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diff --git a/38301.txt b/38301.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c5e9348 --- /dev/null +++ b/38301.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4412 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Illustrated Catalogue of Cotton Machinery, by +Howard & Bullough American Machine Company, Ltd. + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Illustrated Catalogue of Cotton Machinery + +Author: Howard & Bullough American Machine Company, Ltd. + +Release Date: December 14, 2011 [EBook #38301] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COTTON MACHINERY *** + + + + +Produced by Don Kostuch + + + + +[Transcriber's notes] + Page numbers in this book are indicated by numbers enclosed in curly + braces, e.g. {99}. They have been located where page breaks occurred + in the original book. + + Obvious spelling errors have been corrected but "inventive" and + inconsistent spelling is left unchanged. + + Material suitable for searching has been converted to text. Complex + tables that would not provide useful search targets and would be + prone to transcription errors have been left as images. +[End Transcriber's notes] + +{2} + +[Illustration] + +PLANT OF +HOWARD & BULLOUGH AMERICAN MACHINE COMPANY LTD. + +PAWTUCKET, R. I. + +{3} + +ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE + +of + +COTTON MACHINERY + +Built by + +HOWARD & BULLOUGH +AMERICAN MACHINE COMPANY, LTD. + +PAWTUCKET, R. I., U. S. A. + +OPENING, PICKING, CARDING, DRAWING, ROVING, SPINNING, TWISTING AND +WINDING MACHINERY + +WARPERS AND SLASHERS + +Containing Also Floor Spaces, Speeds, Productions, Gearing Diagrams, +Useful Tables and Other Information + +1909 + +BOSTON OFFICE, 65 FRANKLIN STREET +C. E. RILEY, TREASURER + +SOUTHERN OFFICE, EMPIRE BUILDING, ATLANTA, GA. + +{4} + +INTRODUCTION. + +We take pleasure in presenting this book, trusting that the +information it contains will be of interest and service. + +In compiling this catalogue we have included such descriptive matter +as will set forth the main features and advantages of our machinery, +also outline drawings, gearing diagrams, floor spaces, speeds, +production and other tables, and information of use to all those +interested in Cotton Mills. + +Some of the information contained in this book has hitherto been +presented in circular and book form, but at the request of numerous +friends and users of our machinery we now issue this complete +catalogue which contains considerable additional information, besides +which it is in a compact and convenient form. + +Our machinery is extensively used, and is well and favorably known. + +It will be our endeavor in the future to continue to make improvements +and maintain the high standard which has characterized our machinery +in the past. + +{5} + +INDEX. + +OPENING AND PICKING MACHINERY PAGE +Hopper Bale Opener 8 +General Description 9 +Floor Plans and Elevations 12 +Automatic Hopper Feeder 14 +Self-feeding Opener 16 +Trunking 20 +Breaker Lappers 24 +Combination Machines 30 +Intermediate and Finisher Lappers 32 +Production Tables 36 +Gearing Diagrams 38 +Calculations 43 +Floor Plans and Elevations 52 + +REVOLVING FLAT CARDS +General Description 61 +Patent Setting Arrangement for Flats 67 +Williams' Patent Stripping Motion 68 +Floor Plan 72 +Gearing Diagram 72 +Calculations 75 +Production Tables 75 +Gearing Tables 77 +Clothing 80 + +DRAWING FRAMES +General Description 82 +Floor Plans 88 +Table of Lengths 90 +Production Tables 91 +Gearing Diagram 92 +Calculations 94 +Gearing and General Tables 96 +Electric Stop Motions 98 + +SLUBBING, INTERMEDIATE, + ROVING AND JACK FRAMES +General Description 103 +Improved Differential Motion 107 +Improved Lay Gearing 109 +Speed Tables 111 +Floor Plans 118 +Tables of Lengths 119 +Production Tables 113 +Gearing Diagrams 123 +{6} +Calculations 127 +Gearing Tables 130 +Roving Tables 136 + +RING SPINNING FRAMES +General Description 141 +Improved Builder 151 +H. & B. Separator 152 +Floor Plan 154 +Table of Lengths 155 +Production Tables 156 +Gearing Diagrams 160 +Calculations 164 +Gearing Tables 166 +Yarn Twist Tables 176 +Table for Numbering Cotton Yarn 179 +Breaking Weights of American Yarns 184 + +SPOOLERS +Table of Lengths and Productions 186 +REELS 187 + +TWISTERS +General Description 188 +Floor Plan 193 +Table of Lengths 195 +Production Tables 198 +Gearing Diagrams 203 +Calculations 206 +Gearing Tables 208 +Twist Tables 210 + +CONE AND TUBE WINDERS +General Description 222 +Floor Plan 225 +WARPERS 226 +SLASHERS 227 + +MISCELLANEOUS +Shipping Weights 232 +Table of English + Weights and Measures 233 +Classification of Cotton 237 +General Rules with Examples 234 +Power Required by Cotton Machinery 238 +Belting Required for Various Machines 240 +Horse-power Tables of Shafting 242 +Horse-power Tables of Belting 246 +Data on Manila Transmission Rope 250 +Spindles in U. S. 252 +World's Cotton Spindles 253 + +{7} + +OPENING AND PICKING MACHINERY. + +The Opening and Picking of cotton should have the same careful +attention as the Carding and Spinning, although the latter processes +may seem to some to be more important. Much more attention is being +given to this Department everywhere to-day than formerly, and better +equipments of machinery are being used. The same equipment is not +equally good for all classes of work, as the machinery must be +designed and adjusted for the particular kind of stock to be used. + +Unless the cotton is well opened and cleaned, and good even laps are +made, the Carding will suffer, and the Card Clothing will soon be +damaged, which means poor and costly work. + +We invite with every confidence all possible investigation into the +construction and improved design of our Opening and Picking machinery, +and the work it is doing in the mills. This entire line of machinery +is substantially built, very simple, and contains many valuable +improvements. + +{8} + +[Illustration] +PATENT HOPPER BALE OPENER + +{9} + +HOPPER BALE OPENER. + +An investigation of the present methods of handling cotton before it +reaches the Pickers shows that in a large percentage of mills there +are opportunities for greatly reducing the labor cost and at the same +time improving in a marked degree the quality of opening and mixing. +The saving which can be effected in labor, and the better results +obtained by a more thorough opening of the cotton and a more even +mixing, can hardly be appreciated except by those who have seen it +demonstrated by the use of our Hopper Bale Opener. + +This machine is extensively used in England and on the Continent, +where it is giving most satisfactory results. It is filling a need +which has long existed. + +LABOR SAVING--A bale of cotton can be thoroughly opened without damage +to the staple in six to ten minutes, which means that one hand can +open upwards of 150,000 to 200,000 lbs. per week and still have time +for taking care of bagging, ties, etc. Even when the weekly +consumption of cotton is very much less than this there is a saving in +labor, as the quick completion of the work means that the attendant +can give his attention to something else. + +QUALITY OF WORK--The fluffy condition of the cotton as it is delivered +from the Hopper Bale Opener shows the very thorough manner in which it +is opened. Although the cotton is fed to the machine in large matted +sections taken directly from the bales as they lie around the +horizontal feeding apron, no bunches come through. When cotton is +opened and mixed by hand the result is not what is generally supposed. +The stock is still in large bunches and matted to such an extent that +when fed into the Hoppers of ordinary Openers it is impossible to +obtain an even or thorough mixing. +{10} + +THE FEEDING APRON of the Hopper Bale Opener usually extends four feet +back of the Hopper which enables the operator to group a number of +bales around the machine so as to take cotton first from one and then +from another. This gives an even mixing of the stock from the various +bales. If it is desired this idea can be carried still further by +making the Feeding Apron longer, so as to allow of taking cotton from +a greater number of bales. + +METHOD OF WORKING--The matted sections taken direct from the bale and +placed on the slowly driven Horizontal Feeding Apron move forward into +the Hopper and are taken by the more rapidly moving Spiked Elevating +Apron, which subjects the cotton to a sort of combing action. At the +top of this Apron there is a spiked Cylinder which further combs the +cotton and throws back into the Hopper any unopened pieces. A +Stripping Beater with stiff leather blades strips the stock from the +Spiked Apron and delivers it onto the short delivery Apron at the +front of the machine. + +DELIVERY ARRANGEMENTS--The ordinary or standard delivery arrangement is +shown in the cut, page 8, and in the outline drawing, page 12. We have +recently designed a double apron delivery for use with Condenser and +Blower systems, where the cotton has to be carried quite a distance. +This arrangement does away with the necessity of passing the stock +through a fan and is approved by the Insurance Companies. + +The cotton being delivered into the conveying pipe ahead of the +"Blower Fan," there is no fire risk due to hard substances passing +through or stock getting caught in the fan. We have designed many +special delivery arrangements to meet the various conditions which +present themselves, including a suitable delivery for use with either +lattice distributing systems or blowing systems. + +{11} + +DISTRIBUTING SYSTEMS--The installation of this Hopper Bale Opener makes +a distributing system more advantageous and satisfactory. We have +equipped many Opening Rooms with Distributing Lattices which deliver +the cotton directly into the Hoppers of the Self-feeding Openers, thus +saving another handling. + +When the Hopper Bale Opener is located some distance from the +distributing lattice, the latter may be fed by a blower and condenser +system, and when the distance is very short an elevating lattice is +used, dropping the cotton directly on the distributing lattice. We are +always glad to take up special cases and make recommendations in +connection with the conveying and distribution of cotton either for +short or long distances. + +An advantage which is not usually thought of or appreciated is the +more even Breaker laps obtained where a Hopper Bale Opener and +distributing system are used. The Hoppers of the Feeders are more +evenly fed and the stock is in a much better condition than when mixed +and fed by hand. + +CONSTRUCTION--The machine is very strongly built throughout. An extra +large Hopper is an advantage possessed by this Opener. The Spiked +Elevating Lattice is made on a new patented system and the slats on +same are of heavy selected stock. + +DRIVING PULLEYS AND SPEEDS--The Driving Pulleys are on the right hand +side when facing the Hopper or Feed and are 11 in. dia., 3 in. face, +tight and loose, and should be driven at about 582 revs. per minute. + +PRODUCTION--150,000 to 200,000 lbs. per week of 60 hours. + +FLOOR SPACE--The machine with short Feeding Lattice, as shown on the +illustration, page 8, is 13 ft. 1-1/4 in. x 6 ft. 10 in. + +{12} + +[Illustration] +HOPPER BALE OPENER +WITH STANDARD SHORT APRON DELIVERY + +{13} + +[Illustration] +HOPPER BALE OPENER WITH DOUBLE APRON DELIVERY + +{14} + +[Illustration] +AUTOMATIC HOPPER FEEDER + +{15} + +AUTOMATIC HOPPER FEEDER. + +HOPPER--This is extra large and capable of holding 400 to 450 pounds of +cotton. + +SPIKED ELEVATING APRON runs over large flanged blocks and is extra +strong. + +STRIPPING COMB OR ROLLER--This works in conjunction with the Spiked +Apron, and is very simple and durable. It is self-cleaning and is +easily adjusted by means of a handle on one side of the machine. This +handle can be locked in position after an adjustment is made, and the +arrangement, although operated from one side of the Feeder, gives a +positive parallel motion, and consequently a true setting of the +Stripping Comb. + +PIN BEATER takes the cotton from the Spiked Apron. The stock, after +passing over the cleaning grids, drops on the Delivery Apron. + +KNOCK-OFF ARRANGEMENT--This is simple and durable, and is so designed +as to be easily connected to the knock-off on the Breaker Lapper or +other machine which follows. + +APRONS all have strong and easily adjusted tightening devices. + +SIMPLICITY--Our Feeder is reduced to the simplest design possible +consistent with even and good work, and has no troublesome cone drums. + +COMBINATIONS of this Feeder with the various Opening and Picking +Machines are made to suit any special requirements of the mill. The +Feeder when combined with an Opener is driven from a pulley on the +Cylinder or Beater shaft, and when feeding on to the Apron of a Lapper +is driven from the Lapper Countershaft. + +DRIVING PULLEY AND SPEED--The Driving Pulley is 10 in. dia., 2-1/4-in. +face, and should be driven at about 550 revs. per minute. + +FLOOR SPACE--Length, 10 ft. 5 in.; width, 5 ft. 6 in. + +FLOOR PLAN AND ELEVATION--See page 52. + +{16} + +[Illustration] +SELF-FEEDING OPENER WITH 30-IN. CYLINDER + +{17} + +SELF-FEEDING OPENER. + +This is a combination of the Automatic Hopper Feeder with an Opener +Section built as one machine. The Beater in the Opener Section may be +a two-blade rigid Beater, 18 in. dia., or a 30-in. dia. Special +Cylinder, which is shown and described on page 18. + +This machine may be arranged for trunking connections, as shown in the +cut on the opposite page, or it may be attached directly to a Breaker +Lapper, forming a Combined Self-feeding Opener and Breaker Lapper (see +page 30 for cut of this machine). + +DRIVING PULLEY--Self-feeding Opener with 18 in. Beater, 9 in. dia., +4-1/4 in. face; with 30-in. Cylinder, 16 in. dia., 4-1/4 in. face. +Other sizes can be furnished. + +SPEEDS--1,450 revs. per minute for 18-in. Beater and 550 revs. per +minute for 30-in. Cylinder when running with ordinary cotton. For long +staple cottons the Beater speed is reduced to 800 to 1,050 revs. per +minute and the Cylinder speed to 300 to 450 revs. per minute. + +PRODUCTION--See Breaker Lappers. + +FLOOR PLANS AND ELEVATIONS--See pages 56 and 57. + +{18} + +[Illustration] +30-IN. SPECIAL CYLINDER + +{19} + +30-INCH SPECIAL CYLINDER. + +This 30-inch Cylinder is specially designed for use in Self-Feeding +Openers where these machines are arranged for trunk connection or +combined with Breaker Lappers. + +The large diameter makes it possible to use more grid bars than with +the blade beaters. The main points considered in the design of this +30-inch cylinder were, more thorough opening of the cotton, greater +production without injury to the staple, and better cleaning. + +These Cylinders are made from steel boiler plates, and the steel +fingers are fastened on by rivets. These fingers are so arranged that +in one revolution they strike all points along the entire width of the +feed rolls. In case of accident to fingers, caused by some hard +substance getting into the machine, the damaged fingers can be easily +replaced. + +We have adopted the 30-inch Special Cylinder, believing it to be +preferable to those of larger diameter. + +{20} + +[Illustration] +AUTOMATIC CLEANING TRUNK (10-FT. SECTION) + +{21} + +CLEANING TRUNK. + +On the opposite page is shown a 