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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Henrietta Maria, by Henrietta Haynes
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Henrietta Maria
+
+
+Author: Henrietta Haynes
+
+
+
+Release Date: December 13, 2011  [eBook #38294]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HENRIETTA MARIA***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Alex Gam, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 38294-h.htm or 38294-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38294/38294-h/38294-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38294/38294-h.zip)
+
+
+Transciber's note:
+
+      Scribal abbreviations are depicted as "v[~re]" when in the
+      original the tilde appeared above the letters enclosed in
+      brackets.
+
+      The carat character (^) indicates that the following letter
+      is superscripted (example: advancem^t). If two or more
+      letters are superscripted they are enclosed in curly brackets
+      (example: Ma^{tie}).
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: HENRIETTA MARIA
+
+FROM THE PAINTING BY VAN DYCK AT WINDSOR]
+
+
+
+
+HENRIETTA MARIA
+
+by
+
+HENRIETTA HAYNES
+
+With Twelve Illustrations
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons
+London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.
+1912
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+A bibliography of the sources from which this book has been written would
+extend to many pages: much information has been derived from the
+collections of MSS. preserved in Paris in the Bibliothèque Nationale, in
+the Archives Nationales, and in the Bibliothèque Mazarine; from the
+valuable series of Roman Transcripts in the Public Record Office, London;
+from the curious and interesting documents in the archives of the See of
+Westminster, and from the newspapers and pamphlets which form a branch of
+the literature of the Civil War.
+
+I have to express my thanks to His Eminence Cardinal Bourne, who kindly
+permitted me to consult the archives of the See of Westminster and to print
+three of the documents in the Appendix; to Mr. Edward Armstrong, Provost of
+Queen's College, Oxford, and to the Rev. H. Thurston, S.J., who have given
+me much help and advice; to the nuns of the Convent of the Visitation,
+Harrow-on-the-Hill, who lent me the rare _Vie de la Ven. Mère Louise
+Eugénie de la Fontaine_; and, finally, to my friend, Miss H. M. Morris, who
+with unwearied kindness read through nearly the entire MS. of the book, and
+helped me much by her criticisms and suggestions.
+
+
+
+
+ERRATA
+
+
+  Page 65, line  7. For "complimentary" read "complementary."
+    "  66,   "  24. For "neither of whom" read "who, neither of them."
+    "  69,   "  14. For "were" read "was."
+    "  72,   "  16. For "new" read "own."
+    "  77,   "   7. Omit "to" between "turns" and "a street."
+    "  77,   "  32. For "imaginares" read "imaginaires."
+    " 110, note  1. For "Anglicans" read "Anglicanus."
+    " 138,   "   1. For "Anglians" read "Anglicanus."
+    " 155, line 28. For "In" read "For."
+    " 155, note  2. For "Corznet" read "Coignet."
+    " 155,   "   2. For "Bahn" read "Baker."
+    " 227,   "   1. For "Magasin" read "Mazarine."
+    " 244,   "   2. For "trois" read  "train."
+    " 275,   "   2. For "Lovel" read "Loret."
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+  CHAPTER                                      PAGE
+
+        Introduction                             xi
+
+     I. The Daughter of France                    1
+
+    II. The Bride of England                     28
+
+   III. The Queen of the Courtiers               61
+
+    IV. The Queen of the Catholics               92
+
+     V. The Queen's Converts                    130
+
+    VI. The Eve of the War. I                   141
+
+   VII. The Eve of the War. II                  167
+
+  VIII. The Queen and the War. I                193
+
+    IX. The Queen and the War. II               217
+
+     X. The Queen of the Exiles                 252
+
+    XI. The Foundress of Chaillot               276
+
+   XII. The End                                 302
+
+        Appendix                                321
+
+        Index                                   331
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+  HENRIETTA MARIA                                          _Frontispiece._
+       From the painting by Van Dyck at Windsor
+                          (From a photo by F. Hanfstaengl)
+
+                                                              FACING PAGE
+
+  HENRY IV                                                             18
+        From an engraving after the picture by Francis Pourbus
+
+  CARDINAL PIERRE DE BÉRULLE                                           32
+        From an engraving
+
+  OLD SOMERSET HOUSE                                                   68
+        From an engraving after an ancient painting in Dulwich College
+
+  CHARLES I AND HENRIETTA MARIA                                        90
+        From the painting by Van Dyck in the Gallerìa Pitti, Florence
+                           (From a photo by G. Brogi)
+
+  THE DUCHESS OF CHEVREUSE                                            146
+        After the picture by Moreelse, once in the possession of Charles I
+
+  CARDINAL DE RICHELIEU                                               168
+        From a portrait by Phillippe de Champaigne
+                            (From a photo by Neurdein)
+
+  THE QUEEN'S DEPARTURE FROM HOLLAND                                  200
+        From an engraving
+
+  SIR KENELM DIGBY                                                    232
+        From an engraving after the painting by Van Dyck
+
+  HENRY JERMYN, EARL OF ST. ALBANS                                    260
+        From an engraving
+
+  HENRIETTA MARIA                                                     278
+        From an engraving
+
+  THE RUE ST. ANTOINE, PARIS (SHOWING THE CHAPEL OF THE VISITANDINES) 304
+        From an engraving by Ivan Merlen
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+The woman to whose life and environment the following pages are dedicated
+was called upon to play her part in one of the most difficult and
+perplexing periods of our history: she lived just on the edge of the modern
+world, when the Middle Ages, with their splendid simplicity of
+all-embracing ideals, had passed away, and when even the ideals of
+nationality and religious freedom which the Renaissance and the Reformation
+had brought were becoming modified by the stirring of a new spirit of
+liberty. The two countries which Henrietta Maria knew were throughout her
+lifetime making their future destiny: the France which cherished her youth
+and sheltered her age was becoming the greedy France of Louis XIV, with its
+splendid Court, its attempts at territorial growth, its downtrodden,
+suffering people; the England of her happy married life was growing in
+political self-consciousness and in a stern and repellent godliness which
+was to mould the character of the nation, and to educate it to become in
+the next century the builder-up of the greatest empire which the world has
+ever seen.
+
+Henrietta's life touches both England and France: by race, by education she
+was a Frenchwoman; by marriage she was an Englishwoman, and it is on
+English history that she has left the impress of her vivid personality; but
+the France which she never forgot coloured her thoughts throughout, and
+taught her in all probability those maxims of statecraft which she
+attempted to apply when the troubles of her life came upon her.
+
+She was the daughter of Henry IV, the great restorer of the French
+monarchy, the champion of an unified France, embracing in wide toleration
+Catholic and Protestant alike: her youth witnessed the beginning of
+Richelieu's continuance of her father's work; under the auspices of the
+great Cardinal she was married, and though later her regard for him turned
+to hatred, yet the impress which his genius had left upon her mind was not
+thereby destroyed.
+
+But her marriage transported her to a very different scene. England, under
+the iron heel of the Tudor despotism, had been worn out by no wasting civil
+wars; even the Reformation had brought little disturbance, for Henry VIII,
+by his amazing force of character, had been able to carry through a
+religious revolution almost without the people being aware of it; but the
+long peace was teaching men to forget the horrors of war and division. By
+the time the crown of the great Elizabeth passed to her Scotch cousin,
+Englishmen had ceased to look to the monarchy as the centre of unity. There
+was no need of a Henry of Navarre to bind up the wounds of the country. The
+old factious nobility had for the most part been slain in the War of the
+Roses, and the peaceful generations which followed had allowed of the
+growth of a powerful upper and middle class, which, originally fostered by
+the Crown as a counterpoise to the decayed feudal nobility, was now
+aspiring to a large share in the ruling of the people.
+
+Henrietta wished to see her husband great and powerful, and she could not
+appreciate that the day of despotism which in France was beginning, in
+England was ending. Charles had not in him the stuff of greatness, but it
+is doubtful if even a Henry IV or a Richelieu could have put back the hands
+of the clock and realized her ambition. The despotism which was building up
+on the other side of the Channel in this country was tottering to its fall
+by the development of the intellect and character of the people. Henrietta
+clung to the ideals of the past instead of stretching out to meet the
+ideals of the future, and so her work failed even as did that of Strafford,
+in spite of his greatness.
+
+And this national development was connected with perhaps the most important
+aspect of the matter. The Civil War was, more fundamentally than anything
+else, a war of religion, another act in the great drama which had been
+played in France half a century earlier, and which was still being played
+in Germany. Henry VIII and Elizabeth seemed to have saved England from the
+common fate of Europe; but it was not so: they only delayed the strife and
+gave it a turn unknown elsewhere, adding to the disadvantages of the
+champion of tradition this last, that he was a renegade in the eyes of the
+party to which by the logic of history he belonged. To many of their
+enemies, perhaps to most of them in certain moods, Charles and Henrietta
+were not so much the hinderers of political freedom as the supporters of an
+alien and blasphemous system of religion. It was the peculiar fortune of
+England that it gained liberty by the lever of religion. But for the fear
+of Popery it is far from improbable that the nation would not have arisen
+to strike down thus violently the despotism of the Tudors. Rather, the
+monarchy might have been gradually transformed, and with a very different
+and more tardy result, by the character of the people. But Puritan England
+could not leave irresponsible power in the hands of a sovereign whose very
+Protestantism was not unimpeachable, and thus the victories which were won
+by sectarian enthusiasm resulted not in the advancement of a barren
+fanaticism, but in the sure laying of the foundations of the liberty of the
+people. In France, where, among many differences from England, there was
+this great one, that the people and the monarch were substantially agreed
+on religious matters, there was discontent, even rebellion, but there was
+no revolution, and the people was left for another century and a half to
+bear the accumulating load of its misery, until the burden became
+unbearable and was cast off with a shock from which Europe still trembles.
+
+Henrietta Maria's life was a failure. She failed to commend either her
+person, her religion, or her political ideals, and she brought her husband
+a degree of unpopularity which without her he might have escaped. Her
+circumstances were hard. She could not help being a Catholic, nor the fact
+that under her womanly softness lay the absolutism which was in the Bourbon
+blood. Like Charles, she was called upon to weather a storm which she had
+not raised, and she had not inherited with her father's temperament and
+charm his unrivalled political sagacity. Moreover, she had to win her
+private happiness by humouring a despotic and difficult-tempered man, and
+she could hardly be expected to recognize that that man, in marrying her,
+had made, on public grounds, the greatest mistake of his life. James I,
+whose ideas were always too large for his circumstances, had dreamed of
+securing England's place in the comity of nations by marrying his son to
+the daughter of one of the great Catholic houses. The result was not
+increased honour abroad, but hatred at home, such hatred as Henrietta in
+her early life was unable even to suspect. Accustomed in her own land to
+see Catholic and Protestant dwelling at least outwardly in peace together,
+knowing that the Catholic faith was professed at most of the Courts and
+among most of the peoples of Europe, she could not appreciate the
+insularity of the English mind which saw in every Catholic a political
+assassin wearing the colours of the Pope and the King of Spain; nor was she
+aware of the historical facts, which if they did not justify, at least
+explained this point of view. And as she failed to understand England, so
+she failed to understand Europe. The outstanding fact of continental
+politics was the long duel which was going on between France and the House
+of Austria. France was eventually to be the victor, but it was to be a hard
+struggle, and few were sharp-sighted enough to see in the splendid Spain of
+Philip IV the signs of a decadence which had already set in. But
+Henrietta's blindness was more than a dimness of sight, which she shared
+with Cromwell and others of the great ones of her age. It hid from her that
+which it was essential to her to know, namely, that this struggle underlay
+the whole policy of her native land. Thus she failed to understand the real
+causes of the enmity with which Richelieu came to regard her and her
+husband, and thus in later days she was unable to grasp the attitude of
+Mazarin, or to appreciate why it was impossible that he should give her the
+fullness of succour for which she asked.
+
+Had she been a Protestant and a woman of profound sagacity, she might have
+saved her husband. As it was, by her reckless defiance of forces whose
+strength she was unable to appreciate, she hurried him to his doom. She
+lived at a great moment, and she had no greatness to meet it. Herein alone
+is her condemnation. She has received more than her fair share of blame,
+for she has been made the scapegoat of Charles' faults. The tragedy of her
+fate rivals that of Mary Stuart or of Marie Antoinette, but she missed the
+historical felicity of a violent death, so that she has failed to touch the
+popular imagination. Had she done so, the most charming queen who ever sat
+upon the English throne, the daughter of the man whom France still adores,
+would have been saved from a verdict at the tribunal of posterity which, if
+not altogether unjust, is totally inadequate.
+
+
+
+
+HENRIETTA MARIA
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+THE DAUGHTER OF FRANCE
+
+  In this more than kingly state
+  Love himself shall on me wait.
+  Fill to me, Love, nay, fill it up;
+  And mingled cast into the cup
+  Wit and mirth and noble fires,
+  Vigorous health and gay desires.
+
+                               ABRAHAM COWLEY
+
+
+On a May morning in the year of grace 1625, a young girl, watching in the
+Château of the Louvre in the city of Paris, was awaiting the greatest event
+which had yet come to disturb the tenor of her life; for, before the sun
+had set, she, Henrietta Maria of France, would be the betrothed wife of
+Charles, King of England.
+
+It was a brilliant match for the little Princess, the youngest child of
+Henry IV, King of France, and of his wife Mary de' Medici of the great
+Florentine House: she owed it in part to the far-reaching policy of the
+father she had never known, and in part to the exertions of her mother and
+of a new favourite of that lady, M. de Richelieu. As she was only fifteen
+years old[1] she was, perhaps, too young to enter into the political aspect
+of the matter, but she was fully alive to the social and ceremonial
+advantages to which it would entitle her: a few years before she had gazed
+with envy at the honours prepared for her elder sister, Christine, the
+bride of Savoy: now she could afford to think of them almost with contempt,
+for, to her, the bride of proud England, far more splendid homage was about
+to be offered. Nor, though the bridegroom was absent and both betrothal and
+wedding would have to be by proxy, was he unknown. Henrietta had seen him
+when he was in Paris on the return journey of his romantic expedition to
+Spain, and she knew that he was a tall and proper man, handsome in face and
+royal in bearing, with a certain melancholy persuasiveness of address which
+not even a slight stammer could spoil. "I do not think he need have gone
+quite so far as Spain for a bride," she had said then, with the freedom of
+her tender years; even now, nearly a year later, she felt such an interest
+in her prospective bridegroom, that by the help of an old servant she
+borrowed his portrait from one of the English envoys who was accustomed to
+wear it round his neck, and, having carried it off to her private
+apartments, she gazed at it for the space of an hour, blushing the while at
+her own audacity.
+
+Of Henrietta's childhood there is little to record; as one of her
+biographers sadly remarks, her troubles began before she could know them,
+for she was not a year old when her noble-hearted father perished by the
+knife of Ravaillac. Her early years were passed under the care of her
+mother, who, though she was solicitous for the child's health and
+education, and reared her with the state due to a daughter of France,[2] is
+said to have cared much less for her than for her elder sister Christine: a
+sister still older, the beautiful and high-minded Elizabeth, left her
+native country to become the unhappy wife of Philip IV of Spain, while
+Henrietta was still too young a child to retain much personal memory of
+her; but touching letters remain written from the desolate grandeur of
+Madrid to show how fondly Elizabeth's heart clung to the pretty child she
+had left in Paris, for whose portrait she begs, and to whom she sends
+little gifts such as some toys for the toilet of her dolls, "so that when
+you play you may remember me."[3] The two sisters never met again, and
+the Spanish princess who came to France in Elizabeth's stead was a poor
+exchange for her, even if Henrietta, who was possessed of a sparkling and
+somewhat biting wit, had not been fond of exercising it upon her brother's
+demure wife, with whom her mother was never on good terms.
+
+That Henrietta's childhood was, in the main, healthy and happy, cannot be
+doubted. In person she resembled her father more than did either of her
+sisters, and she had inherited also his gay disposition. Her days were
+passed in one beautiful château or another, either the Louvre or the
+Luxembourg, or S. Germain-en-Laye, with its beautiful forest and its
+terrace overlooking the Seine. Her governess was the kind and faithful
+Madame de Montglas, who had tended not only her, but her brothers and
+sisters from their earliest years; and if she failed in some degree to win
+her mother's heart, with others she was more fortunate. Christine left her
+when her years numbered but ten, but so strong was the tie of the common
+childhood of the sisters, that they corresponded warmly to the end of their
+lives. Her relations with her brothers were very affectionate, and the
+King, in particular, cherished her as his favourite sister, probably on
+account of her ready wit, a quality which, like many people who are dull
+themselves, he greatly admired. Finally, her charms invited a suitor while
+she was still almost a child, in the person of the Count of Soissons, a
+scion of the royal house, who may well have been as much enamoured of the
+dark, sparkling eyes which were the little Princess's chief beauty, as of
+her position as a daughter of France.
+
+There is, however, one sentence in an old biography of Henrietta which
+shows her youth in another and a sadder aspect. Young as she was at the
+time of her marriage, it appears that already she had had to learn the
+difficult art of adjusting her conduct to the requirements of Court
+factions and family dissensions.[4] Her childhood was cast in the stormy
+times which followed the removal of the strong hand of Henry IV. Her
+mother, whose lead she followed in the main, was a foolish woman under the
+domination of unworthy favourites, until by good fortune she fell in with
+Richelieu. It would be impossible to give here even an outline of the
+history of the events which in 1617 drove Mary de Medici in disgrace from
+her son's Court. It must suffice to point out that until her return in
+triumph in 1621 her little daughter had some difficulty in reconciling the
+respective claims of her mother and her brother, and in preserving the
+favour of both.
+
+It was not long after this return that negotiations for a matrimonial
+alliance with England were opened, and thereupon Henrietta became for the
+first time a person of political importance. Her mother learned to
+appreciate her wit and beauty, and Richelieu, whose reign was just
+beginning, looked upon her with interest as a co-operator in his schemes
+for the humiliation of the House of Austria and of the French Protestants,
+objects which he thought would be considerably furthered by the union of
+Henrietta with the heir of England.
+
+In due time two envoys-extraordinary arrived from England to carry out the
+negotiations for the marriage. They were both very fine gentlemen, but the
+elder, the Earl of Carlisle, who was a Scotchman and an able diplomatist,
+on whom most of the real work of the mission fell, was in social matters
+quite outshone by his junior, the Lord Kensington, shortly to become Earl
+of Holland,[5] who was the handsomest man of his time and accounted so
+fascinating that he was the despair of jealous husbands. He was a great
+connoisseur in female beauty, and was smiled upon by Madame de Chevreuse,
+the most brilliant woman of the French Court; but he was kind enough to
+approve of Henrietta, and he sent home to the bridegroom-elect such glowing
+accounts of her beauty as roused that rather cold person to a fever of
+expectation. She was, he wrote, "the sweetest creature in France. Her
+growth is very little short of her age, and her wisdom infinitely beyond
+it. I heard her discourse with her mother and the ladies about her with
+extraordinary discretion and quickness. She dances (the which I am a
+witness of) as well as ever I saw any creature. They say she sings very
+sweetly. I am sure she looks so."[6] To the Duke of Buckingham, who at this
+time entirely governed Charles' mind, he wrote an equally enthusiastic
+account, praising the Princess as a "lovely sweet young creature," who, if
+she was not tall in stature, was "perfect in shape."[7]
+
+Marriage negotiations between royal persons are always lengthy, and in this
+case there was the additional difficulty of the difference of religion
+between the contracting parties, which necessitated a dispensation from the
+Pope. But James of England eagerly desired the alliance, seeing in it a
+means of winning back the Palatinate for his daughter's husband, a hope
+which was encouraged by the diplomacy of Richelieu, who probably also
+worked upon the mind of Mary de' Medici, so that, in spite of her bigoted
+attachment to the Roman Catholic Church, the whole weight of her now
+powerful influence was thrown on the side of the marriage. Father Bérulle,
+the founder of the French Oratory, who was a great friend of hers, was sent
+to Rome to procure a dispensation from Urban VIII. Arrangements were made
+to secure Henrietta's religion and morals in the heretic country to which
+she was going, and it was provided that she should have the bringing up of
+her children until they reached the age of twelve years. Finally, secret
+articles[8] were inserted in the marriage treaty, in which James of England
+and his son promised that toleration should be granted to the English
+Catholics. Everything seemed settled, and all was rejoicing both in England
+and France, except for two malcontents: the Spanish Ambassador in Paris
+stood sullenly aloof, "who, without question, doth not well like that
+England and France should bee joyned together with such a firme
+alliance,"[9] and the Count of Soissons was so angry and disappointed at
+the loss of his bride that he refused to treat Lord Kensington with common
+courtesy, savagely declaring that the negotiations went so near his heart
+that were the Englishman not the ambassador of so great a King, he would
+cut his throat.
+
+Henrietta herself was well pleased, and her cheerful countenance reflected
+her content. She exchanged a number of quaint and rather formal
+love-letters with her future husband, who sometimes employed as his
+intermediary a young protégé of Buckingham, by name Walter Montagu, who was
+destined to a singular career and to a lifelong friendship with the
+Princess, whom he now saw for the first time. In March, 1625, he left Paris
+and returned to England carrying the good news that all was forward, and
+that the lady should be delivered in thirty days. He was able to supplement
+Holland's description of the charms of the Princess, for, like that
+nobleman, he was something of a connoisseur in such matters. "I have made
+the Prince in love with every hair on Madame's head,"[10] he wrote
+cheerfully to Carlisle. So eager was the bridegroom that he would not allow
+the match to be stayed for the final settlement of the details of the
+dispensation.
+
+But just as everything was ready an event of another character occurred to
+retard matters again. On March 27th, 1625, King James died, and the
+question arose as to whether the wedding could be celebrated during the
+period of mourning. However, as Henrietta could hardly be expected to feel
+acutely the death of an unknown father-in-law which made her a queen, and
+as Charles' impatience for his bride overcame any scruples with regard to
+decorum, it was settled that the great event should take place in the
+ensuing May. The decision that the bridegroom should not be present in
+person at the ceremony was probably a disappointment to Henrietta. It had
+been suggested that he should come over to France, but the proposal had not
+met with approval on either side of the Channel, the English thinking it
+beneath their King's dignity to seek his bride in a foreign land, and the
+French fearing, with good reason, the expense of such a guest. The
+selection of a proxy caused some difficulty. Charles wished that his great
+friend, the Duke of Buckingham, should impersonate him on this interesting
+occasion, but that nobleman, for private reasons which will be explained
+below, was not agreeable to the French Court. The choice finally fell upon
+the Duke of Chevreuse,[11] who was at once a high-born Frenchman and a
+relative of the King of England, being a prince of the House of Lorraine,
+and thus connected with Charles' great-grandmother, Mary of Guise. In spite
+of his high rank he was a person of sufficient obscurity, and chiefly
+remarkable as the husband of his brilliant wife.
+
+The betrothal was solemnized on May 8th, which happened to be the Feast of
+the Ascension. The ceremony took place in the Louvre in the King's own
+room, which was elaborately fitted up for the occasion, and where, in the
+late afternoon, he appeared as (we are told) "a beautiful sun which shines
+above all others."[12] Lesser lights were present in the persons of his
+wife, his only brother Gaston, Duke of Orleans, and a crowd of noblemen,
+all of whom waited impatiently for the bride-elect, who at last appeared,
+attended by her mother and by Madame de Chevreuse. Henrietta entered the
+room with a dignity worthy of the occasion and of the great race from which
+she was sprung. Her magnificent dress, which perhaps a little eclipsed her
+girlish beauty, consisted of a robe of cloth of gold and silver thickly
+sprinkled with golden fleurs-de-lis and enriched by diamonds and other
+precious stones. This wonderful garment was further adorned by a long train
+carried by the little Mademoiselle de Bourbon, the Madame de Longueville of
+later days, who at this time was so young that she could only nominally
+fulfil her office, while the long, heavy folds were really supported by
+Madame de Montglas' daughter, Madame S. Georges, who was to accompany the
+young Queen to England.
+
+Henrietta's entry was followed by that of the two English Ambassadors and
+the proxy bridegroom. Then, after the signing and countersigning of the
+articles of marriage, the betrothal ceremony was solemnized according to
+the rites of the Church by Cardinal de Rochefoucault, Grand Almoner of the
+King of France. In the evening a ball was held in the Louvre, while outside
+the firing of cannon and the letting off of fireworks testified to the
+public rejoicing.
+
+It was not until three days later, on May 11th, that the actual wedding
+took place.[13] The church chosen for the religious ceremony was the
+Cathedral of Notre-Dame, which was adorned with hangings of silk and
+tapestry and of cloth of gold, to hide as far as possible the lines of the
+Gothic architecture which was condemned by the taste of the day. Every
+detail of the ceremony[14] was arranged when an unfortunate difficulty
+arose which caused much ill-feeling and considerable trouble.
+
+Jean François de Gondi, a member of one of those Italian families which had
+found fortune in France in the wake of a foreign Queen, now occupied the
+See of Paris. He was the first of the long line of bishops of the capital
+to receive the honours of archiepiscopal rank, and, as his character, which
+has been sketched for us by his candid nephew, Cardinal de Retz, was at
+once feeble and vainglorious, it is probable that his head was a little
+turned. His anger, therefore, may be imagined when he discovered that he
+was not to officiate at a wedding which took place at his own cathedral,
+but was to be set aside for the Cardinal de Rochefoucault. Mingled with
+personal pique was the bitter feeling of the infringement of the rights of
+the episcopate. He summoned all the prelates who were then in Paris to a
+meeting, and they joined with him in presenting a petition on the subject
+to the King. But Louis and the Cardinal (who had provided himself with a
+brief from the Pope which, however, was not produced) stood firm; and the
+upshot of the affair was that the Archbishop, though he was forced to give
+way and was much blamed by his clergy for doing so, was nevertheless so
+angry that he went off to the country, refusing to have anything to do with
+the wedding, and leaving the nuptial mass to be said by his senior
+suffragan, the Bishop of Chartres.
+
+But this was not the worst. The absence of the Archbishop might have been
+supported with philosophy, but the strike extended not only to the Chapter,
+but even to such indispensable people as the singing-men, who, at the last
+moment, had to be hurriedly replaced by singers from the King's cabinet and
+chapel.
+
+The English alliance was very popular in Paris. It was remembered that if
+the bridegroom was King of England and a heretic, he was also a Scotchman
+born and the grandson of the much-loved Mary of Scotland, who, it was
+said, was doubtless praying in heaven for his conversion. Another side of
+the general satisfaction was expressed by poetic references to the union of
+the sister of Mars with Neptune, the King of the Waves, which, it was
+hoped, would bring about a happy state of things when
+
+                            "toute la Terre
+                     Soit aux François et Anglois."[15]
+
+It is not surprising, therefore, that the early hours of the great day saw
+the _parvis_ of Notre-Dame crowded with spectators waiting patiently under
+the rain of an inclement May morning. The concourse was so great that the
+neighbouring streets had to be secured by barriers and patrolled by the
+Swiss Guard to make free passage for the coaches of the nobility which were
+perpetually arriving at the doors of the cathedral to deposit their loads
+of gaily dressed ladies.
+
+Meanwhile, what of the bride for whom all this was prepared? She had spent
+the previous day at her mother's favourite convent, that of the Carmelite
+nuns whom Bérulle had "fetched out of Spain" to place in a house of the
+Faubourg S. Jacques. There her mother's friend, Mother Magdeleine of S.
+Joseph, gave her a great deal of advice, seasoned with much piety and some
+judgment. Thence she returned to pass the night at the Louvre, and to spend
+a quiet morning, until at about two o'clock on the afternoon of her
+wedding-day she set out for the Archbishop's palace, which that dignitary,
+in spite of his chagrin, had placed at the disposal of the wedding-party.
+There in the fine old house overlooking the Seine, which two hundred years
+later was to fall a victim to the fury of the Parisian mob,[16] Henrietta
+spent several hours in putting on the same magnificent dress which she had
+worn at her betrothal, so that five o'clock had already struck when her
+brother the King came to fetch her that he might conduct her to the
+cathedral.
+
+The procession was drawn up. First came an officer known as the captain of
+the gate, behind whom walked a hundred men of the King's Swiss Guard, drums
+beating and banners flying. They were followed by the band, which was so
+effective that while the hautbois ravished the ears of those who heard
+them, the drums would have stirred the most faint-hearted to courage. As to
+the trumpets, they made the hearts of the listeners leap for joy within
+their bodies.
+
+At last, after heralds, marshals, peers, and dukes, after the proxy
+bridegroom and the Ambassadors from England, came the central figure of the
+procession, the bride herself, supported by her two brothers, one of whom
+was also her King.
+
+The sickly, depressed Louis XIII, notwithstanding his magnificent dress of
+_cramoisi_ velvet, so thickly covered with cloth of gold that the
+foundation hardly appeared, afforded a sad contrast to the splendid
+vitality of his little sister, whose dark curls were adorned by a crown of
+gold set with diamonds, and bearing in front an enormous pearl of
+inestimable value. The train of her royal mantle, which was of velvet and
+cloth of gold, embroidered with fleurs-de-lis, was carried by the
+Princesses of Condé and Conti and by the Countess of Soissons, the mother
+of the rejected lover, who had asked and obtained leave to absent himself
+from the ceremony. So heavy was it that to give the bride greater comfort
+an officer walked under it and supported it with his head and hands. Gaston
+of Orleans, who was at his sister's left hand, was not allowed to rival his
+sovereign in apparel, for a rule had been made that the King, the Duke of
+Chevreuse, and the Earls of Carlisle and Holland should be the only
+gentlemen to appear in cloth of gold. He had to content himself with silk.
+The rear was brought up by the two Queens, the elder plainly dressed in
+black, relieved by splendid jewels; the younger magnificent in cloth of
+gold and silver. A crowd of highly born ladies followed, among whom may be
+mentioned Mademoiselle de Montpensier, the rich heiress whom Gaston of
+Orleans was to wed reluctantly a year later, and Madame de Chevreuse, who,
+no doubt, cast admiring glances at the handsome face and figure of her
+lover, the Earl of Holland.
+
+The wedding ceremony was not to take place in the church but, in accordance
+with the old ritual of matrimony, on a platform erected outside the west
+door,[17] which was connected with the archiepiscopal palace by a long
+wooden gallery upholstered in beautiful tapestry. On this platform, under a
+canopy of cloth of gold, Cardinal de Rochefoucault was waiting to receive
+the bride, while from the stands which had been put up round the _parvis_,
+and from the windows of the tall neighbouring houses, eager heads were
+thrust forward to catch a glimpse of the procession as it wound along in
+the sunshine which had succeeded the rainy morning. Henrietta, the Duke of
+Chevreuse, and the royal party ascended the platform. The short marriage
+ceremony was gone through, and immediately on its conclusion an English
+gentleman who was present, by name George Goring,[18] set off to carry to
+the King of England, as quickly as relays of the swiftest horses would
+allow, the tidings of his own marriage.
+
+The new Queen only lingered at the church door to receive the kneeling
+homage of the English Ambassadors. Then, accompanied by her mother, her
+brothers, and the rest of the wedding-party, she entered the great
+church.[19] There awaited her not only the nobility of France, but also
+such dignitaries as the provost of the merchants, the aldermen of the city
+of Paris, and the rector of the university, while "Messieurs du Parlement"
+had, with some difficulty, made good their claim to be present in a body.
+All eyes were turned upon the bride as she moved along another richly
+decorated gallery, which conducted her to a dais in the chancel from which
+she was to hear the nuptial Mass. It was past seven o'clock before the
+offertory was reached, an almost unprecedented hour at which to say Mass,
+and many may have envied the heretic Ambassadors who were able to retire
+for a brief rest, owing to their unwillingness to be present at a popish
+service. The only consideration shown for Henrietta was that she was not
+required to communicate, as it was thought that to fast until that late
+hour and to undergo at the same time so much fatigue and excitement might
+prove injurious to her health.
+
+But even when the Mass was over there was no rest to be had. That evening
+saw the Archbishop's palace turned into a scene of royal festivity. In the
+hall the banquet was spread. At the middle of the table sat the King, with
+his mother on his right hand and his sister, the queen of a day, on his
+left. The Duke of Chevreuse and the English Ambassadors were privileged to
+sit down with the royal party, which was waited on by "our lords the
+princes, dukes, peers, and marshals of France," who did not disdain to
+bring in the meats for the feast. Outside in the May darkness all Paris was
+_en fête_. Bonfires and fireworks were to be seen in every street, so that
+it seemed that never had there been such rejoicings as at the marriage of
+Princess Henrietta.
+
+It might have been expected that the newly married Queen would have set off
+at once for her adopted country, but, on the contrary, there were
+considerable delays caused, it was believed, by the Pope's agents, who were
+annoyed that the marriage had taken place before the details of the
+dispensation had been settled.[20] When these difficulties had been
+overcome the King fell ill, and it seems probable that the departure would
+have been postponed even longer than was the case had not an event occurred
+to hasten it, namely, the arrival in Paris of an unexpected and most
+unwelcome guest, George, Duke of Buckingham.
+
+This extraordinary person, whose career reads like a fairy story, was at
+this time at the height of his fame. His handsome face and a certain
+careless magnificence of manner, which might almost have passed for
+magnanimity, were greatly admired, and if he showed at times the insolence
+of the parvenu, much was condoned, at least outwardly, in the man who was
+the acknowledged favourite of the King of England, and who was able to
+appear in almost regal splendour, decked out, it was even said, by the
+jewels of England. He was already well known in Paris, and in the few days
+he had spent there in 1624, between Madrid and London, he had made an
+ineffaceable impression upon at least one heart.
+
+Few royal stories are sadder than that of Anne of Austria, the queen of
+Louis XIII. Married as a mere child to an apathetic boy, she neither knew
+how to win his love nor how to adapt herself to the requirements of her
+position. Neglected by her husband, bullied by her mother-in-law, and later
+by Richelieu, she may almost be forgiven for her treasonable correspondence
+with the enemies of France. Still less can she be blamed that her heart
+clung too fondly to the relatives she had left in Madrid. To the end of her
+days she remained a Spaniard, _dévote_ and fanatical beyond the liking of
+the lively Parisians; a Spaniard also in her unconquerable coquetry. The
+ladies of her mother's Court, shut up in almost monastical seclusion, were
+accustomed to amuse themselves during the long hours which intervened
+between the various religious exercises by dwelling on and recounting in
+every detail their conquests of the men whom they seldom saw except in the
+silence of a church or among the crowds of a Court ceremony. Anne, coming
+from such a life, was unable to understand at once the greater liberty and
+the greater decorum of French manners. She was beautiful, and she was
+gifted with a pair of soft, white, exquisitely modelled hands, so that she
+was able to command the flattery which she loved. Many a gallant worshipped
+at a distance, but none dared to pay her attentions which seriously
+compromised her until the English favourite crossed her path.
+
+The true story of the loves of these two is not fully known. It died with
+them and with those in whom they confided; but it is probable that during
+Buckingham's first visit to Paris something was suspected, and that this
+was the real reason of the refusal to receive him as the proxy of the King
+of England. When it was known that he had arrived, uninvited, the wrath of
+his unwilling hosts was so great that it was only through the intervention
+of Madame de Chevreuse, the devoted friend of Queen Anne, and the
+representations of the English Ambassadors that he obtained a reception
+befitting his rank.
+
+The Duke urged strongly the immediate departure of the bride; and though it
+was felt that such a desire for haste was indelicate, yet the French royal
+family, with one exception, was so anxious to see the last of him, that
+they were fain to comply. Henrietta, probably, was not consulted. She was a
+pawn in the political game, and she was still too young to assert herself.
+
+Perhaps she was in no hurry to be gone. She clung to her home and her
+country, and the waiting time was made very pleasant by festivities in
+which, for the first time, she tasted the pleasures of her queenly rank.
+All were splendid; but probably the most magnificent was an entertainment
+offered by Richelieu to the three queens during the indisposition of the
+King. It took place at the Luxembourg, that monument of the Italian
+renaissance within Paris, which was built for Mary de' Medici in her
+widowhood to remind her of her own Florentine palace, whose beautiful
+gardens, unchanged since her day, remain to witness to the taste of
+gardeners before Le Nôtre.[21] On this occasion the spacious rooms were
+magnificently decorated. The most skilful musicians which Paris could
+furnish had been procured, and the ears of the guests were delighted by
+choice music, both vocal and instrumental, while the courtly host employed
+all the grace and charm which he had ever at command to fascinate the three
+royal ladies, and particularly the young Queen of England, who was inclined
+to look upon him with favour as in some sort the author of her marriage.
+Finally, at the close of the entertainment all went out into the gardens to
+witness a display of fireworks, "the most superb and the most beautiful
+invention which had been seen for a long time."[22] The Cardinal, who had
+given the fête to mark his satisfaction at the issue of his diplomacy, had
+cause to congratulate himself upon its success. As Queen Henrietta said
+good-bye to him with grateful cordiality, he bent his keen glance upon her
+and saw in her another subservient tool of his ambition, as she saw in him
+her protector and her friend. Neither the statesman nor the Queen could
+read the secrets of the future, nor know that each would come to regard the
+other as an enemy.
+
+At last, when May had passed into June, the day came which witnessed the
+Queen of England's departure from Paris. The King, who was still far from
+well, determined, nevertheless, to see his sister on her way as far as
+Compiègne, and apart from his royal presence she had goodly attendance. It
+included the Queen-Mother and her second son Gaston, both of whom intended
+to accompany the bride to the coast; the Queen Consort, who, against the
+advice of her best friends, could not tear herself from the fascinating
+company of Buckingham; the Duke of Chevreuse, and M. de Ville-aux-Clercs,
+who were commissioned by the King of France to deliver over his sister to
+her royal husband. Finally, Madame de Chevreuse, who had asked and obtained
+permission to accompany the bride to her new home for a reason similar to
+that which actuated her friend Queen Anne--namely, the love which she bore
+to the Earl of Holland.
+
+It was three o'clock in the afternoon when Henrietta left the Louvre to set
+out on her journey to England. Her brother, who, perhaps to dazzle the more
+homely English, had spared no expense on her trousseau and equipment, had
+provided for her personal use a magnificent litter upholstered within and
+without in red _cramoisi_ velvet, which was relieved by the gold embroidery
+of the cushions and curtains. It was drawn by two fine mules, gorgeous in
+their red velvet cloths, and with white aigrettes nodding merrily on their
+heads. They were led by a muleteer who was handsomely dressed, and who rode
+another richly caparisoned mule. The trappings of the rest of the party
+were also splendid in proportion to their rank. A brave escort saw on her
+way the daughter of Henry IV. Archers and guards turned out to do her
+honour, and by her side rode that great civic dignitary, "M. le prevost des
+Marchands." To the sound of martial music went the gay cavalcade, through
+the narrow streets of old Paris up to the Porte S. Denys, and so beyond the
+wall, which still guarded the city, into the suburbs. Working men and
+women, leaving their toil, lined the road, many of whom looking on the fair
+child who was leaving them, and having no expectation of seeing her again,
+could not restrain their weeping.
+
+[Illustration: FROM AN ENGRAVING AFTER THE PICTURE BY FRANCIS POURBUS]
+
+Half-way to S. Denys the party halted. The provost of the merchants
+delivered a weary discourse, "full of matter," and then bidding Henrietta
+farewell he turned back to Paris with his escort. The rest pushed on. There
+was no time to wait at S. Denys, where the dust of Henrietta's father lay,
+and whither her own dead body was to be carried nearly half a century
+later. The summer evening was drawing in, and it was thought wiser to go on
+to Stains, where a night's rest awaited the bride, who may well have been
+fatigued by the toils of this exciting day.
+
+The first considerable town through which the royal party passed was
+Amiens. This great city, "the metropolis and key of all Picardy," was
+determined, notwithstanding its depressed financial position, to give the
+three Queens, no one of whom had ever before been within its walls, a
+splendid reception. This resolve was all the more loyal as the
+consideration of the King had only indicated a few simple tokens of
+respect, such as a reception by the aldermen, as obligatory on the
+occasion. It was late in the afternoon before the royal ladies and their
+train approached the city, for they were much delayed by the concourse of
+people who came out to see them. Not far from the city gates they were met
+by the Governor, the Duke of Chaulnes, who brought with him three hundred
+horsemen whose steeds, we are told, were of the same race as those sung by
+the poets--whose eyes and nostrils emitted flames and fire. Of the
+cavaliers each might have been taken for chief and leader, so splendid were
+they all. Accompanied by this dashing cavalcade the cortège swept on, to be
+met on its way by a troop of archers bearing an ensign with the device of a
+cupid, by the youth of the city drawn up in companies, and finally by six
+thousand of the mature citizens, whose martial discipline was the
+admiration of all. By a wise precaution no salvos were fired until the
+royal party was safely passed, for experience had shown that, though only
+two or three horses might be frightened, yet they were sufficient to cause
+unseemly disturbance.
+
+After the formal greeting had been given to the guests at the gate of the
+city by the mayor and aldermen, a ceremony took place specially designed in
+compliment to the bride of the island King. Fifty young girls, all pretty
+and some very beautiful, dressed up to represent the demi-goddesses of the
+sea, came to hail Henrietta as Thetis, queen of the waves, sitting upon the
+throne of her litter which had brought her from the banks of the Seine, and
+to whom, in token of humble submission, they presented the keys of the
+city. So great was the crush to see this sight that the gentleman to whom
+we owe the story of the details of the day[23] was unable to get near
+enough to hear the speeches of the marine goddesses. The crowds in the
+streets were great, and as there were neither archers nor Swiss, as at
+Paris, to range the people against the houses and to keep a clear passage,
+the confusion was considerable; but it was not allowed to interfere with
+the programme drawn up by the loyal people of Amiens. Henrietta saw not
+only triumphal arches and columns in abundance, but also curious
+allegorical ceremonies in the taste of the times. She beheld Jason, who,
+after fighting with fire-breathing bulls, bore off triumphant the golden
+fleece, and in whom she was to recognize an impersonation of her husband,
+Charles of England. She listened to the hymeneal god, who, attended by
+nymphs, stepped forward and, to the accompaniment of sweet music, sang a
+wedding-song specially composed for the occasion. The last three verses,
+notwithstanding their extravagance of compliment, are so fresh and charming
+as to be worthy of the pretty bride to whom they were addressed.
+
+  "Mais que fais je par ces carmes
+   Vous arrestant en ces lieux
+   C'est que je suis pris aux charmes
+   Que vous avez dans les yeux.
+
+  "Allez, j'ay peur que vous-mesme
+   Nous emportiez votre coeur;
+   Vous portez un diademe
+   Soubs un front toujours vainquer.
+
+  "Ne demeurez, ie vieux suyvre
+   Mon coeur ne sera rétif,
+   C'est glorieusement vivre
+   Que d'estre en vos mains captif."[24]
+
+Henrietta looked and smiled and listened. She was new to such honours, and
+it was pleasant to be for the moment a greater person than her stern mother
+or her stately sister-in-law. But the rejoicings were long-drawn-out, and
+she must have been very weary before they culminated in a joyous _Te Deum_
+sung in the cathedral, which, like Notre-Dame in Paris, had been disfigured
+as much as possible with pictures and hangings. Nor even then were her
+toils over. Long and dreary speeches awaited her, to which she had to
+listen with some show of interest, before at last she could lie down to
+rest.
+
+Henrietta's innocent dreams were perhaps of Jason and the goddesses of the
+sea; but there were those about her whose pillows were haunted by visions
+of a very different character.
+
+Had all France been searched through it would have been difficult to find a
+more undesirable friend and adviser for a young married woman than Marie de
+Rohan, once Duchess of Luynes, and now by her second marriage Duchess of
+Chevreuse. Beautiful, unscrupulous, and gifted with a remarkable talent for
+diplomacy, which enabled her to give effect to her audacious schemes, she
+had little difficulty in recommending herself to Henrietta, into whose
+young mind she dropped seeds of distrust and of a love of crooked ways
+which were to bear fruit in the future. It was not her fault if other seeds
+failed to ripen there, and if the purity of the little bride's mind was
+proof against the evil example of certain events which occurred during the
+few days of the halt at Amiens.
+
+The city had no house large enough to accommodate the three Queens. The
+Queen-Mother, as befitted her age and dignity, was lodged in the episcopal
+palace, while Henrietta and her sister-in-law had to find apartments
+elsewhere. The bride's domicile is not known, but to Queen Anne and her
+attendants was allotted a fine house with gardens sloping down to the River
+Somme. In these gardens took place a famous scene destined to influence
+several lives, and among them that of Henrietta Maria.
+
+Already at a ball given by the Duchess of Chaulnes the animation and
+brilliant looks of the Queen of France had been remarked, and ill-natured
+people were not lacking who saw in the English duke, who had danced on that
+evening with infinite grace, the magician able to rouse her from the
+listlessness which usually spoiled her undoubted beauty. Such public
+meetings were safe enough, but Buckingham was constantly at the Queen's
+lodgings. One evening, in company with Madame de Chevreuse and the Earl of
+Holland, he was paying his respects when Anne, who, remembering the soft,
+scented nights of her native land, loved to wander abroad after dusk,
+invited him to enjoy with her the cool beauty of the June twilight. Their
+companions, who were carrying on their own flirtation under the cloak of
+another's, followed, but, perhaps intentionally, they lagged behind, so
+that the royal lady found herself alone with her bold admirer in a dark,
+winding walk. Suddenly the silence of the evening was broken by a shrill
+cry. The Queen's equerry, who was in attendance at a discreet distance,
+rushed up to find his mistress in a state of trembling agitation, and the
+duke so red and confused that he was glad to make his escape as quickly as
+possible. There were, of course, explanations and excuses. The matter came
+to the ears of the Queen-Mother, who, worn out by her exertions, was lying
+seriously ill; she helped to hush up the scandal, and both Anne and
+Buckingham seemed, for the moment, to escape easily; but it was felt that
+they must part at once, and the duke, with a tact which he sometimes
+displayed, began to talk of the King of England's impatience to see his
+bride, and to hint that it was not necessary to wait for the Queen-Mother's
+recovery.
+
+Henrietta, the sport of others less innocent than herself, knelt to receive
+her mother's last blessing. That lady, touched by some real maternal
+feeling, bade her a tender farewell, pressing into her hand a letter which
+the girl found, when she came to read it, to be full of the most admirable
+sentiments of piety and virtue and of excellent advice as to her conduct in
+the married state. She probably knew Mary de' Medici too well to attribute
+this composition to her, and perhaps no one attempted to disguise the fact
+that its author was the pious Father Bérulle who was going with her to
+England in the capacity of confessor.[25]
+
+Through Abbeville, with its soaring cathedral, through picturesque
+Montreuil, Henrietta came to Boulogne, whence she was to cross to England,
+as the plague was reigning at Calais. Though it was June, the weather was
+wild and stormy, and a further delay was inevitable. Buckingham, forgetful
+of all propriety, careless of the trust confided to him by his friend and
+King, took advantage of this delay to steal back, on a frivolous pretext,
+to Amiens, and to Anne. His audacity little availed him. After one brief
+agitated interview he had to tear himself from his idol, whom he never saw
+again.
+
+During the waiting time at Boulogne, Henrietta made acquaintance with some
+of her new subjects who had crossed the Channel to meet her, and who were
+greatly disappointed when they found her without her mother and
+sister-in-law, for, as one of them wrote, they had looked forward to seeing
+beauty not only in the future tense, but in the present and the
+preterperfect as well.[26] Buckingham, who up till now had been too
+occupied with Anne to pay much attention to the bride, and who was too much
+of a man of the world to care for the "future tense" of beauty, now, it
+seems, bethought him of winning the favour of the Queen of England.
+Certainly he secured a flattering reception for his mother, the Countess of
+Buckingham, who improved the occasion of her visit to France by reconciling
+herself to the Church of Rome. In later days Henrietta did not like the
+lady, but at this first introduction she received her "with strange
+courtesy and favour."[27] Nor was she alone in her kindness. Gaston of
+Orleans, who, in his mother's enforced detention at Amiens, had adhered to
+his plan of escorting his sister to the coast, paid the English lady the
+unusual compliment of visiting her, and the haughty and high-born Madame de
+Chevreuse actually waived her right of precedence in favour of the
+Buckinghams, whose family was of yesterday. It need hardly be said that
+such courtesy was greatly relished by the English visitors, who found no
+drawback to the happy intercourse with their new friends except in the
+Countess' ignorance of the French tongue. But even this difficulty was got
+over by the presence at Boulogne of Sir Tobie Matthew, who, though the son
+of a Protestant archbishop, was a Catholic and a citizen of the world whose
+linguistic talents, which were much admired in continental circles, were
+joined to a refined culture which rendered him a fitting intermediary
+between these distinguished persons. Fortunately all his time was not taken
+up by such duties, and he employed his leisure very profitably in writing a
+long letter to a lady acquaintance, which contains the fullest account we
+possess of Henrietta in her early youth before the cares of married life
+had come upon her.
+
+Sir Tobie's ready and subtle pen drew such a sketch of the young Queen as,
+interpreted by the future, shows him to have been a keen analyst of
+character. Henrietta had grown a good deal during the past year; and though
+she was still small, "she sits," he wrote, "upon the very skirts of
+womanhood." Her mind and character were as yet undeveloped; but in the
+mingled gentleness and wit of her conversation, in the sweet courtesy shown
+to her inferiors, in the faithful affection which clung to the mother she
+had left, finally, in the courage and enterprise which, to the despair of
+her attendants, tempted her to a sea-trip in an open boat with her brother
+Gaston, we recognize the woman of later days, as in the girl of fifteen we
+see the beautiful queen of Van Dyck's portraits. "Upon my faith," wrote the
+worthy knight, giving utterance to a prophecy which unfortunately was not
+completely fulfilled, "she is a most sweet, lively nature, and hath a
+countenance which opens a window into her heart, where a man may see all
+nobleness and goodness; and I dare venture my head (upon the little skill I
+have in physiognomy) that she will be extraordinarily beloved by our nation
+and deserve to be so, and that the actions of her life which are to be her
+owne will be excellent."[28]
+
+At length, after nearly three weeks of waiting, during which Henrietta's
+health and spirits flagged a little, the twenty-second day of June dawned
+calm and fair, and it was decided that the voyage should be made.
+Heretofore the Queen of England had been her brother's guest, but now, on
+the eve of embarking, she was delivered over to the care of the Duke of
+Buckingham, and the deed of consignation was signed by that nobleman and by
+the two French Ambassadors, to witness that the responsibility of the
+latter was ended. After the little ceremony the Queen was escorted to the
+quay by her brother. She went on board the beautiful ship, _The Prince_,
+which her husband had sent for her. The preparations for departure were
+quickly made. The moment came when she clung in a last embrace to Gaston.
+Then the sails were unfurled, and _The Prince_ rode proudly out of Boulogne
+harbour. As Henrietta stood gazing upon the rapidly receding cliffs of
+France, did any foreboding of the future come over her, any presage of
+coming grief such as weighed upon the heart of her husband's grandmother,
+Mary of Scotland, on a similar occasion? Did any shadow of that day nearly
+twenty years later, when, a fugitive pursued by unrelenting foes, she would
+see again her native land, darken her spirit? We cannot tell. We only know
+that she had a moment's _serrement de coeur_, such as any girl might feel
+on leaving home, and that she was a little afraid of sea-sickness.
+
+No inconvenience, however, arose. Charles' care had caused his bride's
+cabin to be so beautified that she might have imagined herself in her own
+Louvre rather than on the sea; and to complete the illusion a choice
+concert of delicate instruments and sweet voices was in readiness to amuse
+her. Moreover, no precaution was omitted which might ensure the safety of
+so precious a freight. _The Prince_ and the vessels which formed her escort
+carried the most experienced pilots that could be obtained, whose work was
+so well done (though unfortunately it was never paid for) that in
+four-and-twenty hours the Channel was crossed. Dover harbour was safely
+made, and amidst a throng of interested spectators Henrietta Maria touched
+the soil of her new kingdom. It was noticed that immediately on her arrival
+the wind rose again with its former violence, and that the sea was again
+troubled as if for her alone they had stilled their raging. It was now
+evening, and as the Queen, in spite of the pleasures of the little voyage
+which seemed to have restored her health and spirits, confessed to great
+fatigue, she was allowed to retire at once and to postpone until the next
+day the meeting with her husband. M. de Chevreuse and M. de
+Ville-aux-Clercs wrote a formal letter to their master, informing him of
+his sister's happy arrival, while the King of England awaited, with as much
+patience as he could command, the morrow which was to give to his arms the
+bride who had tarried so long.
+
+[Footnote 1: She was born on November 25th, 1609 (November 15th, O.S.).]
+
+[Footnote 2: The elaborate ceremonies of her baptism are described in a
+pamphlet entitled _Discours sur le baptême de Monsieur frère du Roy et de
+la petite Madame_. 1614.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Bib. Nat., Paris. MS. Français, 3818.]
+
+[Footnote 4: After this marriage (of Christine) Her Majesty durst not
+follow her mother, to the displeasure of her brother, lest she might hinder
+her own, until June 21st, 1620, when the Queen-Mother and her son were
+reconciled.
+
+_The Life and Death of that matchless mirror of Magnanimity and Heroick
+Vertue, Henrietta Maria de Bourbon_ (1669), p. 5.]
+
+[Footnote 5: He was created Earl of Holland September 15th, 1624.]
+
+[Footnote 6: _Cabala_ (1691), Pt. II, p. 287.]
+
+[Footnote 7: _Ibid._, p. 290. The following descriptions of Henrietta
+shortly after her marriage show the impression she made upon Englishmen:
+"We have now a most Noble new Queen of England who in true beuty is beyond
+the Long-Wood Infanta; for she was of a fading Flaxen-Hair, Big-Lipp'd and
+somewhat heavy Ey'd, but this Daughter of France, this youngest Branch of
+Bourbon ... is of a more lovely and lasting Complexion, a dark Brown, she
+hath Eyes that sparkle like stars and on her Physiognomy she may be said
+to be a mirrour of perfection."--J. Howell: _Epistolæ Ho-Eliamæ_ (1645),
+sec. IV, p. 30. " ... I went to Whitehall purposlie to see the queene,
+which I did fullie all the time shee sate at dinner and perceived her to
+bee a most absolute delicate ladie, after I had exactly surveied all the
+features of her face, much enlivened by her radiant and sparkling black
+eye. Besides her deportment amongst her women was so sweete and humble,
+and her speech and lookes to her other servants soe milde and gracious,
+as I could not abstaine from divers deep-fetched sighes that she wanted
+the knowledge of the true religion."--_D'Ewes' Diary_: printed in
+_Bibliotheca Typographica Britannica_ (1790), Vol. VI, p. 33.]
+
+[Footnote 8: These articles were signed at Cambridge in December, 1624; see
+MS. Français, 3692: also the _Mémoirs du Comte de Brienne_ (M. de
+Ville-aux-Clercs) (Petitot), 1824, p. 389, who was in England at the time
+negotiating the matter.]
+
+[Footnote 9: _Continuation of Weekly News_, No. 43, 1624.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Egerton MS., 2596, f. 49.]
+
+[Footnote 11: The procuration of the King of England authorizing the Duke
+of Chevreuse to marry the Princess Henrietta in his name is dated April
+11th, 1625.]
+
+[Footnote 12: L'Ordre des cérémonies observés au mariage du roy de la
+Grande Britagne et de Madame soeur du roy. Paris, 1625.]
+
+[Footnote 13: Many of the details of the marriage, departure from Paris,
+etc., are taken from the official account, MS. Français, 23,600.]
+
+[Footnote 14: The ceremonies followed the precedent of those used at the
+marriage of Henrietta's father, Henry of Navarre, with Margaret of Valois.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Part of the song with which Henrietta was greeted at Amiens
+on her wedding journey. See pp. 20, 21.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Destroyed in February, 1831.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Cf. Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_: Prologue.
+
+  A good Wif was ther of byside Bath
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Sche was a worthy womman al hire lyfe
+  Housbondes atte chirche dore hadde sche fyfe.]
+
+[Footnote 18: George Goring, Baron Goring, 1628, Earl of Norwich, 1644; d.
+1663.]
+
+[Footnote 19: At some point in the ceremony Henrietta Maria renounced all
+her rights to the throne and dominions of France, as had been stipulated in
+the marriage treaty.]
+
+[Footnote 20: The dispensation is dated December, 1625.]
+
+[Footnote 21: They are smaller, part of them having been built over.]
+
+[Footnote 22: MS. Français, 23,600.]
+
+[Footnote 23: L'Entrée superbe magnifique faite à la Royne de la grande
+Bretagne dans la Ville d'Amiens, le Samedy septisme de Juin, 1625. Sur les
+fideles relations d'un seigneur de qualité. A. Paris, MDCXXV.]
+
+[Footnote 24: _Ibid._]
+
+[Footnote 25: On the question of the authorship of this letter see Avenal:
+_Lettres de Richelieu_, VIII., p. 27. There seems no doubt that it was
+written by Bérulle. Among the Bérulle papers (Archives Nationales, M. 232)
+is an authenticated copy, whose note of authentication states that "ce
+discours à este composé par nostre très révérend père" (i.e. Bérulle), as
+the copyist was informed in 1660. Bérulle in 1627 wrote another letter for
+Mary de' Medici to send to her daughter. See chap. IV.]
+
+[Footnote 26: Sir Tobie Matthew. Tanner MS., LXXII.]
+
+[Footnote 27: _Ibid._]
+
+[Footnote 28: Tanner MS., LXXII, 40.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE BRIDE OF ENGLAND
+
+  Parents lawes must beare no weight
+  When they happinesse prevent.
+  And our sea is not so streight,
+  But it room hath for content.
+
+                             WILLIAM HABINGTON
+
+
+Long years after the events occurred, when many happy years had softened
+the memory of their bitterness, Henrietta Maria confessed to her friend
+Madame de Motteville that her early married life had not been free from
+disappointment and vexation. Charles Stuart was not an easy man to live
+with, as all those who had much to do with him found out. He was moral,
+conscientious, in many respects admirable; but he was oppressed by a sense
+of his own importance, he was entirely without humour, and he was convinced
+that he was always, on all occasions, in the right. He did not, as many
+royal husbands, break his marriage vow, but he treated his girl-wife with a
+harshness which fell little short of unkindness, and that though she was
+ever anxious to do her duty and he was always sincerely a lover.
+
+It is probable that the difficulties began almost immediately. Charles, on
+his arrival at Dover, did, indeed, greet his beautiful bride with delight,
+and when she would have knelt at his feet he prevented her by clasping her
+in his arms instead. But the French visitors soon showed that they were
+dissatisfied with the Queen's reception. They were ignorant of the more
+homely character of the English people and Court; and, contrasting the
+poverty of the festivities and welcome offered by the King of England to
+his queen with the splendour which the King of France had freely displayed
+to do honour to his sister, they concluded a lack of respect and affection
+on the part of Charles which had no foundation in fact. Some of the
+difficulty was indeed wholly due to national misunderstanding, as, for
+instance, the ill-feeling caused by the gloomy splendours of Dover Castle,
+where the young Queen spent her first night in England, and, later, by an
+antique bed, dating from the reign of Elizabeth, in which she was invited
+to repose in London. How could the English know that these relics of a
+glorious past were in the eyes of these visitors, accustomed to the
+new-fashioned luxuries of the French Court, nothing but relics of
+barbarism? "None of us, however old, could remember ever having seen such a
+bed," wrote Tillières,[29] in deep indignation. Nor was the public welcome
+to London more successful, though the marriage was fairly popular, and
+there was much kindly feeling towards the bride. The plague was raging in
+the city, so that, for prudence'sake, festivities had to be curtailed;
+while, to make matters worse, the entry into the capital took place on one
+of those drenching summer days which are not of infrequent occurrence in
+these islands. To the French visitors used to Paris, which, if one of the
+dirtiest of cities, was, then as now, one of the most beautiful and
+magnificent, London, at the best, would have looked rather shabby,[30] in
+these circumstances it appeared ugly and squalid. The English were little
+more pleased with their guests. "A poor lot, hardly worth looking at," was
+the comment of one Englishman on the brilliant train of French ladies who
+accompanied the Queen; and if he made an exception in favour of Madame de
+Chevreuse, who could hardly have been called plain, it was only to find
+fault with her for painting her face. It was perhaps not to be expected
+that this remarkable lady should find favour in Puritan eyes, for during
+her stay in England, where she remained over the birth of her daughter, the
+Mademoiselle de Chevreuse of later French history, she exhibited more than
+her usual eccentricity, indulging in such freaks as swimming across the
+Thames, an exploit which was celebrated in half-mocking verse by a Court
+poet.[31] But such petty national jealousies were annoyances of a trivial
+character. The more serious disagreements which arose between the royal
+pair may be traced, almost entirely, to two sources: the influence over the
+Queen of her French attendants, and the influence over the King of the Duke
+of Buckingham.
+
+Among the articles of the marriage treaty was a stipulation that the
+Queen's household should be composed of those who were of her own faith and
+nation. This body consisted of more than a hundred persons, civil and
+religious, chosen by Mary de' Medici and Richelieu, ranging from such great
+nobles and ladies as Madame S. Georges, the principal lady-in-waiting, and
+the Count de Tillières, the lord chamberlain, to the humble servants of the
+royal kitchen and laundry. Certainly the presence of so many of her own
+countrymen about the person of the young Queen tended to prevent that
+assimilation of English ideas and habits which was so desirable. It is not
+surprising that Charles disliked his wife's French servants as standing
+between him and his bride, particularly when it is remembered that they
+looked upon themselves as the servants of the King of France, who provided
+many of them with pensions.
+
+The object of his special dislike was Madame S. Georges, who, as the
+daughter of Madame de Montglas, had great influence with Henrietta, and
+who, though she had had long experience in Courts,[32] was foolish enough
+to show herself aggrieved at not being permitted to ride in the same coach
+with the King of England and his bride. Madame de Tillières, who ranked
+next to her, was more discreet in her conduct, probably owing to her
+husband's intimate knowledge of England, where he had resided a while as
+ambassador.
+
+But if the secular part of the Queen's household was objectionable, still
+more so was the ecclesiastical establishment, of which the leading spirits
+were her confessor, Father Bérulle, who had brought over with him twelve
+fathers of the French Oratory,[33] whose long habit, worn on all occasions,
+startled the eyes of sober Londoners, and her Grand Almoner, Daniel de la
+Motte du Plessis Houdancourt, who had under him four sub-almoners, one of
+whom was said to have openly defended at Court the doctrine of tyrannicide
+which Ravaillac put into practice. Bérulle, who lived to wear the
+Cardinal's purple, left behind him when he died a few years later the
+reputation almost of a saint.[34] He was also a very intellectual man,
+being one of the early admirers of the genius of Descartes; but he was not
+suited either in mind or character for the position which the partiality of
+Mary de' Medici had called him to fill; a man of stern and narrow piety,
+neither a Fénelon nor even a Bossuet, he knew not how to deal
+sympathetically with those whose religion and manners differed from his
+own; and the scorn which, as a Catholic ecclesiastic, he felt for "the
+ministers," at whom, in his letters, he loses no opportunity of sneering,
+as an abstemious Frenchman he felt no less for the gluttonous English. He
+recognized Charles' affection for his bride; but when the artistic King
+thought to please her by giving her a beautiful picture of the Nativity,
+all that the priest found to say on seeing it was that it was older than
+the religion of its donor. His very virtues were unfortunate. Though
+practised in Courts, he was too sincere to be a successful diplomat, and he
+showed a singular lack of enlightened self-interest, both in the just
+reproaches with which he overwhelmed Buckingham on the subject of the
+Catholics, and also in the friendship which he extended to Bishop Williams,
+whose sun was setting before that of the younger favourite. Nor was he
+altogether successful in his dealings with the Queen. He did indeed win
+Henrietta's respect, and to his teaching may be attributed, in some degree,
+the lifelong conduct which distinguishes her so honourably from others of
+her rank and day. But a Catholic Puritan himself--it is significant that
+the French Oratory a few years later was believed to be infected with
+Jansenism--and looking upon all Courts, specially Protestant ones, as
+chosen haunts of the devil, he was wont to rebuke his royal penitent for
+such natural sentiments as pleasure in her pretty dresses and jewels, and,
+forgetting that she was not a Carmelite nun in the Faubourg S. Jacques, he
+attempted to force upon her a strictness of manners and observance suited
+neither to her nature nor to her position. Charles' complaints of the cold
+and unloving conduct of the wife with whom, even by the testimony of his
+enemies, he was deeply in love; Buckingham's gibes at a queen who lived "en
+petite Mademoiselle," had their foundation in facts, facts for which
+Bérulle was largely responsible.
+
+[Illustration: CARDINAL PIERRE DE BÉRULLE
+
+FROM AN ENGRAVING]
+
+The Bishop of Mende was a very different person from the austere Oratorian.
+A member of one of the noblest houses in France, high-spirited, cultured,
+and fascinating, he owed a position to which his twenty and odd years would
+not have entitled him to the fact that he was a relative and intimate
+friend of Richelieu. He knew how to win the affection of the Queen, who on
+one occasion warmly recommended him to the Pope,[35] and who, when he left
+her to pay a visit of a few weeks to his native land, wrote requesting his
+return, as she could not get on without him; but the King frankly detested
+him, and years later, when the Bishop was in his grave, remembered angrily
+the arrogance with which the latter was wont to enter his wife's private
+apartments at any hour that pleased him. That the charges of indiscretion
+brought against him by the English were not unfounded may be gathered not
+only from the amazing audacity of his proposal to place the crown on the
+Queen's head in Westminster Abbey--a proposal which led to her never being
+crowned at all[36]--but also from the reluctant admission of his friend
+Tillières that he was too young for his post, and from an admonitory letter
+addressed to him by his masters in Paris, urging him to moderate his zeal
+and to bridle his fiery tongue.
+
+But there were reasons other than personal, of which Charles and his
+subjects were certainly in some degree aware, for disliking and distrusting
+Henrietta's household.
+
+One of the causes of the extraordinary success of Richelieu's policy is no
+doubt to be sought in the accuracy and range of the information at his
+command, which was furnished by persons in every country, who, though a
+prettier name might be given to them, were, to speak plainly, his spies.
+Some of them were French subjects abroad, others were subjects and often
+even servants of the King in whose land they lived, who were persuaded by
+the powerful argument of a pension to engage in this traffic in news.[37]
+By this means the Cardinal found out most things that it was to his
+interest to know, and often, while he was professing goodwill and affection
+to some hapless wight who was in his power, he was, at the same time,
+collecting information to be used against him.
+
+Richelieu's content at the English alliance has already been referred to.
+He was, at this time, at the height of his influence over the Queen-Mother,
+and he was rapidly building up the power which was to make him the
+strongest and most irresponsible minister that France has ever seen.
+Judging perhaps from the precedent of Queen Anne of Austria, he believed
+that Henrietta would be the instrument of France and consequently of
+himself in England. He was determined that she should have those about her
+in whom he could feel confidence; in other words, that the choice and
+highly born body of men and women who served the person of the Queen of
+England should be also the servants of an alien power. They played their
+part well. Even Bérulle, who was too good an ecclesiastic not to know the
+duties of the married state, summed up, in a letter to a private friend,
+the objects of his mission to England as being "to initiate the spirit of
+the Queen of England into the dispositions necessary," not only "for her
+soul," but also "for this country,"[38] i.e. France. The Bishop of Mende,
+by the testimony of Tillières, detailed everything that occurred to
+Richelieu, and abundance of letters written by his hand remain to prove the
+truth of this statement. As for Tillières himself, his attitude both to
+England and France may be gathered from his own Memoirs, and from the
+reputation he earned in this island, where he was considered very
+"jesuited."
+
+Such being the state of things, it would not perhaps be difficult, without
+seeking for further cause, to account for the irritation of a young and
+high-spirited King; but there is another factor to be taken into
+consideration.
+
+If we are to believe the testimony of those who on the Queen's behalf
+watched the course of events, the real author of the King's harshness to
+his wife and of his dislike to her servants was his favourite, the Duke of
+Buckingham, whose power over his royal master was so unbounded that he had
+but to indicate a line of action for Charles to follow it. This, indeed,
+was the deliberate opinion of Henrietta, who years later told Madame de
+Motteville that the Duke had announced to her his intention of sowing
+dissension between her and her husband, and though it is probable, from
+letters of Charles which are still extant, that the French underrated his
+independent dislike of them, and consequently exaggerated the guilt of the
+favourite, yet the substantial truth of the accusation can hardly be
+doubted. Buckingham was acute enough to perceive the naturally uxorious
+bent of the King's mind, and also the rare gifts and graces of the young
+Queen; and as soon as he discovered that it was impossible to make a slave
+of the wife as he had of the husband, he began to regard her as an enemy.
+He may well have trembled for an influence which was threatened on another
+side by the rising indignation of the people, whose voice did not scruple
+to point him out as a public enemy, and even to accuse him of the death of
+the late King.
+
+But there was another reason, equally in keeping with his haughty
+character, which the gossips of the time freely alleged for his persistent
+persecution of the Queen of England. Over in Paris the Queen of France,
+with Madame de Chevreuse whispering temptation in her ear, was waiting for
+the man to whom she owed the brightest hours of her shadowed life. Unless,
+in this case, history lies in no ordinary manner, Henrietta's married
+happiness was put in jeopardy as much by the soft glances of Anne of
+Austria, as by the austerity of Bérulle or by the audacity of the Bishop of
+Mende. Was it not for the sake of this fair charmer that Buckingham,
+wishing to discredit her enemies, Mary de' Medici and Richelieu, tried to
+nullify the political effects of the match they had made? Was it not that
+he might return to France and to her that he stirred up strife between two
+great Kings? Was it not, finally, to revenge the smarts of his hindered
+love for her that he first persecuted and then expelled those who in the
+Court of England were living under the protection of that Court which
+refused to receive him as ambassador? To all these questions contemporaries
+have replied, and their answer comes with no uncertain sound.
+
+Buckingham hated all the French, but his chief enemy was the Bishop of
+Mende. This young ecclesiastic possessed a stingingly sarcastic tongue,
+which the favourite, who, like most vain people, detested ridicule, both
+hated and feared. The former had, besides, a malicious habit of insisting
+with the most courtly grace upon long conversations in the French tongue,
+by which means the Englishman, who was not a perfect linguist, appeared, to
+his infinite chagrin, to disadvantage by the side of his nimble-tongued
+adversary. Nor did the Bishop confine himself to words. Secure in the
+favour of Richelieu he dared to oppose the Duke when that nobleman induced
+the King to appoint his wife, his sister,[39] and his niece _dames du lit_
+to the Queen. Henrietta, though she pointed out that already she had three
+ladies in place of the two who had served her mother-in-law, yet weary of
+opposition, would have given in, and perhaps the French Ambassadors, who
+were still in England and to whom the matter was referred, might also have
+been won over by the soft speeches of Buckingham. But the watchful Bishop
+was not thus to be tricked. He represented so strongly the danger of
+placing "Huguenot" ladies near the person of the young Queen, and spoke so
+earnestly of the scandal which such a proceeding would occasion among the
+Catholics both of England and the Continent, that the favourite's ambitious
+intrigues were defeated. He was unused to such checks, and Tillières was
+probably right in seeing in this incident the cause of his hatred to the
+man who had thus foiled him.
+
+Nevertheless, there was a moment when the Bishop of Mende hoped to win over
+the Duke to France and to Henrietta. In August, 1625, the first Parliament
+of Charles I met. It was in no amiable mood, for it was known that the King
+had lent ships to be used against the Protestants of Rochelle, and the
+concessions to the Catholics, though nominally secret, were more than
+suspected. Charles found himself embarrassed by a request to put in force
+the recusancy laws, while at the same time he was angered by an open attack
+upon his favourite. Now, in the opinion of the Bishop, was the moment to
+offer to Buckingham the French alliance, and in a long cipher dispatch to
+Richelieu he detailed his hopes. Spain had turned against the Duke, the
+English detested him. What course was open to him but to fling himself into
+the arms of the most Christian King? But Buckingham had other and opposite
+views. He believed that his best chance of political salvation lay in
+counselling his master to grant the petition of Parliament. Without abiding
+principle, careless which religious or political party he favoured so that
+it furthered his own ends, he thought only of his personal safety. He had
+not overrated his hold on Charles' heart. The King of England, to save his
+unworthy favourite, bowed to the storm. He put in force the recusancy laws,
+thus breaking the solemn promise which he had made only a few months before
+to a brother-sovereign, and inflicting an almost unbearable insult upon his
+young wife.
+
+It was little she could do. Earnestly as she strove to do her duty, Charles
+was never satisfied with her, and he not only resented unduly the small
+errors of taste and tact inevitable in a girl of her age, left without
+proper guidance in a land of which she did not even know the language, but
+he exposed her to the almost incredible rudeness of Buckingham, to whom he
+commented on her conduct[40] and who chided her like a child, and once even
+dared to tell her that if she did not behave better her husband would see
+order to her. It is not surprising that her temper sometimes failed her.
+Once, even in the opinion of Tillières, she spoke unbecomingly about Madame
+S. Georges' exclusion from the royal coach; and another time, in a fit of
+girlish anger, she marked her displeasure at the reading of Anglican
+prayers in the house where she was staying by attempting to drown the voice
+of the minister in loud and ostentatious talk with her ladies outside the
+room in which he was officiating. Thus her spirit sometimes rose, but in
+the main she was quite submissive, answering sadly and meekly the
+reproaches of her husband.
+
+But this last insult was no private matter, and, urged by Bérulle and the
+Bishop, Henrietta pleaded for her co-religionists. Her prayers were
+unavailing, and only served to anger Charles further. "You are rather the
+ambassador of your brother the King of France than Queen of England,"[41]
+he said coldly, in reply to her entreaties. Even the diplomatic
+representations of Tillières only procured a slight delay in the
+publication of the Proclamation putting in force the laws against the
+recusants.
+
+The wrath of the French on both sides of the Channel knew no bounds. Not
+only was the breach of promise an insult to the Crown of France, which was
+thus set at naught to "pleasure the views of Parliament," but political
+interests were also at stake.[42] In the opinion of Tillières and the
+Bishop, what was needed was a vigorous ambassador to teach Charles his
+duty, and to cajole or threaten him into keeping his share of the marriage
+contract, "for," wrote the Grand Almoner, with his usual candour, to
+Ville-aux-clercs, "you know so well the humour of our English that it would
+be superfluous to tell you that one can expect nothing from them unless one
+acts with force and vigour." Such attributes were never wanting to
+Richelieu's government. Ville-aux-clercs, whom the exiles would gladly have
+welcomed, "if we were worthy that God should work for us the miracle of
+enabling you to be in two places at once,"[43] could not indeed be spared,
+but a substitute was found in the person of "M. le Marquis de Blainville,"
+who before he left Paris had a long conversation with Bérulle; for that
+ecclesiastic, whose position had been of a temporary nature, had now
+returned to his native land, leaving to fill his office one of his trusted
+Oratorians, Father Sancy, a priest who, during a previous embassy to
+Constantinople, had acquired a profound knowledge of the world which it was
+supposed would enable him to advise judiciously the Queen of England.
+
+She, meanwhile, worn by chagrin and unkindness, was losing the bloom and
+the high spirits she had brought with her from her native land. The
+England, which had been represented to her as a paradise, was a poor
+exchange for the home she had lost; and when she looked across the Channel
+for help, all that came to her was the advice, in conformity with the
+intrigues of the Bishop of Mende, to make friends with Buckingham, whose
+overbearing rudeness was hateful to her, and on whom it is probable she
+never looked with favour, except perhaps at the very beginning of her
+married life, when she thought he might help her to revisit, in the midst
+of her miseries, her home and her mother. Now she showed herself restive,
+and Richelieu, who was much set on the conciliation of the Duke, discussed
+her conduct in a note which contains some of the earliest evidence as to
+Henrietta's personal character. The Queen of England, he said, was a little
+firm in her opinions, and those about her thought that her mother, whose
+displeasure she feared, should write a letter to her, pointing out her duty
+in this matter. The trouble might have been spared, for Buckingham at the
+time seems to have been as little anxious as herself for a friendly
+understanding.
+
+Blainville arrived in the late autumn of 1625. He was received with the
+courtesy due to his position as Ambassador-Extraordinary--a title which he
+had been given at the instance of Richelieu to overawe the King of
+England--but from the first he had little hope of accomplishing the objects
+of his mission. The Queen, stung by the harshness of her husband, who
+sometimes did not speak to her for days, goaded by the insolence of
+Buckingham, and surrounded by those who taught her to despise the language,
+the manners, and the religion of her adopted country, seemed to be at the
+beginning of the unhappy married life which so many princesses have had to
+endure. She was, moreover, more melancholy than usual, owing to the recent
+departure of Bérulle, which she regretted so deeply that her attendants
+were able to count more than twenty sighs as she sat at the table on the
+day he left her. The members of her ecclesiastical household were
+correspondingly depressed, for the loss of the distinguished Oratorian
+exposed them to even worse treatment than they had experienced before. The
+Bishop of Mende himself, on whose young shoulders the burden of
+responsibility had descended, could not keep up his spirits. He retired to
+his room, where he sat alone brooding upon the hard fate which had brought
+him to a barbarous and heretical isle, and whence he refused to move except
+to perform his religious duties and to wait upon the Queen.
+
+The King of England was hardly in a happier mood. That he had legitimate
+cause of complaint cannot be denied, and a letter which about this time he
+wrote to Buckingham proves that he had almost made up his mind to the only
+real cure for his troubles. The extraordinarily violent tone of this
+epistle suggests that his dislike to his wife's foreign attendants required
+by this time no fostering from the Duke. It even seems as if the favourite
+were less hostile to them than his master.[44]
+
+With such a state of feeling prevailing at Court, Blainville's position was
+not a comfortable one; but he remained there until an incident occurred
+which is believed to have occasioned his withdrawal and which deserves a
+detailed description, as it illustrates admirably the petty persecution to
+which the high-spirited Henrietta, the daughter of a hundred kings, was
+subjected.[45]
+
+The second Parliament of the reign, whose short existence was to be ended
+by the impeachment of Buckingham, met in the early spring of 1626.
+Henrietta, who was anxious to see the opening procession, had made
+arrangements to witness it from a gallery situated in the Palace at
+Whitehall, and she was annoyed when on the very day of the ceremony her
+husband told her that he wished her to go to the house of the Countess of
+Buckingham, whence a particularly fine view of the proceedings could be
+obtained. Still, she was always compliant in trifles, and at this time she
+desired to conciliate Charles by prompt obedience in such commands as her
+sensitive conscience could approve. She therefore signified her assent
+without, however, considering the matter of grave consequence.
+
+It happened that just before the hour of the procession, when Henrietta was
+about to set out for the Countess' apartments, a heavy shower of rain came
+on. The young Queen, looking out on the unsheltered court which she would
+have to cross to reach her goal, shrank back, fearing for her elaborately
+dressed hair, which she did not wish to have done again for the evening
+festivities. She told her husband, who was with her, that she thought the
+weather too bad to go, and asked him to conduct her to the gallery which
+had been her first choice. To her great surprise he was much displeased,
+and it was only after a somewhat bitter altercation that he complied with
+her request, leading her to her place and taking leave of her with cold
+politeness.
+
+Henrietta was sitting quietly, overcoming her vexation, when, to her
+surprise, the Duke of Buckingham, from whose bold eye and arrogant bearing
+she instinctively shrank, appeared. Rude he always was in his dealings with
+her, but on this occasion he surpassed himself, telling her roughly that
+the King was exceedingly displeased with her, and that it was surprising
+that for a little rain she should have refused to obey the commands of her
+husband. The proud young French Princess could not brook such language from
+one of her own subjects. Haughtily she made answer that in the Court of
+France she had been accustomed to see the Queen her mother and the Queen
+her sister use their own judgment in such trifles. Nevertheless (and in
+this her real sweetness and desire to please appeared), she mastered
+herself sufficiently to plead a woman's dread of bad weather, and to
+request Blainville, who was at her side, to lead her again to her husband.
+
+Charles was found to be in a less implacable mood than Buckingham had
+represented, and Henrietta went off to the Countess' apartments, hoping
+that the storm had blown over. She was soon undeceived. The Duke sought her
+again at his mother's house, and with unpardonable insolence again assured
+her that her husband was very angry with her, and that he did not wish her
+to remain in her present quarters. It was too much. Henrietta's wrath
+blazed forth. "I have sufficiently shown my obedience," she cried; "but
+unhappy me! obedience in England seems to be a crime." Buckingham, who was
+bent on making himself disagreeable all round, disregarding the Queen's
+protest, now turned to Blainville and remarked in a meaning way that he
+believed there were those who from motives of superstition had hindered her
+presence at a ceremony of the Knights of the Bath, and that he was
+surprised that her friends should be so injudicious. The French Ambassador,
+who knew well what was in the Duke's mind, and who had no wish to disclaim
+responsibility, replied with spirit that he would rather advise the Queen
+of England to absent herself from fifty ceremonies than counsel her to take
+part in one which was of doubtful permission for a Catholic. On receiving
+this answer the unwelcome visitor withdrew.
+
+Henrietta had a brave spirit, but the conduct of Buckingham had cut her to
+the quick, since it humiliated her in sight of the Court. That night, in
+the privacy of her own apartments, she appealed to her husband, whose cold
+looks and manners informed her that she was not forgiven. She was, she
+said, the most unhappy creature in the world, seeing him thus keep up his
+anger against her for so long. She would die rather than give him just
+cause for offence, and anyhow, whatever his feelings, could he not treat
+her in public with more respect, as otherwise it would be thought that he
+did not care for her. Pleadingly the young wife looked at her husband, for
+even at the worst she had some faith in the goodness and kindness of his
+natural character apart from the influence of Buckingham.
+
+But Charles, with a heavy pomposity, which in happier circumstances would
+certainly have made Henrietta laugh, replied that he had grave cause of
+offence. The Queen had said that it was raining, and that if she went out
+in the rain she would soil her dress and disarrange her hair. "I did not
+know that such remarks were faults in England," was her sarcastic answer.
+
+The King left his wife's apartments unappeased, and not all her entreaties,
+nor those of Madame de Tillières, whom he regarded with less disfavour than
+any other Frenchwoman, could induce him to return. He only sent a most
+unwelcome emissary, in the person of the Duke of Buckingham, who reiterated
+his assurances of the King's wrath, and informed Henrietta that if within
+two days she did not ask pardon her husband would treat her as a person
+unworthy to be his wife, and would drive away all the French, Madame S.
+Georges included, he thoughtfully added, knowing well that that lady held
+the first place in his auditor's affections.
+
+Such words no woman of spirit, much less a Princess of one of the greatest
+houses of Europe, could tamely suffer; but the young Queen, though in a
+white heat of passion, seems to have kept her temper admirably. Calmly and
+contemptuously she wondered that the Duke undertook such a commission as he
+was fulfilling. As for her position, only one thing could make her unworthy
+of it, and that she was too well-born to think of doing. Nor was she to be
+frightened by his threat with regard to her servants. They would be
+retained, she felt sure, not for love of her, but on account of the pledge
+given to her brother the King of France. As for asking pardon, she could
+not do so for a fault she had never committed. Her conduct had been open
+and public, and all around her had praised rather than blamed her. No, she
+added, she would not ask pardon, unless at the express command of the King.
+Buckingham, whose loquacity for once found nothing to reply, returned to
+the King, who, it appears, must, on reflection, have appreciated in some
+degree the sorry part he had played, for no apology was exacted, and the
+matter was quietly allowed to drop. As for the poor young Queen, she was so
+overcome by chagrin and misery that she kept her bed, where she was visited
+by Blainville, who thought to cheer her by lending her some letters which
+he had recently received from Father Bérulle.
+
+The Ambassador felt that it was time to be gone. He had borne annoyances,
+such as the interception of his letters, and insults, such as the continued
+persecution of the Catholics, but this treatment offered to the sister of
+his royal master was the last straw. The English, on their side, were only
+too glad to get rid of him, for they considered that he meddled unduly in
+private matters between the King and Queen. It is even said that he was
+forbidden the Court. But still, he was not to depart without a final brush
+with the enemy, for on Sunday, February 26th, a number of English Catholics
+who, following their usual but quite illegal practice, had come to hear
+Mass at the French Ambassador's chapel in Durham House in the Strand, were
+unpleasantly surprised as they came out after the service to find waiting
+for them at the door the officers of the King. A free fight followed, which
+was only stopped by the appearance and authority of the Bishop of Durham.
+Blainville, who in his irritated condition was not likely to reflect that
+Charles, after all, was within his legal rights, was roused to fury at what
+he considered a violation of the majesty of France. "I wish," he said
+vindictively, "I wish that my servants had killed the King's officer."
+
+Thus angrily he departed from the country to bear to France the tidings of
+his ill-success.
+
+After this matters went from bad to worse. Henrietta tried to please her
+husband, but she always found herself in the wrong, as when, for instance,
+she attempted to conciliate him by appointing to the offices created by a
+grant to her of houses and lands a preponderance of English Protestants.
+She found that her submission was entirely thrown away, because,
+injudiciously indeed, she had appointed to the office of Controller, which
+was only honorary, the Bishop of Mende. She was curtly informed that the
+post was required for the Earl of Carlisle, who was particularly odious to
+her on account of the indecent zeal which had prompted him within a few
+months of signing her marriage contract to urge the persecution of the
+Catholics. Goaded by such treatment, she claimed, with some warmth, the
+right to appoint her servants, and thus another cause of dispute arose
+between her and her husband, whose unkindness even extended to keeping her
+so short of money that she was reduced to borrowing from her own
+servants.[46]
+
+So the summer of 1626 wore on amid misunderstandings and recriminations
+until, in the month of June,[47] an event occurred which probably
+precipitated the inevitable crisis.
+
+One afternoon the Queen and her principal attendants, among whom the
+courtly figure of her Grand Almoner was conspicuous, were walking in that
+which even then was known as Hyde Park. In their walk they turned aside,
+and, to the astonishment of those of the public who observed their
+movements, were seen directing their steps towards Tyburn, the place of
+public execution, which was near the present site of the Marble Arch.
+Arrived at this ill-omened spot, the royal lady and her suite fell upon
+their knees as upon holy ground, and so, indeed, in their eyes it was, for
+was not this spot, wet with the blood of malefactors, watered also by the
+blood of those whom a tyrannical and heretical Government had slain for the
+crime of confessing the true faith? The airing of the Court had become a
+pilgrimage to the unsightly shrine of the English martyrs.
+
+It was an act of amazing imprudence such as would only have suggested
+itself to a man who, like the Bishop of Mende, never summoned discretion to
+his council but to eject it ignominiously. It is impossible to say how far
+the deed was of premeditation, but it is not unlikely that it was arranged
+by the Grand Almoner to give a demonstration to Protestants and to
+pro-Spanish Catholics of the devotion of a French Princess. It was even
+reported that the stern ecclesiastic had required the pilgrims--Henrietta
+included--to walk barefoot; but this, no doubt, was a sectarian
+exaggeration. Apart from such extravagances, that which had been done was
+in the eyes of the King--and not without justice--unpardonable. Not only
+had his wife, the Queen of England, been placed in an undignified position
+by those who had permitted her to appear among the memorials of misery and
+crime, but a direct and most bitter insult had been offered to him, to his
+father, and to the great Queen on whose throne he sat. The Catholics who
+laid down their lives at Tyburn with a courage which forced the reluctant
+admiration even of their enemies, were indeed, from one point of view,
+martyrs of the purest type. From another, and that Charles', they were
+traitors executed for the crime of treason in the highest degree. "Neither
+Queen Elizabeth nor I ever put a man to death for religion," James had said
+on one occasion. This doctrine was one which, in its nice distinctions, a
+foreigner and a Catholic could hardly be expected to grasp, yet the hard
+fact remained that these victims of Tyburn, however innocent, suffered
+under the laws of the land and under the authority of the Crown.
