boards and the arched rafters. If the
+siding is put on vertically and the roof built dome-shaped, no
+scaffolding is required inside or out. These are points of economy in
+the round construction.
+
+
+RECTANGULAR BARNS REQUIRE 34 TO 58 PERCENT MORE MATERIAL
+
+In order to compare the amount and cost of material in round and
+rectangular barns, the following figures have been carefully worked out
+by an expert barn builder. Two comparisons, based on wood construction
+thruout, are made, in which round barns 60 feet and 90 feet in diameter
+are compared with both plank and mortise frame rectangular barns
+containing the same number of square feet of floor space, respectively.
+Since the most practical width of a rectangular dairy barn is 36 feet,
+its length will depend upon the number of square feet required in the
+barn.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 6. SHOWING CONSTRUCTION OF MORTISE FRAME BARN, END
+VIEW.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 7. SHOWING CONSTRUCTION OF PLANK FRAME BARN, SIDE
+VIEW.]
+
+Figures 6 to 9 are side and end views, showing the detail construction
+and size of the timbers of the plank frame and mortise frame barns here
+figured. The detailed figures of the lumber bills for each of these
+barns were carefully worked out, but are too voluminous for publication
+here. The total number of feet of each kind of lumber required is given
+in Tables 1A and 1B. Since the proportion of the different kinds of
+lumber and shingles varied for the different barns, to draw an exact
+comparison it was necessary to base it upon the money value, and for
+this purpose the total cost of lumber has been figured in each case. The
+lumber values used thruout are the best average prices that could be
+obtained. As the same prices are used for the material of all the barns,
+the comparisons of cost are correct, altho these exact prices will not
+hold for all localities and all times.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 8. SHOWING CONSTRUCTION OF PLANK FRAME BARN, END
+VIEW.]
+
+Since a silo cannot be economically built inside of a rectangular barn,
+the first comparison is made with the barns simply enclosed, altho one
+of the chief advantages of a round barn is the deep silo which it is
+possible to build so economically in the center.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 9. SHOWING CONSTRUCTION OF MORTISE FRAME BARN, SIDE
+VIEW.]
+
+Another item of economy in the circular barn is less framing lumber.
+This form has the strongest possible construction with the least lumber
+in the frame, and the least bracing, not a single timber larger than a
+2 x 6 being required above the sill. The arched circular roof requires no
+supports, and no scaffolding is needed inside during its construction.
+
+The accompanying tables show the comparative amount and value of lumber
+and cubical content in round barns 60 and 90 feet in diameter, and
+rectangular barns of equal area and height of posts.
+
+TABLE 1A.--A COMPARISON OF THE COST OF MATERIAL IN ROUND AND RECTANGULAR
+BARNS OF THE SAME AREA, _Not Including_ Foundation And Silos.
+
+  A: Framing lumber,
+  B: Sheathing, siding, and flooring,
+  C: Shingles,
+  D: Bolts,
+  E: Total cost of lumber,
+  F: Content, cubic feet,
+
+  ==+=====================+===========================================
+    |                     |    Rectangular barn, 36 x 78-1/2 ft.
+    |     Round barn,     +---------------------+---------------------
+    | 60 feet in diameter |    Plank frame      |   Mortise frame
+  --+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------
+  A | 13,976 ft. @ $25    | 19,833 ft. @ $25    | 29,074 ft. @ $25
+    |           = $349.40 |           = $495.83 |           = $726.85
+  B | 12,971 ft. @ $22    | 15,355 ft. @ $22    | 15,355 ft. @ $22
+    |           =  285.36 |            = 337.81 |           =  337.81
+  C | 44,000 @ $3.75      | 45,000 @ $3.75      | 45,000 @ $3.75
+    |           =  165.00 |            = 168.75 |           =  168.75
+  D |                     |               20.88 |
+  --+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------
+  E |            =$799.76=|           =$1023.27=|           =$1233.41=
+  ==+=====================+=====================+=====================
+  F | =117,669=           | =117,138=           | =117,138=
+  ==+=====================+=====================+=====================
+
+
+TABLE 1B.
+
+  A: Framing lumber,
+  B: Sheathing, siding, and flooring,
+  C: Shingles,
+  D: Bolts,
+  E: Total cost of lumber,
+  F: Content, cubic feet,
+
+  ==+=====================+===========================================
+    |                     |    Rectangular barn, 36 x 176-3/4 ft.
+    |     Round barn,     +---------------------+---------------------
+    | 90 feet in diameter |    Plank frame      |   Mortise frame
+  --+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------
+  A | 30,899 ft. @ $25    | 38,815 ft. @ $25    | 59,481 ft. @$25
+    |           = $772.48 |           = $970.38 |           = $1487.03
+  B | 22,375 ft. @ $22    | 28,547 ft. @ $22    | 28,547 ft. @ $22
+    |           =  492.25 |           =  628.03 |           =   628.03
+  C | 97,000   @ $3.75    | 102,000  @ $3.75    | 102,000  @ $3.75
+    |           =  363.75 |            = 382.50 |             = 382.50
+  D |                     |               26.76 |
+  --+---------------------+---------------------+---------------------
+  E |          =$1628.48= |          =$2007.67= |           =$2497.56=
+  ==+=====================+=====================+=====================
+  F | =322,952=           | =270,570=           | =270,570=
+  ==+=====================+=====================+=====================
+
+
+ROUND AND RECTANGULAR BARNS COMPARED
+
+In comparing the 60-foot round barn with a rectangular barn of the same
+area, the two barns should afford the cows the same amount of space on
+the platform. Allowing each cow in the 60-foot round barn 3 feet 6
+inches in width at the rear of the platform, it will accommodate 40 cows
+and leave space for two passage ways. But in a rectangular barn, only 3
+feet 4 inches of platform space need be allowed for each cow, and the
+78-1/2 foot barn, with two 3-foot passage ways across it for convenience
+in feeding, will accommodate 42 cows. While the rectangular barn has
+stall room for two more cows, the round barn contains space in the
+center for a silo 18 feet in diameter.