10-ft. section of Automatic Cleaning +Trunk. It is usual to install two of these sections, making 20 ft., +and to suspend same from the ceiling. + +The cotton passes over Transverse Grids A and the leaf and dirt drop +between the Grids into a series of compartments B, which are +automatically cleaned out by air draft from a Fan. Each compartment +has a hinged door or bottom C, which when dropped leaves an opening +into the exhaust air pipe D. The hinged doors are dropped one at a +time, and the openings are shown at G. + +The Fan is connected to the exhaust air pipe D, and is only running +while the Trunk is being cleaned. + +The removable doors E give access to the top of the Trunk, and the +brackets F are for the supporting rods. + +One of the advantages of this Trunk is that it can be hung from the +ceiling out of the way and not occupy valuable floor space. It is +carefully built and the joints of the doors are covered with leather +to prevent leaks. + +Page 59 shows a system where 20 ft. of Automatic Cleaning Trunk is +used together with the necessary Conducting Trunk; the Opener being on +the first floor and the Breaker Lapper with Gauge Box and Condenser on +the second. + +{22} + +[Illustration] +ENGLISH PATTERN CLEANING TRUNK (TWO 4-FT. SECTIONS) + +{23} + +Cleaning Trunk is of special advantage to mills using low grade stock. +All cotton contains more or less light dirt and leaf, which it is +difficult to entirely remove in the Lappers, on account of the fan +draft essential to the formation of a good sheet on the screens +carrying some of the lighter impurities along with the cotton. The +passing of the stock over the transverse Grids in the Cleaning Trunk +at a low velocity provides an efficient means for removing this dirt +and leaf. + +We also build an English pattern Trunk, which is shown in the +illustration on page 22. This Trunk is supported by stands which rest +on the floor, and is built in 4-ft. sections, several of these being +coupled together. Although not automatic, it is easily cleaned by +dropping the doors which cover the entire bottom of the Trunk and +carry the Grids. In the illustration one of these doors is shown down, +and the sheet iron Grids are plainly visible. + +{24} + +[Illustration] +SINGLE BEATER BREAKER LAPPER WITH GAUGE BOX AND CONDENSER + +{25} + +BREAKER LAPPERS. + +On page 24 is shown our Single Beater Breaker Lapper with Gauge Box +and Condenser, and on page 28 the same machine with a Cage Section. + +GAUGE BOX AND CONDENSER--We strongly recommend the use of Gauge Boxes +and Condensers when the Breaker Lappers and Openers are on different +floors, or the stock has to be carried any distance. Under these +conditions there is a considerable quantity of cotton passing between +the Opener and Lapper, which on account of the stopping and starting +of the latter is liable to make thick and thin places in the lap. + +The use of the Condenser and Gauge Box overcomes this difficulty as +the cotton is received under these varying conditions and the Gauge +Box acts as an Evener and delivers a uniform supply to the Feed Rolls +behind the Beater. When the connection between the Opener and Breaker +Lapper is short the Cage Section can be used without difficulty. + +The Condenser Fan, which is of extra large size, is conveniently +placed under the Gauge Box and Condenser Section. The Gauge Box has +glass panels on the two sides and front, so that the cotton can be +seen and the feed regulated. + +BEATERS--Although the cuts show Single Beater machines, we build them +with two Beaters if required or with one Cylinder and one Beater. + +IMPROVED CALENDER HEAD--Our Lappers have many valuable special +features, including our improved Calender Head, which allows the +machine to be stopped by the Drop Handle without breaking the lap. +When the lap is of the required length and the machine knocks off, the +large Lap Rolls as well as the Calender Rolls, Feed Apron and Cages +stop, and the lap is not broken. + +If the lap continues to revolve after the machine has knocked off, it +becomes sticky and there is likely to be trouble from split laps back +of the Cards. Our arrangement prevents this and also enables the +machine to be stopped at any time during the formation of a lap +without breaking the lap. + +{26} + +[Illustration] +FEED ROLLS, TOP CAGE AND COVER +Showing Bushed Bearings and Easy Method of Removing the Top Cage + +{27} + +GEARS EASILY REMOVED--All the large gears are fastened by an improved +method. Instead of driving them onto keys, which makes their removal +difficult, we use with each large gear a square key let into the +shaft, and two set screws. The gears fit the keys, but not tightly +enough to prevent their easy removal after loosening the set screws. + +[Illustration] + +CLUTCH GEARS--The Calender Rolls are stopped and started by large +Clutch Gears which are a great improvement over the common Drop Shaft +and Gear. With this method the starting strain is distributed over all +the teeth in the Clutch Gears, entirely doing away with the frequent +breakages under the old system. + +BEARINGS--Where it is possible the bearings are made in bush form, as +shown in cut page 26, thus reducing to a minimum the time taken to +make replacements and the cost of same. Our bearings are very easy to +adjust, and their special form prevents oil from getting to the inside +of the machine. All high speed Shafts, viz., Fan, Side and Beater +Shafts, have ring oiling bearings. + +{28} + +[Illustration] + +{29} + +TOP CAGES AND COVERS--The Top Cages of our Lappers are easily removed, +as will be seen by referring to the cut, page 26. The sides of the +cage cover or bonnet fit snugly over the bushed bearings. To remove +the cage or bushings, it is only necessary to turn back the cover. +These covers are all made with oil holes directly over the bearing, so +it is not necessary to raise the cover for the purpose of oiling. + +NO TILTING OF LAP RACKS--The Lap Racks slide up and down on steel +shafts, which entirely prevent the tilting of the Racks and consequent +breakages. + +SHAFTS--Our Beater and Fan shafts are made from a very hard iron +specially mixed to give long life to these high speed shafts. + +A countershaft complete with pulleys is attached to each Lapper. + +DRIVING PULLEYS--One-beater Breaker Lappers 16 in. dia., 4-1/4 in. +face, T. & L. + +Two-beater Breaker Lappers or One-beater Breaker Lappers with extra +Cage Section or Condenser and Gauge Box Section 16 in. dia., 5-1/4 in. +face, T. & L. + +In combinations which have 3 beaters to be driven from one +countershaft of machine, 16 in. dia., 6-1/4 in. face, T. & L. + +Other sizes can be furnished. + +SPEEDS--The usual speed of all lapper countershafts is 435 revs. per +minute, which gives 1,450 revs. per minute of the Beaters, and 550 +revs. per minute of Cylinders, for ordinary cotton. For long staple +cottons the beater speed is reduced to 800 to 1,050 revs. per minute +and the Cylinder speed to 300 to 450 revs. per minute. + +PRODUCTION--On ordinary cotton 15,000 to 20,000 lbs. per week of 60 +hours. In some cases the production is far in excess of these figures. +For long staple cottons, 10,000 to 15,000 lbs. + +See production table, page 36. + +FLOOR PLANS AND ELEVATIONS-See pages 54 to 57. These plans are for +40-in. or 41-in. machines, and 45-in. machines are 4 in. wider. + +{30} + +[Illustration] +SELF-FEEDING OPENER (30-IN. CYLINDER) +AND SINGLE BEATER BREAKER LAPPER + +{31} + +COMBINATION MACHINES. + +On the opposite page is shown a Self-feeding Opener with 30-in. +Cylinder combined with a Single Beater Breaker Lapper. This is a very +popular combination and, it will be noted, is built as one straight +machine. A floor plan and elevation are shown on page 54. This same +combination with an 18-in. Beater instead of the 30-in. Cylinder in +the Opener Section is shown in plan and elevation on page 55. + +We also build a Self-feeding Opener with Cage Section and Calender +Head, which is well adapted to work Egyptian and Sea Island cottons. +(See page 53 for plan and elevation.) + +Self-feeding Openers when built as separate machines can be placed on +any floor above or below the Breaker Lappers, or on the same floor, +the connections being made by Automatic Cleaning Trunks, Conducting +Trunks, and galvanized iron pipe, as the conditions may require. + +On pages 56 and 57 we show Single Beater Breaker Lappers with Gauge +Boxes and Condensers connected to Self-feeding Openers by short +sections of Conducting Trunk. The Breakers are on the floor above the +Openers. One drawing shows the Self-feeding Opener with 18-in. Beater, +and the other with 30-in. Cylinder. + +{32} + +[Illustration] +SINGLE BEATER FINISHER LAPPER + +{33} + +INTERMEDIATE AND FINISHER LAPPERS. + +These machines have our improved Calender Head, which has already been +described in connection with Breaker Lappers. Each machine has a +countershaft and pulleys complete with stands as shown. + +BEATER BOXES--All our beater boxes are fixed and our feed rolls +adjustable, which we consider superior to having the beaters +adjustable. After thorough investigation and long practice we have +found that adjustable beaters are liable to get out of line, causing +them to heat and wear quickly. + +DRAFT REGULATION--The air chamber from fan to cage section on each side +of the machine is supplied with a damper, operated from the outside of +the machine. With this arrangement the air can be drawn through the +top and bottom cages in any desired proportion, and the operator can +regulate the drafts to give the best results. + +BEATERS--Two-blade (18 in. dia.) beaters are mostly used, but we +furnish the Houghton patent beater with corrugated teeth, or carding +beaters, when specified. + +OUTSIDE HANDLES FOR DUST DOORS--We have recently added handles on the +outside of the machine for dropping the cut-off board under the grids. +The dirt and leaf which collect on this board are liable to fill up +the grids if not regularly removed. The outside handles make the +dropping of the cut-off boards very convenient and much reduce the +liability of neglect on the part of the attendant. + +DRIVING PULLEYS + +One-beater machines, 16 in. dia., 4-1/4 in. face, T. & L. + +Two-beater machines, 16 in. dia., 5-1/4 in. face, T. & L. Other sizes +can be furnished. + +SPEEDS--The usual speed of countershafts is 435 revs. per minute, which +gives 1,450 revs. of the two-blade beaters and 1,063 revs. of carding +beaters. For long staple cottons the beater speed is reduced to 800 to +1,050 revs. per minute. + +PRODUCTION--On ordinary cotton 12,000 to 15,000 pounds per week of +sixty hours. These productions are often exceeded. For long staple +cottons, 8,000 to 10,000 pounds. For production table, see page 37. + +FLOOR PLANS AND ELEVATIONS--See page 58 for floor plan of 40-inch +one-beater Intermediate or Finisher Lapper. 45-inch machines are 4 +inches wider. + +{34} + +[Illustration] +IMPROVED EVENER FOR INTERMEDIATE AND FINISHER LAPPERS + +{35} + +IMPROVED EVENER. + +The obtaining of even laps is a matter of prime importance. The demand +for more perfect work has emphasized the need for better picking, and +for laps which are even not only in total weight, but throughout. Our +improved design fills the following essential qualifications of a good +Evener. + +1st--Sensitiveness and prompt action, so that any variation in the +weight passing under the Evener Plates will be taken care of +immediately. + +2d--Steadiness of running and action, so that there is no tendency to +"hunt," i. e., the cone belt will at once take its new position +without traveling up and down. + +3d--Simplicity and few moving parts. + +4th--Small amount of attention required. + +The direct method of communicating any movement of the Evener Plates +to the cone belt, the multiplication of this movement and the short +cones are features which help to secure sensitiveness and prompt +action. + +The small amount of lost motion between the Evener Plates and the cone +belt, and the free movement of the belt shipper rod, which runs on +rollers, make the action positive and steady. + +The cut on page 34 shows our Evener and indicates the simplicity of +same. The number of moving parts has been reduced to a minimum. The +Evener Plates and feed roll give great cleaning capacity on account of +the bite of the Plates being close to the Beater. The Evener Plates +are on top of a 3-in. dia. steel feed roll, which gives a very rigid +support and ensures all the variation in the thickness of the cotton +under the plates being communicated to the Evener belt. + +The cones are conveniently placed under the feeding apron, and the +lower cone runs in an adjustable cradle which allows the belt to be +made endless and keeps it at an even tension at all times. + +{36} + +BREAKER LAPPER. + +PRODUCTION IN POUNDS PER TEN HOURS + +[Illustration] + +NOTE--Ten per cent. has been deducted in the above table for stops, +etc. 1,450 revolutions per minute of beater. + +{37} + +INTERMEDIATE AND FINISHER LAPPER. + +PRODUCTION IN POUNDS PER TEN HOURS + +[Illustration] + +NOTE--Ten per cent. has been deducted in the above table for stops, +etc. 1,450 revolutions per minute of beater. + +{38} + +[Illustration] +BREAKER LAPPER WITH CAGE SECTION. + +SIDE VIEW OF GEARING 1 + +{39} + +[Illustration] +BREAKER LAPPER WITH CAGE SECTION, + +SIDE VIEW OF GEARING + +{40} + +[Illustration] +BREAKER LAPPER WITH CAGE SECTION + +PLAN VIEW OF GEARING + +{41} + +BREAKER LAPPER. + +ALPHABETICAL REFERENCES TO DRAWINGS. + +A Main Driving Pulley, 16 in. dia. x 4-1/4 in. face; + 5-1/4 in. face for Two-beater Machine. +A1 Beater Driving Pulley, 30 in. dia. x 4-1/4 in. face. +B Beater Pulley, 9 in. dia. x 4-1/4 face (occasionally 10 in. dia.) +B1 Feed Pulley, 3 in. to 13 in. dia. x 2-1/4 in. face; + advancing by 1/2 in. increments. +B2 Calender Section Fan Driving Pulley, 6 in. dia. x 2-1/4 in. face. +B3 Calender Fan Pulley, 8 in. dia. x 2-1/4 in. face. +B4 Cage Section Fan Driving Pulley, 6 in. dia. x 2-1/4 face + for Straight Machine or direct connected Opener and + Breaker Lapper. If with Trunking Connection, B4 is 8 in. dia. + and B5 is 6 in. dia., to give higher speed of Fan. +B5 Cage Fan Pulley, 8 in. dia. x 2-1/4 in. face for Straight + Machine or direct connected Opener and Breaker Lapper. + If with Trunking Connection, B4 is 8 in. dia. and B5 is + 6 in. dia., to give higher speed of Fan. +C Driving Pulley for Bottom Cross Shaft, etc., + 18 in. dia. x 2-1/4 in. face. +C1 Clutch Driving Gear, 15 T. +D Large Clutch Gear, 35 T. +D1 Small Clutch Gear, or Bottom Shaft Driving Gear, 17 T. +E Bottom Cross Shaft Driven Gear, 96 T. +E1 Front Lap Calender Roll Driving Gear, 12 T. +E2 Bottom Cross Shaft Gear, driving Calender Rolls and + Top Cross Shaft, 14 T. +F Large Double Intermediate, driving Top Cross Shaft, 50 T. +F1 Small Double Intermediate, driving Bottom Calender Roll, 27 T. +F2 Bottom Calender Roll, 7 in. dia. +G Top Cross Shaft Gear, 30 T. +G1 Side Shaft Driving Bevel Gear, 24 T. +H Side Shaft Bevel Gear, Calender End, 24 T. +H1 Side Shaft Bevel Gear, Feed End, 28 T. +I Compound Intermediate Bevel Gear, 28 T. +I1 Compound Intermediate Gear, driving Bottom Feed Roll, 37 T. +J Bottom Feed Roll, 2 in. dia. + +{42} + +J1 Bottom Feed Roll Gear, 33 T. +J2 Cage Section Top Stripping Roll Driving Gear, 9 T.; 8 T. + Gear may be used to vary speed. +K Cage Section Top Stripping Roll Intermediate Gear, 52 T. +L Cage Section Top Stripping Roll Gear, 14 T. +M Cage Section Bottom Stripping Roll Gear, 14 T. +M1 Cage Section Bottom Cage Driving Gear, 23 T. +N Cage Section Bottom Cage Intermediate Gear, 20 T. +O Cage Section Bottom Cage Gear, 181 T. +O1 Cage Section Top Cage Gear, 181 T. +P Front Lap Calender Roll, 9 in. dia. +P1 Front Lap Calender Roll Gear, 53 T. +P2 Back Lap Calender Roll Driving Gear, 24 T. +Q Back Lap Calender Roll Intermediate Gear, 22 T. +R Back Lap Calender Roll Gear, 24 T. +R1 Back Lap Calender Roll, 9 in. dia. +S 3d Calender Roll Gear, 21 T. +S1 3d Calender Roll, 5-1/2 in. dia. +T 2d Calender Roll Gear, 22 T. +T1 2d Calender Roll, 5-1/2 in. dia. +U Top Calender Roll Gear, 23 T. +U1 Top Calender Roll, 5-1/2 in. dia. +V Calender Section Top Stripping Roll Intermediate Gear, 17 T. +V1 Calender Section Top Stripping Roll Intermediate Gear, 17 T. +W Calender Section Top Stripping Roll Gear, 14 T. +X Calender Section Bottom Stripping Roll Gear, 14 T. +X1 Calender Section Bottom Cage Driving Gear, 23 T. +Y Calender Section Bottom Cage Intermediate Gear, 20 T. +Z Calender Section Bottom Cage Gear, 181 T. +Z1 Calender Section Top Cage Gear, 181 T. + +{43} + +BREAKER LAPPERS. + +DRAFT CALCULATIONS. + +[Illustration] + +{44} + +[Illustration] +INTERMEDIATE OR FINISHER LAPPER. + +SIDE VIEW OF GEARING + +{45} + +[Illustration] +INTERMEDIATE OR FINISHER LAPPER. + +SIDE VIEW OF GEARING + +{46} + +[Illustration] +INTERMEDIATE OR FINISHER LAPPER + +PLAN VIEW OF GEARING + +{47} + +INTERMEDIATE AND FINISHER LAPPERS. + +ALPHABETICAL REFERENCES TO DRAWINGS. + +A Main Driving Pulley, 16 in. dia. x 4-1/4 in. face; + 5-1/4 in. face for Two-beater Machine. +A1 Beater Driving Pulley, 30 in. dia. x 4-1/4 in. face, for 18-in. + Rigid Beater; 22 in. dia. x 4-1/4 in. face for Carding Beater. +B Beater Pulley, 9 in. dia. x 4-1/4 in. face (occasionally 10 in. dia.) +B1 Feed Pulley, 3 in. to 13 in. dia. x 2-1/4 in. face; + advancing by 1/2 in. increments. +B2 Calender Section Fan Driving Pulley, 6 in. dia. x 2-1/4 in. + face for 18-in. Rigid Beater, and 8 in. dia. x 2-1/4 in. + face for Carding Beater. +B3 Calender Fan Pulley. 