+
+Charles was wounded in his most sensitive feelings, and it speaks something
+for his forbearance that, as far as is known, he recognized the innocence
+of his girl-wife, and reserved his wrath for her advisers, particularly for
+the Bishop of Mende. "This action," he is reputed to have said, "can have
+no greater invective made against it than the bare relation. Were there
+nothing more than this I would presently remove these French from about my
+wife."
+
+Their removal was indeed, as Charles had perceived eight months earlier,
+the only solution of the difficulty, and to it events were now rapidly
+tending. It was necessary to cajole the French Court. Buckingham, even
+before the departure of Blainville, had made fresh overtures to Henrietta,
+which the astute Ambassador had advised her to reject. After the failure of
+this ruse the adroit Walter Montagu was dispatched to Paris to speak fair
+words to Mary de' Medici, and so well did he succeed that cordial letters
+were interchanged between the Duke and the Queen-Mother, even while, at the
+same time, the young diplomatist was able to carry out the more secret task
+which had been confided to him, which was nothing less than to discover
+whether the state of French domestic politics was such as to make it safe
+for the King of England to offer to the King of France so grave an insult
+as the expulsion of his sister's household. Montagu's report was
+encouraging. Owing to the great favour with which both Queen Anne and
+Madame de Chevreuse regarded him, he was able to pick up a good deal of
+information which would have escaped an ordinary envoy; he was thus, no
+doubt, able to trace in the ramifications of Chalais' plot, which at this
+time was agitating the French Court, and in which both the above-named
+ladies, as well as Henrietta's younger brother Gaston, were implicated, not
+only the general hatred of Richelieu, but even a positive desire on the
+part of some to see the Cardinal humiliated by such an affront to his
+policy as would be involved in the violation of the Queen of England's
+marriage treaty. And with such discontent at home, what vengeance could be
+taken? "The cards here," wrote Montagu in great glee, "are all mixed up,
+and Monsieur [Gaston of Orleans] is on the point of leaving the Court."
+
+Charles' decision was taken, and when his mind was made up it was not easy
+to turn him from his purpose. He knew, also, that he had the feeling of the
+Court and the people with him. English insularity could not brook the
+permanent presence of a large body of foreigners in so prominent a
+position, and English Protestantism took alarm at a royal establishment
+avowedly Catholic, which was considered "a rendezvous for Jesuits and
+fugitives,"[48] and whose ecclesiastical head was believed to hold special
+powers from the Pope, and to be "a most dangerous instrument to work his
+ends here."[49] At the Court feeling ran equally high. Buckingham's
+intentions and hopes have been sufficiently indicated, and there were
+others who, in a measure, shared them. Carlisle, whose anti-Catholic
+bitterness had been conspicuous throughout, and who had cynically remarked
+that the religious concessions made at the time of the marriage were only a
+blind to satisfy the Pope, and that the King of France had never expected
+them to be kept, was statesman enough to appreciate the real objections to
+the position in which he had helped to place Charles. There were endless
+broils at Court between the two nations, particularly among the ladies.
+Altogether Charles, taking into consideration the satisfactory disturbances
+across the Channel, was well justified, from the point of view of
+expediency, in choosing this moment to carry out that which had
+become--even setting aside the desires and influence of Buckingham--the
+wish of his heart. He was a man of monopolies, and he believed--and
+believed with justice--that the French stood between him and his bride.
+
+He laid his plans with skill. Carleton, a diplomatist of great experience,
+was sent over to Paris, not only to assist in the stirring up of strife
+there, but also to complain of the conduct of the Queen's servants, and, if
+possible, to obtain Louis' consent to their dismission. In case of refusal
+he was to intimate, with such tact as he could, that they would be
+dismissed all the same. The vigilant Bishop of Mende, who probably knew a
+good deal of what was going on, himself proposed to hasten to the French
+Court, where his influence with Richelieu rendered him so effective, to
+represent matters in their true light. He was told, to his great wrath,
+that the King of England would not allow him to cross the sea, and he was
+exclaiming that such threats were the very way to confirm him in his
+purpose, and that he would start the next day, when the Duke of Buckingham
+sought him, and the two enemies had their last passage-of-arms.
+
+"Do not run the risk of this journey," said the Duke with elaborate
+friendliness. "I am sorry for the bad impression that you have made on the
+King. I myself have tried to remove it without effect." "I thank you for
+your kindness," replied the Bishop satirically. "It is indeed unfortunate
+that your credit, which stands so high with the King in all other matters,
+fails in this. But I am not surprised, as I have noticed that it always
+falls short in anything which concerns the Queen of England and her
+household."
+
+In the end Tillières went to France, though Buckingham, stung by the
+Bishop's biting words, really asked the King to grant him leave of absence.
+But the Grand Almoner now thought that his place was at his mistress' side,
+and he knew that it would be difficult to detain the Count, however much
+Buckingham and the rest might desire to do so, as there was an unanswerable
+pretext for his journey in the approaching wedding of Gaston of Orleans,
+who was to expiate his share in Chalais' plot by marrying Mademoiselle de
+Montpensier.
+
+The danger, indeed, drew on apace. A few days after Tillières' departure
+Charles announced his intention to his Council, and any lingering
+hesitation he may have felt was swept away by the encouragement given by
+Buckingham and Carlisle, both of whom spoke in favour of the project. "The
+French," said the latter, "are too busy with their own affairs to make war
+on such a pretext."
+
+The die was now cast, and it was necessary to inform the Queen. The Council
+had been held in the Palace of Whitehall, and the King, with Buckingham at
+his heels, had only to go to another part of the house to find his wife,
+who was sitting in her own room with two of her ladies. The King rather
+rudely desired her to come to his apartments, but she, not altogether
+ignorant of the state of affairs, replied coldly that she begged him to say
+his pleasure in the place in which they found themselves. "Then send your
+women out of the room," said the King. Henrietta complied with his request,
+and her heart sank as she saw her husband carefully lock the door behind
+them.
+
+Then, without further preface, he curtly announced to his young wife the
+sentence of banishment. He could endure her French people and their
+meddling no longer, he said. He was going to send them all back to France,
+and she would have in their place those who would teach her to behave as
+the Queen of England.
+
+Henrietta first of all looked incredulously at her husband, for she had
+never believed, protected as she was by her marriage treaty and by the
+Crown of France, that, however dissatisfied he might be, he would push
+matters to an extremity. Then, as she saw no relenting on his cold,
+handsome face, she burst into tears and wept unrestrainedly. It was long
+before she found voice to plead that if Madame S. Georges, whom she knew he
+disliked, was too obnoxious, yet that she might keep Madame de Tillières,
+against whom no complaints had been brought. But Charles was inflexible.
+All were to go. More piteous sobbing followed, until the poor girl--she was
+only sixteen--appreciated that her misery was making no impression upon her
+husband. Then she stayed her weeping to make a final request. Might she not
+see her friends once more, to bid them good-bye, for it had been intimated
+to her that sentence would take effect without a moment's unnecessary
+delay.
+
+No, was the curt reply. She must see her friends no more.[50]
+
+At this final outrage to her wounded feelings Henrietta's spirit--the
+spirit of the Bourbons--rose in revolt. Forgetful of her husband, forgetful
+of her queenly dignity, remembering only that those whom she loved were
+leaving her for ever, she rushed to the window, that thence she might
+obtain a farewell glimpse of her banished compatriots. Such was her
+eagerness that she broke the intercepting panes of glass. But even this
+poor comfort was denied her. The King pursued her and dragged her back with
+such ungentle force that her dress was torn, and her hands with which she
+clung to the bars of the windows were galled and grazed.
+
+Elsewhere dismay and consternation reigned. Conway, the Secretary of State,
+announced their doom to the assembled French ladies, informing them that
+the King wished to have his wife to himself, and that he found it
+impossible to do so while she had so many of her own countrywomen about
+her. They were begged to retire to Somerset House, whence they would be
+sent to France. Madame S. Georges, acting as spokeswoman for the rest, said
+that they were the servants of the King of France, they could not leave
+their royal mistress without the orders of the Bishop of Mende, who was
+their superior. That gentleman arriving, in obedience to a hasty summons,
+did indeed at first assert with his usual hauteur that neither he nor any
+of the household would depart without the commands of their own sovereign.
+But he was soon made to understand, by arguments which not even his spirit
+could resist, that no choice was left to him. That evening saw the French
+at Somerset House and Henrietta desolate at Whitehall. It was probably
+during the few days that had to elapse before her friends were deported to
+France that the Queen wrote the following note to the Bishop, which vividly
+reflects her loneliness and sorrow:--
+
+  "M. DE MANDES,
+
+  "I hide myself as much as I can in order to write to you. I am treated as
+  a prisoner, so that I cannot speak to any one, nor have I time to write
+  my miseries nor to complain. Only, in the name of God, have pity on a
+  poor prisoner in despair, and do something to relieve my sorrow. I am the
+  most afflicted creature in the world. Speak to the Queen my mother about
+  my miseries, and tell her my troubles. I say good-bye to you and to all
+  my poor officers, and I charge my friend S. Georges, the Countess, and
+  all my women and girls, that they do not forget me, and I will never
+  forget them, and bring some remedy to my sorrow, or I die.... Adieu,
+  cruel adieu, which will kill me if God does not have pity on me.
+
+  "[Ask] Father Sancy to pray for me still, and tell Mamie that I shall
+  love her always."[51]
+
+Such a letter was not calculated to soothe the excitable Bishop of Mende,
+whose spirit had already been roused to fury by hearing the cries and
+protestations of the poor young mistress whom he was not permitted to see.
+But it was little he could do. His captivity at Somerset House was broken
+in upon by the King of England himself, who, with the unfortunate desire
+for explanation which was always his, was anxious to point out with his own
+mouth to those whom it most concerned the reasons of his action. According
+to the Bishop, who occupied his leisure in writing angry letters to the
+King of France and the Queen-Mother, Charles acknowledged that he had no
+personal fault to find with his wife's servants, but said that it was
+necessary, to content his people and for the good of his affairs, that they
+should be expelled. This admission, which, if it ever existed outside the
+mind of the Bishop, was intended as a courteous softening of unpleasant
+truths, did not prevent the King from adding a command (which was obeyed)
+that all the French were to be gone within four-and-twenty hours.[52] It
+was perhaps some solace to them that before their departure a considerable
+sum of money and costly jewels were distributed among them.
+
+It remained to bring Henrietta, who was still weeping angrily in her
+apartments, to a state of calm more befitting the Queen of England. Charles
+was not cruel, and when the first flush of anger was over he could feel for
+his wife's grief. At first he had determined that all the French, whether
+lay or ecclesiastic, should go. "The Queen has been left neither confessor
+nor doctor, and I believe that her life and her religion are in very grave
+peril,"[53] wrote the Bishop. But Charles, though he was not to be moved by
+such innuendoes, relented in some degree. In the end one of Henrietta's
+ladies, Madame de Vantelet, was permitted to remain with her, and two of
+the priests of the Oratory were granted like indulgence; one of whom was
+the pious and sagacious Scotchman, Father Robert Philip, who continued the
+Queen's confessor until his death, years later, in the days of the
+exile.[54]
+
+The French were gone, and on the whole, in spite of the Bishop's protest,
+quietly; but Charles and Buckingham knew well that they had to face the
+wrath of France for this the audacious violation of the Queen's marriage
+treaty. Henrietta naturally looked to her own family to right her wrongs,
+and she wrote piteous letters to her brother asking for his help, which
+show the sad condition to which sorrow and unkindness had reduced the
+bright Princess who had left France little more than a year earlier. "I
+have no hope but in you. Have pity on me.... No creature in the world can
+be more miserable than I."[55] Mary de' Medici could not turn a deaf ear to
+such appeals nor to the complaints of the exiles who were pursued into
+France by aspersions on their characters not calculated to soothe their
+feelings, such as a charge of taking bribes, which charge their royal
+mistress, with characteristic justice and generosity, was at pains, even in
+the midst of her misery, to confute.[56] The Queen-Mother's remonstrances
+to her son-in-law were, indeed, quite unavailing, but they were dignified
+and expressed a surprise at his conduct which probably she did not feel,
+since, as the English took care to point out, it was not long since similar
+measure had been meted out to the Spanish attendants of Queen Anne. With
+her daughter she felt the warmest sympathy. "If your grief could be
+assuaged by that which I feel at the news of the expulsion of your servants
+and of the ill-treatment to which you are subjected, it would soon be
+diminished,"[57] she wrote, and she added, perhaps sincerely, that never
+had she felt such grief since the assassination of her husband, Henrietta's
+father. As for her son, his indignation was such that he would leave
+nothing undone that might procure for his sister redress and contentment.
+It is probable that Richelieu, with the Bishop of Mende at his elbow,
+shared these sentiments. Nevertheless, Carlisle was right. France had too
+much on her hands to pick a quarrel with England, even though her daughter
+had been insulted and her authority set at naught. All that could be done
+was to send another embassy, and this, it seems, was only decided upon at
+the instance of the Pope.
+
+Two persons were joined in the embassy, the Count of Tillières, whom the
+English were believed greatly to fear, and his brother-in-law, the Marshal
+de Bassompierre, an elderly diplomat of great experience, whose
+old-fashioned elegance of manner was already making him a little ridiculous
+in the eyes of younger men who despised the Italian grace of the days of
+Catherine de' Medici. In the end this exquisite person had to go alone, for
+it was intimated that the King of England would not receive his colleague;
+he was rather unwilling to undertake the embassy, and his dissatisfaction
+was not decreased by the coolness of his reception in London, which
+coolness, as he reminded himself, it was clearly a duty to resent as an
+insult to the Crown of France.
+
+He found matters in bad case. The King was inflexible in his refusal to
+come to terms, and the Queen, though she was still depressed and bitterly
+angry with Buckingham, showed herself, since the cession which permitted
+her to retain Madame de Vantelet and her old nurse, more reconciled to the
+change. About her spiritual welfare the Ambassador expressed himself much
+concerned, for she was surrounded by heretics, and in place of the
+irreproachable ecclesiastics appointed by her brother she had been forced
+to receive two English priests, by name Godfrey and Potter, who belonged to
+a school of thought which in his eyes, and in those of the Bishop of Mende,
+was little less than heretical, for they had both taken the oath of
+allegiance, and they had both assured the Earl of Carlisle that they did
+not belong to the Church of Rome, but to that which was Catholic, Gallican,
+and "Sorbonique," an assertion which particularly enraged Bassompierre, who
+saw in it an insult to the French Church and nation. He was probably little
+more moved by the accusation brought against one of them by the Bishop of
+bracketing together "the three Impostors, Mahomet, Jesus Christ, and
+Moses."[58] Only one person showed any cordiality to the unfortunate
+Ambassador. Buckingham, thinking on the Queen of France in Paris, felt that
+he had gone too far, and decided that it would be well to conciliate
+Henrietta. With this purpose he came secretly, through the darkness of the
+night and attended only by his young friend Montagu, to wait on
+Bassompierre. He complained bitterly of the hatred of which he was the
+victim, and inquired plaintively whether M. de Mende were saying as many
+disagreeable things about him on the other side of the Channel as he had
+been wont to do in England. To the last question the polite Frenchman must
+have found it difficult to frame an answer at once courteous and true, but
+he promised to use his influence as intermediary with Henrietta, and he was
+so far successful that the young Queen was induced to regard the Duke, at
+any rate outwardly, with greater favour.
+
+But the situation, as regarded its real objects, was foredoomed to failure.
+Madame S. Georges, the Bishop of Mende, and the Fathers of the Oratory had
+so prejudiced Charles' mind that he refused to receive Frenchmen, bishop or
+religious, at the Court of his Queen. There was a deadlock, and
+Bassompierre, who had made matters worse by his grave indiscretion in
+bringing as his chaplain the Queen's late confessor, Father Sancy, with all
+his diplomacy could do no more. He was indeed anxious to be gone. The
+account of his embassy in England, which he included in his memoirs, is
+penned in no flattering spirit towards this island, but the full irritation
+of his feelings can only be gathered from the private letters which, during
+his sojourn in London, he dispatched to the Bishop of Mende, who was with
+Richelieu at Pontoise, watching the course of events.
+
+"I have found," wrote the enraged diplomatist in one of these epistles,
+"humility among the Spaniards and courtesy among the Swiss during the
+embassies which I have carried on there on behalf of the King, but the
+English have abated nothing of their natural pride and arrogance."[59]
+
+The Bishop sent a sympathetic answer, commenting on our national character
+in a manner which is worth quoting, as it serves to explain the
+unpopularity of that fascinating person in English society.
+
+"I am not surprised," so ran the letter, "that you have found more courtesy
+and satisfaction among the Spaniards and the Swiss than in the island on
+the shores of which the tempest has thrown you. I myself have always
+considered the English less reasonable than the Swiss, and at the same time
+less faithful, while I think they are just as vainglorious as the
+Spaniards, without possessing anything of their real merit."
+
+This was not all. A report was about that the Bishop wished to return to
+England, and he thoughtfully seized the opportunity to set everybody's mind
+at rest on the subject. The English were to have no uneasiness, he was only
+too willing to fall in with their wishes. "They will not have much
+difficulty in carrying into effect the resolution which they have taken to
+prevent my return," he wrote, "for both parties are quite of one opinion on
+that matter, my humour (setting aside the interests of my mistress) being
+rather to fly from than to invite another sojourn in England. It would need
+a very definite command to induce me to live there again, while to persuade
+myself to remain here I have only to consult my own inclination."[60]
+
+So Bassompierre departed, taking with him, as a slight compensation for his
+trouble, some English priests who had been released from prison in
+compliment to the King of France. And thus ended the last stage of this
+sordid struggle which came near to wrecking the happiness of what was to
+prove one of the most loving of royal marriages.
+
+It is hard in such a matter to apportion blame. Charles cannot be acquitted
+of harshness and of a certain degree of subservience to Buckingham, while
+the act of expulsion was a flagrant breach of the faith plighted only a
+year before to a brother-sovereign. But it must be remembered that most of
+the information comes from French, and consequently hostile, sources. After
+all, the King of England's real fault was that, by his marriage contract,
+he had allowed himself to be placed in an impossible position, from which
+only violence could extricate him. On their own showing it is difficult to
+see how any self-respecting husband, let alone a great king, could have
+endured the Bishop of Mende, Madame S. Georges, or even Father Bérulle.
+They, for their part, had much to complain of, and they saw in every
+approximation of their mistress to English customs and ways of thought a
+menace, not only to the interests of France, but to the immortal soul
+placed in their charge. As for Henrietta herself, she can hardly be blamed.
+She was but a child, and it is not surprising that she followed the counsel
+of those whom her mother had set over her. The severest thing that can
+justly be said of her is that, at the age of sixteen, she had not
+completely learned the lesson of a wife, and, above all, of a royal wife,
+"to forget her own people and her father's house."
+
+[Footnote 29: The _Mémoires inédits du Comte Leveneur de Tillières_,
+published in 1862, are one of the principal authorities for Henrietta
+Maria's early married life: they are very full and vivid, but are coloured
+by the writer's dislike to the English, and especially to Buckingham.]
+
+[Footnote 30: Cf. the following description of Paris in a humorous poem of
+the day:
+
+  "We came to Paris, on the Seyn,
+   'Tis wondrous faire but nothing clean,
+       'Tis Europes greatest Town.
+   How strong it is, I need not tell it,
+   For any man may easily smell it,
+       That walkes it up and down."
+
+_Musarum Deliciæ_, by Sir J. M. and Ja. S. (1655), p. 19.]
+
+[Footnote 31: _Musarum Deliciæ_, by Sir J. M. and Ja. S. (1655), p. 49.]
+
+[Footnote 32: She had been in Turin with Henrietta's sister, Christine.]
+
+[Footnote 33: The French Oratory was quite distinct from the better known
+Roman Oratory founded by S. Philip Neri.]
+
+[Footnote 34: See the list of miracles attributed to his intercession in
+_La Vie du Cardinal Bérulle_. Par Germain Habert, Abbé de Cerisy (1646).
+Liv. III, chaps. XIV., XV.]
+
+[Footnote 35: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 36: The English Catholics were anxious lest she should allow
+herself to be crowned by a heretic: Fr. Leander de S. Martino, an English
+Benedictine, wrote a long letter to Bérulle on the subject in June, 1625,
+expressing his anxiety. Archives Nationales, M. 232.]
+
+[Footnote 37: As, for instance, Sir Lewis Lewknor, an official charged with
+the reception of ambassadors: he received £2000 per annum from Richelieu,
+and he was particularly useful to the French, whom he did not openly
+favour, because, being a Catholic, he received the confidences of the
+Spaniards and the Flemings.]
+
+[Footnote 38: Bérulle to P. Bertin, Superior of French Oratory at Rome.
+Arch. Nat., M. 232.]
+
+[Footnote 39: La Hermana y Mujer [of Buckingham] son Eresas muy
+perniciosas. Spanish news-letter, P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 40: "My Wyfe beginnes to mend her maners."--Harleian MS., 6988,
+f. 5.]
+
+[Footnote 41: _Verissima relacion en que se da cuenta en el estado en que
+estan los Catholicos de Inglaterra, ete Sevilla_ (1626).]
+
+[Footnote 42: See chapter IV.]
+
+[Footnote 43: Bishop of Mende to Ville-aux-clercs. MS. Français, 3693.]
+
+[Footnote 44: "Seeing daylie the malitiusness of the Monsers by making and
+fomenting discontentments in my Wyfe I could tarie no longer from
+adverticing of you that I meane to seeke for no other grounds to casier my
+Monsers,"--Harleian MS., 6988, f. I.]
+
+[Footnote 45: Arch. Nat., M. 232, from which the account in the text is
+taken: perhaps an account written by Charles or Buckingham would have been
+somewhat different: it is printed in an article entitled "L'Ambassade de M.
+de Blainville," published in _Revue des Questions Historiques_, 1878, t.
+23.]
+
+[Footnote 46: Bishop of Mende to (apparently) Richelieu, June 24th, 1626.
+"La Royne ma maitresse est reduite de fouiller dans nos bourses, si ces
+choses dureront sa maison durera fort peu."--Affaires Etrangères Ang., t.
+41, f. 133.]
+
+[Footnote 47: The date is not certain, it was probably at the time of the
+Jubilee, June, 1626: in February Henrietta had written to the Pope asking
+that she, her household, and the Catholics of England might share in the
+privileges of the Jubilee.--P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 48: Archives of See of Westminster. See Appendix, Doc. I.]
+
+[Footnote 49: _Court and Times of Charles I_, I, 119.]
+
+[Footnote 50: Such petty malice was part of Charles' character: cf. his
+refusal to allow Sir John Eliot to be buried at his home in Cornwall.]
+
+[Footnote 51: Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 41: it is endorsed "copie," and is
+perhaps a rough draft; it is apparently in Henrietta's handwriting. "Mamie"
+is Madame S. Georges.]
+
+[Footnote 52: Charles wrote a violent note to Buckingham, commanding him to
+see to the departure of the French. "If you can by faire meanes (but stike
+not longe in disputing) otherways force them away, dryving away so manie
+wild beasts untill you have shipped them and so the Devill go with them."
+The French landed at Calais, August 3/13, 1626.]
+
+[Footnote 53: Bishop of Mende to Mary de' Medici. Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 41.]
+
+[Footnote 54: The second Oratorian who remained was Father Viette, who
+became the Queen's confessor on Father Philip's death. She was allowed to
+keep also a few inferior French servants, and Maurice Aubert, who appears
+in a list of her servants made at the time of her marriage, continued with
+her; he was the companion of Windbank's flight to France in 1641.]
+
+[Footnote 55: Baillon: _Henriette Marie de France, reine d'Angleterre_
+(1877), p. 348.]
+
+[Footnote 56: She said, probably with truth, that the money they had
+received was in part payment of the debts incurred by her to them: her
+statement is confirmed by the fact that Charles requested the French
+Government to pay the debts owing to his wife's servants out of the half of
+her _dot_, which had not yet been paid.--Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 41.]
+
+[Footnote 57: Mary de' Medici to Henrietta Maria, August 22nd, 1626. MS.
+Français, 3692. She wrote on the same day to Charles.]
+
+[Footnote 58: Bishop of Mende to King of France, August 12th, 1626. Aff.
+Etran. Ang., t. 41.]
+
+[Footnote 59: Bassompierre to Bishop of Mende, October 17th. MS. Français,
+3692.]
+
+[Footnote 60: Bishop of Mende to Bassompierre, October 29th, 1626. MS.
+Français, 3692.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE QUEEN OF THE COURTIERS
+
+  Let's now take our time
+  While w'are in our prime,
+  And old, old Age is a-farre off:
+  For the evill, evill dayes
+  Will come on apace
+  Before we can be aware of.
+
+                           ROBERT HERRICK
+
+
+"I was," Henrietta Maria[61] was accustomed to say in the days of her
+sorrow, "I was the happiest and most fortunate of Queens. Not only had I
+every pleasure which heart could desire, but, above all, I had the love of
+my husband, who adored me." The expulsion of her French attendants was the
+foundation of the Queen's married happiness. Away from the insinuations of
+Madame S. Georges and the gibes of the Bishop of Mende, she began, in an
+amazingly short time, to appreciate the good qualities of her husband, to
+which indeed she had never been totally blind; and, in the words of Madame
+de Motteville, to "make her pleasure of her duty." "The incomparable
+virtues of the King," wrote Holland at this time, "are working upon the
+generosity and goodness of the Queen, so that his Majesty should soon have
+the best wife in the world."[62] And somewhat later an exceptionally
+well-qualified witness[63] was able to say that the royal couple lived
+together with the satisfaction which all their loyal subjects ought to
+desire.
+
+But still one thing was lacking to her full content. Her husband's nature
+was such that his full confidence and affection could only be bestowed upon
+one person at the time, and she knew well who held the first place in his
+heart and counsels. But she had not long to wait. On August 23rd, 1628, the
+knife of Felton ended, in a few moments, the dazzling career of the Duke of
+Buckingham. Charles' grief was deep and lasting. He had loved his favourite
+like a brother, and he never had another personal friend. But to Henrietta
+the news, though shocking in its suddenness, cannot have been unwelcome.
+She showed all due respect to his memory, but, as one of her friends wrote
+to Carlisle, her lamentations were rather "out of discretion than out of a
+true sensation of his death. I need not tell you she is glad of it, for you
+must imagine as much."[64]
+
+Thenceforward there was nothing to check the growth of an affection which
+became the admiration of Europe. Charles' artistic eye had always dwelt
+with pleasure upon his wife's beautiful face, and her wit and readiness
+relieved his sombre nature much as Buckingham's bright audacity had, and
+now that the latter's hostile influence was removed, he was so completely
+captivated that the watchful courtiers soon perceived that the advent of
+another favourite was not to be feared, "for the King has made over all his
+affection to his wife."[65] The tokens of his love were innumerable. He
+delighted in making her gifts of jewels, of religious pictures, of anything
+which he thought would please her. He caused her portrait, painted by the
+hand of Van Dyck, to be hung in his bedroom, and as early as 1629 it was
+remarked that he wished always to be in her company. Nor was she behindhand
+in affection. It is pleasant to read that when the King was away for a few
+days his wife lay awake at night sighing for his return, and that, on
+another occasion when she was at Tunbridge Wells drinking the waters which
+were just coming into fashion, she was so home-sick for her husband after a
+few days' separation that she cut short her visit and went home to him,
+arriving after a long journey quite unexpectedly. Such little incidents
+show that Charles was not exaggerating when, in 1630, he wrote to his
+mother-in-law that "the only dispute that now exists between us is that of
+conquering each other by affection, both esteeming ourselves victorious in
+following the will of the other";[66] and that the virtuous Habington, the
+poet of wedded love, was not paying one of the empty compliments of a
+courtier when he appealed to the example of his sovereign to enforce the
+lessons of virtue:
+
+  "Princes' example is a law: then we
+  If loyalle subjects must true lovers be."[67]
+
+Of course the Queen's great wish was to give the King, her husband, an heir
+to his throne. But for several years no children appeared, and it was not
+until the early spring of 1629 that Henrietta retired to Greenwich for her
+first confinement, and even then her hopes were disappointed, for the boy
+who was born only lived long enough to receive his father's name. She
+herself was very ill; but she showed the brave spirit which never deserted
+her in suffering, and her physician was able to report that she was "full
+of strength and courage."[68]
+
+But the next year she was more fortunate, perhaps because, owing to her
+mother's representations, she had been induced to take great care of
+herself and to avoid exertion. This time she chose to remain at St. James's
+Palace, which was considered a very suitable place as being near London,
+and yet quiet and retired; and there, on May 29th, 1630, the boy was born
+who was afterwards Charles II. The delight of the parents and of the Court
+may be imagined, while the people at large, who had not been very anxious
+for the birth of an heir to the Popish Queen, now remembering that the baby
+was the first native-born prince since the children of Henry VIII, entered
+with zest into the public rejoicings, which took the usual form of
+bell-ringing, bonfires, and fireworks, and which were increased by a
+general pardon and release of prisoners. The christening, though it was a
+private ceremony, was worthy of the rank of the child who was the first
+prince to be born heir, not only of England, but of Scotland also. It took
+place in the chapel of St. James's Palace, in the middle of which a dais
+was erected bearing the silver font which the loyalty of the Lord Mayor of
+London had provided. The chapel and every room through which the
+christening procession had to pass were hung with choice tapestry, while
+the greatness of the occasion was marked by the munificent gift of £1000
+which was offered to the nurse.
+
+It was a happy day for Henrietta, but marred by one disappointment, and
+that a great one. It was the King of England's wish that, against the
+spirit of the stipulations of his marriage treaty,[69] his heir's
+christening should follow the rites of the Established Church.
+Nevertheless, two of the baby's sponsors, the King of France and the
+Queen-Mother, were Catholics. These and the second godfather, the Prince
+Palatine, were represented by three noble Scots, the Duke of Lennox--a
+member of a family that the Queen particularly disliked--the Duke of
+Hamilton, and the Duchess of Richmond; and the King, with characteristic
+unwisdom, desired to pay yet another compliment to his native land by
+appointing another Scotchwoman, Lady Roxburgh, to the office of governess
+to his infant son. But this lady, who was a Catholic and who, as lady of
+the bedchamber to the consort of James, was supposed to have exercised a
+baleful religious influence over her mistress, discreetly refused the
+offered dignity, which was passed on to the Countess of Dorset, whose
+husband was to fill the complimentary position of governor to the royal
+child.
+
+The baby inherited neither the stately beauty of his father nor the
+vivacious prettiness of his mother, though he was rather like his
+grandfather, Henry IV, whom Henrietta so greatly resembled. But his size
+and forwardness atoned for his lack of beauty. "He is so fat and so tall,"
+wrote the happy mother to her old friend Madame S. Georges, "that he is
+taken for a year old, and he is only four months. His teeth are already
+beginning to come. I will send you his portrait as soon as he is a little
+fairer, for at present he is so dark that I am quite ashamed of him."[70]
+And again, somewhat later, her humorous delight in her baby comes out in
+another letter to the same correspondent. "I wish you could see the
+gentleman, for he has no ordinary mien. He is so serious in all he does,
+that I cannot help fancying him far wiser than myself."[71]
+
+Henrietta's happiness was crowned by the birth of her son, which was
+followed as the years went on by that of other sons and daughters.[72] But
+apart from these domestic joys, in which she delighted with all the
+strength of her healthy nature, her life was a very happy one. To the
+pleasures of love she added those of friendship, and she had the art, all
+too rare among the great, of treating her friends with openness and
+confidence without losing her royal dignity. No sooner were her French
+ladies gone than she turned to those of her new country to fill their
+place, and perhaps her principal choice was not altogether a happy one.
+
+No woman of that time was more brilliant than Lucy, Countess of Carlisle,
+whose romantic friendship with the great Strafford, which the imagination
+of a modern poet has immortalized, is only one of her claims to
+remembrance. A member of the border House of Percy, she incurred, by her
+marriage with a Scotch nobleman, the serious displeasure of her father,
+who, as he said, could not bear that his daughter should dance Scotch jigs.
+But her union with the distinguished Lord Carlisle, whom Henrietta speedily
+forgave for his share in her early troubles, was to her advantage at Court,
+where, in virtue of her ten years' seniority over the young Queen, she
+wielded the influence which often belongs to a married woman, who, though
+still in the bloom of her beauty, has had time to acquire a knowledge of
+life. That she was beautiful her portraits remain to testify; that in the
+mingled arts of coquetry and diplomacy she was so proficient as to
+challenge comparison with Madame de Chevreuse herself there is ample
+evidence in the fascination which she exercised, first over Strafford and
+then over Pym, neither of whom were men to be caught by mediocre ability or
+charm; that she was cowardly, false, treacherous to her heart's core
+Henrietta's simple and affectionate nature had as yet no means of
+discovering.[73]
+
+There was another man of less intellectual distinction whom she had once
+been able to lead captive by her charms, but who had deserted her for a
+royal mistress across the Channel. The story of her frustrated revenge,
+though it rests upon the authority of gossiping memoirs,[74] is so
+characteristic of the lady herself and of others who played a part in
+Henrietta's life, that it carries with it some degree of conviction, and
+moreover has an illustrative value apart from its literal truth.
+
+Lady Carlisle was not a woman to forgive a faithless lover, even though
+that lover were the favourite of her King and had left her for the smiles
+of a foreign Queen. She determined to take a delicate revenge which should
+punish both the Duke of Buckingham and the Queen of France; and to compass
+this end she became one of the earliest of the English spies of Richelieu,
+who would be only too glad to welcome any proof of the levity of Anne of
+Austria.
+
+The Countess laid her plans well. She noticed that Buckingham, after his
+return from France, was accustomed to wear some diamond studs which she had
+never seen before, and which she conjectured correctly to have been given
+to him by the Queen of France. She determined to gain possession of one of
+these jewels, that she might send it to Richelieu, who would be at no loss
+to draw his own conclusions. A Court ball gave her an opportunity, and
+before the evening was out she held in her hand the compromising ornament.
+
+But she was to be outwitted after all by Buckingham, who, whatever his
+failings, was neither a tepid nor a dull-witted lover, and who was able to
+gauge, pretty correctly, the spite of the woman he knew so well. Taking
+advantage of his unbounded power with the King, he obtained the closure of
+all the ports of England for a certain time, during which interval he
+caused an exact replica of the stolen stud to be made, which, together with
+the remaining studs, he dispatched to Anne. The Queen of France was thus
+able to produce the jewels when her husband, their original donor, asked
+for them, and the accusing stud which the malice of her enemies sent to
+Paris was deprived of power to injure her.
+
+It is not surprising that there were people at the Court of England who
+disliked the young Queen's intimacy with Lady Carlisle. That lady, whose
+talk with those of her own sex was ever of dress and fashion, had already,
+it was rumoured, taught Henrietta to paint, and she would, no doubt, lead
+her on to other "debaucheries"; but her influence seemed established. By
+the royal favour she enjoyed a pension of £2000 a year, and Henrietta's
+affection was so great that even when the Countess had the smallpox she
+could hardly be kept from her side. The Queen was the convalescent's first
+visitor, and a little later she permitted her favourite to appear at Court
+in a black velvet mask, so that she might enjoy her society at an earlier
+date than otherwise would have been possible, for it was not to be expected
+that Lady Carlisle would show her face in the circles of which she was one
+of the brightest ornaments until its beauty was fully restored. Such a
+woman could not fail to arouse jealousy. Buckingham's relatives, who served
+the Queen, feared and distrusted her, and perhaps her most formidable rival
+in Henrietta's affection was the Duke's sister, the pious and cultured Lady
+Denbigh, who, distasteful at first, had won her mistress' heart, and whose
+long fidelity, which neither years nor exile could diminish, contrasts
+favourably with the self-seeking of the more brilliant Lady Carlisle.
+
+[Illustration: OLD SOMERSET HOUSE
+
+FROM AN ENGRAVING AFTER AN ANCIENT PAINTING IN DULWICH COLLEGE]
+
+But the society of friends of her own sex was only one among the many joys
+which were Henrietta's during the happy years which elapsed between the
+troubles of her youth and the storm of the Civil War. For a few months
+after the departure of the French her husband seems to have kept her short
+of money,[75] but in 1627 she enjoyed the income of £18,000, which was
+guaranteed to her by the terms of her marriage contract. Moreover, large
+grants of manors and lands were made to her. Thus came into her possession
+the park of East Greenwich, whither she was wont to retire when she wished
+for country air and quiet, and yet could not be far from town; thus she
+acquired Oatlands in Surrey, the pleasant country-house of which nothing
+now remains, where she spent many happy days with her friends and children;
+thus she was able to call her own Somerset or Denmark House, her much-loved
+and beautiful London home which stood with other noblemen's houses facing
+the Strand, while behind lovely pleasure gardens sloped down to the still
+silver Thames. None of her other houses, probably, were as dear to her as
+this, where she kept an establishment befitting her rank as Queen-Consort,
+and where she frequently gave entertainments which reflected the taste and
+grace of their hostess, and to which she had the pleasure of inviting her
+husband, the King.
+
+Henrietta was not a lady of literary tastes, and in spite of the fact that
+the Scotch poet, Sir Robert Ayton, was her private secretary, her patronage
+of general literature was confined to smiling on poets, such as Edmund
+Waller, who presented her with copies of complimentary verses, and to
+receiving the dedication of devotional works, usually translated from
+foreign originals. But to the drama she was devoted, and she specially
+liked the pretty and fashionable plays known as masques, of which the
+veteran laureate, Ben Jonson, wrote a number, and of which a younger poet,
+John Milton, produced in _Comus_, the most famous example. Henrietta was
+delighted with the great pageant and masque offered to their Majesties by
+the Inns of Court in 1633,[76] and even the grave Laud, when he entertained
+royalty at Oxford in 1638, provided a play, Cartwright's _Royal Slave_, for
+the amusement of his guests. But the Queen's pleasure was not only as a
+spectator. As a child she had been accustomed to take her part in private
+theatricals acted in the spacious _salons_ of the Luxembourg, where Rubens'
+voluptuous women looked down upon the royal actresses. She brought the
+taste for these amusements with her to England. The first Christmas after
+her marriage she and her ladies acted a French pastoral at Somerset House,
+in which she took the leading part. "It would have been thought a strange
+sight once,"[77] commented sourly her new subjects.
+
+But she was not to be deterred from her pleasures. She was always too
+careless of public opinion, and, as an acute and sympathetic observer
+remarked somewhat later, she was a true Bourbon in her love of amusement.
+To a lady whose dancing was something quite unusual, and whose sweet voice
+and skill in touching the lute testified to real musical taste, dramatic
+representations were naturally attractive. Her second English Christmas was
+enlivened by a masque, in which, as her French attendants were gone by this
+time, she had the assistance of her English friends. Her own band of
+players was always ready, and played for her amusement, now at Hampton
+Court, now at Somerset House, and it was owing to her influence and
+patronage that theatres increased to such an extent in the capital that the
+Puritan feeling of the City was aroused, which produced an order in Council
+"for the restraint of the inordinate use and company of playhouse and
+players." The playgoers were to content themselves with two theatres, of
+which one was to be in Middlesex and the other across the river in Surrey,
+while no plays were to be acted on Sunday, in Lent, or in times of common
+infection.
+
+But the merrymakings of the Court became more instead of less as the years
+went on. In 1631 the Queen was so taken up with her Shrovetide play that
+she had no thoughts to spare for important news which came from France, and
+the next year she took the principal part in an elaborate play, _The
+Shepherd's Paradise_, which was written for her by Walter Montagu, who
+added to his fine manners and diplomatic skill some pretensions (if nothing
+more) to literature. This play, which is of the allegorical type so dear to
+the heart of the seventeenth century, is indeed a very poor one, and hardly
+contains a line which rises above the level of an indifferent verse-maker.
+It is, moreover, fatiguingly long, and the Queen must have found her part a
+great labour to learn, specially as, notwithstanding her seven years'
+residence in England, she was not yet perfect in the English tongue, and
+indeed was acting partly in order to improve herself in this necessary
+accomplishment.[78] Her companions in the play were her ladies, for not a
+man was admitted even to take the male parts. But in spite of difficulties,
+when the night of the representation came, everything went off merrily at
+Somerset House; all acted with great spirit, and the Queen was able to
+speak with playful conviction the oath of the new queendom to which she had
+been elected:--
+
+  "By beauty, Innocence, and all that's faire
+  I, Bellesa, as a Queen do sweare,
+  To keep the honour and the regall due
+  Without exacting anything that's new,
+  And to assume no more to me than must
+  Give me the meanes and power to be just,
+  And but for charity and mercies cause
+  Reserve no power to suspend the Lawes.
+  This do I vow even as I hope to rise
+  From this into another Paradise."[79]
+
+The author of these lines was in high favour, not only with the Queen, but
+with the King, who went out of his way to congratulate his father, the Earl
+of Manchester, on such a son. This approval more than compensated for the
+castigation of the pastoral by another poet, whose verses, unlike
+Montagu's, still retain power to charm:--
+
+  "Wat Montague now stood forth to his trial,
+  And did not so much as suspect a denial;
+  But witty Apollo ask'd him first of all
+  If he understood his new Pastoral.
+
+  "For if he could do it, 'twould plainly appear
+  He understood more than any man there,
+  And did merit the bayes above all the rest;
+  But the mounsieur was modest, and silence confest."[80]
+
+There was another slight annoyance connected with the play which was,
+perhaps, even less felt than Suckling's wit, for what did it matter to
+Henrietta, to Montagu, or to any of the brilliant company, if a
+cross-grained puritanical lawyer such as William Prynne chose to insult the
+Queen by base and indiscriminate charges against actresses, thereby
+bringing upon himself the just punishment of the loss of his ears?
+
+All disagreeable matters were, indeed, shut out from the brilliant
+drawing-rooms of Henrietta Maria, where the hostess set an example of free
+amiability at which strict persons looked a little askance. Those were most
+welcome who could most contribute by beauty, wit, or conversation to the
+entertainment of all. Lord Holland,[81] the most elegant dandy of the day,
+was often to be seen there chatting with the Queen about France or Madame
+de Chevreuse, to whom he was known to be devoted. Walter Montagu's ready
+wit and charming conversation always availed to win him a few smiles from
+his royal hostess. Henry Percy was welcomed as much, perhaps, for the sake
+of his sister, Lady Carlisle, as for any shining qualities of his own.
+Above all, Henry Jermyn, the Queen's greatest friend--and she was a woman
+of many men friends--was constantly to be seen at her side, building up a
+friendship which only death was to end.
+
+It is hard to account for Henrietta's affection for this man--an affection
+so great that from that day to this scandal has been busy with their names.
+Henry Jermyn was not particularly well born, and he was neither radiantly
+handsome like Holland, nor clever and witty like Montagu. His abilities,
+which were severely tested in the course of his life, did not rise above
+mediocrity; his religion, such of it as existed, was of a very nebulous
+character, and his morals were of a distinctly commonplace type; indeed,
+one of his early achievements at Court was to run off with a maid of
+honour. To set against all this we only know that he was a man of very soft
+and gentle manners, such as made him a fitting agent in delicate
+negotiations, and that when the day of trouble came he showed considerable
+fidelity to the interests of a losing cause. That Henrietta should have
+lavished on such a man an affection and a confidence which some of her best
+friends, both now and later, thought exaggerated, is surprising; but she
+was never a good judge of character, and it must be remembered that
+personal charm is one of the most evanescent of qualities which cannot be
+bottled for the use of the historian.
+
+That in these happy days Henrietta was one of the brightest ornaments of
+her own Court cannot be doubted. Old men, who remembered the later years of
+Elizabeth, must have contrasted the forced compliments offered to her faded
+charms with the free devotion laid at the feet of this young and beautiful
+woman,
+
+  "In whom th' extremes of power and beauty move,
+  The Queen of Britain and the Queen of Love."[82]
+
+Her beauty soon reached its prime and soon faded a little, so that in later
+days she used to say with a touch of pique that no woman was handsome after
+two-and-twenty. Though she was not tall, her figure was good, and her sweet
+face with its animated expression attracted all beholders. Fastidious
+critics did, indeed, find fault with her mouth, which was rather large, but
+they had nothing but praise for her well-formed nose, her pretty
+complexion, and, above all, for her sparkling black eyes which, as in the
+days of her girlhood, were her most striking beauty; so lovely were they
+that the Puritan Sir Simonds d'Ewes was fain to lament that their owner
+should be in the thraldom of Popery.[83]
+
+With such beauty to adorn, no woman, much less a Frenchwoman and a queen,
+could be indifferent to dress. Henrietta took a great interest in the
+subject, and loved to deck herself in the beautiful robes which were then
+in fashion and which we know so well from the portraits of Van Dyck. The
+trousseau which she had brought with her to England bore witness to her
+brother's generosity, and was so ample and magnificent[84] that it may well
+have lasted her life, as trousseaux did in those days. Four dozen
+embroidered nightgowns with a dozen night-caps to match, four dozen
+chemises with another "fort belle, toute pointe coupe" thrown in for
+special occasions, and five dozen handkerchiefs seem an ample allowance of
+linen even for a queen, while the five petticoats which were provided made
+up in splendour what they lacked in number. The dozen pairs of English silk
+stockings, to which was added a dainty pair of red velvet boots lined with
+fur, were a luxury to which few could have aspired. But it was in the
+matter of gowns that Henrietta was most fortunate. No less than thirteen
+did she possess, apart from her "royal robe," and all were very
+magnificent, four being of gold and silver cloth on a satin foundation,
+whether of black, crimson, green, or "jus de lin," those of the two
+last-named colours being provided with a court train and long hanging
+sleeves. As for the robe of state, which perhaps is the same as that which
+had already done duty at the wedding, it surpassed the rest in splendour,
+being of red velvet covered with fleur-de-lis. A heavy mantle of the same
+material and colour lined up with ermine was evidently intended to be worn
+with it on ceremonial occasions.
+
+Such toilettes would have been incomplete without magnificent jewels, of
+which the taste of the time allowed great display. With Mary de' Medici
+they were a passion, and her daughter, though she had no avarice in her
+nature and was to show herself capable of sacrificing jewels or any other
+material good for those she loved, yet was far from indifferent to the
+sparkle and colour of these beautiful ornaments. Many and valuable were the
+jewels which on her departure from France were handed over to the care of
+her _dame d'atours_, who must have found them an anxious charge. Fillets of
+pearls, chains of precious stones, diamond ear-rings, a magnificent diamond
+ring, all these were provided for the young Queen, besides such fine jewels
+as a cross of diamonds and pearls, an anchor studded with four diamonds,
+and a "bouquet" of five petals made of diamonds, together with a quantity
+of lesser trinkets, including several dozen diamond buttons to be used as
+trimmings for dresses. It may be safely conjectured that the Queen found
+plenty of use for a "grand mirror, silver-backed," which she brought over
+with her from Paris, and it is not surprising to learn that Father Bérulle
+thought her rather too fond of dress.
+
+A very girl Henrietta remained for several years after her marriage.
+Politics did not greatly interest her, and her trust in her husband was
+such that she turned aside from serious matters to employ herself in bright
+trifles, for, to the _joye de vivre_, which came to her from her father,
+she added a delight in all that was pretty, which recalls her descent from
+Florence and the Medici. She had, also, a taste for the grotesque which was
+common in her day, and she long kept at her Court a pugnacious dwarf, by
+name Geoffrey Hudson, who, later on, during the exile, caused her
+considerable embarrassment by killing a gentleman in a duel. There is ample
+evidence of her interest in dainty possessions and amusements. Now she is
+writing to Madame S. Georges for velvet petticoats from her Paris tailor,
+or "a dozen pairs of sweet chamois gloves and ... one of doe skin." Now she
+is receiving "rare and outlandish flowers," or asking her mother to send
+her fruit trees and plants for her gardens, whose "faire flowers" she so
+cherished as to merit the dedication by Parkinson the herbalist of his
+Paradisus Terrestris. Or, again, she is setting out with her lords and
+ladies to celebrate in good old English fashion the festival of May Day,
+and to witness all those pretty rights of country festivity over which the
+withering wind of the Civil War had not yet passed.
+
+                                       "Marke
+  How each field turns to a street: each street a Parke
+  Made green and trimm'd with trees: see how
+  Devotion gives each house a Bough
+  Or Branch: each Porch, each doore, ere this
+  An Arke a Tabernacle is
+  Made up of white thorn neatly enterwove
+  As if here were those cooler shades of love."[85]
+
+Nor was the Queen merely an idle spectator. No sooner did the first snowy
+May bush catch her eye than, with all the zest of a village maiden, she
+leaped from her fine coach, and breaking off a bough placed it merrily in
+her hat.
+
+In all the revels of the Court Henrietta's was the moving spirit, but her
+sweetness of temper prevented her energy from degenerating into
+domineering. She was never really popular with the people at large, on
+account of her race and her religion, and there were murmurs now and then
+at Court about her undue preference for the Scotch. But that in her own
+circle she was tenderly loved there can be no doubt. Innocent,[86] yet so
+sprightly that she sometimes gave scandal without suspecting it; gay, yet
+with moments of sadness which only solitude could relieve; open and
+talkative, yet faithful to conceal secrets, "for a queen should be as a
+confessor, hearing all yet telling nothing"; sympathetic with sorrow, yet
+chaffing unmercifully the _malades imaginares_ of a luxurious Court;
+delicate in consideration for the feelings of the meanest of her servants,
+yet gifted with a caustic tongue used at times rather unsparingly. Such was
+Henrietta Maria, Queen of England.
+
+But it is time to turn from the merely social and decorative aspect of
+Henrietta's married life to consider the interests and intrigues which,
+behind the brilliant show, were working and struggling.
+
+One of the first questions which came up for settlement on the conclusion
+of peace between England and France in 1629 was that of the Queen's
+household, and the ambassador sent to London to arrange this matter turned
+out to be one of those fascinating but factious persons whom ill-fortune
+threw so often in Henrietta's path. To make things worse he found already
+in England another Frenchman more fascinating and more factious than
+himself, with whom he formed a close friendship. The Chevalier de Jars,[87]
+whose exile was the result of Anne of Austria's affection and of
+Richelieu's dislike, added to all his other charms a skill in the game of
+tennis, which commended him to the King of England, himself a proficient in
+the game.
+
+Charles de l'Aubépine, Marquis of Chateauneuf, arrived in London in 1629.
+He was a finished gentleman, and he was able quickly to win the confidence
+of the Queen whose heart always turned kindly to those of her own nation.
+But the ambassador was not slow in discovering that instead of having to
+defend an ill-used and discontented wife, as perhaps he had expected, he
+must adapt his diplomacy to the requirements of a happy married couple. "I
+am not only the happiest princess, but the happiest woman in the
+world,"[88] said Henrietta to him triumphantly, while Charles was careful
+to show his affection for his beautiful wife by kissing her a hundred times
+in the course of an hour as Chateauneuf looked on. "You have not seen that
+in Piedmont," said the King, turning to his foreign guest, "nor," he added,
+sinking his voice to a discreet whisper, "in France either."
+
+Such news was gratifying to Mary de' Medici's maternal affection, and
+Chateauneuf dwelt in his dispatches upon the kindness of the King, on the
+pretty gifts of jewellery which he gave to his wife, and on the general
+happiness of the royal marriage. But the real objects of his mission,
+despite the personal favour with which he was regarded, were not advanced,
+for Henrietta had now no wish to receive a French establishment such as she
+had wept for so bitterly three years earlier.[89] She was now an English
+queen, and she was well content with the attendance which her husband
+provided for her. She confessed, however, that she should like to have a
+lady of the bedchamber to whom she could talk in her own language and who
+could come to church with her, "for the Countess of Buckingham and Madame
+Savage are often away, and the rest of my ladies are Protestants," she
+said.
+
+She took a favourable opportunity of expressing her views to her brother's
+ambassador with the frankness she was accustomed to show towards those she
+liked. She invited him to stay with her at Nonsuch "as a private person
+serving the Queen," and one evening there, after supper, when Charles had
+ridden away to hunt, she requested her guest to walk with her in the park,
+to enjoy the coolness of the July evening. A long conversation followed.
+Chateauneuf spoke to the Queen of the great affection which her mother had
+for her, the daughter whom she had kept longest at her side, and whose
+marriage was her own work. Henrietta assented, and confessed that the
+jealousy she had once felt of her sister Christine was unfounded, but she
+quickly went on to speak of the happiness of her married life and of the
+religious freedom which she enjoyed. "I do not want another governess," she
+declared at last. "I am no longer a child to allow myself to be ruled."[90]
+
+There were indeed many difficulties to be smoothed if Mary de' Medici was
+to realize her hope of bringing her young daughter again into tutelage.
+Both Charles and Henrietta saw what the aim of the French Government was,
+and they quietly defeated it. The ecclesiastical question, which will be
+discussed elsewhere, was, indeed, settled by a compromise favourable to
+Catholic interests, but no _gouvernante_ arrived to oust the Countess of
+Buckingham, who held the position formerly occupied by Madame S. Georges;
+and the doctor, "a Frenchman and a Catholic," who came to supplant the
+excellent Mayerne, a learned French Protestant who served Henrietta
+faithfully for many years, found his position at the English Court so
+intolerable that he begged to be recalled.
+
+But there is another aspect of Chateauneuf's brief stay in England which
+requires careful consideration. The French ambassador was believed to be
+devoted to the interests of Richelieu, or else, assuredly, he had never set
+foot in the English Court; but even Richelieu was sometimes mistaken, and
+the man whom he had chosen to represent him was probably already jealous of
+his patron, and already falling under the influence of the bright eyes of
+Madame de Chevreuse, the friend of Queen Anne, the ally of Spain.
+
+It is probable also that Henrietta was beginning to look coldly upon
+Richelieu even before she met Chateauneuf, for other influences were
+working against him in her mind. The day of Dupes was fast approaching,
+when her mother would leave for ever the Court of France. Gaston of
+Orleans' persistent hostility to the Cardinal was not without its weight
+with his sister. Bérulle, whose memory she deeply revered, had died in
+1628, summing up the experience of a lifetime in his dying words, "As for
+the Court it is but vanity"; it was well known that he was at enmity with
+the man who had raised him from the simple priesthood to the dignity of the
+cardinal's purple. Taking all these things into account, it is not
+surprising that the young Queen of England turned no unwilling ear to the
+insinuation of Chateauneuf and the hints of Jars, and the result was an
+intrigue which only became apparent when the ambassador had returned to
+France, leaving the fascinating Chevalier to carry on the work which he had
+begun.
+
+The interaction of French and English politics now becomes of great
+importance. Charles never allowed another to occupy the place of
+Buckingham, either in his heart or in his counsels; but at this time his
+chief dependence was upon the Treasurer, Richard Weston, who became Earl of
+Portland in 1633; a dull, safe man, who could be trusted to prevent the
+disagreeable necessity of calling a Parliament. He was, certainly at the
+beginning of his career, rather pro-Spanish in his sympathies, and he died
+a Catholic; but his aversion from war so recommended him to Richelieu, who
+knew that while he held the reins of power England would not interfere in
+his continental designs, that an understanding and almost a friendship
+gradually grew up between them.
+
+Henrietta never liked Weston. Perhaps she was jealous of her husband's
+regard, and saw in him a potential Buckingham; certainly she disliked his
+close-fisted ways, which curbed her extravagance, always considerable, in
+money matters. She allowed a cabal of discontented spirits to gather round
+her, whose double aim was the overthrow of the powerful minister in England
+and of the far greater statesman across the Channel. That cabal, founded in
+French opinion by Chateauneuf,[91] included most of the Queen's personal
+friends. Holland,[92] who was jealous of Weston, and whose devotion to
+Madame de Chevreuse accounted for his attitude to Richelieu, without taking
+into account a warm friendship with Chateauneuf; Montagu, who laid such
+portion of his homage as he could spare from Queen Anne at the feet of the
+same seductive lady, and who had been and was "very well" with Monsieur the
+factious Duke of Orleans; Jermyn and Henry Percy--these are some of
+those[93] implicated in Henrietta's first attempt at the fascinating game
+of diplomatic chicanery. To them must be added Madame de Vantelet, whom
+Chateauneuf thought a little neglected, but who, as the only French lady of
+the royal household, had considerable influence over her mistress, and
+whose partisanship became so marked that the pension assigned to her by the
+King of France was taken away.
+
+The difficulties began with the arrival of Chateauneuf's successor, the
+Marquis of Fontenay-Mareuil, who threw himself on the side of Weston, and
+who soon found that he had to reckon with a foe in the person of the
+Chevalier de Jars. He met with little less opposition from Madame de
+Vantelet and from Father Philip, who disliked the ecclesiastical policy of
+the ambassador, and who was himself disliked by the party of Richelieu,
+because as a subject of King Charles he was quite independent of France and
+could not be persuaded to use the great influence over the Queen which his
+position gave him in the interests of a foreign Government.[94] The Queen
+proved even more intractable. She refused to dismiss Father Philip at her
+eldest brother's request, and it was an ominous sign that in 1631 an agent
+of Monsieur was in England, even though Charles took care that his presence
+should be reported to the French authorities. When the news arrived of the
+execution of the gallant Montmorency, Henrietta spoke with pity of his
+fate, while her husband, who had many of the instincts of absolutism,
+readily allowed that it was a painful necessity.
+
+Her friendship for Jars continued unabated in spite of the open enmity
+which that worthy showed to Fontenay-Mareuil, whose position was only
+rendered tolerable by the kindness of the King, who had not yet fallen
+under the domination of his wife in affairs, however much he might kiss and
+caress her. As for Henrietta, she was openly rude to the hapless
+ambassador. She frankly told him that though she was obliged to receive him
+in his official capacity, out of respect for her brother, she would not
+discuss her private affairs with him, and wished to have as little to do
+with him personally as possible. It is not surprising that he was anxious
+to return to his own country.
+
+Nor is it surprising that he took steps to clear himself from the name
+freely bestowed upon him. Apart from the clique of Chateauneuf's personal
+friends, of whom the chief perhaps were Holland and Montagu, he was fairly
+liked at Court, and he believed that, could he but unmask the intrigues of
+the Chevalier and of his patron Chateauneuf, he might yet triumph over his
+enemies. With this object in view he descended to a trick hardly in keeping
+either with his rank or with his office. One evening when he knew that the
+Chevalier would be away from home, he caused two of his servants to enter
+the rooms of his rival, where they carried on a burglarious search, which
+ended in a small cabinet containing letters finding its way into the hands
+of the ambassador.
+
+Jars, as was only to be expected, was exceedingly angry, but he believed
+that his influence with the King and the Queen would ensure his redress.
+They did indeed take up the matter with great zeal, and, for a few days,
+nothing else was talked of at Court. But when Charles came to question
+Fontenay-Mareuil, the affair assumed a different complexion. The ambassador
+did not attempt to deny the theft. He only said coolly that since Jars was
+a subject of the King of France, and since he had reason to believe that he
+was compromising his sovereign's interests, he was at liberty to take any
+steps which seemed good to him to discover the truth. The King of England
+was much struck by this reply, which fitted in well with his own theory and
+practice of statecraft. Moreover, much as he personally liked Jars, he
+distrusted the political party to which he belonged. He therefore
+determined to take no steps in the matter. He showed marked cordiality to
+Fontenay-Mareuil, and the Chevalier, to his infinite chagrin, had to submit
+to the loss of his papers, which were probably sent to Richelieu to help
+forward the disgrace of Chateauneuf.
+
+For in the early spring of 1633 the Court of England was startled by the
+news of the arrest of that nobleman and of the Chevalier de Jars, who had
+returned to France after the above incident. In a moment the power of those
+who were the Queen of England's friends in her native land seemed
+destroyed. Chateauneuf was sent into captivity at Angoulême. His fair
+charmer, Madame de Chevreuse, was forced into uncongenial retirement, which
+ended in her dramatic escape, dressed up as a man, across the Pyrenees into
+Spain. While for Jars was reserved a still harder lot. Two years of
+rigorous imprisonment in the Bastille were followed by a sentence of death,
+pronounced by one who was known as the "bourreau du Cardinal." It was only
+as the victim kneeled upon the scaffold awaiting the stroke of the
+executioner that he received, by the tardy mercy of Richelieu, a reprieve
+from death, a reprieve so sudden and startling that for many minutes he was
+too stunned to appreciate his good fortune, which, however, was none too
+great, for he was reconducted to his prison, whence all the efforts of his
+friends, headed by the Queen of England, were long unavailing to drag him.
+
+It was not indeed likely that Richelieu would look favourably on a request
+proferred by Henrietta, for he was beginning to feel that distrust of her
+which never left him to the end of his life. Among the letters which the
+_affaire_ Chateauneuf placed in his power were many written by English
+hands, those of Holland, of Montagu, of the Queen herself. He knew also
+that the royal lady had spoken slighting words of him, saying that
+Chateauneuf was no participant of the evil counsels of the Cardinal, and
+that after the death of the latter he would be able to fill his place much
+more worthily. This information, moreover, came from an unimpeachable
+source, none other than the Treasurer of England. Weston indeed watched
+with no ordinary interest the course of events in France, and it is not
+surprising that he did not scruple to report to the Cardinal the
+uncomplimentary remarks of the Queen of England. The enemies of Richelieu
+were his own, and their overthrow prepared the way for his victory, which,
+though on a smaller scale and of less dramatic quality, was equally
+decisive.
+
+In the spring of 1633, not long after the fall of Chateauneuf, Jerome
+Weston, the son of the Treasurer, was on his way home from Paris, whither
+he had been as ambassador. On the journey he happened to fall in with a
+letter which he thought to be written by the Earl of Holland, and
+remembering the hostility of that nobleman to his father, he took
+possession of it. On opening the packet he found within a letter addressed
+in the Queen's handwriting, which he did not presume to unfold; but on his
+arrival in London laid it, just as he had found it, in the hands of the
+King.
+
+It appears that the letter was of trifling importance, being nothing more
+than one of the many which, at different times, Henrietta Maria wrote on
+behalf of the Chevalier de Jars to Cardinal Richelieu. But Holland, not
+unnaturally perhaps, felt that he had been insulted, and he probably
+thought that the King would see in Jerome Weston's conduct an affront to
+his wife. In a moment of imprudence he sent a challenge by the hands of
+Henry Jermyn to the Treasurer's son, asking for satisfaction. The latter,
+instead of sending an answer in the way usual in such cases, informed his
+father of what had occurred, and Portland without delay laid the matter
+before the King. This trifling incident thus became the touchstone of the
+respective influence of the Treasurer and of the cabal which was trying to
+ruin him. It was the former who came off victorious. Charles' trust in his
+minister was not to be shaken, while he was exceedingly angry with Holland.
+To his punctilious mind it seemed intolerable that a nobleman of his own
+council should send a challenge to one of his servants on account of an act
+performed in his official capacity. His orders were sharp and stern.
+Jermyn, as an accessory, was to be confined in a private house, while
+Holland was ordered to retire to the beautiful mansion at Kensington, which
+he had acquired with his wealthy wife Isabel Cope, and there to remain
+during His Majesty's pleasure. All believed that the day of the brilliant
+Earl was over, and that his friends, particularly Montagu and Madame de
+Vantelet, would share in his fall. Holland House was indeed a gilded
+prison, but the prisoner was made to feel that the sentence had not been
+pronounced in play, for when he showed a disposition to amuse himself with
+his friends, Charles sent a stern rebuke, forbidding him to receive
+company. Everything pointed to a complete withdrawal of royal favour.
+
+But Henrietta, as she proved in the case of Jars and of many others, was a
+good friend. She was truly attached to Holland, who was not only possessed
+of unrivalled grace of person and manner, but was connected in her mind
+with the happy memory of her marriage. Exerting all the strength of her
+growing influence over her husband--an influence which was increased by the
+fact that she was about again to become a mother[95]--she succeeded in
+winning the pardon of the now repentant Earl. Handsome and brilliant as
+ever, Holland reappeared in the drawing-rooms of the Queen, and his
+accomplices, Jermyn, Montagu, and Madame de Vantelet, seemed to be in as
+high favour at Court as before the occurrence of this untoward event.
+
+But, nevertheless, Portland was the victor. Charles' eyes had been opened
+to see the machinations of the enemies of his minister who, notwithstanding
+the smothered hostility of the Queen and her circle, preserved his
+confidence until his death. Henrietta's first attempt to play the game of
+politics--an attempt into which she had been drawn by her friends with
+probably little volition or comprehension of her own--had ended on both
+sides of the Channel in sorry failure. In France her friends were scattered
+and exiled, and the great Cardinal was stronger than ever; in England she
+had proved her power to touch her husband's heart, but not to rule his
+counsels.
+
+But other days were coming. In March, 1635, Portland died. As Charles grew
+older his disposition to keep the direction of affairs in his own hands
+grew also, and as Buckingham had had no real successor so Portland had
+none. Instead, his heritage of influence and power was divided among
+several heirs, one of whom was the Queen of England. Hardly was the
+Treasurer in his grave when Henrietta Maria began to show an interest in
+political concerns which she had not previously displayed.
+
+She was now twenty-five years of age, and her early marriage had brought
+with it an early development of character. She had outgrown the levity of
+extreme youth, and her acute and energetic mind was beginning to feel and
+respond to the stimulus of affairs. She had not lived for ten years with
+her husband without being aware of the difficulties of his sombre and
+obstinate character,[96] but she knew also his great love for her, and she
+was encouraged by the fact that her devoted servant the Earl of Holland had
+been restored to more than his former place in Charles' confidence. Perhaps
+the hostile influence which she most feared was that of Laud, for whom the
+King had a regard not only as an ecclesiastic after his own heart, but as a
+friend and protégé of Buckingham. There was also another and a stronger
+mind from which she instinctively shrank, but Wentworth was far away in
+Ireland, and, at the time, seldom came into personal relation with her. But
+though it is unquestionable that the disappearance of Portland marks a
+change which came over the spirit of the Queen, yet that change may easily
+be exaggerated. It was, moreover, very gradual, and only became complete in
+the dark days which preceded the Civil War. For the present, though the
+instincts of intrigue inherent in the Medici blood were aroused, yet her
+chief interests remained those of the normal young married woman, her
+husband, her babies, her home. If she entered into political matters, as
+she had not done in earlier years, yet her efforts were intermittent, and
+two independent witnesses attest with regret the indifference of her
+attempts to win over the Ministers of State, and the slightness of the part
+which she played in public life.[97] Nevertheless, as the death of
+Buckingham gave her ascendancy over her husband's heart, so that of
+Portland paved the way for the ascendancy which she gradually acquired over
+his mind.
+
+It was not to be expected that Henrietta's development of character, slight
+and gradual though it might be, would escape the vigilant eyes fixed upon
+her from across the Channel. Portland's death was a blow to Richelieu, who,
+with a European war about to begin, could not afford the hostility of
+England. He did not like Henrietta, but he was too acute not to appreciate
+that her character was of the feminine type, which is largely dependent
+upon personal influence, and he hoped that the removal of Chateauneuf and
+Jars would lead to a return on her part to such sentiments as he conceived
+to be fitting towards her native land, in other words, towards himself, for
+to the Cardinal even more than to Louis XIV "l'Etat c'est moi." When he
+heard how all the courtiers of England, and even the Archbishop of
+Canterbury himself, were trying to win her favour, he felt that he must
+take some pains to recapture her. His schemes--the details of which may be
+read in the dispatches which he wrote and received--were not quite
+unsuccessful. Henrietta, for a few years, did show a certain friendliness
+towards him, and perhaps, had he complied at once with her wishes in
+releasing Jars, he might have won her real friendship.[98] Her friends in
+England were not neglected. The unstable Montagu, who at this time had
+great influence over her, and who was attempting, quite unsuccessfully, to
+make Richelieu forget the part he had played in Chateauneuf's schemes, was
+rewarded for his shuffling by the offer of a pension, which, however, the
+Queen thought it prudent he should refuse.[99] Certainly grievances of her
+French servants were removed. Madame de Vantelet's pension was restored,
+while in 1637 Francis Windbank, one of the Secretaries of State, who was
+becoming involved in her schemes, was delicately asked to accept a present
+in lieu of the less respectable pension.[100]
+
+[Illustration: CHARLES I AND HENRIETTA MARIA
+
+FROM THE PAINTING BY VAN DYCK IN THE GALLERIA PITTI, FLORENCE]
+
+But Richelieu, in spite of all his schemes, was by now aware of one fact,
+which redounds greatly to Henrietta's credit: he recognized that she would
+never be an Anne of Austria, an alien and spy in the Court of her husband,
+and that all he could hope for was to win her as a friendly ally who should
+counteract in some degree the pro-Spanish tendencies of the King. "The
+Queen of England," ran the instructions given to an ambassador who was
+starting for London, "shows herself always very well disposed towards
+France. But care must be taken, and she must not be required to act beyond
+that which she considers may contribute to the common good of the two
+crowns."[101]
+
+For as the years rolled on the union between Charles and Henrietta proved
+to be no passing affection born of youth and beauty, but the deep and
+increasing love of true marriage. It was as impossible for Henrietta as for
+any other good wife, whether princess or peasant, to consider a course of
+action apart from the interests of her husband, and those who had dealings
+with her had to learn, sometimes painfully, that her first consideration
+must always be he of whom she was accustomed to write, with pretty
+formality, as "le roi Monseigneur."
+
+She is considered, and rightly, to be a Queen of Tragedy. But in any
+estimate of her life it must be remembered that she had at least twelve
+years of such happiness as seldom falls to the lot of a royal woman. If
+later she was to find out that
+
+  "There is no worldly pleasure here below
+  Which by experience doth not folly prove,"
+
+now she was learning
+
+  "But among all the follies that I know
+  The sweetest folly in the world is love";[102]
+
+and thus rank and riches, which to the unhappy are but an aggravation of
+their misery, could yield to her their truest pleasure. Moreover, she never
+had to learn, like poor Anne of Austria, how
+
+  "Rich discontent's a glorious Hell."[103]
+
+Sorrow, when it came, stripped her bare of the mocking accessories of joy.
+
+[Footnote 61: In England Henrietta Maria was known as Queen Mary, but she
+always used the signature "Henriette Marie."]
+
+[Footnote 62: _Cal. S.P. Dom._, 1625-6, p. 415.]
+
+[Footnote 63: Sir Theodore Mayerne.]
+
+[Footnote 64: Henry Percy to Earl of Carlisle. _Cal. S.P. Dom._, 1625-49,
+p. 292.]
+
+[Footnote 65: _Cal. S.P. Dom._, 1628-9, p. 412. (Dec., 1628.)]
+
+[Footnote 66: Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 15.]
+
+[Footnote 67: William Habington: "Castara."]
+
+[Footnote 68: Sir Theodore Mayerne: _Cal. S.P. Dom._, 1628-9, p. 548.]
+
+[Footnote 69: See chapter IV.]
+
+[Footnote 70: Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 17.]
+
+[Footnote 71: _Ibid._, p. 18.]
+
+[Footnote 72: Mary, who married the Prince of Orange; James, afterwards
+King of England; Elizabeth; Henry, Duke of Gloucester; Henrietta Anne,
+Duchess of Orleans; Anne, who died as an infant, and another daughter, who
+also died in infancy.]
+
+[Footnote 73: Her character is described at length in "The Character of the
+Most Excellent Lady Lucy of Carlisle," by Sir Tobie Matthews, prefixed to
+_A Collection of Letters made by Sir Tobie Matthews, K.C._ (1660).]
+
+[Footnote 74: Those of Rochefoucault.]
+
+[Footnote 75: In 1626 she was in debt to the amount of £6662 16s. 9d. to
+various tradesmen; it was her custom, as that of former Queen-Consorts, to
+employ chiefly foreign tradesmen and workmen.]
+
+[Footnote 76: The Queen saw it twice; the music was written by Simon Ivy
+and Henry Lawes.]
+
+[Footnote 77: _Cal. S.P. Dom._, 1625-6, p. 273.]
+
+[Footnote 78: In later days Henrietta Maria could say with Katharine of
+Aragon,
+
+  "I am not such a truant since my coming
+  As not to know the language I have liv'd in."
+
+for her children grew up unable to speak French, and Mme de Motteville says
+that she had spoilt her French by talking English. Perhaps even now it was
+only the accent which was at fault. Probably she never wrote English with
+ease. Her first letter written in that language is to Lord Finch; the date
+is about 1641. Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 28.]
+
+[Footnote 79: _The Shepherd's Paradise: a comedy_ (1659).]
+
+[Footnote 80: Sir John Suckling: "A Session of the Poets."]
+
+[Footnote 81: He was the Queen's Lord Steward.]
+
+[Footnote 82: Edmund Waller.]
+
+[Footnote 83: The following description of the Queen is written by a
+Catholic hand: "Seremissima Maria Regina quinque ac viginti circiter
+annorum, figurâ corporis parvâ, sed venustissimâ, crine cum suo Rege
+consimili [dark chestnut] constitutione corporis primâ, de qua hac virtutum
+Epitome quod formosissima, quod in ætatis vere, quod Regina, in Aula
+deliciis, et voluptatibus affluente, atque etiam Religionibus dispari, nec
+vel lerissimam offensionem dederit."--Archives of the See of Westminster:
+Status Angliæ, 1635.]
+
+[Footnote 84: The official list of the clothes, jewels, furniture, etc.,
+which the Queen brought to England and from which the above account is
+taken, forms part of MS. Français, 23,600. Among the furniture are
+mentioned "trois tapis de velours" and "deux grands tapis de Turquie."]
+
+[Footnote 85: Robert Herrick: "Corinna's going a-Maying."]
+
+[Footnote 86: The evidence of Father Philip on this point is conclusive.
+See Con to Barberini: Add. MS., 15,389, f. 196.]
+
+[Footnote 87: He was in England at the time of Bassompierre's mission.]
+
+[Footnote 88: Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 43.]
+
+[Footnote 89: In a secret article of the treaty between France and England,
+made in 1629, it was recognized by the King of France that it was
+inadvisable that Henrietta should have a large French household. Aff.
+Etran. Ang., t. 43.]
+
+[Footnote 90: Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 43.]
+
+[Footnote 91: Fontenay-Mareuil to Richelieu (apparently). "Vos actions sont
+en telle veneration par tout le monde que le Roy de la Grande Bretagne
+animé d'un si bon exemple s'est enfin resolu de ruiner la Cabale qui estoit
+en sa Cour dont il estime que le Roy ni vous Monsieur ne serez pas marris
+puis-qu'elle avoit esté fondée par M. de Chasteauneuf et sur les mesmes
+desseins que celle de France très préjudiciables aux deux royaumes.... 14
+April, 1633."--Aff. Etran, Ang., t. 45.]
+
+[Footnote 92: Richelieu thought that Mme. de Chevreuse, swayed by her love
+for Holland, induced Chateauneuf to act against Weston, whom Holland hoped
+to supplant.]
+
+[Footnote 93: This clique was considered "Puritan" as against the
+"Protestantism" of Portland. See chap. IV.]
+
+[Footnote 94: "Père Philippe qui possêde la conscience de la Reyne de la
+Grande Bretagne est subject du roy son Mary et establi par luy de sorte
+qu'il est impossible d'y prendre aucune confiance pour les interests de
+France à laquelle il ne se tient point oblige."--Letters of
+Fontenay-Mareuil, French Transcripts P.R.O.]
+
+[Footnote 95: Her son James was born October 14th, 1633.]
+
+[Footnote 96: "La Reyne de la Grande Bretagne ne fait que commencer aussy a
+se mesler des affaires laquelle bienque son Mary layme extremement il fault
+de l'humeur qu'il est quelle use de grandes maniers avec luy et quelle y
+aille très doucement."--Letters of French Ambassador (Senneterre). May
+24th, 1635. MS. Français, 15,993.]
+
+[Footnote 97: "J'ay beaucoup loué et remercié la Reyne de la Grande
+Bretagne de son election qui est un esprit qu'elle doive conserver à elle
+pour prendre plus de part dans les affaires quelle n'a fait iusques
+ici."--Letter of Senneterre, February, 1636. MS. Français, 15,993.
+
+"Al futuro applica poco confidata tutta nel Re. Bisogna che prema più di
+guadagnare li ministri dello Stato de quali può essere Padrona
+volendo."--Con to Barberini, Aug. 25, 1636. Add. MS., 15,389, f. 196.]
+
+[Footnote 98: "... La reyne d'Angletera qul prendra entierement
+Vostre party sy vous luy donnez la liberté du chevalier de
+Jars."--Fontenay-Mareuil to Richelieu. Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 45.]
+
+[Footnote 99: MS. Français, 15,993.]
+
+[Footnote 100: The Queen's Grand Almoner, Du Perron, was the intermediary
+in this matter. Windbank's name is not mentioned in Du Perron's letters,
+but there is little doubt he is intended. Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 46.]
+
+[Footnote 101: Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 46]
+
+[Footnote 102: Sir Robert Ayton]
+
+[Footnote 103: William Habington.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE QUEEN OF THE CATHOLICS
+
+                        They knew not
+  That what I motioned was of God; I knew
+  From intimate impulse and therefore urged
+  The Marriage on, that by occasions hence,
+  I might begin Israel's deliverance,
+  The work to which I was divinely called.
+
+                                         JOHN MILTON
+
+
+Among all the activities of Queen Henrietta Maria's life none deserves more
+careful study than those connected with her work for her co-religionists in
+England.
+
+The French marriage of Charles I represented, in a measure, a compromise
+between the hopes of the English Catholics and the fears of the English
+Puritans. From the point of view of the latter an alliance with any
+Catholic Princess was a misfortune; but, nevertheless, Henrietta was
+regarded as a modified evil by those who had feared a Spanish Infanta.
+Spain was the old enemy, the land which had sent out the Great Armada, and
+which in every way had fostered the most militant and uncompromising
+elements of English Catholicism; France, if unfortunately it had not
+fulfilled the promise it had once given of becoming a Protestant country,
+was Catholic in another and a far less rigid sense, and it was remembered
+that Henrietta was the daughter of the man who had been at one time the
+hope of the Reformers, and who, if he had deserted his faith with a
+light-hearted cynicism not often to be paralleled, had found at the end
+that the Mass which gained Paris for him could not save him from the knife
+of the man who was believed to be the pupil of the Jesuits. The qualified
+satisfaction which was general in England is well reflected in the
+following paragraph which appeared in a newsletter when it was known that
+the negotiations for the marriage were approaching completion:--
+
+"The first tidings of this joyfull newes were welcome unto all except
+Jezuited English who have not so much hope to accomplish their ambitious
+projects, allwayes hurtfull to the good and tranquillity of this Kingdome
+by this Marriage of France, as they had by that of Spaine, since all men
+know who know any thing at all, how all true-hearted Frenchmen detest and
+hate this cruell king-killing Ignatian order since the death and murther of
+two Burbonian Henries kild by them and their accomplices."[104]
+
+But, on the other hand, the substitution of a French for a Spanish Queen
+was a severe blow to the English Catholics. These heroic men who, hiding
+their heads "mid ignomy, death and tombs," had kept alive through years of
+persecution the faith of their fathers, had acquired something of the
+harshness and narrowness which belongs to a persecuted remnant. The more
+liberal type of Catholicism prevalent in France was not congenial to
+them,[105] and they had, moreover, good reason to be grateful to the House
+of Austria. The King of Spain not only permitted English seminaries and
+religious houses to be established in Spain and in the Low Countries, but
+he even supported some of them with pensions, and during the negotiations
+with James I for a matrimonial alliance he showed both his will and his
+power to protect the English Catholics at home, where a peace of the Church
+was then enjoyed which was long remembered in less happy times. All
+persecution ceased, and at St. James's Palace a Catholic Chapel was seen in
+course of building, designed for the use of the Spanish Queen who never
+came.
+
+It was not likely that the eyes of Richelieu,[106] which saw everything,
+should fail to observe the unfortunate predilection of the English
+Catholics for the enemies of France, and there is no doubt that one of the
+reasons for which Henrietta was sent into England was to detach them from
+this alliance. During the period of negotiations Richelieu wrote a friendly
+letter to the Catholic body in England,[107] and the French ambassadors
+were charged to do all in their power to win the confidence of its
+principal members, and to combat the wiles of the Spaniards, who tried to
+persuade them that the French had no true regard for religion.
+Ville-aux-clercs, when he was in London, was on one occasion obliged to
+attend a service at Westminster Abbey. He was careful to behave with the
+utmost rudeness, in order to show the uncompromising character of a
+Frenchman's Catholicism.[108] Tillières took great pains to conciliate the
+chiefs of the English Catholics, and to persuade them that his master was
+as good a Catholic as the King of Spain. But it was no easy task, and it
+was not until Louis XIII had stayed the passage of an anti-Catholic law in
+the English Parliament that they began to feel some confidence in him. Then
+a letter of thanks was sent to Paris,[109] and even the Jesuits, who were
+considered peculiarly pro-Spanish, wrote to express their desire for the
+coming alliance. Matters were the more satisfactory inasmuch as William
+Smith, who had recently been consecrated Bishop of Chalcedon, and who, in
+the teeth of the Jesuits, claimed the jurisdiction of an ordinary in
+England, was well known in France, where he had resided for many years in
+the household of Richelieu. It was, moreover, with the same object that the
+French Government insisted upon the promise to suspend the execution of the
+recusancy laws as a _sine qua non_ of the marriage, "otherwise," wrote
+Tillières frankly, "the English Catholics will be lost to France and
+assured to Spain."[110] Thus Richelieu's action in this particular fits
+into his general scheme of anti-Austrian policy, and he is cleared from any
+suspicion that he was actuated by weak religious scruples in thus setting
+himself against the Protestant prejudice of England.
+
+Henrietta was probably not unconscious of the dubious reception which would
+be afforded to her by her co-religionists, and her advisers were still more
+alive to the necessity of her making a good impression upon the English
+Catholics. At first all went well. Those who were unaware of the religious
+revival which was taking place in France were surprised at the piety of
+Bérulle (who was one of the leaders of the revival), and at the zeal of the
+Bishop of Mende,[111] who, with great diplomacy, took care to interest
+himself in the general affairs of his co-religionists in England. The young
+Queen herself, who in Paris had not been remarkable for devotion, seemed on
+entering the heretic country to be dowered with a new piety and zeal. She
+showed great compassion for her Catholic subjects, and such devotion to her
+religious duties that she heard Mass every day, even when she was on one of
+the frequent progresses of the English Court, and on Sundays listened to a
+sermon and attended Vespers, which was usually enlivened by instrumental
+music. "Can such good things come out of Galilee?" was the wondering
+question of the pro-Spanish English Catholic; and if he suspended his
+ultimate judgment, he at least rejoiced for the time in the edifying
+conduct of those whose presence was the guarantee of his peace.
+
+Even some of the Protestants seemed softened. Henrietta, in her earlier
+days, before sorrow deepened and hardened her character, was far from a
+bigot, and indeed the daughter of Henry IV never had in her the true stuff
+of fanaticism. When just after her marriage some one was rude enough to ask
+her if she disliked Huguenots, she answered gently, "Why should I? My
+father was one"; and some of Bérulle's enemies, "the ministers," presuming
+on such girlish kindliness, boasted that in six months she would be at
+their preachings. Others, less sanguine, contented themselves with admiring
+the decorum of the services to which curiosity led them, and with praising
+the outward regularity of the lives of the Oratorian Fathers. Thus the
+Catholics had ground for hope, but not for exultation. "These are flowers
+of hopes," wrote the cautious Bérulle, "but nothing but flowers and,
+moreover, flowers surrounded by thorns. These are hopes, but they have need
+of a greater maturity in the Queen and more persevering conduct on the part
+of France."[112]
+
+It was therefore the greater disappointment when the persecution of 1625
+fell. Nor was it a slight and passing storm. Never, even in the days of
+Edward VI or Elizabeth, had the Catholics been in such evil case, except
+that the death penalty, to which the King had an invincible repugnance, was
+not exacted.[113] But the most loyal of laymen, such as the Marquis of
+Winchester, suffered in their goods, while the prisons became veritable
+cloisters of religious. It is not surprising that the persecuted contrasted
+the peace and security of the days of mere negotiations with Spain with the
+misery brought about by a consummated marriage with France, or that
+Richelieu and his emissaries in England ground their teeth with rage to see
+those whom they had hoped to capture flung back again into the arms of His
+Catholic Majesty.
+
+Henrietta herself, though much distressed, did not despair. She had already
+discovered that her husband was naturally inclined to mercy, and she knew
+that persecution was to a great extent a financial expedient to fill the
+empty coffers of the State. Young as she was, she understood the task to
+which, religiously speaking, her marriage had called her,[114] for the
+performance of which the papal dispensation had been granted, and of which
+the importance had been impressed upon her by her mother, by Bérulle, and
+by the Bishop of Mende, all of whom saw in her another Bertha who was to
+effect a new conversion of England. Even in the dark days of April, 1626,
+she did not falter. She was praying, she wrote to the Pope, who had
+honoured her with a Brief, not only that she might stand firm in the true
+religion, but that also she might "procure all the peace and comfort which
+I can for the Catholics of the Kingdoms, hoping that the natural goodness
+of the King my Lord, touched by a holy inspiration and by my ardent
+prayers, will produce some sweet and favourable effect for their comfort.
+And although up to now there has been little fruit of my endeavours, yet I
+promise myself that my persevering constancy, aided by divine assistance,
+will not always be useless to them."[115]
+
+The first step towards a better state of things was the reconstruction of
+the Queen's religious establishment which had been so abruptly broken up.
+Charles was at first quite obdurate to the requests of the French
+Government, and refused not only to receive a Bishop as Grand Almoner,[116]
+but even to entertain the idea of the establishment of a religious Order in
+England. But in this case, as in many others, he was talked over. Years
+before, in Spain, he had been acquainted with some Capuchin Fathers who had
+impressed him by their good sense and piety. The Order was a humble one,
+not likely to mix in politics, and eventually he intimated that he would be
+willing to receive some of its members in the capacity of chaplains to his
+wife.
+
+But difficulties arose. The two Fathers of the Oratory, who were still in
+England, had been drawn into the intrigues of Chateauneuf, and Father
+Philip was considered almost an enemy of France. The Capuchins, on the
+other hand, were under the protection of Fontenay-Mareuil, and they quite
+expected to see the members of the rival congregation expelled and the path
+left clear for themselves.
+
+It was, therefore, a grave disappointment, when, on their arrival in
+England, they found that the Queen had no intention of changing her
+confessor, of whose long-headed Scotch prudence she had a just
+appreciation. The poor Capuchins, with a certain Father Leonard at their
+head, were subjected to considerable annoyances from the Chateauneuf clique
+and the Fathers of the Oratory,[117] who were more men of the world than
+they, did not scruple to show a refined contempt for them. So uncomfortable
+were they that but for the support of Fontenay-Mareuil they would almost
+have returned to France.
+
+But they were cheered by the courtesy of the Queen. Henrietta, in spite of
+her refusal to submit to their direction, received them with all kindness,
+and settled them in her own establishment at Somerset House, where, to
+their great satisfaction, they were permitted to wear the religious habit.
+They were indeed simple men, so simple that she showed her wisdom in
+seeking a confessor elsewhere than among them; but they were zealous and
+disinterested, and, if at times they attempted to impose upon the ungodly
+Protestant by a profession of greater austerity than that actually
+practised, there was no sham in their labours among the sick and poor of
+plague-stricken London, or in their devotion to their religious
+duties.[118] They, on their side, became much attached to Henrietta, and it
+is to the pen of one of them, Father Cyprien de Gamache, who in his old age
+wrote his memoirs of the English mission, that we owe many curious
+particulars of the Queen's life.[119]
+
+With the Capuchins came a more distinguished person, who shared with them
+for a while the dislike of Chateauneuf's friends.