+
+The floor space and cubical content of the round barn 60 feet in
+diameter, and the rectangular barn compared with it in these tables, are
+practically the same, and the barns are therefore directly comparable.
+This being true, the percentages which were figured from the complete
+bills of material for these barns show the exact saving in lumber on the
+60-foot round barn over the plank and mortise frame rectangular barns
+36 x 78-1/2 feet. The lumber bills of the rectangular barns show an
+increase in cost of 28 percent for the plank frame and 54 percent for
+the mortise frame. The round barn, 60 feet in diameter, contains
+188-1/2, and the rectangular barn 225 lineal feet of wall. The
+rectangular barn has, therefore, 22 percent more lineal feet of outside
+barn wall, requiring a proportional increase in both paint and
+foundation.
+
+The 176-3/4-foot rectangular barn would hold 100 cows, allowing each cow
+3 feet 4 inches in width and providing for 3 passage ways of 3 feet each
+across the barn.
+
+The 90-foot round barn would hold 100 cows in two rows headed together,
+65 of which would be in the outer circle, and have 3 feet 6 inches each
+in width at the gutter. This leaves sufficient room for feed alleys and
+walks, and two passage ways, one three feet and the other seven feet
+wide for the manure and feed carriers. All of this is outside of a
+central space for a silo 20 feet in diameter and 71 feet high, with a
+capacity for 620 tons of silage, and in the mow there would still be an
+excess, above the capacity of the rectangular barn, of 33,000 cubic
+feet, which would hold 66 tons of hay, or as much as the entire mow of
+a barn 32 x 36 feet with 20-foot posts.
+
+TABLE 2A.--A COMPARISON OF THE COST OF MATERIAL IN ROUND AND RECTANGULAR
+BARNS, _Including_ FOUNDATION AND SILOS.
+
+  ========================+=============+=============================
+                          | Round barn, | Rectangular barn,
+                          | 60 feet in  |          36 x 78-1/2 ft.
+                          |  diameter   +-------------+---------------
+                          |             | Plank frame | Mortise frame
+  ------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
+  Lumber in barn,         |   $799.76   |  $1023.27   |  $1233.41
+  Material in foundation, |     86.89   |    105.90   |    105.90
+  Material in silo,       |    159.01   |    295.26   |    295.26
+  ------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
+  Total cost of material  |             |             |
+    in barn,              | =$1045.66=  | =$1424.43=  | =$1634.57=
+  ========================+=============+=============+===============
+  Actual money saved,     |             |  =$378.77=  |  =$588.91=
+  ------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
+  Proportional cost,      |    =100%=   |    =136%=   |    =156%=
+  ========================+=============+=============+===============
+
+
+TABLE 2B.
+
+  ========================+=============+=============================
+                          | Round barn, | Rectangular barn,
+                          | 90 feet in  |          36 x 176-3/4 ft.
+                          |  diameter   +-------------+---------------
+                          |             | Plank frame | Mortise frame
+  ------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
+  Lumber in barn,         |  $1628.48   |  $2007.67   |  $2497.56
+  Material in foundation, |    130.35   |    196.80   |    196.80
+  Material in silo,       |    265.00   |    513.52   |    513.52
+  ------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
+  Total cost of material  |             |             |
+    in barn,              | =$2023.83=  | =$2717.99=  | =$3207.88=
+  ========================+=============+=============+===============
+  Actual money saved,     |             |  =$694.16=  | =$1184.05=
+  ------------------------+-------------+-------------+---------------
+  Proportional cost,      |    =100%=   |    =134%=   |    =158%=
+  ========================+=============+=============+===============
+
+
+The square feet of floor space in the round barn 90 feet in diameter and
+rectangular barn 36 x 176-3/4 feet are the same, but the cubical content
+of the former is more than that of the latter. The increase in the
+lumber bill is 23 percent in the plank frame and 53 percent in the
+mortise frame barn. The round barn 90 feet in diameter contains 283 and
+the rectangular barn 426 lineal feet of wall. The rectangular barn has,
+therefore, 50 percent more lineal feet of outside barn wall, requiring a
+proportional increase in both paint and foundation.
+
+The smaller surface on the outside wall of the round barn requires less
+paint and makes a proportional saving in keeping the round barn painted
+in after years.