8 in. dia. x 2-1/4 in. face. +C Driving Pulley for Side Shaft, etc., 12 in. dia. x 2-1/4 in. face. +C1 Evener Cross Shaft Bevel Gear, 27 T. +C2 Evener Cross Shaft Change Gear, 55-35 T; diminishing by one tooth. +D Side Shaft Bevel Gear, Feed End, 27 T. +D1 Side Shaft Bevel Gear, Calender End, 18 T. +E Large Clutch Bevel Gear, 60 T. +E1 Small Clutch Gear, 17 T. +F Calender Cross Shaft Driven Gear, 96 T. +F1 Front Lap Calender Roll Driving Gear, 12 T. +F2 Calender Cross Shaft Gear, driving Calender Rolls, 14 T. +G Large Double Intermediate, driving Bottom Calender Roll, 50 T. +G1 Small Double Intermediate, driving Third Calender Roll 27 T. +G2 Bottom Calender Roll, 7 in. dia. +H 3d Calender Roll Gear, 21 T. +H1 3d Calendar Roll, 5-1/2 in. dia. +I 2d Calender Roll Gear, 22 T. +I1 2d Calender Roll, 5-1/2 in. dia. +J Top Calender Roll Gear, 23 T. +J1 Top Calender Roll, 5-1/2 in. dia. +K Top Stripping Roll Intermediate Gear, 17 T. +K1 Top Stripping Roll Intermediate Gear, 17 T. +L Top Stripping Roll Gear, 14 T. + +{48} + +M Bottom Stripping Roll Gear, 14 T. +M1 Bottom Cage Driving Gear, 23 T. +N Bottom Cage Intermediate Gear, 20 T. +O Bottom Cage Gear, 181 T. +O1 Top Cage Gear, 181 T. +P Bottom Cone Change Gear, 35-55 T; advancing by one tooth. +P1 Bottom Cone, driving Top Cone. Letters also represent + diameters near the middle of Cones. +Q Top Cone. +Q1 Worm Shaft Driving Spiral Gear, 9 T. +R Worm Shaft Spiral Gear, 9 T. +R1 Worm Shaft Worm, double threaded, right hand; + equivalent to Gear having two teeth. +S Worm Gear, 78 T. +S1 Feed Roll and Apron Roll Driving Gear, 12 T. +T Feed Roll, 3 in. dia. +T1 Feed Roll Gear, 24 T. +U Apron Roll Gear, 29 T. +V Front Lap Calender Roll, 9 in. dia. +V1 Front Lap Calendar Roll Gear, 53 T. +V2 Back Lap Calendar Roll Driving Gear, 24 T. +W Back Lap Calender Roll Intermediate Gear, 22 T. +X Back Lap Calender Roll Gear, 24 T. +X1 Back Lap Calender Roll, 9 in. dia. + +{49} + +INTERMEDIATE AND FINISHER LAPPERS. + +DRAFT CALCULATIONS. + +[Illustration] + +{50} + +PRODUCTION CALCULATIONS. + +[Illustration] + +NOTE--With our latest gearing arrangement, the number of teeth in +Knock-off Worm Gear corresponds to the number of yards in the lap. + +{51} + +INTERMEDIATE AND FINISHER LAPPERS. + +DRAFT TABLE. + +[Illustration] + +{52} + +[Illustration] +AUTOMATIC HOPPER FEEDER + +{53} + +[Illustration] +SELF-FEEDING OPENER (30-IN. CYLINDER) +WITH CAGE SECTION AND CALENDER HEAD + +{54} + +[Illustration] +SELF-FEEDING OPENER (30-IN. CYLINDER) +AND SINGLE BEATER BREAKER LAPPER + +{55} + +[Illustration] +SELF-FEEDING OPENER (18-IN. BEATER) +AND SINGLE BEATER BREAKER LAPPER + +{56} + +[Illustration] +SELF-FEEDING OPENER (18-IN. BEATER) CONNECTED BY TRUNKING TO A SINGLE +BEATER BREAKER LAPPER WITH GAUGE BOX AND CONDENSER + +{57} + +[Illustration] +SELF-FEEDING OPENER (30-IN. CYLINDER) CONNECTED BY TRUNKING TO A +SINGLE BEATER BREAKER LAPPER WITH GAUGE BOX AND CONDENSER + +{58} + +[Illustration] +SINGLE BEATER INTERMEDIATE OR FINISHER LAPPER + +{59} + +[Illustration] +THREE-PROCESS SYSTEM OF PICKING WITH 20 FT. OF AUTOMATIC CLEANING +TRUCK ALSO CONDUCTING TRUNK BETWEEN OPENER AND BREAKER + +{60} + +[Illustration] + +{61} + +REVOLVING FLAT CARDS. + +Our Cards are extensively used, and have won for themselves a high +reputation for the quality and quantity of work they will do, the +small percentage of waste made, and their durability and simplicity. + +CHARACTERISTICS. + + 1--Rigid Bend, mathematically correct at all stages of wear of the + wire. + + 2--Perfect concentricity of Flats to Cylinder. Cylinder Pedestals + are adjustable. + + 3--Arrangements for adjusting Flats whereby accuracy to the + thousandth part of an inch is obtained. + + 4--Better quality of yarn made from the same cotton, or equally + good yarn made from cheaper cotton. + + 5--Card Clothing throughout is of best Hardened and Tempered Steel + Wire, Plough Ground or Needle Pointed. + + 6--Patent Doffer Slow Motion, to facilitate piecing up of broken + sliver. + + 7--Patent method of securing Clothing to the Flats; neatest, + cleanest and most effective. + + 8--Patent Top Flat Grinding Arrangement for grinding from the + working seating of the Flats. + + 9--Patent Flat Stripping Motion, which insures perfect stripping + without damage to the Clothing on the Flats. + + 10--Back Bends or Circles for supporting Flats and preventing + sagging and stretching of chains. + +{62} + +[Illustration] +FLAT GRINDING MOTION + +{63} + +The following paragraphs briefly describe some of the points of +advantage in the design and construction of our machines: + +CYLINDERS AND DOFFERS are carefully balanced at a high speed and are +ground after being turned, making a perfectly true surface for the +Card Clothing. + +GOOD SELVAGES--Both Cylinders and Doffers are clothed to the extreme +edges, which prevents ragged selvages. + +PROTECTION OF CLOTHING--The Doffers are provided with flanges to +protect the Clothing, keep the edges firm and prevent the wire from +being knocked down. Turned iron flanges on the Bends, and Segment +Rings fixed to the inside of the lower part of the framing protect the +edges of the Cylinders all the way round. The Doffers are made 1/8 in. +wider than the Cylinders in order to keep the edges of the latter +clean. + +PREVENTION OF ACCUMULATION OF FLY--The Segment Rings which are fitted +close to the edges of the Cylinder project in such a way as to form a +circle two inches larger than the diameter of the Cylinder. The +Underscreens are attached to these Segment Rings, and this arrangement +makes it impossible for fly to collect inside the Screens or about the +edges of the Cylinders and Doffers. + +ELECTRICAL TESTS--All Bends and Flats are tested at our works by +special electrical apparatus, and this method of testing gives greater +accuracy than can be obtained in any other way. More accurate Bends +and Flats make closer settings possible. + +PERCENTAGE AND ALL CASING-OFF PLATES are made of steel, polished +inside and out, and bent to conform to the surface of the cylinder. +Each plate is set by gauge to the Cylinder, and the closing up of all +air spaces makes the accumulation of fly and cloudy carding +impossible. + +ADJUSTMENTS--Convenient adjusting arrangements with setting screws and +lock nuts are provided for the Knife Plates, Doffers and Licker-ins. +These are all on the outside of the machine and are accessible and +easily adjusted. + +{64} + +[Illustration] + +{65} + +LICKER-IN SHIELDS--To prevent the accumulation of fly around the +bearings and pedestals and the climbing of oil over the ends of the +Licker-in onto the clothing, we supply stationary shields at each end. + +UNDERSCREENS AND FEED PLATES--Our Underscreens are specially heavy and +well constructed, and our Feed Plates are very carefully finished and +fitted. We supply special Underscreens and Feed Plates for long staple +cotton. + +[Illustration] + +ADJUSTABLE CYLINDER PEDESTALS--The bearings for the Cylinders are made +of phosphor bronze and the pedestals are adjustable either vertically +or horizontally. This is a very important point, because the +concentricity of the Cylinder with the Bends can be maintained as the +bearings wear. The construction of our Card side is such that a very +rigid support is given to the pedestals. + +FLAT RELEASE--This is a very simple and convenient attachment to the +Flat Driving Arrangement, which makes one of the worm gears loose on +its shaft and enables the Flats to be easily turned by hand with a +suitable wrench. + +CONICAL BUSHINGS--The Cylinders are fastened onto the shafts by means +of split conical bushings which are forced into place and prevent any +possibility of the Cylinders working loose. + +{66} + +[Illustration] +SECTIONAL VIEW + +PLAN VIEW + +PATENT SETTING ARRANGEMENT FOR FLATS + +{67} + +PATENT SETTING ARRANGEMENT FOR FLATS. + +The cuts on page 66 are sectional and plan views of this arrangement. + +A--Index Nut which bears against outside of Rigid Bend D. + +B--Setting Key with fluted teeth, which gear into the teeth on Nut C. + +C--Toothed Steel Nut which bears against the inside of Rigid Bend D. + +D--Rigid Conical Bend which is moved in or out. + +E--Flexible Conical Bend which rests on D and carries the Flats. + +As the Index Nuts A and the Toothed Nuts C are turned one way or the +other, they move the Rigid Bend D in or out, and thus raise or lower +the Flexible Bend E. + +The Flats rest on the Flexible Bend E and are raised or lowered with +it. Each division on the Index Nuts A represents 1/1000 part of an +inch, and by turning these Nuts one division, the Flats are raised or +lowered to this extent. + +Our Patent Conical Concentric Bends have five setting points on each +side of the machine. The Bends and Flats can be kept perfectly +concentric with the Cylinder at every point until the Clothing is worn +out. No other arrangement has secured such accuracy nor has any +adjustment yet been invented which approaches this one for reliability +and simplicity. + +When the Flats are once set they remain set, and cannot be tampered +with. Special wrenches are required for turning the Index Nuts A and +Lock Nuts C, and if these wrenches are kept by the one who has charge +of the settings, no unauthorized person can change same. + +Close accurate settings enable our Card to do the finest quality of +work and at the same time give the maximum production. + +{68} + +WILLIAMS PATENT STRIPPING MOTION. + +[Illustration] + +This Motion enables the Card to do better work and increases the life +of the Flat clothing. + +Perfect Flat Stripping can only be obtained with a Motion which keeps +the Comb at an even and fixed distance from the wire clothing at all +points over the entire width of the Flat. The Williams Patent +Stripping Motion, for which we hold sole rights for America, meets +this essential requirement and therefore does what no other Motion has +succeeded in doing. In the old system, the Comb is kept at a fixed +distance from the framing of the machine, which is correct as long as +there is no variation in the position of the Flats as they pass under +the Comb. In practice, it is impossible to {69} prevent a certain +amount of tilting or raising of the Flats, due to the wearing of the +chains and sprockets and also to dirt getting under the Flats. With +the Williams system the stripping is perfectly done no matter what the +tilting may be, and even if the Flats are forced away from their true +position through any cause, the Comb follows the Flat and maintains +its distance. There is no comb which will not catch and damage the +wire if the setting becomes too close on account of the clearance not +being kept uniform. + +In the Williams Stripping Motion the Comb stock is mounted at each end +in bearings which slide in guides away from or toward the Flats. The +accurate setting of the Comb is maintained by means of shoes which +press against the working seatings of the Flats and govern the +position of the sliding Comb stock bearings. The shoes have adjusting +screws to regulate the setting of the Comb, and the shape of the shoes +is such as to allow for the heel of the flat. The sliding bearings of +the Comb stock are pressed inward by springs which keep the shoes +against the working seatings of the Flat. The Comb blade is given a +receding motion which effectually strips all impurities from the wire. +This action, together with the fact that it is impossible for the wire +on the Flats to be forced into the Comb through the accumulation of +dirt or fly on the blocks or Flat seatings, makes this Stripping +Motion the most perfect on the market. + +{70} + +[Illustration] +REVOLVING FLAT CARD + +{71} + +STANDARD DIMENSIONS. + +Cylinder, 50 in. dia. on iron. + +Doffer, 26 in. dia. on iron. + +Licker-in, 9 in. dia., clothed with inserted metallic Saw Teeth. + +110 Flats, 43 of which are working on the Cylinder at the same time. + +HAND OF MACHINE--Cards are usually built Right Hand, i. e., with +driving pulleys on right hand side when facing feed or lap. Left hand +machines are built when specified. + +DRIVING PULLEYS--20 in. dia., 3-1/8 in. face, T. & L. SPEED--Cylinder, +160 to 170 r. p. m., usually 165 r. p. m. + +PRODUCTION--This is determined by the quality of carding required and +the kind and grade of cotton used, and varies largely. + American 600 to 1,200 lbs. in 60 hours. + Egyptian 400 to 650 lbs. in 60 hours. + Sea Island 200 to 400 lbs. in 60 hours. + Peeler 300 to 600 lbs. in 60 hours. + +FLOOR SPACE. + +Length of Card over all (10-in. coiler) 10 ft. 4 in. + +Length of Card over all (12-in. coiler) 10 ft. 5 in. + +Width of Card, 40 in. wide on wire (40 in. to 41 in. lap) 5 ft. 6 in. + +Width of Card, 45 in. wide on wire (45 in. to 46 in. lap) 5 ft. 11 in. + +See page 72 for floor plan. + +{72} + +[Illustration] +PLAN OF REVOLVING FLAT CARD + +{73} + +REVOLVING FLAT CARD. + +ALPHABETICAL REFERENCES TO DRAWING. + +A Feed Roll, 2-1/4 in. dia. +A1 Feed Roll Spur Gear, 17 Teeth. +A2 Large Plate Bevel Gear, usually 120 Teeth. +B Draft Change Gear, 10 to 30 Teeth +B1 Side Shaft Bevel Gear, 22 Teeth (or 34). +C Doffer Bevel Gear 22 Teeth (or 24). +C1 Grinding Pulley, 11 in. dia., 2-1/4 in. face. +C2 Doffer Gear, 180 Teeth. +D Disengaging Intermediate Gear, 51 Teeth. +E Calender