+
+Jacques de Nowell du Perron, a nephew of the famous Cardinal of that name,
+who had had much to do with the conversion of the Queen's father, came to
+London as the successor of the Bishop of Mende, but no two men could have
+been less alike, and perhaps du Perron was selected because Richelieu had
+learned by experience that "surtout point de zèle" was a sound maxim in
+dealing with heretics. Certainly the second Grand Almoner of Henrietta
+Maria was as much liked as the first had been detested. A man of the
+softest manners, "neutral in every question whatsoever,"[120] as a stronger
+spirit said of him with a touch of contempt, he knew not only how to keep
+the favour of the French authorities who had sent him to England, but how
+to win that of Charles, whom he charmed by his flow of interesting talk,
+and of the Protestant public, who so respected the regularity of his life
+and the moderation of his conduct, that even on the eve of the Civil War he
+was regarded "as among the hated the least so."[121] There were moments
+when his task of serving many masters was difficult, as when his courtier's
+soul was vexed because, by obeying Henrietta's commands to officiate at a
+service of welcome to her mother,[122] he offended his patrons in Paris;
+but in the main his conduct met with its due reward. It was no small
+tribute to his tact and prudence that he so far obliterated from the mind
+of Charles the memory of the Bishop of Mende that he permitted him, in
+1637, to accept the Bishopric of Angoulême without forfeiting his position
+as Grand Almoner of the Queen. He went off to France to be consecrated, and
+returned to England with all the dignity of episcopal rank.
+
+It fell to the lot of this courtly ecclesiastic to officiate at one of the
+most picturesque ceremonies of Henrietta's London life. Among the unkept
+stipulations of the marriage contract was a provision for the building of a
+chapel for the Queen's use. Henrietta, at her first coming, had been
+obliged to content herself with a small and mean room in which her
+chaplains, as best they might, celebrated divine service. It was not until
+1632[123] that she had so won her husband's heart as to wring from him by
+prayers and caresses, and sometimes even by tears, permission to build a
+church for her Capuchins, which should be at once a memorial of her
+religious zeal and a thank-offering for her married happiness, which now
+had been crowned by the birth of her little son.
+
+On September the 14th the foundation-stone was laid. The site of the new
+building, which was the tennis courtyard of Somerset House, was fitted up
+as a temporary church with tapestries for walls and stuffs of great price
+for roof. A large and brilliant company, numbering at least two thousand
+persons, was present, while at the beautifully decked altar stood M. du
+Perron to sing a Mass, which was accompanied by rare voices and choice
+instrumental music, and at which the attendant ceremonies were so
+magnificent that a Frenchman who happened to be present confessed[124] that
+nothing more splendid could be seen at Notre-Dame de Paris, even when a
+King of France honoured that cathedral with his presence. The Mass ended,
+Henrietta stepped forward, handed by her brother's ambassador, M. de
+Fontenay-Mareuil, to whom the establishment of the Capuchins was so largely
+due. A trowel delicately fringed with velvet was offered to her, together
+with mortar served in a silver-gilt bowl. Thrice she threw the mortar on to
+the stone of foundation, which was then lowered into its place, bearing on
+a plate an inscription telling how she, the Queen of England and the
+daughter of France, had founded this temple for the honour of Catholicism
+and for the use of her servants the Capuchin Fathers.
+
+This was one of Henrietta's brightest days, in which she tasted the joy her
+disappointed life knew so seldom, of seeing a happy result of her works and
+prayers. It began by a devout confession and reception of the Eucharist. It
+ended with cannon and fireworks and every sign of public rejoicing. So
+cordial seemed the attitude of the London populace that the rosiest hopes
+for the future were entertained, specially by the French,[125] who would
+have welcomed the conversion of England by a French Queen as a delicate
+triumph, not only over the heretic, but over the Spaniard.[126] These
+sanguine persons did not go about in the streets and taverns of the city to
+hear, under the official rejoicings, the curses, "not loud but deep," of
+the Puritan citizens.
+
+The Queen's workmen, whom she encouraged by kind words and good pay, must
+have worked with energy, for by the middle of December in the same year the
+church was ready for use. It was modelled on that begun for the Spanish
+Infanta at St. James's, though, perhaps in view of possible developments,
+it was of a larger size than the original. The opening ceremonies were
+comparable in splendour to those of the foundation. Many Protestants were
+attracted thither by curiosity to admire its beautiful furnishings, among
+which perhaps was already to be seen the splendid specimen of the art of
+Rubens, which is known to have adorned the high altar in later days. Even
+the King came in to see the great attraction, a construction about forty
+feet high, which the ingenuity of a young Roman architect who happened to
+be in London had fashioned into a representation of Paradise, wherein,
+guarded by sculptured angels and prophets, and blazing with innumerable
+lights, reposed the Sacred Host. Taking into account these splendours, it
+is not perhaps surprising that those who on this happy day turned their
+eyes toward the kneeling figure of the royal foundress saw stealing down
+her cheeks the happy tears of an emotion she could not restrain. She had
+indeed cause for self-congratulation, for already the hopes which had
+cheered her in her dark days were beginning to be realized.
+
+Henrietta never laid aside the devout habits which Bérulle had taught her,
+and which--no doubt with much anxiety in his mind--he again inculcated in
+1627 in a pious letter which he wrote and to which the Queen-Mother put her
+name.[127] She was indeed sometimes inclined to lie in bed in the morning
+so late that Mass could not be said till midday, but her excellent husband,
+who desired her to be as precise in her religious duties as he was in his
+own, was not slow to chide gently this laxity, so that her regularity of
+attendance became the admiration of all. At each festival she received the
+Sacrament of Penance, and communicated with such devotion that her fervour
+astonished not only her fellow-worshippers, but her spiritual advisers. In
+matters of fasting she was very strict, only asking for a dispensation when
+there was real need, in spite of the specious advice of her heretic
+physician Mayerne, who urged her to take meat on Fridays and Saturdays, "an
+indulgence," as a Frenchman justly remarked, "which would be of little
+account in France, but in England, and in the person of the Queen,
+appearances must be kept up."[128]
+
+To all these virtues she added a zeal for her faith which, if still checked
+by the girlish levity which easily turned from religious as from political
+matters, was sufficiently urgent both to champion her faith in Protestant
+circles and to plead for her oppressed co-religionists, so that with the
+growth of her influence over her husband grew their peace and prosperity.
+It is true that for a year or two after the expulsion of the French the
+persecution continued, and was, particularly in Scotland, at one time very
+fierce,[129] so that it was noted with malicious satisfaction that the
+Queen fell into her premature travail on the very day that her husband had
+signed a decree against the Catholics of his northern kingdom; but it so
+quickly and thoroughly abated that in 1633 a Roman correspondent in London
+was able to declare that never before had Catholics been less
+molested.[130] Not only were priests permitted to live undisturbed in the
+capital, but English Catholics were allowed to attend the chapels of the
+Queen and the ambassadors, a privilege which Richelieu had vainly
+endeavoured to win for them at the time of the royal marriage, and which
+the King had angrily refused to the Queen's entreaties only a year or two
+before. "I permit you your religion," he had said to her on that occasion,
+"with your Capuchins and others. I permit ambassadors and their retinue,
+but the rest of my subjects I will have them live that I profess and my
+father before me." The Catholics were so encouraged by the lenity now shown
+that in the course of this same year, on the occasion of Charles'
+coronation in Scotland, they presented to him a petition pleading for
+toleration and urging him to follow the example of his father-in-law, Henry
+the Great, who, by granting religious liberty, had won for himself the
+title of Pater Patriæ et Pacis Restitutor.[131]
+
+That the softening of Charles' heart was due to his wife is indisputable,
+though her unfortunate hostility to Portland prevented her from utilizing
+the influence of that statesman, who was a Catholic at heart.[132] "The
+Queen is not unmindful to press the Catholic cause with the King as often
+as opportunity permits," writes a Catholic reporter[133] as early as 1632.
+The mere turning over of the State papers of these years reveals ample
+evidence of her activity. A priest who had languished seven years in the
+Clink prison, Catholic prisoners at York, another priest who for five years
+had lain in Newgate, these are some of the recipients of her mercy, taken
+from the records of little more than a year. "A great Princess," wrote Du
+Perron of her in a letter which he dispatched to Rome in 1635, "by whom
+religion exists in this Kingdom, and who is the refuge of the poor
+Catholics, who, thanks to God and by the clemency of the King, whom this
+virtuous Princess has inclined in our favour, have enjoyed during the four
+years I have been here a greater liberty than has ever been seen since the
+change of religion, and which we hope will continually increase, provided
+that it please God to preserve the King and to favour the good designs of
+our Mistress."[134]
+
+In London Catholicism became almost fashionable. The Queen's new chapel at
+Somerset House,[135] where an urbane sermon by the eloquent du Perron might
+sometimes be heard, was often visited by Protestants, of whom some, like
+the astrologer Lilly, were drawn by curiosity, while others came from more
+mixed motives. The Capuchin Fathers and their rivals the Oratorians
+received many visitors who came to discuss religious matters, not a few of
+whom were inclined by the engaging arguments of their hosts to abjure the
+heresy of their birth, so that little by little an imposing list of
+converts was compiled.[136] Sometimes the good Capuchins would open their
+monastery to the Protestant public, and, arranging it a little more
+ascetically[137] than usual, to impress the heretics, would thus help on
+the cause of the faith among those who flocked to see them as if, says
+Father Cyprien pathetically, they had been Indians, Malays, or savages. At
+the chapels of the ambassadors and at Somerset House English sermons were
+preached for the edification of the English Catholics and of the more
+interesting Protestant visitors. Dispensations from the action of the
+recusancy laws were given by the Crown in such numbers as to alarm the
+Puritans.[138] The recusants were relieved of part[139] of the financial
+burden which the law bound upon them, and, above all, it began to be
+whispered that the King, whose devotion to his wife was well known, was
+beginning to look with favour upon the Catholics. His objection to them had
+always been political rather than religious, and was based upon his
+suspicion of their loyalty and upon his dread of the deposing power claimed
+by the Pope. Henrietta's constant endeavour was to disabuse her husband's
+mind of this, perhaps not unreasonable, prejudice. She met with fair
+success, so that a Catholic writer felt able to describe Charles as a
+"Prince of most milde and sweet disposition," who suffered the partial
+execution of the recusancy laws rather from political and financial than
+from religious reasons, and whose "great ornaments of God and Nature doe in
+a manner foretell that one day he shall restore this country to its former
+happiness, and himself become the most glorious and most renowned Monarch
+that ever did governe among us."[140] There was, of course, only one way by
+which this happy consummation could be attained, and already some sanguine
+spirits were beginning to think of another and happier Pole reconciling
+England anew to the Holy See.
+
+And there were other and perhaps more solid grounds for hopes in the
+changing character of the Anglican Church, which about this time was
+attracting great attention among a certain school of Catholics. The results
+of the Elizabethan settlement were becoming apparent, and the two great
+parties, known then as Protestant and Puritan, now as High Church and Low
+Church, were beginning to stand out clearly. Liberal-minded Catholics, some
+of them converts from the English Universities, were learning, what the
+narrower type of Seminarist refused to recognize, the wide gulf which
+yawned between an Anglican "Protestant" and a continental Sectary. Already
+in the days of James a French priest[141] of Ville-aux-clercs' train was
+surprised by the decorum of the liturgy at Westminster Abbey, and roundly
+abused as liars the English Catholics of the Continent who had drawn fancy
+pictures of Anglican services. The religious revival, with which the name
+of Laud is associated, emphasized every Catholic element yet remaining in
+the Church of England. It was barely a century since the schism. Bérulle,
+living in London or at the Court, regarding all with unfriendly and
+prejudiced eyes, might be surprised at the total absence of all sign or
+memory of the old religion. But had a man of sympathy gone about among the
+people, or sought the lonely valleys of Yorkshire and the remote villages
+of Devon and Cornwall, he would have told another tale of lingering
+superstitions, of ancient customs which had their root in Catholic
+practices. Such a man as Bishop Andrewes, who died in old age in 1626, and
+who was the master of Laud, is a witness that the Church revival of the
+seventeenth century was no more a complete innovation than that of the
+nineteenth century, which is associated with the names of the Tractarians,
+to which, in many respects, it bears so close a resemblance. But under the
+patronage of the King and the Archbishop the movement developed rapidly.
+Altars were set up, decked in Catholic fashion, in most of the cathedrals
+and in many parish churches; Latin services were read at Oxford and
+Cambridge; books were published, such as Anthony Stafford's _Female Glory_,
+which might have been written by Catholic pens; a desire for a return to
+Catholic discipline, of which perhaps the most interesting manifestation
+was the Protestant nunnery at Little Gidding, was apparent in earnest
+Churchmen; and, above all, not only did a considerable number of
+conversions take place, but some of those who remained in the Anglican
+fold, like Bishop Goodman of Gloucester and Bishop Montague of Chichester,
+became enamoured of the haunting dream of corporate reunion. It is not
+surprising that Catholics and Puritans alike should have seen in the whole
+movement a tendency to a reversal of the Reformation settlement, and should
+equally have failed to distinguish between the staunch Anglicans, of whom
+Laud was the leader, and the advance-guard which really was looking to
+Rome. The Queen herself believed that Laud[142] was a good Catholic at
+heart, and there is no doubt that overtures were made to him by Catholics,
+while the more liberal-minded of that communion, recalling to the Pope the
+example of his great predecessor St. Gregory, who "did yeeld somewhat to
+the Britans before he could work their conversion," urged upon him the
+expediency of meeting half-way those erring children who already believed
+"the Pope of Rome to be cheefe and supreame Pastor," and of a little
+condescending "unto their weakness, whome unhappy errors have made
+infirme."[143]
+
+Urban VIII, to whom this appeal was addressed, was one of those decorous
+ecclesiastics whom the counter-reformation had substituted for the more
+picturesque figures of Renaissance Rome. He had a kindness for Henrietta,
+whom he had seen when she was a baby and he was Nuncio in the French
+capital, on which occasion the Queen-Mother had replied to his courteous
+augury that the little Princess would one day be a great Queen in the
+prophetic words, "That will be when you are Pope." He felt a real interest
+in England, which he had shown in a somewhat equivocal way when, incited by
+Bérulle, he had urged France and Spain in 1628 to unite in attacking the
+faithless King of England. Circumstances, however, were now changed, and he
+was anxious to commend himself to Charles and Henrietta. His nephew
+Francesco Barberini, the Cardinal Protector of England, who shared with him
+the considerable, if misdirected, artistic taste of the family,[144] was
+equally alive to the opportunities of the hour, and he showed the King of
+England from time to time such attentions as were most acceptable to a
+monarch who was not only the patron of Rubens and Van Dyck, but was himself
+one of the best judges of art in Europe. Barberini allowed a large number
+of statues and pictures to be exported from Rome to England, while he sent
+over as gifts choice pictures painted by Leonardo and Correggio and other
+masters of the Renaissance, together with a Bacchus by the hand of the
+still living Guido Reni, "understanding that His Majesty was a great
+admirer of such curiosities."[145] Finally, he induced the haughty Bernini
+to sculpture the busts of the King of England and of his Queen, in which
+task the great sculptor is said to have read a tragic fate in the long,
+melancholy lines of the countenance of Charles Stuart.
+
+But the more serious results of the intercourse between Rome and
+England--results which had no small influence on future events--touched
+another side of Henrietta's dealings with the English Catholics.
+
+The history of the Catholic Church in England, from the Reformation
+onwards, is a curious mixture of heroic endurance and of sordid squabbles
+among those who, in the face of a common enemy, should have shown above all
+an united front. The disputes which raged between the secular clergy and
+the religious Orders on the subject of Episcopal jurisdiction were at an
+acute stage when Henrietta came into England, and in the course of the next
+few years the feeling became so bitter on both sides that the seculars did
+not scruple to accuse the Jesuits, the protagonists of the regulars, of
+heinous crimes, such as the instigation of the Powder Plot,[146] while
+these latter, in their turn, are said to have taken their revenge by
+disseminating information important to the Government which led to the
+banishment of the Bishop of Chalcedon.[147]
+
+It was only natural that each party should desire the favour of the young
+Queen. The Jesuits, who commanded the larger following among the English
+Catholics, were the more objectionable to the Government and the nation,
+who considered them meddlers in matters of State, and who remembered, with
+a vividness not decreased by the Powder Plot, the career and the writings
+of Father Robert Parsons. Charles' dislike of them[148] was inherited from
+his father, who on one occasion broke off a conversation most favourable to
+the Catholics to assert that never should a daughter-in-law of his be under
+Jesuit direction. Another person whose opinion was likely to weigh with
+Henrietta, Father Bérulle, had so Protestant a hatred of the Society that
+in 1628 he used his powerful influence to prevent the dispatch to England
+of a Grand Almoner[149] who was believed to regard it with favour. The
+daughter of Henry IV must surely have felt an antipathy as strong as that
+of any Stuart for those whom many held responsible for her father's murder.
+In short, the secular clergy had some reason for hope, even setting aside
+the fact that the Jesuits were the soul of the pro-Spanish party which
+dominated English Catholicism, while they, under their pro-French Bishop,
+had a certain leaning to France, of which they were prepared to make the
+most now that a French Queen sat upon the throne of England.
+
+It was a blow to these worthy men that they were not permitted to serve the
+Queen's chapel, for which office they possessed, certainly in their own
+eyes, every qualification.[150] It was a greater blow when, owing doubtless
+to the machinations of the Jesuits, the Bishop of Chalcedon was
+banished.[151] But, after all, this untoward event took place while the
+Queen's influence was still small. As it grew, and with it the general
+prosperity of the Catholics, the secular clergy took heart again.
+
+Henrietta cared little or nothing for Bishop Smith personally, and his
+connection with Richelieu was by this time small recommendation to her. But
+it galled her pride that whereas there had been a Bishop in England on her
+arrival now there was none, and she probably believed, what even the
+cautious Du Perron on one occasion admitted, that the regulars were jealous
+of her as a Frenchwoman, and unwilling that she should have too great
+honour as a mother in Israel. It was whispered among the secular clergy
+that the Queen was "all for the Bishop and his jurisdiction" in spite of
+the efforts of the Jesuits to win over not only her, but Father Philip.
+Their hopes were not unfounded. Henrietta was so far roused as to write a
+strongly worded letter to the Pope on behalf of the Bishop, who was out of
+favour not only with the English Government, but with the authorities at
+Rome. She begged the Holy Father to restore "this good father to his
+children,"[152] and she entreated him, in words that are no obscure hit at
+the Jesuits and their friends the English Catholics, not to allow so good a
+prelate to be oppressed by those who regarded their own interest rather
+than the good of religion and the union of Catholics. To strengthen her
+appeal she dispatched a letter at the same time to her brother's ambassador
+in Rome, asking him[153] to use his influence in the matter. She knew that
+the Bishop was a _persona grata_ at the French Court, where his
+elevation to the Cardinalate was at one time desired.
+
+Henrietta's intervention effected nothing, and Richard Smith lived and died
+in an exile which was due at least as much to his fellow-Catholics as to
+his Protestant oppressors. But in the year following she was engaged in
+negotiations with the Papacy as fruitful as these had been abortive.
+
+In 1633 a Scotch gentleman, by name Sir Robert Douglas,[154] appeared in
+Rome. He was a cousin of the Earl of Angus, a noted Scotch Catholic, and he
+was the bearer of letters from that nobleman to the Pope. But there were
+other and greater people responsible for his presence. Behind Angus stood
+the Queen of England, and behind the Queen stood her husband the King,
+though, as the emissary carefully explained, the latter could not openly
+appear in the affair, as he was not yet reconciled to the Catholic Church.
+
+Douglas was one of those sanguine Catholics who believed Charles'
+conversion to be a matter of a short delay, and that then the whole nation,
+weary of heresy, would be only too glad to walk contentedly in the path to
+heaven in obedience to the Holy See. He drew a rosy picture of these
+prospects and of the Queen's virtues and piety as he proceeded to unfold
+the object of his mission, which was to induce the Pope to bestow a
+Cardinal's hat upon a subject of the King of England. He was even kind
+enough to spare the Holy Father the trouble of selection by indicating a
+certain George Con, a Scotch gentleman in the service of Barberini, as a
+worthy recipient of the honour. The nationality of this person, he hastened
+to point out, was all in his favour. Not only was the King's partiality for
+his own countrymen well known, but the English Catholics were so torn
+asunder by their internal feuds that they would welcome the elevation of a
+Scotchman which would not give rise to the jealousies which would
+inevitably attend the promotion of a member of either of the rival parties.
+Such at least was the view of the Scotch envoy. It would be interesting to
+hear the comments of the English Catholics, who a few years earlier had
+described their northern brethren as almost barbarians, unable to speak the
+English tongue, and in every way inferior to themselves.[155]
+
+There is no doubt that Henrietta's heart was much set upon this project,
+nor did she ever relax her efforts in Con's behalf until his death. It is
+possible that she felt the danger, which Douglas pointed out to the Pope,
+of her position as an uncrowned Queen in case of her husband's death, and
+that she thought that a Cardinal devoted to her service would be a support
+in such a strait. It is improbable that at this time she had ever set eyes
+on her candidate, though she had heard accounts which were not unfounded of
+his goodness and learning, and she, as well as her husband, no doubt was
+aware that he had given a pleasing proof of judiciously mingled loyalty and
+piety by writing a sympathetic biography of Charles' grandmother, Mary of
+Scotland.[156] But beyond any personal feeling, Henrietta always believed,
+though why it is a little difficult to say, that the creation of a Cardinal
+who was a native of Great Britain would help forward in the highest degree
+the cause of the Catholic Church in England. Thus she wrote to Cardinal
+Barberini at this time and thus she wrote several years later to the Pope,
+expressing herself on the latter occasion very strongly and assuring the
+Holy Father that by complying with her wishes in the matter he would not
+only oblige her personally, but would give the greatest possible impetus to
+the cause of religion in England.[157]
+
+The King's attitude is more difficult to determine, but there seems no
+reason to distrust Douglas' assertion that the project had his royal
+support and concurrence. Such intrigues were indeed only too congenial to
+his tortuous mind. Nor is the knight's statement without corroboration.
+Another Scot, the Earl of Stirling, who as Sir William Alexander had won a
+considerable reputation both as poet and statesman, and who had formerly
+been concerned in certain cryptic negotiations between James I and the Holy
+See, wrote to Rome[158] expressing his pleasure that the son was following
+in his father's footsteps, and urging Con's candidature on the ground that
+his elevation would be a matter of great satisfaction to the King.
+
+It might be thought that the Roman authorities would welcome with
+_empressement_ an emissary who came under such distinguished patronage.
+But, as a matter of fact, the reception accorded to Sir Robert Douglas was
+distinctly cool. The King of England's conduct had not been such as to
+inspire confidence, and the Jesuits in Rome and elsewhere were still busily
+representing him "as the greatest persecutor that ever was."[159] It was
+suggested that his friendly attitude to the Papacy was only a ruse to
+secure the restoration of the Palatinate to his sister's husband. Even the
+Queen was not regarded with great favour. It was believed in certain
+quarters that she was rather indifferent to Catholic interests, an
+impression which may have arisen partly from the favour which she showed to
+a Puritan clique, of which the Earl of Holland was the principal
+member,[160] and partly from her acquiescence in her husband's wish that
+their children should receive Anglican baptism.[161] Perhaps the Pope and
+Cardinal Barberini did not share this view, as they had read with great
+interest an account of the laying of the foundation-stone of the new chapel
+at Somerset House, which the judicious Du Perron had written to a
+compatriot in Rome, who with equal tact passed it on to the Holy
+Father.[162]
+
+But there is no doubt that the Queen's insistent requests for the creation
+of a Cardinal did her no service, either now or later, with Urban VIII and
+his nephews. Many surmises were rife in Rome as to Douglas and his mission.
+He might be an agent of the secular clergy. The whole thing might be a
+deep-laid plan of Richelieu to secure the Cardinalate for his creature the
+Bishop of Chalcedon, who was certainly an English subject, and on whose
+behalf the Queen of England had written only a year earlier. There seems to
+have been no intention of granting Henrietta's request, and the kind
+letters which the Pope wrote to her and to Father Philip, saying how
+pleased he was to hear of their piety and virtue, were more lavish of
+compliments than of promises.
+
+Nevertheless Douglas' mission was not unsuccessful. The Pope talked over
+English affairs with him freely, and the result was that in the spring of
+1634 Gregorio Panzani set out for England.
+
+Panzani was a priest of the Italian Oratory, and his ostensible mission in
+England was to heal the long-standing feud between the secular clergy and
+the religious Orders, and to remedy certain irregularities of morals and
+discipline which specially affected the younger religious and the London
+clergy who were unable to resist the seductions of heretical society. It is
+probable that the Pope and Cardinal Barberini desired these ends. It is
+certain that they saw in the state of affairs a convenient cloak to cover
+different and more important designs.
+
+For Panzani was not in London without the connivance of the King and the
+express desire of the Queen, who had arranged the matter with her husband.
+"I have no objection," said Charles, "as long as things are done quietly
+and matters of State are not meddled with; but I do not wish it said that
+the Pope has sent an agent to the King of England."[163]
+
+This was said, of course, and perhaps not altogether to the dissatisfaction
+of Panzani and those who sent him. Nevertheless he behaved with great
+discretion, and was liked by everybody, except the Jesuits, to whose
+pretensions he was greatly opposed, and whose ill opinion was an advantage
+to him rather than otherwise in dealing with the King and the people. On
+the advice of the sage Father Philip he refused to express any opinion on
+the thorny question of the lawfulness of taking the oath of allegiance[164]
+to the King, thus following the example of the Capuchin Fathers, who were
+wont to tell inquirers that they knew nothing of the matter, and that it
+would be well to seek other advisers; altogether so judicious was his
+conduct that he was described as "a person greatly to be esteemed for his
+many vertues and religious life and great zeale and industry for the
+advancem^t of the Catholick cause in this Country."[165] He was able,
+towards the end of his stay, to do the Catholics a notable service by
+persuading the King to dismiss the pursuivants, the most odious instruments
+of the recusancy laws, comparable to the familiars of the Spanish
+Inquisition, and to leave the prosecution of recusants in the hands of the
+justices of the peace.
+
+About this time the hopes of the Catholics were rising high, both at home
+and in the Eternal City. They believed, with touching simplicity, that the
+wise policy of the King had almost destroyed the hated sect of the
+Puritans, "which formerly was stronger."[166] The centenary of the schism
+was not allowed to pass without meaning allusions. From the pulpit of the
+Queen's chapel at Somerset House, Du Perron commented on the occasion with
+even more than his wonted suavity. Continual accounts were sent to Rome of
+the mildness of the King, of the changing character of the Church of
+England, and, above all, of the piety and zeal of the Queen. She was
+described as "a Princess on whom God and nature have bestowed most rare
+gifts," whose "sweete and vertuous carriage, her religious zeale and
+constant devotions have purchased unto herselfe love and admiration from
+all the Court and Kingdome, and unto the Catholique Religion (which she
+piously pfesseth) great respect and honor. She is," added the writer in a
+glow of enthusiasm, "Una beata de Casa, for whose sake Heaven, I hope, doth
+intend many blessings towards our Country."[167] Cardinal Barberini
+rewarded these shining qualities by writing flattering letters to
+Henrietta, and by sending to her some relics of an obscure Roman lady named
+Martina, whose martyred body had recently been dug up in an ancient church
+dedicated to her memory.
+
+Nor were Panzani's accounts less satisfactory; the King received him with
+great kindness, and openly expressed his regret for the schism between the
+Churches. "I would rather have lost my hand than it had happened," he said
+on one occasion. He showed an unexpected reverence for relics, and much
+interest in a remarkable book[168] written by a liberal-minded Catholic,
+Father Santa Clara, of the Order of S. Francis, which foreshadowed the
+famous "Tract 90" of later days. "The book pleases the King and some of the
+nobles of this Kingdom very much,"[169] wrote the envoy, and he begged on
+this ground that it might not be condemned at Rome, where (as well as in
+certain Catholic circles in England) its liberality had given offence. Nor
+were others more backward than the King. These were the days of the hopes
+of reunion, at which Santa Clara's book had not obscurely glanced; the days
+in which the appeal to the Pope, described above, was drawn up. Panzani was
+less sanguine than some of the English Catholics, and, in particular, seems
+to have appreciated Laud's real attitude towards the Church of Rome.[170]
+But he had much to tell of interesting conversations on religious subjects
+with Windbank, who assured him that the Jesuits and the Puritans were the
+only real obstacle in the path of unity, and with Anglican clergy of
+advanced views such as Bishop Montagu, who appeared a little surprised that
+the Roman ecclesiastic did not agree very warmly to his assertion that
+there could be no doubt of the validity of his Orders.
+
+And the Holy See was to have another proof of Henrietta's zeal and of her
+husband's compliance. It was not enough that an agent of the Pope should
+dwell in London; an agent of the Queen of England was to go to Rome, and in
+dispatching him she was to realize a long-cherished wish.
+
+The first person selected for this delicate post was a gentleman named
+Brett, who died on his journey to Italy. He was succeeded by a Scotchman,
+Sir William Hamilton, brother of the Earl of Abercorn, who arrived in Rome
+in the early summer of 1636. The Queen had given him a letter of
+introduction to Barberini, which ensured him a good reception at the Papal
+Court, thus described in a private letter:--
+
+"Last Monday Sir William Hamilton had his first audience of his Holiness
+who receaved him with very greate signes of joy, he is exceeding well liked
+of here by all and indeed I think he will give as good satisfaction as any
+that could have been sent from England. Cardl. Barberini hath presented him
+with tow very faire horses for his coache. He keeps correspondence with the
+Secretarye of State Winebanck ... and useth F. Jhon the Benedictine his
+meanes to conveye these letters, but this must be kept secrett to yourself
+only."[171]
+
+It appears that the Queen was obliged to exercise a good deal of pressure
+before her husband would consent to the establishment of this agency. Blind
+as Charles was to the dangers surrounding him on all sides, he may well
+have been aware of some of the difficulties attendant on a course of action
+which led to such communication between an English Secretary of State and
+an agent accredited to the Court of Rome.
+
+The success which attended these first bold attempts to establish relations
+between the Holy See and the Court of England encouraged further efforts.
+It was felt that Panzani, after all, had obvious disadvantages for the post
+which, nevertheless, he had filled with such promising results. He was an
+Italian, and foreigners were not liked in the British Isles. He could talk
+no English, and this was a drawback to one whose work was, in a sense,
+missionary. He had done his part in spying out the land. He must now yield
+his place to a successor, who, not handicapped by race and language, would
+be able to reap the fields already ripe to harvest.
+
+That successor was none other than the candidate of the King and the Queen
+for the Cardinalate, George Con, the Scot, Canon of S. John Lateran in
+Rome, who arrived in England in the early part of 1636.
+
+In a sense, no better appointment could have been made. The new envoy was a
+singularly fascinating person, whose long residence in the country which
+was still the intellectual and artistic centre of Europe had added an
+urbane culture to the prudence and moderation which were the gifts of his
+Scottish birth. Less opposed to the Jesuits than Panzani, he was better
+able to deal with the pro-Spanish English Catholics, who still had a
+lurking distrust of the Queen, while he was too wise to be drawn into their
+schemes. A scholar and a courtier, he knew how to commend himself to the
+Protestants of the Court, and, above all, to the King, who evinced a real
+liking for him. "I hope," said the envoy to him upon one occasion, "that my
+being a good servant to the Pope and to Cardinal Barberini will not
+prejudice me with your Majesty." Charles quickly gave him his hand, and
+said earnestly, "No, Giorgio, no, always be assured of this."[172] The
+Queen's feeling to him was even warmer. Indeed, it may be said that George
+Con took his place among the little group of her personal friends. His
+Scotch birth was no less a recommendation to her than to Charles himself,
+for she so well remembered the ancient tie between her own land and the
+northern kingdom that she was wont to show an injudicious partiality, which
+did not tend to her popularity in England, for those who came from beyond
+the Tweed. She was prejudiced in his favour before his arrival, and she
+found him even more pious and charming than she had anticipated, so that
+both she and the King gradually received him to such intimacy and
+confidence that he seemed almost like one of the royal household.
+
+It is not surprising that, under the spell of this fascinating personality,
+Henrietta's Catholic zeal should have attained to a fervour unknown before,
+which annoyed and alarmed even her own Protestant servants, such as Sir
+Theodore Mayerne, who expressed his views on the matter to Con himself. The
+envoy, indeed, had come at a fortunate moment. Already Portland was dead,
+and the Queen was beginning to tread the path of influence and intrigue.
+She found in him not only a friend who warmly encouraged her efforts, but
+an efficient helper in her schemes, for what had become, in her own words,
+her "strongest passion, the advancement of the Catholic religion in this
+country."[173] Moreover, he showed himself a true friend by attempting to
+correct the opinion which was rife in Rome as well as in France, that the
+quiet enjoyed by the Catholics was due rather to political reasons than to
+her influence.[174] Perhaps he had some success; certainly prayers were
+offered for her in Rome, and a beautiful golden heart studded with gems,
+which she sent by the hands of one of her Capuchin Fathers to the Holy
+House of Loretto, was looked upon in papal circles "as the pledge of the
+greatness of the devout and pious heart"[175] that was doing so much for
+the Catholics of England.
+
+Con's dispatches are written in much the same strain as those of Panzani.
+They tell of kindness, of religious sympathy, of even greater royal favour,
+of the King's evident sympathy with Catholicism--how on one occasion he
+said, "I, too, am a Catholic," how on another his talk with the Queen on
+religious subjects was such that it would hardly be credited at Rome; of
+the success which attended the distribution among the ladies of the Court
+of the pretty religious trifles such as rosaries and pictures, which the
+care of Cardinal Barberini had sent over; of the Queen's delight in a cross
+sent to her by the Pope--how she always wore it, and how she said that it
+was the most precious thing she possessed; of the favour shown to Father
+Sancta Clara at Court, and by Windbank--how it had even been proposed that
+he should preach a sermon in the Queen's chapel about the anniversary of
+the Powder Plot, "to exculpate the Catholics from treason against Princes";
+how even the Jesuits acknowledged that never since the days of the
+negotiation for the Spanish match had the Catholics enjoyed such peace.
+Nevertheless, Con was too sagacious not to be able to read in some measure
+the signs of the times. "God only knows how long this calm will last," he
+wrote.[176]
+
+It was unfortunate that a person who seemed so admirably fitted for his
+post should have been obliged to relinquish his task half done. But the
+rigours of the northern climate told so severely on a constitution long
+accustomed to the suns of Italy that in 1639 Con was obliged to think of
+turning his steps southward, for not even the distinguished attentions he
+received in his sickness from the King, the Queen, and the nobility availed
+to cure him. He reached Rome, but he only recrossed the Alps to die before
+he could place on his head the Cardinal's hat, which had been so much
+striven for. On his death-bed he thought of Henrietta, and begged Cardinal
+Barberini, who was by his side, to send her a little picture of the Virgin
+as a recognition of his gratitude for her kindness, and as a memorial of
+their friendship.
+
+But already the shadows of the Civil War were beginning to close about the
+Queen. The bright hopes which had marked the days of Con's sojourn in
+England were becoming haunting fears, which, in their turn, were to give
+place to feelings as like despair as such natures as Henrietta's can know.
+
+It was probably a sad surprise to the Queen when, on the eve of the war,
+she discovered the intensity of the hatred with which her faith was
+regarded by a large section of her husband's subjects. Sagacious foreigners
+knew something of it. "The Puritans hate the Catholics as much as the
+Devil,"[177] wrote Tillières frankly as early as 1624. But in the Queen's
+Court all mention of such ill-bred persons and factions was avoided, unless
+some wit cracked a joke at their expense. It is true that a few of the
+great nobles were Puritans, but during the years of Charles' triumph their
+opinions were expressed with moderation, and most of the courtiers appeared
+rather inclined to the fashionable Protestant variety of faith which the
+King, the Ministers, and the higher clergy professed. The real strength of
+Puritanism was in the lower middle-class, a section of the community with
+which the Queen was not likely to come in personal contact, and which,
+partly perhaps for this very reason, she was never able to conquer. Her
+refusal to be crowned with her husband gave bitter offence, and was to cost
+her dear in the future. Discontented spirits muttered to themselves that
+the King might be murdered as Henry IV had been, "and then the Queen might
+mar all."[178] When in 1629 prayers were offered in the Church for the
+birth of an heir to the throne, scarcely a man could be found to answer
+Amen; and even after the birth of a Prince there were mutterings that God
+had already provided for the nation in the hopeful issue of the Queen of
+Bohemia. Ill-bred Puritan ministers, in the outspoken theological language
+of the day, prayed for the conversion of the Popish Queen; and as the
+Catholic revival developed, to dislike and disapproval was added the more
+potent force of fear.
+
+The language of the _Grand Remonstrance_ and of many other contemporary
+documents leaves no doubt that there was a widespread belief in the
+existence of a plot managed by the "engineers and factors of Rome," of whom
+the Queen was one of the chief,[179] to capture the country and the Church
+of England. The signs in the national establishment which raised the hopes
+of the Catholics became a terror to the Puritans. It was no wonder. As Du
+Perron said from the other point of view, it was but a century since the
+schism, and the Anglican Church had not yet the stability which comes from
+time, so that the idea of its reconciliation to Rome was less chimerical
+than in later times. Nor had the attempts to make Protestantism
+co-extensive with the nation been altogether successful. It is probable
+that Richelieu overrated the importance of the English Catholics, but,
+nevertheless, the trouble he took to conciliate them bears witness to the
+light in which they were regarded in the best-informed circles on the
+Continent. Not a few of them were men of position and wealth, and their
+number was certainly considerable; it probably reached at least
+150,000,[180] or three in every hundred,[181] and one Catholic reporter
+says that in Lancashire and Yorkshire as many as a third of the population
+adhered to the old faith.[182] The Archbishop of Embrun, who was in England
+in the latter days of James, is said to have confirmed in London as many as
+10,000 persons. Another witness,[183] who had some opportunities for
+forming a judgment, believed that a third of the nation was either openly
+or secretly Catholic, and that another third, the Protestant part of the
+Church of England, only remained in schism from fear of the recusancy laws,
+and though this estimate is of course grossly exaggerated, it is
+significant as showing the opinions which were prevalent. The loudly
+expressed hopes of the Catholics reacted upon the fears of the Puritans,
+who saw in them not only the proof of the power of their open foes, but a
+confirmation of their worst suspicions regarding their more secret enemies
+in the Church of England. Laud, the most loyal of Anglican Churchmen, did
+not recognize his mistake until it was too late. Charles, who was always a
+good Protestant, or in modern parlance a High Churchman, perhaps never
+recognized his even when it led him to the scaffold.
+
+The recklessness with which the King gave colour to the suspicions of the
+Puritans is indeed remarkable. The husband of a Catholic Queen, the son of
+a lady whose Protestantism was far from unimpeachable, he had recognized in
+early life the necessity of caution; he had no belief in the claims of the
+Church of Rome, and probably felt its attraction less strongly than his
+father, whose grandiose imagination was struck by its great claims and long
+history. Yet he showed marked favour to Roman ecclesiastics such as Du
+Perron, he allowed the triumphant ceremonies of Somerset House, and he
+sanctioned the almost open exercise of Catholic worship, only from time to
+time showing a feeble concession to the feeling of the country by such
+measures as forbidding the English Catholics to frequent the chapels of the
+ambassadors, and by issuing a proclamation which at the Queen's prayers he
+deprived of most of its force. There is, of course, only one sufficient
+explanation of his conduct. He was, it is true, like others of his family,
+a believer in a certain kind of toleration. He thought it a base thing for
+a man to change his religion, and he considered that any Christian might be
+saved. He was also, except when actuated by feelings of revenge, a merciful
+man to whom persecution was distasteful, and there were probably moods in
+which he imagined himself a second Henry IV, under whose paternal sway the
+rival religions could live at peace; but the real reason of his tenderness
+to the Catholics was his love for his wife. As in the old days Buckingham
+could make him do anything, so in later times could Henrietta Maria. Her
+tears, her smiles, her caresses won boon after boon for her
+co-religionists, until she wrung from him the last, the most disastrous
+concession of all. No single act was more fatal to his throne or more
+prejudicial to the ultimate interests of the Catholics than the
+establishment of the agency which brought into England Panzani, Con, and
+later Rosetti; as these worthy men rolled about London in their fine
+carriages, secure in the royal favour, and none daring to make them afraid,
+they believed that they were helping forward the conversion of England. In
+reality, they were riveting for more than a century longer the chains of
+the English Catholics.
+
+As for Henrietta herself, she was unfortunate in religious as in other
+matters. It is hardly too much to say that she pulled down her husband's
+throne to help her co-religionists, and yet in the light of future events
+it must be gravely questioned whether the progress of Catholicism under her
+protection was not too dearly bought by the terror and hatred which it
+inspired in the English mind, and whether in the end the Church was
+advanced by her coming into England. On the other hand, she had just
+sufficient moderation (which showed itself particularly in her recognition
+of the impossibility of bringing up her children in her own faith) to
+render her slightly suspect to the more fanatical Catholics in Rome and
+elsewhere. When the hour of need came the English Catholics, recalling her
+benefits and dreading above all things the domination of the Puritans, did
+indeed for the most part rally loyally round her; but on the Continent it
+was chiefly remembered that she was the devoted wife of a heretic King,
+whose qualified mercy so prized at home seemed abroad but a mockery of the
+hopes of the royal marriage.[184]
+
+[Footnote 104: _Continuation of Weekly Newes_, No. 43, 1624.]
+
+[Footnote 105: The following extract from J. Evelyn's _State of France_
+(1652) shows the opinion which cultivated Protestants held of French
+Catholics:--
+
+"The Roman Catholicks of France are nothing so precise, secret and bigotish
+as are either the Recusants of England, Spain and Italy, but are for the
+most part an indifferent sort of Christian, naturally not so superstitious
+and devout, nor in such Vassallage to his Holinesse as in other parts of
+Europe where the same opinions are professed: which indifferency, whether I
+may approve of or condemn, I need not declare here."]
+
+[Footnote 106: See Avenel: _Lettres de Richelieu, passim._ The importance
+of winning over the English Catholics is dwelt upon in the instructions
+given to ambassadors; see also the memorial on the state of England drawn
+up by Fontenay-Mareuil, in 1634, which dwells upon the pro-Spanish
+tendencies of the English Catholics and the means of overcoming them: those
+English Catholics who desired benefits from France were wont to consider,
+"that whereas the Catholics of England have been traduced to be all of the
+Spanish faction, that is a mere calumny."--Archives of the See of
+Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 107: The original of this letter is preserved among the Archives
+of the See of Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 108: During the singing of the hymns and psalms he knelt down,
+and during the prayers he said his rosary: "Cela édifia fort les
+Catholiques Anglais qui ne manquoient pas d'épier les actions des ministres
+de France, pour les rapporter aux Espagnols avec lesquels ils étoient fort
+unis."--_Mémoires de Brienne (Ville-aux-clercs), Petitot_ (1824), p. 391.]
+
+[Footnote 109: Bib. Nat., MS. Dupuy, 144.]
+
+[Footnote 110: Bib. Ste Geneviève, Paris, MS. 820. Tillières to Puisieux,
+January 9th, 1624.]
+
+[Footnote 111: He seems to have been much liked by the English Catholics;
+he is said to have held a special commission to advance their interests.
+P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 112: Arch. Nat., M. 232.]
+
+[Footnote 113: Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 44. This document goes on to say that
+the request of the Parliament for the execution of the recusancy laws was
+founded "sur la crainte des Espagnols desquels les Catholiques sont tenus
+pour fauteurs et pensionnaires," and also in the fear that the liberty
+promised at the time of the marriage would enable the Catholics "de faire
+quelque entreprise contre le bien de l'Estat." Dod, in his _Church
+History_, gives the names of only two priests who suffered the death
+penalty during the years of Charles' power.]
+
+[Footnote 114: See the letters which, just before her marriage, she wrote
+to her brother the King of France and to the Pope on this subject. Green:
+_Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, pp. 8, 9.]
+
+[Footnote 115: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 116: Charles wished Father Philip to be consecrated Bishop, but
+this suggestion did not meet with the approval of the French Government.
+Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 43.]
+
+[Footnote 117: P.R.O. French Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 118: "Je ne dis rien de l'assiduite de ces pères a ouir les
+confessions depuis six heures du matin iusques a midi et demy, l'assistance
+qu'ils rendoyent aux malades et aux prisonniers. . . ."--Henrietta Maria to
+Card. Barberini, 1658. P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 119: A translation of these memoirs is published at the end of
+the _Court and Times of Charles I_; they are inaccurate in detail, and
+though amusing reading, do not give a high opinion of the intellect of the
+writer.]
+
+[Footnote 120: Panzani: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 121: Salvetti: Add. MS., 27,962, I, f. 263.]
+
+[Footnote 122: Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 47.]
+
+[Footnote 123: A chapel had been built at St. James's at an earlier date;
+the "new chapel at St. James's" is mentioned in 1630.]
+
+[Footnote 124: "Les royales ceremonies faites en l'edification d'une
+chapelle de Capucins a Londres en Angleterre dans le Palais de la Roine;
+faite par son commandement et par la permission du Roy; en laquelle
+chapelle elle a posé la premiere pierre."--Paris, 1632.]
+
+[Footnote 125: "Si cette genereuse Princesse, soeur du plus juste et du
+plus vaillant de tous les roys . . . s'est ainsi acquise ceste liberté de
+conscience chez elle, pensez-vous qu'elle en demeure la? et qu'elle ne
+l'acquiere pas bien tost en faveur de tous les Catholiques qui sont en
+Angleterre."--_Ibid._]
+
+[Footnote 126: The French were inclined from experience in their own land
+to believe that Protestants and Catholics could live peaceably together.
+See _Remonstrance au roy d'Angleterre sur la miserable condition des
+Catholiques ses subjects en comparaison du favorable traictement que
+Huguenots recoivent en France_. MDCXXVIII.]
+
+[Footnote 127: Arch. Nat., M. 232. The letter is endorsed "coppie d'une
+lettre dressée par le R. P. Général pour la Reyne Mère à la Reyne
+d'Angleterre."]
+
+[Footnote 128: Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 44.]
+
+[Footnote 129: The Queen's attempts to soften her husband's heart towards
+the Scotch Catholics are mentioned in _Memoirs of Scottish Catholics during
+Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries_, by W. Forbes Leith, S.J.]
+
+[Footnote 130: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 131: The French translation of this petition is entitled:
+"Remonstrance et Declaration des Catholiques Anglais faites au roi
+d'Angleterre à son Couronnement du royaume d'Escosse."
+
+"Pour obtenir de sa Majesté la Liberté de la Religion Catholique dans
+l'estendue de ses royaumes" (1633).]
+
+[Footnote 132: Tillières (see his _Mémoires_) believed that the Queen,
+during the years of Weston's power, could have obtained much more liberty
+for the Catholics than she did had she been willing to work with him: he
+dwells, as do Salvetti (Add. MS., 27,962) and Fontenay-Mareuil
+(_Mémoires_), upon the favour she showed to Puritans; the latter says that
+the peace of the Catholics came from their insignificance between the
+nearly equal parties of the Protestants and the Puritans, but his personal
+hostility to Henrietta may have made him unwilling to give her the credit
+which in this matter she certainly deserved.]
+
+[Footnote 133: Archives of See of Westminster: _Summarium de rebus
+religionis in Anglia_, 1632.]
+
+[Footnote 134: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. As early as 1629 a letter from
+London speaks of the confidence of the Catholics in the protection of the
+Queen--"gia piu volte isperimentata" (_ibid_).]
+
+[Footnote 135: "Elle [Henrietta Maria] edifia ce Temple magnifique dans son
+Palais de Somerset ou les Pères Capucins qu'elle y logea chanterent en
+toute liberté les louanges de Dieu. La s'assembloient comme dans le Temple
+de Jerusalem, tous les fidèles d'Angleterre: là Jésus-Christ étoit offert à
+Dieu son père dans le très auguste Sacrifice: la se préschoient hautement
+les veritez Catholiques: là les Sacrémens s'administroient: là se
+vendroient à la porte les livres saints: là tous les jours le pavé s'étoit
+baigne de larmes de joye et de douleur des justes et pécheurs penitents: là
+les enfans venoient adorer le Dieu de leurs Pères: là s'abjuroit
+publiquement le schisme et le heresie: là le Pape étoit honore comme le
+Vicaire de Jésus-Christ: là les Images, les Huiles saintes, les prières
+pour les Morts estoient en usage et en respect: la en un mot l'Arche
+Vivante renversoit Dagon sur terre: là elle exercoit ses jugements sur les
+Philistines: là elle triomphoit des faux Dieux de Samarie."--François
+Faure, Oraison Funèbre de Henriette Marie de France, Reyne de la Grande
+Bretagne (1670).]
+
+[Footnote 136: Henrietta Maria speaks of nine hundred persons converted by
+the Capuchins, besides some ministers. P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. Henrietta
+Maria to Cardinal Barberini, 1658. Du Perron says that every year between
+two and three hundred persons were converted by means of the Capuchins and
+the Oratorians, and that besides a large number were converted by English
+priests working under the protection of the toleration.]
+
+[Footnote 137: See Memoirs of Père Cyprien de Gamache.]
+
+[Footnote 138: Prynne, _Popish Royal Favourite_.]
+
+[Footnote 139: The King contented himself with taking one-third instead of
+two-thirds of the property of recusants.]
+
+[Footnote 140: Archives of See of Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 141: Bishop Hacket: _Memoirs of the Life of Archbishop Williams_
+(1715), p. 87.]
+
+[Footnote 142: Madame de Motteville, in the account of the troubles of
+England, which she heard from Henrietta Maria, says, "l'Archevêque de
+Cantorberi qui dans son coeur étant très bon Catholique...."--_Mémoires
+de Mme. de Motteville_ (1783), t. 1, p. 242.
+
+Heylin, who knew a good deal of Laud's mind, says: "I hold it probable
+enough that the better to oblige the Queen unto him (of whose prevailing in
+the King's affections he [Laud] could not be ignorant), he might consent to
+Con's coming hither over from the Pope."--_Cyprianus Anglicans_, IV, p.
+411.]
+
+[Footnote 143: Archives of See of Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 144: Quod non fecerunt barbari, fecerunt Barberini.]
+
+[Footnote 145: Panzani: _Memoirs_, ed. Berington (1793), p. 191.]
+
+[Footnote 146: Archives of See of Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 147: This statement rests on the authority of Panzani, who had a
+considerable prejudice against the Jesuits.]
+
+[Footnote 148: Père Suffren, the confessor of Mary de' Medici, seems to
+have been the only Jesuit whom he ever regarded with favour.]
+
+[Footnote 149: Jean Jaubert de Barrault, Bishop of Bazas.]
+
+[Footnote 150: "Les religieux et particulierement les Jesuites sont estimes
+en Angleterre broullons, aux affaires destat et les Prestres seculiers
+n'ont iammais estés soubsonés de ceste faulte."--Archives of See of
+Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 151: The Proclamation against the Bishop dates from 1628, but it
+seems only to have been intended to frighten him; he did not leave England
+until 1631.]
+
+[Footnote 152: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 153: Archives of See of Westminster. Bishop Smith had compromised
+his position at Rome by expressing himself willing to resign his See and
+afterwards refusing to do so.]
+
+[Footnote 154: The details of Douglas' mission are to be found in papers
+among the Roman Transcripts P.R.O.]
+
+[Footnote 155: Archives of See of Westminster. This unfavourable
+description occurs in a curious paper, drawn up in 1625, headed: "Que les
+ecclesiastiques qui seront aupres de la Royne d'Angleterre doivent etre
+natives d'Angleterre mesme." A later section of the same paper is headed:
+"Que les ecclesiastiques qui seront aupres de la Royne d'Angleterre doivent
+plustost estre Prestres seculiers que Religieux." See note 1 on p. 113,
+which contains an extract from the same paper.]
+
+[Footnote 156: _Vita Mariæ Stuartæ Scotiæ Reginæ Dotariæ Galliæ,
+Angliæ et Hibernis Heredis, scriptore Georgia Conæo._ MDCXXIV.]
+
+[Footnote 157: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. Henrietta Maria to Urban VIII,
+163-8/9.]
+
+[Footnote 158: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 159: Archives of See of Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 160: See chapter III.]
+
+[Footnote 161: She never made any great effort to bring up her children as
+Catholics. She took Prince Charles to Mass sometimes, but desisted at her
+husband's request. In the marriage contract all that was said about the
+religion of the children of the marriage was, that they were to have free
+exercise of the Catholic religion, but it was provided that they were to be
+brought up by their mother until they reached the age of thirteen years.]
+
+[Footnote 162: Bib. Nat., Paris, MS. Cinq Cents de Colbert, 356. Greffier
+to Du Perron, December 9th, 1632.]
+
+[Footnote 163: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 164: There were two oaths which troubled the Catholics, that of
+supremacy and that of allegiance; the first declared the King "supremo Capo
+della Chiesa Anglicana," the second was aimed at the deposing power of the
+Pope, and was drawn up in 1606. A good many Catholics, particularly the
+Benedictines, believed that the second, or oath of allegiance, could
+lawfully be taken by Catholics (who suffered commercially from their
+refusal) notwithstanding its condemnation by Paul V. Panzani's Relazione,
+Add. MS., 15,389.]
+
+[Footnote 165: Archives of See of Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 166: _Ibid._]
+
+[Footnote 167: _Ibid._]
+
+[Footnote 168: _Deus, Natura, Gratia_ (1635). The real name of the author
+was Christopher Davenport; he died in 1680.]
+
+[Footnote 169: Archives of See of Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 170: "Il Laboru sacerdote secolare m'ha detto che pochi giorni
+sono il Cantuarieuse diose alia Duchessa di Buchingam che presto questo
+Regno sarà reconciliata alia Chiesa Romana. Io non volevo credere questo ma
+detto Laboru me l'ha giurato. Io manco lo credo e se l'ha detto havrà
+burlato."--Panzani to Barberini, April 9th, 1636. Add. MS., 15,389.]
+
+[Footnote 171: Archives of See of Westminster. Letter of Peter Fitton,
+agent of English secular clergy in Rome, July, 1636.]
+
+[Footnote 172: Add. MS., 15,389.]
+
+[Footnote 173: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. Henrietta Maria to Cardinal
+Barberini, October, 1637.]
+
+[Footnote 174: "Da questo e da altri motivi puotiamo vedere che la quiete
+che godiamo per la gratia di Dio non e per ragione del Stato come alcuni
+politici a Roma discorrono, perche tal quiete non e giudicata a proposito
+da questi ministri di Stato ma piu presto il contrario accio che tanto piu
+apparisca il zelo constante della Regina alla quale sola in terra si deve
+tutto."--June, 1639. Add. MS., 15,392, f. 64.]
+
+[Footnote 175: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. In 1629 she had accepted the
+dedication of the English translation of Richeome's _Pilgrime of Loretto_.]
+
+[Footnote 176: Add. MS., 15,389.]
+
+[Footnote 177: MS. Français, 23,597.]
+
+[Footnote 178: Rous: _Diary_, Camden Soc. (1856), p. 12.]
+
+[Footnote 179: Cf. Prynne: _Popish Royal Favourite_ (1643). "By all these
+our whole 3 Kingdomes ... must of necessity now see and acknowledge that
+there is and hath bin all his Majesties Reigne till this instant a most
+strong cunning desperate confederacie prosecuted (wherein the Queens
+Majestie hath been chiefe) to set up Popery in perfection and extirpate the
+Protestant party and religion in all his Majesties dominions" (p. 35).]
+
+[Footnote 180: 150,000 is the number given by a Catholic reporter in 1635
+(Westminster Archives), and Panzani gives the same number. Add. MS.,
+15,389.]
+
+[Footnote 181: The population of England and Wales was probably about
+5,000,000.]
+
+[Footnote 182: Archives of See of Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 183: Du Perron: _Proces Verbal de l'assemblée du clerge_, 1645.]
+
+[Footnote 184: It can hardly be doubted that when the marriage dispensation
+was given it was hoped that Charles' successor would be a Catholic. The
+English Catholics resident abroad shared to some extent the continental
+opinion of the King and Queen of England.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE QUEEN'S CONVERTS
+
+  Now for my converts who, you say, unfed,
+  Have follow'd me for miracles of bread,
+  Judge not by hearsay, but observe at least,
+  If since their change their loaves have been increas'd.
+
+                                                      J. DRYDEN
+
+
+Considering the activity of the Catholics at the Court of Charles I and his
+Queen, it is not surprising that from time to time some one, man or woman,
+abjured the national faith to enter what it was so confidently asserted was
+the one true fold. When this occurred Protestant feeling was apt to run
+high, and the King, to whose indulgence the trouble was certainly in some
+measure due, usually expressed himself greatly shocked and indignant, and
+for a time, at least, withdrew his favour from the offender.
+
+Perhaps the most remarkable of these cases was that of the Queen's friend,
+Walter Montagu. This gentleman, who had improved his natural talents by
+travels which led him to Madrid, to Paris and to Rome, was also much
+noticed by the King, to whom he was recommended by the fact that he had
+been a friend of Buckingham, and had actually been with the Duke when he
+was assassinated at Portsmouth. He was employed a good deal on secret
+service, and once he was able to render an important service, destined to
+influence both their lives, to Queen Anne of Austria. He had been sent by
+his own sovereign to stir up Savoy and Lorraine against France, and not
+even his position as envoy of England could save him or his dispatches from
+the emissaries of Richelieu or from the Bastille. Anne was implicated in
+these intrigues against her husband's country, and in an agony of terror,
+haunted by visions of the ignominious return to Spain with which she had
+several times been threatened, she sent to Montagu to learn the extent of
+her danger. The young Englishman, who had long worshipped the beautiful
+Queen,[185] gladly seized the opportunity of proving his devotion. Let the
+Queen have no fear, came back his chivalrous answer; she was not mentioned
+in the dispatches, and rather than that she should come to harm he would
+lay down his life. This sacrifice was not required, but Anne escaped
+detection and Montagu earned her lifelong gratitude. On his return to
+England after his enlargement, he made rapid progress in the favour of
+Henrietta Maria in spite of the connection with Buckingham, which can
+hardly have been a recommendation to her. So great was the kindness with
+which she regarded him, that no courtier seemed to have before him a more
+prosperous career, when towards the end of 1635 the Court was startled by
+the news that he had joined the Church of Rome. "Sure the Devil rides
+him,"[186] was the pithy comment of one of his acquaintance, John
+Ashburnham.
+
+Walter, who at this time was living in Paris, defended his action in a
+highly argumentative letter which he addressed to his father, but which he
+took care to have distributed among his friends in many copies. The Earl of
+Manchester, who was said to be the best-tempered man in England, does not
+seem to have been able to support this vexation with equanimity, and he
+sent a somewhat acrid reply to his son, whose apologetics were also refuted
+by Lucius, Lord Falkland. Montagu had often enjoyed the intellectual
+hospitality of Great Tew, where men of wit and learning were accustomed to
+gather round this accomplished young nobleman, who was the more fitted for
+his task of controversy, inasmuch as his mother, his brothers and his
+sisters were among the "revolters to Rome," while his own fidelity to the
+Church of England had been for a while gravely in question.
+
+But before Montagu received the remonstrances and arguments of his friends
+(which, as usually happens in such cases, proved quite unavailing), he had
+met with an adventure which connects his change of faith with one of the
+most curious episodes in the religious history of the period.
+
+At this time all France was talking of the terrible fate of the Ursuline
+nuns at Loudun, who were manifestly possessed by the devil, and of the
+wonderful exorcisms whereby certain holy men were able to overcome his
+wiles and machinations. It was quite a fashionable amusement to ride out to
+Loudun, visit the "possessed," and witness the ceremonies of exorcism; and
+one day at the end of November, 1635, Montagu, accompanied by Thomas
+Killigrew, a literary friend whom he had met in Paris, set off and arrived
+in due course at the convent of which Satan had made his stronghold. There
+the two Englishmen, who were provided with a letter of introduction from
+the Archbishop of Tours, saw some of the marvels which are recorded in the
+_Histoire des Diables de Loudun_. The poor possessed nuns crawled about
+before them gnawing and bellowing like wild beasts and uttering fearful
+blasphemies, until the devil was forced to relinquish his prey by the
+application of various relics and the recitation of appropriate prayers.
+Strangers were always welcome at these spectacles, though sometimes they
+came away calling the poor nuns "impostorious," an epithet applied to them
+by honest John Evelyn, who knew them but by repute; but Montagu, as an
+Englishman of noble birth high in the favour of the Queen of France, was
+treated with special distinction, Father Surin, the exorcist, who had been
+told by the Archbishop of Tours "so to manage matters that the English lord
+might receive edification,"[187] even permitting him to hold the hand of
+one of the most distinguished of the patients, Mother des Anges, from whom
+eventually four demons were chased. On this occasion she was possessed by
+an evil spirit named Balaam, who had boasted that on his exit he would
+print his name upon his victim's hand. But the good Father, "judging it
+more proper that a religious person should bear on her hand the name of a
+saint than that of a devil,"[188] forced him to another course of action.
+As Montagu gazed upon the poor struggling woman, who required several
+persons to hold her in her paroxysm, he beheld, as he had been led to
+expect, the name of Joseph write itself on the back of her hand in small
+red dots. This strange occurrence, which seemed to him explicable on no
+natural ground, impressed his mind as much as it was intended that it
+should,[189] and he convert returned to Paris with an increased
+appreciation of the advantages of belonging to a Church which held in her
+hand the power of such marvels. He hastened to communicate his impressions
+to Richelieu, who took an interest in the nuns, and who was wont to extend
+a condescending patronage to the Englishman, whom in his heart he despised
+and distrusted. "I have seen at Loudun," wrote the new convert after
+relating his experiences, "proofs so miraculous of the power of the Church
+that above my belief I owe to God perpetual gratitude"; nor, he added, was
+he alone in his admiration. Several Englishmen "who were possessed by a
+spirit of falsehood and contradiction"[190] had come away confessing with
+him that the matter was miraculous. His friend Killigrew was not, it seems,
+one of these convicted gainsayers. The poet left Loudun quite unconvinced
+and rather sceptical about the whole affair, though he confessed that he
+could not account for the print on the nun's hand.[191]
+
+Montagu's prospects of a great career in the service of the King were over.
+He loudly asserted his loyalty, but probably he hardly needed his father's
+stern reminder that though "the King's benignitie and goodnesse is always
+to interpret the best," yet "his Majestie hath a better opinion of those
+that are bred such [i.e. Catholics] than of those who become such by
+relapse."[192]
+
+In effect, the King from that moment turned his back upon his servant,
+whom, it seems, he had never personally much liked. Not even the memory of
+Buckingham could cover such a failure of loyalty and patriotism.
+
+But Walter was not to suffer by a change of faith, which some people, and
+among them Cardinal Richelieu (whom the convert's account of his
+experiences left untouched), were not slow to attribute to self-interest
+rather than to religious feeling. The Queen had always been fond of him on
+account of his singular charm of manner, which often fascinated even his
+enemies, and after his conversion she admitted him to a degree of intimacy
+and confidence which more than made up for the coldness of the King. It was
+felt, indeed, that for a while he had better remain upon the Continent, and
+he spent a pleasant time in Paris, where he showed his zeal for his
+new-found faith by professing himself ready to die for it, and by
+accompanying the King of France to Mass with a rosary hung round his neck.
+Thence he passed on to Turin, where he met with a warm reception from
+Henrietta's sister Christine, whose acquaintance he had made some years
+earlier when he was in Savoy as secret agent for the King of England. Now
+he was able to present to the Duchess a warm letter of introduction from
+her sister, and it appears that he did her some trifling service which led
+to a pleasant correspondence between the Courts of England and Savoy.
+
+"Pardon me," wrote Henrietta, "that I have not written to you earlier ...
+to thank you ... for the favours which you have shown to Wat Montague. I
+know that you have done it for my sake, though truly he merits them for his
+own. He does nothing but praise the honours which you have done him, and I
+believe that he for his part would gladly lose his life for your
+service.... I am very glad that Wat has been able to do you some service. I
+am sure that he has done it with all his heart. As for his melancholy
+humour, that is perhaps some scruple of conscience which he will lose at
+Rome. Besides, he is not naturally very gay."[193]
+
+He went to Rome, and whether he lost his scruples there or not he enjoyed
+himself very much, keeping a household of seven servants, dining at the
+English College with the prestige of a recent convert, and cultivating the
+further acquaintance of the Barberini who, when he was in the city before,
+had shown him distinguished attentions, which they now felt had not been
+thrown away. The Pope, who "was as much a pretender to be oecumenical
+patron of poets as Head of the Church,"[194] liked a convert who was also a
+wit, while Cardinal Francesco honoured his visitor with so warm a
+friendship that henceforth the two men carried on a frequent
+correspondence.[195] Still, despite these distractions, Montagu's eyes all
+the time were fixed upon England. His return thither was much desired by
+the papal party, and particularly by Con, who was aware of his influence
+over the Queen. She, for her part, used all her power with her husband to
+win his recall; but Charles, who never got over an affront, was not easily
+to be persuaded, and it was not until 1636 that the offender was allowed to
+return to take his place among Henrietta's servants and friends.
+
+At the Court of the Queen he found plenty to occupy him. He was, above all
+things, a ladies' man--_un petit fou_, only fit to amuse ladies[196]--as
+Richelieu rudely wrote of him; and it was to be expected that in the
+religious struggles of the Court women should take a considerable part.
+Such a war always appeals to feminine feelings and logic, and in this case
+the leader of the army was a woman, and one who, though clever and
+energetic, was essentially feminine both in heart and mind. The agents of
+the Papacy were far too acute to neglect so obvious a source of influence.
+Not only was the Queen flattered in every way, but skilful efforts were
+made to win the noble ladies who surrounded her. The Anglicans were not
+blind to the danger, as appears from the fact that John Cosin, who spent
+most of his life in fighting the Catholics and in being accused of Popery
+by the Puritans, published a little book of Hours of Prayer, which the
+latter called by the pretty name of "Mr. Cozens his cozening devotions," to
+counteract the influence of the _Horæ_, used by Henrietta's Catholic
+ladies. But the attacking party had certain advantages to which those of
+the defence could not aspire. The pictures, the relics, the medals, which
+Panzani and Con took care to distribute, were greatly valued by their
+recipients, and pleased even such great ladies as the Marchioness of
+Hamilton and the Countess of Denbigh. The latter of these ladies had long
+been unsettled in the established religion. It was indeed for her guidance
+and at her request that Cosin had written his _Book of Hours_. Many years
+were to elapse before she finally abandoned the Church of England, but no
+doubt these fascinating trifles played their part in preparing her spirit
+for the eventual change.
+
+But there were women at the Court who were not to be won by such methods,
+but who entered into the thorny path of controversy. Such an one was Lady
+Newport, a relative of the late Duke of Buckingham. She had Catholic
+relatives, and, thinking perhaps to reclaim them, she attempted argument
+with no less a person than Con himself. The result was not very surprising.
+Lady Newport was no match for the subtle and insinuating envoy, and the
+upshot of her discussions with him was that one night, as she was returning
+home from the play in Drury Lane, she turned aside to Somerset House, where
+one of the Capuchin Fathers quietly reconciled her to the Church of Rome.
+Her feet were caught in the snare from which she had hoped to rescue
+others.
+
+A storm of indignation arose. The irate husband hurried off to Lambeth to
+enlist the sympathy of Laud, who, nothing loath, laid the matter before the
+King and the Council. "I did my duty to the King and State openly in
+Council,"[197] wrote the Archbishop complacently to Wentworth. The names of
+Sir Toby Matthew and of Walter Montagu were freely mentioned in connection
+with the conversion, and though well-informed persons believed that Con
+alone was to blame, these two gentlemen did not escape a considerable
+measure of unpopularity. Laud, who, though he was anxious not to offend the
+Queen, was becoming alarmed at the boldness of the Catholics, went down on
+his knees to the King, praying for the banishment of Montagu, and for leave
+to proceed against Sir Toby in the High Commission Court. As for Con, he
+said bitterly, he knew neither how he came to Court nor what he was doing
+there, and therefore he would say nothing of him.
+
+The King did not grant the Archbishop's modest request, but at the Council
+table he spoke so bitterly of both the culprits that "the fright made Wat
+keep his chamber longer than his sickness would have detained him, and Don
+Tobiah was in such perplexity that I find he will make a very ill man to be
+a martyr, by now the dog doth again wag his tail."[198]
+
+The storm, indeed, quickly blew over. Lord Newport forgave his wife, who
+discreetly retired to France for a time. Even the Queen, who had been
+greatly angered at the treatment of the Catholics, particularly of Montagu,
+forgave the Archbishop and received him with the modified favour which was
+all she ever had to bestow upon him. Everything seemed to be as before,
+only perhaps Laud kept a more watchful eye upon the recusants, and two
+years later he was able to take a revenge at once upon the Queen and upon
+her priests by causing "two great Trusses of Popish books,"[199] coming
+from France for the use of the Capuchins, to be seized by the officers of
+the Court of High Commission.
+
+But unfortunately the troubles which had been occasioned by the conversion
+of the Countess of Newport did not deter other susceptible ladies from
+following in her steps. "The great women fall away every day,"[200] sighed
+a good Protestant, writing to a friend in May, 1638. That his plaint was
+not without cause is evident from the following portion of a letter which
+was written by a foreigner who was then resident in England:--
+
+"The Queen's Majesty has frequented her chapel of Somerset House all Holy
+Week with great concourse and rejoicing of these Catholics, to the great
+chagrin of the Puritans. Besides the accustomed ceremonies and devotions of
+this week, on Holy Saturday a score of ladies of the Court, of whom the
+chief was the Duchess of Buckingham, were seen to receive all the
+ceremonies of baptism (except the water) at the hands of a Capuchin Father,
+and afterwards the sacrament of confirmation at those of the Bishop of
+Angoulême, the Grand Almoner of the Queen. All was done within the chapel
+in the tribune of Her Majesty ... and in her presence. These ladies desired
+this kind of second baptism because they received the first at the hands of
+Protestant ministers, which they hold to be valid in a certain sense, and
+yet nevertheless mutilated."
+
+The narrator goes on to speak of the anger of the Puritans, who complained
+bitterly of such proceedings and of the indifference of Charles to their
+clamour. "They will have to calm themselves," he adds, for "to-day the
+Queen has greater authority with the King than any one else."[201]
+
+This was in the spring of the year 1638, a few months after the beginning
+of the Scotch troubles and two years and a half before the meeting of the
+Long Parliament.
+
+[Footnote 185: "My sute is that if ever you have occasion to speak to the
+Blessed Queene (Anne) of any ill thing that you express it by naming me,
+for that's the only way I can hope she should ever heare of me
+againe."--Walter Montagu to Earl of Carlisle. Egerton MS., 2596.]
+
+[Footnote 186: _Cal. S.P. Dom._, 1635, p. 512.]
+
+[Footnote 187: "Le Père Surin de la compagnie de Jésus aiant recu une
+lettre de Mgr. l'archeveque de Tours par laquelle il lui reccommandoit de
+faire en sorte que le Sieur de Montagu reçût edification aux
+exorcisms."--_Procès-verbal_ of exorcisms printed in _Histoire des Diables
+de Loudun_, 1693.]
+
+[Footnote 188: _Ibid._]
+
+[Footnote 189: The following is Montagu's own account: "Nous estions ...
+presents au sortir du diable qui avoit commandment de tracer le nom de
+Joseph sur la main pour marque de la sortie. Je tenois la fille par la main
+quand elle fit le grand cris [sic] et quand le prestre nous nous dit qu'il
+falloit chercher le signe et ie vis escrire peu a peu les lettres de Joseph
+sur le dos de la main en petites pointes de sang ou elles demeurent
+gravees."--Montagu to Richelieu, November 30th, 1635. Aff. Etran. Ang., t.
+45.
+
+The case of the nuns of Loudun has never been satisfactorily explained; the
+"possessions" and exorcisms were witnessed by a large number of persons,
+none of whom were able to convict the nuns of fraud. Urbain Grandier, the
+priest who was believed to have bewitched them, was burned in 1634. The
+following account of Mother des Anges is taken from a biography, written
+towards the end of the seventeenth century, of Mother Louise Eugénie de la
+Fontaine of the Order of the Visitation: "Mère des Anges etoit une âme dont
+les conduites extraordinaires de Dieu sur elle donnoient beaucoup
+d'admiration. Chacun scait que dans les fameuses possessions de Loudun ces
+saintes filles eprouvèrent cet effroyable fléau. La mère des Anges (que le
+feu Père Surin conduisit et admiroit) en etoit une; il chassa de son corps
+quatre demons dont le premier écrivit en sortant en gros ses lettres sur la
+main droite Jésus, le second en moindre caractère Marie, et le troisième
+Joseph en plus petit, et le quatrième encore moindre François de Sales; ces
+noms etoient gravez sous le peau, ils paroissoient comme de coleur de rose
+sèches mais ils prenoient un vermeil miraculeux au moment de la sainte
+communion."]
+
+[Footnote 190: Montagu to Richelieu, November 30th, 1635. Aff. Etran. Ang.,
+t. 45.]
+
+[Footnote 191: See Killigrew's own account of the _affaire_ printed in
+_European Magazine_, 1803, Vol. 43, p. 102.]
+
+[Footnote 192: "The coppy of a letter sent from France by Mr. Walter
+Montagu to his father the Lord Privie Seale with his answere thereunto.
+Also a second answer to the same letter by the Lord Falkland" (1641), p.
+20.]
+
+[Footnote 193: Ferrero: _Lettres de Henriette Marie de France reine
+d'Angleterre à sa soeur Christine duchesse de Savoie_ (1881), p. 45.]
+
+[Footnote 194: _Lignea Ligenda_ (1653), p. 169.]
+
+[Footnote 195: Copies of Montagu's letters to Barberini, extending over
+many years, are among the Roman Transcripts in the P.R.O.]
+
+[Footnote 196: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 197: Laud wrote to Wentworth November 1st, 1637. Laud's Works,
+Vol. VII, p. 379. See the account of the matter from Laud's point of view
+in Heylin: _Cyprians Anglians_, Bk. IV, p. 359 (1668).]
+
+[Footnote 198: Conway to Strafford. _The Earl of Stafford's Letters and
+Dispatches_, II, 125.]
+
+[Footnote 199: Turner MS., LXVII.]
+
+[Footnote 200: _The Earl of Stafford's Letters and Dispatches_, II, 165.]
+
+[Footnote 201: Salvetti. Add. MS., 27,962, H., f. 125.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE EVE OF THE WAR
+
+I
+
+  Some happy wind over the ocean blow
+  This tempest yet, which frights our island so.
+
+                                        EDMUND WALLER
+
+
+On July 23rd, 1637, the new liturgy, which the care of Archbishop Laud had
+provided for the Scottish Church, was to be read for the first time in the
+Church of St. Giles in Edinburgh. The clergyman entered the reading-desk
+and the service began. But before he had read many words a tumult, in which
+a crowd of women of the lower class took a prominent part, arose. National
+feeling and religious feeling were alike outraged by the introduction of
+the new Mass-book from England,[202] and the assembly, which had been
+called together for public worship, broke up in wild confusion. That local
+riot, which seemed but an ebullition of temporary fanaticism and
+discontent, was in reality the symptom of a grave disease in the body
+politic. It meant for Scotland the beginning of a civil war, which soon was
+to cross the border and to break up in the sister kingdom the long internal
+peace which had made her the envied of Europe. It meant for Henrietta Maria
+and her husband the end of their happy, careless years, and the entering
+upon a series of misfortunes, the number and bitterness of which are almost
+unparalleled even in the annals of the House of Stuart.
+
+After the riot events moved quickly, for behind the rioters was the virile
+force of the Scottish nation. Charles was unwilling to give way, and by
+November his northern subjects were almost in open revolt.
+
+It was an unfortunate moment. The English Puritans, who were irritated by
+their own grievances, showed an indecorous satisfaction in the Scottish
+events, as shrewd observers, such as Salvetti, the Florentine envoy in
+London, were not slow to observe. The King had no money to meet expenses,
+and no means of getting any, except the objectionable one of calling a
+Parliament. Abroad the outlook was no better, and Charles and Henrietta
+ought to have known, if they did not, that they had no friend upon whom
+they could rely in such a strait.
+
+They were to find that it was not for nothing that they had scouted the
+threats and warnings of Richelieu. That old man, sitting in his study in
+the Palais Cardinal in Paris, held in his frail hands the threads of all
+the diplomacy of Europe. He had long looked with no favourable eye upon
+England, for the alliance which he had himself brought about had proved one
+of his greatest disappointments. The union of the crowns of England and
+Scotland had deprived France of a warm and constant ally,[203] and it was
+to counterbalance this loss that Henry IV had planned, and Richelieu had
+carried out, Henrietta's marriage. The Cardinal had not reckoned upon the
+indeed somewhat unlikely contingency that a royal marriage should also
+become a marriage of affection and community of interest. The first step in
+his defeat was the dismission of the French in 1626, and this insult, which
+circumstances did not permit him to avenge at once, was never forgiven to
+its author the King of England, whom he also hated, because, in the words
+of Madame de Motteville, he believed him to have a Spanish heart, and
+because Queen Anne was allowed to carry on her Spanish correspondence by
+way of England. Of Henrietta he had hardly a better opinion. She had
+fulfilled none of the purposes for which he had sent her into England, and
+though originally she had unwillingly submitted to her husband's will in
+the matter of her servants, in later days she had made no great effort to
+recall them. She had done little to cement an alliance between the two
+kingdoms, and the English Catholics, whom she had been specially
+commissioned to win over, remained, for the most part, obstinately attached
+to the interests of Spain. Their relations had been, moreover, severely
+strained by the Chateauneuf episode, and they were further embittered by
+the disgrace and exile of Mary de' Medici, which her daughter rightly
+attributed to Richelieu, whose conduct in the matter she considered an act
+of the blackest ingratitude towards the woman who had made his fortune.
+
+Nevertheless, about this time Richelieu made a final attempt to win the
+personal favour of the Queen of England. He dispatched the Count of
+Estrades on a special mission to England, of which no inconsiderable part
+was to discover the sentiments of the Queen, and he told Bellièvre, the
+French ambassador in London, that he believed her to be friendly towards
+France, and requested him to treat her with kindness and sympathy. Neither
+of the envoys met with much success. Estrades found Henrietta so forbidding
+that he did not dare to deliver the letter which Richelieu had confided to
+him, and which he had charged him to give or retain, according to the
+disposition of the royal lady to whom it was addressed.[204] Bellièvre was
+rather better received, but though the Queen showed herself willing to talk
+with him and expressed general goodwill towards the Cardinal, the
+diplomatist soon discovered that all she desired was help in a private
+matter which he waived aside, but in which Richelieu determined to gratify
+her, as he saw in it a means of ingratiating himself with her at small
+cost.
+
+The Chevalier de Jars, since his dramatic reprieve on the scaffold, had
+languished in the Bastille. He had good friends both in England and in
+France, but none more persevering and faithful than the Queen of England,
+who never forgot a friend in trouble. Over and over again she pleaded with
+Richelieu on his behalf, but for a long while he turned a deaf ear to her
+appeals, answering her letters on the subject almost rudely. But in the
+beginning of 1638 his attitude changed, and he intimated that a little more
+persuasion on the part of Henrietta would result in the fulfilment of her
+desire.
+
+The matter was conducted with a studied picturesqueness of detail which was
+carefully arranged by Richelieu to gratify the vanity of the woman he
+wished to please. It was taken out of the hands of the English ambassador,
+the Earl of Leicester, and arranged by Walter Montagu, who was at the
+Queen's side in London, and by his personal friend Sir Kenelm Digby, who
+was staying in Paris, in a private capacity, enjoying the society of his
+many learned and scientific friends who resided there. Montagu and Digby
+exchanged many letters, and the latter had several interviews with
+Richelieu. During one of these he presented to the Cardinal a letter which
+the Queen had requested him to deliver. The old man read it with great
+satisfaction, though he had to request Sir Kenelm to help him in
+deciphering several words, for Henrietta's writing was always very
+illegible. When he had finished he laid it down, and looking hard at his
+visitor, said in a meaning tone, "I am much pleased with the Queen's
+letter, and you may assure her that she shall soon have cause to be pleased
+with me."[205]
+
+A few days later, about eight o'clock in the morning, a coach stopped at
+the door of Sir Kenelm's lodgings, from which descended Chavigny, the
+Secretary of State, and the Chevalier de Jars. Chavigny, after he had
+greeted the astonished knight, waved his hand towards his charge and said,
+in the courtly accents of a French diplomatist, "Monsieur, I have the
+orders of the King and of M. le Cardinal to place this gentleman in your
+hands. He is no longer the prisoner of the King of France, but of the Queen
+of England."[206]
+
+"It is to be hoped," Montagu had written a few weeks earlier to a member of
+the French Government, "that the end of this affair will be the beginning
+of that end to which we have always looked, namely, a good understanding
+between the Queen and M. le Cardinal."[207] This hope was not fulfilled.
+Henrietta was indeed greatly pleased at her friend's release, and she
+cannot have failed to admire the graceful manner in which the great man had
+granted his favour, but a single act of kindness on the one hand and a
+single sentiment of gratitude on the other could not overcome the mutual
+distrust of years. Moreover, events were even then occurring which were
+destroying any good feeling of which the incident may have been productive.
+
+For some years Mary de' Medici had been casting her eyes upon England as a
+possible refuge. She disliked the Low Countries, where she was living, and
+as she felt no desire to return to her native Florence, which was the place
+of retirement selected for her by Louis XIII, or rather by Richelieu, she
+thought that it might be wise to take advantage of the kindness which her
+son-in-law, the King of England, had always felt for her. Her presence was
+not desired in England; she was considered, with some justice, a
+quarrelsome and mischief-making old lady, and her bigoted religious
+attitude, joined with the favours which she showed to Spain, were
+sufficient to make her unpopular among the people. Charles, however much he
+might pity her as the victim of Richelieu, dreaded, short of money as he
+was, so expensive and inconvenient a guest. Even Henrietta, with the
+thought of her childhood in her mind, was afraid of her mother's arbitrary
+interference. "_Adieu ma liberté_," she sighed. Perhaps the Queen-Mother
+gathered that she would not be welcome, for the project seems to have been
+in abeyance when England was startled by the arrival of another exiled lady
+whose character and career presented even more of excitement and variety.
+
+[Illustration: THE DUCHESS OF CHEVREUSE
+
+AFTER THE PICTURE BY MOREELSE ONCE IN THE POSSESSION OF CHARLES I]
+
+Madame de Chevreuse, on arriving in Madrid, had been received with great
+kindness, as was only to be expected, for she had been a good friend to
+Spain. But after some years of residence in the Spanish capital she found
+that, owing to the war between the two countries, communication with France
+was extremely difficult. She also began to think of England, where she had
+spent some happy days of her earlier life. She felt sure of a good
+reception, for she was united to the King by their common political
+sympathy with the Spanish, and the Queen, in the past, had regarded her
+with much affection. Her intention was quickly acted upon. She set sail
+from Corunna in May, 1638, and after a successful voyage landed in England.
+She had not deceived herself. The reception given to her by her royal hosts
+was worthy of her rank as the wife of a kinsman of the King of England and
+of her position as a personal friend of his Queen. Charles and Henrietta,
+who were never wanting in hospitality, bade her heartily welcome, and even
+invited her to be present at Windsor on the occasion of the little Prince
+of Wales' investiture with the insignia of the Order of the Garter, an
+attention which was due to the fact that her husband was himself a knight
+of that noble order.[208] Nevertheless, the arrival of this factious lady
+at so critical a moment was part of that tragic ill-luck of the King and
+Queen of England on which their contemporaries remarked.
+
+In London Madame de Chevreuse found many friends, among whom were her
+former lover, the Earl of Holland, and Walter Montagu, whose early devotion
+to her time had not destroyed. With the latter she at once began to scheme
+for the coming of Mary de' Medici, and though for a while it seemed
+unlikely that her plans would succeed, owing to the opposition of the King
+and the whole nation, yet such was the effect of her skill and persistency
+that, a few months after her own arrival, she witnessed the entry into
+London of that unfortunate royal lady, in whose sojourn in England must be
+sought one of the immediate contributory causes of the Civil War. Well
+might Richelieu write on this occasion, with even more truth than he knew,
+that "there is nothing so capable of destroying a state as evil minds
+protected by their sex."[209]
+
+Mary de' Medici arrived in the end unexpectedly. One Sunday afternoon a
+gentleman of her suite arrived at the Court and announced that she had
+already put to sea, and would land at Harwich that same evening if she were
+assured of a welcome. Neither the King nor the Queen was pleased, but
+Charles was too true a gentleman and Henrietta too affectionate a daughter
+not to receive her with all honour. The King rode out into the country to
+meet her, and escorted her through London amid official rejoicings,
+described by a French gentleman in an elaborate account which reflects his
+satisfaction.[210] Henrietta awaited her mother at St. James's Palace,
+where she received her affectionately, settling her in the pleasant rooms
+which had been there prepared, whence the old lady could look out upon the
+deer park, and upon the beautiful terrace, which formed the favourite
+promenade of the Court.
+
+Meanwhile, Scottish affairs were going from bad to worse. "They growl, but
+I hope they will not bite,"[211] wrote a courtier. They were to bite only
+too soon. In February, 1638, thousands of Scots were signing the National
+Covenant. A few months later the General Assembly of the Kirk sitting at
+Glasgow abolished episcopacy, and followed up this act of defiance by
+refusing to dissolve at the command of the King's commissioner. Charles
+began to appreciate that his northern subjects were in open rebellion,
+whose due chastisement was the sword.
+
+But then, as ever, he was crippled by lack of money, and one of the means
+which was taken to procure it was another of those acts by which he and his
+wife set themselves against the will and sentiment of their people, and
+thus prepared the way for their own final ruin, though, in this case, the
+blame fell chiefly upon Henrietta, and it is doubtful whether Charles'
+share in the transaction was known to the Puritans.[212]
+
+The English Catholics had enjoyed for many years an unprecedented peace and
+liberty, which now, owing to the kindness of the King and the Court for the
+fascinating Con, had reached such a pitch that England appeared to
+foreigners almost like a Catholic country. The recusancy fines, which were
+still exacted in a modified form, kept up a certain feeling of irritation,
+but on the whole the Catholics were loyal. They felt much gratitude towards
+the Queen, on whom their prosperity depended, and when the Scotch rebellion
+broke out they would have liked to bear arms in the King's service. Con,
+who believed that Charles would willingly have employed them, assured him
+that few of his subjects would fight for him as loyally as those of the
+ancient faith. The King possibly believed him, but true to his cautious
+nature he preferred to ask for a present of money, which the envoy, who,
+notwithstanding his short sojourn in England, had a minute acquaintance
+with the persons and circumstances of the English Catholics, set himself to
+procure. As a first step he called together representatives both of the
+clergy and of the laity, and laid before them the royal request.