+
+
+ROUND AND RECTANGULAR BARNS, _Including Silos_, COMPARED
+
+Owing to the fact that a silo is a necessity for the most economical
+production of milk, a barn is not complete for a dairyman's purpose
+unless it includes a silo with capacity to store sufficient silage for
+the herd. In the case of the round barn, the silo is most economically
+built inside, but in the rectangular form would cause a waste of space,
+and for that reason is best erected outside. Therefore, in comparing a
+round dairy barn with a rectangular dairy barn, silos should be
+included.
+
+In figuring the cost of materials in the silos for the round and
+rectangular barns, the capacity needed in each case was determined in
+the following manner: Allowing 40 pounds of silage per cow per day for 7
+winter months and 25 pounds per cow per day for 3 months during the
+summer, would require for 40 cows 220 tons; then allowing one-eighth for
+waste would make the silage requirement 248 tons. As the silo in the
+round barn 60 feet in diameter is 53 feet deep, it would need to be only
+16 feet in diameter to hold 250 tons. This diameter is sufficiently
+small to allow summer feeding without waste. To erect a silo outside of
+a barn, with sufficient stability to stand well, the height above ground
+should not be much more than twice the diameter, and in order to avoid
+waste for summer feeding, the diameter should not be greater than 16
+feet for a herd of 40 cows. In order that a deep enough layer of silage
+can be fed off each day during the summer to avoid waste, it is evident
+that to store 250 tons of silage outside the barn, two silos would be
+required. One of these should be 16 feet in diameter and 36 feet deep,
+holding 154 tons, and the other 13 feet in diameter and 36 feet deep,
+holding 102 tons, making a total silo capacity of 256 tons.
+
+As the large barns hold 100 cows, the same allowance of silage per cow
+for the season would require silo capacity for 620 tons. As the silo in
+the round barn 90 feet in diameter would be 71 feet deep, it would need
+to be only 20 feet in diameter to hold 620 tons. To store 620 tons of
+silage in silos built outside the rectangular barn would require two
+silos, each 20 feet in diameter and 44 feet deep.[B] These are the sizes
+on which the figures for cost of silos of the Gurler type, given in
+Tables 2A and 2B, were used.
+
+    [B] Since the deeper the silo the more firmly the silage
+    packs, one silo 71 feet deep will hold as much as two silos
+    of the same diameter and 44 feet deep.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 10. INTERIOR OF COW STABLE, SHOWING WATER TROUGH
+WITH FLOAT VALVE, SALT BOX, AND DOOR INTO DAIRY.]
+
+The table (page 12) is the final summing up of the cost of all the
+material for the completed dairy barns, with silos, and shows a saving
+of from 34 to 58 percent in favor of the round barn and silo, or an
+actual money saving in this case of from $379 to $1184, depending upon
+the size and construction of the barns.
+
+Thoughtlessly, men go on building rectangular barns, but what would this
+reckless disregard of a possible saving of 34 to 58 percent mean in a
+year's business on the farm? Some illustrations may help us to
+understand what this money saved in building a round barn really amounts
+to, and its convenience is also a great saving. If the dairyman
+discarded the idea of a rectangular barn and built a round barn
+instead, he could take the money thus saved and buy one of the best
+pure-bred sires for his herd, and also three to ten pure-bred heifers or
+fine grade cows. Either of these purchases might double the profit of
+the herd. Or, this saving, properly applied, would purchase many
+labor-saving devices which would make life less of a drudgery on many
+dairy farms. Is not such a saving worth while?
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 11. COW COMFORT IN A ROUND BARN.]
+
+When the comparative cost and merit of two constructions are known, it
+is a poor financier who will pay extra for the one which is inferior. If
+a man received bids from contractors for a building, he would be a
+foolish man who would accept one which is from 34 to 58 percent higher
+than the lowest bidder, especially when he knew the lowest bidder would
+put up the most convenient and substantial building.
+
+
+
+
+DISADVANTAGES OF THE ROUND DAIRY BARN
+
+
+The disadvantages of the round dairy barn are, that it cannot be
+enlarged by building on as readily as can the rectangular form, but as
+the round barn may be built higher to the eaves than a rectangular barn
+36 feet wide, provision can be made for the growth of the herd by
+building so as to put cows in the second story and still leave
+sufficient mow room for hay.
+
+The objection is frequently raised that a round barn is difficult to
+light. This difficulty is entirely overcome in a barn 90 feet or less in
+diameter, if a sufficient number of properly spaced windows are used.
+See Figs. 4 and 30. With the same number of windows, the light is more
+evenly distributed in a round barn and the sun can shine directly into
+some portion at all hours of the day during the winter.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 12. FIRST STORY WALL, AND FOUNDATION FOR SILO, FEED
+ALLEY, AND MANGER; SILL IN PLACE, READY FOR JOISTS AND STUDS.]
+
+The objection has been raised that rectangular objects cannot be placed
+in a circle without a waste of space, but this does not apply to a dairy
+barn, as the storage of hay and grain depends upon cubical content,
+alone, and silos should always be circular, no matter where built. Cows,
+when lying down, are decidedly wedge-shaped, requiring much less space
+in front than behind. The objection may be raised, with round barns
+large enough for two rows of cows, that the row headed out does not use
+the space as economically as in the rectangular form, because a cow
+needs more width at the rear of the platform than at the manger. Where
+there are two rows of cows, the inner row is usually headed out, and as
+only about one-third of the cows are in this row, this loss of space is
+counterbalanced by the large number of cows in the outer circle using
+the space more economically than they do in the rectangular barn.