Intermediate Gear, 51 Teeth. +F Calender Change Gear, 18 or 19 Teeth. +F1 Bottom Calender, 2-7/8 in. dia. +F2 Coiler Driving Gear, 24 or 25 Teeth. +G Coiler Change Gear, 16 Teeth. +G1 Coiler Driving Bevel Gear, 20 Teeth. +H1 Coiler Top Upright Bevel Gear, 20 Teeth. +I Coiler Calender Bevel Gear, 20 Teeth. +I1 1st Coiler Calender Spur Gear, 20 Teeth. +I2 1st Coiler Calender, 2 in. dia. +J 2nd Coiler Calender, 2 in. dia. +J1 2nd Coiler Calender Spur Gear, 20 Teeth. +N Driving Pulley, 20 in. dia., 3-1/8 in. face; + Band Pulley, 21-3/4 in. dia. +N1 Licker-in Driving Pulley, 19 in. dia., 2-1/4 in. face. +N2 Flat Driving Pulley, 6-1/2 in. dia., 3-1/4 in. face. +N3 Comb Driving Band Pulley, 22 in. dia. for 5/16 in. dia. band. +O Licker-in Driven Pulley, 7 in. dia., 2-1/4 in. face. +O1 Barrow Gear Driving Pulley, 6 in. dia., 2-1/8 in. face. +P Barrow Gear Driven Pulley, 9 in. dia., 1-1/2 in. face. +P1 Barrow Spur Gear, usually 26 Teeth, also 24 and 28 Teeth. +Q Doffer Lever Intermediate Gear, 104 Teeth. +Q1 Doffer Change Gear, 17 to 40 Teeth. +R 1st Lap Roll Intermediate Gear, 40 Teeth. +S 2nd Lap Roll Intermediate Gear, 40 Teeth. +T Lap Roll Gear, 48 Teeth. +T1 Lap Roll, 6 in. dia. +U Double Band Intermediate Pulley for Comb 9-3/8 in. dia. +U1 Double Band Intermediate Pulley for Comb 6 in. dia. +V Comb Box Pulley 3-3/8 in. dia. +V1 Comb Box Pulley 4-1/8 in. dia. +W Doffer Comb. + +{74} + +[Illustration] +REVOLVING FLAT CARD. + +DIAGRAM OF CARD COILER GEARING + +F2 Coil Driving Gear; 24 Teeth for 10-in. + Coiler, 25 Teeth for 12-in. Coiler. +F3 Top Calender Driving Gear, 23 Teeth. +G Coiler Change Gear, 16 Teeth. +G1 Coiler Driving Bevel Gear, 20 Teeth. +H Coiler Middle Upright Bevel Gear, 20 Teeth. +H1 Coiler Top Upright Bevel Gear, 20 Teeth. +H2 Tube Gear Driving Gear, 25 Teeth. +H3 Upright Shaft Can Bottom Driving Gear. 15 Teeth. +H4 Coiler Double Intermediate Gears, 44 Teeth. +H5 Coiler Double Intermediate Gears, 15 Teeth. +I Coiler Calender Bevel Gear, 20 Teeth. +I1 1st Coiler Calender Spur Gear, 20 Teeth. +I2 1st Coiler Calender, 2 in. dia. +K Coiler Double Intermediate Gears, 44 Teeth. +K1 Coiler Double Intermediate Gears, 15 Teeth. +L Tube Gear, 75 Teeth for 10-in. Coiler, 98 Teeth for 12-in. Coiler. +L1 Can Bottom Intermediate Gear; 17 Teeth for 10-in. Coiler; + 22 Teeth for 12-in. Coiler. +L2 Can Bottom Gear, 84 Teeth. +M Top Calender Gear, 34 Teeth. +M1 Top Calender, 4-1/4 in. dia. + +{75} + +REVOLVING FLAT CARDS. + +DRAFT CALCULATIONS. + +[Illustration] + +{76} + +[Illustration] + +{77} + +REVOLVING FLAT CARD. + +DOFFER CHANGE GEAR TABLE. + +[Illustration] + +NOTE + +Licker-in Driving Pulley, 19 in. dia. +Licker-in Driven Pulley, 7 in. dia. +Barrow Gear Driving Pulley. 6 in. dia. +Barrow Gear Driven Pulley, 9 in. dia. +Doffer Lever Intermediate Gear, 104 Teeth. +Doffer Gear, 180 Teeth. + +{78} + +REVOLVING FLAT CARD. + +PRODUCTION PER DAY OF TEN HOURS. + +[Illustration] + +NOTE--5 per cent. has been deducted in the above table for cleaning, +stripping. etc. + +{79} + +REVOLVING FLAT CARD. + +DRAFT TABLE. + +[Illustration] + +NOTE--The draft is figured between the 6 in. dia. Lap Roll and 2 in. +dia. Coiler Calender Rolls. + +DECIMAL EQUIVALENTS. + +[Illustration] + +{80} + +CARD CLOTHING. + +The English system of numbering Card Clothing is now generally used by +Cotton Mills. We give below the numbers and points per square foot: + +Numbers Pts. per Square Foot +80s 57,600 +90s 64,800 +100s 72,000 +110s 79,200 +120s 86,400 +130s 93,600 + +The following numbers are generally used for Cylinders: Coarse, heavy +work, 80s and 90s; medium to fine work, 100s and 110s; fine work, 120s +and 130s. + +Doffers are usually 10 numbers higher or finer than Cylinders. + +There is considerable variation in the Clothing used for Tops. Some +prefer thinner set than the Cylinders, others about the same as the +Cylinders, and a few the same numbers as the Doffers. + +{81} + +{82} + +[Illustration] + +{83} + +DRAWING FRAMES. + +The Howard & Bullough Patent Electric Stop Motion Drawing Frame has +proved one of the most successful machines ever invented, and there +are large numbers of deliveries at work in every Cotton Spinning +country. + +We build both Electric and Mechanical Stop Motion Frames, but the +great majority of our orders are for machines with Electric Stop +Motions. + +The quality of sliver produced by these machines cannot be surpassed; +a great saving in waste "single" and roller laps is effected, and +production is increased. + +Machines stop: + +1st--When sliver breaks at back or a can runs out. +2d--When top or bottom front roll laps up. +3d--When sliver breaks in front. +4th--When cans are full. +5th--When back electric roll or clearer laps up. + +On account of the positive and quick action of the Electric Stop +Motions, machines can be run at a much higher speed, in case of +necessity, than Mechanical Stop Motion Frames. + +The tops of Electric Stop Motion Frames, being free from the many +small parts and projections which are a necessity on Mechanical Stop +Motion Frames, are much more easily kept clean, and "fly" is not +carried into the sliver, besides which a great many delicate and +troublesome Mechanical Stop Motion parts are done away with. + +{84} + +[Illustration] + +{85} + +FRAMING AND CONSTRUCTION--The machines are built with low, rigid +framing. Can tables set into or on top of the floor. + +BOTTOM FLUTED ROLLS are made in one length and are irregularly fluted +so as to prevent cutting of top rolls. The usual diameters are 1-3/8 +in. front, 1-1/8 in. second, third and fourth lines. + +TOP ROLLS are usually 1 in. dia. on iron. The front line can have +Loose Boss or Loose Ends; the latter are now in extensive use and are +generally preferred. + +ROLLER STANDS are made with separate adjustable slides or bearings, so +arranged that the top and bottom rolls move together when setting for +different lengths of staple. The Roller Stands and Slides have brasses +cast in them for roller bearings. + +CALENDER ROLLS are made of steel, turned, ground and polished. + +DRAFT GEARING--All Draft and Roller Gears are cut. Changes of Draft are +very easily made, and the gearing is well protected with polished +covers. + +COILERS are made for cans 36 ins. long, 9, 10, 11 or 12 ins. dia. as +required. + +TENSION--Our fine pitch gearing for the take-up of the sliver between +the fluted rolls and the Calender rolls enables a nice adjustment to +be made for either ordinary or metallic rolls, and reduces the +stretching, sagging and breakage of the sliver, preventing stoppage +and waste. + +TRUMPETS--These are made separate from the calender plates and can +easily be taken out. This method is an advantage over the old style, +as trumpets wear in time and when worn do not sufficiently condense +the sliver. With this system they can easily be replaced. + +BACK GUIDES for both Electric and Mechanical Stop Motion Frames are +designed so as to separate the slivers and keep kinks from going into +the rolls, thus preventing lumpy and uneven work. + +{86} + +[Illustration] +FRONT VIEW OF DRAWING FRAME WITH CANS REMOVED + +{87} + +CLEARERS--Both top and bottom rolls have Clearers. We apply a patented +and very successful Clearer to the Calender rolls which prevents fly +from sticking to them and being carried in to the sliver. + +WEIGHT RELIEVING MOTION--This is applied to all frames for taking the +pressure off the rolls when the frames are stopped. + +All rolls are weighted separately. Usual weights are 20 lbs. front +line; 18 lbs. second line; 16 lbs. third line; 14 lbs. fourth line. + +TRAVERSE MOTION is applied to all frames with leather covered top +rolls. + +METALLIC TOP AND BOTTOM ROLLS--The front bottom roll is usually 1-3/8 +in. dia., and the other three lines of bottom rolls as well as the top +rolls, all 1-1/8 in. dia. + +Front and second lines are usually 32 pitch; third line 24 pitch and +back line 16 pitch. The top rolls have Loose Ends. Weights usually 14 +lbs. on all lines. + +ERMEN TOP CLEARERS--The cloth of these Clearers revolves over 2 rolls +(one of which is positively driven) and comes in contact with all the +top rolls. This revolving clearer is placed inside of our top clearer +cover, and is stripped by a Comb through an opening in the top of the +cover. This clearer meets with great favor in fine mills, where combed +long staple cotton is worked. + +DRIVING PULLEY AND SPEED--The Driving Pulley on the Bottom Shaft is +usually 16 in. dia., 3 in. or 4 in. face and can be placed at either +end of the frame. The usual speed of this shaft is 250 r. p. m., which +gives a calculated speed of 363 r. p. m. of Front Roll. One rev. of +shaft equals 1-5/11 of Front Roll. + +{88} + +FLOOR PLANS OF DRAWING FRAMES. + +[Illustration] + +{89} + +[Illustration] + +{90} + +LENGTHS OF DRAWING FRAMES, 16-IN. GAUGE. + +[Illustration] + +Above lengths are over all, including Driving Pulley. +For widths, see Floor Plans, pages 88 and 89 + +Drawing Frames are usually made with 4, 5 or 6 deliveries per head or +table, and 2, 3 or 4 heads per frame, but can be made with more or +less deliveries per head, and more or less heads per frame. + +{91} + +DRAWING FRAMES. + +PRODUCTION PER DAY OF TEN HOURS. + +[Illustration] + +NOTE--In the above table 20 per cent. has been deducted for stops, +cleaning, etc. + +{92} + +[Illustration] +DRAFT GEARING FOR DRAWING FRAMES + +{93} + +DRAWING FRAMES. + +ALPHABETICAL REFERENCES TO DIAGRAM. + +A Electric Roll Gear, 24 Teeth for Common Rolls, + 20 Teeth for Metallic Rolls. +B Off End Back Roll Gear. 24 Teeth for Common Rolls, + 29 Teeth for Metallic Rolls. +*C Small Double Intermediate, driving 3d Roll. +D Large Double Intermediate, driving 3d Roll, + 40 Teeth for Common Rolls, 36 Teeth for Metallic Rolls. +E Off End 3d Roll Gear, 24 Teeth. +*F Off End 2d Roll Gear. +*G Small Double Intermediate, driving 2d Roll. +*H Large Double Intermediate, driving 2d Roll. +I Off End Front Roll Gear, 20 Teeth. +J Back Roll Gear, 45 to 80 Teeth. +K Draft Change Gear, 45 to 70 Teeth. +*L Crown Gear. +*M Front Roll Gear. +N Front Roll Calender Driving Gear, 16 Teeth for Common Rolls, + 19 Teeth for Metallic Rolls. +O +and P Double Intermediate Gear, 52 and 91 Teeth for 10-in. Coiler, + 62 and 108 Teeth for 12-in. Coiler. +Q Calender Roll Gear, 58, 59, 60 Teeth for Common Rolls, + 52, 53, 54 Teeth for Metallic Rolls. +R Coiler Horizontal Shaft Gear, 21 to 26 Teeth + (driven by O through Carrier Gear). +S Tube Wheel, 75 Teeth for 10-in. Coiler, + 98 Teeth for 122 in. Coiler. +T Coiler Vertical Shaft, Top Bevel Gear, 32 Teeth for 10 in. + Coiler, 37 Teeth for 12-in. Coiler. + +NOTE--For teeth on gears marked * refer to table on page 96. + +{94} + +DRAWING FRAMES. + +DRAFT CALCULATIONS. + +[Illustration] + +The above figures are for Total Draft up to and including the 3-in. +dia. Calender Rolls. When Graduated Pitch Metallic Rolls are used, and +it is desired to figure drafts between them, the following equivalents +are approximately correct: + +1-3/8-in. dia. Roll, 32 pitch, taken as 11/6-in. or 1.83-in. dia. +1-1/4-in. dia. Roll, 32 pitch, taken as 10/6-in. or 1.67-in. dia. +1-1/8-in. dia. Roll, 32 pitch, taken as 9/6-in. or 1.50-in. dia. +1-in. dia. Roll, 32 pitch, taken as 8/6-in. or 1.33-in. dia. +1-1/8-in. dia. Roll, 16 pitch, taken as 10/6-in. or 1. 67-in. dia. +1-in dia. Roll, 16 pitch, taken as 9/6-in. or 1.50-in. dia. + +{95} + +PRODUCTION CALCULATIONS + +[Illustration] + +The greater production with Metallic Rolls over Common Rolls for a +given number of revs. is due to the meshing of the flutes, which +increases the effective circum. of the rolls about 33 per cent. This +accounts for the difference in the gears driving the Calender Rolls. + +Short rules for production in 10 hours based on 20 per cent. allowance +for stops, etc., and 1-3/8 in. dia. front bottom roll. + +Common Rolls--.852 x R. P. M. of Front Roll x Wt. of Sliver in grains = +Lbs. in 10 hours. + +Metallic Rolls--1.126 x R. P. M. of Front Roll x Wt. of Sliver in +grains = Lbs. in 10 hours. + +{96} + +DRAWING FRAMES. + +GEARING COMBINATIONS, DRAFT CONSTANTS AND DRAFTS +FOR MACHINES WITH 1-3/8-IN. FRONT ROLL. + +[Illustration] + +The above constant and drafts are figured up to and including the +3-in. Calender Rolls. Draft Gear K is the usual change gear. + +When making extreme draft changes the best results will be obtained by +following the above arrangements of gearing. + +{97} + +TABLE FOR NUMBERING CARD OR DRAWING SLIVERS. + +[Illustration] + +8.333/Wt. in grains of 1 yd. of Sliver = Hank. +8.333/Hank = Wt. in grains of 1 yd. of Sliver. +100/Wt. in grains of 12 yds. of Sliver = Hank. +Refer to Table of Dividends, page 233. +{98} + +[Illustration] +SECTION OF DRAWING FRAME +SHOWING ELECTRIC STOP MOTIONS + +{99} + +EXPLANATION OF ELECTRIC STOP MOTIONS. + +Our improved Magneto or Dynamo for producing current to operate the +Stop Motions is designed on the "Induction" principle, so that the +current is generated in the stationary winding, and no brushes or +collectors are needed. This type of machine is very simple, requires +little attention, and gives a steady current, no matter how much dirt, +lint or oil collects on same. + +The Drawing Frame is divided into two parts by means of insulations +(indicated by the solid black portions of cut on opposite page). One +part, shown with double cross lines, is connected to the Magneto +through the down-rod A, and the other part through the down-rod B. + +It will be seen that in the case of each Stop Motion the parts are +kept from touching each other by cotton passing between them (cotton +being a non-conductor of electricity) or are brought into contact with +each other by rollers lapping up or by the pressure of the cotton in +the full cans. + +The machine stops when the electric circuit is completed, allowing the +current to flow through Magnet T, which attracts finger U into +engagement with Revolving Clutch V, and by a mechanical arrangement +shifts the belt on to the loose pulley. + +As the frame stops, the part X forces the finger U away from the +Clutch, and the current is broken by the piece Y which moves out of +contact with the spring Z. When the frame is running, Y is in contact +with both the springs Z and J. As the machine stops, the movement of Y +takes it out of contact with Z, but J should always press against Y. + +{100} + +STOP MOTION No. 1--C is the top electric roll which rests in Cap Bar D, +and E is the bottom electric roll. As long as the sliver remains +between the rolls they are kept apart and there is no circuit. When +the sliver breaks or a can runs out the rolls come together and the +frame knocks off. + +STOP MOTION No.2--The Top Clearer Cover H has a screw K on the under +side. If the cotton laps around the top or bottom front roll, the top +roll is lifted and comes in contact with screw K, which completes the +circuit and the machine stops. + +STOP MOTION No. 3--The cotton sliver prevents the calender rolls L and +M from touching each other. If the sliver breaks, the rolls touch and +the machine stops instantly. + +STOP MOTION No. 4--When the cans at the front are full and cotton +presses against the coiler top N, it is lifted into contact with the +spring O, and the circuit is completed, stopping the machine. + +STOP MOTION No.5--The Underclearer P presses against the bottom +electric roll E. In case the cotton laps around E or P, the screw Q is +lifted and touches the Back