+
+He had undertaken no easy task. Some of the Catholics, to whom sad
+experience had taught prudence, were alarmed at the idea of helping the
+King to rule without the need of calling Parliament. Others, going to the
+opposite extreme, offered their contributions separately, hoping thus to
+gain the royal favour. Worst of all, the ill-feeling between the secular
+and regular clergy made any cooperation between the two bodies a matter of
+great difficulty. From meetings lasting many hours, at which he had
+attempted to weld together these discordant elements, and from still more
+fatiguing private audiences, Con, ill and suffering as he then was, came
+away weary and dispirited, complaining bitterly of the "obstinate prudence"
+of the Jesuits and of the self-seeking of all. "This kingdom," he wrote on
+one of these occasions to Cardinal Barberini, "has no men who are moved by
+the common good, but each one thinks only of his private interest."[213]
+
+At first the Queen's name appears little, but she watched the negotiations
+carefully, and in their latter stages she sent Montagu and Father Philip to
+attend the meetings on her behalf, and to bring her news of an undertaking
+in whose success she was deeply interested, and in which, for
+constitutional reasons, she was now actively to intervene.
+
+The fears of the more timid Catholics were not idle, but showed a truer
+political insight than either Charles or Henrietta possessed. It was
+necessary to reassure them without allowing the King's name to appear. The
+best expedient which could be devised was to make the contribution appear
+as a gift, which at the Queen's instigation was offered to her by her
+co-religionists. Henrietta had at her side the ingenious Montagu and the
+fantastic Sir Kenelm Digby, who was always pleased to adventure himself in
+any new enterprise. These two gentlemen now issued a joint appeal to the
+Catholics of England, asking, in the Queen's name, for liberal
+contributions, and to this appeal she herself prefixed a dignified letter
+urging her co-religionists to contribute liberally to the King's expenses
+in the northern expedition, "for we believed that it became us who have
+been so often interested in the solicitation of their benefits, to show
+ourselves now in the persuasion of their gratitudes."[214] These letters,
+together with one from the ecclesiastical authorities, were circulated
+throughout the land; for each shire of England and Wales one or more
+collectors was appointed from among the Catholic gentry.[215]
+
+The Queen had already asked the Catholics to fast every Saturday "for the
+King's happy progression in his designs, and for his safe return," and
+special services were held in her chapel for the same intention. This was
+very well, but it was a different matter when money was asked for from
+those who for years had borne more than their share of taxation. In spite
+of the zeal of the promoters of the scheme, the money came in but slowly.
+The difficulties of collection were great, and though individuals, such as
+the Dowager Countess of Rutland, who cheerfully gave £500, were generous,
+the general response was not hearty. The Queen, whose sanguine disposition
+often caused her to be disappointed, was distressed at the smallness of the
+sum which she would be able to offer to the King, and her fertile brain
+devised another expedient by which she hoped to increase the £30,000[216]
+she had received from the Catholics to £50,000; £10,000 she laid aside out
+of her own revenue, and the remainder she hoped to raise among the ladies
+of England, "as well widows as wives." Her own friends, the great ladies of
+the Court, offered each her £100 with due _empressement_, but outside that
+circle the project was not a success, and Henrietta and her advisers were
+left to lament once more the lack of loyalty in those whose pleasure they
+considered it should have been to contribute to their sovereign's need.
+
+In April Charles set out for Scotland. He left his wife almost regent in
+his absence, for he had ordered the Council to defer to her advice.
+Henrietta was thus in a position of greater importance and authority than
+ever before, and she had the satisfaction of feeling that her influence
+over her husband was steadily increasing. The difficult circumstances, now
+beginning to entangle her as in a net, were developing that love of
+intrigue which had already shown itself in happier times. She had,
+moreover, no mean instructors in the art of diplomatic chicanery in two
+women who at this time were together at her side exercising a considerable
+influence over her. Madame de Chevreuse and Lady Carlisle, since the
+arrival of the former in England, had joined hands in a friendship which
+had its origin, perhaps, in a common hatred of Richelieu, but which might
+be easily accounted for by similarity of character and aims. Madame de
+Chevreuse could, indeed, boast a wider experience, for she had taken all
+Europe for her stage, while Lady Carlisle was content to play her part in
+the comparative obscurity of the British Isles; but a restless love of
+power and domination, which expressed itself in a determined effort to
+influence by womanly charms those who by force of intellect or by accident
+of birth were making the history of the time, was common to both, as also
+was a real talent for intrigue, which enabled these society ladies so far
+to conquer the disadvantages of their sex as to become of considerable
+importance in affairs. Of such teachers Henrietta was a willing learner and
+in some sense an apt pupil. She, too, learned to plot and to scheme, to
+play off enemy against enemy, and to attempt to win over a chivalrous foe
+by honeyed words. But she never became in any real sense a diplomatist. Her
+brain, quick to seize a point of detail and sometimes sagacious in weighing
+the claims of alternate courses of action, had not sufficient grasp to take
+in the broad outlines of a complicated situation, nor the judicial faculty
+which can calmly appraise even values which are personal. It is the
+misfortune of the great that they breathe an atmosphere of fictitious
+importance which induces a mental malady, whose taint infects all but the
+strongest intellects and the largest hearts. From the worst forms of this
+disease, as it appears, for instance, in Louis XIV, who at the end of his
+life believed himself to be almost superhuman, Henrietta escaped, by the
+strong sense of humour which was her father's best legacy to her. However
+obsequious her attendance and however regal her robes, she knew at heart
+that she was but a woman of flesh and blood as the rest; but the more
+subtle workings of the poison of flattery she could not escape, and the
+great weakness of her diplomacy--a weakness which that of her husband
+shared to the full--was her inability to appreciate that things precious to
+her were not necessarily so to other people, and that her friends and her
+foes were likely to be influenced by self-interest not largely coloured by
+a romantic sympathy with her misfortunes.
+
+Henrietta's regency came to an end before she had much opportunity for
+action, for by July her husband was back in London. This is not the place
+to tell the story of the disastrous Scotch expedition; it suffices to say
+that Charles returned nominally a conqueror,[217] but in reality defeated,
+and with the bitter knowledge that he could only overcome his rebellious
+subjects in Scotland by asking the help of his discontented people in
+England.
+
+Nevertheless, there was an interval of a few months before the next act of
+the tragedy was played, and during it were celebrated some of the last of
+those splendid festivities for which the Court of the Queen of England was
+renowned. A particularly splendid masque, which was played at Whitehall on
+January 21st, 16-39/40, deserves mention on account of the tragic
+discrepancy between the spirit of triumphant rejoicing and secure
+prosperity breathed by it, and on the one hand the discontent which,
+outside the brilliantly lighted rooms, was surging through the winter
+darkness of the city, and on the other the anxiety which was gnawing at the
+heart of some of those who appeared among the gayest and most careless of
+the revellers. The masque was got up by the Queen, whose fondness for such
+amusements did not decrease with age, and who found in the hard work which
+such a task involved a welcome diversion from her anxieties. It bore the
+name of _Salmacida Spolia_,[218] and was written by Sir William D'Avenant,
+the reputed son of Shakespeare, who had succeeded Ben Jonson as laureate,
+and who was specially devoted to Henrietta's service. The scenery and
+decorations, so important to the success of a masque, were supplied by
+Inigo Jones, who had before now co-operated with D'Avenant, while for the
+musical part of the entertainment Lewis Richard, Master of His Majesty's
+Musick, was responsible. Henrietta had considerable difficulty with her
+troupe,[219] which included not only the King but a number of ladies and
+gentlemen of the Court, and great annoyance was caused by Lady Carnarvon,
+who showed symptoms of the invading Puritan spirit in refusing to take part
+in the masque unless she were assured that the representation would not
+take place on a Sunday. However, all difficulties were smoothed over by the
+Queen, who was usually compliant in small matters, and the play was a
+notable success, though the Earl of Northumberland, who was not acting,
+wrote to his sister that "a company of worse faces was never assembled than
+the Queen had got together."[220] The royal pair alone might have given the
+lie to the Earl's ungallant words. King Charles, whose splendid looks have
+entered, through the genius of Van Dyck, into the heritage of the nation,
+played his part with the external dignity in which he was never lacking;
+while his wife displayed her still abundant charms to great advantage in an
+"Amazonian habit of carnation, embroidered with silver, with a plumed Helme
+and a Bandricke with an antique Sword hanging by her side, all as rich as
+might be." Her attendant ladies were similarly dressed, and it is perhaps
+not surprising that the strangeness of these habits was even more admired
+than their beauty.
+
+The theme was designed, in reference to recent public events, to flatter
+the King, who played the part of Philogenes triumphing over Discord, which,
+"a malicious Fury, appears in a storme, and by the Invocation of malignant
+spirits proper to her evill use, having already put most of the world into
+discord, endeavours to disturb these parts, envying the blessings and
+Tranquillity we have long enjoyed."
+
+  "How am I griev'd,"
+
+she cries out,
+
+  "The world should everywhere
+  Be vext into a storme save only here,
+  Thou over-lucky, too much happy Ile!
+  Grow more desirous of this flatt'ring style
+  In thy long health can never alter'd be
+  But by thy surfets on Felicitie."[221]
+
+After these words, which surely might have been spoken by the lying spirit
+in the mouth of the prophets of Ahab, the Queen came forward to be greeted
+by an outburst of triumphant loyalty:--
+
+  "But what is she that rules the night
+  That kindles Ladies with her light
+  And gives to Men the power of sight?
+  All those that can her Virtue doubt
+  Her mind will in her face advise,
+  For through the Casements of her Eyes
+    Her Soule is ever looking out.
+
+  "And with its beames, she doth survay
+  Our growth in Virtue or decay,
+  Still lighting us in Honours way!
+  All that are good she did inspire!
+  Lovers are chaste, because they know
+  It is her will they should be so,
+    The valiant take from her their Fire!"
+
+The masque "was generally approved of, specially by all strangers that were
+present, to be the noblest and most ingenious that hath been done heere in
+that kind." When, in future days, some of the company looked back upon that
+evening, its festivities must have seemed to them as one of the jests of
+him whom Heine called the Aristophanes of Heaven.
+
+But these revels were only an interlude; Charles was not a man to fiddle
+while Rome was burning, and he turned to grapple as best he could with the
+problem before him. The country was rushing on to meet its fate: the topic
+of the hour was that of the Parliament, to the holding of which the King
+was finally persuaded by a new counsellor; Strafford[222] had crossed St.
+George's Channel and had entered on the last and most remarkable stage of
+his career.
+
+It is thought that when years later Milton drew his portrait of the great
+apostate of heaven, he had in his mind this man who was to many the great
+apostate of earth: that character of inevitable greatness which is in the
+Miltonic Satan is also in the royalist statesman, who scorned the weaker
+spirits of his time, much as the fiend despised the weaker spirits of
+heaven and hell. Neither Charles nor Henrietta had ever truly loved him.
+Greatness disturbs and frightens smaller minds, and the Queen had other
+reasons to regard him coldly. He was not handsome (though she noted and
+remembered years after his death that he had the most beautiful hands in
+the world), he was unversed in the courtier-like arts which she loved, he
+was the friend of Spain rather than of France, and above all his policy in
+Ireland was strongly anti-Catholic. Nevertheless, experience and trouble
+were opening her eyes. Lady Carlisle, Strafford's close friend, had done
+something to prepare his way with the Queen, and the sense of common danger
+was coming to complete her work.
+
+On April 13th, 1640, the Short Parliament met. Charles, for the first time
+for eleven years, stood face to face with the representatives of his
+people, representatives for the most part hostile, for the elections had
+gone badly, and few of his or the Queen's friends had been returned.
+Nevertheless, he was hopeful, for he held what he and perhaps what his
+advisers believed to be a trump card. He had probably throughout his reign
+been aware that France had not forgotten her ancient alliance with
+Scotland. He had recently been reminded in a sufficiently startling manner
+that Scotland on her side had an equally long memory. He possessed evidence
+of a letter written by the rebellious Scots to the King of France, evidence
+on which he acted while Parliament was sitting by sending Lord Loudon and
+others of the Scotch Commissioners to the Tower. It was not yet forty years
+since the union of the two Crowns. The Scotch were unpopular in England,
+and the favour shown to them by the King and Queen was resented. Scotland
+and France, whose alliance had more than once embarrassed England, were
+both old enemies. It argues no special lack of insight in either Charles or
+his wife that they thought the discovery of these practices would lead to a
+great revulsion of feeling against the Scots in the minds of the English
+Puritans. That it did not do so is a remarkable proof of the enlightened
+self-interest of the latter, and of their power of setting a religious and
+political bond of union above an antiquated national prejudice.
+
+Meanwhile, in this moment of crisis, what were the special interests and
+influences surrounding the Queen? It is hardly too much to say that not one
+of them did not contribute in some measure to the final catastrophe.
+Henrietta had not desired the presence of Mary de' Medici, but when the
+poor old lady arrived, wearied by troubles and journeyings, her filial
+heart could not refuse her a warm welcome, and, little by little, the sense
+of home and kindred, to which she had been a stranger for so many years,
+overcame the reluctancy of independence and expediency. Some of her
+happiest hours in these troubled days were spent in her mother's pleasant
+rooms at St. James's, chatting about her children and her domestic
+concerns. It would have been well had this been all, but the exiled Queen
+was not a lady to content herself with the rôle of a devoted grandmother.
+She felt that she had an opportunity of recapturing the daughter who had
+escaped from her influence, and she used it to the full. Henrietta came to
+her for advice in many matters, specially those which concerned religion,
+and she even allowed herself to be weaned from the fascinating Madame de
+Chevreuse.
+
+That restless lady began to feel herself less comfortable in England soon
+after the arrival of the Queen-Mother, for whose coming she had wished, but
+who, indeed, had never liked the confidante of Anne of Austria. She tried
+her hand first at one scheme then at another, now intriguing for Montagu at
+Rome, now aiming higher and attempting to render a striking service to
+Spain by bringing about an alliance between Strafford and the Marquis of
+Velada; but all the while she had an uncomfortable conviction that her
+power over the Queen of England, which at the beginning of her visit had
+been considerable, was decreasing. Perhaps Henrietta discovered the
+duplicity of the woman "who said much good of Spain, and yet to the Queen
+called herself a good Frenchwoman."[223] Certainly she was not very sorry
+when, in May, 1640, a rumour that the Duke of Chevreuse was coming to
+England frightened his wife, who had no wish to meet him, across the
+Channel to Flanders. The Duchess, at her departure, still boasted of the
+favour of the English Court, and assured her friends that the Queen had
+pressed her to return whenever she felt inclined to do so, an invitation
+which Henrietta, who had marked her attitude by giving her a costly jewel
+as the pledge of a long farewell, somewhat warmly denied. With more truth
+she might have boasted of the brilliancy of the escort which set out with
+her from London. At her side were the Marquis of Velada, the Duke of
+Valette, another victim of Richelieu, whom Charles, against his better
+judgment, had been persuaded to receive at his Court, and, as might have
+been expected, the faithful Montagu. These gentlemen left her when eight
+miles of the road was traversed, but, by the orders of the King himself,
+she was accompanied to the shores of Flanders by the Earl of Newport to
+ensure her against any annoyance.
+
+Madame de Chevreuse was gone, and at an opportune moment; but the evil
+effects of her sojourn remained, and manifested themselves specially in a
+matter to which the Queen gave considerable attention, and which, like
+everything else she touched at this moment, turned to her misfortune.
+
+When death had settled the question of Con's candidature she was not
+diverted from her attempt to procure a cardinal's hat for one of her
+husband's subjects. Her choice was not a happy one. Walter Montagu, since
+his conversion to the Catholic Church, may, as Henrietta claimed, have
+lived an exemplary life; but he could hardly be considered suitable for
+high ecclesiastical preferment. He was, moreover, a man of many enemies.
+Charles disliked him so much that, when Sir Robert Ayton died in 1638, he
+told his wife that she might have a Catholic for her secretary provided she
+did not choose Walter Montagu.[224] Richelieu's opinion of him was such
+that he made him the text of his sweeping generalization: "all Englishmen
+are untrustworthy." The Cardinal, indeed, wished to see no subject of the
+King of England attain to the coveted honour, and he suggested that the
+Bishop of Angoulême, who had the supreme merit of being a subject of the
+King of France, was the only suitable candidate; but he would have
+preferred almost any one to Montagu, for did he not know that that shifty
+person, through the mouth of Madame Chevreuse, was promising complete
+devotion to the King of Spain in return for support at Rome? The Queen's
+persistence in this matter annoyed the Roman authorities. Cardinal
+Barberini, in spite of his personal liking for Montagu, never entertained
+for a moment the idea of acceding to her request; indeed, he instructed
+Rosetti, who had replaced Con as envoy in England, to tell her frankly that
+the thing was impossible. It was an unfortunate moment for the question to
+have arisen, for not only was it of great importance to avoid friction with
+Richelieu, but the time was coming when Henrietta would have other and more
+important requests to make to Cardinal Barberini. That observant politician
+had his eyes attentively fixed upon the English troubles, as to whose
+progress he was kept well informed by Rosetti. The courtly young envoy--he
+was barely thirty and of a noble Ferrarese family--had been charmed on his
+arrival not only by the kindness of the King and Queen, but by the liberty
+which the Catholics enjoyed. It seemed that permanent communications
+between the Court of Rome and the Court of England had been established,
+"the King approving and the heretics themselves not objecting";[225] but
+stern facts soon forced him to correct his first impressions. The feeling
+of the nation was rising against the Catholics, and the flame was fanned by
+the injudicious conduct of the Queen-Mother, who greatly patronized Rosetti
+as she had Con before him. When, in the Short Parliament, Pym voiced the
+religious indignation of the people, the "divinity which hedges a King" was
+still strong enough to restrain him in some measure when referring to the
+Queen of England. No such scruple deterred him in speaking of a foreign
+ecclesiastic and of a foreign Queen, the latter of whom was hated, not only
+on religious grounds, but as the recipient of large sums of money--as much
+£100 per day--which the country could ill afford.
+
+Henrietta was becoming more and more busy with matters of high politics. It
+was evident that the Parliament was a failure, but one gleam of brightness
+cheered the darkness of its last days. Strafford, exerting to the utmost
+his unrivalled powers, was able to win over in some degree the Upper House,
+and the Lords by a considerable majority voted that the relief of the
+King's necessities should have precedence of the redress of grievances. It
+seemed a great victory, and Henrietta, dazzled by this unexpected success,
+recognized at last what the man was whom she had slighted. "My Lord
+Strafford is the most faithful and capable of my husband's servants,"[226]
+she said publicly, with the generosity of praise from which she never
+shrank. Nevertheless, there were those, justified by the event, who doubted
+the real value of such a service; the spirit of the Commons was not thus to
+be broken, and on May 5th the King dissolved the assembly which is known,
+from its twenty-three days of existence, as the Short Parliament.
+
+After the breaking of Parliament the deep discontent of the nation burst
+forth in riots and in a flood of scandalous pamphlets directed against
+unpopular characters. Henrietta, who was believed to have counselled the
+dissolution, lost much of the limited popularity she had hitherto enjoyed,
+and behind her again the populace saw the sinister figure of her mother
+stirring up strife in England as she had in France. Rosetti, who, as the
+symbol of the dreaded approximation to popery, was particularly odious, was
+thought to be in such danger of personal violence that Mary de' Medici
+offered him the shelter of her apartments. He refused, perhaps wisely; for
+a few days later a letter was brought to the King threatening to "chase the
+Pope and the Devil from St. James, where is lodged the Queene, Mother of
+the Queene." Mary, when she heard of this letter, was so frightened that
+she refused to go to bed at all the following night, though she was
+protected by a guard, captained by the Earl of Holland and Lord Goring,
+which had nothing to do, as the threat proved to be one of those empty
+insults of which the times were prolific.
+
+Henrietta, who was not by nature easily alarmed, began to appreciate the
+seriousness of the pass to which her husband's affairs had come. She was in
+bad health, and she seems already to have thought of retiring to her native
+land for her confinement, which was imminent;[227] but weakness of body
+could not impair the activity of her brain, and at this time she definitely
+entered upon that course of action which, perhaps more than any other, has
+brought upon her the adverse judgment of posterity, and which, though its
+details were unknown to her enemies, injured the very cause which it was
+designed to aid. In an evil hour she opened negotiations with the Papacy,
+with a view to obtaining money to be used against her husband's subjects.
+
+Since her marriage she had carried on a somewhat frequent correspondence
+with the Pope and with Cardinal Barberini, whose kind letters led her to
+believe that she was an object of greater importance in their eyes than was
+actually the case. She was further drawn to them by the kindness they had
+shown to Montagu, who himself was a little led astray by flattering words.
+It is significant that he appears at this time as the Queen's chief
+adviser. He executed many of the duties of the secretaryship he was not
+allowed to hold, and he was delaying a long-meditated journey to Rome,
+where he intended to become a Father of the Oratory, to help his royal
+mistress in her troubles and perplexities. Even the fidelity of her
+servants turned to the Queen's destruction, for a more injudicious adviser
+than Montagu could hardly have been found.
+
+There is another actor whose part is more remarkable: Francis Windbank, who
+began his career as a disciple of Laud and was to end it a few years later
+in the bosom of the Catholic Church, was no free-lance like Montagu, but a
+responsible Secretary of State. His personal relations with the Queen do
+not seem to have been very close, but he was in constant communication with
+her agent in Rome, Sir William Hamilton. As early as the end of 1638 the
+latter wrote to one of the Secretaries of State, who may almost certainly
+be identified with Windbank, assuring him that the Pope had expressed
+himself anxious to contribute money for the Scotch war if there were need
+of it. Charles, to whose knowledge this letter came, was exceedingly angry,
+as well he may have been, and threatened to remove Hamilton from his post
+if he ever lent ear again to such discourse.[228] But Windbank was no whit
+abashed. A few months later he held a remarkable conversation with Con,
+who, of course, at once reported it to his superiors in Rome. The
+level-headed Scotchman, hardly able to believe his ears, listened to the
+Secretary of State propounding his views as to the help which the Pope
+ought to send to the King of England. "And what is the smallest sum which
+would be accepted?" he asked jokingly, wishing to pass the matter off
+lightly. "Well," replied Windbank in deadly earnest, "one hundred thousand
+pounds is the least that I should call handsome."[229]
+
+It was not until the spring of 1640, when Con had been replaced by Rosetti,
+that a further appeal was made to the Pope for assistance. Windbank again
+was the intermediary, but the reply of Cardinal Barberini, which was sent
+to Rosetti, was communicated not only to him but to the Queen. Henrietta
+was a little out of favour in Rome. Not only had her persistence in the
+matter of Montagu's promotion caused annoyance, but her intention of
+sending Sir Kenelm Digby, who (not unjustly in the light of future events)
+was considered an indifferent Catholic, to take the place of Sir William
+Hamilton, was a further disservice both to her and to Montagu, who
+supported Digby's candidature, and who had written warmly in his favour to
+the Roman authorities; but of the Cardinal's feeling towards her Henrietta
+was probably quite unaware. It is not known what part, if any, she took in
+Windbank's application, but it is likely that she was both grieved and
+surprised when she was informed that Cardinal Barberini, in spite of the
+sympathy which he felt with the King and Queen of England in their
+troubles, could not hold out the hope of any substantial assistance from
+the Holy Father unless Charles became a Catholic. None knew better than she
+the improbability of such an event. Nevertheless, she only laid aside for a
+while the scheme of papal aid, to take it up again at what she considered a
+more favourable moment.[230]
+
+She had much to occupy her mind. The summer of 1640 witnessed the
+futilities of the second war against the Scots, to which, in foreboding of
+spirit, she saw her husband depart. The state of public feeling was growing
+worse and worse, and the King's own servants were not faithful to him, so
+that one of the most acute observers then in England wrote that affairs had
+come to such a pass that "if God does not lend His help we shall see great
+confusion and distraction in this kingdom."[231]
+
+When even the captaincy of Strafford had failed to give victory to the
+royal armies, there was a general conviction that another Parliament would
+be necessary. Charles, following an archaic precedent, summoned a council
+of peers to meet him at York, and some of these noblemen, before setting
+out from London, paid a visit to Henrietta. They knew well her power, and
+they begged that her influence with her husband might be used for the
+calling together of the estates of the realm. Mary de' Medici was present
+at this interview, and it is said that she put into her daughter's mouth
+the words of conciliation which the latter used. The noble visitors
+departed, and then the Queen of England went out and selecting a messenger
+to whose fidelity she could trust, she bade him bear to the King her
+persuasions for the holding of a Parliament.
+
+Her motive for what is in some respects a strange act is clear. Even now
+she did not gauge the depths of the discontent of the nation, and with that
+hopefulness which was part of her nature she believed that a Parliament,
+without imposing intolerable conditions, would vote sufficient money to
+enable the King to deal with the menacing Scots. She was mistaken, as she
+so often was. If the English Puritans had not called the ancient enemy into
+the land, they had at any rate no desire to see the Scotch army go thence
+until it had done its part in putting pressure on a King whom they regarded
+with a distrust which was becoming hatred.
+
+But there were those to whom Henrietta's act must have seemed, if they were
+aware of it, almost an act of desertion. The Catholics, to whom her love
+and honour were pledged, dreaded, and with good cause, nothing so much as a
+Parliament. Already their condition was deplorable. They suffered not only
+from the hatred of the Puritans, but from the terror of the Protestants,
+who attempted to propitiate the people by persecution of the common enemy.
+Several priests were thrown into prison, and even the courtier Sir Tobie
+Matthew, who, though he posed as a layman, was generally believed to be in
+holy orders,[232] was arrested on suspicion. The houses of Catholics were
+searched, and on one occasion three cart-loads of Catholic books were
+publicly burned. "Nevertheless," wrote Montreuil, the French agent in
+London, with an acumen revealed by the event, "it is thought that all the
+advantage which the Archbishop will get from this is to set the Catholics
+against him without improving his position with the Puritans."[233]
+
+In October Charles returned to London, leaving the Scotch army still in the
+land, and with a pledge that its expenses should be paid. On November 3rd
+he opened at Westminster that historic assembly which is known as the Long
+Parliament.
+
+[Footnote 202: Mme de Motteville records how Henrietta told her that
+Charles brought the new Scotch liturgy to her, asking her to read it, that
+she might see how similar were their religious beliefs.]
+
+[Footnote 203: Among the archives of the Ministère des Affaires Etrangères
+is a document dated 1629 enumerating the reasons why it was desirable to
+have an agent in Scotland; one reason given is "to keep the Scotch nobility
+in their devotion towards the cause of France."--Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 43.
+The great importance the French attached to preserving the good-will of the
+Scotch is apparent in the French diplomatic literature concerning the Civil
+War.]
+
+[Footnote 204: "L'année ne se passera pas que le roi et la reine
+d'Angleterre ne se repentent d'avoir refusé les offres que vous leur aves
+faites de la part du roy."--Richelieu to Estrades, December, 1637.
+Estrades: _Ambassades et Negotiations_ (1718), p. 13.]
+
+[Footnote 205: Digby to Montagu, March 5th, 1638. Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 47.]
+
+[Footnote 206: _Ibid._, March 19th, 1638.]
+
+[Footnote 207: Montagu to Chavigny, February 14th, 1638. Aff. Etran. Ang.,
+t. 4.]
+
+[Footnote 208: The Duke of Chevreuse had been made a Knight of the Garter
+at the time of the marriage of Charles and Henrietta.]
+
+[Footnote 209: Avenel: _Lettres de Richelieu_, VI, p. 122.]
+
+[Footnote 210: _Histoire de l'entrée de la reyne mere du roy très-chrestien
+dans la Grande Bretaigne._ Par le S^r de la Serre, Historiographe de France
+(1639).]
+
+[Footnote 211: Montagu to Digby, June, 1638. Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 47.]
+
+[Footnote 212: Con gives the details, Add. MS., 15,391: Salvetti (Add. MS.,
+27,962) says that the King asked for the money, but did not formally
+authorize the contribution.]
+
+[Footnote 213: Add. MS., 15,392, f. 75.]
+
+[Footnote 214: Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 25.]
+
+[Footnote 215: Except for Herefordshire, the Isle of Wight, Anglesea, and
+Merionethshire, among the collectors' names appear those of members of such
+well-known Catholic families as the Englefields, the Howards, and the
+Chichesters.]
+
+[Footnote 216: The sum is given as £40,000 in _The Life and Death of that
+matchless mirror of Magnanimity and Heroick Vertue, Henrietta Maria de
+Bourbon_ (1669).]
+
+[Footnote 217: Mme de Motteville says that Henrietta was averse from making
+peace with the Scotch, but whether now or after the second Bishops' War
+does not appear.]
+
+[Footnote 218: "Salmacida Spolia, a Masque, Presented by the King and
+Queenes Majesties, at Whitehall, on Tuesday, January 21st, 1639."]
+
+[Footnote 219: The names of the masquers:--
+
+  The King's Majesty
+  Duke of Lennox
+  Earle of Carlisle
+  Earle of Newport
+  Earle of Leimricke
+  Lord Russell
+  Lord Herbert
+  Lord Paget
+  Lord Feilding
+  Master Russell
+  Master Thomas Howard
+  The Queenes Majesty
+  Dutchesse of Lennox
+  Countesse of Carnarvon
+  Countesse of Newport
+  Countesse of Portland
+  Lady Andrew
+  Lady Margaret Howard
+  Lady Kellymekin
+  Lady Francis Howard
+  Mistress Carig
+  Mistress Nevill]
+
+[Footnote 220: Hist. MSS. Con. Rep. III, p. 79.]
+
+[Footnote 221: Cf. an extract from a letter of M. de Balzac to "M. de
+Corznet, gentleman-in-ordinary to the most illustrious Queen of Great
+Britain": "If the tempests which threaten the frontiers of Bayou arrive at
+us we must think of another way of safetie and resolve (in any case) to
+passe the sea and go and dwell in that region of peace and that happie
+climate where your divine Princesse reigns."--September 20th, 1636.
+_Letters of M. de Balzac_, translated into English by Sir Richard Bahn and
+others (1654): a collection of some modern epistles of M. de Balzac, p.
+16.]
+
+[Footnote 222: He was made Earl of Strafford January 12th, 1640.]
+
+[Footnote 223: Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 47.]
+
+[Footnote 224: The name of Sir Kenelm Digby was mentioned in connection
+with the post, but the Queen's choice fell upon Sir John Winter, a Catholic
+gentleman, who was cousin to the Marquis of Worcester.]
+
+[Footnote 225: Father Philip to Barberini: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 226: MS. Français, 15,995, f. 85.]
+
+[Footnote 227: Her son Henry was born July 6th, 1640.]
+
+[Footnote 228: Salvetti. October 22nd, 1638. Add. MS., 27,962.]
+
+[Footnote 229: Add. MS., 15,392, f. 162.]
+
+[Footnote 230: See Rosetti correspondence, P.R.O. Roman Transcripts,
+specially Barberini to Rosetti, June 30th, 1640, and Rosetti's answer,
+August l0th, 1640. "... de peró quando S. M^{ta} dichiaresse tale
+[Catholic] di qua non si guaderebbe a mandarli denari."--Barberini to
+Rosetti, June 30th 1640.]
+
+[Footnote 231: Salvetti. September, 1640. Add. MS., 27,962, I, f. 109.]
+
+[Footnote 232: Perhaps justly; among the archives of the See of Westminster
+is a certificate of his saying Mass 1630-1; he was thought to be a Jesuit.]
+
+[Footnote 233: Bib. Nat., MS. Français, 15,995.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+THE EVE OF THE WAR
+
+II
+
+  My eyes with tears did uncommanded flow,
+  And on my soul hung the dull weight
+  Of some intolerable fate.
+
+                              ABRAHAM COWLEY
+
+
+When the Long Parliament met the eyes of Europe were fixed upon England;
+the foreign agents who were resident in London had recognized, almost
+before the English themselves, the gravity of the crisis.[234] Such a
+crisis could not fail to be of European consequence, for though England had
+decayed from the great glory of Elizabeth's reign, and during the last few
+years particularly had lost much esteem, yet she was of great importance in
+the struggle between France and Spain, each party of which had striven for
+so long, and neither quite successfully, to win her as an ally.
+
+It was confidently believed at the time, and on both sides of the Channel,
+that the troubles of England and Scotland were fomented by Richelieu. "The
+Cardinal de Richelieu," wrote Madame de Motteville, whose account, no
+doubt, owed something to Henrietta herself, "had great fear of a
+neighbouring King who was powerful and at peace in his dominions, and
+following the maxims of a policy which consults self-interest rather than
+justice and charity to one's neighbour, he thought it necessary that this
+Prince [the King of England] should have trouble in his kingdom."[235]
+
+It is now known that if Richelieu stirred up Charles' rebellious subjects,
+it was only in the most secret and indirect way; but certainly he was not
+sorry for the Scotch troubles, and his attitude both now and later was a
+serious addition to the difficulties of the King of England and his wife,
+who were reaping the results of their long and reckless defiance of the
+all-powerful Cardinal. As early as 1638 Windbank believed that French
+influence was working in Scotland, where, on account of the old alliance
+between the two countries, it would have a specially favourable field; but
+when he wrote for information to the Earl of Leicester, at that time
+ambassador in Paris, he received an indecisive and somewhat petulant reply.
+"It would be very difficult to give you my opinion about the Scotch
+affair," so ran the letter; "for I am as ignorant about it as if I lived in
+Tartary. If it is fomented by France it is by means so secret that it will
+only be discovered, with difficulty, by the results."[236]
+
+[Illustration: CARDINAL DE RICHELIEU
+
+FROM A PORTRAIT BY PHILLIPPE DE CHAMPAIGNE]
+
+As time went on, and the troubles developed, these suspicions became more
+widespread and vivid, until just before the opening of the Long Parliament
+there were imaginative people who believed that an army of thirty thousand
+Frenchmen was ready to land in England in favour of the Scotch, while the
+more sober-minded contented themselves with the old story of help secretly
+given to the rebels. Montreuil saw in all this only machinations of the
+Spaniards industriously sowing false reports, that thereby they might
+render their enemy odious in the eyes of the English Court.[237]
+
+Henrietta's own relations with Richelieu had not improved,[238] though she
+still continued to talk of a journey to France, as, after the birth of
+Prince Henry, her health continued very delicate. The residence of the
+Queen-Mother in England annoyed the Cardinal as much as had that of Madame
+de Chevreuse, and Mary de' Medici's conduct was not such as to propitiate
+him. Once, for instance, she allowed a priest connected with the Spanish
+Embassy to preach before her, and he improved the occasion by comparing her
+sufferings to those of Christ, and by eulogizing Cardinal Bérulle, whose
+praise was not likely to be agreeable to Richelieu. Moreover, at this time
+Charles was more than usually inclined to the Spanish alliance. He had
+thoughts of a Spanish marriage both for his son and his daughter, and
+rumours were abroad that if France was supplying money to the rebels, Spain
+was doing the same by the Court. It was remarked that when the news came of
+the taking of Arras by the armies of France, the King could not bring
+himself to receive it warmly, though his wife, who was always a good
+Frenchwoman, in spite of Richelieu, expressed lively joy.
+
+She had little in England to cheer her. Not only were her husband's affairs
+becoming a nightmare to her, but the looks of hatred which she encountered
+as she went abroad in her capital, and the vile calumnies which her enemies
+were not ashamed to publish and to scatter broadcast among her people were
+the beginning of a martyrdom such as only a woman can know. Added to all
+this was the growing conviction that her power was insufficient to protect
+those who had no other protection. It must have wrung her heart (though she
+knew it to be necessary) to see her mother, who had come to England to be
+at peace, deprived of half her allowance, and later reduced to such poverty
+as forced her to lessen her establishment and to sell her jewels. She
+feared increasingly that she would be obliged to send Rosetti away, and she
+felt bitterly the scant respect shown to him when, in the cold of the small
+hours of a November morning, he was roused to witness the searching of his
+house for proofs of his diplomatic status. It did not make it easier to her
+that the leading spirit in this matter, as in a general search of the
+houses of Catholics which took place about this time, was Sir Henry Vane,
+who owed to her favour his promotion to the position of Secretary of State.
+She was learning some early lessons in the world's ingratitude. She knew
+that even her personal servants, such as the Capuchin Fathers, were
+threatened, and that the English Catholics, who had long looked to her "as
+the eyes of a handmaiden look to her mistress," were finding her help of no
+avail. Most poignant of all was the knowledge that the strong arm which had
+upheld her for so long was failing, and that her husband, with all his
+love, was obliged to leave her naked to her enemies. She was yet
+unpractised in suffering, and it is no wonder that, despite her high
+spirit, her misery was apparent to all.
+
+Parliament had hardly met before Windbank was called up before the House of
+Commons, and questioned as to the number of priests and Jesuits in London.
+That assembly further brought pressure to bear upon the King, which
+resulted in a proclamation banishing Catholics to a certain distance from
+London. It was even suggested that new and stricter laws should be made
+against the recusants, and thorough-going people recommended that all
+Catholics found in a chapel, either that of the Queen or anybody else,
+should be immediately seized and hanged. The hatred of the country, and
+particularly of the city of London, for anything savouring of Popery was
+further shown by the presentation of the Root and Branch petition, which
+asked for nothing less than the abolition of Episcopacy in the National
+Church. But these vexations, distressing as they were, sank into
+insignificance before the new blow which threatened the royal power. On
+November 11th Strafford was impeached by Pym of high treason and committed
+to the Tower, whence he was only to come out to his death. It was a poor
+consolation to the Queen that her old enemy, Laud, the persecutor of the
+Catholics, was also thrown into prison, for she had learned to see in him,
+if not a friend, at least a political ally.
+
+No blow could have been more crushing than that which at this critical
+moment deprived the King and Queen of the services and counsels of their
+best friend; but Henrietta was to find herself attacked in more personal
+matters, matters which a few months earlier would have seemed to her of
+more consequence than any misfortune which could happen to the Viceroy of
+Ireland. Experience, however, was teaching her to measure men and things by
+another standard than that of personal feeling, though to the end the
+lesson would be imperfectly learned. Indeed, in the very next trial she
+failed again.
+
+The contribution of the Catholics in 1639 was a matter of common knowledge.
+Parliament, which was already exasperated by the Queen's intervention on
+behalf of a priest named Goodman who had been condemned to die, and who was
+particularly odious to the Puritans as the brother of the Romanizing Bishop
+of Gloucester, determined to strike at those through whom it knew that it
+could wound Henrietta. No one at this time was nearer to the Queen than
+Walter Montagu, who was her confidant and helper in the correspondence
+which she was carrying on with the Court of Rome on the subject of
+communications between herself and the Pope. Closely associated with him
+was Sir Kenelm Digby, whose departure for Rome was rendered impossible
+owing to the rancour of the Puritans. Sir John Winter was the Queen's own
+private secretary. These three gentlemen were called to the bar of the
+House of Commons to answer for their share in the contribution of 1639, and
+it was significantly remarked that the two latter were the sons of "Powder
+Plotters," who had lost their lives for complicity in that famous treason.
+
+On Montagu and Digby fell the brunt of the attack;[239] the former appeared
+rather frightened and said little, but Sir Kenelm, who was gifted with an
+amazing flow of speech on every occasion, answered copiously and apparently
+candidly. The scene, though in one respect it was tragical enough, was not
+without humour. The eloquent knight began by eulogizing his audience, with
+some irony, perhaps, as "the gravest and wisest assembly in the whole
+world, whose Majesty is so great that it might well disorder his thoughts
+and impede his expressions"; nothing of this awe appears, however, in his
+speech. He assured the House that the contribution had a very simple
+origin, namely, the wish of the Catholics to follow the example of other
+loyal subjects who were helping the King in his necessity, that Con was the
+chief agent in the matter, on account of his unrivalled acquaintance among
+the English Catholics, persons of whom it was a mistake to suppose that he,
+Sir Kenelm, had any particular knowledge, and that the chief motive
+appealed to was that of gratitude for the partial suspension of the penal
+laws. As to the amount collected, he had no precise information. Sir Basil
+Brook was the treasurer, and £10,000 had been paid in at one time and £2000
+at another.
+
+Sir Kenelm had played his part well. He had said a very little in a great
+many words, and he had kept the real originator of the scheme, the King
+himself (who must have been a little nervous of the possible revelations of
+the garrulous knight), well hidden. Indeed, the principal point upon which
+the Commons fixed was the status of Con, as to whom they may well have been
+curious, since their imagination had endowed him with alarming powers, and
+with three wives all living at the same time. Montagu was closely
+cross-questioned on the matter, but all that he would say was that he
+believed Con to be a private envoy to the Queen, in spite of the fact that
+he was sometimes called a nuncio. Digby airily asserted that he had no
+accurate knowledge of the question under discussion, as he had taken pains
+to remain ignorant of these dangerous matters. He added, almost as an
+afterthought, that once at Whitehall he had heard Rosetti say that he
+renounced any jurisdiction of which he might be possessed.
+
+The Queen was in great anxiety. Not only had her name been brought forward
+in this affair, but she was being attacked in other ways. It was suggested
+that her beautiful chapel at Somerset House should be closed, and that she
+should only be permitted the little chapel at Whitehall, which was more
+like a private oratory. Wild stories were abroad as to a great design among
+the Roman Catholics of the three kingdoms to subvert the Protestant
+religion by force, and the terror was so great that some fanatical spirits
+proposed that Catholics should be forced to wear a distinctive badge
+whenever they left their houses. This absurd proposition was rejected by
+the good sense of the many, but even so it was an ominous token of hatred.
+
+The Queen was new to danger, either for herself or for her friends. She
+cared a great deal more to avert the wrath of the House of Commons from
+herself and from Montagu than for the welfare of the English Catholics, or
+even of Rosetti, who, at this time, was not on good terms with Montagu. She
+could think of nothing better to do than to send a message to her enemies,
+humble in tone and dwelling on the great desire which she had "to employ
+her own power to unite the King and the people"; she apologized for the
+"great resort to her Chappell at Denmark House," and promised that in the
+future she would "be carefull not to exceed that which is convenient and
+necessary for the exercise of her religion." She took upon herself the
+responsibility of the Catholic contribution, justifying and explaining it
+by "her dear and tender affection to the King and the example of other of
+His Majesty's subjects," and pleading her ignorance of the law if
+inadvertently anything illegal had been done. She completed her submission
+by promising to remove Rosetti out of the kingdom "within convenient
+time."[240]
+
+The wrath of the English Catholics, who already looked upon the Queen's
+proposed journey to France as a threat of desertion, blazed forth at this
+surrender. They remembered, no doubt, that their mistress was a princess of
+France, the daughter of the heretic Henry of Navarre. Had she merely
+permitted the Parliament to wreak its evil will upon the Church of God, it
+would have been bad enough; but had she not gone far beyond this, showing
+herself ready to execute its persecuting edicts even before they were
+promulgated? The House of Commons, on the other hand, was greatly pleased
+at the Queen's submission, and her gracious message was "very well taken."
+But had that assembly known the hopes with which the discomfited lady was
+consoling herself, its satisfaction would hardly have been greater than
+that of the Catholics.
+
+One day some weeks earlier Henrietta, in the quiet of her own apartments,
+had taken up her pen and, without the knowledge of husband or friend, had
+written one of the most remarkable letters ever indited by a Queen of
+England.
+
+It was addressed to Cardinal Barberini, and it bore neither date nor name
+of the place whence it was written. In it Henrietta poured out her whole
+heart. She dwelt upon the sad state of the Catholics, their banishment, the
+peril of the priests, the fear lest the harshness of the penal laws, "which
+reach even to blood," should be put in force against them. She emphasized
+the desperate condition of her husband, which obliged him, who since his
+accession had shown his goodwill to the Catholics, and who, indeed, was now
+suffering on account of his tenderness to them, to consent to persecution.
+After this introduction she came to the gist of her letter, which was
+nothing less than a request for a sum of 500,000 crowns, to be used in
+winning over the chiefs of the Puritan faction. It was, she said, the only
+hope of salvation, "for when the Catholics have once escaped from the
+present Parliament, there is everything to hope and nothing to fear in the
+future, and the only means to bring this about is that which I
+propose."[241] But the greatest secrecy and the greatest promptitude were
+necessary. "I ask you very humbly to communicate this to His Holiness, whom
+I entreat to consult with you alone; for if the matter became known I
+should be lost. I pray him also to send me a reply as quickly as
+possible."[242] She did not doubt, she added, that if the response were
+favourable the King, her husband, would show his gratitude by favouring the
+Catholics even more than he had done in the past. At any rate, whatever the
+upshot of the affair, she would have shown her zeal for the good of her
+religion.
+
+The letter was finished; but Henrietta, who knew to some extent with what
+edged tools she was playing, took up her pen again to add a brief
+postscript. "There is no one knows of this yet but His Holiness, you, and
+I." After writing this final warning she sealed up the missive and sent it
+to the Papal Nuncio in Paris, through whom it reached Rome.
+
+Cardinal Barberini was surprised and somewhat annoyed when he received this
+letter. He was already a little displeased with Henrietta, and the simple
+arguments which she used had not the influence which she imagined over the
+mind of the Protector of England. Moreover, the method of her request was
+unfortunate. The Cardinal thought it strange that she should have written
+on her own responsibility, without consulting either the accredited agent
+of the Papacy, who was at her side, or her own confessor. At first he was
+almost inclined to consider the letter a forgery, but he dismissed this
+idea in favour of the supposition that the Queen had been persuaded to this
+action by some person who sought perhaps to deceive her. He seems to have
+suspected that Richelieu had some hand in the matter,[243] and he remarked
+significantly in writing to Rosetti that the Queen's letter had been
+carried to Paris "by one Forster," an English Catholic believed to be in
+the pay of the French Government, who, he doubted not, had given his
+employers an opportunity of reading it. Henrietta meanwhile was awaiting in
+great anxiety the reply of Barberini, which, when it came at last, was a
+disappointment. Again it was intimated that only the conversion of the King
+of England would loosen the purse-strings of the Pope and justify the Holy
+Father in breaking in on the treasure of the Church stored up in the Castle
+of S. Angelo. The promise of toleration for the Catholics which would, it
+seems, have been given,[244] was not enough, for, as the Cardinal justly
+remarked to Rosetti, that promise had already been made in the secret
+articles of the Queen's marriage treaty. Moreover, what security could be
+offered that toleration, even if granted, would be permanent in the face of
+Parliamentary opposition? Barberini, however, did not wish to be unkind,
+and he hoped to soften the hard refusal by instructing Rosetti to tell the
+Queen of England that if matters came to the worst he would be willing to
+help her to the extent of 15,000 crowns.[245] But neither this promise nor
+the many pleasing words which accompanied it availed to save Henrietta from
+bitter disappointment, only less bitter, perhaps, than that which she would
+have felt had she received the money for which she asked, and had attempted
+therewith to bribe John Pym.
+
+But this was not the only negotiation which she was carrying on with the
+Holy See. It will be remembered that in her message to the Commons she
+promised to remove Rosetti, understanding that his presence was
+"distasteful to the kingdom." She was afraid that most unwillingly she
+would be obliged to keep her promise. "I cannot sufficiently lament the
+pass to which we are come," she wrote to Cardinal Barberini. "I have long
+hoped to be able to keep Count Rosetti here, and I have used all sorts of
+artifice to do so ... but, at last, there was such an outburst of violence
+that there was no means of keeping up our communications except by
+promising to remove him."[246] She referred her correspondent to an
+accompanying letter written by Montagu to learn the details of a scheme by
+which she hoped to make of no effect her promises of submission, and in
+spite of her enemies to keep open the communications between England and
+Rome.[247] Montagu's letter, which is long and interesting, is less
+melancholy in tone than that of the Queen, and shows less of the gnawing
+anxiety which was invading her spirit. He even explained cheerfully that
+the anti-Catholic promises of the King and Queen had had so good an effect
+that affairs seemed in train for "an accommodation to get rid of the Scots,
+which is the principal thing that the King ought to regard."[248] As to the
+method to be employed for assuring communications, it was similar to that
+already practised in Rome, where, in place of Sir Kenelm Digby, a private
+Scotchman, by name Robert Pendrick, formerly Hamilton's secretary and a
+friend of Con, had been installed as agent. Montagu, however, hoped that,
+pending the arrival of an humble substitute, the Queen might be able to
+keep Rosetti in England, and, indeed, that the Count might stay "until the
+time of her journey to France."
+
+For on this journey she was at last resolved. Her health had not improved,
+and it was thought that she was suffering from the common English
+complaint, and was going into a decline. Probably she did not fear a rebuff
+from France, but she knew that she would have to fight for her departure
+with the House of Commons. Another, and perhaps an unexpected, obstacle
+presented itself. Mayerne vindicated his Puritanism by certifying that his
+royal patient was in no need of change of air, and that her malady was as
+much of the mind as of the body--a diagnosis which was probably correct but
+highly inconvenient. In this moment of almost universal reprobation, when
+even her co-religionists for whom she had done so much looked coldly on
+her, Henrietta may have found some consolation in the kindness of a number
+of women of London and Westminster, who, in a petition to Parliament
+against the proposed journey, not only dwelt upon the loss to commerce
+which would follow the removal of the Queen's Court, but added kind words
+of her, praising the encouragement she had given to the calling of
+Parliament, and saying, with much truth, that since her coming to England
+"she hath been an instrument of many acts of mercy and grace to multitudes
+of distressed people."
+
+Richelieu's answer to Henrietta's request for the hospitality of France was
+another grave disappointment. Never for one moment had the French
+Cardinal's vigilant eye been turned from England or its Queen. Madame de
+Chevreuse, Mary de' Medici, the Duke of Valette, the inclinations towards a
+Spanish alliance, all he had noted, and now was the day of reckoning. Not
+even in these closing years of triumph would he admit into France one who
+might scheme against his interests. The refusal was absolute, and in vain
+did Henrietta send a special agent to press her claims. The Cardinal was
+inexorable, and the excellent reasons which he gave for his decision--such
+as the certain ruin of the Catholics by the Queen's absence, and the danger
+in such desperate circumstances of leaving the country--failed to convince
+his correspondent that her request was refused solely for her own sake. So
+great was her mortification that she was unable to hide from her servants
+the chagrin which she felt that she, a daughter of France, the child of the
+great Henry, was refused in her sickness and sorrow the shelter of her
+native land.
+
+But there was no time to grieve long over any single annoyance, for trouble
+succeeded trouble, one treading fast on the heels of another. Moreover, as
+the spring wore on lesser sorrows tended to become swallowed up in the
+terrible anxiety as to Strafford's fate. On March 16th it was decided that
+he should be tried for high treason; and it struck like an evil omen on the
+Queen's heart that on that very day the Lords and Commons agreed to
+petition the King for the removal from Court of all Papists, and
+particularly of her four chief friends, Sir Kenelm Digby, Sir Tobie
+Matthew, Walter Montagu, and Sir John Winter. A few days later the trial
+began. It dragged along while, day after day, its course was watched by the
+King and Queen of England, who sat in a gallery, closely screened from
+curious eyes, looking down on the stern faces below them, and on the
+majestic figure of the man who was there to answer for his life. Not all
+the persuasions of the Commons could keep the royal couple away. It was the
+only thing they could do to encourage their faithful servant. With them sat
+their eldest son, the boy of whom it was said that he had been found
+weeping because the father who had received three kingdoms as his heritage
+would leave him never an one.
+
+It is needless to repeat the story of Strafford's trial: how all turned
+upon an alleged plot to bring over Irish troops to subdue England; how it
+was found to be impossible to convict him of conduct which could be brought
+within the scope of the Treason Act; how his enemies, determined that he
+should not escape, turned the impeachment into an attainder. All that is
+necessary is to indicate the Queen's action through these weeks of terror
+and struggle.
+
+Everything that she could she did to save the man whom once she had
+regarded almost as an enemy. Day after day she found opportunity for secret
+interviews with the Puritan leaders, in which she offered all (and perhaps
+more than all) that it was in her power to give in exchange for Strafford's
+life. Evening after evening, when the dusk had fallen, she sallied forth
+alone, lighting her steps with a single taper, to seek her foes in their
+own quarters.[249] Such efforts deserved success, and she at least believed
+that to them was due the remarkable conversion of Lord Denbigh, the husband
+of her dear and faithful lady-in-waiting, who, after being one of
+Strafford's bitterest opponents, turned round and defended him with all his
+ability in the House of Lords.
+
+Nor were these exertions the sum of Henrietta's activities. The marriage
+between little Princess Mary and the Prince of Orange, which took place in
+the middle of May, bringing as it did the hope of help in money and perhaps
+in soldiers, cheered her spirits and roused her to fresh efforts. It was
+now that the army plot was formed, the main object of which was to bring up
+to London the army which had been raised against the Scots, and by means of
+it to overpower Parliament and to release Strafford.
+
+The plot seems to have originated with two soldiers, the younger Goring and
+an officer named Wilmot. These two separately conceived the idea of turning
+the discontent of the army, whose wages had not been paid, to the profit of
+the King. Charles and Henrietta, who were consulted, thought that the best
+plan would be to endeavour to bring about an understanding between the two
+officers, each of whom wished to be commander-in-chief. The difficult task
+was assigned to Henry Jermyn, whose gentle manners made him specially
+suited to such a mission. But then the Queen's heart began to fail her. She
+knew only too well the danger of meddling with such matters, and she was
+greatly attached to Jermyn, who was, besides, one of the last of her
+faithful servants left to her; for Windbank, Montagu, and many another had
+been forced to find safety in flight. "If Jermyn too is lost, we shall be
+left without friends," she said piteously to her husband. Charles
+considered deeply for some time, for he was struck by this argument; but in
+the end he said that he thought the risk worth running, and Jermyn, whose
+fidelity was unimpeachable, was asked to undertake the dangerous mission.
+
+Henrietta's courage was indeed giving way. The insults of the mob, the
+undisguised hatred of the Puritans whom she believed about to impeach her
+of high treason, the wild rumours afloat which culminated in the report of
+an imminent French invasion (this time in the royal interest), terrified
+her so much that, in spite of her proud boasts of a few days earlier that
+she was the daughter of a father who had never learned to run away, she
+determined to leave London for Portsmouth. She was only stayed by the
+entreaties of the French agent in London, of the Bishop of Angoulême, and
+of Father Philip. At Portsmouth was not only the governor, the younger
+Goring, but Henry Jermyn, and the Queen's precipitate flight would have
+given colour to the scandals which her enemies were industriously
+spreading, and to gain evidence for which they did not scruple to
+cross-question even her ladies of the bedchamber.
+
+In London, therefore, Henrietta remained to hear that same day that the
+army plot, which was already suspected by Pym, had been betrayed by Goring,
+whom she trusted almost beyond any of her servants.[250] Neither he nor
+Wilmot could reconcile himself to giving up the first place, and the
+former, goaded by ambition, opened the whole matter to Parliament. Henry
+Percy, who was also concerned in the affair, fled, leaving a letter for his
+brother, the Earl of Northumberland, which was read before Parliament. In
+spite of the closure of the ports, he managed, after considerable
+difficulty, to reach France, while others of the conspirators, among whom
+were two poets, D'Avenant and Suckling, made good their escape. Henry
+Jermyn ran perhaps the greatest risk. He had set off for Portsmouth at the
+Queen's request, knowing that the plot was betrayed, but unwitting that
+Goring was the traitor. When he reached his destination he was asked
+wonderingly why he had come.
+
+"In obedience to His Majesty's commands," he replied. Goring looked sadly
+at his friend. "You have nothing to fear," he said at last, "either for
+yourself or for me, for I have sufficient credit to save you. I am sorry to
+have done wrong, but I will atone for it with regard to you, and I will die
+rather than fail you."
+
+Jermyn perhaps distrusted the man who had already betrayed so grave a
+trust; but in this case Goring was as good as his word. He put the orders
+sent down by Parliament into his pocket, and helped his friend to escape in
+a small boat which took him to join the other exiles in France.
+
+That which the Queen had feared had come upon her, and she was left almost
+without friends. Besides, she winced as at the lash of a whip when she
+heard the vile attacks upon her honour.[251] But again bad griefs were to
+be swallowed up by worse.
+
+For the army plot sealed Strafford's fate. The misgivings of the Puritans
+were becoming terror as they appreciated that the King of England would
+shrink from no means which might make him supreme. The more well-informed
+among them knew that Richelieu wished them well, but there were those who
+saw in the welcome which the Cardinal extended to the English exiles an
+indication that the influence of France would be thrown on the side of the
+King, and there were rumours abroad that Strafford, once rescued from
+prison, would find a refuge across the Channel. The Earl's position was
+rendered still worse when the Lieutenant of the Tower declared that he had
+been offered a large bribe to favour his prisoner's escape. There was now
+no room for compromise. Strafford had to pay the penalty of the greatness
+which made him feared, and on May 8th, the very day on which the army plot
+became known, the Bill of Attainder passed both Houses of Parliament.
+
+Then followed four agonizing days. The King, who had given Strafford a
+solemn promise that he should not be harmed, became more and more terrified
+(not so much for himself as for those whom he loved, for he was no coward)
+as he realized the implacability of those who sought his faithful servant's
+life. On the other hand, he felt the shame of the descendant of a long line
+of kings at the very thought of breaking his royal pledge. In his struggle
+he knew not where to turn for help or comfort. Strafford himself, imitating
+the heroic conduct of the simple priest John Goodman, wrote to Charles,
+begging to die rather than that his safety should prejudice the King's
+interests. As for Henrietta, at this crisis she had no strength to
+supplement her husband's weakness. She sat shivering at Whitehall, feeling
+around her the atmosphere of hatred, and hearing at last that most terrible
+of all sounds, the howling of an infuriated mob. Long Charles hesitated,
+but at last he dared do so no longer, for he believed that his wife and his
+children would pay the ransom of Strafford. Impelled by fear, justified by
+subtle counsellors, he seized his pen and signed the fatal death-warrant;
+"and in signing it he signed his own,"[252] commented a Frenchman many
+years later.
+
+Strafford did not fear death. His state of health was such that probably in
+any case his remaining days would have been few. With one bitter comment,
+"Put not your trust in princes," he turned resolutely to the regulation of
+his temporal affairs and to preparation for death. His last day on earth
+was troubled by the well-meant solicitude of certain Catholics who, by some
+means, gained access to him, but when they found their efforts unavailing
+they departed, and he was left in peace. The fatal twelfth of May dawned.
+He was led out to meet first the blessing of his fellow-prisoner,
+Archbishop Laud, and then the angry faces of the populace, which he
+despised to the end, but to which was passing the power he was unable to
+hold. There were a few moments of tension, of waiting for death; then the
+axe fell, and the one man who might have saved Charles' throne was for ever
+beyond the reach of warring factions. "They have committed murder with the
+sword of justice,"[253] cried out one Englishman, expressing the silent
+thoughts of others less courageous than himself.
+
+"The people," commented Salvetti, who was not unworthy to be the countryman
+of Machiavelli, "now that it knows its own strength, and that nothing is
+denied to it, will not stop here, but will claim more."[254] Indeed, the
+revolution came on apace. The power was in the hands of Pym and his
+friends, and behind them were the London mob and the Scotch army. The
+abolition of the Star Chamber and High Commission Courts was only one among
+the many blows which were shattering Charles' throne.
+
+These were some of the darkest days of Henrietta's life. She was fully
+aroused from the levity of her youth, but at this first touch of adversity
+she had not learned the courage and resignation of later times. Strafford
+had no truer mourner than she, unless, indeed, it were her husband. Then
+there were griefs more personal to herself. Some of those whom she had most
+trusted, such as Lady Carlisle and the Earl of Holland, turned against her,
+and she still believed that her enemies meant to humiliate her by an
+impeachment. She had to see the Catholics hated and persecuted as they had
+not been since the days of the Powder Plot, finding only a sorry
+consolation in the heroism which kept most of the priests at their post of
+danger. It added to her misery that she had to bear it alone. Even the
+Bishop of Angoulême left his royal mistress, for somewhat
+characteristically he discovered the urgent need of his presence in Paris.
+One of a braver spirit remained as ever faithful, but Father Philip, who
+was specially obnoxious to the Puritans, because being a subject of the
+King of England he came within the scope of the recusancy laws, found his
+constancy rewarded by a severe interrogation before the House of Commons
+and a short sojourn in the Tower. It was, however, no doubt a satisfaction,
+both to him and to the Queen, that Richelieu, whose name had been freely
+mentioned in the examination, expressed himself much annoyed at the liberty
+which the leaders of Parliament had taken.[255]
+
+And in July Henrietta lost another friend. Rosetti had stayed, with
+admirable courage and almost beyond the limit of safety, but now the
+condition of affairs was such that the Queen would not even permit
+Piombini, the humble agent who had been sent to replace him, to remain in
+England. She and her husband, with desperation in their hearts, held a last
+interview with the papal envoy. Charles, who in Rosetti's words spoke of
+the injuries which religion was receiving, "not as a heretic king, but as a
+Catholic,"[256] was by this time ready to promise, in return for help from
+the Pope, even liberty of conscience in the three kingdoms, together with
+the extirpation of Puritanism, thus leaving the field to the Catholics and
+the Protestants. He was, moreover, willing to forgo any help from Rome
+until the free exercise of the Catholic religion had been granted in
+Ireland. These terms, countersigned by his own royal hand, were to be
+carried across the sea by Mary de' Medici, who was on the point of leaving
+England, and delivered to Rosetti, who, by that time, would be on the way
+to Rome.
+
+But the King of England humiliated himself in vain. Rosetti and those who
+directed him were aware of both the circumstances and the character of the
+man with whom they had to deal. They knew that only one thing could
+irrevocably bind Charles to the Catholic cause, and to the performance of
+his difficult promise. "The true way of getting help from the Holy See,"
+said Rosetti severely, "is the conversion of the King." It was of no avail
+that Henrietta hastily asserted that such a step was impossible, not from
+any dislike on her husband's part to their holy religion, but because it
+would cost him his crown. The King's acts, and not his motives, were the
+envoy's concern, and he offered no comment on this wifely explanation, but
+hastened to bid the Queen farewell. He left England immediately, and
+Henrietta never saw him again.
+
+A month later, in the August of this sad summer, Henrietta wrote a letter
+to her sister Christine, which is the best description of the despair which
+was taking possession of her. "I swear to you," so it runs, "that I am
+almost mad with the sudden change in my fortunes. From the highest pitch of
+contentment I am fallen into every kind of misery which affects not only me
+but others. The sufferings of the poor Catholics and of others who are the
+servants of my lord the King touch me as sensibly as can any personal
+sorrow. Imagine what I feel to see the King's power taken from him, the
+Catholics persecuted, the priests hanged, the persons devoted to us removed
+and pursued for their lives because they served the King. As for myself, I
+am kept as a prisoner, so that they will not even permit me to follow the
+King, who is going to Scotland." She goes on to speak of one of the chief
+aggravations of her misery, the utter helplessness which she felt. "You
+have had troubles enough," she exclaims to her sister, "but at least you
+were able to do something to escape them; while we, we have to sit with our
+arms folded, quite unable to help ourselves. I know well," she adds sadly,
+commenting on her little daughter's marriage, which might have seemed
+rather beneath the dignity of the eldest daughter of England, "I know well
+that it is not kingdoms that give contentment, and that kings are as
+unhappy and sometimes more so than other people."[257]
+
+During the King's absence in Scotland Henrietta retired to her country
+house at Oatlands, to find what consolation she could in the society of her
+children. Even there she was not at peace. The leaders of the Parliamentary
+party, wishing to gain possession of the young Princes, requested that they
+might be placed in their hands, for the benefit of their education, and
+because they feared that the Queen, their mother, would make them Papists.
+"You are mistaken," replied Henrietta proudly. "The Princes have their
+tutors and governors to teach them all that is proper, and I shall not make
+them Papists, for I know that that is not the wish of the King."
+Nevertheless she was so alarmed at this request that she sent the children
+to another country house, whence they came to visit her but occasionally.
+She believed that she herself was in some danger of being carried off by
+her enemies; at least, that they wished her to think so, in order to drive
+her from the kingdom. After a while she left Oatlands and went to Hampton
+Court, where she was in greater safety, and where she was able to work for
+her husband by winning over some doubtful spirits, of whom the chief was
+the Lord Mayor of London.
+
+Thus the summer wore on, and with the autumn came another blow. In the
+early days of November, while Charles was still in Scotland, London was
+startled by the news of the sudden and horrible rebellion of the
+long-oppressed Irish Catholics, who rose to avenge upon their Protestant
+neighbours the wrongs of generations. Stories, not unfounded, of the
+reckless barbarity of the rebels were in the mouth of every Englishman, and
+the victorious Puritans found in them an easy means of fanning the popular
+hatred of the Catholics, which was already at white heat. "This is what
+they have done in Ireland, this is what they would do, if they had the
+chance, in England," was a ready and convincing argument. This rebellion
+added another difficulty to those which were overwhelming the King and
+Queen; for not only did it thus give a handle to their enemies, but there
+were those who did not scruple to insinuate that the Queen was concerned in
+it.
+
+Later in the same month Charles came home, and he had one day of pleasure
+and triumph, for the city of London, partly through the exertions of the
+Queen, gave him a royal welcome, which seemed like the beginning of better
+things. It was, however, but a passing gleam of hope. The presentation on
+December 1st of the Grand Remonstrance, with its sombre catalogue of
+grievances, with its acrid religious and political tone, marked another act
+of the tragedy. Then at the beginning of the New Year (1642) came the
+King's fatal attempt to arrest five members[258] of the House of Commons
+and one member of the House of Lords, whom he knew to have been in
+communication with the Scots, and whom on this ground he wished to impeach
+for the crime of high treason.
+
+The House of Commons showed a disposition to resist, and on January 4th
+Charles went down himself to seize the offending members. He had concerted
+his plan overnight with his wife and with George Digby,[259] a cousin of
+Sir Kenelm, one of those who had rallied to the royal cause at the time of
+Strafford's trial, and who henceforward appears among the Queen's special
+friends. With morning the King's spirit quailed before the task he had
+undertaken, but Henrietta, whose anger was roused because she believed that
+these ringleaders of the Commons intended to impeach her, would allow no
+shrinking. "Go, poltroon, pull the ears of these rogues, or never see me
+again," she cried, with that touch of insolent scorn into which her
+husband's weakness or scruples sometimes betrayed her. As ever, Charles was
+unable to stand against her stronger will. He took her in his arms,
+assuring her that in an hour's time he would come back master of his foes;
+and so he left her and went to his destruction. She awaited his return in
+the highest spirits, thinking that now, at last, by one brilliant _coup_
+her troubles would be ended. She continually consulted her watch, as she
+listened eagerly for the footsteps of a messenger. At last she could
+contain herself no longer. Lady Carlisle, who probably gathered that some
+great matter was stirring, came into the Queen's private room to be greeted
+with an excited exclamation, "Rejoice, for now I hope the King is master in
+his kingdom," and to be told the very names of the intended victims. Lady
+Carlisle showed no surprise or annoyance. She quietly left the room and
+wrote a note to Pym, with the consequence that Charles, who had been
+delayed, entered the House of Commons to find, in his own words, "the birds
+flown." Henrietta, when she discovered the Countess' treachery, reproached
+herself most bitterly for her failure to keep silence, and confessed her
+fault freely to her husband, who as freely forgave it. But, culpable as she
+was, it is probable that her indiscretion did little harm. Her real fault
+she could not appreciate. It was Charles' attempt to seize the leaders of
+Parliament, not his failure in so doing, which precipitated the revolution.
+
+Henceforward there was no hope of averting the revolution. Charles and
+Henrietta had to face the wrath of their people, and they knew that they
+were alone. The Pope, from whom they had hoped so much, left them to their
+fate, and Richelieu, though his attitude had been sometimes a little
+ambiguous, was the friend of their foes, and felt towards them an hostility
+the result of the history of the last fifteen years, which was a continual
+encouragement to those who were arrayed against them. It is true that many
+Englishmen, terrified at the extremes to which the Puritans were rushing,
+rallied round the King,[260] seeing in him, as he ever saw in himself, the
+defender of the ancient constitution; but even so the horizon was dark, and
+it was to grow darker to the end. "A northern King shall reign," ran the
+prophecy of Paul Grebner, who was in England in the great days of
+Elizabeth, "Charles by name, who shall take to wife Mary of the Popish
+religion, whereupon he shall be a most unfortunate Prince."[261]
+
+[Footnote 234: See particularly the dispatches of Montreuil (MS. Français,
+15,995) and Salvetti (Add. MS., 27,962), and Rosetti's remark in a letter
+to Cardinal Barberini (August 10th, 1640) that if something were not done
+the Puritans would so increase "che metteranno un giorno in pericolo di
+distruggere la monarchia di Inghilterra!"--Roman Transcripts P.R.O.]
+
+[Footnote 235: Mme de Motteville: _Mémoires_ (1783), I, 244. Cf. Montglas:
+_Mémoires_ (1727), t. II, p. 67. "Il [Richelieu] avoit toujours des sommes
+d'argent entre les mains pour distribuer à l'insu de tout le monde à gens
+inconnus qui faisoient ensuite des effets mervellieux qui surprenoient tout
+le monde: comme depuis par la guerre civile d'Angleterre dont il étoit
+auteur et qu'il fomentoit pour empêcher les Anglois jaloux de la prosperité
+de la France de traverser ses desseins."]
+
+[Footnote 236: Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 47.]
+
+[Footnote 237: MS. Français, 15,995.]
+
+[Footnote 238: Bellièvre, the French ambassador in England, wrote, in
+August, 1639, of a _femme de chambre_ of the Queen who was going to France,
+that she was "très bien sans l'esprit de la Reine sa maitresse."--Aff.
+Etran. Ang., t. 47.]
+
+[Footnote 239: The following account is from a private letter written by a
+Catholic: "Mr. Montague and Sir Kenelme appeared, the former said little
+but what was barely necessary to answer their interrogations which were
+about superiours of orders engaged in that business and his answers were
+soe sparing and wary that they told him he squiborated with them and
+co[~m]anded him next day to attend again. The latter spake soe home and soe
+frankly as he left them little to saye against him but to co[~m]and his
+attendance the next daye: the su[~m]e of what he said was being the Scotts
+were declared rebells by the Kinge and Counsell his Ma^{tie} actively in
+the field against them, that all the Nobility, Counsell, Bishops, Judges
+and Innes of Court having contributed voluntarily to the warre, he could
+make noe doubt but hee and all Catholickes were obliged to followe their
+examples, and this the rather because her Ma^{tie} was pleased to aske
+parte of all that his Ma^{tie} might have taken without askinge such being
+the condition of Catholickes in England whereof he confessed himselfe to be
+one."--Archives of See of Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 240: The Queen's message to the House of Commons is printed in
+Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 36.]
+
+[Footnote 241: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. See Appendix, No. II.]
+
+[Footnote 242: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. See Appendix No. II.]
+
+[Footnote 243: Barberini also refers to the reports which were about
+concerning the complicity of France in the Scotch rebellion.]
+
+[Footnote 244: It is probable that the offer was made by the Queen alone at
+this time, as Barberini says that security from the Parliament or in some
+other way would be necessary. "Non parendo bastante la promessa della
+Regina."--Barberini to Rosetti, February l6th, 1641. P.R.O. Roman
+Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 245: The tenor of the Cardinal's answer is gathered from his
+letter to Rosetti. P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 246: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. Henrietta Maria to Barberini,
+February 6th, 1641.]
+
+[Footnote 247: "Je vous remest à Montagu pour faire savoir le particulier
+de tout et les moyens que je propose pour continuer l'intelligence ce que
+je desire passionement."--Henrietta Maria to Barberini, February 6th, 1641.
+P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 248: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. Walter Montagu to Barberini,
+February 6th, 1641.]
+
+[Footnote 249: This statement rests on the authority of Mme de Motteville.
+It seems incredible that the Queen went out alone into the street; it is
+probable that she went to the apartments of noblemen living in the palace.]
+
+[Footnote 250: "Cette princesse dict à plusieurs personnes qu'elle n'avoit
+que Mr. Goring et son fils en qui elle se pût asseurer si les Escossais
+continuent leur manche en Angleterre." April 18th, 1641. MS. Français,
+15,995, f. 226.]
+
+[Footnote 251: "Che la ferisce al vivo."--Salvetti. Add. MS., 27,962, I, f.
+232.]
+
+[Footnote 252: François Faure, in his funeral sermon on Henrietta Maria.
+Mme de Motteville in her memoirs makes almost the same remark (ed. 1783).
+I, 261.]
+
+[Footnote 253: Diurnall Occurrences, May, 1641.]
+
+[Footnote 254: Add. MS., 27,962, I, f. 233. Cf. the remark of Giustiani,
+May 24th, 1641: "Li piu savii pero pronosticano a piena bocca che l'habbi
+ben tosto a reduirsi questa monarchia a governo interamente
+democratica."--P.R.O. Venetian Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 255: A little later (October 30th, 1641) the French ambassador in
+England, remembering that Father Philip belonged to the anti-Richelieu
+party, wrote asking if he should work for his "l'esloignement." Aff. Etran.
+Ang., t. 48.]
+
+[Footnote 256: Charles left the room after a few words with Rosetti,
+leaving his wife to make the offers described above, but there is no reason
+to doubt that she had his authority.]
+
+[Footnote 257: _Lettres de Henriette Marie à sa soeur Christine_, August
+8th, 1641, pp. 57-9.]
+
+[Footnote 258: Pym, Hampden, Haselrig, Holles, Strode, in the Commons; in
+the Lords, Lord Kimbolton, the brother of Walter Montagu, who had been the
+King's personal friend and had accompanied him to Spain in 1624.]
+
+[Footnote 259: George Lord Digby, eldest son of the Earl of Bristol.]
+
+[Footnote 260: The narrow majority by which the Grand Remonstrance passed
+the House of Commons marked the formation of the constitutional Royalist
+party.]
+
+[Footnote 261: This version is a corruption of the real prophecy of
+Grebner, which was contained in a book given by him to Elizabeth and by
+Elizabeth to Trinity College, Cambridge. See "Monarchy or no Monarchy in
+England: Grebner his prophecy by William Lilly, student in Astrology"
+(1651).]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE QUEEN AND THE WAR
+
+I
+
+  'Tis time to leave the books in dust,
+  And oil the unused armour's rust,
+      Removing from the wall
+      The corselet of the hall.
+
+                               ANDREW MARVELL
+
+
+It would be impossible, within the limits of these studies, to give even a
+brief outline of the events of that momentous period of our history known
+as the Civil War. All that can be attempted is to indicate the various
+activities of Henrietta Maria in connection with it.
+
+With the knowledge that a struggle was inevitable a change came over the
+Queen's spirit. As long as an accommodation seemed possible she had shown,
+certainly from time to time, some moderation and some desire to propitiate
+her enemies, but it seemed to her that the demands of Parliament were
+unreasonable, and that, in fact, when she spoke of peace her foes made them
+ready for battle. There was no way through the impasse, for they, on their
+side, were of just the same opinion. Thenceforward her tactics were
+different. As she had opposed an ignominious peace with the Scotch rebels,
+so now she was an advocate of no compromise. Throwing herself with all the
+energy of her nature--she could never do anything by halves, said one who
+knew her well[262]--into her husband's cause, she took her place among the
+most active members of the royalist party. Gone was the Queen of love and
+beauty, the gentle lady whose interests were those of the drawing-room, the
+nursery, and the chapel. Gone even was the Queen of tears, who sat cowering
+in London on the eve of the war. Instead is seen a woman stern and
+determined, brushing aside concessions and half-measures with undisguised
+scorn, leaving without a sigh the luxuries in which from her cradle she had
+been lapped, and in which she had shown an artistic and sensuous delight,
+posting over land and sea, regardless of comfort, of health, of life
+itself, to bring succour to her husband. The daughter of Henry IV had risen
+to the measure of her likeness to her great father.
+
+Henrietta set out for Holland in February, 1642. The ostensible reason of
+her journey was to escort her daughter Mary, who was only ten years old, to
+her husband, the Prince of Orange. The real reason was to raise such sums
+of money and to collect such quantities of arms and ammunition as she could
+obtain on the security of the treasures which she took with her, her own
+jewels and those of the Crown of England.
+
+After a stormy crossing, which resulted in the loss of the chapel vessels
+and of the servants' clothes, Henrietta was able to gather round her on the
+soil of Holland her small household. It included Lord Goring, Lady Denbigh,
+Lady Roxburgh, who had been the little princesses' governess, and Father
+Philip, who was accompanied by one of his old rivals of the Capuchin Order.
+The storm-tossed exiles were met at the coast by Henry, Prince of Orange,
+who, anxious to give due honour to his son's bride and mother-in-law,
+welcomed the sorrowful Queen with a "brief and succinct speech," running to
+a length of three and a half closely printed quarto pages, and couched in a
+style of inflated flattery[263] which, sad as she was, must have taxed
+Henrietta's gravity to listen to. She replied, however, with great decorum
+that the Prince appeared to her "the god of eloquence," after which she and
+her little daughter were royally feasted in the palace at The Hague.
+
+Nevertheless, a welcome which savoured of absurdity was better than
+"greetings where no kindness is." In the Dutch capital Henrietta found her
+husband's sister, Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, who was living there in
+exile. This lady, who had taken an accurate measure of her sister-in-law's
+influence over her brother, held her in the cool esteem with which
+relatives by marriage are frequently regarded, and had no real cordiality
+to show to the woman who was beginning to tread the Via Dolorosa her own
+feet had trodden so long. It happened, besides, that just at this time
+parties in Holland reproduced in miniature those of England. The House of
+Orange clung to the alliance with the House of Stuart, but the wealthy
+burgesses of Amsterdam and The Hague, who were democratic and republican in
+their views, had more sympathy with those who were fighting the battle of
+liberty across the waters of the North Sea. They showed Henrietta little
+kindness and scant courtesy. They gave her hints, which she refused to
+take, that they would be glad to see the last of her. They treated her with
+none of the deference due to her rank. A sturdy Dutch burgher would stride
+into her presence without removing his hat, sit down beside her and enter
+into conversation with her as if she were a fellow-townsman whom he had met
+in the street; or, perhaps, if he could not think of anything to say, would
+turn on his heel and go away without stopping to salute the Queen of
+England, all which amazing manners Henrietta, whose sense of humour never
+deserted her, carefully noted and described years afterward to Madame de
+Motteville.[264]
+
+But in spite of hostility the Queen's work prospered. She kept her daughter
+with her, while the boy-husband pursued the studies suitable to his age and
+rank; but she devoted her chief energies to raising money, a task in which
+she experienced some difficulty, as reports were circulated that she had
+carried off the crown jewels without the King's consent. She was, moreover,
+carefully watched, both by her unwilling hosts and by spies of the
+Parliament; but, nevertheless, she managed to sell or pawn some of her
+store, though at exorbitant rates, for, as she wrote to her husband, no
+sooner was it known that the King of England was in need of money than the
+usurers and merchants "keep their foot on our throat." Parliament issued a
+proclamation forbidding any of the "traitors" to approach the person of the
+Queen; but, nevertheless, her friends came not without the connivance of
+the Prince of Orange, who allowed two of them to lie at his own lodgings.
+George Digby and Henry Jermyn hastened to her side, and she was cheered by
+the arrival from France of another old friend from whom she had parted the
+year before in fear and distress.
+
+Walter Montagu, after his hasty flight from England, had been received with
+rather unexpected kindness by Richelieu. He spent, however, most of his
+exile at Pontoise, where he made friends with Mother Jeanne Séguier,[265] a
+lady who combined the professions of a Carmelite nun and of a political
+intriguer, and to whom he probably owed an acquaintance with the rising
+Mazarin, which was rapidly ripening into friendship. But, in spite of the
+seduction of French affairs, he did not forget the lady to whom his
+allegiance was pledged; and in the late spring of 1642 he hurried to
+Holland to give advice in matters where his intimate knowledge of the
+French Court was invaluable.
+
+For Henrietta's eyes were turning to her native land as a possible refuge
+in case of the worst. She had wished to go to Cologne, where her poor old
+mother lay sick to death; but her masters in Holland forbade her. Ireland,
+which had been suggested, seemed "a strange place"; so sometimes she
+thought she would go to her beloved nuns in the Faubourg S. Jacques, and
+there, where she had been so happy, hide her humiliated head in case of her
+husband's discomfiture. She knew that Richelieu hated her, and she deeply
+resented the attitude taken up by the French ambassador in London; but she
+thought, and thought justly, that Louis XIII, or rather the Cardinal, would
+not, for very shame, refuse her, a daughter of France, an asylum in the
+extremity to which her affairs had come. Her Grand Almoner, Du Perron, who
+had not felt it necessary to risk himself in England again, wrote from
+Paris that she would be given entertainment in France in case of need. He
+also gave the welcome news that he was coming to see her on behalf of her
+brother the King, on receiving which intelligence her elastic spirits rose
+high with hope, so that she wrote friendly letters both to the great
+Cardinal himself and to Mazarin, with whom Montagu had smoothed her way.
+
+It was a comfort to feel that she had an assured retreat, for the news from
+England became more and more exciting. The setting up of the King's
+standard at Nottingham on August 22nd, 1642, made the war a reality. The
+first blood shed in civil strife since the battle of Bosworth was drawn at
+Powick Bridge on September 23rd, 1642. On October 23rd the first regular
+engagement between the rival armies took place at Edgehill.
+
+The Queen watched the course of events with painful and unremitting
+anxiety. Nor was she a mere spectator. There yet exists the remarkable
+series of letters[266] which she addressed from Holland, some written by
+her own hand, some by that of a secretary, probably Henry Jermyn, to her
+husband. In them, more clearly than anywhere else, we see the working of
+Henrietta's fierce and determined mind at this crisis. How she urged
+Charles on, against the advice of more moderate counsellors, to take Hull
+by force, though Parliament had not begun hostilities. "Is it not beginning
+to put persons into it against your will?"[267] How she wished she were in
+the place of her son James, who was in that town. "I would have flung the
+rascal over the walls, or he should have done the same thing to me."[268]
+How she entreated and almost commanded the King to make no accommodation
+which would abate by one jot or tittle his royal power,[269] and how she
+threatened, in case he did not take her advice, to go to France instead of
+returning to England, "for to die of consumption of royalty is a death
+which I cannot endure, having found by experience the malady to be too
+insupportable."[270] How she exhorted him to take good heed that their
+children did not fall into the hands of the enemy, and to be faithful to
+the few friends whom she really trusted. It is evident that she was no wise
+guide for her unhappy husband, whose vacillations, born of a glimmering
+perception of the position of a constitutional King, roused her to scorn
+and almost to fury. She cannot be acquitted of having done all that lay in
+her power (which was much) to widen the breach between the King and his
+subjects in these early and critical days. Hers was the stronger spirit,
+and she knew it. The tone of her letters to "le roy monseigneur," if always
+loving is often peremptory, and sometimes even dictatorial, while she does
+not hesitate to show her contempt for his lack of decision and promptitude.
+She is ever exhorting him to courage, to energy, to vengeance. The day of
+mercy is gone, and it is time to give place to justice. Even her
+benedictions end in curses such as the Puritans excelled in heaping on the
+heads of their enemies and those of the Lord.[271] She had not for nothing
+sat at the feet of Richelieu. "Charles, be a King," is the burden of all
+her advice.
+
+In these letters to her struggling husband Henrietta seldom allows herself
+to give way; but the softer side of her nature, though often obscured by
+sterner elements, never wholly disappeared. "Pray to God for me," she wrote
+in her pain to Madame S. Georges; "for be assured there is not a more
+wretched creature in this world than I, separated from the King my lord,
+from my children, out of my country, and without hope of returning thence,
+except at imminent peril, abandoned by all the world, unless God assist me,
+and the good prayers of my friends, among whom I number you."[272]
+
+But such temporary despondency was drowned in work. Henrietta had too much
+to do, raising money, not only in Holland but in Denmark, sending arms and
+accoutrements into England, and keeping the Prince of Orange in a good
+temper, to have much time for low spirits. Towards the end of 1642 she had
+raised such sums of money as the amount of her resources and the caution of
+her customers permitted.[273] The state of affairs in England was not very
+promising, but nothing could keep her from her husband when she could be at
+his side with honour to herself and advantage to him. For danger she cared
+little, but various delays occurred, and it was not until the end of the
+following January, when she had been almost a year in the land where she
+had intended but a short stay, that she set sail for England.
+
+[Illustration: THE QUEEN'S DEPARTURE FROM HOLLAND
+
+FROM AN ENGRAVING]
+
+This attempted journey was one of the stormiest incidents of Henrietta's
+stormy career. Hardly had she set sail, accompanied by eleven vessels, when
+(by the agency of the devil, as some thought)[274] "the wind turned
+contrary, and the greatest storme that hath been seene this many a
+yeere"[275] arose. Nine days the Queen tossed upon the waves of the North
+Sea, lashed, as were all her ladies, into a narrow berth. The misery of the
+small, stuffy cabin was indescribable, and worse than bodily discomfort was
+the continual fear of death, which was so menacing that the Queen and the
+other Catholics on board, throwing aside their natural reticence on such
+matters, confessed their sins in a loud voice, which, perhaps, in the din
+of the storm, was necessary to the priest's hearing. It is said that the
+horror of the scene was so great that some of the sailors threw themselves
+into the sea. Henrietta believed that her last hour was come, and, as she
+confessed later, "a storm of nine days is a very frightful thing."[276] But
+the first alarm over, she reflected that after all there was little at
+present to make her cling to life, and she rallied her courage so
+effectually as to be able to derive amusement from the ridiculous incidents
+which never fail to occur on a storm-tossed vessel, while she reassured her
+terrified ladies by telling them that queens were never drowned.
+
+At last, after getting tantalizingly near to Newcastle-on-Tyne, the boat
+was tossed back on to the shores of Holland, where Montagu was waiting in
+great anxiety. The weary voyagers landed from a small fishing-smack in a
+state of filth and exhaustion, for which their delicate lives had little
+prepared them, and which shocked the Prince of Orange, who, together with
+his son and daughter-in-law, came down to the seashore to meet the Queen.
+Henrietta and her ladies were so feeble that they could hardly stand, while
+one of the Capuchin Fathers required the support of two men to help him to
+say Mass. The Queen lost in this tempest a precious ship laden with the
+stuff of war, but "she gained in the opinion of all the witnesses what she
+can never lose,"[277] for indeed her courage, which seemed above that of
+her sex, won an admiration which was still further increased when it was
+found that she meant, against the advice of her friends, to put to sea
+again as soon as the weather permitted and her several ships which had been
+dispersed in the storm came up. "They that are delivered from shipwrack,
+bid an eternall adieu to the sea, and to the shipps; nay, they are not able
+to endure the sight thereof. These are Tertullian's words. Yet within
+eleauen days after, O admirable resolution! the Queen, being scarce yet
+escaped from a dreadfull storme, spurred on by the desire of seeing the
+King and of coming in to his ayde, adventures againe to trust herself to
+the furie of the ocean and to the winters rigour."[278] So, recalling this
+incident, cried her eloquent panegyrist at her funeral service a quarter of
+a century later. Perhaps Henrietta felt that she feared the dangers of the
+deep less than the tongues and the acts of the enemies she was leaving
+behind. The Hollanders dared to detain a ship which she had caused to be
+loaded with ammunition, so that she was obliged to address to them an angry
+protest, while the preachers in their pulpits began to rail against the
+Prince of Orange and his son's English match, affirming that he wished to
+make himself King, and saying that if they must have a tyrant they would
+prefer their old master the Spaniard.
+
+Thus Henrietta, bidding a long farewell to Montagu, who set out almost
+immediately for France, embarked once more. This time the sea was kinder to
+her, but the land proved her enemy. She intended landing at
+Newcastle-on-Tyne, but a change in the wind, which until the English coast
+was near had been very light, drove the vessel into Burlington Bay in
+Yorkshire. The Queen at once sent to inform the Earl of Newcastle, who was
+commanding the royalist forces in the neighbourhood. She had not long to
+wait before she received his answer in the shape of a body of cavalry,
+whose arrival enabled her to land. But, weary as she was, there was no rest
+for her. She brought with her a thousand old soldiers from the Low
+Countries, for she had heard rumours of a plot to seize her on landing.