+
+Box stalls cannot be as conveniently arranged, but in a one-row barn,
+gates hung on the outside and swung around to the manger, form stalls
+for cows at freshening time, and in a barn with two rows, box stalls can
+be arranged in the inner circle.
+
+
+
+
+HOW THE ROUND BARN AT THE UNIVERSITY WAS BUILT
+
+
+The barn is located on the side of a hill, sloping gently to the south
+and east. With this location, it was an advantage to excavate 5 feet
+deep on the northwest and run out to the surface of the ground on the
+southeast.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 13. SHOWING TEMPORARY BRACING TO HOLD STUDS IN PLACE
+WHILE SHIP LAP CEILING IS NAILED ON.]
+
+The footing for the foundation is 18 inches wide. A ten-inch brick wall
+was carried up nine feet above the stable floor. This wall contains a
+2-inch air space to prevent moisture from condensing on the inner wall
+and making the barn damp. This is an important point, as barns with a
+solid stone or brick wall are very objectionable on account of dampness.
+It has been proven by two years' use that this difficulty is entirely
+obviated by the air space in the wall.
+
+The foundation for the manger and feed alley is built up 2 feet above
+the stable floor. The foundation for the silo extends 4 feet below the
+stable floor and is continued 9 inches above the floor in the feed
+alley. This silo wall, together with the foundation under the manger,
+forms the foundation for the center supports of the barn. Fig. 12 shows
+the foundation completed.
+
+The silo, which is the Gurler type, was then started and carried up with
+the barn. It was built by placing 2 x 4 studs around the circle, one
+foot on centers, and ceiling inside with 1/2 x 6-inch lumber. This
+1/2-inch lumber was obtained by re-sawing 1 x 6 yellow pine fencing.
+Common lath were then put on horizontally in the regular way inside,
+without furring out, and plastered with rich cement plaster.
+
+The sill of the barn is 6 x 6, made up of 1 x 6s, and built on top of
+the wall. Building it up in this manner makes a stronger sill than can
+be obtained in any other way, as it forms a continuous hoop around the
+barn.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 14. SHOWING HEIGHT AND CONSTRUCTION OF SILO, SIDING
+COMPLETED, AND FOUR MAIN RAFTERS IN PLACE.]
+
+The joists are 2 x 12s notched 6 inches to fit the sill, so that the
+outer ends rest on both the sill and the brick wall. The outer span of
+joists is 14 feet and the inner ends of these joists rest on a similar
+sill built of 1 x 6s on top of the 4 x 4 supports at the stanchions. The
+inner span of joists, between the stanchions and the silo, is 8 feet,
+the outer end resting on the sill over the stanchions, and the inner end
+on a 1-1/2 x 6-inch band, made up of three 1/2 x 6-inch pieces, running
+around the outside of the silo. These joists are placed 2-1/2 feet apart
+at the outside of the barn, and half as many joists are used in the
+inner span, making the joists at the silo one foot apart. The number of
+joists under the driveways are doubled, being only 1 foot and 3 inches
+apart at the outside of the barn.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 15. SHOWING ALL RAFTERS IN PLACE AND METHOD OF
+SHEATHING ROOF.]
+
+The studs, which are 2 x 6s, 20 feet long, were then placed on the sill,
+about 2 feet 6 inches apart, being as evenly spaced between the windows
+as possible, and temporarily braced, as shown in Fig. 13, until the
+8-inch ship lap ceiling could be nailed on the outside. This was carried
+up 5 feet to the second scaffold, and then covered to this height with
+shingles laid 5 inches to the weather. The scaffolding was then moved up
+and this process repeated until the siding was completed. The plate,
+made up of five 1 x 4s, was then built in the notch in the top of the
+studs shown in Fig. 13.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 16. SHOWING HEIGHT OF SILO, CAPACITY OF BARN, AND
+CONSTRUCTION OF ROOF.]
+
+The silo was completed, as before described. The rafters, which were
+framed on the ground, were then erected, as shown in Fig. 14, the first
+eight going to the center of the roof, and the remaining ones were cut
+to rest on the plate of the silo. There are 64 framed rafters, and these
+are the only ones in the upper section of the roof. At the break in the
+roof, a header is cut in between the framed rafters, and in the lower
+section a rafter is placed between these, thus making twice as many
+rafters in the lower section of the roof as in the upper section. After
+the rafters were all in place and temporarily braced, the 1 x 2-inch
+sheathing was put on, as shown in Fig. 15, and the shingles, which were
+the best 5/2 red cedar, were laid 5 inches to the weather on the lower
+section of the roof, and 4 inches to the weather on the upper section,
+as this had less pitch. No chalk line was necessary, as the shingles
+were laid by the sheathing.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 17. SHOWING ARRANGEMENT OF JOISTS AND HOW THE FLOOR
+IS LAID.]
+
+The floor was made of 1 x 8 ship lap, laid in four directions, as shown
+in Fig. 17. In the driveway an extra layer of ship lap was used, making
+this portion of the floor 2 inches thick.
+
+The doorways in the second story are 14 feet wide, and in the lower
+story 12 feet. These openings are closed by two sliding doors, each door
+being made of two sections, hinged together so as to follow the circular
+wall of the barn in opening.