Plate G, completes the circuit and the +frame knocks off. + +{101} + +{102} + +[Illustration] +SLUBBING FRAME (RIGHT HAND) + +{103} + +SLUBBING, INTERMEDIATE, ROVING AND JACK FRAMES. + +These frames are so well known to the users of Cotton Machinery that +no general description is necessary. They have extra heavy framing, +are made entirely by special tools, and all parts are exact +duplicates. They are of superior construction and finish, and will +stand the highest speeds without vibration or breakage. They contain +many valuable patented improvements, some of which are described +below. + +PATENT SWING--Well supported and with one (large) Carrier Gear only. + +IMPROVED DIFFERENTIAL MOTION--This motion effects a great saving in +power, wear and tear, and gives more accurate winding and consequently +evener and better work. See page 106. + +IMPROVED LAY GEARING dispenses with all bevel change gears, gives two +change places instead of one, is simple and convenient, and allows +free access to the main gearing. See page 109. + +IMPROVED METHOD OF LIFTING AND LOWERING BOTTOM CONE DRUM--Both ends of +the cone are raised or lowered together from the front of the machine. +The belt is kept at a uniform tension from one end of the cone to the +other. A patent locking device secures the cone in its proper working +position, after doffing, preventing all movement or vibration. + +IMPROVED METHOD OF TIGHTENING THE CONE BELT does away with frequent +taking-up. When slack, the belt may be tightened in a few moments by +means of a Quadrant Bracket. Over 5 in. of stretch can be taken care +of without re-piecing. A great saving is effected in labor, stoppages +and cone belts. + +WINDING BACK THE RACK AND CONE BELT is done from the front of the +machine. + +IMPROVED SYSTEM OF BALANCING THE TOP OR BOBBIN RAIL--This rail, with +its gearing, collars, bobbins, etc., is now supported under its center +of gravity by a set of levers, thus relieving the slides and racks of +this weight. This system prevents friction and wear of slides, also +the tendency to dwell at the changes of the traverse both top and +bottom. + +{104} + +[Illustration] +ROVING FRAME (RIGHT HAND) + +{105} + +If slides wear, the Long Collars tilt forward, the top rail, spindles, +bobbins and flyers vibrate, causing bad work and loss of production. +This is prevented by our improved system. + +PATENT REVERSING AND LET-OFF MOTION entirely prevents the roving +running over the ends on the changes. The speed of the bobbin changes +simultaneously with the reversal of the lifting rail and thus +overcomes the liability of stretching the roving. + +FULL BOBBIN STOP MOTION is very effective in its action and prevents +overfilling the bobbins. The frame cannot be started after the +completion of a set until doffed and the rack has been wound back. + +IMPROVED TOP CLEARERS--These are made of polished steel, very light and +easy to clean. The hinging is so arranged that any clearer can be +easily removed. + +LONG COLLARS OR BOLSTERS are fastened in a vertical position by an +improved method which prevents their working loose. They are bored +throughout their entire length, thus reducing the liability of dirt +accumulating inside and causing the spindles to bind. + +PATENT RECESSED SELF-LUBRICATING SPINDLE FOOT--This has proved one of +the most successful inventions, and is in extensive use. It ensures +constant lubrication, prevents wear, and is easily kept clean. + +BEARINGS INLAID WITH BRASS--All Bobbin and Spindle Shaft Bearings, +Roller Stands and Slides are inlaid with brass. + +[Illustration] + +DRIVING ENDS OF BOBBIN AND SPINDLE SHAFTS are case hardened and are in +short lengths, so that they can be easily taken out even when frames +are placed end to end with narrow passages between them. This is a +great convenience, as it avoids the necessity of having to remove a +great many shaft gears. The shafts can be lifted out with the gears on +them. + +AUTOMATIC PANEL LOCKING ARRANGEMENT prevents the frame from being +started if any of the gearing end panels are not in place. + +{106} + +[Illustration] +DIFFERENTIAL MOTION + +{107} + +IMPROVED DIFFERENTIAL MOTION. + +All the gears on the Jack Shaft revolve in the same direction as the +shaft itself. This reduces considerably the work the cone belt has to +do, saves power, and gives more accurate winding and evener and better +work. + +A1 (40 teeth) drives the Spindle Shafts and S1 (50 teeth) drives the +Bobbin Shafts. The gears on the Spindle and Bobbin Shafts are alike, +i. e., they have the same number of teeth. + +As the cut shows the number of teeth in all the gears of the +Differential, it will readily be seen that if Q and Q1 are held +stationary, the speed of S1 will be retarded 1 rev. for every 5 revs. +the Jack Shaft makes, and the spindles and bobbins will be running at +the same speed, no winding taking place. Winding is produced by the +bobbins running faster than the spindles, therefore Q, which is driven +from the bottom cone through carrier gears, must revolve. Its speed +changes as the bobbins increase in diameter, being governed by the +position of the cone belt, which is shifted slightly as each layer is +put on the bobbins. + +{108} + +CASING-OFF PLATES--The Front Casing-off Plates for Bobbin and Spindle +Shafts are made of polished steel and are circular in shape. They are +light, strong, cannot be broken, and are easily kept clean. + +IMPROVED CAP BARS--Cast-iron Cap Bars give trouble on account of the +fingers being twisted, and frequent breakages. The illustrations show +the construction of our improved Cap Bar, which entirely obviates +these difficulties. Figure 1 is a back view of our Cap Bar applied to +a machine with four spindles in a box, and Figure 2 an end view of +same. Figures 3, 4 and 5 show enlarged details. + +[Illustration] +IMPROVED CAP BARS + +The Cap Bars are fastened to the Roller Stands by brackets which are +independent of the slides, and consequently the rolls can be set +without moving the Cap Bars. When resetting the rolls it is only +necessary to adjust the nebs for the middle and back lines, as the +front nebs do not have to be disturbed. + +{109} + +IMPROVED LAY GEARING. + +[Illustration] + +To facilitate making changes in the Lay Gears, we have provided two +change places instead of one. Formerly it was the practice to change +the gear on the end of the Reversing Shaft or the one between the +Reversing Bevels. + +In order to bring the change gears into a more convenient position and +at the same time increase the range, we have introduced two additional +spur gears. One of these is now the regular change gear, and is on a +stud carried by an adjustable Quadrant Bracket. The short shaft +carrying the bevel gears is now in a horizontal position instead of +vertical. + +{110} + +Besides providing for two change places, this improvement dispenses +with the Back Cross Rail and allows free access to the main gearing. +Any part of the gearing can be taken out and replaced with ease. + +There is no longer any necessity of changing any bevel gears. There +are two spur gear changes, either of which may be used and which give +a very wide range. The entire arrangement is very simple and +convenient. + +[Illustration] + +Other sizes of Spindles, Long Collars, Bobbin Gear Tops and Rolls will +be supplied when necessary. + +DRIVING PULLEYS are usually 16 in. dia., 3 in. face. + +SPEEDS--See pages 111 and 112. + +PRODUCTION--See pages 113 to 117. + +{111} + +SPEED TABLE. + +SLUBBING AND INTERMEDIATE FRAMES + +[Illustration] + +{112} + +SPEED TABLE. + +ROVING AND JACK FRAMES. + +[Illustration] + +{113} + +SLUBBING FRAMES. + +PRODUCTION PER DAY OF TEN HOURS. + +[Illustration] + +NOTE--The above table is based on ordinary twist, 1.20 x square root of +hank, with an allowance of 15 minutes per set for doffing and stops. + +{114} + +INTERMEDIATE FRAMES. + +PRODUCTION PER DAY OF TEN HOURS. + +[Illustration] + +NOTE--The above table is based on ordinary twist, 1.20 x square root of +hank, with an allowance of 15 minutes per set for doffing and stops. + +{115} + +ROVING FRAMES. + +PRODUCTION PER DAY OF TEN HOURS + +[Illustration] + +NOTE--The above table is based on ordinary twist, 1.20 x square root of +hank, with an allowance of 15 minutes per set for doffing and stops. + +{116} + +ROVING FRAMES. + +PRODUCTION PER DAY OF TEN HOURS. + +[Illustration] + +NOTE--The above table is based on ordinary twist, 1.20 x square root of +hank, with an allowance of 15 minutes per set for doffing and stops. + +{117} + +JACK FRAMES. + +PRODUCTION PER DAY OF TEN HOURS. + +[Illustration] + +NOTE--The above table is based on ordinary twist, 1.20 x square root of +hank, with an allowance of 15 minutes per set for doffing and stops. + +{118} + +FLOOR PLANS OF SPEEDERS. +SLUBBING FRAME R.H. +INTER, FRAME R.H. +ROVING FRAME R.H. + +[Illustration] + +NOTE--The HAND of a speeder is determined by the end on which the +driving pulley is located when facing the spindles. + +{119} + +LENGTHS OVER ALL OF SLUBBING FRAMES. + +[Illustration] + +NOTE--If the projection of fender bracket be taken into account, add 2 +inches to the above lengths. + +{120} + +LENGTHS OVER ALL OF INTERMEDIATE FRAMES. + +[Illustration] + +NOTE--If the projection of fender bracket be taken into account add 2 +inches to the above lengths. + +{121} + +LENGTHS OVER ALL OF ROVING FRAMES. + +[Illustration] + +NOTE--If the projection of fender bracket be taken into account, add 2 +inches to the above lengths. + +If double boss rolls, the number of spindles must divide by four. + +{122} + +LENGTHS OVER ALL OF JACK FRAMES. + +[Illustration] + +NOTE--If the projection of fender bracket be taken into account, add 2 +inches to the above lengths. + +If double boss rolls, the number of spindles must divide by four. + +{123} + +[Illustration] +FRONT ELEVATION OF HEAD END GEARING--ROVING FRAME + +{124} + +[Illustration] +ELEVATION AND SECTION OF HEAD END GEARING--ROVING FRAME + +{125} + +ROVING FRAMES. + +ALPHABETICAL REFERENCES TO DRAWINGS + +[Illustration] + +{126} + +ROVING FRAMES-CONTINUED. + +ALPHABETICAL REFERENCES TO DRAWINGS. + +[Illustration] + +{127} + +SLUBBING, INTERMEDIATE, ROVING AND JACK FRAMES. + +DRAFT CALCULATIONS. + +[Illustration] + +{128} + +[Illustration] + +The following table may be used in calculating the required Laps per +Inch on Bobbin for any given hank roving: + +{129} + +1 hank or below, 7.5 x square root of hank = Laps per Inch + +1 hank to 2 hanks, 8.5 x square root of hank = Laps per Inch + +2 hanks to 3 hanks, 9.5 x square root of hank = Laps per Inch + +3 hanks to 4 hanks, 10.0 x square root of hank = Laps per Inch + +4 hanks and above, 10.5 x square root of hank = Laps per Inch + +Good results are obtained by using 9.3 x square root of hank. +TAPER AND TENSION CALCULATIONS. + +It is difficult to give hard and fast rules for figuring the Taper and +Tension Gears, as the required number of teeth on these gears is +affected by the kind of stock, length of staple, amount of twist, +temperature and humidity. + +PRODUCTION CALCULATIONS. + +[Illustration] + +{130} + +SLUBBING, INTERMEDIATE, ROVING AND JACK FRAMES. + +DRAFT TABLES. + +[Illustration] + +NOTE-The above is for front and back rolls the same dia. + +{131} + +SLUBBING, INTERMEDIATE, ROVING AND JACK FRAMES. + +KEY TO TWIST TABLES. + +(See pages 132 and 133 for complete Twist Tables.) + +[Illustration] + +Combinations Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4 are for Slubbing and Intermediate +Frames with 1-1/4-inch dia. Front Roll. +Combinations Nos. 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 are for Roving and Jack Frames with +1-1/4-inch dia. Front Roll. +Combinations Nos. 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 are for Roving and Jack Frames +with 1-1/8-inch dia. Front Roll. + +{132} + +SLUBBING, INTERMEDIATE, ROVING AND JACK FRAMES--TWIST TABLES. + +(See page 131 for key to these tables.) + +[Illustration] + +{133} + +SLUBBING, INTERMEDIATE, ROVING AND JACK FRAMES-TWIST TABLES. + +(See page 131 for key to these tables.) + +[Illustration] + +{134} + +SLUBBING, INTERMEDIATE, ROVING AND JACK FRAMES. + +LAY GEARING AND CONSTANTS. + +[Illustration] + +There are two change gears in the lay combination, the Reversing Shaft +Change Gear Z2 and the Lay Change Gear W1. Although we have given the +full list of Lay Gearing in the above table, only the gears marked * +are variable, the others being the same for all frames. The regular +change gear is W1 and the table on the next page gives lay constants +for a range of Reversing Shaft Change Gears Z2 from 14 to 22 +inclusive. To find the correct lay constant select the proper {135} +Lay Gearing Combination from the nine given above, note the number of +teeth on the Reversing Shaft Change Gear Z2 and take the constant +which corresponds in the table below. For example, the lay constant +for a frame with gearing like No.4 combination and a 16 T. Reversing +Shaft Change Gear is 437.9. This divided by the number of teeth on the +Lay Change Gear W1 will give the laps per inch on the bobbin. + +TABLE OF LAY CONSTANTS FOR GEARING COMBINATIONS No.1, No.9 AND +REVERSING SHAFT CHANGE GEARS 14 TO 22 T. + +[Illustration] + +{136} + +ROVING TABLE. + +FOR NUMBERING BY THE WEIGHT, IN GRAINS, OF 12 YARDS; AND SHOWING TWIST +PER INCH. + +(Square Root X 1. 