+They, as well as the escort sent by her husband, were needed, for at four
+o'clock on the dark February morning she was roused by the sound of firing.
+Four of the Parliament ships had arrived in the bay, and they were shelling
+the village, with special attention, it appeared, to the Queen's
+lodgings.[279] In a few moments Jermyn appeared and told her to flee for
+her life. She jumped up, and having hastily flung on some clothing was
+hurrying to a place of refuge when suddenly she stopped, remembering that
+lying asleep on her bed was her pet dog, Mitte--an ugly beast, says Madame
+de Motteville, who was evidently no lover of the canine race, in recounting
+the story. Henrietta could not bear to leave her pet to death, or possibly
+to ill-treatment;[280] so, notwithstanding the entreaties of her friends
+and the rain of bullets that was falling, she insisted on retracing her
+steps to the house she had just left. It was the work of a few minutes to
+rush to her room and pick up Mitte. Then with all speed she sought an
+uncomfortable safety in a ditch outside the village, where for two hours
+the balls played over the heads of the Queen and her suite, until at last
+the Admiral of Holland sent to tell the rebels that unless they desisted he
+would fire on them in return. "That was done a little late,"[281] was
+Henrietta's caustic and characteristic comment.
+
+No less characteristic was her high-spirited return to the village the next
+morning, "not choosing that they should have the vanity to say they made me
+quit."[282] In spite of all her spirits rose at finding herself again in
+England, and she had the satisfaction of knowing that she brought with her
+substantial help in the way of arms, ammunition, and money, which her
+gallant soldiers had guarded through that night of battle. Her great wish
+was to rejoin her husband as soon as possible, and setting herself at the
+head of her army she started to march towards Oxford, where Charles was
+keeping his Court.
+
+But five months were to elapse before the royal pair were united, and this
+five months forms one of the most curious episodes of Henrietta's career.
+She became for the time being a military captain, "her she majesty
+generalissima," as she calls herself. She played her part right well, as if
+she remembered that in her veins flowed not only the blood of her father,
+but of her heroic Medici ancestor, Giovanni delle Bande Nere.[283] This
+delicately nurtured woman, who was, moreover, in bad health, lived among
+her soldiers, says the admiring Madame de Motteville, almost as imagination
+may picture Alexander living among his. Forgetting feebleness and fatigue,
+she was constantly in the saddle; setting aside all etiquette, she dined in
+the open air with her followers, each of whom she treated as a brother. It
+was no wonder that the Popish army of the Queen, as it was angrily called
+by its enemies, adored its royal mistress. Few probably thought of
+Alexander, but some--old soldiers from the Continent, perhaps--may have
+remembered the stories of Henry of Navarre among his companions-in-arms.
+
+The military details of the campaign cannot be entered into here. The Queen
+was much in the hands of military specialists, a position she did not love,
+and which elicited some complaints that she could not rule the army which
+bore her name. There were jealousies and differences of opinion, such as on
+the question of attacking Leeds, in which matter both she and the Earl of
+Newcastle, her general, followed a course which drew upon them a mild
+censure from the King. Perhaps the most notable success was the gain of
+Scarborough, which was delivered up by its Parliamentary governor, Sir Hugh
+Cholmondley, who came to kiss the Queen's hand at York. In that ancient
+city she made a considerable stay, which was further enlivened by the
+reception of some of the northern loyalist nobility, among whom was the
+Marquis of Montrose.
+
+In July Henrietta at last reached her husband. They met in Kineton Vale,
+below Edgehill, and at the same time she was able to embrace her two eldest
+sons, who were with their father. A few days later she entered Oxford, and
+for a moment the welcome of the faithful city diverted her from her woes.
+Crowds of spectators lined the streets or peeped out from the
+house-windows, and as the procession went by they cheered and blessed the
+Queen as the pledge and harbinger of peace.[284] At Carfax "the Major[285]
+and his brethren entertained Her Majesty with an English speech, delivered
+by Master Carter, the Town Clerk, in the name of the city, and presented
+her with a purse of gold."[286] She went on to Christ Church, where she was
+received by the Vice-Chancellor and the Heads of Houses, and thence to the
+Warden's lodgings[287] at Merton, which had been prepared for her
+reception, and where on her arrival she was offered by the University
+authorities books of verses and pairs of gloves. This college, which was
+probably chosen on account of its proximity to Christ Church, where the
+King kept his Court, possessed a secret passage which led into the gardens
+of the neighbouring foundation of Corpus Christi, so that Charles could
+visit his wife without going into the public street.
+
+There was, indeed, much for the royal pair to discuss, for since their
+parting neither had been idle for a moment, and each had to recount to the
+other the results of their labours, while the changing circumstances of the
+Continent called for careful consideration.
+
+In December, 1642, before Henrietta left Holland, Cardinal Richelieu died
+in Paris. The passing away of this great man, who, knowing how to bend men
+and circumstances to his will, had built up France as two hundred years
+later Bismarck was to build up Germany, was a severe blow to the
+Parliamentary party, which knew him to be their friend;[288] but to the
+Queen it appeared the removal of the chief obstacle in the way of obtaining
+that help from her native country of which she was already beginning to
+think. It was believed that now her enemy was gone she would hasten to
+Paris herself, but she judged otherwise, and contented herself with
+carrying on negotiations by means of Walter Montagu, on whose friendship
+with Mazarin she counted. That gentleman supplied the French Government
+with a curious paper on English affairs,[289] which he probably drew up at
+The Hague under the Queen's direction. It set forth the miserable plight of
+Catholicism in that country, and urged the King of France to give help,
+which, in the event of his brother of England's success, would be well
+repaid, while his failure could bring no prejudice to an ally. These cogent
+reasonings were not disregarded, but they did not make as much impression
+on the minds of those to whom they were addressed as Henrietta and Montagu
+perhaps expected.
+
+All France hoped that the death of the Cardinal would mean a reversal of
+his policy, for the nobles were discontented, while the people were
+overtaxed and miserable. Already the faint grumblings of discontent could
+be heard, which became articulate a few years later in the rebellions of
+the Fronde. Such hopes were strengthened by the fact that Louis XIII was
+evidently following to the grave the minister who had made him, almost
+against his will, a great and victorious monarch. But France was not to
+escape so easily the influence of the mighty personality which had
+dominated her for so long.
+
+Louis XIII died in May, 1643, and Anne of Austria, after a lifetime of
+neglect, found herself at the head of affairs as regent for her little son
+Louis XIV. The past career of this lady, her affection for Spain, her not
+uncalled for hatred of Richelieu, pointed to a complete reversal of the
+Cardinal's policy. His enemies began to come back to Court, and Madame de
+Chevreuse herself left her retreat in Flanders, and was seen at the side of
+the Queen-Regent.
+
+But Anne soon found out the difficulties of her position. She was an idle
+woman who had never been accustomed to use her mind, and she craved
+instinctively for a stronger arm and brain on which to lean. She found them
+in the low-born Italian adventurer Jules Mazarin, whom Richelieu had
+trained to be his successor. Mazarin had not his master's dislike to the
+English nation or its Queen. Moreover, he owed much to Walter Montagu,
+whose influence with Queen Anne was greater than ever, and who had been
+instrumental in introducing the Cardinal to her favour. It is probable that
+when Henrietta heard the turn which affairs had taken in France she
+rejoiced. She had some cause to do so, but yet in the years that were
+coming she was to learn that Mazarin, like Richelieu, only cared, in his
+heart, for the interests of France, and that his desire was so to hold the
+balance of power between her and her enemies that he might be able to
+pursue unmolested the task of humbling the House of Austria, which had been
+bequeathed to him by his great predecessor.
+
+In the autumn of 1643 an event occurred which caused much annoyance to
+Henrietta, and resulted in the removal from the French Court of the man
+most able and willing to advance her interests there.
+
+It is probable that the Queen-Regent was really anxious to succour the King
+and Queen of England. She was grateful to them for the kindness which they
+had shown to Madame de Chevreuse, and she remembered their common hatred of
+Richelieu. Mazarin did not fail in polite condolences, and he thought that
+it would be a good thing to send over an ambassador to England, to see at
+least that Henrietta was properly treated, and that the interests of France
+were duly considered. To this post the Count of Harcourt was appointed,
+whose way was to be prepared by an agent of inferior rank, M. de Gressy.
+
+Under cover of this embassy Walter Montagu thought that he would be able to
+reach Oxford unobserved. He did not travel with the ambassador, but joined
+himself to Gressy's company in England in a disguised dress and a large
+wig, which he hoped would be sufficient to conceal the identity of a person
+better known in France than in England; but either he overdid his disguise,
+or else he went about with injudicious openness in search of amusement, for
+at Rochester he was recognized. The sharp eyes of a Parliamentary officer
+spied him out, took him in charge and carried him off to London, where he
+was put in the Tower and there kept, in spite of the remonstrances of the
+French ambassador, the entreaties of the Queen-Regent of France, and the
+somewhat lukewarm representations of Mazarin, who perhaps saw in him a
+possible rival.[290] All that the two Houses of Parliament would do was to
+deliver up to Harcourt the letters of Queen Anne, which were found on the
+prisoner. They regarded him as a "grand Jesuiticall English Papist," and
+they urged "that he hath been a great incendiary of this unnatural war
+against the Parliament, was formerly banished by Act of Parliament, and no
+letter from a foreign Prince can defend him."[291]
+
+Henrietta was deeply chagrined, the more so as this vexation came upon the
+top of others.
+
+She was not unaware of the feelings with which her husband's enemies
+regarded her. The comments and slanders with which she had been pursued in
+Holland would have been sufficient to enlighten her, without the reception
+which met her at Burlington Bay. The proposal of her enemies, couched in
+specious language, to escort her to London, where she should be "lovingly
+entertained," roused her to fury, for she who did not fear the bullets or
+the waves shrank with a feeling of almost physical repulsion from falling
+into the hands of her foes. But a further insult was to come. In May, 1643,
+she was impeached of high treason as the greatest papist in the land, and
+that her cup of humiliation might be full she was not allowed the title of
+Queen of England, on the pretext that, as she had never been crowned, she
+had no legal right to it. Truly the mistakes of her youth were returning
+upon her head. "You will give a share of all these news to all our friends,
+if any dare own themselves such after the House of Commons hath declared me
+traitor, and carried up their charge against me to the Lords,"[292] she
+wrote sadly to the Duke of Hamilton. It was indeed no advantage to be known
+as her friend, specially in London, where the Puritan hatred, of which she
+was the chief object, was beginning to attack the priceless memorials of
+the past. Stained-glass windows were smashed in the churches, and
+"Cheapside Crosse, which at her Majestie's first coming into England was
+beautified in a glorious and splendid manner ... as it dazzlled a many eyes
+to behold the gods, Popes, and saints thereon,"[293] and which was boasted
+of by the Catholics even in Rome as one of the chief relics of the ancient
+religion, was torn down, and it was decided that "the Lead about the
+Crosse" should "be cast into Bullets, and bestowed on the Papists in
+armes."[294] This was bad enough, but even more trying to the Queen's
+feelings were the piteous accounts which came of the sufferings of her poor
+Capuchins, who, after more than a year of terrified waiting, saw themselves
+and their property in the hands of a ruthless mob, which was none the
+better because it acted in the name of the House of Commons, and which was
+led by Henry Martin, a man of unusually violent character, who was
+afterwards one of the regicides. All the remonstrances of the French agent
+and the House of Lords, "whose members have learned by their travels that
+there are other countries besides England,"[295] were brushed aside.
+Hideous orgies and blasphemous revels were witnessed, testifying to the
+anti-Catholic hatred of the populace. The beautiful chapel which had been
+built with such high hopes only a few years earlier was sacked, and the
+ornaments, pictures, and vestments destroyed, except such of the latter as
+Martin carried off for his mistress. The picture by the brush of Rubens
+which adorned the High Altar was wantonly spoiled; the seat of the Queen
+was broken up with peculiar violence. Outside in the garden some of the
+rough soldiers played at ball with the heads of a Christ and of a St.
+Francis, while others indoors trod underfoot the escutcheons of Henry IV
+and his wife, which were kept for use on their anniversaries. Only one
+consolation had the unhappy Fathers. Such a scene would not have been
+complete without its miracle, and they had the satisfaction of tracing the
+hand of Providence in the blindness of their spoilers to a small box of
+consecrated hosts hidden away in a cupboard, whose contents were turned
+upside down by rough hands of the mob.
+
+Henrietta's wrath may be imagined when she heard of this fresh insult
+offered, not only to her but to her parents and to her country under whose
+protection the Capuchins lived. It probably outweighed the grief she felt
+for the destruction of her beautiful chapel. As for her husband, he was so
+incensed that he is said to have specially excluded from pardon all those
+concerned in the riot. Again, just as the Queen entered Oxford, another
+trouble fell upon her, which was another proof of the remorseless hatred of
+the Puritans. Edmund Waller, who in happier days had made verses to her
+charms, raised a plot in London in the King's interest. It was discovered,
+and among its victims was a faithful servant of Henrietta, Master Tomkins,
+who, condemned by "a new counsell of war (consisting of Kimbolton,
+Mainwaring, Venn, the Devill, and a few others),"[296] was executed outside
+his own door in Holborn by the common hangman.
+
+Nor even within the walls of Oxford was there freedom from jealousy and
+strife. Henrietta could not bring herself to look cordially upon
+Holland[297] when he came to ask pardon of the King for his rebellion, even
+though he used Jermyn as his intermediary, and there were others who,
+though faithful to the cause, stood between her and that complete
+ascendancy over her husband at which she aimed. Perhaps it was hardly to be
+expected that she should like Rupert of the Rhine, the son of the Queen of
+Bohemia, who had great influence over his uncle in military matters. Never
+at any time during the war did the affairs of the King promise better than
+during Henrietta's stay at Oxford. She and her advisers, among whom were
+prominent the Earl of Bristol and his son, that same George Digby who had
+been with her in Holland, with their usual leaning to the bold and
+enterprising course, wished Charles to march on London, and end the war by
+a grand _coup_. It was a sore disappointment to her when, on the advice of
+Rupert, he turned aside to the siege of Gloucester. She believed (and she
+kept the belief to the end of her days[298]) that had he pushed on to the
+capital at this favourable moment, he would have been able to overcome his
+enemies.
+
+But, in spite of all these accumulated worries, Henrietta's stay in Oxford
+was probably the happiest time she had known since the opening of the Long
+Parliament. After her long absence she was restored to "the dearest thing
+in the world to her, after God, the presence of the King her husband and
+the Princes her children."[299] After the troubles and dangers of her
+sojourn in Holland and her campaign in the north she was in peace and
+safety, though the city was strongly fortified and cannon were to be seen
+both at "Newparkes and S. Giles his fields." Nor, in spite of these warlike
+preparations, was the mimic Court without its diversions, for each college
+and hall was turned into a dwelling for gay royalist ladies and gentlemen,
+so that as Henrietta took her airing in Trinity Grove, the Hyde Park of
+Oxford, she saw many of the faces she had been accustomed to see in the
+real Hyde Park in London.
+
+Absurd reports were rife among the enemy of the condition of the city; how
+it swarmed with Irish rebels, how Mass was said in every street; while the
+more sober-minded descanted upon the condition of the colleges, which "look
+as they did in Queen Elizabeth's daies on the street side, but if you go in
+you will find Henry the 8 his reformation in the Chappell."[300] It is
+probable that the Queen paid little attention to the flights of the Puritan
+fancy, but she took some pains to conciliate her husband's Protestant
+friends; and when a sermon which was used to be preached in Merton College
+chapel on Sundays was discontinued as a compliment to her, she was much
+annoyed, and gave orders that it should be resumed.
+
+But even Oxford could be no permanent resting-place for the Queen. Her foes
+were gathering round it, and unless she wished to run the risk of seeing
+the horrors of a siege, it was time to be gone. She had, moreover, to care
+for another life, for she was about again to become a mother. The King
+could not, of course, leave his headquarters, and the husband and wife
+prepared to part once more, and this time for ever.
+
+Henrietta left Oxford on April 17th, 1644. The parting between her and her
+husband, which took place at Abingdon, was sufficiently sad, even though
+the knowledge that it was final was hidden from her. Then, escorted by
+Jermyn, whose loyalty had been rewarded by a barony, and whose presence at
+her side excited scurrilous comments which she scornfully ignored, she
+turned to the south-west. By the 21st of April she was in Bath. She pushed
+on by the great city of Bristol, which formed part of her dowry, and thence
+to Exeter, where she arrived in a condition so serious that it seemed
+likely her troubles would soon find their surest consolation. "Mayerne, for
+the love of me, go to my wife,"[301] wrote Charles, and Henrietta herself
+penned a short, piteous note to her old physician. "My disease will invite
+you more strongly, I hope, than many lines would do."[302] The faithful
+Swiss needed no further summons. He was at the Queen's side when, on June
+16th, the child, whose short life and tragic death were to be in keeping
+with the circumstances of her birth, was born at Bedford House, in the city
+of Exeter. The little princess was an unusually pretty baby, and the father
+she was never to see wrote expressing great pleasure at the reports of her
+beauty, and requesting that she might be christened in the cathedral of her
+birthplace, an injunction which aroused the wrath of the Puritans all the
+more because Charles had just attempted to silence the unpleasant rumours
+current on the subject of his religion by issuing a declaration of his
+unalterable attachment to the Protestant faith.[303]
+
+Henrietta, who was always brave in illness, had hoped that the physical
+miseries from which she suffered would disappear with her confinement.
+Instead, she found herself rather worse than better. "The most miserable
+creature in the world, who can write no more"[304]--thus she describes
+herself in a letter to her husband written from her bed, and containing an
+account of her ailments. To crown all, she found that it was impossible for
+her to remain at Exeter. Essex was on her track, and to all the entreaties
+for a safe conduct to Bath, which she addressed to him by means of a French
+agent named Sabran who happened to be with her, he returned answers which
+in the circumstances were brutal. The Queen was no concern of his, he said.
+Henrietta, fearing above all things in her weak state the noise of firing
+which a siege would involve, dragged herself from her bed a few days after
+the birth of her baby, whose helpless life she confided to one of her
+attendants, the Countess of Morton. Accompanied by Jermyn and by her
+devoted confessor, Father Philip, she fled still farther into the western
+peninsula, down to that strange land beyond Truro which was then hardly
+considered a part of England, and where still lingered the accents of the
+Cornish tongue. There in the castle of Pendennis, which guarded the village
+of Penycomequick,[305] she found a refuge. She was indeed in a sad plight.
+Mayerne himself believed "that her days would not be many," and a
+compassionate Cornish gentleman wrote to his wife that "here is the
+woefullest spectacle my eyes yet ever looked on, the most worne and weake
+pitifull creature in ye world, the poore Queen shifting for an hour's liffe
+longer."[306]
+
+From Pendennis Henrietta found means to put to sea; but not even when she
+left English soil did the hatred of her enemies leave her. Ships of the
+Parliament were on the watch, and the boat which she was aboard was not
+only chased, but pursued by rounds of shot, as the Roundheads wished her to
+have "no other courtesy from England, but cannon balls to convey her into
+France."[307] Then at last the Queen's brave spirit, which had not faltered
+in sorrow, danger, or pain, gave way. She did not fear death, but she
+shuddered at the idea of falling into the hands of her foes, and it seemed
+as if capture were to be her fate. In her agony she called upon the captain
+to fire the powder on board, and to let her die with her friends, rather
+than that those impious hands should touch her. When the danger was passed
+she reproached herself for having thought of suicide, and happily so
+desperate a remedy was not needed. She escaped her enemies once more, and
+after a long tossing on the Channel the travellers saw with joy the rocky
+coast of Brittany. At the little village of Conquest, near Brest, the
+landing was effected, and the daughter of France, returning to her native
+land, retired to a whitewashed cottage to rest from her fatigues. But the
+news soon spread that the daughter of Henry IV had arrived, and the
+nobility of the country-side, who, like all good Frenchmen, honoured the
+memory of the great King, flocked to do her service, and to make up by
+their generosity the deficiencies of her poverty. Her first care was to
+dispatch Jermyn to announce her arrival to the Court of France and to
+Mazarin, and to beg the medical assistance which her condition so urgently
+required. Meanwhile she was content. The country in which she found herself
+was indeed wild and rough as the Cornwall she had left, but at least she
+was safe and among friends. In later days she retained no unpleasant memory
+of the rocky coast, the desolate moorland, and the brave, simple-hearted
+folk of La Basse Bretagne.
+
+[Footnote 262: Walter Montagu. Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 47.]
+
+[Footnote 263: The following is a specimen of it: "You are the abstracted
+Quintessence of artificiall Nature: your glorious countenance is crowned
+with Majestie, your brow interwoven with occasionall Lenity and discreet
+austerity, your eye (like mounted Phoebus in his meridian pride) shoots
+such reflective beams of radiant brightnesse that it captivates the dazled
+beholder; your Cupidinean cheeks are clothed with intermixed Lillies and
+Roses; your purpureous lips (like a Nectarean current) do redound with
+expressed Oratory; your Murcurian tongue is gilded with such admirable
+Rhetorick that the Muses themselves seem to inhabit there and make it their
+Helicon: your Aromatick smelling-breath is so oderiferous that it exceeds
+the Arabian Odours, and seems rather celestial than breathed from a mortal
+creature, your melodious voice is so harmonious that Apollo may lay down
+his Harpe, and the Sphears themselves become astonished."--_The Prince of
+Orange, his Royall Entertainment to the Queen of England_ (1641).]
+
+[Footnote 264: Mme de Motteville: _Mémoires_ (1783), I, 270.]
+
+[Footnote 265: Sister of Séguier the Chancellor: she was a great friend of
+Mazarin.]
+
+[Footnote 266: Printed in Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria._]
+
+[Footnote 267: Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 60.]
+
+[Footnote 268: _Ibid._, p. 70.]
+
+[Footnote 269: "I send you this man express, hoping that you will not have
+passed the militia bill. If you have, I must think about retiring for the
+present, into a convent, for you are no longer capable of protecting any
+one, not even yourself."--_Ibid._, p. 69.]
+
+[Footnote 270: _Ibid._, p. 117.]
+
+[Footnote 271: "May Heaven load you with as many benedictions as you have
+had afflictions, and may those who are the cause of your misfortunes, and
+those of your Kingdom, perish under the load of their damnable
+intentions."--Henrietta Maria to Charles. _Ibid._, p. 71.]
+
+[Footnote 272: Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 72.]
+
+[Footnote 273: "The Puritan imagination saw the Queen gathering in
+contributions from the religious houses of the Low Countries, many of which
+were English. The pamphlet which describes these contributions is marked by
+just the slight inaccuracies of a forgery, and if any money came from this
+source it was probably a very small sum."--_Queen's Proceedings in Holland_
+(1642). See Appendix III.]
+
+[Footnote 274: "... others thought that some witches were made use of to
+raise these winds. But all saw that if any such villainy came from Hell it
+was curb'd by Heaven in the merciful preservation of the Quene, and that
+when God will help the Devill cannot hurt us."--_A true relation of the
+Queens Maiesties returne out of Holland, etc. Written by me in the same
+storme and ship with her Majesty._ Printed at York and reprinted at Oxford
+(1643).]
+
+[Footnote 275: Letter of Lady Denbigh. Hist. MSS. Cam. Ap. to 4th Rep.]
+
+[Footnote 276: Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 161.]
+
+[Footnote 277: Montagu to Mazarin (apparently), February 9th, 1642. Aff.
+Etran. Ang., t. 49. See Appendix IV.]
+
+[Footnote 278: _The Funerall Sermon of the Queen of Great Britain_
+(Bossuet), translated by Thomas Carre. Paris, 1670.]
+
+[Footnote 279: It is said that Charles did not believe this.]
+
+[Footnote 280: Henrietta was always fond of animals. Evelyn records how in
+August, 1662, he went to visit her, and she told him "many observable
+stories of the sagacity of some dogs she formerly had."--Evelyn: _Diary_.
+Under date August 22nd, 1662.]
+
+[Footnote 281: Green: _Letters of Henrietta Maria_, p. 167.]
+
+[Footnote 282: Green: _Letters of Henrietta Maria_, p. 167.]
+
+[Footnote 283: He was her great-great-grandfather.]
+
+[Footnote 284: See _l'Angleterre Paisible_ (1644).]
+
+[Footnote 285: A man named Dennys. See Anthony Wood's account in his Life.]
+
+[Footnote 286: _Mercurius Aulicus_, July 14th, 1643.]
+
+[Footnote 287: Now part of the general college buildings.]
+
+[Footnote 288: Salvetti says the Parliamentary party regretted him "come
+quello che aveva sempre assicurato detto Parlamento per bocca dell'
+Ambasciatore di Francia che era qui, che da quella banda haverebbe havuto
+ogni assistenza per mantenimento della sua libertà e privilegii: certo è
+che l'Ambasciatore fece la parte sua et causò in buona parte la divisione
+et cattiva intelligenza che passa fra il re e il Parlamento!"--Add. MS.,
+27,962, K., f. 32_b._]
+
+[Footnote 289: This document, which is among the Archives of the Ministère
+des Affaires Etrangères Ang., t. 48, is unsigned and without date, but it
+is in the handwriting of Montagu, and is among the documents of 1641; it
+speaks of "la rebellion presente d'Angleterre," which points to its having
+been drawn up after the final rupture in 1642.]
+
+[Footnote 290: Montagu had a good many enemies in France among the
+Importants, who disliked him as a friend of Mazarin and as a foreigner who
+had great influence with the Queen-Regent.]
+
+[Footnote 291: _Perfect Diurnall_, October, 1643.]
+
+[Footnote 292: Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 215.]
+
+[Footnote 293: Kingdom's _Weekly Intelligencer_, May, 1643.]
+
+[Footnote 294: _Ibid._]
+
+[Footnote 295: Sieur de Marsys: _Histoire de la Persecution Presente des
+Catholiques en Angleterre_ (1646), from which the above account is chiefly
+taken. The Capuchins were sent back to France by Parliament, April, 1643.]
+
+[Footnote 296: _Mercurius Aulicus_, July, 1643.]
+
+[Footnote 297: "De l'entretient que j'ay eu avec le Reyne d'Angleterre j'ay
+bien compris qu'elle mésprise autant qu'elle peut hayr le Comte de
+Hollande."--Brienne to Sabran, December 21st, 1644. Add. MS., 5460.]
+
+[Footnote 298: The opinion of Bossuet was probably derived from the Queen
+through Mme de Motteville: "... si la reine en eût été crue, si au lieu de
+diviser les armées royales et de les amener contre son avis aux siéges
+infortunés de Hull et de Gloucester, on eût marché à Londres, l'affaire
+était décidée, et cette campagne eût fini la guerre."--_Oraison funèbra de
+la reine d'Angleterre._]
+
+[Footnote 299: Du Perron: _Proces verbal de l'assemblie du Clergé_, 1645.]
+
+[Footnote 300: _The Spie_ (1643).]
+
+[Footnote 301: Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 243.]
+
+[Footnote 302: _Ibid._]
+
+[Footnote 303: "Declaratio servenissimi potentissimique principis Caroli
+magnae Britanniae, etc., regis Ultramarinis Protestantium Ecclesiis
+transmissa."--Dupuy MS., 642.]
+
+[Footnote 304: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 243.]
+
+[Footnote 305: Now Falmouth.]
+
+[Footnote 306: Francis Basset to his wife. Polwhele: _Traditions and
+Recollections_, Vol. I, p. 17.]
+
+[Footnote 307: _Mercurius Pragmaticus_, October, 1644.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+THE QUEEN AND THE WAR
+
+II
+
+  The darksome statesman, hung with weights and woe
+  Like a thick midnight fog mov'd there so slow
+      He did not stay, nor go;
+  Condemning thoughts--like sad eclipses--scowl
+          Upon his soul,
+  And clouds of crying witnesses without
+      Pursued him with one shout.
+  Yet digg'd the mole, and lest his ways be found
+      Work'd underground
+  Where he did clutch his prey.
+
+                                HENRY VAUGHAN
+
+
+If, at the time of her departure from England, Queen Henrietta Maria had
+been able to make choice of a book for her private reading and meditation,
+and if in that choice she had been guided by the most enlightened
+self-interest, she would perhaps have chosen a little pamphlet published in
+London in 1642. It was entitled _A collection of Records of the great
+Misfortunes that hath hapned unto Kings that hath joyned themselves in a
+near allyance with forrein Princes with the happy successe of those that
+have only held correspondency at home_.
+
+Henrietta landed in France in the spring of 1644, and from that time until
+her husband's death her life was a continuation of that which she had led
+in Holland, namely, a perpetual struggle to gather together men and
+money--particularly the latter--to help on the cause of the King of
+England. For this she intrigued now with one foreign Prince, now with
+another, with the King of Denmark, with the Prince of Orange, with the Duke
+of Lorraine, the admirer of Madame de Chevreuse, the old enemy of
+Richelieu, with the Pope himself. The result was the undying hatred of a
+large section of the English people towards both her and her husband, and a
+growing distrust which had much to do with the King's final overthrow.
+
+It is idle to blame her overmuch. It cannot be denied that hers were the
+mind and the will which impelled her husband along this fatal road; but he
+fell in gladly with her suggestions, and he was almost as eager as she for
+help from any quarter. She believed, moreover, that the Scotch rebels had
+set the example by intriguing with Richelieu, and she knew that the English
+Puritans had made it possible for an army of Scots, who at that time were
+looked upon almost as foreigners, to enter into England and to remain upon
+its soil. It would have required the brain of an Elizabeth to perceive that
+a king, by following such precedents, was courting disaster. Henrietta's
+brain, acute, lively, but never profound, was incapable of perceiving this.
+Besides, she was a Bourbon, and her simple political creed was identical
+with that of her husband: a King should be no tyrant, he should rule his
+people with justice and mercy; but it was his to command and theirs to
+obey, without asking questions as to matters with which they had no
+concern.
+
+The exiled Queen spent some weeks at
+
+              "ces admirables Fontaines
+  Où par douzaines et centaines
+  Pluzieurs gens vont pour être sain
+  Et qu'on nomme Bourbon-les-Bains."[308]
+
+Their healing influence, together with the care of some of the most
+distinguished physicians of France,[309] restored her to such a small
+measure of health as enabled her to turn her steps towards Paris. The
+kindness she had received since her arrival in her native land was a
+preparation for the magnificent reception which awaited her at the capital.
+Her brother, the Duke of Orleans, came out as far as Bourg la Reine to meet
+her, and was quickly followed by his daughter, Mademoiselle de Montpensier,
+the richly dowered girl of whom Henrietta was already beginning to think as
+a possible bride for her eldest son. At Montrouge, on the southern
+outskirts of the city, the Queen of England received an even more
+distinguished attention, for there the Queen of France, accompanied by her
+two little sons, met her. Anne's kind heart was touched when she saw the
+sister-in-law from whom she had parted nearly twenty years earlier as a
+bride returning sad, sick almost to death, and bereft by ill-health and
+sorrow of the brilliant beauty which had then been hers. Forgetting the
+girlish unkindness which Henrietta had shown her in the past, remembering
+nothing but their common friends and enemies--Richelieu, Madame de
+Chevreuse, Jars, Montagu--the Queen of France took the Queen of England
+into her arms, and the two women clung together weeping and embracing. Then
+they climbed up into the royal coach, and Henrietta made the acquaintance
+of the little King, whose unexpected appearance in the world six years
+earlier had caused so much excitement, and of the still younger Duke of
+Anjou, "the real Monsieur" (as he was called in contradistinction to his
+uncle), who was one day to be her son-in-law. In such company there can
+have been no tedium in the long drive through the Rue S. Jacques, over the
+Pont Neuf, and through the Rue S. Honoré to the Louvre, where the kindness
+of Queen Anne had caused apartments to be prepared for the royal guest.
+That afternoon deputations from the city of Paris and from the various
+sovereign bodies waited upon Henrietta, and the ceremonies of reception
+were concluded a few days later by a State visit to Notre-Dame, where the
+Queen of England gave thanks to Heaven for her safe return to France
+through the ministry of the young Coadjutor Bishop of Paris, the witty and
+dissolute churchman who afterwards became famous as Cardinal de Retz, and
+who always retained a kindness for the exiled royal family of England.
+
+Nothing could exceed the kindness and sympathy which were shown to the
+Queen, kindness all the more welcome because she was aware of the annoyance
+it would cause to her enemies. "I am so well treated everywhere that if my
+lords of London saw it, I think it would make them uneasy,"[310] she had
+written to her husband shortly after her landing in France. She was
+assigned a pension of 10,000 crowns a month, which enabled her to keep up a
+fitting establishment, and in addition to her lodgings at the Louvre she
+was given the Château of S. Germain-en-Laye, where she had played as a
+child, and where, half a century later, her son was to wear out a more
+desolate exile. Her own affairs prospered. Her health improved surely if
+slowly. She had the comfort of the presence of faithful servants--Jermyn,
+who acted as her secretary, Henry Percy and Lady Denbigh, who herself had
+tasted the full bitterness of civil strife in the death of her husband, who
+fell fighting for the King, and in the defection of her eldest son to the
+rebels, which sorrows bound her all the more closely to the Queen, who had
+shown the tenderest sympathy with her bereavement. Moreover, in Paris
+Henrietta found many friends. Familiar faces, indeed, were missed. The
+Bishop of Mende had not been given time to learn wisdom by experience, but
+had "made an angelical end" at the siege of Rochelle, dying in the same
+year as his enemy Buckingham. Madame S. Georges, who had found an
+honourable position as governess to the heiress of Montpensier, had passed
+away in 1643, and Louis XIII was gone, so that all his sister could do for
+him was to journey to S. Denys and to sprinkle his tomb with holy water.
+But old servants, such as the Bishop of Angoulême, were there to welcome
+her; and in the brilliant Paris of the day she came across not only friends
+of the past--M. de Chateauneuf, the Chevalier de Jars, and others--but new
+acquaintances, who soon became friends, of whom perhaps the most
+interesting was the accomplished Madame de Motteville, herself one of the
+band of exiles whom the death of Richelieu had brought back in triumph to
+the Court of France.
+
+Nor did she fail to attract the exiles of England to her own Court, where
+she gathered round her some of the men of wit and learning whom the evil
+times had forced to quit their native land. Thither came "Master Richard
+Crashaw, Master of Arts of Peterhouse, Cambridge, well known for his
+excellent poems,"[311] who was introduced to the Queen's notice by a
+brother poet, Abraham Cowley, at this time Jermyn's secretary. It can
+hardly be supposed that Henrietta understood the highly difficult poems of
+the Cambridge mystic, but perhaps she talked with him of S. Teresa,[312]
+whose praise inspired some of his choicest work, and whom she herself had
+learned to love as a child among the Carmelites in Paris. Moreover, Crashaw
+was interesting as a recent convert to Catholicism. "Being a meer scholar
+and very shiftless,"[313] he was quite destitute in the French capital when
+he was found by Cowley, and he was delighted to accept Henrietta's
+hospitality. He dwelt nearly a year at her Court, making many friends by
+his talents and virtues, of whom the chief was Lady Denbigh. Her he
+exhorted, not without success, to follow his religious example, and to her
+he dedicated his book of poems, _Carmen Deo Nostro_, which was published
+after he had passed on to the Court of Rome, bearing a letter of
+introduction written to Innocent X by the Queen's own hand.[314] To the
+exiled Court of England came also another poet, Sir William D'Avenant,
+whose welcome was the warmer because he had been concerned in the army
+plot. At the Louvre he wrote the dreary verses of _Gondibert_, and
+dedicated them to Thomas Hobbes, that daring philosopher who had likewise
+found a refuge in Paris, where, apart from the turmoils of England, he was
+able to reflect upon those principles of government wherewith he startled
+the world a few years later on the publication of _The Leviathan_. To these
+literary refugees must be added English Catholic nobles, such as Lord
+Montagu, and ladies of the same persuasion, among whom was prominent the
+Dowager Countess of Banbury, a lady who, after a not irreproachable career
+in England, had settled down in Paris to enjoy the reputation of a rich
+_dévote_.
+
+But no social pleasures and attentions could satisfy Henrietta, whose heart
+was with her struggling husband. "There is nothing so certain as that I do
+take all pains I can imaginable to procure you assistance, and am as
+incapable of taking any delight or being pleased with my being here, though
+I have all kinds of contentments, but as I hope it may enable me to send
+you help."[315] These words, written to the King on November 18th, 1644,
+were no idle sentiment; they are the truest epitome of her life in Paris.
+
+The royal cause was balancing between hope and fear. The defeat of Marston
+Moor, on July 2nd, 1644, had been indeed a terrible blow, but new hope was
+infused into the party by the surrender of Essex in Cornwall, a victory
+peculiarly grateful to the Queen, who could not forget the Earl's ungallant
+conduct to her. The great need was men and money, and to procure these was
+the end of Henrietta's unremitting efforts. For this she carried on
+negotiations with the Prince of Orange, by means of an English Catholic
+named Stephen Goffe, for the marriage of Prince Charles with his daughter;
+for this she attempted to mortgage the tin mines of Cornwall; for this,
+above all, she carried on personally and through Jermyn long and weary
+negotiations with the Court of France.
+
+France had not been unmindful of the difficulties of the King of England,
+or of the troubles which threatened the Queen; but great caution was used,
+and Gressy, who had shown too openly his partiality for the royal cause,
+was replaced by Sabran, who knew better how to trim between the two
+parties. It is probable that at the beginning of the struggle Mazarin
+desired the victory of the King, and it is said that up to 1644 the French
+Government gave as much as 300,000 crowns in money and munitions to aid
+him.[316] A letter of Goring,[317] Henrietta's agent in France, dated at
+the beginning of that year, which unfortunately fell into the hands of her
+enemies, spoke of the dispatch of a considerable quantity of arms, and gave
+a cheerful account of the kind words of the Queen-Regent and of Mazarin.
+Charles himself thought that a little French money and a little French
+influence would settle everything. His enemies were manifestly cast down,
+not only by the death of Richelieu, but by the accounts which reached
+London of the kind reception which had been given to the Queen. But,
+nevertheless, Henrietta was to find disappointment here as elsewhere.
+France was in no condition to give such help as would have sufficed for her
+needs. The country was overtaxed, and though the new reign was brightened
+by the éclat of the victory of Recroy, at which the young Duke of Enghien,
+afterwards the great Condé, won his reputation, yet the war with Spain was
+a terrible burden. Moreover, in spite of the assertions of the Queen-Regent
+and her advisers that it was the means and not the will that was lacking,
+there is little doubt that the French Government was beginning to see in
+the English troubles a state of affairs highly satisfactory to itself.
+Besides, Mazarin certainly inherited from Richelieu a distrust of Charles
+and Henrietta. The Queen was specially distrusted. The English Catholics
+had not quite forgotten her French birth, but it was believed in France
+that they had inclined her to Spain, an opinion which was strengthened by
+the fact that up to the time of her leaving England two of her principal
+advisers were the Digbys, father and son,[318] who were well known to be
+pro-Spanish in their sympathies. Mazarin was quite aware of Henrietta's
+influence over her husband, and he hoped that her removal from his side
+would help to turn Charles' eyes from Spain.
+
+And there were other and more personal reasons for Mazarin's distrust of
+the Queen of England. Henrietta, who was always too prone to believe that
+good diplomacy consisted in cultivating relations with all parties at once,
+allowed her ambassador Goring to meddle in the intrigues which grew up
+round Mazarin as they had round Richelieu, a fact of which the Cardinal,
+who had inherited a perfect system of espionage, was quite aware. By the
+time Henrietta reached France the power of the Importants was broken, and
+Madame de Chevreuse had again left the Court. The exiled Queen desired
+greatly to see her old friend, and without pausing to consider how
+imprudent was the appearance of any connection between herself and that
+factious lady, she asked her sister-in-law's permission to have an
+interview with the Duchess, permission which with all courtesy was refused,
+at the instance of Mazarin. The Cardinal, moreover, caused the Queen of
+England to be warned against others of her old friends, among whom may be
+mentioned M. de Chateauneuf, who had indeed escaped public disgrace, but
+who was known to be as inimical to Mazarin as ever he had been to
+Richelieu.[319]
+
+Thus it came about that, in spite of the kind words and occasional
+assistance of the Queen-Regent and of Cardinal Mazarin,[320] Henrietta was
+less successful than she had hoped to be, and could by no means persuade
+Mazarin to an open breach with the Parliamentary party, whose strength he
+was beginning to appreciate. "I have not found the means of engaging France
+as forwardly in your interest as I expected," she wrote sadly to Charles.
+In 1645 she was informed that all the French Government could do for her
+was to permit her to make levies in the country (and she was so poor that
+it was thought she would not take advantage of the permission), and to make
+an appeal to the clergy of France on behalf of the necessities of the King
+of England.
+
+Of this last grace Henrietta availed herself eagerly; but of all the many
+injudicious acts which she committed at this period of her life, this
+appeal to the clergy of a race and of a faith alien to those of her
+subjects was one of the most injudicious. The outburst of anti-Catholic
+rage which she had witnessed in England ought to have taught her prudence;
+but hers was not a mind to learn by experience. Moreover, she seems from
+the outbreak of the war to have looked upon the Puritans as irreconcilables
+who could only be subdued by force, and whom it was useless to attempt to
+propitiate. She thought also, and most erroneously, that they were but a
+small minority of the nation.
+
+The Queen had recovered her spirits. Not only had Mazarin, in spite of his
+official refusals, sent her secretly a sum of money sufficient to raise her
+ever-ready hopes, but she expected great things from a growing friendship
+with Emery, the Deputy Treasurer and one of the richest men in France. To
+complete her satisfaction the clergy showed great sympathy with her, and
+sent her, on their first assembling, a sum of money as an earnest of more
+to come[321]; which money was immediately laid out in raising levies for
+England.
+
+The assembly of the French clergy, which was presided over by the
+Cardinal-Archbishop of Lyons, the brother of the great Richelieu, met in
+May, 1645, but it was not until the February of the following year that the
+case of the Queen of England was seriously considered. Henrietta's advocate
+on this occasion was probably the best that could have been chosen. The
+Bishop of Angoulême during his sojourn in England had resisted in a really
+praiseworthy manner those foreign influences which had corrupted some of
+his fellow-countrymen who resided there, and he was perhaps regarded in
+Paris with greater favour than any other of the Queen's servants. He was,
+moreover, a speaker and preacher of repute, and the oration which he
+delivered before the Fathers of the Church was not only a fine piece of
+oratory, but was skilfully constructed to work as much as possible upon the
+feelings of his audience.[322]
+
+He dwelt upon the miserable condition of the Catholic Church in England,
+which, before these troubles, had begun, after a century of persecution, to
+raise its head under the protection of the Queen. He asserted (what was
+true) that were the King forced to make terms with his foes, the Catholics
+would be the scapegoat. He drew lurid word-pictures of the terrible
+consequences to the Church throughout Europe should the impious rebels
+succeed in their object of setting up a Puritan republic in England. Then
+he turned to the even more powerful argument of self-interest. The
+Huguenots, he said, who were beaten down but not destroyed, were looking
+across the Channel to the Puritans of England, whose real design was the
+destruction of the Catholic Church as well in France as in their own land.
+To help forward this project of the Evil One large sums of money were being
+dispatched by the French Protestants to aid the armies of rebellion in
+England.[323]
+
+  "Res tua tunc agitur, paries cum proximus ardet,"
+
+cried the good Bishop, hoping, not without reason, to arouse the fears of
+his audience; for it was only twenty years since the fall of Rochelle, and
+the revival of the power of the Huguenots, which it had required the strong
+hand of Richelieu to repress, was an ever-present terror to the French
+Catholics. But Du Perron was not content with such arguments. He was able
+to make a statement which he hoped would tell much in favour of the cause
+he was advocating. He declared that the King of England had promised in
+writing to his wife that if he were restored by Catholic help he would
+repeal every law against the Catholics on the statute book,[324] and the
+Bishop added that he was at liberty to make this statement, as its purport
+was already known to the Puritans through the interception of the King's
+letter. That Charles made this promise there is no reason to doubt; that
+had cause arisen he would have broken it, as he broke others, is in the
+highest degree probable.[325] Perhaps the French bishops knew the man with
+whom they had to deal, perhaps they were instructed by Mazarin, whom they
+were too well trained not to consult. Be this as it may, the results of the
+eloquence of the Bishop of Angoulême were disappointing, even though he
+enforced his arguments by descriptions of the piteous condition of
+Henrietta and of her children, "the grandsons, the nephews, and the cousins
+of three of our Kings." The clergy of France did not feel able to offer to
+the Queen of England more than a few thousand crowns, "a somme fitter to
+buy hangings for a chamber than prosecute a war,"[326] as a newswriter of
+the day said.
+
+But disappointed as the Queen was, she quickly turned to other hopes and
+schemes.
+
+Ever since the Irish rebellion of 1641 Puritan scandal had linked
+Henrietta's name with that of the rebels. The accusation as it stood was
+ridiculous, but the Confederate Catholics,[327] as the Irish in arms called
+themselves, certainly hoped something from the Catholic Queen, and in 1642
+they presented to her a petition, in which they begged her "Hester-like
+intercession to our most gracious Prince." They heard with sympathy of her
+arrival in Paris, and again dispatched a letter to congratulate her on that
+event.
+
+She, on her side, regarded the Confederate Catholics as rebels in arms
+against their lawful King; but she had a certain sympathy with them as the
+victims of Puritan intolerance, and she thought, like her husband, that it
+might be possible to turn their arms against worse enemies. With this end
+in view she carried on negotiations with a certain Colonel FitzWilliams,
+whom she found in Paris, and for the same purpose she cultivated the
+acquaintance of the agent of the Confederate Catholics in that city, Father
+O'Hartegan, the Jesuit.
+
+This patriot, who was of a type not uncommon in his native land, was
+greatly pleased at the notice of the Queen of England, whom he believed to
+be on the point of starting for Ireland. He also thought, on account of
+some slight attention shown to him by Mazarin,[328] that France, which up
+till now had shown herself very cool to the necessities of the persecuted
+Irish Catholics, and had even, by the mouth of the Cardinal, lectured them
+on their lack of loyalty to their sovereign, was about to do her duty by
+them. "What is needed," remarked the Jesuit modestly, "is 200,000 crowns
+out of hand, with a good store of arms and ammunition, and promise of
+yearly favour."
+
+O'Hartegan had reason for his good spirits. His glib tongue recommended him
+where he was not too well known, and he was caressed by the English
+Catholics in Paris and by Jermyn, who was the more entirely satisfactory to
+deal with, inasmuch as he had no religious scruples of any kind. Moreover,
+the affairs of the Confederate Catholics were going very well in Rome.
+
+When Henrietta had been but a short time in France, the news of two deaths
+arrived, that of Elizabeth, Queen of Spain, and that of Maffeo Barberini,
+Pope Urban VIII.
+
+The Queen of England had long ceased to be in close touch with her
+sister,[329] but it was thought that she would be greatly distressed at the
+death of the Pope, for the Barberini had always been considered her
+friends. But it may be that she was not altogether displeased. Any change
+in the personnel of the European Courts meant a fresh chance for her
+schemes; and though Urban had been kind enough to send her 25,000 crowns,
+which she, or perhaps her husband, acknowledged from Oxford in 1643,[330]
+yet he had shown himself somewhat callous to her larger claims, and it was
+perhaps not unknown to her that Cardinal Francesco, in spite of his
+often-repeated professions of friendship, had been the first foreign prince
+to contribute to the necessities of the rebellious Confederate Catholics.
+The new Pope, Innocent X, was believed to favour Spain as his predecessor
+had favoured France, but Henrietta had not lived for nearly twenty years
+among the English Catholics without having learned to consider this an
+advantage rather than otherwise in religious negotiations. She determined
+to send an envoy to Rome, ostensibly to congratulate the Pope upon his
+accession, and O'Hartegan learned that her choice had fallen upon her old
+friend Sir Kenelm Digby.
+
+There are few more picturesque figures in the history of the time than that
+of this gentleman: a scholar who was welcome among the learned of all
+nations, a chemist who was half scientist, half charlatan, a naval
+commander who had brought home stories even more remarkable than the
+majority of travellers' tales, it is not surprising that he should have
+attracted the attention of the Queen, who liked brilliant people. She may
+perhaps also have been touched by the strange story of his love, which had
+bound him in affectionate marriage to a woman who had been the acknowledged
+mistress of another man. But she ought to have known better than to send
+him to Rome. Not only was he a vain and undependable person--a teller of
+strange tales, as even the courteous Evelyn described him--but the
+religious vacillations and experiments which had made him unwelcome a few
+years earlier to Urban VIII were not likely to commend him to Innocent X,
+who would be less attracted by his learning and accomplishments than his
+scholarly predecessor. The English Catholics in Paris who opposed the
+appointment were wiser than could be understood by Henrietta; she added to
+her mistake by permitting the envoy who was going to Rome on an
+international mission, and who above all should have shown himself strictly
+impartial between the rival factions of English Catholicism, to take upon
+him before leaving Paris the charge of advancing at the Papal Court the
+interests of the Chapter, which, after the banishment of the Bishop of
+Chalcedon, claimed ecclesiastical authority in England, whose pretensions
+were resolutely opposed by the regular and some even of the secular
+clergy.[331]
+
+And Sir Kenelm had hardly reached Rome when the need for help became more
+pressing than ever, for the 14th of June of that same year was the day of
+Naseby.
+
+It was a crushing defeat, and after it the royal party never really
+rallied. Henrietta, in her unconquerable hopefulness, thought that now, at
+her extremity, France would come effectually to her aid; but Mazarin feared
+to offend the Puritans more than he feared their dominance, and the old
+weary round of intrigue was pursued with the same lack of result. Even an
+offer from which the Queen hoped much, made to her by the Duke of Bouillon,
+of raising troops for England round Cologne, came to nothing, because the
+Cardinal believed that the real intention of Bouillon was to use these men
+in the interests of Spain.
+
+[Illustration: SIR KENELM DIGBY
+
+FROM AN ENGRAVING AFTER THE PAINTING BY VAN DYCK]
+
+And Naseby was more than a military defeat. On that fatal field, through
+some misfortune or negligence, fell into the enemy's hand the papers of the
+King.[332] Nothing more unfortunate could have occurred. The secrecy of
+these letters, which were shortly published in London with choice comments,
+was worth more to Charles and Henrietta than men or money. Their
+publication betrayed the schemes in which the Queen had been spending her
+strength for winning back England by foreign troops or by foreign gold. It
+revealed how greatly the King was under the influence of his wife, and how
+deeply she was compromised with the hated Irish. Most disastrous of all, it
+showed how at the very time that he was promising to support the Protestant
+religion and never to permit Catholicism, he was secretly giving her
+authority to pledge his word for the complete toleration of the hated
+religion. He stood revealed as what he was, a shifty and untrustworthy man.
+After Naseby Charles was never trusted again.
+
+Henrietta probably did not appreciate the magnitude of the disaster, and
+she turned again cheerfully to the tortuous intrigues from which she hoped
+so much.
+
+At first it seemed as if Sir Kenelm Digby's mission would be successful.
+The smaller Italian princes to whom he appealed he found indeed "a frugal
+generation," but the Pope received him with great kindness, and appeared
+charmed by his flow of persuasive eloquence and by the piety and
+fascination of his manners. He even gave him an order for 20,000 crowns, to
+be used in arms and munitions of war, which the Queen of England gratefully
+acknowledged from S. Germain in September, 1645.[333] So far so good, but
+neither she nor her agent knew the odds against which they were fighting.
+Henrietta always believed that her husband's leniency to the Catholics
+during his years of power had given him a claim upon the gratitude of the
+whole Catholic world. She also knew better than any one else what the
+hatred of the Puritans to her co-religionists really was, and what their
+domination might mean. But at Rome matters were looked at in another light.
+A certain interest was taken in Charles, and considerable sympathy was felt
+for his unhappy wife; but neither were trusted. Henrietta was believed to
+be guided by heretics, and even, through their influence, to have been in
+the past "a powerful instrument for the destruction of the Catholics and of
+the Catholic religion";[334] while Charles was disliked as a heretic, and
+his failures to keep his word--his persecution of the Catholics in 1626,
+his desertion of Strafford and the like--were reckoned up against him with
+pitiless accuracy. As he had been in the past so no doubt would he be in
+the future. It cannot be said that it was a misreading of Charles'
+character which led the Pope and his advisers to think that he would have
+taken the money of the Church and then thrown over the Catholics, if by
+doing so he could further his own interests. And there were other and
+better claimants in the case. Hopes at Rome were rising high with regard to
+Ireland. Urban VIII, in 1628, had thought it would be a nice arrangement
+for all concerned if that island were handed over to the Holy See. Innocent
+X's designs were not quite so far-reaching, and he recommended loyalty to
+the King of England; but he thought that it might be possible to coerce a
+faithless and heretic Prince by means of the Confederate Catholics.
+Moreover, that body, which had agents all over Europe, was fortunate enough
+to have in Rome a representative as able and effective as Sir Kenelm Digby
+was the reverse, in the person of Father Luke Wadding, of the Order of St.
+Francis. This friar left Ireland when he was a boy of fifteen, and he never
+saw again his native land; but throughout a long life which he spent
+roaming about the Continent he preserved a fervid Hibernian patriotism, of
+which the effects are felt to the present day.[335] At this time he was
+living in Rome, and any slight feeling of loyalty to the King of England
+which he may have once possessed had long ago been lost in the desire to
+see his faith and his race triumph over the hated oppressor. It was he who
+had prevailed upon Cardinal Francesco Barberini to send money to Ireland,
+and though he had not been able to rouse the cautious Urban VIII to any
+considerable effort,[336] he prepared with undiminished hope to use all his
+influence to win over Innocent X, from whose Spanish sympathies he augured
+the happiest results.
+
+And indeed it was largely owing to the representations of this Irish friar
+that, in the summer of 1645, while Sir Kenelm Digby was still fêted in
+Rome, an envoy on his way from the Pope to the Confederate Catholics
+appeared in Paris bearing a large sum of money, which the indefatigable
+Wadding had amassed for the use of the faithful in his native land.
+
+Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, Archbishop of Fermo, was a worthy ecclesiastic
+of middle age. It is said that he was appointed to this delicate mission to
+pleasure the Grand Duke of Tuscany, whose subject he was. He had, however,
+a certain interest in the British Isles, because as a young man he had been
+associated with a Scotch Capuchin, by name George Leslie, of whom he wrote
+an edifying biography, which may be considered an early example of
+religious romance.[337] Clarendon stigmatizes him as a "light-headed
+envoy," but the epithet is hardly happy as applied to this stern, unbending
+Churchman, whose unalterable determination it was that the money of the
+Church should not be squandered to further the interests of a heretic
+sovereign. In this respect, indeed, he followed with fidelity the
+instructions given to him which dwelt upon the necessity of the strongest
+guarantees of real benefit to the Catholics before money was advanced to
+the King of England, and which altogether would have been instructive, if
+not pleasant, reading for Charles and Henrietta.
+
+The Queen was indeed already beginning to repent of her overtures to the
+Confederate Catholics,[338] for in the early part of the year some letters
+of O'Hartegan had fallen into the hands of the Roundheads, who caused them
+to be printed. These letters spoke disrespectfully of her, and showed how
+cheaply the Jesuit held the advantage of the King, so that Charles, who was
+wont to feel great indignation at every one's self-seeking and shiftiness
+except his own, wrote to his wife that the agent was "an arrant
+knave."[339] Rinuccini's arrival in Paris made matters worse. Henrietta was
+a Catholic, but she was a queen also, and it was an insult to which she
+could not tamely submit that the Pope should send an envoy to those who,
+after all, were rebels in arms against her husband. She wrote a dignified
+letter of remonstrance to Innocent, and she refused to receive Rinuccini
+except as a private person, a condition which the ambassador, one of whose
+strongest characteristics was his personal vanity, declined to accept.
+
+The poor Queen was indeed in a mesh from which there was no escape, and she
+knew not how to carry out the task of so settling the affairs of Ireland
+that the King might be able to draw troops therefrom. She desired to make
+peace between Ormonde, her husband's Viceroy, and the Catholics, and her
+difficulties were such as attend all persons who, being in authority, are
+obliged to seek at one and the same time the help of representatives of
+opposing interests. Rinuccini, seeing her under the influence of
+Protestants, concluded, not unjustly on his own premises, that the duty of
+the Holy Father was to turn a deaf ear to her entreaties for aid, and to
+send such moneys as he could afford to the Confederate Catholics, whose
+loyalty to the Holy See was not compromised by any inconvenient devotion to
+a heretic Prince. Out in Rome Sir Kenelm was begging and praying for help,
+unconscious of the fact that the envoy was warning the Pope against him,
+and asserting, probably with some truth, that the rosy pictures which he
+drew of the intentions of the King of England with regard to the Catholics
+were greatly over-coloured. The Confederate Catholics in Ireland were
+waiting eagerly for the coming of Rinuccini, and had little desire to help
+the King of England, except in so far as such help would conduce to the
+realization of their chief object, the emancipation of Ireland from the
+hated foreigner.
+
+Rinuccini, after a considerable delay in Paris, whence he wrote many
+letters to Rome expressing his views with great frankness upon the Queen of
+England and her advisers, pushed on to Ireland, where, far from making
+peace with Ormonde or with any one else, he set everybody by the ears--not
+a difficult task, it is true, in that island--and ended by excommunicating
+most of the Confederate Catholics themselves. Steps were taken by some of
+the victims to find out the opinion of the Sorbonne as to the validity of
+this sweeping ecclesiastical censure.
+
+Meanwhile, in Paris, Henrietta was dragging on her old life of intrigue and
+disappointment. The presence at her side of Jermyn, whose great influence
+over her was generally remarked,[340] was not in her favour, either with
+the extreme Catholics, who disliked him as a heretic, or with the French,
+who considered him, with justice, to be a man of mediocre ability, and who
+were pleased to see that the Queen, in spite of her subservience, could
+sometimes assert her will against his. The French Government was becoming
+more and more afraid to provoke the Puritans, whom Mazarin feared to throw
+into the arms of Spain. The defeat of Naseby, whose importance the Queen
+and her friends vainly endeavoured to minimize, was followed by the hardly
+less disastrous day of Philiphaugh, when Montrose was overwhelmed by an
+army of the Covenant. Thus the year 1646 broke in gloom and despondency,
+which were not lightened when a scheme of the Queen's for the invasion of
+England by French troops was discovered by the interception of her
+letters.[341] In the spring affairs had so far advanced that Charles, with
+a confidence rendered pathetic by the event, gave himself up into the hands
+of the Scots, the true compatriots of a Stuart King.
+
+For a moment there seemed to be hope, and it is possible that Charles might
+have recovered his crown had he been able to accept unreservedly the
+Covenant. His refusal to give up the Church of England, which was one of
+the most respectable acts of his life, brought upon him remonstrances,
+entreaties, and almost anger from his wife, to whom all Protestants were
+heretics alike. She even sent D'Avenant to him to represent her wishes on
+the subject; but Charles, with a violence he did not often show, drove the
+hapless poet from his presence with an intimation that he was never to
+enter it again. Mazarin at this time seems to have desired the King's
+restoration by means of an accommodation, though, owing to the ever-present
+fear of Spain, he would not openly assist him. He could not repress his
+scorn for the man who could throw away his crown for such a bagatelle as
+the Church of England. In fact, he frankly owned that he could not
+understand Charles. The latter had granted concessions which compromised
+his kingly dignity; why make a fuss about a trifle which, nevertheless, if
+conceded, might restore him to power? The Cardinal urged the French
+ambassador in England to do all he could to bring the King to reason; but
+the latter, who was becoming very sceptical as to the friendship of the
+French,[342] was not likely to listen. The chance was lost, and Charles
+soon found himself a prisoner in the hands of the English Presbyterians.
+His countrymen, to whom in the days of his power he had shown favour not
+always in accordance with his own interests, had sold him to his enemies.
+
+Once again, a year later, there was a lifting of the clouds. In 1647 it
+became evident that the Puritan party was growing weary of the Presbyterian
+tyranny. As is commonly the case in revolutions, wilder and stronger
+spirits were crowding out the more moderate reformers who had begun the
+battle. The Independents, to whom in large measure the victories of Marston
+Moor and Naseby were due, had control of the army, and the great figure of
+Cromwell, which soon was to bestride England like a Colossus, was coming to
+the front. In the late spring it seemed as if Charles and the Presbyterians
+might come to terms. On June 4th a deputation from the army waited on the
+King at Holmby House, where he was imprisoned, took possession of his
+person, and carried him off to Newmarket.
+
+The Independents showed great respect for their royal prisoner, and it
+seemed as if they would be willing to make an accommodation with him.
+Henrietta, in Paris, whither all news was quickly carried, thought with her
+usual hopefulness that at last, at the darkest hour, the day was dawning.
+There happened to be at her Court two gentlemen who seemed well fitted to
+act as intermediaries between Charles and the Independents; one of them,
+Sir John Denham, the bearer of a name which is still remembered in English
+literature, had improved a sojourn in prison by making friends with that
+worthy army chaplain Hugh Peters, who was closely connected with the
+Independent leaders; the other, Sir Edward Ford, was Ireton's
+brother-in-law. These two slipped across the Channel, and they were
+permitted to see the King; but whether the Queen did not feel much
+confidence in her envoys (and, indeed, Denham was a rash and headstrong man
+who died insane), or whether her restlessness would not permit her to cease
+from fresh attempts to improve her husband's position, she determined to
+send another emissary of higher standing to intermeddle in this delicate
+negotiation.
+
+Just at this time Sir John Berkeley, who had distinguished himself during
+the war as Governor of Exeter, was returning from Holland, whither he had
+been to express the Queen's condolences on the death of the Prince of
+Orange. He was almost unknown to Henrietta personally, but she was aware of
+his reputation for loyalty and good sense, and she knew also perhaps that
+he was regarded with respect by the enemy; he had hardly arrived at S.
+Germain-en-Laye, where she was keeping her Court, when he accidentally fell
+in with one of her servants, Lord Culpepper.
+
+"You must prepare for another journey, Sir John," said the latter; "the
+Queen designs to send you into England."
+
+Berkeley, as is not surprising, was rather taken aback. England was the
+last place to which he desired to go; he knew none of the Independent
+leaders, and, as he justly remarked, it was a pity to send over too many of
+the King's servants to share in the places and preferments which those
+worthies hoped to keep for themselves; but Culpepper waived these
+objections aside. "If you are afraid, Sir John," he said contemptuously,
+"the Queen can easily find some one else to do her business."
+
+No man of spirit could bear such an imputation. Berkeley, against his
+better judgment, set off to add another to the long list of the Queen's
+diplomatic failures.[343]
+
+Another failure more personal and even more bitter was awaiting her.
+
+In the first days of 1646 Sir Kenelm Digby appeared in Paris; he was
+immediately received by the Queen, and "he got three hours' conference with
+her and in end she seemed to be verie well pleased."[344] It appears that
+he brought with him for the Queen's consideration and the King's
+confirmation a document which he had drawn up in Rome and which had been
+provisionally accepted by the Pope, though a copy had been sent to
+Rinuccini for such emendations as he might think fit. By these articles
+Innocent agreed, in return for the abolition of the Penal Laws in England
+and the public establishment of Catholicism in Ireland, to make a grant,
+100,000 crowns; but in his distrust of Charles he provided that the money
+should not be paid to the Queen until the King had carried out the
+provisions with regard to Ireland. It was further agreed that Irish troops
+under Catholic leaders should be taken into the King's service in
+England.[345]
+
+It is hardly likely that either Charles or Henrietta relished these
+articles, which showed plainly enough how deeply they were distrusted at
+Rome, and which required so much before they could touch a penny of the
+coveted money. Perhaps the King was indignant with Sir Kenelm for
+suggesting such terms, for it was probably against his wishes that the
+knight, after the failure of his negotiations, was again dispatched to Rome
+in the autumn. He carried with him, however, the undiminished confidence of
+the Queen,[346] and by October he was fixed at the Papal Court waiting for
+the help which never came.
+
+And, indeed, his chances of success were even slighter than before; he was,
+it is true, the most accomplished cavalier of his time--"the Magazine of
+all arts," as he was called. Distinguished foreigners who visited the
+Eternal City came to see him, and went away quite fascinated by his stores
+of learning and by his agreeable conversation; had he been dropped from the
+clouds on to any part of the world he would have made himself respected,
+said his admirers. Yes, retorted the Jesuits, who did not love him, but
+then he must not remain above six weeks; the trouble was that he had been
+in Rome a good deal more than six weeks. The Pope was tired of his endless
+talk and was beginning to think that he was mad, which perhaps was not far
+from the truth; his folly in mixing up matters of high policy concerning
+the King and Queen of England with an affair of purely ecclesiastical
+interest, such as the recognition of the Chapter, was commented on, and the
+extraordinary bitterness which both he and his friends displayed towards
+their opponents, among whom were the powerful religious Orders, was not in
+his favour; his position was further injured by his intimacy with Thomas
+White, a learned but eccentric priest then in Rome, who, afterward the
+elaborator of a theory of government which, like that of Hobbes, was
+believed to be a bid for the favour of Cromwell,[347] was already regarded
+with suspicion by the orthodox as unsound both in theology and philosophy;
+finally, the envoy suffered by the absence of Francesco Barberini, who had
+withdrawn from Rome. The Cardinal had not, it is true, been a very faithful
+friend[348] to the Queen of England, but in spite of occasional lapses he
+felt a certain interest in English affairs which might have counteracted in
+some measure the Irish influence brought to bear upon the Pope. Nor was it
+only Sir Kenelm who was out of favour; his cousin George Digby, through
+whose hands passed the negotiations of the King and Queen with the Irish,
+was industriously misrepresented by Rinuccini, while there were those who
+did not scruple to insinuate that the Queen required money for her private
+purposes, and that Jermyn, the heretic Jermyn, would have the spending of
+it. So greatly was the Pope influenced by these scandals that even those
+who favoured Henrietta and who would gladly have seen the Holy See unite
+with France to restore the King of England thought that Digby's best policy
+would be to plead for a grant of money for Ireland; but this course was
+prevented by the extraordinary conduct of Rinuccini, which has been already
+referred to, and which caused great wrath in the school of Catholics to
+which Digby belonged. It would be well, wrote White bitterly to Sir Kenelm,
+if the Pope could send into Ireland "such orders, or rather such a man,
+that may conserve the peace and seek more after the substance than after
+the outside of religion."[349]
+
+Thus affairs stood in Rome at the crisis of 1647.
+
+As early as 1645 it was believed that the Queen was inclined towards the
+Independents through the influence of Henry Percy and of Father Philip, who
+were suspected of communication with the leaders of that party;[350] in
+matters of religion they were less rigid than the Presbyterians; they
+possessed some glimmering of the idea of toleration, and they even showed
+some disposition to favour the Catholics. When in 1647 they gained the
+upper hand, Henrietta believed that the moment had come at last when the
+Catholics would be able to hold the balance between the King, the
+Presbyterians, and the Independents, and with the favour of the latter to
+win the long-hoped-for liberty of conscience, carrying with it the repeal
+of the penal laws. Never, it was thought, had the Catholics had such a
+chance since the days of Mary. Charles, characteristically, wished to keep
+out of sight in the negotiations. "You must know," wrote an English
+Catholic to Sir Kenelm Digby in August, 1647, "at last not only the
+Independents, but the King himself do give us solid hopes of a liberty of
+conscience for Catholics in England in case we can but gain security that
+our subjection to the Pope shall bring no prejudice to our allegiance
+towards his Majesty or that state; it is true the King will not appear in
+it, but would have the army make it their request unto him; and so I
+understand he hath advised the Catholics to treat with the army about it,
+and the business will be to frame an oath of allegiance."[351]
+
+The Catholics carried on negotiations with Sir Thomas Fairfax;[352] the
+rationale of the penal laws had always been the suspicion that the
+recusants held opinions subversive of the State and indeed of all social
+life, and it was to overcome this difficulty that Three Propositions were
+drawn up by the Catholics "importing that the Pope and Church had no power
+to absolve from obedience to civil government or dispense with word or oath
+made to heretics or authorize to injure other men upon pretence of them
+being excommunicated."[353] It was intimated that if the Catholics, by
+subscribing these opinions, could "vindicate these principles from
+inconsistency with civil government,"[354] the penal laws would be repealed
+and liberty of conscience granted.[355]
+
+It is no wonder that the English Catholics were in high spirits. The more
+moderate of them who were weary of being considered bad subjects for
+principles which they did not hold were glad to testify their loyalty not
+only to the Independents, but to the King, who had always been suspicious
+of it; a large number of Catholics came forward to sign the negative of the
+Three Propositions,[356] among whom were members of the religious Orders,
+even of the Society of Jesus, and well-known laymen, such as the Marquis of
+Winchester, whose defence of Basing House had won the admiration of the
+whole Royalist party, and Walter Montagu, who, though he was still in
+prison, was allowed to intermix in the negotiation.
+
+Out in Paris the Queen, who had spent her life trying to persuade her
+husband of the unimpeachable loyalty of her co-religionists, was doing her
+part. In July, even before the Three Propositions were drawn up, she put
+further pressure upon Rome for aid; there were men, there were munitions,
+all that was needed was money; surely in such a crisis to gain all that was
+at stake the Holy Father would supply it. She sent her instructions to
+Digby and waited in hope.
+
+Sir Kenelm pressed with all his eloquence the needs of the Catholics and
+their great opportunity. Perhaps the Pope was a little overwhelmed by his
+flow of words, for he requested him to put his arguments on paper; Digby,
+nothing loath, drew up memorials, of which the burden was always the need
+of money to enable the Catholics to take an influential part in the
+settlement which was believed to be pending. He descanted upon the hopes
+raised by the unexpected revolt of the Independents, who wished to destroy
+the Presbyterians and to favour the Catholics. The latter were exhausted by
+years of war and persecution, but if the Holy Father would only show a
+timely liberality they could so intervene as to bring about not only their
+own salvation, but that of their co-religionists in Ireland, thus saving
+the Pope the great expenses he was incurring on behalf of the Confederate
+Catholics. Moreover, by such conduct he would give proof that by sending
+Rinuccini to Ireland he had had no desire but the good of religion; if he
+refused the Queen's request, added Digby impressively, it would mean the
+ruin of religion, both in England and Ireland.
+
+Innocent may have given some attention to Digby's arguments, but probably
+at no time did he think of acting upon them. The reputation of the envoy,
+which was not improved by his disrespectful, if just, criticisms of the
+methods of the Papal Court, told heavily against his requests. Moreover,
+the Queen herself was little trusted, particularly in Irish affairs, for
+she was believed to put the interests of her husband above those of
+religion, and to favour unduly Lord Ormonde, to whom (in the vain hope of
+bringing about an accommodation between him and the Confederates) she had
+recently sent an agent, by name George Leybourn,[357] who, though a
+Catholic priest, belonged to a very different school of thought from that
+of the fierce Rinuccini. Besides, the recent events in England were
+prejudicial to Henrietta's interests in Rome.
+
+The negotiation of the Three Propositions was considered a private matter,
+but it came to the ears of the Pope. Innocent probably was aware that it
+was to a great extent managed by a section of the secular clergy, who,
+perhaps from their close connection with the intellectual society of Paris,
+held Gallican views of so extreme a type that they would gladly have
+settled the matter without reference to Rome, and who saw in the whole
+affair a nice opportunity of getting rid of their enemies the Jesuits, whom
+they thoughtfully suggested should be excluded from the general toleration;
+indeed, one of the chief supporters of the scheme was a priest named
+Holden, who was a great friend of Sir Kenelm Digby and Thomas White, and
+who had long been noted for the extravagance of his opinions.[358] This
+gentleman, now resident in Paris, wrote encouraging letters to his
+co-religionists in England, assuring them that their attitude on the
+questions raised by the Three Propositions was that of all the learned and
+judicious men of France. It is true that some of the more timid English
+Catholics, notwithstanding such encouragement, became alarmed, and wrote an
+exculpatory letter to the Holy Father, in which they informed him that the
+denial they had given to the Three Propositions was "in, the negative to
+theyr affirmative who presented them unto us, not absolutely in theyr
+negative, for that had indeed intruded further upon the Pope's authority
+than the subscribers were willing to doe."[359] But even such refinements
+could not save the conduct of the English Catholics from condemnation at
+Rome, where the deposing power was not so lightly to be parted with. Thus
+it is not surprising that Henrietta waited for a reply from the Pope with
+the heart-sickness of hope deferred. She did not know, what had long been
+confessed among the initiated, that the Holy Father's chief object was the
+success of the Confederate Catholics,[360] to whom in the spring of that
+same year he had sent, together with his paternal benediction, the sum of
+50,000 crowns. In September she took up her ever-ready pen and wrote
+herself to Innocent, a sad letter, in which she speaks of her devotion to
+the Catholic faith, and of the good intentions which had not been seconded
+as they should have been. It is not known whether the Pope replied to these
+reproaches, but a month later he received Sir Kenelm Digby once again,
+though he was probably aware of the fact that that gentleman was
+hand-in-glove with those whom he had censured in England.
+
+That gentleman's temper had not been improved by his long trials; the last
+memorial[361] which he drew up, which was to a great length, is extremely
+acrid in tone. It dwells with justice upon the services which the Queen had
+rendered to the Catholic Church, upon the fair hopes which had been
+blighted by the war. It speaks of the ill reception accorded to her
+friends--among whom are mentioned Richard Crashaw and Patrick Cary, the
+brother of Lord Falkland--at the Papal Court. Finally, it dwells with
+particular and not unmerited bitterness upon the conduct of Rinuccini, who,
+it was believed, had a secret commission to separate Ireland from England.
+It happened that just about the time of the presentation of this memorial
+the hopes of toleration for the Catholics in England disappeared as
+suddenly as they had arisen, for the two Houses of Parliament voted that
+religious liberty should not extend to the toleration of Papists;[362] but
+even had this untoward incident not occurred, Digby can hardly have
+expected much from the Pope. The answer came at last in March, 1648, and it
+was cold and decisive. The Holy Father would have liked to help the Queen
+of England, but seeing no hope of the success of the Catholics, he felt
+that he could not indulge his inclination.[363] Sir Kenelm shook the dust
+of Rome off his feet and left it more convinced than ever of what he had
+written a year previously, that no one could succeed at the Papal Court
+without money and influence, and that "piety, honour, generosity, devotion,
+zeal for the Catholic faith and for the service of God, with all other
+vertues, heroic and theological,"[364] were banished thence. Henrietta
+would perhaps hardly have endorsed this comprehensive indictment; but she
+was bitterly disappointed, and she was incapable of perceiving that from
+his own point of view Innocent was right in refusing money, of which such
+Catholics as Sir Kenelm Digby[365] and his friends would have had the
+spending. On larger principles also the papal policy was justified. The
+idea of founding a solid toleration for Catholics upon the basis of a union
+of the King and the Independents was chimerical, for those among the
+Puritans who favoured the scheme were but a small minority of advanced
+views, and even they, it seems, soon repented of their liberality. Even had
+Charles been trustworthy (and in this, as in other cases, he paid the
+penalty of his incurable shiftiness), the anti-Catholic feeling of the
+nation, which had been one of the chief causes of the war, would never have
+permitted the antedating by more than a century of the repeal of the penal
+laws, and had the guarantees been given they would assuredly have been
+broken. With regard to Ireland, the Queen is perhaps less to be blamed. She
+knew that the Confederate Catholics hoped much from her, and she could not
+know that Rinuccini, the envoy of the Holy Father, was using all his
+influence against her, or fathom the depth of the malice which led him to
+write that "from the Queen of England we must hope nothing except
+propositions hurtful to religion, since she is entirely in the hands of
+Jermyn, Digby, and other heretics."[366]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"He perished for lack of knowing the truth," said Henrietta once of her
+husband, with a flash of insight not often given to her. That which was
+true of Charles was true of her also; she was her father's daughter, and
+she desired to know the truth, and she was accustomed to say that the chief
+need of princes was faithful counsellors who would declare it to them; but
+to such knowledge she could not reach. Her schemes, with all their
+ingenuity, failed one after another because she was unable to grasp the
+conditions in which she worked, or to read the motives and characters of
+the people with whom she had to deal. She lived in a world of unreality
+built up of the love which she bore to her husband, which made her as
+unable to understand that the restoration of Charles Stuart to the throne
+he had lost was not the main object of the diplomacy of Europe, as she was
+to appreciate the fact that such negotiations as those which she, the Queen
+of a Protestant country, carried on with the Pope and the Catholics of
+Europe were more fatal to him than the swords or the malice of his enemies.
+
+[Footnote 308: Loret: _La Muse Historique_ (1859), t. II, p. 393.]
+
+[Footnote 309: One of them was René Chartier, an elderly man, who had
+attended several members of the royal family; he was the translator of
+Galen and Hippocrates. G. Patin: _Lettres._]
+
+[Footnote 310: Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 253.]
+
+[Footnote 311: Birchley: _Christian Moderator_ (1652), p. 20.]
+
+[Footnote 312: In 1642 the Queen accepted the dedication of _The Flaming
+Heart, or the Life of the Glorious S. Teresa_, published at Antwerp; it is
+a translation of the saint's autobiography.]
+
+[Footnote 313: A. à Wood: _Fasti Oxonienses_ (1691), II, p. 688.]
+
+[Footnote 314: See Appendix VII.]
+
+[Footnote 315: Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 264.]
+
+[Footnote 316: Sabran Negotiations, Add. MS., 5460.]
+
+[Footnote 317: This letter is found _in extenso_. MS. Dupuy, 642.]
+
+[Footnote 318: The Earl of Bristol and George, Lord Digby.]
+
+[Footnote 319: The relations between Henrietta and Goring, on the one hand,
+and the discontented French on the other, are mentioned in the _Carnets de
+Mazarin_, published in V. Cousin: _Mme de Chevreuse._]
+
+[Footnote 320: Mazarin, in a letter of 1651, speaks of "plus de trois mille
+livres prestées à la reyne d'Angleterre des occasions où elle étoit reduite
+en grandes necessitez."--Chéruel: _Lettres de Mazarin_, IV, p. 221.]
+
+[Footnote 321: 1,500,000 francs is the sum named in the letter from Paris
+read in the English Parliament in January, 1646 (Tanner MS., LX); this
+present is not mentioned in the official account of the assembly of clergy,
+and it is possible that the writer of the above letter listened to a
+baseless rumour and that no such gift was made at the time.]
+
+[Footnote 322: The official report of this speech is in the "Proces Verbal
+de l'assemblée du clergé, 1645"; the only copy which the present writer has
+seen is in the _Bibliothèque Magasin_ in Paris. The Roundheads printed a
+translation of the speech (with comments) in pamphlet form, entitled: "A
+warning to the Parliament of England. A discovery of the ends and designs
+of the Popish party both abroad and at home in the raising and fomenting
+our late war and still continuing troubles. In an oration made to the
+general assembly of the French clergy in Paris by Mons. Jacques du Perron,
+Bishop of Angoulesme and Grand Almoner to the Queen of England. Translated
+out of an MS. copy obtained from a good hand in France. 1647."]
+
+[Footnote 323: This was denied by the Roundheads. See "A warning to the
+Parliament of England," etc.; but it was apparently generally believed in
+France. See Sabran Neg., Add. MS., 5460.]
+
+[Footnote 324: Document VI in the Appendix seems to refer to the
+negotiations between the King and the Catholics at this time.]
+
+[Footnote 325: The King's letter to the Queen was one of those taken at
+Naseby and published in _The King's Cabinet Opened_. The passage runs thus:
+"I have thought of one means more to furnish thee with for my assistance
+than hitherto thou hast had. It is that I give thee power to promise in my
+name to whom thou thinkest most fit that I will take away all the penal
+laws against the Roman Catholics in England as soon as God shall enable me
+to do it, so as by their means, or in their favours, I may have so powerful
+assistance as may deserve so great a favour and enable me to do it." Du
+Perron's reference to this letter proves that it was not a forgery of the
+Puritans.
+
+In a letter from Paris "presented by Mr. Speaker," January 29th, 164-5/6,
+is the following passage: "For these causes and further help (iff need
+shall be) the queene has obliged herselff solemnlie that the King shall
+establishe frie liberty of conscience in all his three kingdomes, and shall
+abolishe utterlie all penal statutes made by Queene Elizabeth and King
+James of glorious memorie against Poperie and papists."--Tanner MS., LX.]
+
+[Footnote 326: _Moderate Intelligencer_, July, 1646. "The clergy conveaned
+in favour of her Majesty of England's designs finding that there was little
+hopes to bring about at present either the recovery or increase of the
+Catholic religion and so to no end to advance monies unless to exasperate
+and bring ruin upon those of the Roman religion there, have agreed to give
+and directed to be presented unto her some few thousands of crowns, a somme
+fitter to buy hangings for a chamber than prosecute a war: are risen and
+have dismissed this assembly."]
+
+[Footnote 327: The Confederate Catholics were a body formed after the Irish
+rebellion of 1641; there were at this time (1645) three parties in Ireland,
+the Confederate Catholics, the Protestants--whose army was commanded by
+Ormonde, the King's Viceroy--and the Puritans: the two former, though
+nominally enemies, had a common ground in their hatred of the latter.]
+
+[Footnote 328: O'Hartegan records with great glee that while he was
+received in audience by Mazarin and even invited to dine in his palace,
+Jermyn, "His Holiness, His Nuntius," and other ambassadors, were unable to
+obtain an audience even after many days' solicitation. Mazarin's real
+object was to prevent the Confederate Catholics from "casting themselves
+wholly into the armes of the King of Spain." Tanner MS., LX.]
+
+[Footnote 329: As early as 1635 she said that she had not corresponded with
+Elizabeth for ten years, as the latter said she could not write freely.
+Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 45.]
+
+[Footnote 330: See Appendix V.]
+
+[Footnote 331: It is said that Bishop Smith, who was still alive, was
+opposed to Sir Kenelm Digby's undertaking this mission, but was overborne.]
+
+[Footnote 332: The same misfortune occurred a few months later when George
+Digby was defeated at Sherborne (October, 1645) and his correspondence,
+much of which concerned the intrigues of the King and Queen, fell into the
+hands of the enemy, and was afterwards read in Parliament; and again at
+Sligo (October, 1645), when the Glamorgan Treaty was found in the coach of
+the Archbishop of Tuam.]
+
+[Footnote 333: In this letter the Queen thanks the Pope for "des armes et
+munitions de guerre qu'elle a fourni, de la promesse qu'elle m'a donné
+d'une nouvelle assistance d'argent et de la restitution des pensions à ceux
+de la nation écossaise tant à Rome qu'à Avignon."--P.R.O. Roman
+Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 334: Rinuccini: _Embassy in Ireland_, p. lviii.]
+
+[Footnote 335: He was the founder of S. Isidore's College in Rome.]
+
+[Footnote 336: Nevertheless in 1642 Urban sent an agent by name Scarampi to
+Ireland at the request of Cardinal Francesco Barberini.]
+
+[Footnote 337: _Il Cappuccino Scozzese_ (1644). Before the end of the
+seventeenth century it was translated into French, Spanish, and Portuguese,
+during the eighteenth century into English.]
+
+[Footnote 338: Her husband warned her in January, 1645, not to give "much
+countenance to the Irish agents in Paris."--_King's Cabinet Opened_. She
+replied, "That troubles me much, for I fear that you have no intention of
+making a peace with them [the Irish] which is ruinous for you and for
+me."--Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 290. February 28th,
+164-4/5.]
+
+[Footnote 339: _King's Cabinet Opened._]
+
+[Footnote 340: "... D. Baro Germanus qui in maxima apud Reginam Angliae
+gratia nec minore quam Cardinalis Mazarinus apud Reginam
+Galliae."--Grotius: _Epistolae ineditae_ (1806), p. 71.]
+
+[Footnote 341: There is little doubt that Henrietta would have been willing
+to cede to France the Channel Islands, the last remains of the great
+heritage of the Conqueror, in return for help.]
+
+[Footnote 342: See _Letters of Charles I to Henrietta Maria in 1646_, ed.
+Bruce. Camden Society.]
+
+[Footnote 343: This is Berkeley's own account taken from his memoirs.
+Clarendon's is very different, and says that Berkeley was a vain man who
+was delighted to undertake the mission.]
+
+[Footnote 344: Tanner MS., LX.]
+
+[Footnote 345: These articles are published among the documents at the end
+of Rinuccini's _Embassy in Ireland_, p. 573; among the Roman Transcripts
+P.R.O. are very similar articles endorsed "in the handwriting of Sir Kenelm
+Digby." They are among the papers of 1647, and very possibly belong to the
+later date.]
+
+[Footnote 346: In May, 1647, the Queen wrote to the Pope asking him not to
+receive communications from unauthorized persons who approached him in her
+name, but only from Digby. P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 347: "The grounds of obedience and government by Thomas White,
+gentleman (1635), dedicated 'to my most honoured and best friend Sir Kenelm
+Digby.'" White knew Hobbes, but his political theory is rather an
+anticipation of that of Locke and the eighteenth-century Whigs.]
+
+[Footnote 348: Later it was even believed that he was favourable to the
+Roundheads. An English gentleman who was in Rome in 1650 complained of his
+discourtesy, "who was the English (I say rebels') Protector."--John
+Bargrave: _Pope Alexander VII and the College of Cardinals_.]
+
+[Footnote 349: _Blacklo's Cabal Discovered_, p. 6. This curious book, which
+was published in 1679, consists of a collection of letters which throws
+much light upon Sir Kenelm Digby's mission and the events of 1647.]
+
+[Footnote 350: The writer of an unsigned letter in the Bibliothèque
+Nationale in Paris says that he was charged "de representer à la serieuse
+consideration de la Reyne et de Mgr. le Cardinal le trois que prennent les
+Independants qui va à la ruine totale du Roy et des siens et directement à
+charger le gouvernement et combien cela regarde la France; que les chefs de
+cette faction sont le Comte de Northumberland My lord Saye et les deux
+Vaines qui font agir auprès de notre Roy et au dela auprès de notre Reyne
+par My lord Percy et autres qui ont toutes leurs confidence au Père
+Philipes; ceux la ont contre eux tous les Escossais et les meuilleurs
+Anglois si bien que si notre Reyne ne veut recevoir et assister ces bons
+Anglois et les Escossais il se trouvera quelle fera bien de ne penser plus
+a repasser en Angleterre."--MS. Français, 15,994.]
+
+[Footnote 351: _Blacklo's Cabal Discovered_, p. 21; the suggested oath is
+printed, p. 49.]
+
+[Footnote 352: These negotiations were of the nature of a private
+understanding based on the twelfth article of the Heads of the Proposals
+offered by the army, which provided for "the repeal of all Acts or clauses
+in any Act enjoining the use of the Book of Common Prayer, and imposing any
+penalties for neglect thereof; as also of all Acts or clauses of any Act
+imposing any penalty for not coming to Church or for meetings elsewhere for
+prayer or other religious duties, exercises or ordinances and some other
+provision to be made for discovery of Papists and Popish recusants and for
+disabling of them and of all Jesuits or Priests found disturbing the
+State."--Gardiner: _Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution_, p.
+321.]
+
+[Footnote 353: "The controversial Letter on the great controversie
+concerning the pretended temporal authority of Popes over the whole earth.
+1673."]
+
+[Footnote 354: _Ibid._]
+
+[Footnote 355: The Three Propositions were printed several times in the
+latter half of the seventeenth century, among other places (together with
+the suggested oath of allegiance) in _Blacklo's Cabal Discovered_. There
+are several MS. copies among the archives of the See of Westminster, at the
+end of one of which it is said that it was signed by fifty Catholic nobles,
+but was condemned by the Congregation at Rome. See Appendix VIII.]