+
+The cow stable is on the ground floor, and well lighted by 16 windows
+having twelve 9 x 12 lights each. There are also six windows in the
+doors. The windows are placed just below the ceiling and admit an
+abundance of sunshine at all times of the day, which is one of the
+essentials of a good dairy barn.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 18. SHOWING PRESENT ARRANGEMENT OF COW STABLE. THERE
+ARE STANCHIONS AND MANGERS FOR 28 COWS, AND 2200 SQ. FT. OF FLOOR SPACE
+IN WHICH THE COWS CAN RUN LOOSE. THE GATES ARE SWUNG INTO THE PRESENT
+POSITION WHEN BOX STALLS ARE NEEDED.]
+
+The floor, back of the manger, is of clay, except at the door, where a
+small portion is covered with cement. The cows run loose except at
+feeding and milking time, when they are placed in rigid stanchions. It
+must be distinctly understood that rigid stanchions are strongly
+condemned as a cow tie, where cows are to remain in them all night, but
+as they are here used merely to hold the cow during milking, they are
+both economical and convenient.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 19. SHOWING CROSS SECTION OF 60-FOOT ROUND BARN.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 20. CLEANING OUT COW STABLE WITH THREE-HORSE MANURE
+SPREADER.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21. COWS IN STANCHION AT MILKING TIME.]
+
+Running cows loose in this manner is an excellent method, where bedding
+is abundant and sufficient space is available, as the cows are more
+comfortable, and all fertility is saved. There is no waste from
+leaching, as when the manure lies exposed to the weather. This method
+saves the labor of cleaning the stable, as the manure is loaded into the
+spreader and hauled directly upon the land whenever convenient, and the
+land is in the best condition to receive it.[C]
+
+    [C] For a more detailed discussion of the advantages of
+    keeping cows in this manner, see Illinois Agricultural
+    Experiment Station Circular No. 93.
+
+Three gates are hung on posts at the outside wall, and when box stalls
+are needed, these are swung around to the manger, as shown in Fig. 18.
+The south door in the cow stable can be closed by slatted gates, thus
+affording an abundance of fresh air and sunshine on nice days, without
+letting the cows out of the barn.
+
+
+SYSTEM OF VENTILATION
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 21. CONTINUED.]
+
+The system of ventilation is the "King." To economize space and lumber,
+the hay chute is used for a ventilator. This chute, which extends to the
+cupola, is 2-1/4 x 3-1/2 feet, having a cross section area of 8 sq. ft.,
+which, with a good draft, is sufficient for 40 cows. In order that this
+combination of ventilator and hay chute prove practical, doors thru
+which the hay could be thrust were placed at intervals in the side of
+the chute. These doors are hinged at the top, opening in, and close
+immediately after the hay drops, thus maintaining a closed ventilator
+chute. The air is drawn in at the bottom, the amount being regulated by
+means of a sliding door in the side. As this chute is 50 feet high, it
+creates a strong suction.
+
+
+THE MILK ROOM
+
+To economize space, the milk room, 12 x 16 feet, is located under the
+north driveway. The brick walls under the drive form the sides of this
+room, and the floor of the drive, which is made of 2 x 6s grooved on
+both edges, forms the roof. The grooves in the flooring were filled with
+white lead, and a wooden strip, fitted to fill the grooves of both
+planks, was driven in, forming a water-tight floor. This floor was
+covered with hot tar and sand 1/2 inch thick. The milk room is plastered
+on the inside, the plaster being applied directly to the brick walls,
+excepting in the case of the ceiling, which is lathed. The floor and
+cooling tank are of cement. The passage from the barn to the milk room
+is thru a small hallway, which is open to the outside, thus preventing
+the stable air getting into the milk room.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 22. FEED ALLEY, SHOWING COMBINED HAY CHUTE AND
+VENTILATOR. A DOOR ON THE SIDE WHICH IS HINGED AT THE BOTTOM, 3 FEET
+FROM THE FLOOR, IS LET IN TOWARD THE SILO, SLIDING THE HAY ONTO THE
+FLOOR. IN HOT WEATHER THIS OPENING TAKES THE HEAT OUT OF THE BARN;
+DURING THE WINTER THIS DOOR IS KEPT CLOSED AND THE VENTILATION IS
+REGULATED BY RAISING THE SLIDE, AS SHOWN IN THE CUT.]
+
+
+BARN SATISFACTORY
+
+This round dairy barn above described has been in use for over two years
+at the University of Illinois, and has given entire satisfaction.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 23. NORTHEAST VIEW, SHOWING DAIRY UNDER DRIVEWAY.
+THE BARN IS ON THE SAME SCALE AS THE DRAWING ON PAGE 28.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 24. INTERIOR OF DAIRY; COOLING TANK ON LEFT.]
+
+
+RE-ARRANGEMENT OF BARN TO ACCOMMODATE 40 COWS
+
+If it is desired to keep cows in stalls in a round barn of this size,
+the circular manger can be enlarged to 38 feet in diameter, which gives
+room for forty cows, as shown in Fig. 25, and the silo, to hold
+sufficient silage to feed the year round, enlarged to 18 feet in
+diameter. The present mow room is sufficient to store enough hay and
+bedding for this number of cows.