20) + +[Illustration] + +{137} + +ROVING TABLE--CONTINUED. + +FOR NUMBERING BY THE WEIGHT, IN GRAINS, OF 12 YARDS; AND SHOWING TWIST +PER INCH + +(Square Root X 1.20) + +[Illustration] + +{138} + +[Illustration] + +{139} + +{140} + +[Illustration] +RING SPINNING FRAME--HEAD END + +{141} + +RING SPINNING FRAMES. + +The introduction of these machines was preceded by a careful study of +what had already been done in Spinning Frame design. + +Our Improved Ring Spinning Frames are made from entirely new patterns, +and not only combine the best features previously brought out in such +machines, but also many new ideas and improvements which have proved +of great benefit to both manufacturers and spinners. + +Although these frames were only introduced a few years ago, they are +very extensively used, and the demand is steadily increasing. All +parts are machined and most of them are made by specially designed +tools. + +We give below a description of the construction and chief points of +advantage of these machines. + +LOW FRAMING AND CONSTRUCTION--The Frames are built very low, are extra +heavy in all their principal parts, and are designed and constructed +so as to stand high speeds without vibration, thus preserving the +spindles, ensuring light running and reducing the cost of repairs. + +SPINDLE RAILS--These are of the box pattern, specially heavy, and +designed to prevent springing, twisting and vibration. + +LIFTING RODS--The Lifting Rods, as will be seen in the several +illustrations, do not have any foot castings attached to them. They +can therefore be easily taken out, cleaned and put back without the +necessity of readjustment. These rods are accurately turned and +finished by a special process to prevent sticking. The Wave Shaft Arms +are designed so that the Ring Rails can be easily leveled by means of +adjusting screws. + +CREELS--The Creels are constructed with large diameter supporting rods +so as to ensure rigidity, reduce vibration and prevent stretching the +roving. + +{142} + +[Illustration] +DOUBLE ADJUSTABLE RING IN PLATE HOLDER + +DOUBLE RING IN CAST-IRON HOLDER, WITH PATENT CONCEALED TRAVELER +CLEARER + +SOLID SINGLE FLANGE RINGS + +{143} + +FLUTED ROLLS--These steel rolls are carefully and accurately made from +superior stock by special machinery. They have large Necks and Squares +and are irregularly fluted so as not to cut the Top Rolls. + +TOP ROLLS--These have taper ends or pivots, and the Cap Bar Nebs are +milled to correspond, thus making it easy to pick the ends and keep +them clean. + +CAP BARS--These are made with steel fingers which do not break. The +upper surface of each finger is flat. The Cap Bar Nebs, which slide on +the fingers, are milled and are fastened in position by cap or frog +screws so that they cannot twist or get out of place. This arrangement +enables the Top Rolls to be accurately set, and makes it much more +easy to see the necks of the Bottom Rolls and keep them properly +lubricated without removing the Top Rolls or Cap Bars. + +RE-LEVELLING--This is now an easy matter and quickly done. Packing up +the feet is no longer necessary. The foot of each Spring Piece is +provided with a shoe and jack screw, by which it can be raised or +lowered to meet any unevenness in the floor. + +TRAVERSE RODS AND GUIDES--Iron Traverse Rods are applied, to which are +attached adjustable Brass Trumpet Guides. + +ADJUSTABLE THREAD BOARDS--Our Thread Boards are adjustable. They can be +raised or lowered so as to give, within reasonable limits, any +required distance between the Spindle points and Thread Guides. + +{144} + +[Illustration] +RING SPINNING FRAME-FOOT END + +{145} + +RINGS--We furnish Single Flange Rings, Double Rings in cast iron +Holders, with or without Patent Wire Traveler Clearers, or Double +Adjustable Rings in Plate Holders with Traveler Clearers. All Rings +are made and finished in the most accurate manner, from a special +grade of steel and hardened by improved methods. + +SPINDLES--We supply any of the latest improved types of Spindles. + +SEPARATORS--We supply the Rhodes-Chandler, Sharples, Doyle or H. & B. +(our own). See description, page 153. + +SADDLES--The Dixon ordinary, Dixon adjustable or common Saddles are +applied as required. + +LEVER SCREWS--The Speakman or Common are furnished as specified. + +{146} + +DRIVING PULLEYS are of our own improved design. The Loose Pulley runs +on a cast iron sleeve, which is a part of the ring oiling box. Oil +passes through holes in the bottom of this sleeve and lubricates the +Loose Pulley. Our method of supporting the shaft and Loose Pulley +together with the perfect lubrication of both prevents the wearing of +the shaft, sleeve or Loose Pulley. + +[Illustration] +RING OILING OUTRIGGER BEARING AND SELF LUBRICATING LOOSE PULLEY + +The Fast Pulley is usually made slightly larger in diameter than the +Loose Pulley and is secured to the shaft by a Woodruff key and set +screws. + +THE OUTRIGGER for supporting the Driving Pulleys can be applied at +either the head or foot end, as specified. + +{147} + +Our improved Cylinder Head is made with a wide surface for the tin and +has a long hub split at the end for several inches. + +The split portion of the hub is made to grip the shaft by means of a +heavy clamp ring and set screw. The shaft cannot be cut by this set +screw as it bears on the split hub. + +[Illustration] +CYLINDER HEAD BEARING AND CAP + +The shafts are steel, fitted with Woodruff Keys and Phosphor Bronze +Bushes with Collars, which make the bearings self-oiling and +practically free from wear. Heavy tin is used in the construction of +the Cylinders which are carefully balanced and thoroughly tested. + +{148} + +[Illustration] +TWIST GEARING + +Simplicity and convenience characterize our Ring Spinning Frame +gearing. All gears are cut. They are of ample width, run quietly and +are well boxed to prevent accidents. + +{149} + +[Illustration] +DRAFT GEARING + +The change gears are very conveniently located and a wide range of +draft and twist can easily be obtained. + +{150} + +[Illustration] +BUILDER FOR RING SPINNING FRAME + +{151} + +IMPROVED BUILDER. + +When designing our improved Spinning Frame Builder, special attention +was given to obtaining a wide range in form and build of bobbin +combined with simplicity and durability. The changes necessary when +altering the wind, pick or traverse have been reduced to a minimum. + +The Builder is a combination type, and the change from warp to +filling, or vice versa, can be easily and quickly made. + +The illustration shows a filling cam only on the cam shaft, but when +warp and filling wind are wanted, two cams are placed on this shaft. + +The length of the traverse is determined by the adjustable Wave Shaft +Stud, which can be easily and quickly raised or lowered, and the Ring +Rail can be placed at the correct starting point by means of a thumb +nut. The Pick or Take-up Motion is very simple. The pawl is on a plate +which has a gear at the back. This gear is driven by a Quadrant which +is connected to the top of the Builder. The pawl shield is set so that +any required number of teeth can be taken up and no change gears are +used. + +In the Builder Arm is an adjusting screw, which is used with warp wind +to regulate the taper on the bobbin. The taper can be decreased at the +bottom and increased at the top by turning in this screw. + +When the foot lever is pressed, it throws the Worm out of gear and +allows the rail to be dropped. After winding back the Pick Motion, the +Frame is ready for doffing and starting a new set. + +An eccentric device is applied to enable the "Socket Doff" to be used +when desired. + +The Worm Gear Shaft is driven by a sprocket chain in the bead end. The +speed of this shaft and consequently the speed of the traverse is +increased or decreased by changing the Sprocket Gear. + +The bevel gears are well protected from dust and fly by a cover, and +the Builder screw itself is provided with a cleaner which prevents the +collection of dirt in the threads. + +{152} + +[Illustration] +HOWARD & BULLOUGH PATENT AUTOMATIC SEPARATOR + +{153} + +HOWARD & BULLOUGH PATENT AUTOMATIC SEPARATOR + +It has been our aim to combine in this new Separator simplicity and +lightness with effectiveness and rigidity. All Separators collect +lint, but the Howard & Bullough has so few parts and is so easily +cleaned that this disadvantage is reduced to a minimum. The Separator +rod holders, which allow the blades to be thrown back out of position +for doffing, are neat and strong. + +Vibration in a Separator means bad work, and we have given special +attention to this point, as evidenced by the double bearings for the +lifting rods, the stiffness of the Separator rod carrying the blades, +and the general design. In case the operator neglects to return the +blades to their working position after doffing, this is taken care of +by a curved stop or bracket attached to the roller beam. Easy +adjustment for both long and short traverse is a good feature of this +Separator. + +{154} + +FLOOR SPACE OF RING SPINNING FRAMES. + +[Illustration] + +We make 36-in. or 39-in. framing as required. When extra large +diameter roving bobbins are used and the creels are required to take +double roving, the 39-in. framing is needed to obtain enough space in +the creels. + +To ascertain the length of Spinning Frames with any number of +spindles: Multiply one-half the number of spindles by the gauge and +add 2 ft. 1 in. for head and off ends. + +Although it is advantageous when possible to keep to the number of +spindles given in the table on the opposite page, other lengths can be +built, but even boxes are preferable. + +DRIVING PULLEYS are 8 in. to 18 in. dia., 3-1/4 in. face. + +{155} + +LENGTHS OVER ALL OF RING SPINNING FRAMES. + +[Illustration] + +{156} + +PRODUCTION TABLE OF RING WARP YARN. + +FRONT ROLL, 1 IN. DIA. + +[Illustration] + +Allowance has been made for doffing, etc. Standard Warp Twist used, +4.75 x square root of number of yarn. + +{157} + +PRODUCTION TABLE OF RING WARP YARN. + +FRONT ROLL, 1 IN. DIA. + +[Illustration] + +Allowance has been made for doffing, etc. Twist per inch, 4.75 x +square root of number up to 40s. For 40s and finer the twist per inch +is graduated from 4.60 to 4.00 x square root of number. + +{158} + +PRODUCTION TABLE OF RING FILLING YARN. + +FRONT ROLL, 1 IN. DIA. + +[Illustration] + +Allowance has been made for doffing, etc. Filling Twist used, 3.25 x +square root of number of yarn. + +{159} + +PRODUCTION TABLE OF RING FILLING YARN. + +FRONT ROLL, 1 IN. DIA. + +[Illustration] + +Allowance has been made for doffing, etc. Filling Twist used, 3.25 x +square root of number of yarn. + +{160} + +[Illustration] +HEAD END GEARING +RING SPINNING FRAME + +{161} + +[Illustration] +SECTIONAL VIEW +RING SPINNING FRAME + +{162} + +[Illustration] +SIDE VIEW +RING SPINNING FRAME + +{163} + +SPINNING FRAME. + +ALPHABETICAL REFERENCES TO DRAWINGS. + +A Driving Pulley, 8 in. to 18 in. dia., + advancing by 1/2 in. increments; 3-1/4 in. face. +A1 Cylinder Gear, 17, 21, 29 and 39 T. +A2 Cylinder, 7 in. dia. +B Jack Gear, 72, 76, 86, 96 and 106 T. +B1 Twist Change Gear, 25-67 T., advancing by one tooth. +C Intermediate Gear, 156 T. for 36-in. frame; + 171 T. for 39 in. frame. +C1 Builder Motion Driving Sprocket Gear, 8 T. +D Front Roll Twist Gear, 84 T. +D1 Front Roll Draft Gear, 21 and 27 T. +D2 Front Roll, usually 1 in. dia.; + sometimes 1-1/16 in. dia. and 1-7/8 in. dia. +E Crown Gear, 72, 90 and 108 T. +E1 Draft Change Gear, 32-59 T., advancing by one tooth. +F Large Back Roll Gear, 79 and 89 T. +F1 Small Back Roll Gear, 28 T. for 7/8 in. dia. + Middle and Back Rolls, 29 T. for 15/16 in. dia. + Middle Roll, 1-1/16 in. dia. Back Rolls. +F2 Back Roll, usually 7/8 in. dia., sometimes 11/16 in. dia. + and 1-1/8 in. dia. +G Broad Middle Roll Intermediate Gear, 48 T. +H Middle Roll Gear, 26 T. for 7/8 in. dia. Middle and Back Rolls, + 24 T. for 15/16 in. dia. Middle and 1-1/16 in. dia. Back Rolls. +I Whorl, 3/4 in., 13/16 in. and 7/8 in. dia. +J Carrier Sprocket Gear, 10 T. +K Builder Motion Worm Shaft Sprocket Gear, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 + and 24 T., dependent upon the Number of Yarn. +L Carrier Sprocket Gear, 7 T. + +{164} + +SPINNING FRAMES. + +DRAFT CALCULATIONS. + +TWIST CALCULATIONS. + +[Illustration] + +When figuring the Ratio of Whirl Speed to Cylinder Speed we add 1/3 +inch to the diameters to allow for the band. + +{165} + +[Illustration] + +In our production tables on pages 156 to 159, the allowance for +doffing, waste, etc., varies with the numbers of yarn, the percentage +loss being greater for coarse than fine work. + +{166} + +RING SPINNING FRAME, DRAFT TABLE. + +FRONT ROLL 1 IN. DIAM. BACK ROLL 7/8 IN. DIAM. + +[Illustration] + +{167} + +RING SPINNING FRAME, DRAFT TABLE. + +FRONT AND BACK ROLLS SAME DIAMETER. + +[Illustration] + +{168} + +RING SPINNING FRAME, TWIST CONSTANTS. + +1 IN. DIA. FRONT ROLL. 7 IN. DIA. CYLINDER. + +FRONT ROLL GEAR, 84 T. + +[Illustration] + +{169} + +RING SPINNING FRAME, TWIST CONSTANTS. + +1-1/16 IN. DIA. FRONT ROLL. 7 IN. DIA. CYLINDER. + +FRONT ROLL GEAR, 84 T. + +[Illustration] + +{170} + +RING SPINNING FRAME, TWIST CONSTANTS. + +1-1/8 IN. DIA. FRONT ROLL. 7 IN. DIA. CYLINDER. + +FRONT ROLL GEAR, 84 T. + +[Illustration] + +{171} + +RING SPINNING FRAME TWIST TABLE. + +1 IN. DIA. FRONT ROLL. 7 IN. DIA. CYLINDER. + +FRONT ROLL GEAR, 84 T. + +[Illustration] + +{172} + +RING SPINNING FRAME TWIST TABLE. + +1 IN. DIA. FRONT ROLL. 7 IN. DIA. CYLINDER. + +FRONT ROLL GEAR, 84 T. + +[Illustration] + +{173} + +RING SPINNING FRAME TWIST TABLE. + +1 IN. DIA. FRONT ROLL. 7 IN. DIA. CYLINDER. + +FRONT ROLL GEAR, 84 T. + +[Illustration] + +{174} + +RING SPINNING FRAME TWIST TABLE. + +1 IN. DIA. FRONT ROLL. 7 IN. DIA. CYLINDER. + +FRONT ROLL GEAR, 84 T. + +[Illustration] + +{175} + +RING SPINNING FRAME TWIST TABLE. + +1-1/16 IN. DIA. FRONT ROLL. +7 IN. DIA. CYLINDER. +FRONT ROLL GEAR, 84 T. + +[Illustration] + +{176} + +YARN TWIST TABLES. + +[Illustration] + +{177} + +YARN TWIST TABLES. + +[Illustration] + +{178} + +YARN TWIST TABLES. + +[Illustration] + +NOTE--The above tables are extended in some cases much beyond the +actual requirements as indicated by their headings, but will prove +useful for other yarns. + +{179} + +TABLE FOR NUMBERING COTTON YARN BY THE WEIGHT IN GRAINS OF 120 YARDS +OR 1 SKEIN + +[Illustration] + +{180} + +TABLE FOR NUMBERING COTTON YARN-Cont'd. + +[Illustration] + +{181} + +TABLE FOR NUMBERING COTTON YARN-Cont'd. + +[Illustration] + +{182} + +TABLE FOR NUMBERING COTTON YARN-Cont'd. + +[Illustration] + +{183} + +TABLE FOR NUMBERING COTTON YARN-Cont'd. + +[Illustration] + +{184} + +DRAPER TABLES OF BREAKING WEIGHTS OF AMERICAN YARNS SPUN FROM AMERICAN +COTTON. AVERAGED FROM SAMPLE SKEIN TESTS FROM SEVERAL HUNDRED AMERICAN +MILLS. + +[Illustration] + +{185} + +TRAVELLER TABLE FOR RING SPINNING FRAME. + +[Illustration] + +The speed, kind of cotton, etc., affect the weight of traveller, and +consequently it is impossible to make up a table to cover all +conditions, but the sizes given above will serve as a basis to select +from. Lighter travellers should be used for higher speeds and vice +versa. Each 1,000 revolutions of spindle makes a difference of one or +two numbers in travellers. + +{186} + +SPOOLERS. + +The following tables of dimensions and productions are given as +information: + +[Illustration] + +{187} + +REELS. + +Reels are usually made with 50 or 60 spindles each, but can be made +either longer or shorter. The common gauge is 3-1/2 in., the length of +which with 50 spindles is 16 ft. 8-1/2 in. and width 3 ft. 9 in. +Machines are made for 54-in., 60-in., 72-in. and 90-in. skeins, +usually 54 in. + +Driving pulleys are 12 in. x 2 in. + +The usual speed with 54-in. swifts is 130 revs. We give below +production table for 54-in. skeins. + +[Illustration] + +50 per cent. allowance has been made in above table for doffing, etc. + +{188} + +[Illustration] +DRY TWISTER +SINGLE LINE TOP AND BOTTOM ROLLS--NARROW GAUGE + +{189} + +RING TWISTERS. + +FOR DRY OR WET TWISTING. + +Our Ring Twister resembles our Spinning Frame, both in construction +and design, and the descriptive matter on pages 140 and 151 apply to +this machine. + +The marked success of our Spinning Frame led us to build a Twister +embodying the same improvements and special features which have been +so much appreciated. All parts are machined, and are interchangeable. + +LOW FRAMING AND HEAVY RIGID CONSTRUCTION--The frames are built very +low, are extra heavy in all their principal parts and are designed and +constructed so as to stand high speeds without vibration, thus +preserving the spindles, insuring light running and reducing the cost +of repairs. + +DRY AND WET TWISTING--We build machines for either Dry or Wet Twisting. +When for wet work the bottom and top rolls are covered with brass, and +brass troughs are provided for the water. The yarn is submerged by +means of glass rods which are easily raised or lowered. + +ARRANGEMENT OF ROLLS--Machines are built with any of the following +arrangements of Rolls: + +Single Line Bottom Rolls, and Single Line Top Rolls. +Double Line Bottom Rolls, and Single Line Top Rolls. +Double Line Bottom Rolls, and Double Line Top Rolls. + +SPINDLES--Any of the improved modern high-speed spindles are supplied +as required. We do not make any Twisters with common or old style "Two +Rail" spindles. + +KNEE BRAKES are furnished when required. + +GAUGES AND RINGS--We build