+
+[Footnote 356: The Three Propositions are statements of the opinions
+objected to, and which the Catholics were required to subscribe in the
+negative.]
+
+[Footnote 357: He travelled under the pseudonym of Winter Grant. He was an
+old friend of the Queen, having been her chaplain before the war; he had
+been a friend of Father Philip. His own memoirs give the best account of
+his unsuccessful mission.]
+
+[Footnote 358: Con, years earlier, in one of his letters from England,
+writes of Holden's extravagant opinions.]
+
+[Footnote 359: Archives of the See of Westminster. It seems that the
+censure was of a private nature; it is printed in Jouvency: "Receuil de
+pièces touchant l'histoire de la Compagnie de Jésus" (1713), where it is
+ascribed to the influence of the Jesuits.]
+
+[Footnote 360: Those less sanguine than Henrietta had long known this; "the
+Pope cannot doe much, all he can is promised for Ireland," occurs in a
+letter of the beginning of 1646 from Robert Wright to "Mr. Jones of the
+Commons." Tanner MS., LX.]
+
+[Footnote 361: Among the Roman Transcripts in the P.R.O. are five memorials
+drawn up by Sir Kenelm Digby, dated respectively July 14th, July 26th,
+August 3rd, August 12th, and October 20th, 1647. Of the latter there is a
+duplicate dated 1648 among the Chigi Transcripts (P.R.O.), and there is an
+old English translation among the archives of the See of Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 362: Whitelocke: _Memorials of English Affairs_, p. 274.]
+
+[Footnote 363: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 364: Digby to Barberini, April 28th, 1647. P.R.O. Roman
+Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 365: Sir Kenelm Digby somewhat later entered into negotiations
+with Cromwell in the hope of obtaining toleration for the Catholics.
+Henrietta Maria (if a story, which on the authority of Cosin found its way
+into a letter written from Paris, may be believed) grew suspicious at last
+of the man she had trusted so long; one of his friends was telling her of
+his arrival in Paris, "but she suddenly interrupted him as he was
+commending the knight and said openly in the hall, 'Mr. K. Digby, c'est un
+grand cochin [knave].'" Tanner MS., 149. George Davenport to W. Sancroft,
+Paris, January 15th, 165-6/7. Sir Kenelm died in 1665.]
+
+[Footnote 366: Rinuccini: _Embassy in Ireland_, p. 367. Digby is George
+Digby, afterwards the second Earl of Bristol; he became a Catholic in later
+days, but Rinuccini seems to have disliked him rather more after his
+conversion than before.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE QUEEN OF THE EXILES
+
+  Rememberance sat as portress of this gate.
+
+                                     WILLIAM BROWNE
+
+
+It was the beginning of the year 1649. France, which four years earlier had
+seemed so secure a refuge, was itself torn by civil war. The day of
+Barricades had come and gone; Paris was in the hands of the Frondeurs,
+deserted by Queen Anne and by the little King who had retired for safety to
+S. Germain-en-Laye: Mazarin seemed to the full as unpopular as even
+Strafford had been.
+
+Within the city, in the palace of the Louvre, the Queen of England yet
+lingered; she would gladly have escaped to her relatives at S. Germain, but
+when she attempted to do so she was stopped at the end of the Tuileries
+Gardens. However, she had little fear; she knew that she was popular with
+the people, who preferred her sprightly ways to those of the _dévote_
+Spanish Queen, who thought of nothing but convents and monks, and she was
+content to wait upon events. It is true she was exceedingly uncomfortable;
+little by little the seemly establishment she had kept up in the early days
+of the exile had dwindled as she strained every nerve to send supplies to
+her husband, but she had never known need until now, when for six months
+her allowance from the King of France had not been paid. However, one day,
+when in the bitter cold of January she could not even afford a fire, she
+received a visit from the Coadjutor Bishop, who was a man of great
+importance among the Frondeurs. Little Princess Henrietta, who had been
+smuggled over to France in 1646 and who was now about four years old, was
+lying in bed. "You see," said the Queen, indicating the little girl and
+speaking with her usual cheerfulness, "the poor child cannot get up, as I
+have no means of keeping her warm." De Retz, in spite of his leanings to
+liberalism, was so shocked that a daughter of England and still more a
+granddaughter of Henry the Great should be in such a plight, that he
+prevailed upon the Parliament to send a considerable sum of money to the
+Queen of England.
+
+It was never the physical accidents of life that weighed upon
+Henrietta--these she could bear so lightly as to shame her attendants into
+a like courage; but there was worse than cold or privation, worse even than
+the fear lest her native land might be rushing to the same fate as had
+overwhelmed the land of her adoption.[367] The real misery was the anxiety
+which was gnawing at her heart for her children, and above all for her
+husband. During the day she was able in some degree to divert her mind from
+it, but in the silent watches of the night it overwhelmed her.
+
+She had begged and entreated the French Government to intervene between
+Charles and the foes in whose hands he was; but after her long experience
+of Mazarin she was not surprised at the ineffectual character of such
+intervention as the French ambassador gave. In Paris people were too much
+taken up with their own troubles "to take much notice" or to "care much of
+what may happen to the King of England."[368] Lower and lower sank the
+Queen's hopes, until at last all that she desired was to be at her
+husband's side to uphold him in his trouble. Laying aside in her great love
+the pride which prompted her to ask nothing from her enemies, she wrote to
+both Houses of Parliament asking for a safe conduct to England. Even this
+sorry comfort was denied her: her letters, the purport of which was known,
+were left unopened, to be found in that condition more than thirty years
+later among the State Papers.
+
+In Paris the days dragged on. The city was so blockaded it was almost
+impossible for letters to enter it. There was great uncertainty as to the
+fate of the King of England, but sinister rumours, which probably came by
+way of Holland, began to be rife. One day Lord Jermyn presented himself
+before Henrietta and told her that her husband had been condemned to death
+and taken out to execution, but that the people had risen and saved him.
+Thus did the faithful servant attempt to prepare the Queen; and even over
+this shadow of the merciless truth she wept in recounting it to her
+friends.
+
+But at last concealment was impossible. Father Cyprien was at this time in
+attendance on the Queen, and one evening as he was leaving her dining-room
+at the supper hour he was stopped at the door and asked to remain, as she
+would have need of his consolation and support. His wondering looks were
+answered by a brief statement of the fate of the King of England, at which
+the old man shuddered all over as the messenger passed on. Henrietta was
+talking cheerfully with such friends as the state of Paris permitted to
+gather round her, but she was awaiting anxiously the return of a gentleman
+whom she had sent to S. Germain-en-Laye. Jermyn (for it was he who had
+taken upon himself the task of breaking the hard news) said a few words
+intended to prepare her; she, with her usual quickness of perception, soon
+saw that something was wrong, and preferring certainty to suspense begged
+him to tell her plainly what had happened. With many circumlocutions he
+replied, until at last the fatal news was told.
+
+"Curae leves loquuntur, graves stupent," is the comment of Father Cyprien,
+the spectator of this scene. Henrietta was utterly crushed by so awful a
+blow, which deprived her, by no ordinary visitation, but in so unheard-of
+and terrible manner, of him who had been at once "a husband, a friend, and
+a king"; she sank down in what was not so much a faint as a paralysis of
+all power and of all sensation except that of grief; she neither moved nor
+spoke nor wept, and so long did this unnatural state continue that her
+attendants became alarmed, and, in their fear, sent for the Duchess of
+Vendôme,[369] a sweet and charitable lady whose whole life was devoted to
+doing good and of whom the Queen was particularly fond; she, by her tears
+and her gentle sympathy, was able to bring Henrietta to a more normal
+condition in which tears relieved her overcharged heart. All the next day
+she remained invisible, weeping over the horror which to her at least was
+unexpected, for she had never believed until the last that the English
+people would permit such an outrage, and recalling, with bursts of
+uncontrollable grief, the happy days she had spent with the husband who had
+been her lover to the end. "I wonder I did not die of grief," she said
+afterwards, and indeed, at first, death seemed the only thing left to be
+desired, but
+
+  "Jamas muere un triste
+  Quando convienne que muera."[370]
+
+On the following day, however, she was sufficiently recovered to receive
+Madame de Motteville, who was setting out for S. Germain-en-Laye. The Queen
+asked her friend to come and kneel beside the bed on which she was lying,
+and then taking her hand she begged of her to carry a message to the
+Queen-Regent. "Tell my sister," said Henrietta, "to beware of irritating
+her people, unless" (with a flash of the Bourbon spirit) "she has the means
+of crushing them utterly." Then she turned her face to the wall and gave
+way once more to her uncontrollable sorrow. Only one thing could have
+increased her grief, and that was the knowledge, mercifully hidden from
+her, of the part which she had played in bringing her husband to his
+terrible doom.
+
+It was but a few days later that she roused herself to go for a short visit
+to her friends, the Carmelite nuns in the Faubourg S. Jacques;[371] but
+there fresh agitation awaited her, for thither was brought the last tender
+letter which her husband had written for her consolation when he knew that
+he must die. As she read it grief once more overcame her and she sank
+fainting into the arms of two of the nuns who stood near; but she was
+stronger now than when she had met the first shock. Flinging herself on her
+knees before the crucifix which hung on the wall and raising her eyes and
+hands to heaven, she cried, "Lord, I will not complain, for it is Thou who
+hast permitted it." A similar courage upheld her in receiving indifferent
+acquaintance and uncongenial relatives who came to pay visits of
+condolence. Mademoiselle de Montpensier, indeed, considered that her aunt
+was less affected by her husband's death than she should have been, though
+she had the grace to add that it was probably self-respect and pride which
+forbade the widow to show the depth of her sorrow; this was undoubtedly the
+case. Henrietta might open her heart to dear friends such as Madame de
+Motteville or the Duchess of Vendôme, but she could not expose the
+sacredness of grief to the curious eyes of her niece, who not only had
+shown herself very indifferent to the charms of the Prince of Wales, on
+which, perhaps, Henrietta had descanted rather too frequently, but was
+inclined to regard the Queen of England's tales of the happiness and
+prosperity of her married life as somewhat highly coloured.
+
+The execution of Charles I caused an unparalleled sensation throughout
+Europe, and indeed the world. Kings shivered on their thrones and despotic
+governments trembled. Sovereigns had indeed been murdered with a frequency
+which made such tragedies almost commonplace, but it was without precedent
+that a king should be put to death after a judicial trial by the hands of
+his own subjects. Even in far-away India a king who heard the news from the
+crew of an English ship replied that "if any man mentioned such a thing he
+should be put to death, or if he could not be found out, they should all dy
+for it."[372] In France the horror was specially felt, both on account of
+the close ties which bound together the two royal houses and because, owing
+to the unforgotten murder of Henry IV, regicide was a crime particularly
+odious to all good Frenchmen, who abhorred the views held on this subject
+by an advanced school of Catholicism. Moreover, the state of the country
+was such as to cause apprehension of a civil war similar to that which had
+caused the tragedy. "It is a blow which should make all kings tremble,"
+said Queen Anne. Even the rebellious Frondeurs were shocked at the news.
+Many a gallant Frenchman would gladly have unsheathed the sword to avenge
+the murder of Charles Stuart, and many did take up the pen to exhort
+Christian princes to lay aside their differences and to turn their arms
+against the English murderers, which, of course, those potentates were not
+prepared to do, though they had a just appreciation of the offence offered
+to all kingship in this audacious act. Even the name of the much-loved
+Pucelle d'Orléans[373] was invoked in the cause, while a living lady, Dame
+Isabeau Bernard de Laynes, was so overcome by her feelings that she broke
+into verse, beginning--
+
+  "Hereux celui qui sur la terre
+  Vengera du roi d'Angleterre
+  La mort donnée injustement
+  Par ses subjects, chose inouye,
+  De lui avoir osté la vie
+  Quel horrible dérèglement."[374]
+
+Zealous Catholics shook their heads and said that now the real tendencies
+of the impious Reformation were appearing, which theme Bossuet developed
+with great effect when he came to preach Henrietta's funeral sermon;[375]
+others, more liberal-minded, contended that the two great religions of Rome
+and Geneva could live together very well, as was proved in France, but that
+the King of England had allowed all kinds of sects and sectaries, a course
+which clearly could only lead to disaster; the Sieur de Marsys, the French
+tutor of the young Princes of England, translated the story of the trial
+into French that all Frenchmen might read and ponder the monstrous
+document.[376] It was even said that the little Louis XIV, who was not yet
+eleven years old, took to heart in a way hardly to be expected the murder
+of his uncle, as if the child saw through the mists of the future another
+royal scaffold and the horrors of 1793.
+
+Henrietta received plenty of sympathetic words and visits of condolence,
+but she received little else. It was believed that the condition to which
+Mazarin was reduced by the Frondeurs had emboldened the rebels in England
+to commit their last desperate act, but the instructions which the Cardinal
+penned to the French ambassador in London, before the fatal January 30th,
+show that his fear of the Spanish was a good deal stronger than his desire
+to help the King of England, and after the tragedy he only expressed polite
+regrets that France had not been able to follow the good example of
+Holland, which had protested against the regicide, and made a great favour
+of recalling the ambassador and refusing to recognize the republican agents
+in Paris. It was reserved for an old servant of Henrietta to show sympathy
+in a more practical manner. Du Perron, who at the request of the Queen of
+England had been translated to the See of Evreux, found himself detained by
+the Frondeurs, sorely against his will, in his own cathedral city. Ill, and
+wounded in his tenderest feelings by a compulsory semblance of disloyalty,
+he so took to heart the news of the terrible death of King Charles, to whom
+he was greatly attached, that he became rapidly worse and died in a few
+days.
+
+The story of the heroic manner in which Charles met his terrible death
+wrung tears from many an eye in Paris. Henrietta, who had lived with him
+for twenty years, must have known that he would not fail in personal
+courage. After all, misfortune was no novelty to the House of Stuart.
+Charles' own grandmother had mounted the scaffold of Elizabeth, and of his
+remoter ancestors who sat upon the throne of Scotland few had escaped a
+violent death; when the moment came he was ready to fulfil the tragic
+destiny of his race. To his widow his royal courage was so much a matter of
+course that it brought her little consolation; but some real comfort she
+might have known could she have foreseen that such ready acceptance of his
+fate would not only blot out in the mind of his people the memory of his
+many failings, but would throw a glory over his name and career which has
+not completely faded even to the present day.
+
+[Illustration: HENRY JERMYN, EARL OF ST. ALBANS
+
+FROM AN ENGRAVING]
+
+No one felt more than Henrietta that the King of England's fate was a
+warning to those in authority. She watched with painful interest the course
+of rebellion in France, and when at last she was able to see the
+Queen-Regent,[377] she gave that obstinate lady some excellent advice,
+dwelling particularly on the goodwill of the Parisians to their little
+King, and the general dislike which was felt for Cardinal Mazarin. In 1649
+the rebellion was repressed, but only that it might break out anew two
+years later. During the second war of the Fronde, Henrietta, who thought
+that English history was repeating itself in France,[378] sought Queen Anne
+at S. Germain-en-Laye. There in an assembly, composed of both Frenchmen and
+Englishmen, she pressed upon her sister-in-law counsels of wisdom and
+moderation which it had been well had she herself followed in the past. "My
+sister," said the haughty Spanish lady, who was weary of advice, specially
+perhaps from one who had known so little how to manage her own concerns,
+"do you wish to be Queen of France as well as of England?"
+
+Henrietta's reply came promptly, but with a world of sadness in it, "I am
+nothing, do you be something!"[379]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Queen Henrietta Maria's position was considerably altered by her husband's
+death; on the one hand she became a person of greater importance as the
+adviser of her young son, who was hardly of an age to manage his own
+affairs; on the other, she was deprived of Charles' powerful support, and
+laid more open to the attacks of her opponents, whose fear it was to see
+her two sons, Charles and James, who arrived in Paris shortly after their
+father's death, fall under her influence.
+
+Party feeling ran high at the exiled Court, which, with the suppression of
+the first rebellion of the Fronde, took shape again. Henrietta was
+respected by all--"our good Queen," she was affectionately called--but her
+religion and her politics were disliked by the Church of England
+constitutional party, which was strongly represented in Paris. Sir Edward
+Hyde, Sir Edward Nicholas, and their friends, considered with some justice
+that her counsels had been fatal to the master whose death had placed him
+on a pinnacle, where assuredly he had never been in his lifetime. They
+particularly disliked Jermyn, whose great influence with the Queen exposed
+him to jealousy, and Lord Culpepper[380] and Henry Percy, his intimate
+friends, were little less obnoxious to them. "I may tell you freely," wrote
+Ormonde, the late Viceroy of Ireland, who arrived in Paris at the end of
+1651, "I believe all these lords go upon as ill principles as may be; for I
+doubt there is few of them that would not do anything almost, or advise the
+King to do anything, that may probably recover his or their estates."[381]
+
+Shortly after the King's death the Queen's party (or that of the Louvre, as
+its enemies called it) was strengthened by the arrival of a recruit of
+great importance, Henrietta's old friend Walter Montagu, whom she had never
+seen since they parted in Holland in 1643. This gentleman, since his
+apprehension at Rochester, had been in the hands of the Roundheads; he had
+spent most of his time in the Tower of London, where he varied the monotony
+of prison life by a spirited controversy with a fellow-prisoner, Dr. John
+Bastwick, of pillory fame, who expressed himself greatly pleased with his
+nimble-witted adversary. He also became very devout, and in proof thereof
+wrote a volume of spiritual essays, which he published in 1647 with a
+charming dedication to the Queen of England, wherein piety and flattery
+were delicately blended. In spite of the dislike with which he was
+regarded,[382] he was treated with consideration, partly no doubt through
+the influence of his brother, the Earl of Manchester, with whom he was
+always on good terms and who even supplied him with money, but partly also,
+probably, because it was felt that the Queen of France, who pleaded over
+and over again for his enlargement, must not be irritated beyond measure.
+He was permitted to go to Tunbridge Wells on account of his health, which
+suffered from his long confinement, and he was finally released on the
+ground that he had never borne arms against the Parliament, which was true
+enough, as he had been in prison almost since the beginning of the war.
+Nevertheless, together with his friend Sir Kenelm Digby, who had reappeared
+in England, he was banished the country under pain of death.[383] He
+quickly repaired to Spa to drink the waters there, and thence passed to
+Paris, where he was warmly welcomed by the Queens, both of England and
+France.
+
+The appearance of Walter Montagu--a frail worldling, as he calls
+himself--in the rôle of a spiritual writer probably caused much the same
+sort of amusement in Parisian circles as was caused in later days in those
+of London by the publication of Richard Steel's _Christian Hero_. But it
+was soon found that the long years of prison and danger had wrought a real
+change in the whilom courtier, who now became a _dévot_ of the fashionable
+Parisian type. He lost no time in putting into execution his former project
+of embracing the ecclesiastical state. "Your old friend, Wat Montagu,"
+wrote Lord Hatton in February, 1650-1, "hath already taken upon him the
+_robe longue_ and received the first orders and intends before Easter (as I
+am credibly assured) to take the order of Priesthood."[384] He sang his
+first Mass at Pontoise in the following April, and in the autumn of the
+same year received by the favour of Queen Anne the Abbey of Nanteuil, which
+gave him the title of Abbé and a sufficient income. A few years later the
+same royal patroness bestowed upon him the richer and more important Abbey
+of S. Martin at Pontoise,[385] whose ample revenues he expended with such
+liberality and tact as to win the gratitude of his less fortunate
+compatriots, Catholics and Protestants alike.
+
+One of the earliest questions which the Queen had to settle after her
+husband's execution was that of her eldest son's plans. At first a journey
+to Ireland was contemplated, but finally it was decided that the young King
+should go to Scotland and try his fortune among those who had betrayed his
+father. Henrietta herself was inclined to the Presbyterian alliance, in
+which opinion she was encouraged by the Louvre party. English and French
+Catholics alike believed that the silly Anglican compromise had met with
+the fate it deserved, and that henceforward the spoils would be divided
+between themselves and the Presbyterians. The remnant of Anglicans who
+showed a gallant faith in their position which later events justified
+distrusted these latter so deeply that they would almost have preferred the
+King to remain an exile for ever to seeing him restored by their means, who
+had sold the Blessed Martyr. As for the Presbyterian alliance with the
+Catholics, that they considered the most natural thing in the world;[386]
+for in their opinion both schools of thought aimed at an undue
+subordination of the civil to the religious power, or as a Royalist
+rhymester put it:--
+
+  "A Scot and Jesuit, join'd in hand,
+  First taught the world to say
+  That subjects ought to have command
+  And princes to obey."[387]
+
+Nevertheless, in spite of opposition, Charles went off to Scotland, and
+there, to the deep disgust of his Anglican friends, who had to learn that
+he was a very different man from his father, he was persuaded to take the
+Covenant, a step which they believed would not only alienate his best
+friends, but prejudice his chances with Providence.[388] Even the Queen was
+annoyed, unless, as her opponents hinted, she feigned her chagrin. But
+annoyance soon gave place to anxiety. First came the news of the defeat of
+Dunbar, then of the "crowning mercy" of Worcester; at last, after weeks of
+suspense, Henrietta was able to welcome her son once more, safe indeed, but
+worn out by almost incredible adventures and escapes, and cured for life by
+his sojourn among them of any liking for the Presbyterians. It was no
+wonder that the lad was depressed and irritable and unwilling to talk to
+his mother or any one else, though she had still considerable influence
+over him, so that it was complained that the King's secret council were his
+mother, "Lord Jermyn, and Watt. Montagu, for that of greatest business he
+consults with them only, without the knowledge of Marquis of Ormonde or Sir
+Ed. Hyde."[389] She was able to persuade him (the more easily, no doubt,
+from his Scotch experiences) to refrain from attending the Huguenot worship
+at Charenton, which she thought might compromise him with his relatives of
+France.
+
+And, indeed, under the pressure of her many misfortunes, Henrietta was
+becoming more of a bigot than she had ever been before.[390] In 1647 Father
+Philip died.[391] The loss of this worthy old man, who was well aware of
+the caution necessary to a Catholic queen living among heretics, exposed
+her to the influence of other and less judicious counsellors, specially
+after the death of her Grand Almoner,[392] which deprived her of another
+moderating influence. When in 1650 the Anglican service, which had been
+held at the Louvre since the first days of the exile, was suppressed,
+Protestant gossip pointed out Walter Montagu as the author of this deed;
+but that gentleman would reply nothing, even to so weighty an interrogator
+as Sir Edward Hyde, except that the Queen of France was at liberty to give
+what orders she pleased in her own house. Henrietta may have regretted this
+sudden outburst of zeal on the part of her sister-in-law, but she found no
+answer to make when that lady came to visit her and told her, with the
+solemnity of a Spaniard and a _dévote_, that she thought the recent
+troubles of her son the King of France must have been due to his mother's
+weak toleration of heretical worship at the Louvre. History does not record
+whether she changed her mind when this act of reparation was not followed
+by an abatement of the rebellion; but henceforth the Anglican service was
+held nowhere but in the chapel of Sir Richard Browne, the father-in-law of
+John Evelyn, whose house was protected by his position as resident of the
+King of England. There John Cosin, the exiled Dean of Durham, who still
+kept up his impartial warfare against Rome on the one side and Geneva on
+the other, struck heavy blows in the cause of the Church of England, not,
+it was reported, without success. Religious feeling ran as high as ever it
+had years before in London,[393] and the good Dean's controversial acerbity
+was not sweetened when his only son went over to the enemy, by the
+instrumentality, it was said, of Walter Montagu. Nor did the alert Abbé's
+victories end there. Thomas Hobbes was still living among his learned
+friends in the French capital. His religion, or lack of it, made him
+suspect to Catholics and Protestants alike, and the Anglicans were
+considerably chagrined when they heard that this dangerous person, on the
+recommendation of Montagu, had been removed from the English Court, where
+the young King had shown an unfortunate liking for his company. They would
+fain have had the credit themselves of this judicious act, though perhaps
+in later days, when they saw the "father of atheists" a welcome guest at
+Whitehall, some of them may have been glad to be able to say that they had
+had nothing to do with the odious persecution which he had suffered from
+the bigots in Paris.
+
+Three years after the suppression of the Anglican service at the Louvre,
+other events occurred which did not tend to Henrietta's popularity with
+some of her son's best friends. Henry, Duke of Gloucester, the youngest son
+of Charles I, is now chiefly remembered as an actor in that most pathetic
+of all farewell scenes, when he and his sister Elizabeth took leave of
+their dying father. The little girl never recovered the shock of her
+father's death, and died without seeing again the mother who longed for
+her. Henry was too young to suffer thus, and at one time a rumour was about
+which reached the ears of Sir Edward Nicholas that Cromwell intended to
+make the child king; but in 1653 the authorities in England, touched by
+compassion for his youth, or perhaps finding him more trouble than he was
+worth, sent him over to his sister in Holland, whence, much against that
+lady's will, he was fetched to Paris to his mother's side. Henrietta was
+charmed with the little fellow, whom she had not seen since he was quite a
+child. Though small and thin he was "beautiful as a little angel" and,
+while resembling his aunt Christine in face, possessed the fascinating
+manners of his father's family and was remarkably forward in book-learning.
+The boy was made much of, not only by his mother, but by the whole French
+Court. "You know they always like anything new,"[394] wrote the Queen of
+England to her sister, and she goes on to relate with some amusement the
+innumerable visits she received on account of this _petit chevalier_. She
+was, no doubt, glad that he had made so good an impression upon his French
+relatives, for she had schemes for his advancement which depended largely
+on their favour.
+
+The only one of her children whom Henrietta had been able to bring up in
+her own faith was the dearest of all, the youngest little daughter, whom
+she was wont to call her child of benediction. It is probable that during
+her husband's lifetime she felt a scruple in trying to turn his children
+from the religion which their father professed, particularly as he showed a
+generous confidence in her in the matter; but now that he was gone she felt
+her obligation to be over, and she gave much time and attention to
+influencing the minds of her two elder sons, of whom she had good hopes.
+She even, unmindful of the lessons of the past, entered anew into
+negotiations with the Pope and, by means of the Duchess of Aiguillon, a
+niece of Richelieu, held out, in the name of her son, hopes of untold
+benefits to the Catholics of the British Isles if the Holy Father would
+only assist the young and importunate monarch, who would certainly repay
+his paternal kindness with interest.[395] But, nevertheless, the Queen knew
+well enough the grave difficulties in the way of Charles' profession of the
+Catholic faith, and she turned with relief to the little Henry in whose
+youth she saw an easy prey. She had other arguments than those of religion
+to bring forward. All sensible people, she told the boy, were now agreed
+that the King, his brother, would not regain his throne. He knew the
+extreme poverty to which the revolution had reduced his family; how as a
+Protestant did he propose to live in a manner suitable to his rank as a
+Prince of England? Whereas, if he would become a Catholic and take orders,
+his aunt, the Queen of France, would make everything easy by procuring for
+him a cardinal's hat, and by bestowing upon him such rich benefices as
+would afford him a fitting provision.
+
+Henry was a boy, little more than a child, but the circumstances of his
+life had been such as early to teach him the necessity of self-interest.
+His father's last counsels, given at a supreme moment, may have weighed
+with him, for his well-known answer, "I will be torn to pieces ere they
+make me a king while my brothers live," prove him to have been, at that
+time, an unusually precocious child. Be this as it may, he showed an
+unexpected reluctance to follow his mother's advice and an unaccountable
+dislike of the Abbé Montagu, whom she appointed to be his governor. Perhaps
+he remembered his father's distrust of that fascinating person; certainly
+he knew that by following his teaching he would offend irrevocably the
+brother on whom, in case of a restoration to their native land, his future
+must depend. Henrietta herself was not blind to this aspect of the case,
+and she tried to propitiate her eldest son, to whom she had given a promise
+that she would not tamper with his brother's religion. "Henry has too many
+acquaintances among the idle little boys of Paris," she wrote to Charles,
+who was away from the city, "so I am sending him to Pontoise with the Abbé
+Montagu, where he will have more quiet to mind his book."
+
+To Pontoise accordingly Henry went, where Montagu attempted in vain to win
+his confidence. After a while the boy was allowed to return to Paris, but
+he showed himself so obstinately indocile that at night-time he and his
+page (a lad who had been in the service of the Earl of Manchester, and who
+doubtless enjoyed thwarting the renegade Abbé), "like Penelope's web ...
+unspun" (as well as they two little young things, some few years above
+thirty between them) whatever had passed in public.[396] The poor little
+Prince owned, indeed, that he was called upon to deal with matters above
+his years. His relatives at the French Court assured him that his first
+duty was to his mother now that his father was dead. His Anglican friends
+told him that a sovereign came before a mother, and that his obedience was
+due to his eldest brother. That brother, moreover, took this view strongly
+and wrote to him, saying in brief and pithy terms that, should he become a
+Catholic, he would never see him again. It is not surprising that between
+all these conflicting opinions Henry's young head was a little confused. He
+was further perplexed when to other arguments in his mother's favour was
+added the curious one that his conversion would make amends to her for the
+breach of her marriage contract, by which she should have had control of
+her children up to the age of twelve.
+
+Henrietta was, indeed, steeling her heart to greater sternness than she had
+ever used to any of her children, to whom she had always shown herself an
+indulgent mother. It may be that, as men said, she was under the influence
+of Montagu, who, however, was not wont to be very severe, and who did his
+best to win over his pupil by kindness and by pointing out to him the
+worldly advantages which a change of faith would bring--a lesson which the
+luxuries of Pontoise, contrasting as they did with the poverty in which
+many of Henry's Anglican friends were obliged to live, illustrated in a
+practical manner. It may be that the Queen thought that a boy of her son's
+age could not resist severity, and that she was determined to hold out
+until she conquered the child for what she believed to be his good in this
+world and the next; but she was to be defeated. While reports were being
+industriously circulated through the city that Henry was on the point of
+coming to a better mind, while in some churches thanksgivings were even
+being offered for his conversion, his continued obstinacy was in reality
+wearing out his mother's patience. She sent for her son, and after
+receiving him with her usual affection she said that she required him to
+hear the Abbé Montagu once again, and that then he must give her his final
+answer. Montagu pleaded for an hour, expending upon this lad of fourteen
+all those powers of persuasion and eloquence which enabled him to excel as
+a popular preacher. But Henry's mind was made up, he was determined to cast
+in his lot with his brother and England rather than with his mother and
+France. He communicated his decision to the Queen, and at the fatal words
+she turned away, saying that she wished to see his face no more. She left
+the room without any sign of relenting, and her son discovered a little
+later that her anger even cast his horses out of her stable. He was sobered
+by the depth of her displeasure, but he reserved his chief wrath for
+Montagu, to whom he attributed a harshness very far indeed from his
+mother's natural character. Turning on his late tutor, he upbraided him
+angrily: "Such as it is I may thank you for it, sir; and 'tis but reason
+what my mother sayes to me I say to you: I pray be sure I see you no
+more."[397] Then, turning on his heel, he showed his independence by
+marching on to the English chapel at Sir Richard Browne's house (for it was
+a Sunday morning), where he was received with such rejoicings as befitted
+so signal a triumph over the rival religion. He could not, of course,
+return to the Palais Royal, and he asked the hospitality of Lord Hatton,
+who, both as Royalist and Anglican, was delighted to welcome his "little
+great guest." His satisfaction was the greater because of the piquant
+circumstance that he was himself a relative by marriage of the discomfited
+Abbé. Henry, who was considered to have "most heroically runne through this
+great worke beyond his yeres,"[398] made further proof of his unflinching
+Protestantism by receiving a distinguished minister of Charenton, to whom
+he gravely discoursed of his father's religious views. But he did not
+remain long in Paris. Lord Ormonde arrived with letters and messages from
+the King of England and bore the lad off to Cologne, where his eldest
+brother was at that time keeping his Court.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The years of the exile wore on not too cheerfully. Little by little
+Henrietta lost the influence she had had over her eldest son, who came to
+distrust Jermyn, perhaps because he saw the favourite rich and prosperous,
+while others of his faithful servants were almost in need. Probably the
+Queen was annoyed at the ill success of Charles in her own country, for it
+is remarkable that the young man who possessed the French temperament, and
+who was, in many respects, like his grandfather Henry IV, was never popular
+in Paris, while James was greatly liked and admired. It is true that the
+latter was a singularly gallant youth, and that he spoke the French
+language much better than his brother, which accomplishment was in itself
+enough to win Parisian hearts. "There is nothing, in my opinion, that
+disfigures a person so much as not being able to speak," said that true
+Frenchwoman Mademoiselle de Montpensier. As for Princess Henrietta, she was
+looked upon quite as a French girl, and she was admired, not only for her
+beauty, but for her exquisite dancing, a talent which she inherited from
+her mother. It was on account of this beloved child that the widowed Queen
+of England, in the last years of the exile, came out again a little into
+the world and held receptions at the Palais Royal, which proved so
+fascinating as to be serious rivals to those of the grave Spanish Queen of
+France. At them she was always pleased to welcome Englishmen, for she loved
+the land of her happy married life in spite of the treatment she had
+received there. "The English were led away by fanatics," she was wont to
+say; "the real genius of the nation is very different." So jealous was she
+of the good name of her son's subjects in critical Paris that once when an
+English gentleman came to her Court in a smart dress, tied up with red and
+yellow ribbons, she begged the friend who had introduced him to advise him
+"to mend his fancy," lest he should be ridiculed by the French.
+
+But ere this another blow had fallen upon Henrietta, and this time she was
+wounded, indeed, in the house of her friends. As early as 1652 France
+recognized the Government of the Commonwealth, but in 1657 the Queen
+learned that her nephew, acting under the advice of Cardinal Mazarin, who
+was impelled by his usual dread of Spain, had even made a treaty with
+Cromwell, "_ce scélérat_," as she was accustomed to call him. By the terms
+of this treaty her three sons were banished from France, and she herself
+was only permitted to remain with her young daughter because public opinion
+would not have tolerated the expulsion of a daughter of Henry IV. The
+Princes went off to Bruges, where Charles fixed his Court, and to mark
+their displeasure they took service under the Spaniard. Henrietta had to
+bear the insults as best she could. She had nowhere to go; for when a year
+earlier she had thought of a journey to Spain, it had been intimated to her
+that his Catholic Majesty would prefer her to remain on the French side of
+the Pyrenees.
+
+The only satisfactory aspect of the matter was that now the Queen felt it
+possible to press for the payment of her dowry. Her relatives of France,
+particularly Queen Anne, were liberal, but Henrietta was made to feel now
+and then
+
+              "how salt his food who fares
+  Upon another's bread--how steep his path
+  Who treadeth up and down another's stairs,"[399]
+
+and, besides, hers was too proud a nature to relish dependence. She knew
+that any scheme likely to spare the coffers of France would be grateful to
+Mazarin, whose immense riches, splendid palace, and magnificent collection
+of pictures and curios, the fruit of an unbounded avarice, were the talk of
+Paris. The request was proffered. The reply came, and Mazarin carried it
+himself to the Queen. Speaking with the Italian accent, which his long
+years of residence in France had not been able to eradicate, he explained
+to her that the Protector refused to give her that for which she asked,
+because, as he alleged, she had never been recognized as Queen of England.
+The refusal was bad enough, but the gross insult with which it was
+accompanied could not fail to cut Henrietta to the heart, but she did not
+love Mazarin and she had too much spirit to betray her chagrin. "This
+outrage does not reflect on me," she said proudly, "but on the King, my
+nephew, who ought not to permit a daughter of France to be treated _de
+concubine_. I was abundantly satisfied with the late King, my lord, and
+with all England; these affronts are more shameful to France than to me."
+
+This episode did not decrease Henrietta's hatred for Cromwell. It was even
+said by one of her women, who played the part of spy, that she was
+overheard plotting his murder with Lord Jermyn. But she had not long to
+endure his usurpation of the seat of her husband, whose regal title she
+believed him to have refused solely from fear of the army. On September
+3rd, 1658, the anniversary of Dunbar and Worcester, Oliver Cromwell died
+amid a tumult of storm, sympathetic with the passing of that mighty spirit.
+"It is the Devil come to carry old Noll off to Hell" was the comment of the
+Royalists, who kept high revel in Paris and elsewhere at the news of his
+death, though the Queen, whom long sorrow was at last making slow to hope,
+did not join in the jubilation. "Whether it be because my heart is so
+wrapped up in melancholy as to be incapable of receiving any [joy]," she
+wrote to Madame de Motteville, "or that I do not as yet perceive any good
+advantages likely to accrue to us from it, I will confess to you that I
+have not felt myself any very great rejoicing, my greatest being to witness
+that of my friends."[400]
+
+It was not, indeed, until the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 that there
+seemed to be solid hope for the King of England. Then Charles left his
+Court at Bruges, and traversing all France, had an interview with Don Louis
+de Haro, the powerful minister of Spain, who received him with all ceremony
+as a sovereign prince. Mazarin still obstinately refused to receive him,
+but he had an interview with his uncle, the Duke of Orleans, at Blois, and
+afterwards passed a few days with his mother at Colombes, on the outskirts
+of Paris, where she had a small country house. Both mother and son may have
+been to some extent hopeful, but neither knew how near the day was when the
+prophecy of a French rhymester after Worcester would be fulfilled, and
+
+          "la fortune
+  N'ayant plus pour luy de rancune
+  Le mettra plus haut qu'il n'est bas."[401]
+
+[Footnote 367: "Amyd the Arrests lately made one is for the seazure of the
+King's revenue to the use of the Parliament and in other things they doe
+soe imitate the late proceedings of England that it plainly appears in what
+schoole some of their members have been bred who make them believe they are
+able to instruct them how to make a rebellion w^{th} out breaking their
+allegiance."--Dispatch of Sir R. Browne, January 22nd, 1649. Add. MS.,
+12,186, f. 9.]
+
+[Footnote 368: "Letters from Paris received January 15th, 1648," p. 6.]
+
+[Footnote 369: "Une sainte et la mère des pauvres."--Mme de Motteville.]
+
+[Footnote 370: Quoted by Mme. de Motteville with reference to this
+occasion.]
+
+[Footnote 371: The Chaillot tradition, which is found in the MS. _Histoire
+chronologique de tout l'ordre de la Visitation_, 1693 (Bib. Mazarine, MS.
+2436), and in _La Vie de la très haute et très puissante Princesse
+Henrietta Marie de France, reine de la Grande Bretagne_, of Cotolendi, who
+derived much of his information from the Chaillot nuns, places the scene of
+Henrietta's reception of the news of her husband's death in the Carmelite
+convent, and Cotolendi represents the King's letter as delivered on that
+occasion; but, Father Cyprien, in his account, says that the Queen was at
+the Louvre when she heard of her husband's fate, and though he is not
+always accurate, it seems probable that the scene of such an event would
+remain in his mind. Moreover, Madame de Motteville says no word of the
+Carmelite convent in this connection. It seems likely that the nuns of
+Chaillot confused the Queen's account of the reception of the news of her
+husband's death with that of his last letter. The above account has been
+written on this hypothesis; the letter which Cotolendi quotes was no doubt
+preserved with other memorials of the Queen among the Chaillot archives.]
+
+[Footnote 372: John Ward: _Diary_, 1648-79 (1839), p. 161.]
+
+[Footnote 373: "Exhortation de la Pucelle d'Orléans à tous les princes de
+la terre de faire une Paix générale tous ensemble pour venger la mort du
+roy d'Angleterre par une guerre toute particulière. A Paris. MDCXLIX."]
+
+[Footnote 374: Fonds Français MS., 12,159. _Remonstrances aux
+Parlementaires de la mort ignominieuse de leur roy dédiées a la Reyne
+d'Angleterre._]
+
+[Footnote 375: The same argument is developed in a curious tract, which
+shows the rather cool attitude of some of the English Catholics to Charles,
+entitled, _Nuntius a Mortuis, hoc est, stupendum ... ac tremendum
+colloquium inter Manes Henrici VIII et Caroli I Angliae Regum_ (1649).]
+
+[Footnote 376: MS. Français, 12,159.]
+
+[Footnote 377: Henrietta, even before the lesson of her husband's death,
+urged the Queen-Regent to show moderation. She prevailed upon her to
+receive the members of the rebellious Parliament on the day of Barricades.]
+
+[Footnote 378: "Vous diriés que Dieu veut humilier les Roys et les princes.
+Il a commencé par nous en Engleterre; je le prie que la France ne nous
+suive pas, les affairs ysy alant tout le mesme chemin que les
+nostres."--_Lettres de Henriette Marie à sa soeur Christine_, p. 100.]
+
+[Footnote 379: "Le veritable entretien de la Reyne d'Angleterre avec le roy
+et la Reyne à S. Germain-en-Laye en presence de plusieurs Seigneurs de la
+Cour et autres personnes de consideration (1652)."]
+
+[Footnote 380: It was this nobleman of whom Charles I said that he had no
+religion at all.]
+
+[Footnote 381: _Nicholas Papers_, I, 293.]
+
+[Footnote 382: To which the following extract from a Roundhead newspaper
+bears witness: "Onely one thing we have notice of that she [the Queen] hath
+begged of his Holiness a Cardinalls Hat for Wat Montaue. Then (boyes) for
+sixpence a peece you may see a fine sight in the Tower if the Axe prevent
+not and send him after the Cardinall (would have been) of Canterbury, who
+went before to take up lodging for the rest of the Queen's favourites in
+Purgatory."--_Mercurius Britannicus_, February, 1645.]
+
+[Footnote 383: In March, 1649, he was given permission to go abroad. The
+sentence of banishment is dated August 31st, 1649; he was on the Continent
+considerably before the latter date.]
+
+[Footnote 384: _Nicholas Papers_, I, 220.]
+
+[Footnote 385: He was appointed Abbot Commendatory in 1654, succeeding
+Gondi, the first Archbishop of Paris, but "sur certaines difficultes
+survenues sur ses Bulles en leur fulmination," he did not take possession
+of the Abbey until 1657. See _Histoire de l'Abbaye de S. Martin de Pontoise
+Bibliothèque Mazarine_. MS. 3368. Pontoise ... Auttore, D. Roberto Racine
+(1769).]
+
+[Footnote 386: "I do not at all marvel that any man who can side with the
+Presbyterians, or that is Presbyterian cloth, turn Papist, I would as soon
+be the one as the other."--Sir E. Nicholas to Lord Hatton, _Nicholas
+Papers_, I, 297.]
+
+[Footnote 387: _Mercurius Pragmaticus_, October 12-20, 1647. This newspaper
+(a feature of which was four topical verses prefixed to each number) was
+written by Nedham, a journalist who had formerly written the parliamentary
+newspaper _Mercurius Britannicus_, and who afterwards returned to the
+Roundheads. He was pardoned after the Restoration. In 1661 he collected and
+published the verses of _Mercurius Pragmaticus_ under the title of _A Short
+History of the English Rebellion_.]
+
+[Footnote 388: "If the King ... take the covenant, God will never prosper
+him nor the world value him."--_Nicholas Papers_, I, 165.]
+
+[Footnote 389: _Nicholas Papers_, I, p. 298.]
+
+[Footnote 390: In 1651 she dismissed her servants "that will not turn
+papists, or cannot live of themselves without wages."--_Nicholas Papers_,
+I, p. 237.]
+
+[Footnote 391: Henrietta was so much attached to him that she went to see
+him in his sickness at the Oratorians' House in the Rue S. Honoré. See
+_Histoire des troubles de la Grande Bretagne_, by Robert Monteith
+(Salmonet), 1659.]
+
+[Footnote 392: Walter Montagu became Henrietta's Grand Almoner about this
+time; probably he succeeded Du Perron.]
+
+[Footnote 393: The Church of England party was extremely annoyed at the
+publication of a book entitled _La Chaine du Hercule Gaulois_, in which it
+was asserted that Charles I died a Catholic. Add. MS., 12,186.]
+
+[Footnote 394: _Lettres de Henriette Marie à sa soeur Christine_, p. 104.]
+
+[Footnote 395: The letter of the Duchess is among the Roman Transcripts
+P.R.O.]
+
+[Footnote 396: _An exact narrative of the attempts made upon the Duke of
+Gloucester_ (1654), p. 15.]
+
+[Footnote 397: _An exact narrative of the attempts made upon the Duke of
+Gloucester_ (1654), p. 13.]
+
+[Footnote 398: Lord Hatton. _Nicholas Papers_, II, p. 143.]
+
+[Footnote 399: Dante: _Paradiso_, XVII.]
+
+[Footnote 400: Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 388. Madame de
+Motteville: _Mémoires_ (1783), V, p. 276.]
+
+[Footnote 401: Lovel: _La Muse Historique_ (1857), t. I, p. 174.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+THE FOUNDRESS OF CHAILLOT
+
+  No cruell guard of diligent cares, that keep
+  Crown'd woes awake; as things too wise for sleep.
+  But reverent discipline, and religious fear,
+  And soft obedience, find sweet biding here;
+  Silence, and sacred rest; peace and pure joyes;
+  Kind loves keep house, ly close, make no noise,
+  And room enough for Monarchs, where none swells
+  Beyond the kingdomes of contentfull Cells.
+
+                            R. CRASHAW (out of Barclay)
+
+
+There is a portion of Henrietta's life which stands apart from its general
+current, which seems, indeed, rather an acted commentary on her career than
+an integral portion of it: when she retires from the schemes, the passions,
+the loves, and the hates of the world, and, laying aside the trappings of
+her rank, appears as a humble and sorrowful woman, striving to read, by the
+light of prayer and meditation, the lesson of her stormy days. The Queen of
+England is gone, and in her stead is seen the foundress of Chaillot.
+
+The temper which produced this fruit must long have been growing up, but it
+became active and apparent when the great blow of her life came upon her.
+While she was a wife, even a wife separated by evil fortune from her
+husband, she continued to live, as far as her straitened means permitted,
+in a manner suitable to her rank, and she did not refuse to take part in
+the splendid amusements of Paris, which were congenial to her gay
+disposition. She was seen at lotteries and dances; she accepted the feasts
+and dinners which the French royal family offered in her honour. Her
+attendance was as brilliant as her fallen fortunes would allow of, and her
+faded beauty was set off to the best advantage by the beautiful dress which
+was then worn by ladies of rank.
+
+But with the death of Charles all this was changed. She ceased to accept
+invitations, and she rarely went abroad into the streets of Paris, except
+to visit some religious house. In her own house the strictest simplicity
+was used. Most of the maids of honour were dismissed, and the Queen
+exchanged her silks and jewels for a mourning robe, which she wore to the
+end of her life.
+
+Her love of dress had been as great as might have been expected of a woman
+of her beauty, her rank, and, above all, her nationality. Once in her early
+married life she expressed great pleasure in a magnificent gown studded
+with jewels which she was wearing. Her confessor, the stern Bérulle, who
+was present, reproved her somewhat sharply for her vanity and frivolity.
+"Ah, mon père, do not be angry with me," pleaded the young Queen, half
+laughing and half penitent. "I am young now, but when I am forty I will
+change all this, and become quite good and serious." Her light words were
+prophetic, for she was in her fortieth year when she became a widow.
+
+Contemporary prints show of what fashion was her widow's dress. It was of
+some black stuff made quite plainly, except that the bodice was shaped to a
+point in front, and it was almost high at the neck; the only relief was a
+white linen collar, falling down over the shoulders, and matching the
+cuffs, which turned back over the wide sleeves. From the head fell a long,
+heavy black veil.
+
+This sorrowful garb was the outward expression of a grief which, like most
+deep grief, craved the consolation of quiet and retirement. And where, in
+the Paris of that day, could quiet be found, except within the protecting
+walls of a religious house?
+
+Henrietta, since her return to Paris in 1644, had frequented the Carmelite
+convent which her childhood loved, and in her first sorrow she would gladly
+have forsaken the world altogether, and remained there among the nuns;[402]
+but her duties were incompatible with this step. Her young sons required
+her help to restore their shattered fortunes, and, above all, her youngest
+daughter needed a mother's care; after her husband's death her worldly
+occupations increased rather than diminished, and it was these occupations
+which cost her the loss of her calm retreat among the Carmelite nuns.
+
+The daughters of S. Teresa are vowed to an austere separation from all
+things worldly, and their rule could not brook the constant coming and
+going, the noise and the disturbance which waited upon a Queen who was also
+a politician. They were obliged to request the Queen of England to forgo
+her visits, and she, however sorrowfully, recognized the justice of their
+desire and withdrew, to seek another retirement more suited to the
+conditions of her case.
+
+A hasty glance at a map of seventeenth-century Paris will show the great
+number of religious houses which then existed, and it might be surmised
+that to make a choice among them would be no easy matter; but Henrietta's
+circumstances were peculiar, and she had little difficulty in selecting the
+one most fitted to them.
+
+[Illustration: HENRIETTA MARIA
+
+FROM AN ENGRAVING]
+
+Some forty years earlier the wise and gentle spirit of S. Francis de Sales
+had conceived the idea of a religious foundation in which women, delicately
+nurtured and well educated, might live in greater freedom of spirit and
+less austerity of body than in the older Orders. He was fortunate enough to
+find a woman[403] capable of translating his ideas into fact, and the Order
+of the Visitation flourished exceedingly, and by the middle of the
+seventeenth century had spread all over France.
+
+Paris was naturally one of the first places to which the new Order came.
+The community, which boasted that it had once been ruled over by Mother
+Chantal herself, after some wanderings finally settled down in the Rue S.
+Antoine, within a stone's-throw of the grim fortress of the Bastille.
+Though the tide of fashion had set definitely westward since the final
+abandonment of the Place Royal by Louis XIII, the position was still a good
+one. Next door was the fine Hôtel de Mayence, which still stands as a
+witness of departed glories, but of the convent nothing remains except the
+church, which, though but small, was considered in the seventeenth century
+"one of the neatest in all Paris."[404] Madame de Motteville was the means
+of introducing this convent to Henrietta's notice. Her own young sister, to
+whom she was tenderly attached, had lately entered the house as a novice,
+greatly against her wishes; but in her visits to the girl she had been so
+won by the piety and kindness of the nuns that she begged the Queen of
+England to make their acquaintance.
+
+Henrietta was not without solicitation to go elsewhere. "Messieurs de Port
+Royal," those remarkable men whose doings were causing such a stir in the
+religious world of France, were anxious that she should come to Port Royal,
+thinking perhaps to strengthen their position by so direct a connection
+with royalty. They offered her apartments, and, what must have been more
+tempting, some much-needed money. But the invitation was not accepted,
+though the reasons for its refusal are unknown. They may, however, be
+conjectured, for it is difficult to imagine Henrietta, the true daughter of
+Henry IV, in the repressive atmosphere of Jansenism, and it may be surmised
+that had she entered Port Royal she would not have remained there long.
+
+The Rue S. Antoine was more attractive.[405] Henrietta retained a childish
+and pleasing memory of S. Francis himself, who, at the marriage of
+Christine of France, had come up to the little Princess, then aged about
+ten, and, according to his wont, "blending piety and politeness," had
+assured her that one day she should receive even greater honours than those
+now offered to her sister, honours which perhaps his experienced eye could
+see from her expression she was envying with all her childish heart. She
+recalled his words when she became Queen of England, and later still she
+read into them a deeper meaning when she felt herself to be the recipient
+of the honours of unusual suffering. But this link with the remote past was
+probably of less interest to her than the presence in the convent of a
+lady, destined to become her dearest personal friend, whose romantic story
+must be told if one of the strongest influences on Henrietta's later years
+is to be appreciated.
+
+Louise de la Fayette was the daughter of one of the noblest houses of
+Auvergne, and she bore a name which was to be renowned in the history of
+France. She had a childish taste for the cloister, but when she was about
+fourteen years of age, her uncle, who was then Bishop of Limoges, presented
+her to Queen Anne, who received her as one of her maids of honour.
+
+Louise was a beautiful girl, and she possessed besides many charms and
+accomplishments, of which a sweet singing voice was not the least. She
+quickly made her mark at Court; but, if her biographers are to be believed,
+she retained her simple, pious spirit, and preferred remaining quietly in
+her room to direct attendance upon her royal mistress, whose jealousy,
+indeed, was soon aroused by the unusual interest shown in the girl by her
+husband.
+
+The relations between Louis XIII and his wife were, as is well known, most
+unsatisfactory; but at the same time the King was a man of slow passions
+and of a certain dull virtue. He liked the society of pretty women, but
+while he loaded his favourites with honours and confidences, which must
+have cut Anne's proud spirit to the quick, he was usually strictly Platonic
+in his intercourse with them. To this position he elected Louise de la
+Fayette. She danced for him, sang for him, talked to him, and every day
+seemed to increase the spell which her vivacity cast over his slow spirit.
+But other eyes were watching her. In the French Court of that time all
+depended upon the frown or smile of Richelieu, who himself was ever on the
+watch to gain valuable allies. He marked Louise de la Fayette, and
+determined to enlist her in his army of spies.
+
+But in this case the Cardinal had reckoned without his host. Louise was
+only a young girl, but she had a spirit capable even of resisting
+Richelieu. "She had more courage than all the men of the Court,"[406] wrote
+Madame de Motteville. She refused to pass on the secrets of the King, or to
+play in any way into the hands of his minister, whose jealous anger was
+aroused and who determined to part her from her royal friend.
+
+It is not surprising that in these circumstances the girl's mind should
+have reverted to her old wishes for a conventual life, but there was
+another reason, which, long after, in the safe retreat of Chaillot, she
+confessed to her friend Madame de Motteville. Louis was a virtuous man, but
+he was an unloved and unloving husband, and she was young and beautiful.
+There were signs that the Platonic friendship was ripening into something
+stronger and warmer. Louise became alarmed. That which to many women was an
+honour, to her pure and upright soul was disgrace unspeakable, and she
+determined to fly to the only refuge which the times and the circumstances
+permitted her, and to bury her sorrows and her temptations within the walls
+of the cloister.
+
+It was hard to persuade the King to part with her, but she had a powerful
+ally. Richelieu sent for the royal confessor, Father Caussin, the Jesuit,
+and in the bland tones which he knew so well how to use, he gravely
+discussed with him the moral dangers of such a friendship as that which
+existed between Louis and his wife's maid of honour. Not, he hastened to
+add, that he believed that any harm was done, but such things were always
+dangerous. The Cardinal thought that he was exactly adapting his remarks to
+his audience; but Caussin, who hated and distrusted him, was too acute to
+be taken in, and had events gone no farther Louise de la Fayette might have
+remained in the world for Father Caussin. But the girl herself, who had
+better reason than any one to know the truth of Richelieu's words, and
+whose own heart was beginning to betray her, sought the Jesuit's advice. At
+first he was a little rough with her. He did not believe that a girl of
+seventeen, luxuriously brought up and petted like "a bird of the Indies,"
+could really desire to embrace the austerities and abnegations of a
+conventual life. He hinted that she was piqued by the refusal of the King
+to grant her some request, or that her self-love had been wounded in one of
+the little contretemps of Court life. Louise answered gently and quietly.
+Nothing had occurred to distress or alarm her in any way. The King's
+kindness was unchanged, and so great that at any time he would enable her
+to make a splendid marriage; but she had only one desire, and that was to
+leave the world. Caussin then pointed out to her the hardness of the
+cloister for a girl brought up as she had been, but her answer again was
+ready. She was not thinking of a stern Order, for which she knew her health
+to be unequal; she wished to enter among the Visitandines, or Filles de
+Sainte Marie, as they were more commonly called, whose rule was expressly
+framed for gently nurtured and delicate women. The only regret she would
+carry away with her, she added, with an irresistible touch of human nature,
+was the knowledge that her retirement from the Court would give pleasure to
+Cardinal Richelieu.
+
+By these arguments Caussin was won over, but the King still had to be
+reckoned with. Louis, however, was superstitiously religious, and pressed
+at the same time by his confessor, by the Cardinal, and by Louise, he was
+unable to resist. The day of departure arrived; the girl went off gay and
+smiling, though her heart was sinking, so that when she thought no one was
+looking she crept aside to catch a last glimpse of the man she loved; but
+many of the bystanders were in tears, and even Queen Anne was grave and
+sympathetic. As for the King, his voice was so broken by grief that he
+could scarcely whisper the words of farewell, and afterwards his misery was
+so excessive and so prolonged as to give colour to the suspicions that had
+been abroad. He could not bear to remain in the place which had witnessed
+his idol's departure, and he fled to Versailles, at that time a small
+hunting-box, where he remained for some time plunged in the deepest
+melancholy.[407]
+
+Louise de la Fayette's retirement from the world caused a great sensation
+in Paris, and the convent in the Rue S. Antoine became a place of
+fashionable resort, so that Richelieu began to fear that the nun's
+influence might be as dangerous as that of the maid of honour. He remarked
+with great unction that he thought it a pity that the religious life should
+be thus broken in upon; and as the nuns and the young novice were of the
+same opinion, the number of visitors decreased. But the King could not be
+refused. He was anxious to see Louise once more before her bright beauty
+was shrouded by the religious habit; and in this wish he was supported by
+Caussin, who still hoped to use her as a political ally. One day Louis
+arrived quite unexpectedly in the Rue S. Antoine and knocked at the door of
+the convent. He refused to avail himself of an invitation to enter the
+enclosure, but across the dividing grill he held a long and eager
+conversation with the young girl, feasting his eyes the while upon the face
+which there is reason to think he never saw again. Meanwhile, the Mother
+Superior, with commendable discretion, retired to as great a distance as
+conventual propriety would permit, and the King's attendants on the other
+side did the like. Shortly after this visit Louise put on the religious
+habit, and when the necessary interval had elapsed the irrevocable vows
+were taken. The King refused to be present at the profession, but a large
+company of the Court attended the ceremony, including Queen Anne, who
+witnessed, doubtless with triumph in her heart, the self-immolation of her
+innocent rival.
+
+Louise de la Fayette had spent many quiet years in her convent when
+Henrietta first visited it in 1651.[408] She had won the respect of all the
+community, and she had been honoured by the special notice of Mother
+Chantal. "This girl will be one of the great superiors of our Order," said
+the aged saint. It is not probable that she and the Queen of England had
+met in the past, but her story cannot have been unknown to the sister of
+Louis XIII, and when the introduction was made by Madame de Motteville,
+acquaintance ripened at once into friendship. There was much in the nun's
+story to arouse the Queen's sympathy, for was not Louise de la Fayette one
+more of the victims of Richelieu?
+
+Henrietta was received in the Rue S. Antoine with the respect due to the
+blood of Henry IV, and with the affectionate sympathy which her sorrows
+called forth, particularly from the superior,[409] a wide-minded woman who
+had been educated as a Protestant, and who perhaps in consequence had
+followed with special interest the course of events in England. But though
+such difficulties as had arisen among the Carmelites were not likely to
+occur in a convent of the Visitation, yet, from the scantiness of the
+accommodation, it was difficult to receive a royal lady for more than very
+short visits, and the position of the house in the centre of Paris rendered
+it rather unsuitable for such retirement as the Queen sought. Besides, her
+heart yearned for something that would be more truly her own. Other royal
+ladies had made religious foundations. Her mother had had her Carmelites,
+her sister-in-law had her beautiful Val de Grace. Might not she also become
+the foundress of a house which should shelter her while living, and cherish
+her memory and pray for her soul after her death? It happened that just at
+this time one of the principal nuns had the similar desire to extend the
+Order by the foundation of a daughter house. Helène Angélique Lhulier was
+no ordinary woman. In the heyday of her youth and beauty, "when she was the
+most attached to the world, and the most sought by several persons of the
+first quality," she left all at the bidding of S. Francis de Sales, who
+wrote her the following short and pithy note: "My daughter, enter religion
+immediately, notwithstanding all the oppositions of nature." Her force of
+character was remarkable, and particularly her strength of will, which, it
+was said, enabled her to do things which appeared impossible. All her
+courage and tenacity were called forth by this new enterprise, to which,
+learning of Henrietta's desire, she determined to devote herself. Indeed,
+the obstacles in the way seemed insurmountable. The house in the Rue S.
+Antoine was far from rich, and it had recently made a settlement in the
+Faubourg S. Jacques, which had exhausted its resources. The Queen of
+England was known to be in no position to give monetary help, and to
+complete the difficulties the Archbishop of Paris looked very coldly upon
+the scheme.
+
+But Henrietta's friends were determined that she should have the interest
+and consolation on which she had set her heart. Mother Lhulier and Mother
+de la Fayette, whom the Queen hoped to see the true foundation-stones of
+the new edifice, were untiring in their efforts, and Queen Anne showed
+herself on this, as on many other occasions, a real friend to her widowed
+sister-in-law. The decision was so far made that Henrietta, though she had
+no money, and no prospect of money, set about the agreeable task of finding
+a home for the new community.
+
+The Queen went hither and thither looking at properties which were in the
+market, but none pleased her so much as that which had belonged to her old
+friend the Marshal de Bassompierre, who was recently dead. This beautiful
+mansion, which had been built by Catherine de' Medici and honoured more
+than once by the presence of Richelieu, stood in one of the best positions
+in the immediate environs of the city, on rising ground overlooking the
+Seine, and commanding magnificent views of the surrounding country. It was
+approached by the leafy Cours la Reine, the most fashionable promenade in
+Paris, where on summer evenings as many as eight hundred coaches might be
+counted, and though the house and grounds were in the village of Chaillot,
+the Faubourg de la Conférence had crept up so that the two almost joined.
+To the charms of nature were added those of art. Bassompierre was one of
+the most accomplished men of his time, and he so lavished the resources of
+his ample means and of his refined taste upon his favourite residence, that
+it became one of the sights of Paris, and as such was visited by John
+Evelyn, who came away delighted with the "gardens, terraces, and rare
+prospects,"[410] which he beheld there. Since the death of the owner the
+house had fallen on evil days. Bassompierre's heir, the Count de Tillières,
+was unable to take possession of the property, and it became a place of
+very evil fame, the resort of lewd persons, who defiled its stately halls
+and fair walks with scenes of shameless revelry.
+
+Henrietta was always rapid in her decisions, and she speedily made up her
+mind that here and nowhere else was the dwelling-place which would at once
+furnish an ideal convent for the religious and a pleasant retirement for
+herself. She hurried back to the Rue S. Antoine and carried off two of the
+nuns to inspect the house. They found it indeed most beautiful, and their
+only scruple was that it was too fine and inconsistent with their vow of
+poverty; but they waived this objection, not quite unwillingly perhaps,
+when they saw how the Queen's heart was set upon Chaillot, and how she was
+diverted from her sorrows by the pleasure which she took in her plans for
+installing her friends and herself in this charming retreat.
+
+Mother Lhulier took legal steps to gain possession of the property, but
+grave difficulties, which perhaps had not been foreseen, arose. Tillières
+and the other heirs of Bassompierre claimed the property, but they had
+never been in possession of it, and their rights seem to have been ignored
+in the transaction with the nuns, whose purchase-money was to be applied to
+the liquidation of the late owner's debts. The Count, though he saved his
+reputation as a courtier by behaving with great civility to Henrietta, and
+assuring her that she was welcome to live in the house as long as she
+pleased, provided she did not turn it into a convent, determined to fight
+the matter in the law courts. He was supported by the magistrates of
+Chaillot, who probably did not wish to see a profitable place of pleasure
+closed, and by a large number of persons, some of high quality, who were in
+the habit of frequenting it. The pious chronicler of the Order of the
+Visitation[411] sees behind these human figures that of the arch-fiend
+himself, who was interested in preventing a piece of territory which was
+specially his from lapsing to the service of God. But good, as we know, is
+stronger than evil. The judges of the case, almost against their will, and
+certainly under the direct inspiration of Providence, gave the decision in
+favour of the nuns, whose joy was only dashed by the hard condition that a
+large sum of money must be forthcoming in twenty-four hours.
+
+The case appeared hopeless. Neither Henrietta nor the nuns had a tenth of
+the sum required, and money was just then very scarce; but Mother Lhulier
+was a woman to whom seeming impossibilities were only opportunities. She
+made the need known to all whom she knew, and then waited in quiet
+assurance for the result of her appeal. Her faith was rewarded. Just before
+the close of the specified time of grace, a rich gentleman, who was a great
+friend of hers, came to say that he was willing to guarantee the whole
+amount.
+
+But even now the troubles were not at an end. Tillières was determined to
+fight to the last, and he enlisted on his side the ecclesiastical
+authorities, who from the first had not looked very kindly upon the project
+of the new foundation. The Archbishop of Paris was still that same Jean
+François de Gondi who had been so deeply affronted by the refusal to allow
+him to officiate at Henrietta's wedding. He was now a very old man, but he
+was none the less willing to avenge an ancient slight. He pointed out
+petulantly that there were already two houses of the Visitation in Paris
+and another in the neighbourhood of S. Denys. That the charge of the new
+convent would certainly come upon the public, and that a household of
+fifteen persons, however pious, could not be supported for nothing. He
+ended up by remarking with great acerbity that exiled queens with political
+business in their hands should not choose religious houses as their place
+of retirement.
+
+"However," we are told, "God who holds the hearts of the great in His hand,
+soon changed that of the Prelate," and the instrument of this happy
+conversion was Queen Anne. Attempts were made to play on her cupidity and
+that of her young son by pointing out that Chaillot had originally been a
+royal residence, and would make again another nice country house for the
+King; but she refused to listen, and devoted herself to winning over the
+Archbishop, who was far too good a courtier not to yield quickly to such
+persuasion. His views changed with a wonderful rapidity, and very soon
+Henrietta had the happiness of knowing that the last obstacle was removed,
+and that nothing stood in the way of the realization of her wish.
+
+She herself undertook the work of preparing the house for the reception of
+the nuns. Hers was a busy, active nature, and she was never happier than
+when spending herself for those she loved. Some of the furniture she
+supplied herself and some was sent from the Rue S. Antoine, where the
+little band of women under the guidance of Mother Lhulier and Mother de la
+Fayette was ready to set out. The removal took place upon the 21st of June,
+1651. The nuns were seen off from their old home by Vincent de Paul,[412]
+that strange figure of seventeenth-century Paris, whose shabby _soutane_
+was found in the _salon_ of the noble as in the hovel of the poor, and
+whose advice was sought at the council table of the King as in the home of
+the meanest of his subjects. He was at this time director of the mother
+house, and though he is not known ever to have set foot within the convent
+of Chaillot, his memory is linked with it by the blessing which he bestowed
+upon its beginning.
+
+At Chaillot Henrietta was waiting, radiant and expectant. She greeted her
+guests with delight, giving perhaps a specially warm welcome to two of the
+younger members of the little band of nine or ten--one, the only novice of
+the house, Eugénie Madeline Berthaud, the sister of her dear friend Madame
+de Motteville; the other a Scotch girl, Mary Hamilton[413] by name, whom in
+earlier days she had welcomed at her Court in London, but whose desire for
+a conventual life was such that leaving home and country she had set out
+for Paris, where she entered the convent in the Rue S. Antoine, without
+knowing a single word of the French tongue.
+
+Henrietta led the nuns all over the house, discoursing upon its charms and
+conveniences, and dwelling specially upon the beauties of the situation.
+She had arranged that her own rooms should be in the front, overlooking the
+public road, while the nuns were to take the quieter apartments which faced
+the garden. She was surprised and disconcerted when these ladies, who were
+less used to palaces than she was, objected to the splendour of the lodging
+provided for them, and insisted upon retiring to the garrets, which they
+said were more suitable to their vow of poverty, and whence they were only
+induced to descend some days later, at the Queen's special request, and
+when she had carefully removed from the downstairs rooms all that
+savoured of worldly vanity; but neither this little difficulty nor the more
+serious trouble that, owing to the continued opposition of Tillières, it
+was necessary to defend the house with a guard of archers, could damp
+Henrietta's joy on such a day. She spent several hours with the nuns in
+happy talk and plans, and then drove back to the Palais Royal, where she
+was living at this time, happier perhaps than she had ever been since her
+husband's death.
+
+Chaillot was honoured by letters patent from the Crown of France, which
+gave it the status of a royal foundation and Henrietta the title of
+foundress. When the enclosure was set up about a week after the arrival of
+the nuns, a number of distinguished persons assisted at the ceremony,
+though it had to be done quickly for fear of disturbance from those who had
+struggled so hard to keep this fair property out of the hands of the
+Church. Henrietta heard the first Mass which was sung in the chapel with a
+triumph which was all the sweeter to her bold and enterprising nature from
+the many difficulties which had beset the undertaking.
+
+Congratulations were not lacking. Among the most graceful were those which
+Walter Montagu made public two years later in a dedication to the Queen of
+a volume of religious essays. "Under that notion, Madam," he wrote, "of an
+aspirer to a more transcendent Majestie I present your Religious Mind these
+entertainments: which will be the less unmannerly the greater privacie and
+retreat they intrude themselves upon; and truly, as your life stands now
+dispos'd the greater part of your time is favourable for such admissions.
+Since you pass the most of it in that holy retirement, whither you have
+carry'd up the Cross in triumph; having set That over your Head and the
+most tempting part (perhaps) of the whole world, as it were, under your
+feet.
+
+"And, methinks, Madam, this remark may not a little indear to you the seat
+of your pious retirement; viz. That you, who have been dispossess'd of so
+many noble houses and pleasant scituations, by the worlds violence and
+injustice, and have had many religious receptacles (by your means
+consecrated) taken from you by the Prince of this world, transferring them
+to his profane uses: That your vertue yet should have made so eminent a
+reprizal upon the world's possessions in your retreat out of it. And what a
+comfort may it be to you to think that God has made use of you, to take
+from this Prince one of the chiefest holds; and convert it, as it were,
+into a Religious Citadel, furnish'd with such a Garrison as professing
+irreconcileable enmitie to him and all his partie, bears away as many
+conquests as it has combatants, daily singing Te Deum for their continual
+victories."[414]
+
+Henrietta, as is hinted in the above passage, was not slow to take
+advantage of the retreat which she had won with so much difficulty. "Our
+good Queen," wrote Sir Richard Browne in August, 1651, "spends much of her
+time of late in a new monastery ... of which she is the titular
+foundress."[415] The more she saw of her new friends the more she loved
+them, and her affection was warmly returned. It became an understood thing
+that year by year she should pass at Chaillot the seasons of the great
+festivals of the Church, and her visits, which were usually for ten days or
+a fortnight, sometimes extended to several months. She came to look upon
+the convent as the best substitute for the home she had lost. There she
+passed the happiest days of her latter years, and there, had not a sudden
+death surprised her, she would have died.
+
+Nor was her retirement without agreeable society from outside, for Chaillot
+was the resort of some who were among the ornaments of the Parisian world.
+There might often have been seen the Queen-Regent, whose visits at the time
+of the foundation were continued to the day when, on her dying journey to
+S. Germain-en-Laye, she was carried "to see this poor convent once
+more,"[416] and who in that holy retreat was able at last to forget the
+jealousies of bygone days, and to hold out the hand of cordial friendship
+to Louise de la Fayette. Sometimes an even greater honour was bestowed on
+the religious when the lad who was afterwards "le grand Monarque" appeared
+at the door, to be welcomed with all the ceremony due to the God-given hope
+of France. Not infrequently the bright and gifted Madame de la Fayette, who
+was winning a literary reputation, to be crowned later by the publication
+of _La Princesse de Clèves_, came to chat with her husband's sister, or to
+lay the foundation of that intimacy with Henrietta of England which fitted
+her to be the biographer of her short life. Most constant visitor of all,
+Madame de Motteville brought her wit, her accomplishments, and her long
+experience of Court life to enliven the dullness of the cloister. When the
+death of Queen Anne released her from the faithful attendance of years she
+spent a great part of her time at Chaillot, where she was the frequent
+companion of the Queen of England, who beguiled the long, quiet hours by
+recounting her past experiences, particularly her adventures during the
+Civil War, all of which her listener carefully wrote down and finally
+incorporated in the charming memoirs which were the principal occupation of
+her later days, and which contain many details of Henrietta's character and
+career lost but for her in the silence of time.
+
+But perhaps the most romantic visitor who ever appeared at Chaillot was a
+runaway Princess, who found there an asylum after her conversion from the
+Protestant to the Catholic religion. Louise of the Palatine was a
+connection of the Queen of England, for she was the daughter of Elizabeth
+of Bohemia, the Winter Queen, whose beauty had turned so many men's heads
+and hearts. Louise lived with her unfortunate family at The Hague, and she
+solaced the weary days of an exiled Princess by the study of
+accomplishments, especially of painting, for which she had real talent. The
+attractions of the Church of Rome were represented to her by a priest, who
+gained her ear and her confidence as an instructor in her favourite art.
+She determined to abandon the religion of her family; and, as she knew that
+her position in her mother's house would be intolerable, she sought refuge
+in flight, and threw herself upon the protection of her aunt by marriage,
+whose devotion to the Church of Rome was a matter of common knowledge.
+Louise was not disappointed. Henrietta, to whom the conversion of any
+Protestant was a matter of real interest, and who must have felt a certain
+satisfaction in the secession to the enemy's camp of one of the children of
+the Queen of Bohemia, whose Protestantism had often in the past been
+unfavourably compared with her Catholicism, received the girl with motherly
+kindness, and bestowed her at Chaillot under the care of Mother de la
+Fayette. Louise soon expressed a desire to enter the religious life, and it
+was thought that she would take the veil in the convent which sheltered
+her; but Mother de la Fayette, with the good sense which distinguished her,
+objected to the profession of a Princess, whose birth would necessitate her
+election to a high office, to which perhaps her personal qualities would
+not entitle her. So the royal lady went on to the Cistercians, who had no
+such scruples, and who made her Abbess of Maubuisson, near Pontoise, where
+she lived in much repute to a green old age, and famed perhaps as well as
+her younger sister Sophia, whose steadfast Protestantism was rewarded by
+the reversion of the crown of the Three Kingdoms, and whose descendants sit
+to this day upon the throne which she missed by a few weeks.
+
+In 1654 Mother Lhulier died. She was succeeded[417] in the office of
+Superior, as might have been expected, by Mother de la Fayette, whose
+election was much desired by the Queens of both England and France. These
+royal ladies considerately abstained, from expressing any opinion on the
+subject that the nuns' choice might be free, but their wishes must have
+been well known, and they no doubt fell in with those of the religious.
+Louise de la Fayette fully justified the prophecy of Mother Chantal, and if
+Chaillot owed much to the force of character and strength of will of the
+first Superior, it owed even more to the sagacious rule of the second, who
+endeared herself to all, whether religious or visitors. The house was
+already sufficiently established, but the financial condition gave great
+cause for anxiety, and almost justified the ungracious forebodings of the
+Archbishop of Paris, though kind friends, among whom Madame de Motteville
+was one of the most generous, gave considerable gifts, and some of the
+religious, such as her sister, the first professed nun of the house, were
+able to bring dowries. Queen Henrietta, who had no money to give, exerted
+herself to procure high-born little pupils for the convent school, whose
+liberal pensions were indeed for some time the chief support of the house.
+She set the example by placing her own little daughter, Princess Henrietta,
+under the care of Mother de la Fayette, and, as was hoped, her presence
+attracted other children of equal rank, among whom was the daughter of the
+Duchess of Nemours, who was afterwards Queen of Portugal. No children could
+have had a more beautiful home or a more apt instructress; for the nun, in
+her long years of conventual life, had lost no whit of the graces and
+accomplishments of her courtly youth or of her natural kindliness of heart.
+Her charity, indeed, rose superior even to the acerbities of theological
+passion. To her care was confided one of the exiled nuns of Port Royal, and
+it is recorded that, in honourable contrast to the Superiors of other
+religious houses charged with a like burden, she treated her unwelcome
+guest with constant courtesy and kindness.
+
+Chaillot was to Henrietta a peaceful retreat after all her sorrows, for the
+world was strictly excluded, and the convent never became, like Val de
+Grace, a centre of political intrigue. There, removed from the troubles of
+dangerous schemes, of jarring religions, and of perpetual disappointments,
+the Queen regained something of the brightness and more than the
+tranquillity of her earlier years. The quiet days, passed in a round of
+prayer, of conversation, and of reading, flowed on undisturbed; and as she
+grew older she pleased herself by talking of the time when she should take
+up her abode permanently with her dear nuns, only, she said, she feared the
+damp of the river-side house a little. The kindness of the nuns, who saw in
+her not only a royal foundress, but a much-tried and suffering woman, was
+very great. At one time they even permitted her to join them at their
+recreation; and when this was found to be undesirable, her particular
+friends among the community were still ready to cheer and amuse her by
+their agreeable conversation, while they in their turn were often much
+diverted by her witty talk and stories of the surprising adventures which
+had befallen her, and which assuredly lost nothing in the telling. She was
+too clear-sighted and humorous not to appreciate that a queen was of
+necessity a troublesome member of a religious household, and she set
+herself to mitigate the annoyance as far as possible. She kept a very small
+household, only one lady-in-waiting, two or three other attendants, and as
+many girls to do the cooking, and she was careful to select only such women
+as would conduct themselves with quietness and decorum. One of her chief
+objects in choosing a situation on the outskirts of Paris had been to avoid
+the flow of idle visitors who in the city itself were a real annoyance to
+religious houses, and she refused to receive those who came on idle and
+frivolous pretexts. No one, however high his rank or pressing his business,
+was permitted to enter the enclosure without the leave of the Superior; and
+once, when Henrietta herself was unable to walk and was carried out from
+Paris in a chair, she insisted upon waiting at the gate of the convent
+until permission for her bearers to enter had been obtained. On all
+ordinary occasions she came down to the parlour and interviewed her
+visitors through the grill, even when the matter in hand was so intimate as
+that of trying on new clothes. She was equally considerate in any question
+which might disturb the religious routine of the house; and this delicate
+woman of over fifty, a princess by birth and a queen by marriage, whose
+health had been ruined by her troubles and privations, dragged herself from
+her bed at an early hour in the cold winter mornings that the community
+Mass, at which she liked to assist, might not be delayed.
+
+Perhaps the greatest pleasure of Henrietta's life at Chaillot was the long
+conversations which she held with Mother de la Fayette, whose attraction
+was as great for her as years before it had been for her brother. Into the
+nun's sympathizing ear she poured the tale of her sorrows, her fears, and
+her aspirations, and from her she received those instructions and counsels
+which made her in her latter years, in the words of Madame de Motteville, a
+_dévote_ without the pretensions of one. Mother de la Fayette taught her
+the art of meditation, an art which must have been difficult to the Queen's
+vivacious and easily distracted mind, and it was probably under her advice,
+as well as that of her confessor, that she refused to interest herself in
+the various theories of grace which the controversies of Port Royal were
+making a fashionable subject of conversation, and confined her spiritual
+reading to a perusal and reperusal of a book which has brought consolation
+to thousands of weary spirits, the _De Imitatione Christi_. Her confidence
+in Mother de la Fayette, which probably was due in some measure to the
+isolation and independence which her position as a nun gave her, was very
+great. It extended even to her worldly affairs, which she would hardly have
+discussed with an ordinary friend. It was still more marked with regard to
+those inner matters of the spirit in which heart speaks to heart. It was to
+this chosen friend that Henrietta made the touching confession, which
+Bossuet, through Madame de Motteville, was able to proclaim to the world
+after her death, that every day on her knees she thanked God that He had
+made her two things, a Christian and an unhappy Queen (_une reine
+malheureuse_). But the pleasure of this friendship was not to be
+Henrietta's to the end. In 1664 the Queen was in England. She kept up a
+constant communication with the nuns at Chaillot, and she was much
+gratified to receive a letter telling her of the return of Mother de la
+Fayette to the convent, from which she had been absent on a reforming
+mission to another religious house, and of her re-election as Superior.
+Very shortly another letter followed telling of the nun's sudden and
+serious illness, and hardly had the Queen grasped this intelligence when
+the news came that Louise de la Fayette was dead. Though she had spent
+twenty-seven years in religion she was even now only forty-six years old,
+and the community mourned her as one who had been taken away in the midst
+of her age. It is not likely that she ever regretted her early decision,
+for the position of a highly born nun in those days, particularly if she
+resided in the capital, was dignified and important, and compared
+favourably with that of the worldly woman in all but variety and
+excitement. A convent parlour might be, and often was, the scene of
+conversations as interesting and influential as any held in a _salon_ or
+boudoir; and if Louise de la Fayette did not wield a distinctly political
+influence, it was rather from choice than from inability. Her early and
+tragic experience had taught her a real contempt for the fleeting glitter
+of Court life, and she never lost the spirit which, in her early convent
+days, led her, when one of her former friends reproached her for the change
+which had come over her, and hinted that she was mad, to reply gently: "No,
+I think I have left you the madness in leaving you the world."
+
+She had no truer mourner than the Queen of England, who hastened to
+associate herself with the sorrowing community. "One day you tell me," she
+wrote, "of the serious condition of Mother de la Fayette, and the next you
+announce to me her death, which grieves me deeply. It is a loss for the
+whole Order, and particularly for our house. I cannot express to you the
+grief which I feel; it is too great. I pray you to tell all our daughters
+that I sympathize with their sorrow, and to assure them that they will
+always find me ready to make proof of the friendship which I have for them,
+and which I had for the Mother they are mourning."[418]
+
+The picture which is presented of Henrietta through the medium of the
+Chaillot Papers, though in no sense false, is necessarily one-sided. All
+persons are influenced by the surroundings in which they find themselves,
+and if the Queen of England appeared to the nuns as a woman of almost
+saintly piety, whose every thought was given to heaven, and whose sorrows
+had completely detached her from the world, it is because thus she really
+was in their gentle society within the charmed walls of their convent. They
+did not see her in the outside world, where thorny problems again beset
+her, and where her old faults of temper and judgment tended to reappear.
+She had ever been not only a woman of strong religious and moral principle,
+but one whose qualities of heart and head had gained her more affection
+than often falls to the lot of a royal lady, and the effect of Chaillot was
+to emphasize and develop every virtue and charm she possessed, and to throw
+completely into the background all that was harsh and discordant and
+unlovely. Among the many portraits which remain to show her "in her habit
+as she lived" is one which represents her as the recluse of Chaillot, and
+which brings strong corroboration to the loving pen-and-ink sketches of the
+good nuns. A woman, still comely and showing the remains of great beauty,
+looks out upon us from the canvas; the heavy mourning dress corresponds
+with the deep melancholy of the face, and if there are no tears in the
+eyes, it is only because the painter has caught that saddest of all
+moments, when
+
+  "The eyes are weary and give o'er,
+  But still the soul weeps as before."[419]
+
+Thus she must often have appeared as she sat in her quiet room at Chaillot,
+or knelt in the convent chapel; and if in later years she was able to take
+up life again with something of her old courage and cheerfulness, it was
+because her wounded spirit had met healing and peace in this beloved home,
+which had been founded, as the archives of the Order recorded, for the
+consolation of a suffering woman, and which, after sheltering the sorrows
+of one exiled Queen of England, was to extend a like welcome to another
+hardly less unfortunate, Mary Beatrice d'Este, the wife of Henrietta's
+second son, James II.[420]
+
+[Footnote 402: "Mon inclination est de me retirir dans les Carmelites ...
+car après ma perte je ne puis avoir un moment de aucune joye."--_Lettres de
+Henriette Marie à sa soeur Christine_, p. 71.]
+
+[Footnote 403: Jeanne Chantal.]
+
+[Footnote 404: _A New Description of Paris_ (1887), p. 121. The chapel is
+now a church of the _église réformée_.]
+
+[Footnote 405: Queen Anne of Austria was very fond of this convent.
+Mazarin, in the early days of his power, believed that the nuns tried to
+influence her against him.]
+
+[Footnote 406: Mme de Motteville: _Mémoires_ (1783), I, 72.]
+
+[Footnote 407: This account is taken from that written by Caussin, an old
+copy of which is preserved in the Bibliothèque S. Geneviève, in Paris.
+Caussin's manuscript was only seen by Mother de la Fayette shortly before
+her death.]
+
+[Footnote 408: Her profession took place in July, 1637.]
+
+[Footnote 409: Louise Eugénie de la Fontaine. During the second war of the
+Fronde this lady received into the convent a number of religious (among
+them the Chaillot nuns) who were afraid to remain outside Paris. "Il
+sembloit que cette maison étoit un petit Paradis Terrestre ou une arche qui
+vaguoit en assurance dans un repos admirable pendant que tout étoit dans
+une confusion épouvantable et qu'on entendoit de tous cotez les canons et
+les mosquets qui se tiroient à la batail de la porte S. Antoine."--_Vie de
+la Ven. Mère Louise Eugénie de la Fontaine._]
+
+[Footnote 410: Evelyn: _Diary_. December 5th, 1643.]
+
+[Footnote 411: MS. 2436, Bibliothèque Mazarine, Paris. From this history
+many of the details of this chapter are taken.]
+
+[Footnote 412: He was an old friend and disciple of Bérulle.]
+
+[Footnote 413: She was apparently a sister of Sir William Hamilton, the
+Queen's late agent in Rome.]
+
+[Footnote 414: _Miscellanea Spiritualia_, Pt. II (1653).]
+
+[Footnote 415: _Diary and Correspondence of John Evelyn_ (1859), Vol. IV,
+p. 352.]
+
+[Footnote 416: Madame de Motteville: _Mémoires_, VI, p. 212 (1783).]
+
+[Footnote 417: The Superiors of the Order of the Visitation are chosen for
+three years. Mother de la Fayette held office three times, from 1654-7,
+from 1657-60, and from 1663 until her death in the following year.]
+
+[Footnote 418: C[arlo] C[otolendi]: _Vie de la très haute et très puissante
+Princesse Henriette Marie de France Reyne de la Grande Bretagne_, p. 311.]
+
+[Footnote 419: D. G. Rossetti.]
+
+[Footnote 420: Of Chaillot literally not one stone remains upon another.
+The convent was destroyed in the Revolution, and its site is occupied by
+the Trocadero.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+THE END
+
+  La mort a des rigueurs à nulle autre pareilles;
+      Ou a beau la prier,
+  La cruelle qu'elle est, se bouche les oreilles,
+      Et nous laisse crier.
+
+  Le pauvre en sa cabine, où le chaume le couvre,
+      Est sujet à ses lois;
+  Et la garde qui veille aux barrières du Louvre,
+      N'en défend point nos rois.
+
+                                FRANÇOIS DE MALHERBE
+
+
+In the end the Restoration came as a joyful surprise to Queen Henrietta and
+her sons. After all the struggles, after all the intrigues, after all the
+schemes, Charles Stuart returned to the throne of his father by the free
+choice of a people afraid of a military despotism, weary of the disorders
+which had followed the death of Cromwell, and remembering that, after all,
+the exiled King had had little or no complicity in the deeds which brought
+his father to the scaffold. England was tired of Puritanism, and was
+preparing with all eagerness to welcome the Merry Monarch.
+
+France, which had shown herself decidedly tepid in helping the King of
+England in his adversities, and had, even at the nod of the usurper, driven
+him beyond her borders, was quite ready to rejoice at his good luck. Even
+Mazarin offered the most gratifying sympathy, while Queen Anne and the
+common people manifested a more real gladness. The English colony in Paris
+was naturally almost beside itself with joy and triumph, which burst forth
+in noisy rejoicings, wherein music, drinking, and fireworks played about
+equal parts.
+
+As for Henrietta, her joy was too deep for words. The small but pretty
+house at Colombes, where she now spent much of her time, was the scene of
+suitable festivity, but she was probably glad when she could retire to
+Chaillot to receive the sympathy of Mother de la Fayette, and to assist at
+a solemn Te Deum of thanksgiving, which was sung in the chapel of the
+convent. When the news came that her son, on his landing in England, had
+almost been torn to pieces in the delight of his subjects, her joy was
+complete. "At last," she wrote in a happy letter to her sister Christine,
+"at last the good God has looked upon us in His mercy, and has worked, so
+to speak, a miracle in this re-establishment, having in an instant changed
+the hearts of a people which has passed from the greatest hatred to
+expressions of the greatest possible kindness and submission, marked,
+moreover, by expressions of unparalleled joy."[421] The King, her son, she
+added, would, she believed, be more powerful than any of his predecessors,
+a forecast in which she showed her usual lack of political penetration, for
+the English people, even in the delirium of loyalty of the Restoration, did
+not throw away the fruits of the long struggle.