+
+The barn on the Twenty-acre Demonstration Dairy Farm was built this
+large, as it was thought it might be desired at some future time to
+increase the size of the farm and herd, and the barn could easily be
+changed to accommodate a larger herd by simply enlarging the silo,
+without rebuilding the barn.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 25. SHOWING HOW THIS 60-FOOT BARN MAY BE ARRANGED TO
+ACCOMMODATE 40 COWS IN STALLS. TO SUPPLY THIS SIZED HERD AND THE
+NECESSARY YOUNG STOCK WITH SILAGE FOR EIGHT MONTHS WOULD REQUIRE A
+370-TON SILO, OR ONE 18 FEET IN DIAMETER AND 56 FEET DEEP; WITH A
+SEVEN-FOOT FEED ALLEY AND A 2-1/2-FOOT MANGER, THE CIRCLE AT THE
+STANCHIONS WOULD BE 38 FEET IN DIAMETER, OR 119-1/3 FEET IN
+CIRCUMFERENCE; ALLOWING 4-1/4 FEET FOR TWO PASSAGE WAYS, THE STALLS
+WOULD BE 2 FEET 10-1/2 INCHES WIDE AT THE STANCHION, AND 3 FEET 6 INCHES
+AT THE DROP.]
+
+
+ITEMIZED COST OF THIS ROUND BARN
+
+  Excavating, foundation, and first story brick wall        $904.00
+
+  Lumber:
+
+    149 pieces, 1     x  4     x 16        Y. P.
+     31   "     1     x  4     x 14       Cypress
+     16   "     1     x  4     x 12          "
+    165   "     1     x  6     x 16        Y. P.
+     17   "     1     x  6     x 14          "
+    226   "     2     x  4     x 12          "
+     20   "     2     x  4     x 16          "
+      6   "     2     x  4     x 14          "
+     15   "     4     x  4     x 14          "
+    120   "     2     x 12     x 16          "
+     23   "     2     x 12     x 14          "
+    100   "     2     x  6     x 20          "
+    144   "     2     x  6     x 16          "
+     67   "     2     x  6     x 18          "
+      4   "     2     x  6     x 26          "
+     60   "     2     x  6     x 12          "
+     30   "     2     x  6     x 22          "
+      4   "     2     x  6     x 24          "
+      6   "     2     x  8     x 10          "
+      9   "     2     x  8     x 16          "
+      4   "     2     x 10     x 14          "
+     11   "     2     x 10     x 12          "
+      1   "     2     x 10     x 22          "
+      1   "     1     x 10     x 12          "
+      1   "     1     x 10     x 14       Cypress
+      2   "     1     x 12     x 14          "
+     22   "     1-1/8 x  8     x 10       Cyp. S2S
+      2   "     1     x  1-1/8 x 12 x 14     "
+      2   "     1     x  1-1/8 x 12 x 16     "
+    6000 feet of 8-inch ship lap
+    3150 feet of 10-inch ship lap
+      71 M 5/2 red cedar shingles
+     165 Lineal feet of 2-inch Cr. molding
+     240 Lineal feet of Cr. molding
+     270 feet of 4-inch Y. P. S1S
+    4000 feet of 6-inch rough pine
+      62 feet of 3/8-inch Y. P. Ceiling
+     850 feet of 6-inch No. 1 flooring
+     230 feet of 6-inch fence flooring
+      56 lineal feet of 1/2 x 3-inch battening
+      32 lineal feet of lattice
+     444 lineal feet of 4-inch cypress
+       3 10-foot cedar posts
+            Total cost of lumber                          $1,313.63
+
+        Mill work:
+    Window sash and doors                                   $270.00
+    Window and door frames                                    71.00
+    Sawing lumber for silo, roof, bridge and stanchions       29.78
+    Cost of hardware                                          96.57
+
+        Carpenter work:
+    Head carpenter                518 hrs. @ 40c = $207.20
+    Carpenters                   1057 hrs. @ 35c =  369.95
+    Common labor                  429 hrs. @ 20c =   85.80
+                                                   -------
+            Total cost for carpenter work                    662.95
+
+    Tiling around barn and silo, sewer from dairy room,
+      retaining wall, cement floor in alley, dairy,
+      doorway of barn, and steps and tanks                   128.54
+    Plastering dairy room and inside of silo                 104.60
+    Painting                                                  89.54
+                                                           --------
+            Total cost of barn                             $3670.61
+
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 26. BARN NO. 2. 80 FEET IN DIAMETER; ENGINE ROOM IN
+FOREGROUND.]
+
+The cost of this barn, if built on the ordinary dairy farm, could be
+materially reduced without shortening the life of the barn. Owing to the
+conditions under which this barn was built, it was necessary to pay for
+hauling all material to the farm, two and one-half miles from town. All
+of the labor had to be hired, and as it was necessary for the men to
+board themselves the wages paid were proportionately higher. The farmer
+usually does the excavating and hauls the brick, sand, and lumber with
+his own teams, tends the mason, and does quite an amount of the rough
+work with his own help, besides boarding the men, all of which would
+greatly reduce the cost. The construction could also be cheapened by
+using drop siding to cover the outside, instead of shingles, which in
+this case were used over ship lap on the side walls to improve the
+appearance. This barn could be still further cheapened by putting hoops,
+five feet apart, around the studs, and covering with common 1 x 12
+boards, put on vertically, as is done in some cases. A saving could also
+be made on the mill work and large doors by having the carpenters make
+these plainer and leave the windows out of them.