machines from 2-1/2-in. gauge with 1-1/2-in. +rings up to 5-1/2-in. gauge with 4-1/2-in. rings. Any desired form or +style of ring will be furnished. All of these rings are made from +high-grade steel of special analysis, hardened by improved methods and +accurately finished. + +{190} + +[Illustration] +VERTICAL TWISTER RINGS + +NARROW OR WIDE BAND RINGS +WITH BRASS OR STEEL PLATE HOLDERS + +SOLID SINGLE FLANGE RINGS + +{191} + +THE FOLLOWING HEADINGS ARE TAKEN UP IN DETAIL UNDER RING SPINNING +FRAMES: + +SPINDLE RAILS of box pattern to prevent springing or twisting. + +LIFTING RODS specially finished to avoid sticking, and easily removed +and cleaned without necessity of readjustment. + +RE-LEVELLING easily taken care of by means of adjustable foot casting +and jack screw on each Spring Piece. + +ADJUSTABLE THREAD BOARD LIFTERS. + +RING OILING BEARING ON OUTRIGGER. + +SELF-LUBRICATING LOOSE PULLEY ON SLEEVE. + +IMPROVED FORM OF CYLINDER HEAD. + +PHOSPHOR BRONZE CYLINDER BEARINGS of self-oiling type. + +GEARING, simple and enclosed in boxed end to prevent accident. All cut +gears. + +BUILDER of simple and effective design adjustable for Filling, Warp, +Conant, Reverse Conant, or Straight Wind. + +CREELS with rigid end and center supports, free from vibration. + +[Illustration] +OUT BEARING BOX (CUT OPEN) SHOWING RING OILER AND SLEEVE FOR LOOSE +PULLEY + +{192} + +[Illustration] +WET TWISTER, WITH DRIVING PULLEYS AT FOOT END + +{193} + +FLOOR SPACE OF TWISTERS. + +[Illustration] +WIDTHS OF MACHINES. + +2-1/2-in. and 2-3/4-in. Gauge = 3 ft. 1-1/8 in. over all +3-in. and 3-1/4-in. Gauge = 3 ft. 1-5/8 in. over all +3-1/2-in. and 4-in. Gauge = 3 ft. 2-5/8 in. over all +4-1/2-in. Gauge = 3 ft. 3-3/4 in. over all +5-in. Gauge = 3 ft. 4-1/4 in. over all +5-in. Gauge = 3 ft. 5 in. over all + +To ascertain the length of Twisters with any number of spindles: +Multiply one-half the number of spindles by the gauge and add 2 ft. 1 +in. for head and off ends. + +Although it is advantageous when possible to keep to the numbers of +spindles given in the table on page 195, other lengths can be built if +necessary. Even rolls and boxes are preferable. + +DRIVING PULLEYS are 8 in. to 18 in. dia., 3-1/4-in. face. + +{194} + +[Illustration] +WIDE GAUGE TWISTER WITH DOUBLE LINE BOTTOM +AND SINGLE LINE TOP ROLLS + +{195} + +LENGTHS OVER ALL OF TWISTERS. + +[Illustration] + +{196} + +TABLE SHOWING GAUGES, RINGS AND SPINDLE SPEEDS +FOR VARIOUS NUMBERS AND PLYS. + +THIS TABLE FORMS A KEY TO THE PRODUCTION TABLES WHICH FOLLOW + +[Illustration] + +{197} + +TABLE SHOWING GAUGES, RINGS AND SPINDLE SPEEDS--CONT'D. + +[Illustration] + +{198} + +TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF POUNDS TWISTED YARN PRODUCED IN 10 HOURS-2 PLY + +[Illustration] + +{199} + +TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF POUNDS TWISTED YARN PRODUCED IN 10 HOURS-3 PLY. + +[Illustration] + +Allowance has been made for doffing, waste, cleaning, etc. + +{200} + +TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF POUNDS TWISTED YARN PRODUCED IN 10 HOURS-4 PLY. + +[Illustration] + +Allowance has been made for doffing, waste, cleaning, etc. + +{201} + +TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF POUNDS TWISTED YARN PRODUCED IN 10 HOURS-5 PLY. + +[Illustration] + +Allowance has been made for doffing, waste, cleaning, etc. + +{202} + +TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF POUNDS TWISTED YARN PRODUCED IN 10 HOURS--6 PLY. + +[Illustration] + +Allowance has been made for doffing, waste, cleaning, etc. + +{203} + +[Illustration] +HEAD END GEARING +TWISTER + +{204} + +[Illustration] +SINGLE LINE BOTTOM ROLL + +DOUBLE LINE BOTTOM ROLLS +ARRANGEMENTS OF ROLLS +TWISTER + +{205} + +TWISTERS. + +ALPHABETICAL REFERENCES TO DRAWINGS. + +A Driving Pulley, 8 in. to 18 in. dia., + advancing by 1/2 in. increments, 3-1/4 in. face. +A1 Cylinder Gear, 21, 25, 29, 30, 39 and 49 T. +A2 Cylinder, 7 in. and 8 in. dia. +B Jack Gear, 72, 76, 80, 84, 86, 96 and 106 T. +B1 Twist Change Gear, 25 to 67 T., advancing by one tooth. +C Intermediate Gear, 171 T. +C1 Builder Motion Driving Sprocket Gear, 8 T. +D Front Roll Twist Gear, 108 and 92 T., Single Line Bottom Roll. + Head End Stud Gear, 108 T., Double Line l Bottom Rolls. +D1 Head End Stud Change Gear, 23, 27, 32 and 36 T. +E Front Roll Change Gear, 36, 32, 27 and 23 T. +E1 Front Roll Gear, 39 T. +E2 Front Roll, 1-1/2 in. dia. +F Back Roll Intermediate Gear, 48 T. +G Back Roll Gear, 40 T. +G1 Back Roll, 1-1/2 in. dia. +H Top Roll, 2-1/2 in. dia. +I Whorl, 7/8 in., 1-1/8 in., 1-3/8 in., 1-5/8 in. and 2-1/2 in. dia. +J Carrier Sprocket Gear, 10 T. +K Builder Motion Worm Shaft Sprocket Gear, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 + and 24 T., dependent upon the Number of Yarn. +L Carrier Sprocket Gear, 7 T. + +NOTE--For Letters A and I refer to Spinning Frame cut on page 161. + +{206} + +TWISTERS. + +TWIST CALCULATIONS. + +[Illustration] + +{207} + +[Illustration] + +In our production tables on pages 198 to 202 the allowance for +doffing, waste, etc., varies with the numbers of twisted yarn, the +percentage loss being greater for coarse than fine work. See pages 196 +and 197 for percentage deducted. + +{208} + +TWIST GEARING CONSTANTS FOR TWISTERS. + +1-1/2-IN. SINGLE LINE BOTTOM ROLLS. 7-IN. DIA. CYLINDER. + +[Illustration] + +Rule to find change gear: Divide Constant by Twist per inch required. + +{209} + +TWIST GEARING CONSTANTS FOR TWISTERS. + +1-1/2-IN. DOUBLE LINE BOTTOM ROLLS. 8-IN. DIA. CYLINDER. + +[Illustration] + +Rule to find change gear: Divide Constant by Twist per inch required. + +{210} + +TWIST TABLE FOR TWISTERS. + +1-1/2 IN. SINGLE LINE BOTTOM ROLLS. FRONT ROLL GEAR, 108. +1-1/8 IN. DIA. WHIRL ON SPINDLE. + +[Illustration] + +{211} + +TWIST TABLE FOR TWISTERS. + +1-1/2 IN. SINGLE LINE BOTTOM ROLLS. FRONT ROLL GEAR, 108. +1-3/8 IN. DIA. WHIRL ON SPINDLE. + +[Illustration] + +{212} + +TWIST TABLE FOR TWISTERS. + +1-1/2 IN. SINGLE LINE BOTTOM ROLLS. FRONT ROLL GEAR, 108. +1-5/8 IN. DIA. WHIRL ON SPINDLE. + +[Illustration] + +{213} + +TWIST TABLE FOR TWISTERS. + +1-1/2 IN. SINGLE LINE BOTTOM ROLLS. 8 IN. DIA. CYLINDER. +2-1/2 IN. DIA. WHIRL ON SPINDLE. + +[Illustration] + +{214} + +TWIST TABLE FOR TWISTERS. + +1-1/2 IN. DOUBLE LINE BOTTOM ROLLS. 8 IN. DIA. CYLINDER. +1-5/8 IN. DIA. WHIRL ON SPINDLE. HEAD END STUD GEAR, 108 T. + +[Illustration] + +NOTE--D1 = Head End Stud Change Gear. + E = Front Roll Change Gear. + Ratio Whirl to Cylinder Speed, 4.643. + +{215} + +TWIST TABLE FOR TWISTERS. + +1-1/2 IN. DOUBLE LINE BOTTOM ROLLS. 8 IN. DIA. CYLINDER. +2-1/2 IN. DIA. WHIRL ON SPINDLE. +HEAD END STUD GEAR, 108. + +[Illustration] + +NOTE-D1 = Head End Stud Change Gear. +E = Front Roll Change Gear. +Ratio Whirl to Cylinder Speed, 3.095. + +{216} + +TWIST TABLES FOR 2 PLY. + +[Illustration] + +{217} + +TWIST TABLES FOR 3 PLY. + +[Illustration] + +{218} + +TWIST TABLES FOR 4 PLY. + +[Illustration] + +{219} + +TWIST TABLES FOR 5 PLY. + +[Illustration] + +{220} + +TWIST TABLES FOR 6 PLY. + +[Illustration] + +{221} + +{222} + +[Illustration] +CONE WINDER + +{223} + +CONE AND TUBE WINDERS. + +Although these machines are adapted to the winding of all kinds of +yarns, they are especially good for soft hosiery and underwear yarns +which should be handled so as to retain their full strength and +elasticity. + +OPEN WIND--This feature of our machine, together with its general +improved construction, enables it to wind the most delicate yarns. The +open wind with its irregular coils is of great advantage, as +stretching of the yarn is avoided and it unwinds freely in the +knitting process. + +CONE AND PARALLEL WIND--These machines are built for winding either +cones or parallel tubes, from cops, bobbins, spools or skeins. + +STOP MOTIONS--These are applied to all machines. The Detector Holders +and Drop Wires are supplied for one or more ply, as required. When a +thread breaks, the individual drum stops, thus preventing waste or +single. The Stop Motions are quick and positive, and the piecing up is +very easily done. + +FRAMING AND CONSTRUCTION--The Winders are strong and durable. No wood +is used in their construction, except for the top shelves and Friction +Boards. All gearing is cut. The Casing-off Plates on each side are +hinged, which facilitates cleaning. + +UNIFORM TENSION--The conical and parallel Mandrels are driven by +friction from the drums, and consequently the increase in diameter of +the cones or tubes does not alter the tension on the yarn. + +IMPROVED MANDRELS--These fit firmly in the paper cones at both ends. +The cones are very easily removed, and although they may vary in size +or shape, any irregularities are taken care of by the Mandrels. + +IMPROVED REVERSING MOTION--The durability of Winders and the uniformity +of the winding depends {224} to a great extent on the accuracy and +wearing qualities of the Reversing Motion. The cam and bowl in this +motion are of hardened steel, and the cam runs in oil. + +Our Motion gives an instantaneous reversal, and prevents the throwing +over of the yarn at the ends, ensuring a perfectly shaped cone or +parallel Tube. + +ADJUSTABLE TRAVERSE--The length of the traverse can be adjusted from 4 +in. to 6 in. by a very simple method. + +AVAILABLE SPEED TRAVERSE--By means of a change gear on the Main Driving +Shaft, the ratio of the speed of the traverse to the speed of the drum +can be altered. A ratio which is best suited to coarse yarn is not the +best for fine yarn. The work which these machines are called upon to +do may vary from winding very coarse ply yarns to fine single yarns, +and a variable speed traverse is of advantage. + +DRIVING PULLEYS--These are 18 in. dia., 2-1/2 in. face, Tight and +Loose, and usually make 100 to 125 revs., according to the class of +work. + +PRODUCTION--Based on 125 revs. of Driving Pulleys, with 20 per cent +allowance for stops, the production per drum per week of 60 hours +figures 500 hanks (hanks/number of yarn = lbs.) + +FLOOR PLAN OF CONE WINDER + +[Illustration] + +Machines are 42 in. wide and are usually built with 100 drums, 36 ft. +8-1/2 in. over all (including driving pulleys) but other lengths can +be made. Deduct 8-1/4 in. for each two drums less than 100. + +{225} + +[Illustration] +CONE WINDER + +ALPHABETICAL REFERENCES TO DRAWING + +A Driving Pulley, 18 in. dia. x 2-1/2 in. face. + Usual speed, 100 to 125 r. p. m. +A1 Cone Driving Double Band Pulley. +B Cone. + +NOTE--One rev. of Driving Shaft equals 2.76 revs. of Cone. + +{226} + +WARPERS. + +One 54-in. Cylinder Warper (with large dia. Cylinder) occupies a space +of 7 ft. x 3 ft. 6 in. with 24-in. beam head. + +The floor space of creels varies considerably. An ordinary Warper with +creel requires a space of about 8 ft. x 13 to 14 ft. + +Driving Pulleys 10 in. x 2 in. + +Cylinders of Warpers are run from 30 to 40 revs. per minute, depending +on the class of work. + +We give below production table based on 36 revs. of Cylinder (Pulleys +196 revs.) per minute. In this table 33 per cent. has been deducted +for stoppages. + +[Illustration] + +{227} + +{228} + +[Illustration] +CYLINDER SIZING MACHINE OR SLASHER + +{229} + +SLASHERS. + +The Slasher System of Sizing was invented by Mr. James Bullough, and +Slashers were first made and put on the market by Howard & Bullough, +Ltd. + +The advent of the Slasher, dispensing as it did with the old systems +of Sizing, is recognized as one of the greatest inventions of the age. +Probably no other invention was ever taken up and supplanted other +systems with such rapidity as that of the Slasher, in every cotton +manufacturing country. Although Slashers are now made by others, the +Howard & Bullough machine still keeps the lead, and improvements are +being continually added. + +NEW PATTERNS--The machines are now made from new patterns with extra +heavy framing, with broad flanges, planed edges, and milled +doubled-flanged joints, giving great strength and solidity. All +seatings, cross-rails, principal brackets and fixings are planed or +milled. + +HEADSTOCKS--These are made in three lengths, Short (8 ft. 6 in.), +Medium (10 ft. 4 in.) and Long (12 ft. 2 in.), and are complete with +Fan, Conducting Rollers, Polished Dividing Rods, quick and accurate +Yarn Marker, Expanding and Contracting Comb, Spring Bearings for +preventing the breaking of yarn when starting the machine, Triple +Speed Change Gears, Slow Motion arrangement, Side Shaft, and Gearing +to Copper Size Rollers, Patent Yarn Beam Friction and Patent Revolving +Yarn Beam Presser. + +PATENT YARN BEAM FRICTION--With four frictional surfaces. These +Frictions have more than double the friction surface of the older +styles, and give considerably more power and are proving the most +efficient Frictions ever invented. + +SLOW MOTION DRIVING--This enables the Slasher to be run at a very slow +speed, instead of being entirely stopped whilst doffing, etc., thus +preventing the burning or spoiling of yarn whilst under the squeezing +rollers in the size box. {230} + +COPPER CYLINDERS--Made from best Copper Sheets well and evenly rolled +by machinery, so as to give a perfectly smooth drying surface, with +Ends or Heads made of Steel plates. Cylinder Shafts run on +Anti-Friction Bowls, and are provided with Pressure Gauge, Safety and +Reducing Valves, and Steam Traps. + +SIZE BOX--With two Heavy Seamless Copper Rollers, with Brass Glands and +Brass Bushes. The Ends of these Rollers run in Brass Steps in +Pedestals supported by Tables which are cast to the outside of the +Size Box. + +Size Box also contains perforated Copper Boiling Pipe, Seamless Copper +Immersion Roller, with adjustable Racks and Motion, Brass and Tin +Conducting Rollers, and Brass Taps. + +CREELS--These are usually made for 6 Beams, but are made for more if +required, and have Adjustable Bearings. Three sizes are made, 22-3/8 +in., 25-1/2 in. and 27 in. between centers. The latter for Beam Heads +up to 26 in. dia. + +We also apply, when ordered, any of the following: + +Patent Traversing Yarn Beam Presser. + +Patent Expanding Double Yarn Beam Presser. + +Patent Yarn Tension Arrangement to Size Box for enabling the size to +better penetrate the Yarns. + +Positive Driving Arrangement to Cylinders for Fine Yarns or small +number of ends. + +Extra Carrying Rolls and Stands. + +PRODUCTION--One Slasher will supply from 150 to 600 Looms, according to +the class of work; about 300 is the average. + +DRIVING PULLEYS--Are on Right Hand side of Head-stock (when facing +same), 13 in. dia., 3 in. face, T. & L. Slow Motion Pulley is 1 in. +face, making 7 in. in width for the three Pulleys. + +SPEEDS--170 to 210 R. P. M. + +{231} + +FLOOR SPACE--Dimensions of Standard machines with Short Headstock (8 +ft. 6 in.) and 6-Beam Creel, 23-1/2 in. or 27 in. centers, the latter +for Beam Heads up to 26 in. dia. ; 9/8 wide, for Warper Beams 54 in. +wide between Heads, Drying Surface of Cylinders, 56-1/2 in. + +6 ft. dia. Cylinder 31 ft. 0 in. x 8 ft. 6 in. + (Width is 8 ft. 11 in. over extreme projections in Headstock + when Cannon Shaft is extended.) +7 ft. dia. Cylinder 33 ft. 4 in. x 8 ft. 6 in. +66 in. and 40 in. dia. Cylinders 33 ft. 4 in. x 8 ft. 6 in. +6 ft. and 4 ft. dia. Cylinders 33 ft. 10 in. x 8 ft. 6 in. +7 ft. and 4 ft. dia. Cylinders 34 ft. 10 in. x 8 ft. 6 in. +7 ft. and 5 ft. dia. Cylinders 37 ft. 10 in. x 8 ft. 6 in. + +Add for each additional two Beams in Creel, 3 ft. 4-1/2 in. +Add for Medium Headstock 1 ft. 10 in. +Add for Long Headstock 3 ft. 8 in. + +LOOM BEAMS--Slashers 9/8 wide, as described above, will take Loom Beams +up to 64 in. long over all, or up to 70 in. by using Cranked Cannon +Shaft Brackets. + +WIDER SLASHERS--These are made up to 12/4 wide, for widths of yarn as +follows: +9/8 6/4 7/4 8/4 9/4 10/4 11/4 12/4 +54 in. 60 in. 66 in. 72 in. 78 in. 84 in. 90 in. 96 in. + +Add to the width of machines, as given above, 6 in. for each extra +width over 9/8. + +SPECIAL MACHINES--Are made with Extra Wide or Extra Long Heads and many +other attachments for Special Work, also with AIR DRYING instead of +Cylinders. + +{232} + +APPROXIMATE SHIPPING WEIGHTS OF MACHINES + Pounds +Hopper Bale Opener 5,000 +Self-feeding Opener 6,000 to 6,500 +Single Beater Breaker Lapper 8,500 to 9,500 +Self-feeding Opener and Single Beater Breaker 15,000 to 16,000 +Single Beater Intermediate or Finisher 8,500 +Double Beater Intermediate or Finisher 13,000 +Revolving Flat Card 7,000 +Drawing Frame, per delivery 700 +Slubbing Frame, 60 spdls., 12 in. x 6 in. 9,250 +Intermediate Frame, 96 spdls., 10 in. x 5 in. 10,000 +Roving Frame, 144 spdls., 8 in. x 4 in. 11,500 +Roving Frame, 160 spdls., 7 in. x 3-1/2 in. 11,250 +Jack Frame, 184 spdls., 6 in. x 3 in. 11,250 +Spinning Frame, 224 spdls., 2-3/4 in. Ga. 6,250 +Spinning Frame, 204 spdls., 3 in. Ga. 6,250 +Spinning Frame, 192 spdls., 3-1/4 in. Ga. 6,250 +Twister, 220 spdls., 3 in. Ga. 7,000 +Twister, 192 spdls., 3-1/4 in. Ga. 7,300 +Twister, 160 spdls., 4 in. Ga. 6,800 +Twister, 132 spdls., 5 in. Ga. 6,700 +Cone Winder, 100 Drums 7,500 + +{233} + +ENGLISH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF COTTON YARN. + +24 Grains = l Pennyweight (Dwt. Troy). + +437.5 Grains = 1 Ounce (Avoirdupois). + +16 oz. = 7,000 Grains = l Pound (Avoirdupois). + +1-1/2 Yards = 54 in. = 1 thread or circumference of Cotton Reel. + +120 Yards = 80 threads = l Skein. + +840 Yards = 560 threads = 7 skeins = 1 Hank. + +The number of Hanks in 1 lb. is the number of the yarn. + +7,000 grains (1 lb.) divided by the weight in grains of 1 Hank + (840 Yards) = the number of yarn. + +It is unnecessary and inconvenient to measure and weigh a full hank, +and a lesser number of yards are usually taken. 