+
+Charles wrote most kindly to his mother, begging her to come to England to
+share his triumph, and she confessed, in a letter to her sister Christine,
+that she should like before she died to see her family reunited after their
+long wanderings, and "vagabonds no more." But she delayed several months,
+during the course of which her nephew, Louis XIV, whom she had once hoped
+to see her son-in-law, married the bride of his mother's choosing, the
+Infanta of Spain. The Queen of England, in company with her sister of
+France, repaired to the house of Madame de Beauvais,[422] whence, from a
+balcony overlooking the Rue S. Antoine, the royal ladies witnessed the
+entry into Paris of the King of France and his wife, Louis riding on
+horseback, and the bride sitting in a car drawn by six splendid horses.
+Only a few weeks after this day of rejoicing Henrietta's joy was turned to
+grief, and even her pleasure in her son's restoration was dashed by the sad
+news of the death of her youngest son Henry, who had grown into a tall,
+fine young man, whose gallant bearing was much admired when he rode into
+London at the left hand of his brother the King, on the happy 29th of May.
+The poor lad was smitten by the scourge of smallpox, and in a few days he
+was laid in the grave.
+
+It was not until October that the Queen turned her steps towards England,
+accompanied by her youngest daughter, who was now a girl of sixteen, the
+beautiful
+
+  "Princesse blanche comme albâtre,"[423]
+
+who was soon to be the bride of her cousin Philip, the brother of Louis
+XIV. In spite of the happy occasion, it was sad to Henrietta to retrace the
+wedding journey of her youth, and to have to take part in festivities which
+recalled those of that long-passed time. On this occasion she set sail from
+Calais, but it was again at Dover that she set foot upon the soil of her
+adopted country, which she had not seen for sixteen years, and which her
+daughter had left as a child too young for memory.
+
+[Illustration: THE RUE ST. ANTOINE, PARIS (SHOWING THE CHAPEL OF THE
+
+VISITANDINES)
+
+FROM AN ENGRAVING BY IVAN MERLEN]
+
+Nor were the sad associations of the past the Queen's only cause for
+sorrow. Her grief was still fresh for her dead son, and for her two living
+ones her mind was full of anxiety. "I am going to England to marry one and
+to unmarry the other," she had said on leaving Paris. She was revolving
+schemes in her head for a marriage between the King and a niece of Cardinal
+Mazarin, whose large dowry, it was thought, would be useful in paying off
+the army of Cromwell and in settling the discontent which surely must be
+still lurking in the newly converted country. But more painful thoughts
+were given to her second son. This young man, whose exploits, together with
+those of his younger brother, at the battle of the Dunes, had won the
+admiration of the French against whom they were fighting, and whose fame
+was so great that his praises were sung in the coffee-houses of distant
+Constantinople, had so far forgotten his high lineage as to contract an
+alliance with a young woman of low rank, of no compensating beauty and of
+somewhat doubtful character. It was small consolation to Henrietta that the
+lady she was called upon to welcome as Duchess of York was the daughter of
+Sir Edward Hyde. At first she sternly refused to recognize the marriage,
+and it was only the entreaties of her two most intimate friends and
+counsellors, Lord Jermyn and the Abbé Montagu, that induced her to be
+reconciled to her son and to receive his wife. Perhaps she was also
+influenced by the knowledge that her eldest son, who at this time was much
+under the power of Hyde, wished her to show mercy. Still, it was with an
+aching heart that she saw her gallant young son mated with a woman in every
+way inferior to him; and her chagrin would not have been decreased could
+she have looked into the future and seen the two daughters of Anne Hyde
+sitting, in succession, upon the throne from which they had thrust their
+father.
+
+Queen Henrietta Maria was received with all kindness in England, which she
+found in such a fever of loyalty as to make it quite needless to think of
+the dowry of Mazarin's niece. The ever-fickle populace welcomed her with
+joy which made it difficult to believe that she had even been unpopular.
+Her dowry was restored to her, and her son rewarded his mother's faithful
+servants. Jermyn, whose advocacy of the Duchess of York had not perhaps
+been quite disinterested, received the title of Earl of St. Albans; and
+Montagu no doubt might also have obtained the recompense of his fidelity
+had he not by now regarded France and the Church as a truer _patria_ than
+his own country. As Grand Almoner to the Queen he presided over her
+ecclesiastical establishment, which was again settled at Somerset House,
+whither the Capuchin Fathers had returned to carry on a vigorous religious
+campaign, in which their superior, Father Cyprien,[424] who preached
+sermons "to touch the heart of demons," took an active part. The palace had
+been much knocked about during the war, and it was one of Henrietta's
+pleasures to restore it to its former beauty, an achievement which her old
+admirer, Sir William Waller, celebrated in smooth, polished verses of the
+type which was rapidly ousting the literary fashions of an earlier day. The
+Queen showed a surprising memory for the persons and things of the past,
+and delighted her son's courtiers by the graceful tact with which she
+recalled their circumstances and asked after their wives and families. But
+she was not very happy. Probably she felt the loss of her former political
+influence. Certainly she felt all the bitterness of returning a lonely and
+widowed old woman to the scenes of her happy married life. Sometimes, when
+all was bright around her, she would be found in some retired corner,
+where, with eyes full of tears, she was dwelling in thought upon the happy
+days of the past, and thinking of him to whom her will had been law.
+
+Thus by December, 1660, she had made up her mind to return to France; and
+after a parting saddened by the recent death of her eldest daughter, the
+Princess of Orange, who died of smallpox in London, she set out. Her
+journey was delayed by the serious illness of Princess Henrietta at
+Portsmouth, so that she did not reach Paris until the February of the next
+year. She was welcomed with much affection by her many friends, but perhaps
+the marriage of her daughter Henrietta, the daily companion of fifteen
+years, which took place with great éclat at the Palais Royal, made her life
+too lonely; for after the birth of the young wife's first child, a little
+girl to whom she was godmother, she determined to set out again for
+England, and report had it that there she meant to live and die. Her eldest
+son had just married a princess of Portugal, whose acquaintance she was
+anxious to make, and royal tact led her to add that she also wished to see
+the little daughter who had recently been born to the Duke and Duchess of
+York.
+
+There was no lack of heartiness in the welcome of her sons. Both Charles
+and James put to sea to meet her; but, owing to stormy weather, their boat
+was driven back, and the Queen's first welcome was the joyous salvos of
+Dover which answered the thunder of the guns of Calais.
+
+None but the most formal accounts remain to tell of Henrietta's impressions
+of her daughter-in-law, Catherine of Braganza. She can hardly have been
+pleased with the insipid girl whose bigoted piety and dull precision of
+character were not calculated to win the heart of an intellectual roué such
+as Charles II, who in women preferred a sparkling wit even to beauty. His
+mother, whose happy married life had made her shudder at the very name of
+illicit love, was no doubt judiciously blind where her sons were concerned;
+but she must have felt for this poor child whose chances of happiness were
+from the beginning very small. The two queens found a common interest in
+religion. Catherine was indeed _dévote_ as Henrietta had never been; but
+the elder woman had throughout her life given sufficient proof of zeal, and
+she had recently written a letter to the Pope, informing him that the chief
+reason of her return to England was her desire to advance the Catholic
+religion in that land. The Court of Rome was getting weary of the
+ungrateful island on which "missioners, seminaires, regulars, seculars,
+archpriests, interposition of Princes, and what not,"[425] had all been
+thrown away. But Henrietta, true to her sanguine nature, still hoped to be
+the saviour of the English Catholics. Her chapel at Somerset House was once
+more the resort of the faithful, where hundreds abjured the heresy of their
+birth, some of which conversions were so amazing as to merit a place in the
+memoirs of Father Cyprien. Above all, the Queen knew that her eldest son,
+whose private opinions varied between the tenets of Hobbes and those of the
+Church of Rome, would have liked to be tolerant. What she failed to
+appreciate was that his wandering exiled life had taught him to sacrifice
+any private fancy or liking rather than go on his travels again.
+
+Somerset House was not only a religious centre. Wherever Henrietta was
+there were laughter, wit, and cheerfulness. Even in the darkest days of the
+past she would dry her tears to laugh at anything which struck her as
+droll, and now, in her old age, though sorrow and self-discipline had
+softened the sharpness of her tongue, her conversation had the charm of
+that of a witty woman who had mixed with famous people, and who had borne a
+principal part in the events of the age which was just passing away. Life
+had been to her what books are to more studious people; for, like the
+father whose wit she had inherited, she did not care for reading, and this,
+in her later life, she frankly regretted. She was now a "little, plain old
+woman,"[426] always quietly dressed, and worn out by trouble and
+ill-health; but the charm which was her cradle gift had not left her, and
+her Court proved much more attractive than that of her daughter-in-law, to
+whom nature had been less bountiful, and whose prim youth was no match for
+the sprightly age of the daughter of Henry IV.
+
+But the rivalry was not to be a long one. It seems that the air of England
+had not agreed with Henrietta, even when she was young and happy; and now
+her health daily became worse, until at last her physicians told her
+plainly that if she remained in England she would die. Perhaps she was not
+altogether sorry for this decision. She loved her sunny native land, and
+her heart yearned for her youngest and dearest child and for her nuns at
+Chaillot. Moreover, the troubles of her previous visit had not passed away.
+She bade a loving farewell to the two sons whose faces she knew she would
+never see again, and then made for the last time the familiar journey to
+Paris, where she was received with the customary kindness of the French
+royal family.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The last years of Henrietta Maria's life were calm and peaceful, except for
+her ill-health. "I have never had a day free from pain for twenty years,"
+she said shortly before her death to her friends at Chaillot. She had
+little to trouble her beyond the gentle sorrow of seeing those with whom
+she had been associated pass, one by one, to the silence of the grave. Her
+brother, the Duke of Orleans, ended his restless life in the year of the
+Restoration, leaving his title to his nephew, Henrietta's son-in-law.
+Cardinal Mazarin passed away in 1661, avaricious to the last, and counting
+with dying fingers the treasures to which his heart still clung. Four years
+later Queen Anne of Austria followed him, after an illness the infinitely
+pathetic record of which is to be found in the pages of Madame de
+Motteville. She was a great loss to her sister-in-law, the more so as
+Henrietta's faithful friend, the Abbé Montagu, was so high in her favour
+that it was feared he would succeed to the influence and position of
+Mazarin, and thus France be under a foreigner once more. The tie between
+these two was of no ordinary strength. Not only had Montagu been a friend
+and companion of the unforgotten Buckingham, but Anne never ceased to
+remember the service which he had rendered to her in the past. When he
+returned to France, after his long imprisonment, sobered by trouble, and so
+far from desiring the ecclesiastical honours on which his heart had once
+been set that he turned from them when offered, he became in some measure
+her spiritual adviser, a rôle for which he was well suited, as he knew
+probably better than any one else the secrets of the past. From his lips,
+at her own request, the dying Queen received the solemn intimation of the
+approach of death, and almost her last conscious words were addressed to
+him. "M. de Montagu knows how much I have to thank God for," she said,
+fixing her eyes on the Abbé as he knelt weeping beside her, words which
+both Madame de Motteville, who was present, and Montagu himself interpreted
+as bearing witness to Anne's innocence in the days when she compromised her
+reputation by vanity and coquetting.[427]
+
+Henrietta's health, which had never recovered from the strain of the Civil
+War and the terrible experiences of her last confinement, became worse and
+worse; so that in December, 1668, she wrote to her son Charles that her
+remaining days would not be many. She suffered much from sleeplessness and
+fainting fits, and even the waters of Bourbon, which she had long been
+accustomed to drink every year, afforded her little relief. The thought of
+death had ever been to her, as to her accomplished friend Madame de
+Motteville, one of terror. She did not like even to speak of it. "It is
+better," she was wont to say, "to give one's attention to living well, and
+to hope for God's mercy in the last hour." But now that death was drawing
+near it lost something of its terror, and she said quite openly that she
+was going to Chaillot to die. "I shall think no more of doctors or
+medicine," she added, "but only of my soul." In this spirit she went out to
+her house at Colombes to spend there the golden days of a French autumn,
+until the feast of All Saints should call her to her convent. "The
+Queen-Mother is extreme ill, and seems to apprehend herself
+extremely,"[428] wrote Ralph Montagu, the English ambassador in Paris, on
+September 7th, 1669.
+
+A few days later the end came. To the Queen's sleeplessness was added an
+aversion from all food, and at the request of the King of France, who was
+much attached to his aunt, a consultation of doctors was held, among whom
+the principal place was taken by Vallot, a man of great experience, who was
+first physician to the Crown of France, but who, nevertheless, was believed
+by some to have been negligent in his care of Queen Anne. He, thinking that
+Henrietta's great weakness came from her distressing insomnia, advised that
+she should take a grain of some sedative at night. The Queen, who had
+explained her symptoms with great clearness, objected the opinion of Sir
+Theodore Mayerne that such remedies were dangerous to her constitution,
+adding, laughing, that an old gipsy woman in England had once told her that
+she would never die except of a grain. Vallot listened respectfully, but he
+was unconvinced, so that his patient, feeling her reluctance to be foolish,
+agreed to follow his advice. The day wore on, and after a quiet evening
+with her ladies, Henrietta retired to bed as usual; but she did not feel
+very well, and it was suggested that she should not take the opiate.
+However, she could not sleep, and when her physician was called to her
+bedside she asked with some eagerness for the drug. He administered it in
+an egg, after which the Queen lay down again, to fall into a sleep which
+became deeper and deeper, until it passed into the last sleep of
+death.[429]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+With daybreak all was confusion at Colombes. Messengers hurried off to
+Paris to acquaint the King of France with the news of his aunt's death, and
+to S. Cloud to break the sad tidings to the Duchess of Orleans, who would
+be her mother's truest mourner. By some strange oversight or malice the
+English ambassador was left to hear the intelligence by chance. Ralph
+Montagu, who had a very poor opinion of the Earl of St. Albans, whose
+position as Lord Chamberlain to the late Queen gave him considerable power,
+believed that that nobleman had purposely kept him in ignorance, so that
+there should not be "left a silver spoon in the house."[430] In the
+interests of the King of England he hurried off to the King of France, who,
+in spite of the protests of the Earl, caused seals to be placed upon his
+aunt's property until it could be properly disposed of.
+
+There was great mourning for Henrietta in France, not only because she was
+personally beloved, but because the King and the people saw in her not so
+much the widow of the King of England as the last surviving child of the
+much-loved Henry the Great. High and low vied with each other in their
+desire to do her honour, and Louis XIV expressed his wish that she should
+lie by her father in the royal Abbey of S. Denys, where he ordered that a
+splendid funeral service, following the precedent of that of his mother,
+should be celebrated at his expense. He immediately dispatched a _lettre de
+cachet_[431] to the Prior and monks of the house, ordering them to receive
+with all honour the body of the Queen of England.
+
+Meanwhile at Colombes on a bed of state lay the corpse.[432] But that same
+evening, following the custom of the times, the heart was taken out,
+enclosed in a silver casket, and carried to its last resting-place at
+Chaillot. A sorrowful company escorted the precious relic, which was met at
+the door of the convent by the religious, each of whom held in her hand a
+lighted taper. Then in a set little speech the Abbé Montagu, as Grand
+Almoner to the late Queen, delivered it over to the Superior, commending it
+to the pious care of the community.
+
+Two days after this mournful little ceremony the body was carried through
+the Porte S. Denys, along the road which Henrietta had traversed as a
+bride, to the royal abbey, where it was to rest. There, watched by faithful
+guardians, it lay in a chapel behind the choir for more than a month, until
+the 20th of November, when the funeral service was celebrated. The
+obsequies were a magnificent affair, comparable with the splendours of the
+long-ago wedding. In the great church hung with black, on a magnificent
+mausoleum supported by eight marble pillars and blazing with a quantity of
+lighted tapers, Henrietta, who, living, had known what it was to lack the
+necessaries of life, lay as a King's daughter in her death, and that the
+contrast might be the more complete, her body, which had long laid aside
+the trappings of royalty, was covered by a gorgeous pall "of gold brocade
+covered by silver brocade and edged with ermine." By the will of the King
+representatives of the sovereign bodies were present, while the mourners
+included princes and princesses and even one of higher rank, for Casimir,
+the ex-King of Poland, who had exchanged his crown for a monk's frock, had
+journeyed to do honour to the Queen of England from the great Abbey of S.
+Germain des Prés, where he was spending a peaceful old age, and where his
+tomb may be seen to this day. The attendance of clergy indeed was not
+large, but that was only because orders had been issued that the sovereign
+bodies should be saluted before the prelates, an insult which the pride of
+the Church could not stomach.
+
+After a new and delightful rendering by the choir of the _Dies Iræ_, the
+Bishop of Amiens ascended the pulpit. Francis Faure was probably selected
+for this office partly because he had been a servant of the dead Queen in
+her early married life, and partly because she had taken pleasure in
+hearing him deliver the panegyric of S. Francis de Sales in the chapel of
+the convent of Chaillot on the occasion of the saint's canonization. It
+seems, however, that this "_cordelier mitré_", as Gui Patin calls him, was
+not very popular with Parisian audiences, for the discourse which he
+delivered at the funeral of Queen Anne was severely criticized, and his
+sermon on the Queen of England had no better reception. Nevertheless, it
+reads as the work of an honest and affectionate man earnestly striving, not
+always indeed with success, to avoid that flattery of the great of which
+the times were so tolerant, but which is peculiarly vain in connection with
+death, the great leveller. His text was, "Watch and pray"; and he dwelt
+with some sternness upon the awful suddenness of the Queen's end, of which
+the Chaillot nuns said sweetly that it was the mercy of God to save her
+from the apprehension of the death which she feared so much. The
+discourse[433] was long, and it was nearly four o'clock in the afternoon
+before the body of Henrietta Maria was lowered into the royal vault, to lie
+beside that of her father.
+
+But the pious care of Louis did not end at S. Denys. Nearly a week later
+(November 25th) another service was celebrated in Paris itself, at the
+Cathedral of Notre-Dame, as an additional mark of the King's respect for
+his aunt. The Duke and Duchess of Orleans were again the chief mourners,
+while this time the preacher was Father Senault, Superior of that
+Congregation of the Oratory from which the Queen, ever since her marriage,
+had chosen her confessors.[434] He was a preacher of repute, as well as a
+writer of distinction, and his discourse on this occasion met with the
+"marvellous success which attends all his actions."[435]
+
+But before this, before even the service at S. Denys, the most famous of
+Henrietta Maria's funeral sermons had been preached. The filial piety of
+the Duchess of Orleans could not permit that her cousin the King of France
+should be the only person to do honour to her mother's memory. Her thoughts
+naturally turned to the convent at Chaillot, which her mother had loved so
+dearly, and where so much of her own youth had been spent. There the Queen
+had already been mourned by the good nuns; there Masses were offered for
+her soul. It was but fitting that there also should be celebrated the
+solemn service offered by her daughter's devotion.
+
+On November 12th the chapel of the convent, which the care of the religious
+had caused to be hung with mourning, was crowded by those who had come at
+the invitation of the Duchess of Orleans to do honour to her mother's
+memory. These were no royal obsequies due to Henrietta's quality as a
+daughter of France, but an offering of domestic love, and, as was
+befitting, the celebrant of the Mass was the late Queen's faithful,
+lifelong friend, Walter Montagu. But for the preacher was found one who has
+caused this simple service to be remembered while S. Denys and Notre-Dame
+are forgotten. The Abbé Bossuet was already Bishop-elect of Condom, but
+when he stood in the pulpit of Chaillot he still wore the dress of a simple
+priest. The discourse was pronounced "with much applause of the
+audience,"[436] wrote dryly the official chronicler of these events. It
+will be remembered as long as the French tongue. To one heart it spoke with
+something more than the charms of oratory, for from this day Henrietta of
+Orleans dated her friendship with the good Bishop. She did not know that in
+less than a year the same eloquent voice would be raised over her own dead
+body, and that her young life would have become, like her mother's, nothing
+but a text for a sermon.[437]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There was some difficulty about the Queen's property, as she died
+intestate. By the law of England everything she died possessed of passed to
+her eldest son; by the law of France her property would be equally divided
+among her children or their representatives. The property was not large,
+and Ralph Montagu believed that when the debts were paid there would be
+little left "but her two houses at Colombes, which would sell for ten or
+twelve thousand pistols, and were always, if she had made a will, intended
+to be given Madame." The person most inclined to dispute the claim of the
+King of England was the Duke of Orleans, who, perhaps knowing his
+mother-in-law's intentions, proposed that his wife should take the property
+in France as her share, leaving to her two brothers their mother's
+jointure, which had been granted for two further years. But another
+claimant appeared in the person of Henrietta's grandson, the Prince of
+Orange, who said that if Monsieur took a share he should advance a claim,
+otherwise he would submit to the pleasure of the King of England. Madame
+finally persuaded her husband to desist, which was esteemed a great service
+to her brother, as by the terms of the late Queen's marriage contract it
+would have been very difficult to parry his claims. Thus the whole of
+Henrietta's slender fortune fell to her son Charles II of England. But
+since he had always had a kindness for the nuns of Chaillot, he gave to
+them the furniture of his mother's apartments there. Some of it was too
+fine for them, and this portion they sold for the benefit of the house.
+They had no use for Flanders tapestry, for state beds or arm-chairs; but
+they kept, among other things, two feather beds, all the linen and pottery,
+and three very beautiful pictures. The proceeds of the sale enabled the
+nuns to build ten new cells, as well as to lay aside a sum of money for the
+expenses of the yearly commemoration of their royal foundress.[438]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Of those who mourned for Henrietta Maria it remains to say a few words. The
+future history of her two sons and of her nephew, Louis XIV, is too well
+known to need remark, except that it may be mentioned that James, in the
+tardy repentance of exile, found much comfort and edification among the
+nuns of Chaillot. The tragic fate of her daughter has already been referred
+to. Henrietta of Orleans, in the bloom of a beauty which recalled that of
+her mother, died at S. Cloud in the autumn of 1670, not without suspicion
+of poison. The Earl of St. Albans[439] returned to London, where he spent a
+drinking and card-playing old age, of which the most notable achievement
+was the foundation of St. James's Square, by which means he may almost
+claim the title of founder of modern West London, where Jermyn Street yet
+preserves his name. Walter Montagu, his friend of many years, had a very
+different fate. After the death of his three patronesses, the Queen of
+France, the Queen of England, and the Duchess of Orleans, he was made to
+resign the Abbey of S. Martin's, Pontoise. He returned to Paris and entered
+the Hospital of the Incurables in the Rue de Sève.[440] "My lord," said an
+English priest[441] of remarkable piety, who was waiting there for death,
+as he saw the Abbé enter, "you are come to teach me how to die." "No, Mr.
+Clifford," replied Montagu, "I have come to learn from you how to live."
+
+In this calm retreat his last years flowed quietly away. He "only occupied
+himself with the eternal years and with the practice of all the
+vertues,"[442] said the chronicler of S. Martin's; but incidentally he was
+able to render many services to the English colony in Paris, though his
+cousin Ralph complained that he had grown "very ignorant and out of
+fashion."[443] He died peacefully at the Incurables in February, 1677, and
+his body was carried to S. Martin's, at Pontoise, of which he had been a
+princely benefactor, to be buried in the chapel[444] of S. Walter, the
+first Abbot of the house and his patron saint, which he had beautified at
+great expense. Mother Jeanne, who still ruled over the Carmelites of
+Pontoise, caused a Mass to be sung for his soul, and equal honour was paid
+to his memory by the English Benedictine nuns of the same town. In Paris
+another old friend was doubtless thinking of him, for in a retirement
+almost monastical Madame de Chevreuse yet lived, one of the last of those
+who had gathered at the brilliant Court of Charles I and Henrietta Maria.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Thus Henrietta Maria, Queen of England,
+
+  "Left love and life and slept in endless rest."[445]
+
+As she was unfortunate in life, so she has been unfortunate in death; for a
+people whose historical judgments were stereotyped by the revolution of
+1688 has remembered her failings and forgotten her charms. It is only
+within recent years that the justice of history, working on the materials
+which are slowly unfolding the secrets of time, has been able to redress
+the balance and to reveal the personality of the woman who, amid all her
+misfortunes and all her faults, never lacked while living the devotion of
+love and friendship.
+
+[Footnote 421: _Lettres de Henriette Marie à sa soeur Christine_, p. 121.]
+
+[Footnote 422: This fine old house is still standing in the Rue François
+Mirron.]
+
+[Footnote 423: Loret: _La Muse Historique_, t. 3, p. 252.]
+
+[Footnote 424: This friar seems to have been more highly esteemed than, to
+judge by his memoirs, he quite deserved. _La Muse Historique_ has a long
+panegyric of him beginning--
+
+  Ce père a beaucoup de science
+  De vertue d'esprit d'eloquence
+  Faizans quelque fois des Sermons
+  A pouvoir toucher des Demons.--T. IV, p. 116.]
+
+[Footnote 425: Archives of See of Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 426: Pepys: _Diary_, November 22nd, 1660.]
+
+[Footnote 427: Mme de Motteville: _Mémoires_ (1783), VI, pp. 307, 308.]
+
+[Footnote 428: Hist. MSS. Com. MSS. of Duke of Buccleuch at Montagu House.
+Vol. I, p. 438.]
+
+[Footnote 429: There are several accounts of Henrietta's death differing
+considerably in detail, especially as to the time when the opiate was
+given. Vallot was much blamed for the advice he had given.]
+
+[Footnote 430: Hist. MSS. Com. MSS. of Duke of Buccleuch at Montagu House.
+Vol. I, p. 440.]
+
+[Footnote 431: "A nos chers et bien aimez le grand Prieur et Religieux de
+l'Abbaye Royalle de S. Denis en France" (September 12th, 1669).--Arch.
+Nat., K. 119, No. 7.]
+
+[Footnote 432: The official account of the Queen's death and of the three
+funeral services is contained in MS. Cinqants de Colbert, p. 142.]
+
+[Footnote 433: "Oraison funèbre de Henriette Marie de France Reyne de la
+Grande Bretagne prononcée dans l'Eglise de Saint Denys en France par
+Monseigneur l'Evesque d'Amiens" (1670).]
+
+[Footnote 434: Her confessor at the time of her death was Father Lambert,
+who succeeded Father Viette.]
+
+[Footnote 435: MS. Cinq cents de Colbert, p. 142.]
+
+[Footnote 436: Cinq cents de Colbert, p. 142.]
+
+[Footnote 437: On the first day of the year 1670 Walter Montagu "Voulant
+temoyner sa reconnaissance envers la Reine d'Angleterre ... indiqua dans
+son église [S. Martin's, Pontoise] un service solemnel par le repos de son
+âme."--Histoire de l'Abbaye de S. Martin de Pontoise, 1769. Bibliothèque
+Mazarine, MS. 3368.]
+
+[Footnote 438: Arch. Nat., K. 1303, No. 6. The portion sold realized
+£4143.]
+
+[Footnote 439: It is necessary to say a few words as to the alleged
+marriage between Henrietta Maria and Jermyn. It was believed by some
+contemporaries (e.g. Pepys and Reresby) that they were married, but it is
+very unlikely that this was the case. In a note to Smeaton's reprint (1820)
+to _The Life and Death of that matchless mirror of Magnanimity and Heroick
+Vertue Henrietta Maria de Bourbon_, it is asserted that a document was in
+existence in which Jermyn settled property on Henrietta Maria at the time
+of his marriage with her. This statement is absolutely unsupported, and
+even if the document ever existed it may have been a forgery. Henrietta as
+a Catholic could not have married Jermyn, a Protestant, without a
+dispensation from the Pope, which it would have been very difficult to
+obtain without the transaction becoming known. No trace of a dispensation
+has ever been found. The Queen's closest friends, Mme de Motteville and the
+Chaillot nuns, give no hint of such marriage, of which, had it existed,
+they must have been aware.]
+
+[Footnote 440: Now the Hôpital Laënnec in the Rue de Sèvres.]
+
+[Footnote 441: William Clifford, whom Henrietta Maria recommended to the
+Pope in 1656 as a suitable bishop for England. P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 442: Bib. Mazarin, MS. 3368.]
+
+[Footnote 443: Hist. MSS. Com. MSS. of Duke of Buccleuch at Montagu House.
+Vol. I, p. 423.]
+
+[Footnote 444: It is usually said that he was buried at the Incurables, but
+both the contemporary Gazette and Abbess Neville's Annals (of the English
+Benedictines at Pontoise) say that he was buried at S. Martin's, and the
+latter authority, which gives many details of his later life, adds that the
+interment took place in the chapel of S. Walter, and there is no doubt that
+their statement is correct. How the mistake arose is seen from a document
+preserved in the Archives de l'Assistance Publique, fonds des Incurables,
+carton 22, which speaks of a monument "posée, sur les entrailles de M. de
+Montagu en la nef de l'èglise dud" hospital [des Incurables].]
+
+[Footnote 445: William Browne.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+I
+
+ARCHIVES OF THE SEE OF WESTMINSTER
+
+_The answer given by the Commissioners of the Counsell to the French
+Embassadour Mareshall Bassompiere_
+
+
+The French were sent away as delinquents, having by their ill-carriage
+troubled the affaires of the kingdome, the domesticall government of his
+Ma:ties house, and the sacred union betwixt his Ma:tie and the Queene. The
+French Bishop and Blainvill endeavoured to make factione betwyeen the
+subiectes and the King stirring up men of ill affections in the Parliament
+against that which was for the service of the King and the tranquillity of
+the State. Some French officers suffered others to take houses in their
+names, where priestes might retire and there they brought up young weemen
+and children to be sent to the Spanish seminaries. They made the Queene's
+house a Rande-vous for Jesuits and fugitives. They subtly discovered what
+passed in privat betweene the K. and the Queene. They obliged her to take
+their opinion and allowance upon everything wh. the K. propounded and
+required of her. They endeavoured to frame a repugnance in the Queene to
+all wh. the King desired and ordained and they professed to foment discord
+betweene their Ma:ties as a thing importing the good of the Churche. They
+endeavoured to imprint in our Queene contempt of our nation, customes, and
+language. They had wrought the Qu.'s person, as it were to a kinde of rule
+of monasticall obedience, so farr as to make her doe things base and
+servil. They led her a foote a long waye to make her goe in devotion to the
+place where they are wont to execute infamous malefactours; which acte did
+turne not only to the shame of the Queene, but to the infamie of the K's
+predecessours for having put innocent persons to death, whom these fellows
+count martyrs, whereas not one was executed for Religion, but for crime of
+treason in the highest degree....
+
+
+II
+
+P.R.O. ROMAN TRANSCRIPTS
+
+(_To Cardinal Barberini_)
+
+Le grand zele qui a tourjours paru en sa Saintete pour procurer ladvantage
+de la religion catolique en ce peis et la passion que jay par tout les
+moyens possibles de contribuer, moblige a communi que a sa saintete a quoy
+la conjonction presante menase de la reduire; et de proposer a Sa Satete
+les melieurs expedients que je puis trouuer pour y remidier a fin de voir
+sette descharge de mestre aquitee de tout ce qui despandoit de moy tout le
+monde a ases de congnoisance de v[~re] piete et moy ases de preuues de
+v[~re] affection pour massurer que vous contribures de bon coeur a se
+deseing: en quoy le secret est sy important que je nay pas trouue apropos
+de vous envoyer une personne expres de peur de donner ombrage ysy qui
+pouroit fort nuir aux affaires du Roy Monseigneur et des catoliques: la
+Violence avec quoy le parlement a commance contre les catoliques a oblige
+le Roy Monseigneur a leur accorder la demande quils ont faite de banir les
+catoliques a dix milles de Londre, ils commansent a faire une riguoreuse
+recherche contre touts les prestres et menasent de mestre toute les loix
+les plus severes en execution contre eux qui vont jusques au sang, et moy
+mesme suis menacee de avoir mon contract de marriage rompu: et
+particulierement en se qui est des prestres; et la misere est que les
+affaires du Roy Monseigneur ne luy permette pas de soposer a toute sette
+violance a quoy il a bien paru depuis son avenemant a la couronne que son
+naturel ne a pas estte porte car au contaire il soufre maintenant pour sa
+bonte envers seux de [~nr]e religion; jay songe a un moyen et le seull que
+se tamps sy permet pour prevenir une grande partie de ses violances qui est
+pour employer de largent pour gagner les principaux de sette faction
+puritaine, et je croye avoir tellemant dispoise mon deseing quil ne me
+manquera que argent pour en venir about: les desordres de se peis sy
+randent impossible de trouuer ysy une telle somme dargent quil faudroit a
+cause _de lesclat que sela feroit_, se qui pouroit aussy frustrer le
+sucses: sest pour quoy jay cru en premier lieu estre obligee davoir recours
+a sa Saintete pour luy demander son assistance en une occasion sy presante
+et le danger sy ineuitable sans se remede a fin quil voye quil nia rien que
+je ne desire exposer en sette cause je mofre a donner telle caution qui
+sera valable pour la somme de cinc cent mil escus; car les catoliques
+estant une fois eschapes de se parlement present il ne oroit que a esperer
+et rien a craindre dhors en avant et le seul moyent est seluy que je
+propose: sest pourquoy je vous prie de communiquer sesy a Sa Saintete, a
+qui je suplie tres humblement de ne le consulter quavec vous car sy sela
+venoit a estre seu je serois perduee; et de me faire responce la plus
+prompte que sera possible, et selon v[~re] resolution, vous pouues envoyer
+les lettres de change a Paris pour me les faire tenir ysy et le plus
+secretement que faire se peut. Je ne doute pas que si il plaist a sa Stete
+de masister en ce deseing de remestre les catoliques en repos et de porter
+le Roy Monseigneur a leur faire plus de grases que jamais. En tout cas
+joray le temognage de sa Stete et le v[~re] davoir fait de mon coste tout
+mon possible pour faire reusir se deseing sy bon et utille a la religion;
+je nay que faire a vous presser de contribuer a sesy v[~re] piete vous
+porte ases a le faire seullemant une prompte responce la queue jatans par
+le mesme porteur le quel jay envoye a Paris pour vous faire tenir selle sy
+par Mr. le nonce la faire demandant rien plus que la diligence et le secret
+je me remest a la prudence de Sa Stete. et a la vostre et demeureray.
+
+  Mon cousin,
+             V[~re] bien affectionne cousine,
+
+                HENRIETTE MARIE R.
+
+  Il nia personne que sa Stete.
+       vous et moy qui sache se sy encore.
+
+
+III
+
+THOMASOM TRACTS
+
+The Queene's Proceedings in Holland. Being the copie of a letter from the
+Staple at Middleborough to Mr. Vanrode a Dutch Marchant in London. (19 Dec.
+1642.).... Colonel Goring is travelled into Ortoys and Flanders to raise
+forces of Men and Armour, he having a Commission from the King of France to
+take a certaine number from each Garrison, for the Queene and present
+supply for England. Colonel Gage who is Colonell over the English in
+Flanders, gave Colonel Goring a Challenge for presuming to beat up his
+Drums to flock away his Officers and Souldiers, nevertheless the souldiers
+being poore and long behind of their contribution mony agreed, and five or
+600 English followed Colonel Goring to Dunkirke, Newport, Ostend, and
+Graveling, where they now remaine till they be Shipt for England, there
+hath bin great meanes to the States that these Souldiers might bee
+permitted to passe through their Country and so take shipping for England,
+but the Queene nor the Ambassador can prevaile with the States for their
+consents therein. I have also here set you downe the summes of money raised
+amongst the Priests, Jesuites, Seminaries, Friers, Nuns, and holy Sisters
+through the land, and paid in to the Jesuites of St. Omers his Colledge
+towards the maintenance of his Majesties warres. And first as in order the
+English Cloyster at St. Omers,[446] the Jesuits have raised 3000 pounds,
+besides the Taxes they have imposed upon every Scholler 5_l._ a man being
+about 400, and that if any shall refuse the payment thereof to lose their
+Degrees in the House, and be for ever discharged for having any future
+benefit therein: in which Colledge the sum collected amounts about 3500_l_,
+Secondly at Ayres, the summe collected amounts unto 500_l_, Thirdly, at
+Beteone, the summe collected amounts unto 500_l_, Fourthly at Arras, the
+some of 2000_l_, Fifthly at the University of Doway 1000_l_, Sixtly at
+Gaunt, betweene the Colledge of English and Irish Priests, and the Matron
+of the Nunnes there, was Collected 500_l_, Seventhly at Durmount, 50_l_,
+eightly at Bruzels, from the Countesse of Westmoreland, and the Lady
+Babthorpe, Matrons of the holy Nuns, and the three Cloysters English,
+Irish, and Walloons, 3000_l_, Ninthly at Lovain, 1000_l_, Tenthly at
+Bridges, 300_l_, Eleventhly at Casteele, 200_l_, Twelfely at Newport
+200_l_, Thirteenth at Ostend 100_l_, Fourteenth at Graveling, 100_l_,
+Fifteenth at Dunkerke, 500_l_, all which summes amounteth about 15000_l_,
+have bin Collected and in the hands of Father Browne the Head of St. Omers
+Colledges, besides 5000_l_ more gathered from the Governours of every Towne
+Village or petty Dorpe, which makes the sum of 20 thousand pounds, all
+which is intended to be transported to his Majesty from Dunkirke, besides
+the weekely allowance the Colledges will disburse towards the maintenance
+of the five hundred Souldiers under the command of Colonell Goring during
+his Majesties warres with the Parliament....
+
+[Footnote 446: The inaccuracies with regard to St. Omers are probably
+typical of those with regard to the other places. St. Omers was at this
+time very poor. The pupils numbered 60, not 400; the Superior's name was
+Port, not Browne.
+
+There is no trace of such a collection in the records of Les Dames
+Anglaises at Bruges.]
+
+
+IV
+
+AFFAIRES ETRANGÈRES ANG., T. 49
+
+_Walter Montague to Cardinal Mazarin_ (_apparently_)
+
+La Haye 9 February 1642 [O.S.].
+
+Les mesmes tempestes qu'ont rejette la Reyne en Hollande m'ont retenu icy
+car d'abord quelle fut partye le mauvais temps ne nous pouvoit rien
+promestre de meilleur sur son renvoy icy ce qua este le 9 iour apres son
+embarquement ayant endure le peril sept iours de tempeste continuelle
+n'ayant ramene que trois de ses vaisslaux en ayant perdu un avec tout son
+equipage descuyrie et les autres encore sont demeures en doute de leur
+salut: le peril ou elle a este, a este si grand quelle eut bien pu
+iustifier sa mort de peur mais Dieu luy a donne un soutien par sa grace:
+... elle na iamais tesmoigne aprehension dans les preparatifs de la mort
+que pour les affaires de Dieu et du Roy son mary: les relations que les
+peres en font sont si extraordinaires quelle ont besoin dune telle
+authorité pour les faire croyables. Le iour apres quelle debarqua (ce
+quelle fit dans un petit bateau de pescheur trouve a la mer) elle receut
+nouvelle dune trahison decouverte dans son armee pour la livrer entre les
+mains des rebelles mais aussi beaucoup des instances de la part du Roy et
+du pays pour sa venue avec grand apparence de surete pour sa persone et
+grande aprehension de confusion dans les affaires sans l'assistance de sa
+presence tellement quelle se resoult contre tous les sentiments de son sexe
+et de sa sante mesme de se rambarquer au plus tost ... elle a fait grande
+perte dans ce naufrage mais elle a gagne dans l'opinion de tous les temoins
+ce quelle ne scauroit iamais perdre....
+
+
+V
+
+P.R.O. ROMAN TRANSCRIPTS
+
+(_To Cardinal Barberini_)
+
+  Mon cousin,
+
+Les bons effets que vous m'aues rendu de v[~re] amitie et particulierement
+en les vingt et cinque mille escus, que vous m'auez fourny par le Baron
+Herbert filtz du Marquis Wostre ont bien fait voyr le sentiment que vous
+auez des nos souffrances et de l'estat de nos affayres icy. Je vous supplye
+de croyre que comme j'embrasse auec une singuliere affection cette v[~re]
+bonne volonte envers nous, aussy vous fairray je paroystre la gratitude que
+j'en ay en toute occasion qui se presentera a ce fayre estant.
+
+                        Mon cousin,
+                            vostre affectionnee cousine,
+
+                                    HENRIETTE MARIE R.
+
+  D'Oxford ce 20^{me} de Septembre 1643.
+
+(The transcriber notes that the hand is like that of the King and that the
+signature is "Vostre affectionnee cousine," instead of the Queen's usual
+"Vostre tres affectionnee cousine"; he also notes the use of the pronoun
+"nous.")
+
+
+VI
+
+ARCHIVES OF THE SEE OF WESTMINSTER
+
+_Endorsed_ Securitus in jurando. 1645.
+
+Si ex una parte dignabitur regia Maiestus liberare Catholicus suos subditos
+à timore legum poenalium edictarum contra Recusantes ob causam Reliquiis
+eis qué certo et constanter concedere liberum usum Catholicae Religionis
+intra privatos parietes.
+
+Dicti Subditi ex altera parte exhibent se parotos ex hac hora ad fidem et
+obedientiam suae maiestati perpetuò ac firmiter servandam sub solemni
+juramento; quantum libet augeatur Catholicorum numerus in posterum vel
+conspirent ullo tempore inter se quincunque Principes esterii ad
+restituendum, sen stabiliendum vi et armis publicum usum Catholicae
+religionis in hoc Regno.
+
+Ad maius robur (si expedire videbitur) addi potest Breve pontificum, quod
+sine dubio sua S^{tas} facile concedet, pro ratificatione seu confirmatione
+dicti juramenti.
+
+
+VII
+
+P.R.O. ROMAN TRANSCRIPTS
+
+(_To Innocent X_)
+
+  Tressaint Pere,
+
+Le sieur Crashau ayant esté Ministre en Angleterre et nourri dans les
+Universités de ce pais parmy des gens tres esloignes des sentiments de
+nostre Sainte Religion sest toutes fois par sa lecture et son estude rendu
+Catholique et pour en jouïr plus paisiblement l'exercise, s'est transporté
+en decà et vescu prés d'un an aupres de moy, ou par le bon example de sa
+vie il a beaucoup edifié tous ceux qui ont, conversé avec luy. Ce qui m'a
+convié s'en allant presentem á Rome d'escrire ce mot á vostre Ste pour la
+prier de le considerer comme une personne de qui les Catholique Anglois ont
+conceu de grandes esperances, et que j'estime beaucoup, et de luy departir
+ses graces, et faveurs aux occasions qui se presenteront. Ce que
+j'estim[~ea]y parmy les autres obligations particulieres que jay a V.S. Et
+sur ce je prie Dieu Tressaint Père quil conserve V.S. longues années pour
+le bien et utilité de son Esglise.
+
+De S. Germain-en-Laye ce 7 Septembre 1646.
+
+                   V[~re] tres devotte fille
+
+                                 HENRIETTE MARIE R.
+
+
+VIII
+
+ARCHIVES OF THE SEE OF WESTMINSTER
+
+Upon the Ground given in the 12th Proposall, printed August the first 1647,
+by authoritie from his Excellence Sir Thomas Fayrfax, that All the Penall
+statutes in force against Roman Catholickes shall be repealed.
+
+And further that they shall enjoy the liberty of theyr consciencés, by
+Grant from the Parliament; It may bee enacted that it shall not be lawfull
+for any person or persons beeinge subiects to the Crowne of England to
+professe or acknowledge for truth, or perswade others to beeleive these
+ensuinge Propositions.
+
+1
+
+That the Pope or church, hath powre to absolve any person or persons
+whatsoeuer, from his or theyr obedience to the Civill Government
+established in this Nation.
+
+2
+
+That it is lawfull in it selfe or by the Popes dispensation to break eyther
+word or oath with any Heretickes.
+
+3
+
+That it is lawfull by the Pope, or churches command or dispensation to
+kill, destroy, or otherwise to iniure or offende any person or persons
+whatsoever because hee or they are accused, or condemned, censured, or
+exco[~m]unicated for Error, Schisme or Heresy.
+
+The premises considered wee on the other side sett our hands that every one
+of these three propositions may bee lawfully answered unto in the Negative.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Abercorn, James Hamilton, Earl of, 121
+
+  Aiguillon, Duchess of, 268
+
+  Alexander, Sir William, Earl of Stirling, 116
+
+  Andrewes, Lancelot, Bishop of Winchester, 109
+
+  Angus, William Douglas, Earl of, 114
+
+  Anne of Austria, Queen of France--
+    Wife of Louis XIII, 3;
+    disliked by Richelieu, 15;
+    relations with Buckingham, 15, 16, 22-4, 66-8;
+    intrigues against France, 131;
+    falls under Mazarin's influence, 207;
+    receives Henrietta in Paris, 219;
+    death of, 309, 310;
+    mentioned, 12, 34, 49, 208, 220, 225, 252, 260, 266, 273, 280, 283,
+    284, 286, 289, 293, 314
+
+  Ashburnham, John, 131
+
+  Aubert, Maurice, 56 _n._
+
+  Ayton, Sir Robert, 69, 160
+
+
+  Banbury, Elizabeth, Countess of, 222
+
+  Barberini, Cardinal Francesco--
+    His interest in England, 110, 118;
+    Henrietta's letters to, 175-7;
+    policy with regard to Ireland, 231;
+    men., 121, 122, 124, 125, 136, 160, 163, 164, 178, 231, 243
+
+  Bassompierre, Marshal de--
+    His mission to England, 57-60;
+    men., 286, 287
+
+  Bellièvre, M. de, 143
+
+  Berkeley, Sir John, 240, 241
+
+  Bernini, 111
+
+  Berthaud, Eugénie Madeline, 290
+
+  Bérulle, Cardinal--
+    Sent to Rome to procure dispensation, 6;
+    friend of Mary de' Medici, 169;
+    Henrietta's confessor, 23;
+    character of, 21-2;
+    death of, 81;
+    men., 11, 23, 34, 38, 40, 45, 60, 76, 95, 96, 98, 103, 109, 110, 112,
+    169, 277
+
+  Blainville, Marquis de, 39-46
+
+  Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne--
+    Preaches Henrietta's funeral sermon at Chaillot, 316;
+    men., 31, 202
+
+  Bouillon, Duke of, 232
+
+  Bristol, John Digby, 1st Earl of, 212
+
+  Bristol, George Digby, 2nd Earl of, 190, 196, 212, 224, 251
+
+  Brook, Sir Basil, 173
+
+  Browne, Sir Richard, 266, 292
+
+  Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of--
+    Relations with Anne of Austria, 15, 16, 22, 23, 66-8;
+    his conduct to Henrietta and her household, 35 _sqq._;
+    death of, 62;
+    men., 5, 7, 67, 130, 135, 137, 221, 310
+
+  Buckingham, Mary, Countess of, 25, 42, 79
+
+  Buckingham, Katherine, Duchess of, 139
+
+
+  Cary, Patrick, 249
+
+  Carlisle, James Hay, Earl of--
+    Ambassador at Henrietta's marriage, 5 _sqq._;
+    men., 46, 50, 51, 57, 66
+
+  Carlisle, Lucy, Countess of, 66-8, 152, 157, 186, 191
+
+  Carter, Master, 205
+
+  Casimir, King of Poland, 314
+
+  Catherine of Braganza, wife of Charles II, 307-9
+
+  Caussin, Father, 282, 283
+
+  Chantal, Jeanne, Mother, 279, 285
+
+  Charles I, King of England--
+    His marriage, 4 _sqq._;
+    harshness of, to his wife, 28 _sqq._;
+    subserviency of, to Buckingham, 5, 38 _sqq._;
+    gentleness of, to Catholics, 107 _sqq._;
+    signs Strafford's death-warrant, 185;
+    final parting of, from his wife, 213;
+    takes refuge with Scotch, 238;
+    sold to English, 239;
+    in hands of Independents, 240;
+    execution of, 254;
+    men., _passim_
+
+  Charles II, King of England--
+    Birth of, 64, 65;
+    men., 147, 180, 219, 257, 261, 264, 265, 268, 269, 270, 272, 275, 302,
+    303, 304, 307, 308, 316, 317
+
+  Chateauneuf, Marquis of--
+    His mission to England, 78 _sqq._;
+    enemy of Richelieu, 80; men., 84, 85, 89, 99, 221, 225
+
+  Chaulnes, Duchess of, 22
+
+  Chaulnes, Duke of, 19
+
+  Chevreuse, Mme de, 5, 16, 18, 21, 22, 30, 36, 49, 66, 80, 82, 85, 146,
+  147, 152, 158-60, 218, 219, 224, 225, 319
+
+  Chevreuse, Duke of--
+    Proxy for Charles at his marriage, 8 _sqq._;
+    men., 159
+
+  Christine, of France, Duchess of Savoy, 2, 3, 135, 188, 267, 280, 303
+
+  Cholmondley, Sir Hugh, 205
+
+  Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of, 235, 261, 265, 305
+
+  Clifford, William, 318
+
+  Con, George--
+    Arrives at Court, 122;
+    death of, 125;
+    men., 114-16, 123, 124, 129, 136-8, 149, 150, 160, 161, 164, 173
+
+  Cosin, John, Bishop of Durham, 137, 266
+
+  Cowley, Abraham, 221, 222
+
+  Crashaw, Richard, 221, 222, 249
+
+  Cromwell, Oliver, 239, 273-5
+
+  Culpepper, John Culpepper, Lord, 240, 241, 261
+
+  Cyprien de Gamache, Father, 100, 107, 254, 255, 306, 308
+
+
+  D'Avenant, Sir William, 154, 222, 238
+
+  Denbigh, Susan, Countess of, 68, 137, 181, 194, 200, 220, 222
+
+  Denbigh, William Fielding, Earl of, 181, 220
+
+  Denham, Sir John, 240
+
+  Des Anges, Mother, 133
+
+  D'Ewes, Sir Simonds, 74
+
+  Digby, Sir Kenelm--
+    Goes to Rome as Henrietta's ambassador, 231;
+    his conduct there, 233 _sqq._;
+    men., 144, 145, 150, 164, 172, 173, 178, 180, 250 _n._
+
+  Dorset, Frances, Countess of, 65
+
+  Douglas, Sir Robert, 114-17
+
+  Du Perron, Jacques Nowell--
+    Arrives in England, 100;
+    death of, 259;
+    men., 101, 128, 136, 197, 226-8, 266
+
+
+  Elizabeth of England, daughter of Charles I, 267
+
+  Elizabeth of England, Queen of Bohemia, 195, 212
+
+  Elizabeth of France, Queen of Spain, 2, 3, 230
+
+  Estrades, Count of, 143
+
+  Evelyn, John, 132, 266, 287
+
+
+  Fairfax, Sir Thomas, 245
+
+  Falkland, Lucius Cary, Viscount, 132, 249
+
+  Faure, Francis, Bishop of Amiens, 314
+
+  Fayette, Louise de la--
+    Relations with Louis XIII, 280-5;
+    Superior of Chaillot, 295, 296;
+    friendship with Henrietta, 297;
+    death of, 299;
+    men., 286, 290, 293, 294, 298, 303
+
+  Fayette, Mme de la, 293
+
+  Felton, John, 62
+
+  FitzWilliams, Colonel, 229
+
+  Fontenay-Mareuil, Marquis of, 83, 84, 102
+
+  Ford, Sir Edward, 240
+
+
+  Gaston of France, Duke of Orleans, 8, 12, 17, 24-6, 49, 51, 81, 82, 219,
+  309
+
+  Goffe, Stephen, 223
+
+  Gondi, Jean François de, Archbishop of Paris, 9, 10, 286, 289, 295
+
+  Goodman, Godfrey, Bishop of Gloucester, 109, 171
+
+  Goring, George Goring, Lord, 181-3
+
+  Grebner, Paul, 192
+
+  Gressy, M. de, 208, 223
+
+
+  Habington, William, 63
+
+  Hamilton, James Hamilton, Duke of, 64
+
+  Hamilton, Anne, Marchioness of, 137
+
+  Hamilton, Mary, 290
+
+  Hamilton, Sir William, 121, 163, 164
+
+  Hatton, of Kirby--
+    Christopher Hatton, Baron, 263, 271
+
+  Harcourt, Count of, 208, 209
+
+  Hobbes, Thomas, 222, 267
+
+  Holden, Henry, 248
+
+  Holland, Henry Rich, Earl of, 5, 6, 9 _sqq._, 61, 73, 83, 85-7, 117, 147,
+  162, 186, 212
+
+  Henrietta Maria, Queen of England--
+    Birth and early years, 1 _sqq._;
+    her personal appearance, 4, 5, 74;
+    betrothal, 8;
+    marriage, 9 _sqq_;
+    departure for England, 17;
+    at Amiens, 19-23;
+    at Boulogne, 23-5;
+    sails for England, 26;
+    early relations with her husband, 28 _sqq._;
+    her household, 30-3;
+    conduct of Buckingham to, 35 _sqq._;
+    Charles' unkindness to, 41-5;
+    goes to Tyburn, 47;
+    her household expelled, 51-5;
+    her letter to Bishop of Mende, 53, 54;
+    her married happiness, 60-2, 91;
+    her children, 63, 65;
+    her friendships, 65, 66, 73;
+    her theatricals, 69-72;
+    her wardrobe, 74-6;
+    intrigues with Jars and Chateauneuf against Richelieu and Portland, 88;
+    development of her character, 88, 89;
+    her relations with English Catholics, 95 _sqq._;
+    receives Capuchins, 99;
+    builds chapel at Somerset House, 101-3;
+    pleads with Charles for Catholics, 105;
+    sends Douglas to Rome, 114-17;
+    receives Panzani, 118;
+    sends Hamilton to Rome, 121;
+    her affection for Con, 123;
+    writes to Christine on Montagu's behalf, 135;
+    scene in her chapel, 140;
+    procures Jars' release, 144, 145;
+    writes urging Catholics to contribute to expenses of Scotch war, 150;
+    further development of her character, 152;
+    acts in _Salmacida Spolia_: relations with her mother, 158;
+    attempts to gain Cardinal's hat for Montagu, 160;
+    counsels calling of Parliament, 165;
+    relations with Richelieu, 169;
+    submits to Parliament, 174;
+    her letter to Barberini, 175-7;
+    efforts to keep open communications with Rome, 178;
+    refused a refuge in France, 180;
+    efforts to save Strafford, 181;
+    her share in army plot, 182;
+    last interview with Rosetti, 187;
+    accused of complicity in Irish rebellion, 190;
+    urges Charles to arrest five members, 191;
+    change in her character, 193;
+    goes to Holland, 194;
+    her activity there, 196;
+    letters to Charles, 198, 199;
+    shipwrecked, 200, 201;
+    reception at Burlington Bay, 203;
+    her military career, 204;
+    at Oxford, 205-13;
+    at Exeter, 214;
+    escapes to France, 215;
+    reception of, in Paris, 219;
+    asks for money from French clergy, 226;
+    intrigues with Confederate Catholics, 229 _sqq._;
+    sends Digby to Rome, 231;
+    refuses to receive Rinuccini, 236;
+    weakness of her policy, 251;
+    grief on Charles' death, 255-7;
+    counsels Anne of Austria, 260;
+    head of "Louvre party," 261, 262;
+    attempts to convert Gloucester, 267-72;
+    claims her dowry, 273;
+    goes to convent in Rue S. Antoine, 279;
+    founds Chaillot, 286 _sqq._;
+    her life there, 292, 296, 297;
+    her letter to nuns on death of Mother de la Fayette, 299;
+    her joy at the Restoration, 303;
+    returns to England, 305;
+    returns again to France, 306;
+    her last visit to England, 307;
+    last journey to France, 309;
+    her last years, 309;
+    death of, 311;
+    funeral of, 313-16;
+    her estate, 316, 317;
+    supposed marriage with Jermyn, 317 _n._
+
+  Henrietta of England, Duchess of Orleans--
+    Birth of, 214;
+    marriage of, 307;
+    death of, 317;
+    men., 215, 253, 268, 272, 293, 296, 304, 309, 312, 315, 316
+
+  Henry IV, King of France, 1-3, 65, 92, 96, 105, 126, 128, 142, 174, 180,
+  194, 204, 211, 216, 253, 257, 272, 273, 280, 285, 308, 309, 312, 315
+
+  Henry of England, Duke of Gloucester--
+    Henrietta's attempt to convert him, 267-72;
+    death of, 304;
+    men., 169
+
+
+  Innocent X--
+    His refusal to help Henrietta, 249, 250;
+    men., 222, 231, 234, 235, 241, 248
+
+
+  James I, King of England, 6, 7, 48, 108, 127, 128
+
+  James, Duke of York (James II), 198, 261, 272, 301, 305, 307, 317
+
+  Jars, Chevalier de, 78, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90, 144, 145, 219
+
+  Jones, Inigo, 154
+
+  Jonson, Ben, 69, 154
+
+
+  Killigrew, Thomas, 132, 134
+
+
+  Lambert, Father, 315 _n._
+
+  Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, 69, 88, 108-10, 127, 138, 139,
+  141, 166, 171
+
+  Leander de S. Martino, Father, 33 _n._
+
+  Leicester, Robert Sidney, Earl of, 168
+
+  Lennox, James Stuart, Duke of, 64
+
+  Lewknor, Sir Lewis, 34 _n._
+
+  Leybourn, George, 247
+
+  Lhulier, Mother, 286, 288, 290, 295
+
+  Lilly, William, 106, 192 _n._
+
+  Louis XIII, King of France--
+    At Henrietta's wedding, 8 _sqq._;
+    relations with his wife, 15;
+    death of, 207;
+    relations with Louise de la Fayette, 281-5;
+    men., 3, 16, 17, 19, 27, 38, 45, 49, 50, 54, 55, 60, 67, 95, 102, 145,
+    157, 197, 221
+
+  Louis XIV, King of France, 153, 219, 252, 259, 266, 274, 293, 303, 304,
+  311, 312, 315-17
+
+  Louise of the Palatine, 294, 295
+
+
+  Magdeleine of S. Joseph, Mother, 11
+
+  Manchester, Edward Montagu, Baron Montagu of Kimbolton, afterwards 2nd
+  Earl of, 190, 211, 262
+
+  Manchester, Henry Montagu, 1st Earl of, 72, 131
+
+  Mary of England, daughter of Charles I, 181, 194-6
+
+  Mary de' Medici, Queen of France--
+    Satisfaction of, at Henrietta's marriage, 6;
+    anger at dismissal of her household, 56;
+    takes refuge in England, 145-8;
+    death of, 197;
+    men., 1, 2, 4, 12, 16, 17, 22, 23, 31, 40, 48, 75, 79, 80, 98, 103,
+    143, 158, 161, 162
+
+  Mary, Queen of Scotland, 10, 26, 115, 260
+
+  Matthew, Sir Tobie--
+    His character of Henrietta, 25;
+    men., 24, 138, 166, 180
+
+  Mayerne, Sir Theodore, 63, 104, 123, 179, 214, 215, 311
+
+  Mazarin, Cardinal--
+    His friendship with Montagu, 197, 206;
+    successor of Richelieu, 207;
+    his policy, 208;
+    his distrust of Henrietta, 224, 225;
+    his alliance with Cromwell, 273;
+    death of, 309;
+    men., 206, 209, 216, 223, 224, 228, 230, 232, 238, 239, 252, 253, 259,
+    260, 274, 275, 302, 305, 309
+
+  Mende, Daniel du Plessis, Bishop of, 31-4, 36, 37, 40, 41, 46-8, 50, 51,
+  53, 54, 59-61, 96, 101, 220, 221
+
+  Montagu, Ralph Montagu, Duke of, 311, 312
+
+  Montagu, Viscount, Francis Brown, 222
+
+  Montagu, Walter--
+    Friendship of, with Henrietta, 7 and _passim_;
+    with Anne of Austria, 49, 131, 207, 209, 262, 263, 310;
+    with Mazarin, 197;
+    conversion of, 130-6;
+    imprisonment of, 209;
+    takes orders, 263;
+    death of, 318;
+    men., 48, 71, 72, 82, 83, 85, 138, 144, 145, 148, 150, 159, 160, 163,
+    164, 172, 173, 178, 180, 182, 197, 201, 219, 246, 262, 265-7, 269-72,
+    291, 292, 305, 306, 313
+
+  Montague, Richard, Bishop of Chichester, 109
+
+  Montglas, Mme de, 331
+
+  Montpensier, Mlle de (later Duchess of Orleans), 12, 51, 221, 272
+
+  Montpensier, Mlle de (daughter of Gaston, Duke of Orleans), 219, 257
+
+  Montreuil, Jean de, 166, 169
+
+  Montrose, James Graham, Marquis of, 205, 238
+
+  Motteville, Mme de, 28, 35, 61, 196, 143, 203, 221, 279, 281, 285, 293,
+  294, 298, 309, 310
+
+
+  Newcastle, William Cavendish, Earl of (later Marquis and Duke), 202, 205
+
+  Newport, Anne, Countess of, 137, 138
+
+  Newport, Mountjoy Blount, Earl of, 138, 159
+
+  Nicholas, Sir Edward, 261, 238
+
+  Northumberland, Algernon Percy, Earl of, 154
+
+  Norwich, George Goring, Earl of, 13, 162, 194, 223, 224
+
+
+  Orange, Frederick Henry, Prince of, 194, 201, 218, 223
+
+  Orange, William, Prince of, 181, 196
+
+  Orange, William, Prince of (William III), 317
+
+  O'Hartegan, Father, 229-31, 236
+
+  Ormonde, James Butler, Marquis of, 237, 247, 261, 265
+
+
+  Panzani, Gregorio, 120, 129, 137, 188, 189
+
+  Patin, Gui, 314
+
+  Pendrick, Robert, 178
+
+  Percy, Henry, 73, 183, 220, 244
+
+  Peters, Hugh, 240
+
+  Philip of France, Duke of Anjou, later of Orleans, 219, 304, 315, 317
+
+  Philip, Father Robert--
+    Henrietta's confessor, 55;
+    enemy of Richelieu, 82, 99;
+    sent to Tower, 186;
+    death of, 265;
+    men., 113, 117, 150, 182, 194, 215, 244
+
+  Portland, Richard Weston, Earl of, 81, 85, 87, 88, 123
+
+  Prynne, William, 72
+
+  Pym, John, 66, 161, 171, 177, 183, 186, 191
+
+
+  Retz, Cardinal de, 9, 220, 252
+
+  Richelieu, Cardinal--
+    Arranges Henrietta's marriage, 4 _sqq._;
+    his spies, 33;
+    intrigues against him, 80 _sqq._;
+    relations of, with English Catholics, 94, 95;
+    dislike of, to Henrietta, 142, 143;
+    releases Jars, 144, 145;
+    relations of, with England, 167, 168;
+    refuses to receive Henrietta in France, 179;
+    friend of Puritans, 191;
+    death of, 206;
+    relations of, with Louise de la Fayette, 181-3;
+    men., 1, 30, 33, 34, 40, 49, 56, 59, 67, 78, 80, 85, 86, 88, 89, 104,
+    113, 117, 127, 134, 135, 152, 160, 169, 191, 197, 218
+
+  Richmond, Frances, Duchess of, 64
+
+  Rinuccini, Giovanni Battista--
+    His embassy in Ireland, 255 _sqq._
+
+  Rochefoucault, Cardinal de, 9, 13
+
+  Rosetti, Count--
+    His first impressions of England, 161;
+    leaves England, 187, 188;
+    men., 129, 162, 164, 170, 173, 174, 176-8
+
+  Roxburgh, Jane, Countess of, 65, 194
+
+  Rubens, Peter Paul, 70, 103, 111, 211
+
+  Rupert, Prince, 212
+
+  Rutland, Cecily, dowager Countess of, 151
+
+
+  Sabran, M. de, 215, 223
+
+  St. Albans, Henry Jermyn, Earl of--
+    His friendship with Henrietta, 73;
+    concerned in army plot, 182 _sqq._;
+    with Henrietta in France, 220;
+    his influence over her, 238; reported
+    marriage with, 317 _n._;
+    death of, 318;
+    men., 82, 86, 87, 196, 198, 203, 214-16, 230, 237, 243, 251, 254, 261,
+    265, 274, 305, 306, 312
+
+  S. Georges, Mme, 9, 31, 38, 44, 52, 53, 54, 58, 60, 61, 65, 80, 199, 221
+
+  Sancta Clara, Father, 120, 124
+
+  Sales, S. Francis de, 280, 286, 314
+
+  Salvetti, 142, 185
+
+  Saucy, Father, 39, 58
+
+  Scarampi, 235 _n._
+
+  Séguier, Mother Jeanne, 197, 319
+
+  Senault, Father, 315
+
+  Smith, William, Bishop of Chalcedon, 95, 112-14, 117, 232
+
+  Soissons, Count of, 3, 12
+
+  Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of--
+    Thrown into prison, 171;
+    his trial, 180;
+    execution, 185;
+    men., 66, 88, 138, 156, 157, 159, 161, 162, 184, 190, 252
+
+  Suckling, Sir John, 72, 183
+
+  Surin, Father, 133
+
+
+  Tillières, Count Leveneur de, 29, 30, 35, 38, 39, 51, 57, 125, 287, 288
+
+  Tillières, Mme de, 31, 52
+
+  Tomkins, Master, 211
+
+
+  Urban VIII, 6, 14, 33, 57, 110, 113-18, 121-4, 136, 172, 175-7, 187, 230,
+  231, 235
+
+
+  Valette, Duke of, 159, 179
+
+  Vane, Sir Henry, 170
+
+  Vantelet, Mme de, 55, 57, 82, 87
+
+  Van Dyck, Anthony, 25, 62, 111, 155
+
+  Velada, Marquis of, 159
+
+  Vendôme, Duchess of, 255
+
+  Viette, Father, 55 _n._, 315 _n._
+
+  Ville-aux-clercs, M. de (Comte du Brienne), 6 _n._, 27, 39, 64
+
+
+  Wadding, Father Luke, 234, 235
+
+  Waller, Edmund, 69, 211, 306
+
+  White, Thomas, 243, 244, 248
+
+  Williams, John, Bishop of Lincoln, later Archbishop of York, 32
+
+  Winchester, William Paulet, Marquis of, 97, 246
+
+  Windbank, Francis, 90, 120, 121, 163, 164, 168, 170, 182
+
+
+
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+<body>
+<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Henrietta Maria, by Henrietta Haynes</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: Henrietta Maria</p>
+<p>Author: Henrietta Haynes</p>
+<p>Release Date: December 13, 2011  [eBook #38294]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HENRIETTA MARIA***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Alex Gam,<br />
+    and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div style="border:1px solid #000000; width:80%; padding-left:10px; padding-right:10px; margin:0px auto;">
+<p><b>Transcriber's Note</b></p>
+<p>Any missing page number relates to a blank page in the original book. Spelling errors issued in the author's <a href="#errata_con">errata</a> have been corrected and noted by the use of a dotted <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'underline'">underline</ins> in the text. Scrolling the mouse over such text will display the change that was made. Any other printer errors not included in the errata list remain.</p>
+<p>Scribal abbreviations are depicted as "v[~re]" when in the
+      original the tilde appeared above the letters enclosed in
+      brackets.</p>
+</div>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="imgcenter" style="width: 533px;">
+<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="533" height="600" alt="Cover: Henrietta maria. Queen of England." title="" />
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="imgcenter" style="width: 473px;">
+<a name="top"></a>
+<img src="images/illus001.jpg" width="473" height="600" alt="Henrietta Maria. From the Painting by Van Dyck at Windsor" title="" />
+<span class="caption">HENRIETTA MARIA<br />
+FROM THE PAINTING BY VAN DYCK AT WINDSOR</span>
+</div>
+
+
+<h1>HENRIETTA<br />
+MARIA</h1>
+
+<p class="center">BY<br />
+HENRIETTA HAYNES</p>
+
+<p class="center">WITH TWELVE ILLUSTRATIONS</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="center">NEW YORK: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS<br />
+LONDON: METHUEN &amp; CO. LTD.<br />
+1912</p>
+
+
+<h2>PREFACE</h2>
+
+<p>A bibliography of the sources from which this book has been written
+would extend to many pages: much information has been derived from the
+collections of MSS. preserved in Paris in the Biblioth&egrave;que Nationale, in
+the Archives Nationales, and in the Biblioth&egrave;que Mazarine; from the
+valuable series of Roman Transcripts in the Public Record Office, London;
+from the curious and interesting documents in the archives of the See of
+Westminster, and from the newspapers and pamphlets which form a branch of
+the literature of the Civil War.</p>
+
+<p>I have to express my thanks to His Eminence Cardinal Bourne, who kindly
+permitted me to consult the archives of the See of Westminster and to print
+three of the documents in the Appendix; to Mr. Edward Armstrong, Provost of
+Queen's College, Oxford, and to the Rev. H. Thurston, S.J., who have given
+me much help and advice; to the nuns of the Convent of the Visitation,
+Harrow-on-the-Hill, who lent me the rare <i>Vie de la Ven. M&egrave;re Louise
+Eug&eacute;nie de la Fontaine</i>; and, finally, to my friend, Miss H. M. Morris,
+who with unwearied kindness read through nearly the entire MS. of the book,
+and helped me much by her criticisms and suggestions.</p>
+
+<div><a name="errata_con"></a></div>
+<h2>ERRATA</h2>
+
+<table class="padded-table" summary="errata">
+	<tr>
+		<td class="center">Page</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a>,</td>
+		<td class="center">line</td>
+		<td class="right">7.</td>
+		<td class="left">For "complimentary" read "complementary."</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="center">"</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Page_66">66</a>,</td>
+		<td class="center">"</td>
+		<td class="right">24.</td>
+		<td class="left">For "neither of whom" read "who, neither of them."</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="center">"</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Page_69">69,</a></td>
+		<td class="center">"</td>
+		<td class="right">14.</td>
+		<td class="left">For "were" read "was."</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="center">"</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Page_72">72</a>,</td>
+		<td class="center">"</td>
+		<td class="right">16.</td>
+		<td class="left">For "new" read "own."</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="center">"</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Page_77">77</a>,</td>
+		<td class="center">"</td>
+		<td class="right">7.</td>
+		<td class="left">Omit "to" between "turns" and "a street."</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="center">"</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Page_77">77</a>,</td>
+		<td class="center">"</td>
+		<td class="right">32.</td>
+		<td class="left">For "imaginares" read "imaginaires."</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="center">"</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Footnote_142">110</a>,</td>
+		<td class="center">note</td>
+		<td class="right">1.</td>
+		<td class="left">For "Anglicans" read "Anglicanus."</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="center">"</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Footnote_197">138</a>,</td>
+		<td class="center">"</td>
+		<td class="right">1.</td>
+		<td class="left">For "Anglians" read "Anglicanus."</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="center">"</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Page_155">155</a>,</td>
+		<td class="center">line</td>
+		<td class="right">28.</td>
+		<td class="left">For "In" read "For."</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="center">"</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Footnote_221">155</a>,</td>
+		<td class="center">note</td>
+		<td class="right">2.</td>
+		<td class="left">For "Corznet" read "Coignet."</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="center">"</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Footnote_221">155</a>,</td>
+		<td class="center">"</td>
+		<td class="right">2.</td>
+		<td class="left">For "Bahn" read "Baker."</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="center">"</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Footnote_322">227</a>,</td>
+		<td class="center">"</td>
+		<td class="right">1.</td>
+		<td class="left">For "Magasin" read "Mazarine."</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="center">"</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Footnote_350">244</a>,</td>
+		<td class="center">"</td>
+		<td class="right">2.</td>
+		<td class="left">For "trois" read  "train."</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="center">"</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Footnote_401">275</a>,</td>
+		<td class="center">"</td>
+		<td class="right">2.</td>
+		<td class="left">For "Lovel" read "Loret."</td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<table class="padded-table" summary="contents">
+	<tr>
+		<td class="center">CHAPTER</td>
+		<td>&nbsp;</td>
+		<td class="right">PAGE</td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="right">&nbsp;</td>
+		<td class="left smcap">Introduction</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="right">I</td>
+		<td class="left smcap">The Daughter of France</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="right">II</td>
+		<td class="left smcap">The Bride of England</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="right">III</td>
+		<td class="left smcap">The Queen of the Courtiers</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="right">IV</td>
+		<td class="left smcap">The Queen of the Catholics</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Page_92">92</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="right">V</td>
+		<td class="left smcap">The Queen's Converts</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="right">VI</td>
+		<td class="left smcap">The Eve of the War. I</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="right">VII</td>
+		<td class="left smcap">The Eve of the War. II</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="right">VIII</td>
+		<td class="left smcap">The Queen and the War. I</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="right">IX</td>
+		<td class="left smcap">The Queen and the War. II</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="right">X</td>
+		<td class="left smcap">The Queen of the Exiles</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="right">XI</td>
+		<td class="left smcap">The Foundress of Chaillot</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Page_276">276</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="right">XII</td>
+		<td class="left smcap">The End</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Page_302">302</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="right">&nbsp;</td>
+		<td class="left smcap">Appendix</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Page_321">321</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="right">&nbsp;</td>
+		<td class="left smcap">Index</td>
+		<td class="right"><a href="#Page_331">331</a></td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+
+<table class="padded-table" summary="illustrations">
+	<tr>
+		<td class="left"><span class="smcap">Henrietta Maria</span><br />
+		From the painting by Van Dyck at Windsor<br />
+		(From a photo by F. Hanfstaengl)</td>
+		<td class="right" style="vertical-align:text-top;"><a href="#top"><i>Frontispiece.</i></a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="left"><span class="smcap">Henry IV</span><br />
+		From an engraving after the picture by Francis Pourbus<br /></td>
+		<td class="right" style="vertical-align:text-top;">FACING PAGE<br /><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="left"><span class="smcap">Cardinal Pierre De B&eacute;rulle</span><br />
+		From an engraving<br /></td>
+		<td class="right" style="vertical-align:text-top;"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="left"><span class="smcap">Old Somerset House</span><br />
+		From an engraving after an ancient painting in Dulwich College<br /></td>
+		<td class="right" style="vertical-align:text-top;"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="left"><span class="smcap">Charles I and Henrietta Maria</span><br />
+		From the painting by Van Dyck in the Galler&igrave;a Pitti, Florence<br />
+		(From a photo by G. Brogi)</td>
+		<td class="right" style="vertical-align:text-top;"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="left"><span class="smcap">The Duchess of Chevreuse</span><br />
+		After the picture by Moreelse, once in the possession of Charles I</td>
+		<td class="right" style="vertical-align:text-top;"><a href="#Page_146">146</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="left"><span class="smcap">Cardinal De Richelieu</span><br />
+		From a portrait by Phillippe de Champaigne<br />
+		(From a photo by Neurdein)</td>
+		<td class="right" style="vertical-align:text-top;"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="left"><span class="smcap">The Queen's Departure from Holland</span><br />
+		From an engraving</td>
+		<td class="right" style="vertical-align:text-top;"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="left"><span class="smcap">Sir Kenelm Digby</span><br />
+		From an engraving after the painting by Van Dyck</td>
+		<td class="right" style="vertical-align:text-top;"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="left"><span class="smcap">Henry Jermyn, Earl of St. Albans</span><br />
+		From an engraving</td>
+		<td class="right" style="vertical-align:text-top;"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="left"><span class="smcap">Henrietta Maria</span><br />
+		From an engraving</td>
+		<td class="right" style="vertical-align:text-top;"><a href="#Page_278">278</a></td>
+	</tr>
+	<tr>
+		<td class="left"><span class="smcap">The Rue St. Antoine, Paris (Showing the Chapel of The<br />
+		Visitandines)</span><br />
+		From an engraving by Ivan Merlen</td>
+		<td class="right" style="vertical-align:text-top;"><a href="#Page_304">304</a></td>
+	</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>INTRODUCTION</h2>
+
+<p>The woman to whose life and environment the following pages are dedicated
+was called upon to play her part in one of the most difficult and
+perplexing periods of our history: she lived just on the edge of the modern
+world, when the Middle Ages, with their splendid simplicity of
+all-embracing ideals, had passed away, and when even the ideals of
+nationality and religious freedom which the Renaissance and the Reformation
+had brought were becoming modified by the stirring of a new spirit of
+liberty. The two countries which Henrietta Maria knew were throughout her
+lifetime making their future destiny: the France which cherished her youth
+and sheltered her age was becoming the greedy France of Louis XIV, with its
+splendid Court, its attempts at territorial growth, its downtrodden,
+suffering people; the England of her happy married life was growing in
+political self-consciousness and in a stern and repellent godliness which
+was to mould the character of the nation, and to educate it to become in
+the next century the builder-up of the greatest empire which the world has
+ever seen.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta's life touches both England and France: by race, by education she
+was a Frenchwoman; by marriage she was an Englishwoman, and it is on
+English history that she has left the impress of her vivid personality; but
+the France which she never forgot coloured her thoughts throughout, and
+taught her in all probability those maxims of statecraft which she
+attempted to apply when the troubles of her life came upon her.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>She was the daughter of Henry IV, the great restorer of the French
+monarchy, the champion of an unified France, embracing in wide toleration
+Catholic and Protestant alike: her youth witnessed the beginning of
+Richelieu's continuance of her father's work; under the auspices of the
+great Cardinal she was married, and though later her regard for him turned
+to hatred, yet the impress which his genius had left upon her mind was not
+thereby destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>But her marriage transported her to a very different scene. England, under
+the iron heel of the Tudor despotism, had been worn out by no wasting civil
+wars; even the Reformation had brought little disturbance, for Henry VIII,
+by his amazing force of character, had been able to carry through a
+religious revolution almost without the people being aware of it; but the
+long peace was teaching men to forget the horrors of war and division. By
+the time the crown of the great Elizabeth passed to her Scotch cousin,
+Englishmen had ceased to look to the monarchy as the centre of unity. There
+was no need of a Henry of Navarre to bind up the wounds of the country. The
+old factious nobility had for the most part been slain in the War of the
+Roses, and the peaceful generations which followed had allowed of the
+growth of a powerful upper and middle class, which, originally fostered by
+the Crown as a counterpoise to the decayed feudal nobility, was now
+aspiring to a large share in the ruling of the people.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta wished to see her husband great and powerful, and she could not
+appreciate that the day of despotism which in France was beginning, in
+England was ending. Charles had not in him the stuff of greatness, but it
+is doubtful if even a Henry IV or a Richelieu could have put back the hands
+of the clock and realized her ambition. The despotism which was building up
+on the other side of the Channel in this country was tottering to its fall
+by the development of the intellect and character of the people.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span>
+
+Henrietta
+clung to the ideals of the past instead of stretching out to meet the
+ideals of the future, and so her work failed even as did that of Strafford,
+in spite of his greatness.</p>
+
+<p>And this national development was connected with perhaps the most important
+aspect of the matter. The Civil War was, more fundamentally than anything
+else, a war of religion, another act in the great drama which had been
+played in France half a century earlier, and which was still being played
+in Germany. Henry VIII and Elizabeth seemed to have saved England from the
+common fate of Europe; but it was not so: they only delayed the strife and
+gave it a turn unknown elsewhere, adding to the disadvantages of the
+champion of tradition this last, that he was a renegade in the eyes of the
+party to which by the logic of history he belonged. To many of their
+enemies, perhaps to most of them in certain moods, Charles and Henrietta
+were not so much the hinderers of political freedom as the supporters of an
+alien and blasphemous system of religion. It was the peculiar fortune of
+England that it gained liberty by the lever of religion. But for the fear
+of Popery it is far from improbable that the nation would not have arisen
+to strike down thus violently the despotism of the Tudors. Rather, the
+monarchy might have been gradually transformed, and with a very different
+and more tardy result, by the character of the people. But Puritan England
+could not leave irresponsible power in the hands of a sovereign whose very
+Protestantism was not unimpeachable, and thus the victories which were won
+by sectarian enthusiasm resulted not in the advancement of a barren
+fanaticism, but in the sure laying of the foundations of the liberty of the
+people. In France, where, among many differences from England, there was
+this great one, that the people and the monarch were substantially agreed
+on religious matters, there was discontent, even rebellion, but there was
+no revolution, and the people was left for
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span>
+
+another century and a half to
+bear the accumulating load of its misery, until the burden became
+unbearable and was cast off with a shock from which Europe still trembles.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta Maria's life was a failure. She failed to commend either her
+person, her religion, or her political ideals, and she brought her husband
+a degree of unpopularity which without her he might have escaped. Her
+circumstances were hard. She could not help being a Catholic, nor the fact
+that under her womanly softness lay the absolutism which was in the Bourbon
+blood. Like Charles, she was called upon to weather a storm which she had
+not raised, and she had not inherited with her father's temperament and
+charm his unrivalled political sagacity. Moreover, she had to win her
+private happiness by humouring a despotic and difficult-tempered man, and
+she could hardly be expected to recognize that that man, in marrying her,
+had made, on public grounds, the greatest mistake of his life. James I,
+whose ideas were always too large for his circumstances, had dreamed of
+securing England's place in the comity of nations by marrying his son to
+the daughter of one of the great Catholic houses. The result was not
+increased honour abroad, but hatred at home, such hatred as Henrietta in
+her early life was unable even to suspect. Accustomed in her own land to
+see Catholic and Protestant dwelling at least outwardly in peace together,
+knowing that the Catholic faith was professed at most of the Courts and
+among most of the peoples of Europe, she could not appreciate the
+insularity of the English mind which saw in every Catholic a political
+assassin wearing the colours of the Pope and the King of Spain; nor was she
+aware of the historical facts, which if they did not justify, at least
+explained this point of view. And as she failed to understand England, so
+she failed to understand Europe. The outstanding fact of continental
+politics was the long duel which was going on between France and the House
+of
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span>
+
+Austria. France was eventually to be the victor, but it was to be a hard
+struggle, and few were sharp-sighted enough to see in the splendid Spain of
+Philip IV the signs of a decadence which had already set in. But
+Henrietta's blindness was more than a dimness of sight, which she shared
+with Cromwell and others of the great ones of her age. It hid from her that
+which it was essential to her to know, namely, that this struggle underlay
+the whole policy of her native land. Thus she failed to understand the real
+causes of the enmity with which Richelieu came to regard her and her
+husband, and thus in later days she was unable to grasp the attitude of
+Mazarin, or to appreciate why it was impossible that he should give her the
+fullness of succour for which she asked.</p>
+
+<p>Had she been a Protestant and a woman of profound sagacity, she might have
+saved her husband. As it was, by her reckless defiance of forces whose
+strength she was unable to appreciate, she hurried him to his doom. She
+lived at a great moment, and she had no greatness to meet it. Herein alone
+is her condemnation. She has received more than her fair share of blame,
+for she has been made the scapegoat of Charles' faults. The tragedy of her
+fate rivals that of Mary Stuart or of Marie Antoinette, but she missed the
+historical felicity of a violent death, so that she has failed to touch the
+popular imagination. Had she done so, the most charming queen who ever sat
+upon the English throne, the daughter of the man whom France still adores,
+would have been saved from a verdict at the tribunal of posterity which, if
+not altogether unjust, is totally inadequate.</p>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="center" style="font-size:2.3em;"><b>HENRIETTA MARIA</b></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER I<br />
+THE DAUGHTER OF FRANCE</h2>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">In this more than kingly state</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Love himself shall on me wait.</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Fill to me, Love, nay, fill it up;</span>
+		<span class="ind1">And mingled cast into the cup</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Wit and mirth and noble fires,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Vigorous health and gay desires.</span>
+		<span class="ind5 smcap">Abraham Cowley</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>On a May morning in the year of grace 1625, a young girl, watching in
+the Ch&agrave;teau of the Louvre in the city of Paris, was awaiting the greatest
+event which had yet come to disturb the tenor of her life; for, before the
+sun had set, she, Henrietta Maria of France, would be the betrothed wife of
+Charles, King of England.</p>
+
+<p>It was a brilliant match for the little Princess, the youngest child of
+Henry IV, King of France, and of his wife Mary de' Medici of the great
+Florentine House: she owed it in part to the far-reaching policy of the
+father she had never known, and in part to the exertions of her mother and
+of a new favourite of that lady, M. de Richelieu. As she was only fifteen
+years old<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1"
+class="fnanchor">[1]</a> she was, perhaps, too young to enter into the
+political aspect of the matter, but she was fully alive to the social and
+ceremonial advantages to which it would entitle her: a few years before she
+had gazed with
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>
+
+envy at the honours prepared for her elder sister, Christine, the
+bride of Savoy: now she could afford to think of them almost with contempt,
+for, to her, the bride of proud England, far more splendid homage was about
+to be offered. Nor, though the bridegroom was absent and both betrothal and
+wedding would have to be by proxy, was he unknown. Henrietta had seen him
+when he was in Paris on the return journey of his romantic expedition to
+Spain, and she knew that he was a tall and proper man, handsome in face and
+royal in bearing, with a certain melancholy persuasiveness of address which
+not even a slight stammer could spoil. "I do not think he need have gone
+quite so far as Spain for a bride," she had said then, with the freedom of
+her tender years; even now, nearly a year later, she felt such an interest
+in her prospective bridegroom, that by the help of an old servant she
+borrowed his portrait from one of the English envoys who was accustomed to
+wear it round his neck, and, having carried it off to her private
+apartments, she gazed at it for the space of an hour, blushing the while at
+her own audacity.</p>
+
+<p>Of Henrietta's childhood there is little to record; as one of her
+biographers sadly remarks, her troubles began before she could know them,
+for she was not a year old when her noble-hearted father perished by the
+knife of Ravaillac. Her early years were passed under the care of her
+mother, who, though she was solicitous for the child's health and
+education, and reared her with the state due to a daughter of France,<a
+name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2"
+class="fnanchor">[2]</a> is said to have cared much less for her than for
+her elder sister Christine: a sister still older, the beautiful and
+high-minded Elizabeth, left her native country to become the unhappy wife
+of Philip IV of Spain, while Henrietta was still too young a child to
+retain much personal
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>
+
+memory of her; but touching letters remain written from the desolate
+grandeur of Madrid to show how fondly Elizabeth's heart clung to the pretty
+child she had left in Paris, for whose portrait she begs, and to whom she
+sends little gifts such as some toys for the toilet of her dolls, "so that
+when you play you may remember me."<a name="FNanchor_3"
+id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> The two
+sisters never met again, and the Spanish princess who came to France in
+Elizabeth's stead was a poor exchange for her, even if Henrietta, who was
+possessed of a sparkling and somewhat biting wit, had not been fond of
+exercising it upon her brother's demure wife, with whom her mother was
+never on good terms.</p>
+
+<p>That Henrietta's childhood was, in the main, healthy and happy, cannot be
+doubted. In person she resembled her father more than did either of her
+sisters, and she had inherited also his gay disposition. Her days were
+passed in one beautiful ch&agrave;teau or another, either the Louvre or the
+Luxembourg, or S. Germain-en-Laye, with its beautiful forest and its
+terrace overlooking the Seine. Her governess was the kind and faithful
+Madame de Montglas, who had tended not only her, but her brothers and
+sisters from their earliest years; and if she failed in some degree to win
+her mother's heart, with others she was more fortunate. Christine left her
+when her years numbered but ten, but so strong was the tie of the common
+childhood of the sisters, that they corresponded warmly to the end of their
+lives. Her relations with her brothers were very affectionate, and the
+King, in particular, cherished her as his favourite sister, probably on
+account of her ready wit, a quality which, like many people who are dull
+themselves, he greatly admired. Finally, her charms invited a suitor while
+she was still almost a child, in the person of the Count of Soissons, a
+scion of the royal house, who may well have been as much enamoured of the
+dark, sparkling eyes which
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>
+
+were the little Princess's chief beauty, as of
+her position as a daughter of France.</p>
+
+<p>There is, however, one sentence in an old biography of Henrietta which
+shows her youth in another and a sadder aspect. Young as she was at the
+time of her marriage, it appears that already she had had to learn the
+difficult art of adjusting her conduct to the requirements of Court
+factions and family dissensions.<a name="FNanchor_4"
+id="FNanchor_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> Her childhood was cast in the stormy
+times which followed the removal of the strong hand of Henry IV. Her
+mother, whose lead she followed in the main, was a foolish woman under the
+domination of unworthy favourites, until by good fortune she fell in with
+Richelieu. It would be impossible to give here even an outline of the
+history of the events which in 1617 drove Mary de Medici in disgrace from
+her son's Court. It must suffice to point out that until her return in
+triumph in 1621 her little daughter had some difficulty in reconciling the
+respective claims of her mother and her brother, and in preserving the
+favour of both.</p>
+
+<p>It was not long after this return that negotiations for a matrimonial
+alliance with England were opened, and thereupon Henrietta became for the
+first time a person of political importance. Her mother learned to
+appreciate her wit and beauty, and Richelieu, whose reign was just
+beginning, looked upon her with interest as a co-operator in his schemes
+for the humiliation of the House of Austria and of the French Protestants,
+objects which he thought would be considerably furthered by the union of
+Henrietta with the heir of England.</p>
+
+<p>In due time two envoys-extraordinary arrived from England to carry out the
+negotiations for the marriage.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>
+
+They were both very fine gentlemen, but the
+elder, the Earl of Carlisle, who was a Scotchman and an able diplomatist,
+on whom most of the real work of the mission fell, was in social matters
+quite outshone by his junior, the Lord Kensington, shortly to become Earl
+of Holland,<a name="FNanchor_5"
+id="FNanchor_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> who was the handsomest man of his time and accounted so
+fascinating that he was the despair of jealous husbands. He was a great
+connoisseur in female beauty, and was smiled upon by Madame de Chevreuse,
+the most brilliant woman of the French Court; but he was kind enough to
+approve of Henrietta, and he sent home to the bridegroom-elect such glowing
+accounts of her beauty as roused that rather cold person to a fever of
+expectation. She was, he wrote, "the sweetest creature in France. Her
+growth is very little short of her age, and her wisdom infinitely beyond
+it. I heard her discourse with her mother and the ladies about her with
+extraordinary discretion and quickness. She dances (the which I am a
+witness of) as well as ever I saw any creature. They say she sings very
+sweetly. I am sure she looks so."<a name="FNanchor_6"
+id="FNanchor_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> To the Duke of Buckingham, who at this
+time entirely governed Charles' mind, he wrote an equally enthusiastic
+account, praising the Princess as a "lovely sweet young creature," who, if
+she was not tall in stature, was "perfect in shape."<a name="FNanchor_7"
+id="FNanchor_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Marriage negotiations between royal persons are always lengthy, and in this
+case there was the additional difficulty of the difference of religion
+between the contracting parties, which necessitated a dispensation from the
+Pope. But James of England eagerly desired the alliance, seeing in it a
+means of winning back the Palatinate for his daughter's husband, a hope
+which was encouraged by the diplomacy of Richelieu, who probably also
+worked upon the mind of Mary de' Medici, so that, in spite of her bigoted
+attachment to the Roman Catholic Church, the whole weight of her now
+powerful influence was thrown on the side of the marriage. Father B&eacute;rulle,
+the founder of the French Oratory, who was a great friend of hers, was sent
+to Rome to procure a dispensation from Urban VIII. Arrangements were made
+to secure Henrietta's religion and morals in the heretic country to which
+she was going, and it was provided that she should have the bringing up of
+her children until they reached the age of twelve years. Finally, secret
+articles<a name="FNanchor_8"
+id="FNanchor_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> were inserted in the marriage treaty, in which James of England
+and his son promised that toleration should be granted to the English
+Catholics. Everything seemed settled, and all was rejoicing both in England
+and France, except for two malcontents: the Spanish Ambassador in Paris
+stood sullenly aloof, "who, without question, doth not well like that
+England and France should bee joyned together with such a firme
+alliance,"<a name="FNanchor_9"
+id="FNanchor_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> and the Count of Soissons was so angry and disappointed at
+the loss of his bride that he refused to treat Lord Kensington
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>
+
+with common
+courtesy, savagely declaring that the negotiations went so near his heart
+that were the Englishman not the ambassador of so great a King, he would
+cut his throat.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta herself was well pleased, and her cheerful countenance reflected
+her content. She exchanged a number of quaint and rather formal
+love-letters with her future husband, who sometimes employed as his
+intermediary a young prot&eacute;g&eacute; of Buckingham, by name Walter Montagu, who was
+destined to a singular career and to a lifelong friendship with the
+Princess, whom he now saw for the first time. In March, 1625, he left Paris
+and returned to England carrying the good news that all was forward, and
+that the lady should be delivered in thirty days. He was able to supplement
+Holland's description of the charms of the Princess, for, like that
+nobleman, he was something of a connoisseur in such matters. "I have made
+the Prince in love with every hair on Madame's head,"<a name="FNanchor_10"
+id="FNanchor_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> he wrote
+cheerfully to Carlisle. So eager was the bridegroom that he would not allow
+the match to be stayed for the final settlement of the details of the
+dispensation.</p>
+
+<p>But just as everything was ready an event of another character occurred to
+retard matters again. On March 27th, 1625, King James died, and the
+question arose as to whether the wedding could be celebrated during the
+period of mourning. However, as Henrietta could hardly be expected to feel
+acutely the death of an unknown father-in-law which made her a queen, and
+as Charles' impatience for his bride overcame any scruples with regard to
+decorum, it was settled that the great event should take place in the
+ensuing May. The decision that the bridegroom should not be present in
+person at the ceremony was probably a disappointment to Henrietta. It had
+been suggested that he should come over to France, but the proposal had not
+met with approval on either side of the Channel, the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
+
+English thinking it
+beneath their King's dignity to seek his bride in a foreign land, and the
+French fearing, with good reason, the expense of such a guest. The
+selection of a proxy caused some difficulty. Charles wished that his great
+friend, the Duke of Buckingham, should impersonate him on this interesting
+occasion, but that nobleman, for private reasons which will be explained
+below, was not agreeable to the French Court. The choice finally fell upon
+the Duke of Chevreuse,<a name="FNanchor_11"
+id="FNanchor_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> who was at once a high-born Frenchman and a
+relative of the King of England, being a prince of the House of Lorraine,
+and thus connected with Charles' great-grandmother, Mary of Guise. In spite
+of his high rank he was a person of sufficient obscurity, and chiefly
+remarkable as the husband of his brilliant wife.</p>
+
+<p>The betrothal was solemnized on May 8th, which happened to be the Feast of
+the Ascension. The ceremony took place in the Louvre in the King's own
+room, which was elaborately fitted up for the occasion, and where, in the
+late afternoon, he appeared as (we are told) "a beautiful sun which shines
+above all others."<a name="FNanchor_12"
+id="FNanchor_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> Lesser lights were present in the persons of his
+wife, his only brother Gaston, Duke of Orleans, and a crowd of noblemen,
+all of whom waited impatiently for the bride-elect, who at last appeared,
+attended by her mother and by Madame de Chevreuse. Henrietta entered the
+room with a dignity worthy of the occasion and of the great race from which
+she was sprung. Her magnificent dress, which perhaps a little eclipsed her
+girlish beauty, consisted of a robe of cloth of gold and silver thickly
+sprinkled with golden fleurs-de-lis and enriched by diamonds and other
+precious stones. This wonderful garment was further adorned by a long train
+carried by the little Mademoiselle de
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>
+
+Bourbon, the Madame de Longueville of
+later days, who at this time was so young that she could only nominally
+fulfil her office, while the long, heavy folds were really supported by
+Madame de Montglas' daughter, Madame S. Georges, who was to accompany the
+young Queen to England.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta's entry was followed by that of the two English Ambassadors and
+the proxy bridegroom. Then, after the signing and countersigning of the
+articles of marriage, the betrothal ceremony was solemnized according to
+the rites of the Church by Cardinal de Rochefoucault, Grand Almoner of the
+King of France. In the evening a ball was held in the Louvre, while outside
+the firing of cannon and the letting off of fireworks testified to the
+public rejoicing.</p>
+
+<p>It was not until three days later, on May 11th, that the actual wedding
+took place.	<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> The church chosen for the religious ceremony was the
+Cathedral of Notre-Dame, which was adorned with hangings of silk and
+tapestry and of cloth of gold, to hide as far as possible the lines of the
+Gothic architecture which was condemned by the taste of the day. Every
+detail of the ceremony<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> was arranged when an unfortunate difficulty
+arose which caused much ill-feeling and considerable trouble.</p>
+
+<p>Jean Fran&ccedil;ois de Gondi, a member of one of those Italian families which had
+found fortune in France in the wake of a foreign Queen, now occupied the
+See of Paris. He was the first of the long line of bishops of the capital
+to receive the honours of archiepiscopal rank, and, as his character, which
+has been sketched for us by his candid nephew, Cardinal de Retz, was at
+once feeble and vainglorious, it is probable that his head was a little
+turned. His anger,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>
+
+therefore, may be imagined when he discovered that he
+was not to officiate at a wedding which took place at his own cathedral,
+but was to be set aside for the Cardinal de Rochefoucault. Mingled with
+personal pique was the bitter feeling of the infringement of the rights of
+the episcopate. He summoned all the prelates who were then in Paris to a
+meeting, and they joined with him in presenting a petition on the subject
+to the King. But Louis and the Cardinal (who had provided himself with a
+brief from the Pope which, however, was not produced) stood firm; and the
+upshot of the affair was that the Archbishop, though he was forced to give
+way and was much blamed by his clergy for doing so, was nevertheless so
+angry that he went off to the country, refusing to have anything to do with
+the wedding, and leaving the nuptial mass to be said by his senior
+suffragan, the Bishop of Chartres.</p>
+
+<p>But this was not the worst. The absence of the Archbishop might have been
+supported with philosophy, but the strike extended not only to the Chapter,
+but even to such indispensable people as the singing-men, who, at the last
+moment, had to be hurriedly replaced by singers from the King's cabinet and
+chapel.</p>
+
+<p>The English alliance was very popular in Paris. It was remembered that if
+the bridegroom was King of England and a heretic, he was also a Scotchman
+born and the grandson of the much-loved Mary of Scotland, who, it was
+said, was doubtless praying in heaven for his conversion. Another side of
+the general satisfaction was expressed by poetic references to the union of
+the sister of Mars with Neptune, the King of the Waves, which, it was
+hoped, would bring about a happy state of things when</p>
+
+<p class="center">"toute la Terre<br />
+Soit aux Fran&ccedil;ois et Anglois."<a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It is not surprising, therefore, that the early hours of the great day saw
+the <i>parvis</i> of Notre-Dame crowded with spectators waiting patiently under
+the rain of an inclement May morning. The concourse was so great that the
+neighbouring streets had to be secured by barriers and patrolled by the
+Swiss Guard to make free passage for the coaches of the nobility which were
+perpetually arriving at the doors of the cathedral to deposit their loads
+of gaily dressed ladies.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, what of the bride for whom all this was prepared? She had spent
+the previous day at her mother's favourite convent, that of the Carmelite
+nuns whom B&eacute;rulle had "fetched out of Spain" to place in a house of the
+Faubourg S. Jacques. There her mother's friend, Mother Magdeleine of S.