+
+Anyone wishing to build a round barn can get local bids on the lumber
+bill, and determine approximately the cost in his locality. This will
+vary with both the location and the year.
+
+
+
+
+OTHER ROUND DAIRY BARNS
+
+
+BARN NO. 2
+
+Built 1897.
+
+Diameter, 80 feet.
+
+Capacity, 75 cows in 2 rows, tails together, 51 head in outer circle, 24
+head in inner circle.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 27. INTERIOR OF BARN NO. 2. SHOWING TWO ROWS OF
+STANCHIONS AND DRIVE BEHIND COWS WHICH IS USED IN CLEANING BARN; SILO ON
+RIGHT.]
+
+Cost, $1800.
+
+Studs, 2 x 6s, placed 2-1/2 feet on center.
+
+Supports, two 2 x 6s in each stanchion.
+
+Joists, main span 3 x 12s, 20 feet long, placed 14 inches on center.
+Short spans over feed alleys, 2 x 10s.
+
+Plate, 1 x 10-inch boards sprung around near top of studs.
+
+Roof supports, 6 x 6s placed 12 feet apart. Purline plate rests on these
+posts and consists of 1 x 8s sprung to the circle.
+
+Siding, 8-inch, put on horizontally, first story ceiled inside.
+
+To clean out, a wagon is driven around between the two rows of cows.
+
+The chief objection to this barn is insufficient light in the cow
+stable.
+
+This barn and No. 3 are approximately the same in construction, and are
+more substantially built than barns No. 4 and 5.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 28. ARRANGEMENT OF COW STABLE IN BARN NO. 2; TWO
+ROWS OF COWS TAILED TOGETHER. THE BARN IS CLEANED BY DRIVING AROUND
+BEHIND THE COWS.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 29. BARN NO. 3. 80 FEET IN DIAMETER.]
+
+
+BARN NO. 4
+
+Built in 1900.
+
+Diameter, 90 feet.
+
+Capacity, 105 cows, two rows heading together.
+
+Cost, $3000.
+
+Foundation, width at base and top, 18 inches; depth in ground, 20
+inches, (not sufficient).
+
+Sills, 2 x 8s, sawed in short lengths, and placed flatwise.
+
+Studding, 20-foot 2 x 8s, placed 3 feet on center and toenailed to sill.
+
+Supports, first story 4 x 4s placed between stanchions in each row,
+making two rows of supports between the outside wall and the silo; 4 x
+4s cut to a circle placed on top of these supports. The outside span,
+over cows, is 13 feet 6 inches; middle span, over feed alley, 6 feet 8
+inches, and inside span, over cows, 13 feet.
+
+Joists, 2 x 8s placed 3 feet apart at studs on outside wall. There are
+as many joists in center of barn as at the outside.
+
+Supports, second-story, consist of one row of posts running around at a
+point immediately under the break in the roof. These are 16 feet apart
+and are made of three 2 x 8s kept 2 inches apart by horizontal braces
+which run from studding near the eave thru these posts to studding in
+silo. See Fig. 31.
+
+Plate, rafter is set on top of each stud, and no plate is used.
+
+Rafters, 2 x 6s resting on studs at outside and on circular plate at
+break in roof.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 30. BARN NO. 4. 90 FEET IN DIAMETER; ONE OF THE FEW
+DAIRY BARNS WITH SUFFICIENT LIGHT; SAME SCALE AS DRAWING ON PAGE 37.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 31. SILO IN CENTER OF BARN NO. 4; UPPER PORTION IN
+HAY LOFT. LOWER PORTION IN COW STABLE.]
+
+Siding, 8-inch drop siding, put on horizontally, nailed with 10d nails.
+Ends holding well.
+
+Windows, 12 light, 10 x 12 glass; one window every six feet. This gives
+an abundance of light in the center of the barn.
+
+Doors, built on circle; (not satisfactory).
+
+Silo, round; diameter, 24 feet over all; height, 53 feet, exclusive of
+12-foot space for water tank on top; capacity, 500 tons. Studs of silo,
+2 x 4s placed 12 inches on center. Ceiled inside of studs with two
+thicknesses of half-inch lumber with paper between.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 32. INTERIOR OF BARN NO. 4, SHOWING STALLS AND FEED
+ALLEY.]
+
+Remarks: Considering its size, the construction of this barn is
+apparently too light to be substantial, as the joists and studs are too
+small and too far apart, yet it has stood for nine years with no more
+evidence of wear than is common with any barn.
+
+Were the owner to build again he would place the studs only 2-1/2 feet
+apart and use 2 x 12 joists, 2-1/2 feet apart at the outside wall. He
+would also use cement plaster on inside of silo.
+
+The owner says it would have cost him as much to have built a
+rectangular barn without the 500-ton silo, and containing 1300 sq. ft.
+less floor space. In other words, he gained a 500-ton silo and 1300 sq.