120 yards for yarn, +and 12 yards for Roving are common, and the Dividends for these are +given in the following table. + +DIVIDEND TABLE +Yards Dividends +1 8.33 +2 16.66 +3 25.00 +4 33.33 +5 41.66 +6 50.00 +7 58.33 +8 66.66 +9 75.00 +10 83.33 +12 100.00 +30 250.00 +60 500.00 +120 1000.00 +840 7600.00 + +RULES + +Divide 7,000 (Grains in 1 lb.) by 840 (yards in 1 Hank) = + dividend for 1 yd., 8.33. + +Dividend/by weight in grains = Hank. + +Dividend/by Hank = Weight in Grains. + +EXAMPLES--If 1 yard of Card Sliver weighs 55 Grains, what Hank is it? +Divide the dividend for 1 yard (8.33) by 55 = .151 Hank. + +What should 120 yds. of No. 25s yarn weigh? Divide the dividend for +120 yards (1,000) by 25 = 40 grains. + +{234} + +GENERAL RULES WITH EXAMPLES. +TO FIND THE DRAFT BETWEEN TWO ROLLS. + +[Illustration] +{235} + +[Illustration] +{236} + +[Illustration] + +{237} + +CLASSIFICATION OF COTTON ADOPTED BY THE NEW YORK COTTON EXCHANGE. +QUARTER GRADES IN USE AFTER MARCH 10, 1910. + +Grades Quarter Grades + +Fair. +Strict Middling Fair. +Middling Fair. + + Barely Middling Fair. +Strict Good Middling. + + Fully Good Middling. +Good Middling. + + Barely Good Middling. +Strict Middling. + + Barely Middling. +Middling (Basis). +Strict Low Middling. + + Fully Low Middling. +Low Middling. +Strict Good Ordinary. +Good Ordinary. +Strict Good Middling Tinged. +Good Middling Tinged. +Strict Middling Tinged. +Middling Tinged. +Strict Low Middling Tinged. +Low Middling Tinged. +Middling Stained. + +{238} + +APPROXIMATE POWER REQUIRED BY COTTON MACHINERY. + + Horse-power +Hopper Bale Opener 3 +Hopper Feeder 1-1/2 +Self-feeding Opener 3 +Single Beater Breaker Lapper, with Cage Section 6 +Single Beater Breaker Lapper, with Gauge Box and Condenser 7-1/2 +Combined Self-feeding Opener and Single Beater Breaker Lapper 9 +Single Beater Intermediate or Finisher Lapper 4 +Two Beater Intermediate or Finisher Lapper 7-1/2 +Thread Extractor with Condenser 1-1/2 +No. 6 Fan 5 +Revolving Flat Card-Production, 450 lbs. per week 3/4 +Revolving Flat Card-Production, 700 lbs. per week 1 +Revolving Flat Card-Production, 1,000 lbs. per week 1-1/4 +Sliver Lap Machine 1/2 +Ribbon Lap Machine 1 +Comber--6-Head 1/2 +Comber--8-Head 2/3 +Drawing Frames, Ordinary Rolls, 6 delvs. per 1 +Drawing Frames, Metallic Rolls, 5 delvs. per 1 +Slubbing Frame, 45 spdls. per 1 +Intermediate Frame, 55 spdls. per 1 +Roving Frame, 85 spdls. per 1 +Jack or Fine Roving Frame, 100 spdls. per 1 + +Spinning Frame, Warp yarns +16s and coarser, 70 spdls. per 1 +22s, 75 spdls. per 1 +40s, 80 spdls. per 1 + +{239} + +60s, 90 spdls. per 1 +80s, 100 spdls. per 1 + +Spinning Frame, Filling Yarns. +16s and coarser, 110 spdls. per 1 +22s, 90 spdls. per 1 +28s, 85 spdls. per 1 +40s, 90 spdls. per 1 +70s, 100 spdls. per 1 +90s, 110 spdls. per 1 +Twister, 40 to 100 spdls. per 1 +Cone Winder, 65 Drums per 1 +Mule Spinning, 90 to 125 spdls. per 1 +Spoolers, 150 to 250 spdls. per 1 +Warper 1/4 +Ball Warper 1/2 +Slasher 1-1/2 +Plain Loom, 40 in. 1/4 +Wide Loom, 92 in. 1 +Reel, 50 spdls. 5 +Brusher and Shearer 3 +Cloth Folder 1/3 + +NOTE--The above figures are only approximate, and give a fair average +of the power taken to drive the various machines. The speed, +production and many other conditions affect the power consumed. + +{240} + +BELTING REQUIRED FOR VARIOUS MACHINES + +For convenience in calculating the quantity of belting required when +equipping a mill or ordering supplies, the following lists have been +prepared. Actual lengths are stated, no allowance being made for lap +of belts or for splicing bands. All widths shown are for single belts. + +HOPPER BALE OPENER. + + Main Belt, 3 in.--8 ft. 6 in. of 2 in. (for 1 Belt). + +SELF-FEEDING OPENER WITH 18-IN. RIGID BEATER FOR TRUNKING CONNECTION. + + Main Belt, 3-1/2 in.--29 ft. 4 in. of 2 in. (for 3 Belts). + +SELF-FEEDING OPENER WITH 30-IN. CYLINDER ARRANGED FOR TRUNKING CONNECTION. + + Main Belt, 3-1/2 in.--30 ft. 5 in. of 2 in. (for 3 Belts). + +SELF-FEEDING OPENER (18-IN. RIGID BEATER) WITH ONE BEATER BREAKER LAPPER. + Main Belt, 5 in. 33 ft. 5 in. of 3-1/2 in. (for 2 Belts). + 59 ft. 5 in. of 2 in. (for 6 Belts). + +SELF-FEEDING OPENER (30-IN. CYLINDER) WITH ONE BEATER BREAKER LAPPER. + Main Belt, 5 in. 33 ft. 10 in. of 3-1/2 in. (for 2 Belts). + 60 ft. 6 in. of 2 in. (for 6 Belts). + +SELF-FEEDING OPENER (18-IN. RIGID BEATER) WITH TWO BEATER BREAKER LAPPER. + Main Belt, 6 in. 56 ft. 11 in. of 3-1/2 in. (for 3 Belts). + 71 ft. 0 in. of 2 in. (for 7 Belts). + +SELF-FEEDING OPENER (30-IN. CYLINDER) WITH TWO BEATER BREAKER LAPPER. + Main Belt, 6 in. 58 ft. 3 in. of 3-1/2 in. (for 3 Belts). + 72 ft. 1 in. of 2 in. (for 7 Belts). + +ONE BEATER BREAKER LAPPER WITH GAUGE BOX AND CONDENSER. + Main Belt, 5 in. 15 ft. 3 in. of 3-1/2 in. (for 1 Belt). + 32 ft. 1 in. of 2 in. (for 3 Belts). + 12 ft. 8 in. of 1-1/2 in. (for 1 Belt). + +TWO BEATER BREAKER LAPPER WITH GAUGE BOX AND CONDENSER. + Main Belt, 6 in. 33 ft. 5 in. of 3-1/2 in. (for 2 Belts). + 40 ft. 7 in. of 2 in. (for 4 Belts). + 12 ft. 8 in. of 1-1/2 in. (for 1 Belt). + +{241} + +ONE BEATER BREAKER LAPPER WITH CAGE SECTION. + Main Belt, 5 in. 15 ft. 3 in. of 3-1/2 in. (for 1 Belt). + 33 ft. 2 in. of 2 in. (for 3 Belts). + +TWO BEATER BREAKER LAPPER WITH CAGE SECTION. + Main Belt, 6 in. 33 ft. 5 in. of 3-1/2 in. (for 2 Belts). + 41 ft. 8 in. of 2 in. (for 4 Belts). + +ONE BEATER INTERMEDIATE OR FINISHER LAPPER. + Main Belt, 4 in. 15 ft. 3 in. of 3-1/2. in. (for 1 Belt). + 17 ft. 10 in. of 2 in. (for 2 Belts). + 4 ft. 6 in. of 1 in. (for 1 Belt). + +TWO BEATER INTERMEDIATE OR FINISHER LAPPER. + Main Belt, 5 in. 33 ft. 5 in. of 3-1/2 in. (for 2 Belts). + 29 ft. 5 in. of 2 in. (for 3 Belts). + 4 ft. 6 in. of 1 in. (for 1 Belt). + +REVOLVING FLAT CARD. + Main Belt, 3 in. + Without Slow Motion. + 14 ft. 7 in. of 2 in. (for 2 Belts). + 13 ft. 2 in. of l-1/2 in. (for 1 Belt). + 22 ft. 9 in. of 5/16 in. dia. cotton Banding (for 3 Bands). + With Slow Motion. + 14 ft. 7 in. of 2 in. (for 2 Belts). + 23 ft. 4 in. of 1 in. (for 2 Belts). + 22 ft. 9 in. of 5/16 in. dia. cotton Banding (for 3 Bands). + +DRAWING FRAME. + Main Belt, 3 in. to 4 in.--9 ft. 9 in. of 1-1/2-in. belt + required for each Head. + +SLUBBING, INTERMEDIATE AND ROVING FRAMES. + Main Belt, 3 in. 11-in. or 12-in. lift: 7 ft. 3 in. of 2-in. + belt (for Cone Drums). + + 9-in. or la-in. lift: 6 ft. 8 in. of 2-in. belt (for Cone Drums). + + 8-in. lift: 5 ft. 11 in. of 2-in. belt (for Cone Drums). + + 6-in. or 7-in. lift: 5 ft. 8 in. of 2-in. belt (for Cone Drums). + +RING SPINNING FRAME AND TWISTER. + Main Bell, 3 in. + +CONE WINDER. + Main Belt, 2-1/2 in. + +{242} + +SHAFTING. + +HORSE-POWER TRANSMITTED BY COLD ROLLED SHAFTING. +FIRST MOVERS OR HEAD SHAFTS WELL SUPPORTED BY BEARINGS. + +[Illustration] + +The above table is figured by the following rule: Multiply the cube of +the diameter of the shaft by the revolutions per minute and divide by +100. + +{243} + +The table on the opposite page applies to head shafts supported by +bearings close to each side of the main pulley so as to wholly guard +against the transverse strain. + +To find the diameter of shaft necessary to carry safely the main +pulley at the center of a bay, use the table given below in connection +with the one on the opposite page. + +[Illustration] + +{244} + +SHAFTING. + +HORSE-POWER TRANSMITTED BY COLD ROLLED SHAFTING. SECOND MOVERS OR LINE +SHAFTS WITH BEARINGS 8 FEET APART. + +[Illustration] + +The above table is figured by the following rule: Multiply the cube of +the diameter of the shaft by the revolutions per minute and divide by +50. + +{245} + +The table on the opposite page applies to Line Shafts with bearings 8 +feet apart. To find the proper diameter for Line Shafts with bearings +any other distance apart, multiply the diameter given in the table on +the opposite page by the Constant Number corresponding to the distance +between bearings in the table below. + +[Illustration] + +{246} + +HORSE-POWER OF SINGLE BELTS. + +PULLEYS--100 R. P. M.--BELT CONTACT 1/2 CIRCUM. + +[Illustration] + +NOTE--The above table is based on one Horse-power per inch of width for +each 800 feet per minute belt speed. The horse-power for other pulley +speeds in proportion. + +{247} + +HORSE-POWER OF DOUBLE BELTS. + +PULLEYS--100 R. P. M.--BELT CONTACT 1/2 CIRCUM. + +[Illustration] + +NOTE--The above table is based on one Horse-power per inch of width for +each 500 feet per minute belt speed. The horse-power for other pulley +speeds in proportion. + +{248} + +HORSE-POWER OF DOUBLE BELTS. + +PULLEYS--100 R. P. M.--BELT CONTACT 1/2 CIRCUM. + +[Illustration] + +NOTE--The above table is based on one Horse-power per inch of width +for each 500 feet per minute belt speed. The horse-power for other +pulley speeds in proportion. + +{249} + +USEFUL CONSTANTS, ETC. + +1 pint of water weighs a pound and a quarter. + +1 gal. of water = .1605 cu. ft. = 10 lb. of water at 62 degrees F. + +1 knot = 6080 ft. = 1.15 statute miles. + +1 lb. (avoirdupois) = 7,000 grains = 453.6 grammes. + +1 lb. (Troy) = 5,760 grains. + +1 English h. p. = 33,000 ft. lbs. of work done per min. = 746 watts. + +1 French h. p. or force de cheval = 4,500 kilogram metres per min. = + .9863 English h. p. + +1 English h. p. = 1.01385 French force de cheval. + +1 board of trade electrical unit = 1,000 watts per hour. + +Volts X amperes = watts. + +The pressure of one atmosphere = 14.7 lbs. per sq. in. = 2,116 lbs. + per sq. ft. = a column of mercury 760 m/m high. + +A column of water 2.3 ft. high corresponds to a pressure of + 1 lb. per sq. in. + +Cubic inches of cast iron X 0.26 = lbs. avoirdupois. + +Cubic inches of wrought iron X 0.28 = lbs. avoirdupois. + +Thickness of wrought iron plate in inches X 40 = lbs. per sq. ft. + +Sectional area of wrought iron in inches X 3.34 = lbs. per lineal ft. + +Dia. of wrought iron in inches squared X 2.64 = lbs. per lineal ft. + + +CIRCUMFERENCES OF CIRCLES, ADVANCING BY 8THS. + +[Illustration] + +Circum. of a circle = dia. X 3.1416 + +MENSURATION OF SURFACES, SOLIDS, ETC. + +Area of triangle = base X half the perpendicular height. + +Area of circle = dia.[squared] X 0.7854. + +Circum. of circle = dia. X 3.14159. + +Circum. of circle X .31831 = the dia. + +Dia. of circle X .8862 = the side of an equal square. + +Side of a square X 1.12837 = the dia. of equal circle. + +Square root of an area X 1.12837 = the dia. of equal circle. + +Surface of cylinder = area of both ends + length X circum. + +Surface of cone = area of base + 1/2 (slant height X circum. of base). + +Surface of sphere = dia. squared X 3.14159. + +Solidity of sphere = dia. cubed X .5236. + +Solidity of cylinder = area of one end X length. + +{250} + +DATA ON MANILA TRANSMISSION ROPE. +(AMERICAN MFG. CO.) + +[Illustration] + +Weight of transmission rope = .34 X dia.2 + +Breaking strength = 7,000 X dia.2 + +Maximum allowable tension = 200 X dia.2 + +Dia. smallest practicable sheave. = 36 X dia. + +Velocity of rope (assumed) = 5,400 ft. per minute. + +{251} + +HORSE-POWER TRANSMITTED BY MANILA ROPE. + +[Illustration] +SAG OF MANILA ROPE ON DRIVING AND SLACK SIDES. + +[Illustration] + +{252} + +NUMBER OF RING AND MULE SPINDLES IN UNITED STATES. +(DEPART. OF COMMERCE AND LABOR REPORT, 1908.) + + Ring Mule Total +Maine 764,064 214,124 978,188 +New Hampshire 1,045,283 275,220 1,320,503 +Vermont 80,688 26,636 107,324 +Massachusetts 7,060,977 2,385,403 9,446,380 +Rhode Island 1,456,471 931,626 2,388,105 +Connecticut 789,860 450,436 1,240,296 +New York 474,154 454,162 928,316 +Pennsylvania 134,268 134,042 268,310 +New Jersey 108,690 338,339 447,029 +Maryland 151,000 151,000 +Virginia 289,639 5,940 295,579 +North Carolina 2,852,540 91,864 2,944,404 +South Carolina 3,700,974 12,032 3,713,006 +Alabama 931,030 8,912 939,942 +Georgia 1,694,768 98,022 1,792,790 +Louisiana 82,252 7,300 89,552 +Mississippi 173,111 105 173,216 +Kentucky 58,580 27,120 85,700 +Tennessee 253,448 11,750 265,198 +Texas 103,708 3,216 106,924 +Indiana 121,047 16,230 137,277 +All other States 128,772 16,576 145,348 +Total 22,455,332 5,509,055 27,964,387 + +{253} + +WORLD'S COTTON SPINDLES. +(DEPART. OF COMMERCE AND LABOR REPORT, 1908.) + +United States 27,964,387 +Europe: + + United Kingdom 52,817,582 + + Germany 9,882,505 + + Russia 7,855,210 + + France 6,731,316 + + Italy 4,181,000 + + Austria-Hungary 4,026,460 + + Spain 1,850,000 + + Switzerland 1,493,012 + + Belgium 1,162,041 + + Portugal 450,000 + + Netherlands 396,160 + + Sweden 390,000 + + Denmark 77,644 + + Norway 74,936 + + All other Europe 185,000 + +British India 5,699,898 + +Japan 1,550,929 + +China 750,000 + +Brazil 1,300,000 + +Mexico 730,000 + +Canada 795,293 + +Other countries 150,000 + +Total 130,513,373 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Illustrated Catalogue of Cotton +Machinery, by Howard & Bullough American Machine Company, Ltd. + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COTTON MACHINERY *** + +***** This file should be named 38301.txt or 38301.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/3/0/38301/ + +Produced by Don Kostuch + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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