+ft. of floor space, besides an immense amount of mow room, by building a
+circular barn.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 33. ARRANGEMENT OF COW STABLE IN BARN NO. 4, 90 FEET
+IN DIAMETER; TWO ROWS OF COWS HEADED TOGETHER.]
+
+
+BARN NO. 5
+
+Built in 1906.
+
+Diameter, 100 feet.
+
+Capacity, 115 cows.
+
+Cost, $3400.
+
+Studding, 16-foot 2 x 6s, placed 3 feet on centers.
+
+Supports, 3 rows 4 x 4s.
+
+Joists, 2 x 10s, placed 3 feet on centers. Hemlock and yellow pine.
+
+Floor, laid in eight directions.
+
+Rafters, 2 x 6s spiked to studs. A band of two 1 x 6s is placed around
+the studs just below the rafters, and helps support the rafters.
+
+Supports for roof. There are three purline plates. Two of these are
+supported by posts, the other by braces running out from the silo. The
+roof is straight from eaves to peak. The bracing is similar to that of
+barn No. 4.
+
+Silo, 18 feet in diameter, 56 feet deep, 2 feet in ground. Capacity, 350
+tons.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 34. BARN 92 FEET IN DIAMETER; TWO ROWS OF COWS
+HEADED TOGETHER; SILO IN CENTER.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 35. VIEW OF 70-FOOT SELF-SUPPORTING ROOF ON BARN
+SHOWN IN FIG. 36; NOTE HOOPS ON STUDS IN RIGHT FOREGROUND.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 36. BARN 70 FEET IN DIAMETER; FRAME HOOPED FOR
+PERPENDICULAR SIDING; LOWER SECTION SIDED.]
+
+
+THE SMALL DAIRYMAN'S BARN
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 37. BARN 40 FEET IN DIAMETER.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 38. BARN 48 FEET IN DIAMETER, 16-FOOT POSTS; NOTE
+METHOD OF TAKING HAY INTO SMALL ROUND BARN.]
+
+The round barns previously described do not meet the needs of the man
+with only a few cows. He usually wants a general-purpose barn. The
+circular form can be made satisfactory for this purpose if proper
+attention is given to the plan. It is necessary that the cow stable be
+distinctly separated from all other stock by a tight wall. Round barns
+with this arrangement are giving satisfaction in Illinois at the present
+time.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 39. SHOWING CONSTRUCTION OF BARN IN FIG. 40. HOOPS
+IN PLACE READY FOR PERPENDICULAR SIDING; ROOF SHEATHED FOR SHINGLES.]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 40. BARN 102 FEET IN DIAMETER AND 85 FEET HIGH.]
+
+
+
+
+DISADVANTAGES OF THE POLYGONAL BARN.
+
+
+A polygonal barn has the disadvantages of both the rectangular and the
+round barn, and is less stable than either. It must necessarily have a
+heavy frame, which is expensive, and as the siding cannot run around the
+corners, it is very difficult to tie the different sides together
+sufficiently to prevent the barn being racked by the wind.
+
+
+BARN NO. 6
+
+16-sided.
+
+Built, 1888.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 41. BARN NO. 6; 85 FEET IN DIAMETER; SAME SCALE AS
+DRAWING ON OPPOSITE PAGE.]
+
+Diameter, 85 feet.
+
+Height, 26-foot posts on 9-foot wall.
+
+Capacity, 88 cows; 350 tons of hay.
+
+Foundation and first story, cement wall 9 feet above cement floor.
+
+Supports, 4 x 8s, placed just back of stanchions, 3 feet on center.
+
+Studs, 2 x 10s, 26 feet long, placed 2-1/2 feet on center.
+
+Joists 3 x 12s, 20 feet long, 14 inches on center for main span.
+
+Rafters, self-supporting. Sheathed with 1 x 6s with no space between.
+This roof has a purline plate thrown in the gambrel. The plate is
+supported only by the braces which tie the joints.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 42. ARRANGEMENT OF COW STABLE IN BARN NO. 6.]
+
+The barn has been racked three times by the wind, replumbed and heavy
+iron rods put in to brace it, yet it is out of plumb at the present
+time.
+
+
+
+
+CONCLUSIONS
+
+
+In summing up the data given in this bulletin, it is obvious that the
+advantages of the round barn are convenience, strength, and cheapness.
+
+The round barn is the more convenient, because of the unobstructed mow,
+which reduces the labor required in mowing hay, and because of the
+greater ease and fewer steps with which the feed can be gotten to the
+cows, owing to the central location of the supply.
+
+The circular construction is the strongest because advantage is taken of
+the lineal strength of the lumber. All exposed surfaces are circular,
+and withstand greater wind pressure, as the wind can get no direct hold,
+as on the sides or gable ends of a rectangular barn.
+
+In round numbers, rectangular barns require, according to their
+construction, from 34 to 58 percent more in cost of material than round
+barns with the same floor area and built of the same grade of material.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+TRANSCRIBER NOTES:
+
+    Punctuation has been normalized without note.
+
+    Hyphenation of words has been changed to be more consistent
+    throughout the text.
+
+    Page 6: "betwen" changed to "between" (midway between the silo and
+    the outside wall).
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Economy of the Round Dairy Barn, by
+Wilber John Fraser
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ECONOMY OF THE ROUND DAIRY BARN ***
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