+Joseph, gave her a great deal of advice, seasoned with much piety and some
+judgment. Thence she returned to pass the night at the Louvre, and to spend
+a quiet morning, until at about two o'clock on the afternoon of her
+wedding-day she set out for the Archbishop's palace, which that dignitary,
+in spite of his chagrin, had placed at the disposal of the wedding-party.
+There in the fine old house overlooking the Seine, which two hundred years
+later was to fall a victim to the fury of the Parisian mob,<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> Henrietta
+spent several hours in putting on the same magnificent dress which she had
+worn at her betrothal, so that five o'clock had already struck when her
+brother the King came to fetch her that he might conduct her to the
+cathedral.</p>
+
+<p>The procession was drawn up. First came an officer known as the captain of
+the gate, behind whom walked a hundred men of the King's Swiss Guard, drums
+beating and banners flying. They were followed by the band, which was so
+effective that while the hautbois ravished the ears of those who heard
+them, the drums would have stirred the most faint-hearted to courage. As to
+the trumpets,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
+
+they made the hearts of the listeners leap for joy within
+their bodies.</p>
+
+<p>At last, after heralds, marshals, peers, and dukes, after the proxy
+bridegroom and the Ambassadors from England, came the central figure of the
+procession, the bride herself, supported by her two brothers, one of whom
+was also her King.</p>
+
+<p>The sickly, depressed Louis XIII, notwithstanding his magnificent dress of
+<i>cramoisi</i> velvet, so thickly covered with cloth of gold that the
+foundation hardly appeared, afforded a sad contrast to the splendid
+vitality of his little sister, whose dark curls were adorned by a crown of
+gold set with diamonds, and bearing in front an enormous pearl of
+inestimable value. The train of her royal mantle, which was of velvet and
+cloth of gold, embroidered with fleurs-de-lis, was carried by the
+Princesses of Cond&eacute; and Conti and by the Countess of Soissons, the mother
+of the rejected lover, who had asked and obtained leave to absent himself
+from the ceremony. So heavy was it that to give the bride greater comfort
+an officer walked under it and supported it with his head and hands. Gaston
+of Orleans, who was at his sister's left hand, was not allowed to rival his
+sovereign in apparel, for a rule had been made that the King, the Duke of
+Chevreuse, and the Earls of Carlisle and Holland should be the only
+gentlemen to appear in cloth of gold. He had to content himself with silk.
+The rear was brought up by the two Queens, the elder plainly dressed in
+black, relieved by splendid jewels; the younger magnificent in cloth of
+gold and silver. A crowd of highly born ladies followed, among whom may be
+mentioned Mademoiselle de Montpensier, the rich heiress whom Gaston of
+Orleans was to wed reluctantly a year later, and Madame de Chevreuse, who,
+no doubt, cast admiring glances at the handsome face and figure of her
+lover, the Earl of Holland.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The wedding ceremony was not to take place in the church but, in accordance
+with the old ritual of matrimony, on a platform erected outside the west
+door,<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> which was connected with the archiepiscopal palace by a long
+wooden gallery upholstered in beautiful tapestry. On this platform, under a
+canopy of cloth of gold, Cardinal de Rochefoucault was waiting to receive
+the bride, while from the stands which had been put up round the <i>parvis</i>,
+and from the windows of the tall neighbouring houses, eager heads were
+thrust forward to catch a glimpse of the procession as it wound along in
+the sunshine which had succeeded the rainy morning. Henrietta, the Duke of
+Chevreuse, and the royal party ascended the platform. The short marriage
+ceremony was gone through, and immediately on its conclusion an English
+gentleman who was present, by name George Goring,<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> set off to carry to
+the King of England, as quickly as relays of the swiftest horses would
+allow, the tidings of his own marriage.</p>
+
+<p>The new Queen only lingered at the church door to receive the kneeling
+homage of the English Ambassadors. Then, accompanied by her mother, her
+brothers, and the rest of the wedding-party, she entered the great
+church.<a name="FNanchor_19" id="FNanchor_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> There awaited her not only the nobility of France, but also
+such dignitaries as the provost of the merchants, the aldermen of the city
+of Paris, and the rector of the university, while "Messieurs du Parlement"
+had, with some difficulty, made good their claim to be present in a body.
+All eyes
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+
+were turned upon the bride as she moved along another richly
+decorated gallery, which conducted her to a dais in the chancel from which
+she was to hear the nuptial Mass. It was past seven o'clock before the
+offertory was reached, an almost unprecedented hour at which to say Mass,
+and many may have envied the heretic Ambassadors who were able to retire
+for a brief rest, owing to their unwillingness to be present at a popish
+service. The only consideration shown for Henrietta was that she was not
+required to communicate, as it was thought that to fast until that late
+hour and to undergo at the same time so much fatigue and excitement might
+prove injurious to her health.</p>
+
+<p>But even when the Mass was over there was no rest to be had. That evening
+saw the Archbishop's palace turned into a scene of royal festivity. In the
+hall the banquet was spread. At the middle of the table sat the King, with
+his mother on his right hand and his sister, the queen of a day, on his
+left. The Duke of Chevreuse and the English Ambassadors were privileged to
+sit down with the royal party, which was waited on by "our lords the
+princes, dukes, peers, and marshals of France," who did not disdain to
+bring in the meats for the feast. Outside in the May darkness all Paris was
+<i>en f&ecirc;te</i>. Bonfires and fireworks were to be seen in every street, so that
+it seemed that never had there been such rejoicings as at the marriage of
+Princess Henrietta.</p>
+
+<p>It might have been expected that the newly married Queen would have set off
+at once for her adopted country, but, on the contrary, there were
+considerable delays caused, it was believed, by the Pope's agents, who were
+annoyed that the marriage had taken place before the details of the
+dispensation had been settled.<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> When these difficulties had been
+overcome the King fell ill, and it seems probable that the departure would
+have been postponed even longer
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>
+
+than was the case had not an event occurred
+to hasten it, namely, the arrival in Paris of an unexpected and most
+unwelcome guest, George, Duke of Buckingham.</p>
+
+<p>This extraordinary person, whose career reads like a fairy story, was at
+this time at the height of his fame. His handsome face and a certain
+careless magnificence of manner, which might almost have passed for
+magnanimity, were greatly admired, and if he showed at times the insolence
+of the parvenu, much was condoned, at least outwardly, in the man who was
+the acknowledged favourite of the King of England, and who was able to
+appear in almost regal splendour, decked out, it was even said, by the
+jewels of England. He was already well known in Paris, and in the few days
+he had spent there in 1624, between Madrid and London, he had made an
+ineffaceable impression upon at least one heart.</p>
+
+<p>Few royal stories are sadder than that of Anne of Austria, the queen of
+Louis XIII. Married as a mere child to an apathetic boy, she neither knew
+how to win his love nor how to adapt herself to the requirements of her
+position. Neglected by her husband, bullied by her mother-in-law, and later
+by Richelieu, she may almost be forgiven for her treasonable correspondence
+with the enemies of France. Still less can she be blamed that her heart
+clung too fondly to the relatives she had left in Madrid. To the end of her
+days she remained a Spaniard, <i>d&eacute;vote</i> and fanatical beyond the liking of
+the lively Parisians; a Spaniard also in her unconquerable coquetry. The
+ladies of her mother's Court, shut up in almost monastical seclusion, were
+accustomed to amuse themselves during the long hours which intervened
+between the various religious exercises by dwelling on and recounting in
+every detail their conquests of the men whom they seldom saw except in the
+silence of a church or among the crowds of a Court ceremony. Anne, coming
+from such a life, was unable to understand at once the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
+
+greater liberty and
+the greater decorum of French manners. She was beautiful, and she was
+gifted with a pair of soft, white, exquisitely modelled hands, so that she
+was able to command the flattery which she loved. Many a gallant worshipped
+at a distance, but none dared to pay her attentions which seriously
+compromised her until the English favourite crossed her path.</p>
+
+<p>The true story of the loves of these two is not fully known. It died with
+them and with those in whom they confided; but it is probable that during
+Buckingham's first visit to Paris something was suspected, and that this
+was the real reason of the refusal to receive him as the proxy of the King
+of England. When it was known that he had arrived, uninvited, the wrath of
+his unwilling hosts was so great that it was only through the intervention
+of Madame de Chevreuse, the devoted friend of Queen Anne, and the
+representations of the English Ambassadors that he obtained a reception
+befitting his rank.</p>
+
+<p>The Duke urged strongly the immediate departure of the bride; and though it
+was felt that such a desire for haste was indelicate, yet the French royal
+family, with one exception, was so anxious to see the last of him, that
+they were fain to comply. Henrietta, probably, was not consulted. She was a
+pawn in the political game, and she was still too young to assert herself.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps she was in no hurry to be gone. She clung to her home and her
+country, and the waiting time was made very pleasant by festivities in
+which, for the first time, she tasted the pleasures of her queenly rank.
+All were splendid; but probably the most magnificent was an entertainment
+offered by Richelieu to the three queens during the indisposition of the
+King. It took place at the Luxembourg, that monument of the Italian
+renaissance within Paris, which was built for Mary de' Medici in her
+widowhood to remind her of her own Florentine palace,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>
+
+whose beautiful
+gardens, unchanged since her day, remain to witness to the taste of
+gardeners before Le N&ocirc;tre.<a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> On this occasion the spacious rooms were
+magnificently decorated. The most skilful musicians which Paris could
+furnish had been procured, and the ears of the guests were delighted by
+choice music, both vocal and instrumental, while the courtly host employed
+all the grace and charm which he had ever at command to fascinate the three
+royal ladies, and particularly the young Queen of England, who was inclined
+to look upon him with favour as in some sort the author of her marriage.
+Finally, at the close of the entertainment all went out into the gardens to
+witness a display of fireworks, "the most superb and the most beautiful
+invention which had been seen for a long time."<a name="FNanchor_22" id="FNanchor_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> The Cardinal, who had
+given the f&ecirc;te to mark his satisfaction at the issue of his diplomacy, had
+cause to congratulate himself upon its success. As Queen Henrietta said
+good-bye to him with grateful cordiality, he bent his keen glance upon her
+and saw in her another subservient tool of his ambition, as she saw in him
+her protector and her friend. Neither the statesman nor the Queen could
+read the secrets of the future, nor know that each would come to regard the
+other as an enemy.</p>
+
+<p>At last, when May had passed into June, the day came which witnessed the
+Queen of England's departure from Paris. The King, who was still far from
+well, determined, nevertheless, to see his sister on her way as far as
+Compi&egrave;gne, and apart from his royal presence she had goodly attendance. It
+included the Queen-Mother and her second son Gaston, both of whom intended
+to accompany the bride to the coast; the Queen Consort, who, against the
+advice of her best friends, could not tear herself from the fascinating
+company of Buckingham; the Duke of Chevreuse, and
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
+
+M. de Ville-aux-Clercs,
+who were commissioned by the King of France to deliver over his sister to
+her royal husband. Finally, Madame de Chevreuse, who had asked and obtained
+permission to accompany the bride to her new home for a reason similar to
+that which actuated her friend Queen Anne&mdash;namely, the love which she bore
+to the Earl of Holland.</p>
+
+<p>It was three o'clock in the afternoon when Henrietta left the Louvre to set
+out on her journey to England. Her brother, who, perhaps to dazzle the more
+homely English, had spared no expense on her trousseau and equipment, had
+provided for her personal use a magnificent litter upholstered within and
+without in red <i>cramoisi</i> velvet, which was relieved by the gold embroidery
+of the cushions and curtains. It was drawn by two fine mules, gorgeous in
+their red velvet cloths, and with white aigrettes nodding merrily on their
+heads. They were led by a muleteer who was handsomely dressed, and who rode
+another richly caparisoned mule. The trappings of the rest of the party
+were also splendid in proportion to their rank. A brave escort saw on her
+way the daughter of Henry IV. Archers and guards turned out to do her
+honour, and by her side rode that great civic dignitary, "M. le prevost des
+Marchands." To the sound of martial music went the gay cavalcade, through
+the narrow streets of old Paris up to the Porte S. Denys, and so beyond the
+wall, which still guarded the city, into the suburbs. Working men and
+women, leaving their toil, lined the road, many of whom looking on the fair
+child who was leaving them, and having no expectation of seeing her again,
+could not restrain their weeping.</p>
+
+<div class="imgcenter" style="width: 458px;">
+<img src="images/illus034.jpg" width="458" height="600" alt="From an Engraving After the Picture by Francis Pourbus" title="" />
+<span class="caption">FROM AN ENGRAVING AFTER THE PICTURE BY FRANCIS POURBUS</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Half-way to S. Denys the party halted. The provost of the merchants
+delivered a weary discourse, "full of matter," and then bidding Henrietta
+farewell he turned back to Paris with his escort. The rest pushed on. There
+was no
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>
+
+time to wait at S. Denys, where the dust of Henrietta's father lay,
+and whither her own dead body was to be carried nearly half a century
+later. The summer evening was drawing in, and it was thought wiser to go on
+to Stains, where a night's rest awaited the bride, who may well have been
+fatigued by the toils of this exciting day.</p>
+
+<p>The first considerable town through which the royal party passed was
+Amiens. This great city, "the metropolis and key of all Picardy," was
+determined, notwithstanding its depressed financial position, to give the
+three Queens, no one of whom had ever before been within its walls, a
+splendid reception. This resolve was all the more loyal as the
+consideration of the King had only indicated a few simple tokens of
+respect, such as a reception by the aldermen, as obligatory on the
+occasion. It was late in the afternoon before the royal ladies and their
+train approached the city, for they were much delayed by the concourse of
+people who came out to see them. Not far from the city gates they were met
+by the Governor, the Duke of Chaulnes, who brought with him three hundred
+horsemen whose steeds, we are told, were of the same race as those sung by
+the poets&mdash;whose eyes and nostrils emitted flames and fire. Of the
+cavaliers each might have been taken for chief and leader, so splendid were
+they all. Accompanied by this dashing cavalcade the cort&egrave;ge swept on, to be
+met on its way by a troop of archers bearing an ensign with the device of a
+cupid, by the youth of the city drawn up in companies, and finally by six
+thousand of the mature citizens, whose martial discipline was the
+admiration of all. By a wise precaution no salvos were fired until the
+royal party was safely passed, for experience had shown that, though only
+two or three horses might be frightened, yet they were sufficient to cause
+unseemly disturbance.</p>
+
+<p>After the formal greeting had been given to the guests at the gate of the
+city by the mayor and aldermen, a
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span>
+
+ceremony took place specially designed in
+compliment to the bride of the island King. Fifty young girls, all pretty
+and some very beautiful, dressed up to represent the demi-goddesses of the
+sea, came to hail Henrietta as Thetis, queen of the waves, sitting upon the
+throne of her litter which had brought her from the banks of the Seine, and
+to whom, in token of humble submission, they presented the keys of the
+city. So great was the crush to see this sight that the gentleman to whom
+we owe the story of the details of the day<a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> was unable to get near
+enough to hear the speeches of the marine goddesses. The crowds in the
+streets were great, and as there were neither archers nor Swiss, as at
+Paris, to range the people against the houses and to keep a clear passage,
+the confusion was considerable; but it was not allowed to interfere with
+the programme drawn up by the loyal people of Amiens. Henrietta saw not
+only triumphal arches and columns in abundance, but also curious
+allegorical ceremonies in the taste of the times. She beheld Jason, who,
+after fighting with fire-breathing bulls, bore off triumphant the golden
+fleece, and in whom she was to recognize an impersonation of her husband,
+Charles of England. She listened to the hymeneal god, who, attended by
+nymphs, stepped forward and, to the accompaniment of sweet music, sang a
+wedding-song specially composed for the occasion. The last three verses,
+notwithstanding their extravagance of compliment, are so fresh and charming
+as to be worthy of the pretty bride to whom they were addressed.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"Mais que fais je par ces carmes</span>
+	   	<span class="ind1">Vous arrestant en ces lieux</span>
+	   	<span class="ind1">C'est que je suis pris aux charmes</span>
+	   	<span class="ind1">Que vous avez dans les yeux.</span>
+	</div>
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"Allez, j'ay peur que vous-mesme</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Nous emportiez votre coeur;</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Vous portez un diademe</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Soubs un front toujours vainquer.</span>
+	</div>
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"Ne demeurez, ie vieux suyvre</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Mon coeur ne sera r&eacute;tif,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">C'est glorieusement vivre</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Que d'estre en vos mains captif."<a name="FNanchor_24" id="FNanchor_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Henrietta looked and smiled and listened. She was new to such honours, and
+it was pleasant to be for the moment a greater person than her stern mother
+or her stately sister-in-law. But the rejoicings were long-drawn-out, and
+she must have been very weary before they culminated in a joyous <i>Te Deum</i>
+sung in the cathedral, which, like Notre-Dame in Paris, had been disfigured
+as much as possible with pictures and hangings. Nor even then were her
+toils over. Long and dreary speeches awaited her, to which she had to
+listen with some show of interest, before at last she could lie down to
+rest.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta's innocent dreams were perhaps of Jason and the goddesses of the
+sea; but there were those about her whose pillows were haunted by visions
+of a very different character.</p>
+
+<p>Had all France been searched through it would have been difficult to find
+a more undesirable friend and adviser for a young married woman than Marie
+de Rohan, once Duchess of Luynes, and now by her second marriage Duchess of
+Chevreuse. Beautiful, unscrupulous, and gifted with a remarkable talent for
+diplomacy, which enabled her to give effect to her audacious schemes, she
+had little difficulty in recommending herself to Henrietta, into whose
+young mind she dropped seeds of distrust and of a love of crooked ways
+which were to bear fruit in the future. It was not her fault if other seeds
+failed to ripen there, and
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>
+
+if the purity of the little bride's mind was
+proof against the evil example of certain events which occurred during the
+few days of the halt at Amiens.</p>
+
+<p>The city had no house large enough to accommodate the three Queens. The
+Queen-Mother, as befitted her age and dignity, was lodged in the episcopal
+palace, while Henrietta and her sister-in-law had to find apartments
+elsewhere. The bride's domicile is not known, but to Queen Anne and her
+attendants was allotted a fine house with gardens sloping down to the River
+Somme. In these gardens took place a famous scene destined to influence
+several lives, and among them that of Henrietta Maria.</p>
+
+<p>Already at a ball given by the Duchess of Chaulnes the animation and
+brilliant looks of the Queen of France had been remarked, and ill-natured
+people were not lacking who saw in the English duke, who had danced on that
+evening with infinite grace, the magician able to rouse her from the
+listlessness which usually spoiled her undoubted beauty. Such public
+meetings were safe enough, but Buckingham was constantly at the Queen's
+lodgings. One evening, in company with Madame de Chevreuse and the Earl of
+Holland, he was paying his respects when Anne, who, remembering the soft,
+scented nights of her native land, loved to wander abroad after dusk,
+invited him to enjoy with her the cool beauty of the June twilight. Their
+companions, who were carrying on their own flirtation under the cloak of
+another's, followed, but, perhaps intentionally, they lagged behind, so
+that the royal lady found herself alone with her bold admirer in a dark,
+winding walk. Suddenly the silence of the evening was broken by a shrill
+cry. The Queen's equerry, who was in attendance at a discreet distance,
+rushed up to find his mistress in a state of trembling agitation, and the
+duke so red and confused that he was glad to make his escape as quickly as
+possible. There were, of course, explanations and excuses.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>
+
+The matter came
+to the ears of the Queen-Mother, who, worn out by her exertions, was lying
+seriously ill; she helped to hush up the scandal, and both Anne and
+Buckingham seemed, for the moment, to escape easily; but it was felt that
+they must part at once, and the duke, with a tact which he sometimes
+displayed, began to talk of the King of England's impatience to see his
+bride, and to hint that it was not necessary to wait for the Queen-Mother's
+recovery.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta, the sport of others less innocent than herself, knelt to receive
+her mother's last blessing. That lady, touched by some real maternal
+feeling, bade her a tender farewell, pressing into her hand a letter which
+the girl found, when she came to read it, to be full of the most admirable
+sentiments of piety and virtue and of excellent advice as to her conduct in
+the married state. She probably knew Mary de' Medici too well to attribute
+this composition to her, and perhaps no one attempted to disguise the fact
+that its author was the pious Father B&eacute;rulle who was going with her to
+England in the capacity of confessor.<a name="FNanchor_25" id="FNanchor_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p>
+
+<p>Through Abbeville, with its soaring cathedral, through picturesque
+Montreuil, Henrietta came to Boulogne, whence she was to cross to England,
+as the plague was reigning at Calais. Though it was June, the weather was
+wild and stormy, and a further delay was inevitable. Buckingham, forgetful
+of all propriety, careless of the trust confided to him by his friend and
+King, took advantage of this delay to steal back, on a frivolous pretext,
+to Amiens, and to Anne. His audacity little availed him. After one
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
+
+brief
+agitated interview he had to tear himself from his idol, whom he never saw
+again.</p>
+
+<p>During the waiting time at Boulogne, Henrietta made acquaintance with some
+of her new subjects who had crossed the Channel to meet her, and who were
+greatly disappointed when they found her without her mother and
+sister-in-law, for, as one of them wrote, they had looked forward to seeing
+beauty not only in the future tense, but in the present and the
+preterperfect as well.<a name="FNanchor_26" id="FNanchor_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> Buckingham, who up till now had been too
+occupied with Anne to pay much attention to the bride, and who was too much
+of a man of the world to care for the "future tense" of beauty, now, it
+seems, bethought him of winning the favour of the Queen of England.
+Certainly he secured a flattering reception for his mother, the Countess of
+Buckingham, who improved the occasion of her visit to France by reconciling
+herself to the Church of Rome. In later days Henrietta did not like the
+lady, but at this first introduction she received her "with strange
+courtesy and favour."<a name="FNanchor_27" id="FNanchor_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> Nor was she alone in her kindness. Gaston of
+Orleans, who, in his mother's enforced detention at Amiens, had adhered to
+his plan of escorting his sister to the coast, paid the English lady the
+unusual compliment of visiting her, and the haughty and high-born Madame de
+Chevreuse actually waived her right of precedence in favour of the
+Buckinghams, whose family was of yesterday. It need hardly be said that
+such courtesy was greatly relished by the English visitors, who found no
+drawback to the happy intercourse with their new friends except in the
+Countess' ignorance of the French tongue. But even this difficulty was got
+over by the presence at Boulogne of Sir Tobie Matthew, who, though the son
+of a Protestant archbishop, was a Catholic and a citizen of the world whose
+linguistic talents, which were much admired in continental circles,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>
+
+were
+joined to a refined culture which rendered him a fitting intermediary
+between these distinguished persons. Fortunately all his time was not taken
+up by such duties, and he employed his leisure very profitably in writing a
+long letter to a lady acquaintance, which contains the fullest account we
+possess of Henrietta in her early youth before the cares of married life
+had come upon her.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Tobie's ready and subtle pen drew such a sketch of the young Queen as,
+interpreted by the future, shows him to have been a keen analyst of
+character. Henrietta had grown a good deal during the past year; and though
+she was still small, "she sits," he wrote, "upon the very skirts of
+womanhood." Her mind and character were as yet undeveloped; but in the
+mingled gentleness and wit of her conversation, in the sweet courtesy shown
+to her inferiors, in the faithful affection which clung to the mother she
+had left, finally, in the courage and enterprise which, to the despair of
+her attendants, tempted her to a sea-trip in an open boat with her brother
+Gaston, we recognize the woman of later days, as in the girl of fifteen we
+see the beautiful queen of Van Dyck's portraits. "Upon my faith," wrote the
+worthy knight, giving utterance to a prophecy which unfortunately was not
+completely fulfilled, "she is a most sweet, lively nature, and hath a
+countenance which opens a window into her heart, where a man may see all
+nobleness and goodness; and I dare venture my head (upon the little skill I
+have in physiognomy) that she will be extraordinarily beloved by our nation
+and deserve to be so, and that the actions of her life which are to be her
+owne will be excellent."<a name="FNanchor_28" id="FNanchor_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p>
+
+<p>At length, after nearly three weeks of waiting, during which Henrietta's
+health and spirits flagged a little, the twenty-second day of June dawned
+calm and fair, and it was decided that the voyage should be made.
+Heretofore the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>
+
+Queen of England had been her brother's guest, but now, on
+the eve of embarking, she was delivered over to the care of the Duke of
+Buckingham, and the deed of consignation was signed by that nobleman and by
+the two French Ambassadors, to witness that the responsibility of the
+latter was ended. After the little ceremony the Queen was escorted to the
+quay by her brother. She went on board the beautiful ship, <i>The Prince</i>,
+which her husband had sent for her. The preparations for departure were
+quickly made. The moment came when she clung in a last embrace to Gaston.
+Then the sails were unfurled, and <i>The Prince</i> rode proudly out of Boulogne
+harbour. As Henrietta stood gazing upon the rapidly receding cliffs of
+France, did any foreboding of the future come over her, any presage of
+coming grief such as weighed upon the heart of her husband's grandmother,
+Mary of Scotland, on a similar occasion? Did any shadow of that day nearly
+twenty years later, when, a fugitive pursued by unrelenting foes, she would
+see again her native land, darken her spirit? We cannot tell. We only know
+that she had a moment's <i>serrement de coeur</i>, such as any girl might feel
+on leaving home, and that she was a little afraid of sea-sickness.</p>
+
+<p>No inconvenience, however, arose. Charles' care had caused his bride's
+cabin to be so beautified that she might have imagined herself in her own
+Louvre rather than on the sea; and to complete the illusion a choice
+concert of delicate instruments and sweet voices was in readiness to amuse
+her. Moreover, no precaution was omitted which might ensure the safety of
+so precious a freight. <i>The Prince</i> and the vessels which formed her escort
+carried the most experienced pilots that could be obtained, whose work was
+so well done (though unfortunately it was never paid for) that in
+four-and-twenty hours the Channel was crossed. Dover harbour was safely
+made, and amidst a throng of interested spectators Henrietta Maria touched
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
+
+the soil of her new kingdom. It was noticed that immediately on her arrival
+the wind rose again with its former violence, and that the sea was again
+troubled as if for her alone they had stilled their raging. It was now
+evening, and as the Queen, in spite of the pleasures of the little voyage
+which seemed to have restored her health and spirits, confessed to great
+fatigue, she was allowed to retire at once and to postpone until the next
+day the meeting with her husband. M. de Chevreuse and M. de
+Ville-aux-Clercs wrote a formal letter to their master, informing him of
+his sister's happy arrival, while the King of England awaited, with as much
+patience as he could command, the morrow which was to give to his arms the
+bride who had tarried so long.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10%" />
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1">
+<span class="label">[1]</span></a>She was born on November 25th, 1609 (November 15th, O.S.).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2">
+<span class="label">[2]</span></a> The elaborate ceremonies of her baptism
+are described in a pamphlet entitled <i>Discours sur le bapt&ecirc;me de Monsieur
+fr&egrave;re du Roy et de la petite Madame</i>. 1614.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3">
+<span class="label">[3]</span></a>Bib. Nat., Paris. MS. Fran&ccedil;ais, 3818.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4">
+<span class="label">[4]</span></a>After this marriage (of Christine) Her
+Majesty durst not follow her mother, to the displeasure of her brother,
+lest she might hinder her own, until June 21st, 1620, when the Queen-Mother
+and her son were reconciled.</p>
+<p><i>The Life and Death of that matchless mirror of Magnanimity and Heroick
+Vertue, Henrietta Maria de Bourbon</i> (1669), p. 5.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5">
+<span class="label">[5]</span></a>He was created Earl of Holland September 15th, 1624.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6">
+<span class="label">[6]</span></a><i>Cabala</i> (1691), Pt. II, p. 287.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7">
+<span class="label">[7]</span></a><i>Ibid.</i>, p. 290. The following
+descriptions of Henrietta shortly after her marriage show the impression
+she made upon Englishmen: "We have now a most Noble new Queen of England
+who in true beuty is beyond the Long-Wood Infanta; for she was of a fading
+Flaxen-Hair, Big-Lipp'd and somewhat heavy Ey'd, but this Daughter of
+France, this youngest Branch of Bourbon ... is of a more lovely and lasting
+Complexion, a dark Brown, she hath Eyes that sparkle like stars and on her
+Physiognomy she may be said to be a mirrour of perfection."&mdash;J. Howell:
+<i>Epistol&aelig; Ho-Eliam&aelig;</i> (1645), sec. IV, p. 30. " ... I went to Whitehall
+purposlie to see the queene, which I did fullie all the time shee sate at
+dinner and perceived her to bee a most absolute delicate ladie, after I had
+exactly surveied all the features of her face, much enlivened by her
+radiant and sparkling black eye. Besides her deportment amongst her women
+was so sweete and humble, and her speech and lookes to her other servants
+soe milde and gracious, as I could not abstaine from divers deep-fetched
+sighes that she wanted the knowledge of the true religion."&mdash;<i>D'Ewes'
+Diary</i>: printed in <i>Bibliotheca Typographica Britannica</i> (1790), Vol. VI,
+p. 33.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8">
+<span class="label">[8]</span></a>These articles were signed at Cambridge
+in December, 1624; see MS. Fran&ccedil;ais, 3692: also the <i>M&eacute;moirs du Comte de
+Brienne</i> (M. de Ville-aux-Clercs) (Petitot), 1824, p. 389, who was in
+England at the time negotiating the matter.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9">
+<span class="label">[9]</span></a><i>Continuation of Weekly News</i>, No. 43, 1624.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10">
+<span class="label">[10]</span></a>Egerton MS., 2596, f. 49.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11">
+<span class="label">[11]</span></a>The procuration of the King of England
+authorizing the Duke of Chevreuse to marry the Princess Henrietta in his
+name is dated April 11th, 1625.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12">
+<span class="label">[12]</span></a> L'Ordre des c&eacute;r&eacute;monies observ&eacute;s au
+mariage du roy de la Grande Britagne et de Madame soeur du roy. Paris,
+1625.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13">
+<span class="label">[13]</span></a>Many of the details of the marriage,
+departure from Paris, etc., are taken from the official account, MS.
+Fran&ccedil;ais, 23,600.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14">
+<span class="label">[14]</span></a> The ceremonies followed the precedent
+of those used at the marriage of Henrietta's father, Henry of Navarre, with
+Margaret of Valois.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15">
+<span class="label">[15]</span></a>Part of the song with which Henrietta
+was greeted at Amiens on her wedding journey. See pp. 20, 21.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16">
+<span class="label">[16]</span></a>Destroyed in February, 1831.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17">
+<span class="label">[17]</span></a>Cf. Chaucer, <i>Canterbury Tales</i>: Prologue.</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">A good Wif was ther of byside Bath</span>
+		<span class="ind3">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*</span>
+<span class="ind1">Sche was a worthy womman al hire lyfe</span>
+<span class="ind1">Housbondes atte chirche dore hadde sche fyfe.</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18">
+<span class="label">[18]</span></a>George Goring, Baron Goring, 1628, Earl
+of Norwich, 1644; d. 1663.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19">
+<span class="label">[19]</span></a>At some point in the ceremony Henrietta
+Maria renounced all her rights to the throne and dominions of France, as
+had been stipulated in the marriage treaty.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20">
+<span class="label">[20]</span></a>The dispensation is dated December, 1625.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_21" id="Footnote_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21">
+<span class="label">[21]</span></a>They are smaller, part of them having been built over.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_22" id="Footnote_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22">
+<span class="label">[22]</span></a>MS. Fran&ccedil;ais, 23,600.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_23" id="Footnote_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23">
+<span class="label">[23]</span></a> L'Entr&eacute;e superbe magnifique faite &agrave; la
+Royne de la grande Bretagne dans la Ville d'Amiens, le Samedy septisme de
+Juin, 1625. Sur les fideles relations d'un seigneur de qualit&eacute;. A. Paris,
+MDCXXV.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_24" id="Footnote_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24">
+<span class="label">[24]</span></a><i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_25" id="Footnote_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25">
+<span class="label">[25]</span></a>On the question of the authorship of
+this letter see Avenal: <i>Lettres de Richelieu</i>, VIII., p. 27. There seems
+no doubt that it was written by B&eacute;rulle. Among the B&eacute;rulle papers (Archives
+Nationales, M. 232) is an authenticated copy, whose note of authentication
+states that "ce discours &agrave; este compos&eacute; par nostre tr&egrave;s r&eacute;v&eacute;rend p&egrave;re"
+(i.e. B&eacute;rulle), as the copyist was informed in 1660. B&eacute;rulle in 1627 wrote
+another letter for Mary de' Medici to send to her daughter. See chap.
+IV.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_26" id="Footnote_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26">
+<span class="label">[26]</span></a>Sir Tobie Matthew. Tanner MS., LXXII.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_27" id="Footnote_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27">
+<span class="label">[27]</span></a><i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28">
+<span class="label">[28]</span></a>Tanner MS., LXXII, 40.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER II<br />
+THE BRIDE OF ENGLAND</h2>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">Parents lawes must beare no weight</span>
+		<span class="ind1">When they happinesse prevent.</span>
+		<span class="ind1">And our sea is not so streight,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">But it room hath for content.</span>
+		<span class="ind5 smcap">William Habington</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Long years after the events occurred, when many happy years had softened
+the memory of their bitterness, Henrietta Maria confessed to her friend
+Madame de Motteville that her early married life had not been free from
+disappointment and vexation. Charles Stuart was not an easy man to live
+with, as all those who had much to do with him found out. He was moral,
+conscientious, in many respects admirable; but he was oppressed by a sense
+of his own importance, he was entirely without humour, and he was convinced
+that he was always, on all occasions, in the right. He did not, as many
+royal husbands, break his marriage vow, but he treated his girl-wife with a
+harshness which fell little short of unkindness, and that though she was
+ever anxious to do her duty and he was always sincerely a lover.</p>
+
+<p>It is probable that the difficulties began almost immediately. Charles, on
+his arrival at Dover, did, indeed, greet his beautiful bride with delight,
+and when she would have knelt at his feet he prevented her by clasping her
+in his arms instead. But the French visitors soon showed that they were
+dissatisfied with the Queen's reception. They were ignorant of the more
+homely character of the English people and Court; and, contrasting the
+poverty of the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
+
+festivities and welcome offered by the King of England to
+his queen with the splendour which the King of France had freely displayed
+to do honour to his sister, they concluded a lack of respect and affection
+on the part of Charles which had no foundation in fact. Some of the
+difficulty was indeed wholly due to national misunderstanding, as, for
+instance, the ill-feeling caused by the gloomy splendours of Dover Castle,
+where the young Queen spent her first night in England, and, later, by an
+antique bed, dating from the reign of Elizabeth, in which she was invited
+to repose in London. How could the English know that these relics of a
+glorious past were in the eyes of these visitors, accustomed to the
+new-fashioned luxuries of the French Court, nothing but relics of
+barbarism? "None of us, however old, could remember ever having seen such a
+bed," wrote Tilli&egrave;res,<a name="FNanchor_29" id="FNanchor_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> in deep indignation. Nor was the public welcome
+to London more successful, though the marriage was fairly popular, and
+there was much kindly feeling towards the bride. The plague was raging in
+the city, so that, for prudence'sake, festivities had to be curtailed;
+while, to make matters worse, the entry into the capital took place on one
+of those drenching summer days which are not of infrequent occurrence in
+these islands. To the French visitors used to Paris, which, if one of the
+dirtiest of cities, was, then as now, one of the most beautiful and
+magnificent, London, at the best, would have looked rather shabby,<a name="FNanchor_30" id="FNanchor_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span>
+
+in
+these circumstances it appeared ugly and squalid. The English were little
+more pleased with their guests. "A poor lot, hardly worth looking at," was
+the comment of one Englishman on the brilliant train of French ladies who
+accompanied the Queen; and if he made an exception in favour of Madame de
+Chevreuse, who could hardly have been called plain, it was only to find
+fault with her for painting her face. It was perhaps not to be expected
+that this remarkable lady should find favour in Puritan eyes, for during
+her stay in England, where she remained over the birth of her daughter, the
+Mademoiselle de Chevreuse of later French history, she exhibited more than
+her usual eccentricity, indulging in such freaks as swimming across the
+Thames, an exploit which was celebrated in half-mocking verse by a Court
+poet.<a name="FNanchor_31" id="FNanchor_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> But such petty national jealousies were annoyances of a trivial
+character. The more serious disagreements which arose between the royal
+pair may be traced, almost entirely, to two sources: the influence over the
+Queen of her French attendants, and the influence over the King of the Duke
+of Buckingham.</p>
+
+<p>Among the articles of the marriage treaty was a stipulation that the
+Queen's household should be composed of those who were of her own faith and
+nation. This body consisted of more than a hundred persons, civil and
+religious, chosen by Mary de' Medici and Richelieu, ranging from such great
+nobles and ladies as Madame S. Georges, the principal lady-in-waiting, and
+the Count de Tilli&egrave;res, the lord chamberlain, to the humble servants of the
+royal kitchen and laundry. Certainly the presence of so many of her own
+countrymen about the person of the young Queen tended to prevent that
+assimilation of English ideas and habits which was so desirable. It is not
+surprising that Charles disliked his wife's French servants as standing
+between him and his bride, particularly when it is remembered that they
+looked
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>
+
+upon themselves as the servants of the King of France, who provided
+many of them with pensions.</p>
+
+<p>The object of his special dislike was Madame S. Georges, who, as the
+daughter of Madame de Montglas, had great influence with Henrietta, and
+who, though she had had long experience in Courts,<a name="FNanchor_32" id="FNanchor_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> was foolish enough
+to show herself aggrieved at not being permitted to ride in the same coach
+with the King of England and his bride. Madame de Tilli&egrave;res, who ranked
+next to her, was more discreet in her conduct, probably owing to her
+husband's intimate knowledge of England, where he had resided a while as
+ambassador.</p>
+
+<p>But if the secular part of the Queen's household was objectionable, still
+more so was the ecclesiastical establishment, of which the leading spirits
+were her confessor, Father B&eacute;rulle, who had brought over with him twelve
+fathers of the French Oratory,<a name="FNanchor_33" id="FNanchor_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> whose long habit, worn on all occasions,
+startled the eyes of sober Londoners, and her Grand Almoner, Daniel de la
+Motte du Plessis Houdancourt, who had under him four sub-almoners, one of
+whom was said to have openly defended at Court the doctrine of tyrannicide
+which Ravaillac put into practice. B&eacute;rulle, who lived to wear the
+Cardinal's purple, left behind him when he died a few years later the
+reputation almost of a saint.<a name="FNanchor_34" id="FNanchor_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> He was also a very intellectual man,
+being one of the early admirers of the genius of Descartes; but he was not
+suited either in mind or character for the position which the partiality of
+Mary de' Medici had called him to fill; a man of stern and narrow piety,
+neither a F&eacute;nelon nor even a Bossuet, he knew not how to deal
+sympathetically with those whose religion and manners differed from his
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
+
+own; and the scorn which, as a Catholic ecclesiastic, he felt for "the
+ministers," at whom, in his letters, he loses no opportunity of sneering,
+as an abstemious Frenchman he felt no less for the gluttonous English. He
+recognized Charles' affection for his bride; but when the artistic King
+thought to please her by giving her a beautiful picture of the Nativity,
+all that the priest found to say on seeing it was that it was older than
+the religion of its donor. His very virtues were unfortunate. Though
+practised in Courts, he was too sincere to be a successful diplomat, and he
+showed a singular lack of enlightened self-interest, both in the just
+reproaches with which he overwhelmed Buckingham on the subject of the
+Catholics, and also in the friendship which he extended to Bishop Williams,
+whose sun was setting before that of the younger favourite. Nor was he
+altogether successful in his dealings with the Queen. He did indeed win
+Henrietta's respect, and to his teaching may be attributed, in some degree,
+the lifelong conduct which distinguishes her so honourably from others of
+her rank and day. But a Catholic Puritan himself&mdash;it is significant that
+the French Oratory a few years later was believed to be infected with
+Jansenism&mdash;and looking upon all Courts, specially Protestant ones, as
+chosen haunts of the devil, he was wont to rebuke his royal penitent for
+such natural sentiments as pleasure in her pretty dresses and jewels, and,
+forgetting that she was not a Carmelite nun in the Faubourg S. Jacques, he
+attempted to force upon her a strictness of manners and observance suited
+neither to her nature nor to her position. Charles' complaints of the cold
+and unloving conduct of the wife with whom, even by the testimony of his
+enemies, he was deeply in love; Buckingham's gibes at a queen who lived "en
+petite Mademoiselle," had their foundation in facts, facts for which
+B&eacute;rulle was largely responsible.</p>
+
+<div class="imgcenter" style="width: 422px;">
+<img src="images/illus050.jpg" width="422" height="600" alt="Cardinal Pierre De B&eacute;rulle. From an Engraving" title="" />
+<span class="caption">CARDINAL PIERRE DE B&eacute;RULLE<br />
+FROM AN ENGRAVING</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Bishop of Mende was a very different person from
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>
+
+the austere Oratorian.
+A member of one of the noblest houses in France, high-spirited, cultured,
+and fascinating, he owed a position to which his twenty and odd years would
+not have entitled him to the fact that he was a relative and intimate
+friend of Richelieu. He knew how to win the affection of the Queen, who on
+one occasion warmly recommended him to the Pope,<a name="FNanchor_35" id="FNanchor_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> and who, when he left
+her to pay a visit of a few weeks to his native land, wrote requesting his
+return, as she could not get on without him; but the King frankly detested
+him, and years later, when the Bishop was in his grave, remembered angrily
+the arrogance with which the latter was wont to enter his wife's private
+apartments at any hour that pleased him. That the charges of indiscretion
+brought against him by the English were not unfounded may be gathered not
+only from the amazing audacity of his proposal to place the crown on the
+Queen's head in Westminster Abbey&mdash;a proposal which led to her never being
+crowned at all<a name="FNanchor_36" id="FNanchor_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a>&mdash;but also from the reluctant admission of his friend
+Tilli&egrave;res that he was too young for his post, and from an admonitory letter
+addressed to him by his masters in Paris, urging him to moderate his zeal
+and to bridle his fiery tongue.</p>
+
+<p>But there were reasons other than personal, of which Charles and his
+subjects were certainly in some degree aware, for disliking and distrusting
+Henrietta's household.</p>
+
+<p>One of the causes of the extraordinary success of Richelieu's policy is no
+doubt to be sought in the accuracy and range of the information at his
+command, which was furnished by persons in every country, who, though a
+prettier name might be given to them, were, to speak plainly, his spies.
+Some of them were French subjects abroad,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>
+
+others were subjects and often
+even servants of the King in whose land they lived, who were persuaded by
+the powerful argument of a pension to engage in this traffic in news.<a name="FNanchor_37" id="FNanchor_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a>
+By this means the Cardinal found out most things that it was to his
+interest to know, and often, while he was professing goodwill and affection
+to some hapless wight who was in his power, he was, at the same time,
+collecting information to be used against him.</p>
+
+<p>Richelieu's content at the English alliance has already been referred to.
+He was, at this time, at the height of his influence over the Queen-Mother,
+and he was rapidly building up the power which was to make him the
+strongest and most irresponsible minister that France has ever seen.
+Judging perhaps from the precedent of Queen Anne of Austria, he believed
+that Henrietta would be the instrument of France and consequently of
+himself in England. He was determined that she should have those about her
+in whom he could feel confidence; in other words, that the choice and
+highly born body of men and women who served the person of the Queen of
+England should be also the servants of an alien power. They played their
+part well. Even B&eacute;rulle, who was too good an ecclesiastic not to know the
+duties of the married state, summed up, in a letter to a private friend,
+the objects of his mission to England as being "to initiate the spirit of
+the Queen of England into the dispositions necessary," not only "for her
+soul," but also "for this country,"<a name="FNanchor_38" id="FNanchor_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> i.e. France. The Bishop of Mende,
+by the testimony of Tilli&egrave;res, detailed everything that occurred to
+Richelieu, and abundance of
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>
+
+letters written by his hand remain to prove the
+truth of this statement. As for Tilli&egrave;res himself, his attitude both to
+England and France may be gathered from his own Memoirs, and from the
+reputation he earned in this island, where he was considered very
+"jesuited."</p>
+
+<p>Such being the state of things, it would not perhaps be difficult, without
+seeking for further cause, to account for the irritation of a young and
+high-spirited King; but there is another factor to be taken into
+consideration.</p>
+
+<p>If we are to believe the testimony of those who on the Queen's behalf
+watched the course of events, the real author of the King's harshness to
+his wife and of his dislike to her servants was his favourite, the Duke of
+Buckingham, whose power over his royal master was so unbounded that he had
+but to indicate a line of action for Charles to follow it. This, indeed,
+was the deliberate opinion of Henrietta, who years later told Madame de
+Motteville that the Duke had announced to her his intention of sowing
+dissension between her and her husband, and though it is probable, from
+letters of Charles which are still extant, that the French underrated his
+independent dislike of them, and consequently exaggerated the guilt of the
+favourite, yet the substantial truth of the accusation can hardly be
+doubted. Buckingham was acute enough to perceive the naturally uxorious
+bent of the King's mind, and also the rare gifts and graces of the young
+Queen; and as soon as he discovered that it was impossible to make a slave
+of the wife as he had of the husband, he began to regard her as an enemy.
+He may well have trembled for an influence which was threatened on another
+side by the rising indignation of the people, whose voice did not scruple
+to point him out as a public enemy, and even to accuse him of the death of
+the late King.</p>
+
+<p>But there was another reason, equally in keeping with his haughty
+character, which the gossips of the time freely
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>
+
+alleged for his persistent
+persecution of the Queen of England. Over in Paris the Queen of France,
+with Madame de Chevreuse whispering temptation in her ear, was waiting for
+the man to whom she owed the brightest hours of her shadowed life. Unless,
+in this case, history lies in no ordinary manner, Henrietta's married
+happiness was put in jeopardy as much by the soft glances of Anne of
+Austria, as by the austerity of B&eacute;rulle or by the audacity of the Bishop of
+Mende. Was it not for the sake of this fair charmer that Buckingham,
+wishing to discredit her enemies, Mary de' Medici and Richelieu, tried to
+nullify the political effects of the match they had made? Was it not that
+he might return to France and to her that he stirred up strife between two
+great Kings? Was it not, finally, to revenge the smarts of his hindered
+love for her that he first persecuted and then expelled those who in the
+Court of England were living under the protection of that Court which
+refused to receive him as ambassador? To all these questions contemporaries
+have replied, and their answer comes with no uncertain sound.</p>
+
+<p>Buckingham hated all the French, but his chief enemy was the Bishop of
+Mende. This young ecclesiastic possessed a stingingly sarcastic tongue,
+which the favourite, who, like most vain people, detested ridicule, both
+hated and feared. The former had, besides, a malicious habit of insisting
+with the most courtly grace upon long conversations in the French tongue,
+by which means the Englishman, who was not a perfect linguist, appeared, to
+his infinite chagrin, to disadvantage by the side of his nimble-tongued
+adversary. Nor did the Bishop confine himself to words. Secure in the
+favour of Richelieu he dared to oppose the Duke when that nobleman induced
+the King to appoint his wife, his sister,<a name="FNanchor_39" id="FNanchor_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> and his niece <i>dames du lit</i>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
+
+to the Queen. Henrietta, though she pointed out that already she had three
+ladies in place of the two who had served her mother-in-law, yet weary of
+opposition, would have given in, and perhaps the French Ambassadors, who
+were still in England and to whom the matter was referred, might also have
+been won over by the soft speeches of Buckingham. But the watchful Bishop
+was not thus to be tricked. He represented so strongly the danger of
+placing "Huguenot" ladies near the person of the young Queen, and spoke so
+earnestly of the scandal which such a proceeding would occasion among the
+Catholics both of England and the Continent, that the favourite's ambitious
+intrigues were defeated. He was unused to such checks, and Tilli&egrave;res was
+probably right in seeing in this incident the cause of his hatred to the
+man who had thus foiled him.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, there was a moment when the Bishop of Mende hoped to win over
+the Duke to France and to Henrietta. In August, 1625, the first Parliament
+of Charles I met. It was in no amiable mood, for it was known that the King
+had lent ships to be used against the Protestants of Rochelle, and the
+concessions to the Catholics, though nominally secret, were more than
+suspected. Charles found himself embarrassed by a request to put in force
+the recusancy laws, while at the same time he was angered by an open attack
+upon his favourite. Now, in the opinion of the Bishop, was the moment to
+offer to Buckingham the French alliance, and in a long cipher dispatch to
+Richelieu he detailed his hopes. Spain had turned against the Duke, the
+English detested him. What course was open to him but to fling himself into
+the arms of the most Christian King? But Buckingham had other and opposite
+views. He believed that his best chance of political salvation lay in
+counselling his master to grant the petition of Parliament. Without abiding
+principle, careless which religious or political party he favoured so that
+it furthered
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>
+
+his own ends, he thought only of his personal safety. He had
+not overrated his hold on Charles' heart. The King of England, to save his
+unworthy favourite, bowed to the storm. He put in force the recusancy laws,
+thus breaking the solemn promise which he had made only a few months before
+to a brother-sovereign, and inflicting an almost unbearable insult upon his
+young wife.</p>
+
+<p>It was little she could do. Earnestly as she strove to do her duty, Charles
+was never satisfied with her, and he not only resented unduly the small
+errors of taste and tact inevitable in a girl of her age, left without
+proper guidance in a land of which she did not even know the language, but
+he exposed her to the almost incredible rudeness of Buckingham, to whom he
+commented on her conduct<a name="FNanchor_40" id="FNanchor_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> and who chided her like a child, and once even
+dared to tell her that if she did not behave better her husband would see
+order to her. It is not surprising that her temper sometimes failed her.
+Once, even in the opinion of Tilli&egrave;res, she spoke unbecomingly about Madame
+S. Georges' exclusion from the royal coach; and another time, in a fit of
+girlish anger, she marked her displeasure at the reading of Anglican
+prayers in the house where she was staying by attempting to drown the voice
+of the minister in loud and ostentatious talk with her ladies outside the
+room in which he was officiating. Thus her spirit sometimes rose, but in
+the main she was quite submissive, answering sadly and meekly the
+reproaches of her husband.</p>
+
+<p>But this last insult was no private matter, and, urged by B&eacute;rulle and the
+Bishop, Henrietta pleaded for her co-religionists. Her prayers were
+unavailing, and only served to anger Charles further. "You are rather the
+ambassador of your brother the King of France than Queen of England,"<a name="FNanchor_41" id="FNanchor_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
+
+he said coldly, in reply to her entreaties. Even the diplomatic
+representations of Tilli&egrave;res only procured a slight delay in the
+publication of the Proclamation putting in force the laws against the
+recusants.</p>
+
+<p>The wrath of the French on both sides of the Channel knew no bounds. Not
+only was the breach of promise an insult to the Crown of France, which was
+thus set at naught to "pleasure the views of Parliament," but political
+interests were also at stake.<a name="FNanchor_42" id="FNanchor_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> In the opinion of Tilli&egrave;res and the
+Bishop, what was needed was a vigorous ambassador to teach Charles his
+duty, and to cajole or threaten him into keeping his share of the marriage
+contract, "for," wrote the Grand Almoner, with his usual candour, to
+Ville-aux-clercs, "you know so well the humour of our English that it would
+be superfluous to tell you that one can expect nothing from them unless one
+acts with force and vigour." Such attributes were never wanting to
+Richelieu's government. Ville-aux-clercs, whom the exiles would gladly have
+welcomed, "if we were worthy that God should work for us the miracle of
+enabling you to be in two places at once,"<a name="FNanchor_43" id="FNanchor_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> could not indeed be spared,
+but a substitute was found in the person of "M. le Marquis de Blainville,"
+who before he left Paris had a long conversation with B&eacute;rulle; for that
+ecclesiastic, whose position had been of a temporary nature, had now
+returned to his native land, leaving to fill his office one of his trusted
+Oratorians, Father Sancy, a priest who, during a previous embassy to
+Constantinople, had acquired a profound knowledge of the world which it was
+supposed would enable him to advise judiciously the Queen of England.</p>
+
+<p>She, meanwhile, worn by chagrin and unkindness, was losing the bloom and
+the high spirits she had brought with her from her native land. The
+England, which had
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>
+
+been represented to her as a paradise, was a poor
+exchange for the home she had lost; and when she looked across the Channel
+for help, all that came to her was the advice, in conformity with the
+intrigues of the Bishop of Mende, to make friends with Buckingham, whose
+overbearing rudeness was hateful to her, and on whom it is probable she
+never looked with favour, except perhaps at the very beginning of her
+married life, when she thought he might help her to revisit, in the midst
+of her miseries, her home and her mother. Now she showed herself restive,
+and Richelieu, who was much set on the conciliation of the Duke, discussed
+her conduct in a note which contains some of the earliest evidence as to
+Henrietta's personal character. The Queen of England, he said, was a little
+firm in her opinions, and those about her thought that her mother, whose
+displeasure she feared, should write a letter to her, pointing out her duty
+in this matter. The trouble might have been spared, for Buckingham at the
+time seems to have been as little anxious as herself for a friendly
+understanding.</p>
+
+<p>Blainville arrived in the late autumn of 1625. He was received with the
+courtesy due to his position as Ambassador-Extraordinary&mdash;a title which he
+had been given at the instance of Richelieu to overawe the King of
+England&mdash;but from the first he had little hope of accomplishing the objects
+of his mission. The Queen, stung by the harshness of her husband, who
+sometimes did not speak to her for days, goaded by the insolence of
+Buckingham, and surrounded by those who taught her to despise the language,
+the manners, and the religion of her adopted country, seemed to be at the
+beginning of the unhappy married life which so many princesses have had to
+endure. She was, moreover, more melancholy than usual, owing to the recent
+departure of B&eacute;rulle, which she regretted so deeply that her attendants
+were able to count more than twenty sighs as
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>
+
+she sat at the table on the
+day he left her. The members of her ecclesiastical household were
+correspondingly depressed, for the loss of the distinguished Oratorian
+exposed them to even worse treatment than they had experienced before. The
+Bishop of Mende himself, on whose young shoulders the burden of
+responsibility had descended, could not keep up his spirits. He retired to
+his room, where he sat alone brooding upon the hard fate which had brought
+him to a barbarous and heretical isle, and whence he refused to move except
+to perform his religious duties and to wait upon the Queen.</p>
+
+<p>The King of England was hardly in a happier mood. That he had legitimate
+cause of complaint cannot be denied, and a letter which about this time he
+wrote to Buckingham proves that he had almost made up his mind to the only
+real cure for his troubles. The extraordinarily violent tone of this
+epistle suggests that his dislike to his wife's foreign attendants required
+by this time no fostering from the Duke. It even seems as if the favourite
+were less hostile to them than his master.<a name="FNanchor_44" id="FNanchor_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></p>
+
+<p>With such a state of feeling prevailing at Court, Blainville's position was
+not a comfortable one; but he remained there until an incident occurred
+which is believed to have occasioned his withdrawal and which deserves a
+detailed description, as it illustrates admirably the petty persecution to
+which the high-spirited Henrietta, the daughter of a hundred kings, was
+subjected.<a name="FNanchor_45" id="FNanchor_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p>
+
+<p>The second Parliament of the reign, whose short existence
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span>
+
+was to be ended
+by the impeachment of Buckingham, met in the early spring of 1626.
+Henrietta, who was anxious to see the opening procession, had made
+arrangements to witness it from a gallery situated in the Palace at
+Whitehall, and she was annoyed when on the very day of the ceremony her
+husband told her that he wished her to go to the house of the Countess of
+Buckingham, whence a particularly fine view of the proceedings could be
+obtained. Still, she was always compliant in trifles, and at this time she
+desired to conciliate Charles by prompt obedience in such commands as her
+sensitive conscience could approve. She therefore signified her assent
+without, however, considering the matter of grave consequence.</p>
+
+<p>It happened that just before the hour of the procession, when Henrietta was
+about to set out for the Countess' apartments, a heavy shower of rain came
+on. The young Queen, looking out on the unsheltered court which she would
+have to cross to reach her goal, shrank back, fearing for her elaborately
+dressed hair, which she did not wish to have done again for the evening
+festivities. She told her husband, who was with her, that she thought the
+weather too bad to go, and asked him to conduct her to the gallery which
+had been her first choice. To her great surprise he was much displeased,
+and it was only after a somewhat bitter altercation that he complied with
+her request, leading her to her place and taking leave of her with cold
+politeness.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta was sitting quietly, overcoming her vexation, when, to her
+surprise, the Duke of Buckingham, from whose bold eye and arrogant bearing
+she instinctively shrank, appeared. Rude he always was in his dealings with
+her, but on this occasion he surpassed himself, telling her roughly that
+the King was exceedingly displeased with her, and that it was surprising
+that for a little rain she should have refused to obey the commands of her
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>
+
+husband. The proud young French Princess could not brook such language from
+one of her own subjects. Haughtily she made answer that in the Court of
+France she had been accustomed to see the Queen her mother and the Queen
+her sister use their own judgment in such trifles. Nevertheless (and in
+this her real sweetness and desire to please appeared), she mastered
+herself sufficiently to plead a woman's dread of bad weather, and to
+request Blainville, who was at her side, to lead her again to her husband.</p>
+
+<p>Charles was found to be in a less implacable mood than Buckingham had
+represented, and Henrietta went off to the Countess' apartments, hoping
+that the storm had blown over. She was soon undeceived. The Duke sought her
+again at his mother's house, and with unpardonable insolence again assured
+her that her husband was very angry with her, and that he did not wish her
+to remain in her present quarters. It was too much. Henrietta's wrath
+blazed forth. "I have sufficiently shown my obedience," she cried; "but
+unhappy me! obedience in England seems to be a crime." Buckingham, who was
+bent on making himself disagreeable all round, disregarding the Queen's
+protest, now turned to Blainville and remarked in a meaning way that he
+believed there were those who from motives of superstition had hindered her
+presence at a ceremony of the Knights of the Bath, and that he was
+surprised that her friends should be so injudicious. The French Ambassador,
+who knew well what was in the Duke's mind, and who had no wish to disclaim
+responsibility, replied with spirit that he would rather advise the Queen
+of England to absent herself from fifty ceremonies than counsel her to take
+part in one which was of doubtful permission for a Catholic. On receiving
+this answer the unwelcome visitor withdrew.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta had a brave spirit, but the conduct of Buckingham
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span>
+
+had cut her to
+the quick, since it humiliated her in sight of the Court. That night, in
+the privacy of her own apartments, she appealed to her husband, whose cold
+looks and manners informed her that she was not forgiven. She was, she
+said, the most unhappy creature in the world, seeing him thus keep up his
+anger against her for so long. She would die rather than give him just
+cause for offence, and anyhow, whatever his feelings, could he not treat
+her in public with more respect, as otherwise it would be thought that he
+did not care for her. Pleadingly the young wife looked at her husband, for
+even at the worst she had some faith in the goodness and kindness of his
+natural character apart from the influence of Buckingham.</p>
+
+<p>But Charles, with a heavy pomposity, which in happier circumstances would
+certainly have made Henrietta laugh, replied that he had grave cause of
+offence. The Queen had said that it was raining, and that if she went out
+in the rain she would soil her dress and disarrange her hair. "I did not
+know that such remarks were faults in England," was her sarcastic answer.</p>
+
+<p>The King left his wife's apartments unappeased, and not all her entreaties,
+nor those of Madame de Tilli&egrave;res, whom he regarded with less disfavour than
+any other Frenchwoman, could induce him to return. He only sent a most
+unwelcome emissary, in the person of the Duke of Buckingham, who reiterated
+his assurances of the King's wrath, and informed Henrietta that if within
+two days she did not ask pardon her husband would treat her as a person
+unworthy to be his wife, and would drive away all the French, Madame S.
+Georges included, he thoughtfully added, knowing well that that lady held
+the first place in his auditor's affections.</p>
+
+<p>Such words no woman of spirit, much less a Princess of one of the greatest
+houses of Europe, could tamely suffer; but the young Queen, though in a
+white heat of
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>
+
+passion, seems to have kept her temper admirably. Calmly and
+contemptuously she wondered that the Duke undertook such a commission as he
+was fulfilling. As for her position, only one thing could make her unworthy
+of it, and that she was too well-born to think of doing. Nor was she to be
+frightened by his threat with regard to her servants. They would be
+retained, she felt sure, not for love of her, but on account of the pledge
+given to her brother the King of France. As for asking pardon, she could
+not do so for a fault she had never committed. Her conduct had been open
+and public, and all around her had praised rather than blamed her. No, she
+added, she would not ask pardon, unless at the express command of the King.
+Buckingham, whose loquacity for once found nothing to reply, returned to
+the King, who, it appears, must, on reflection, have appreciated in some
+degree the sorry part he had played, for no apology was exacted, and the
+matter was quietly allowed to drop. As for the poor young Queen, she was so
+overcome by chagrin and misery that she kept her bed, where she was visited
+by Blainville, who thought to cheer her by lending her some letters which
+he had recently received from Father B&eacute;rulle.</p>
+
+<p>The Ambassador felt that it was time to be gone. He had borne annoyances,
+such as the interception of his letters, and insults, such as the continued
+persecution of the Catholics, but this treatment offered to the sister of
+his royal master was the last straw. The English, on their side, were only
+too glad to get rid of him, for they considered that he meddled unduly in
+private matters between the King and Queen. It is even said that he was
+forbidden the Court. But still, he was not to depart without a final brush
+with the enemy, for on Sunday, February 26th, a number of English Catholics
+who, following their usual but quite illegal practice, had come to hear
+Mass at the French Ambassador's chapel in Durham House in the Strand,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>
+
+were
+unpleasantly surprised as they came out after the service to find waiting
+for them at the door the officers of the King. A free fight followed, which
+was only stopped by the appearance and authority of the Bishop of Durham.
+Blainville, who in his irritated condition was not likely to reflect that
+Charles, after all, was within his legal rights, was roused to fury at what
+he considered a violation of the majesty of France. "I wish," he said
+vindictively, "I wish that my servants had killed the King's officer."</p>
+
+<p>Thus angrily he departed from the country to bear to France the tidings of
+his ill-success.</p>
+
+<p>After this matters went from bad to worse. Henrietta tried to please her
+husband, but she always found herself in the wrong, as when, for instance,
+she attempted to conciliate him by appointing to the offices created by a
+grant to her of houses and lands a preponderance of English Protestants.
+She found that her submission was entirely thrown away, because,
+injudiciously indeed, she had appointed to the office of Controller, which
+was only honorary, the Bishop of Mende. She was curtly informed that the
+post was required for the Earl of Carlisle, who was particularly odious to
+her on account of the indecent zeal which had prompted him within a few
+months of signing her marriage contract to urge the persecution of the
+Catholics. Goaded by such treatment, she claimed, with some warmth, the
+right to appoint her servants, and thus another cause of dispute arose
+between her and her husband, whose unkindness even extended to keeping her
+so short of money that she was reduced to borrowing from her own
+servants.<a name="FNanchor_46" id="FNanchor_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a></p>
+
+<p>So the summer of 1626 wore on amid misunderstandings
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>
+
+and recriminations
+until, in the month of June,<a name="FNanchor_47" id="FNanchor_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> an event occurred which probably
+precipitated the inevitable crisis.</p>
+
+<p>One afternoon the Queen and her principal attendants, among whom the
+courtly figure of her Grand Almoner was conspicuous, were walking in that
+which even then was known as Hyde Park. In their walk they turned aside,
+and, to the astonishment of those of the public who observed their
+movements, were seen directing their steps towards Tyburn, the place of
+public execution, which was near the present site of the Marble Arch.
+Arrived at this ill-omened spot, the royal lady and her suite fell upon
+their knees as upon holy ground, and so, indeed, in their eyes it was, for
+was not this spot, wet with the blood of malefactors, watered also by the
+blood of those whom a tyrannical and heretical Government had slain for the
+crime of confessing the true faith? The airing of the Court had become a
+pilgrimage to the unsightly shrine of the English martyrs.</p>
+
+<p>It was an act of amazing imprudence such as would only have suggested
+itself to a man who, like the Bishop of Mende, never summoned discretion to
+his council but to eject it ignominiously. It is impossible to say how far
+the deed was of premeditation, but it is not unlikely that it was arranged
+by the Grand Almoner to give a demonstration to Protestants and to
+pro-Spanish Catholics of the devotion of a French Princess. It was even
+reported that the stern ecclesiastic had required the pilgrims&mdash;Henrietta
+included&mdash;to walk barefoot; but this, no doubt, was a sectarian
+exaggeration. Apart from such extravagances, that which had been done was
+in the eyes of the King&mdash;and not without justice&mdash;unpardonable. Not only
+had his wife, the Queen of England, been placed in an undignified position
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>
+
+by those who had permitted her to appear among the memorials of misery and
+crime, but a direct and most bitter insult had been offered to him, to his
+father, and to the great Queen on whose throne he sat. The Catholics who
+laid down their lives at Tyburn with a courage which forced the reluctant
+admiration even of their enemies, were indeed, from one point of view,
+martyrs of the purest type. From another, and that Charles', they were
+traitors executed for the crime of treason in the highest degree. "Neither
+Queen Elizabeth nor I ever put a man to death for religion," James had said
+on one occasion. This doctrine was one which, in its nice distinctions, a
+foreigner and a Catholic could hardly be expected to grasp, yet the hard
+fact remained that these victims of Tyburn, however innocent, suffered
+under the laws of the land and under the authority of the Crown.</p>
+
+<p>Charles was wounded in his most sensitive feelings, and it speaks something
+for his forbearance that, as far as is known, he recognized the innocence
+of his girl-wife, and reserved his wrath for her advisers, particularly for
+the Bishop of Mende. "This action," he is reputed to have said, "can have
+no greater invective made against it than the bare relation. Were there
+nothing more than this I would presently remove these French from about my
+wife."</p>
+
+<p>Their removal was indeed, as Charles had perceived eight months earlier,
+the only solution of the difficulty, and to it events were now rapidly
+tending. It was necessary to cajole the French Court. Buckingham, even
+before the departure of Blainville, had made fresh overtures to Henrietta,
+which the astute Ambassador had advised her to reject. After the failure of
+this ruse the adroit Walter Montagu was dispatched to Paris to speak fair
+words to Mary de' Medici, and so well did he succeed that cordial letters
+were interchanged between the Duke and the Queen-Mother, even while, at the
+same time, the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>
+
+young diplomatist was able to carry out the more secret task
+which had been confided to him, which was nothing less than to discover
+whether the state of French domestic politics was such as to make it safe
+for the King of England to offer to the King of France so grave an insult
+as the expulsion of his sister's household. Montagu's report was
+encouraging. Owing to the great favour with which both Queen Anne and
+Madame de Chevreuse regarded him, he was able to pick up a good deal of
+information which would have escaped an ordinary envoy; he was thus, no
+doubt, able to trace in the ramifications of Chalais' plot, which at this
+time was agitating the French Court, and in which both the above-named
+ladies, as well as Henrietta's younger brother Gaston, were implicated, not
+only the general hatred of Richelieu, but even a positive desire on the
+part of some to see the Cardinal humiliated by such an affront to his
+policy as would be involved in the violation of the Queen of England's
+marriage treaty. And with such discontent at home, what vengeance could be
+taken? "The cards here," wrote Montagu in great glee, "are all mixed up,
+and Monsieur [Gaston of Orleans] is on the point of leaving the Court."</p>
+
+<p>Charles' decision was taken, and when his mind was made up it was not easy
+to turn him from his purpose. He knew, also, that he had the feeling of the
+Court and the people with him. English insularity could not brook the
+permanent presence of a large body of foreigners in so prominent a
+position, and English Protestantism took alarm at a royal establishment
+avowedly Catholic, which was considered "a rendezvous for Jesuits and
+fugitives,"<a name="FNanchor_48" id="FNanchor_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> and whose ecclesiastical head was believed to hold special
+powers from the Pope, and to be "a most dangerous instrument to work his
+ends here."<a name="FNanchor_49" id="FNanchor_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> At the Court feeling ran equally high.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
+
+Buckingham's
+intentions and hopes have been sufficiently indicated, and there were
+others who, in a measure, shared them. Carlisle, whose anti-Catholic
+bitterness had been conspicuous throughout, and who had cynically remarked
+that the religious concessions made at the time of the marriage were only a
+blind to satisfy the Pope, and that the King of France had never expected
+them to be kept, was statesman enough to appreciate the real objections to
+the position in which he had helped to place Charles. There were endless
+broils at Court between the two nations, particularly among the ladies.
+Altogether Charles, taking into consideration the satisfactory disturbances
+across the Channel, was well justified, from the point of view of
+expediency, in choosing this moment to carry out that which had
+become&mdash;even setting aside the desires and influence of Buckingham&mdash;the
+wish of his heart. He was a man of monopolies, and he believed&mdash;and
+believed with justice&mdash;that the French stood between him and his bride.</p>
+
+<p>He laid his plans with skill. Carleton, a diplomatist of great experience,
+was sent over to Paris, not only to assist in the stirring up of strife
+there, but also to complain of the conduct of the Queen's servants, and, if
+possible, to obtain Louis' consent to their dismission. In case of refusal
+he was to intimate, with such tact as he could, that they would be
+dismissed all the same. The vigilant Bishop of Mende, who probably knew a
+good deal of what was going on, himself proposed to hasten to the French
+Court, where his influence with Richelieu rendered him so effective, to
+represent matters in their true light. He was told, to his great wrath,
+that the King of England would not allow him to cross the sea, and he was
+exclaiming that such threats were the very way to confirm him in his
+purpose, and that he would start the next day, when the Duke of Buckingham
+sought him, and the two enemies had their last passage-of-arms.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>"Do not run the risk of this journey," said the Duke with elaborate
+friendliness. "I am sorry for the bad impression that you have made on the
+King. I myself have tried to remove it without effect." "I thank you for
+your kindness," replied the Bishop satirically. "It is indeed unfortunate
+that your credit, which stands so high with the King in all other matters,
+fails in this. But I am not surprised, as I have noticed that it always
+falls short in anything which concerns the Queen of England and her
+household."</p>
+
+<p>In the end Tilli&egrave;res went to France, though Buckingham, stung by the
+Bishop's biting words, really asked the King to grant him leave of absence.
+But the Grand Almoner now thought that his place was at his mistress' side,
+and he knew that it would be difficult to detain the Count, however much
+Buckingham and the rest might desire to do so, as there was an unanswerable
+pretext for his journey in the approaching wedding of Gaston of Orleans,
+who was to expiate his share in Chalais' plot by marrying Mademoiselle de
+Montpensier.</p>
+
+<p>The danger, indeed, drew on apace. A few days after Tilli&egrave;res' departure
+Charles announced his intention to his Council, and any lingering
+hesitation he may have felt was swept away by the encouragement given by
+Buckingham and Carlisle, both of whom spoke in favour of the project. "The
+French," said the latter, "are too busy with their own affairs to make war
+on such a pretext."</p>
+
+<p>The die was now cast, and it was necessary to inform the Queen. The Council
+had been held in the Palace of Whitehall, and the King, with Buckingham at
+his heels, had only to go to another part of the house to find his wife,
+who was sitting in her own room with two of her ladies. The King rather
+rudely desired her to come to his apartments, but she, not altogether
+ignorant of the state of affairs, replied coldly that she begged him to say
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
+
+his pleasure in the place in which they found themselves. "Then send your
+women out of the room," said the King. Henrietta complied with his request,
+and her heart sank as she saw her husband carefully lock the door behind
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Then, without further preface, he curtly announced to his young wife the
+sentence of banishment. He could endure her French people and their
+meddling no longer, he said. He was going to send them all back to France,
+and she would have in their place those who would teach her to behave as
+the Queen of England.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta first of all looked incredulously at her husband, for she had
+never believed, protected as she was by her marriage treaty and by the
+Crown of France, that, however dissatisfied he might be, he would push
+matters to an extremity. Then, as she saw no relenting on his cold,
+handsome face, she burst into tears and wept unrestrainedly. It was long
+before she found voice to plead that if Madame S. Georges, whom she knew he
+disliked, was too obnoxious, yet that she might keep Madame de Tilli&egrave;res,
+against whom no complaints had been brought. But Charles was inflexible.
+All were to go. More piteous sobbing followed, until the poor girl&mdash;she was
+only sixteen&mdash;appreciated that her misery was making no impression upon her
+husband. Then she stayed her weeping to make a final request. Might she not
+see her friends once more, to bid them good-bye, for it had been intimated
+to her that sentence would take effect without a moment's unnecessary
+delay.</p>
+
+<p>No, was the curt reply. She must see her friends no more.<a name="FNanchor_50" id="FNanchor_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p>
+
+<p>At this final outrage to her wounded feelings Henrietta's spirit&mdash;the
+spirit of the Bourbons&mdash;rose in revolt. Forgetful of her husband, forgetful
+of her queenly dignity, remembering
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>
+
+only that those whom she loved were
+leaving her for ever, she rushed to the window, that thence she might
+obtain a farewell glimpse of her banished compatriots. Such was her
+eagerness that she broke the intercepting panes of glass. But even this
+poor comfort was denied her. The King pursued her and dragged her back with
+such ungentle force that her dress was torn, and her hands with which she
+clung to the bars of the windows were galled and grazed.</p>
+
+<p>Elsewhere dismay and consternation reigned. Conway, the Secretary of State,
+announced their doom to the assembled French ladies, informing them that
+the King wished to have his wife to himself, and that he found it
+impossible to do so while she had so many of her own countrywomen about
+her. They were begged to retire to Somerset House, whence they would be
+sent to France. Madame S. Georges, acting as spokeswoman for the rest, said
+that they were the servants of the King of France, they could not leave
+their royal mistress without the orders of the Bishop of Mende, who was
+their superior. That gentleman arriving, in obedience to a hasty summons,
+did indeed at first assert with his usual hauteur that neither he nor any
+of the household would depart without the commands of their own sovereign.
+But he was soon made to understand, by arguments which not even his spirit
+could resist, that no choice was left to him. That evening saw the French
+at Somerset House and Henrietta desolate at Whitehall. It was probably
+during the few days that had to elapse before her friends were deported to
+France that the Queen wrote the following note to the Bishop, which vividly
+reflects her loneliness and sorrow:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+
+<p class="smcap">"M. de Mandes,</p>
+
+<p>"I hide myself as much as I can in order to write to you. I am treated
+as a prisoner, so that I cannot speak to any one, nor have I time to write
+my miseries nor to complain.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>
+
+Only, in the name of God, have pity on a poor prisoner in despair, and do
+something to relieve my sorrow. I am the most afflicted creature in the
+world. Speak to the Queen my mother about my miseries, and tell her my
+troubles. I say good-bye to you and to all my poor officers, and I charge
+my friend S. Georges, the Countess, and all my women and girls, that they
+do not forget me, and I will never forget them, and bring some remedy to my
+sorrow, or I die.... Adieu, cruel adieu, which will kill me if God does not
+have pity on me.</p>
+
+<p>"[Ask] Father Sancy to pray for me still, and tell Mamie that I shall love her always."<a name="FNanchor_51" id="FNanchor_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Such a letter was not calculated to soothe the excitable Bishop of Mende,
+whose spirit had already been roused to fury by hearing the cries and
+protestations of the poor young mistress whom he was not permitted to see.
+But it was little he could do. His captivity at Somerset House was broken
+in upon by the King of England himself, who, with the unfortunate desire
+for explanation which was always his, was anxious to point out with his own
+mouth to those whom it most concerned the reasons of his action. According
+to the Bishop, who occupied his leisure in writing angry letters to the
+King of France and the Queen-Mother, Charles acknowledged that he had no
+personal fault to find with his wife's servants, but said that it was
+necessary, to content his people and for the good of his affairs, that they
+should be expelled. This admission, which, if it ever existed outside the
+mind of the Bishop, was intended as a courteous softening of unpleasant
+truths, did not prevent the King from adding a command (which was obeyed)
+that all the French were to be gone within four-and-twenty
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>
+
+hours.<a name="FNanchor_52" id="FNanchor_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> It
+was perhaps some solace to them that before their departure a considerable
+sum of money and costly jewels were distributed among them.</p>
+
+<p>It remained to bring Henrietta, who was still weeping angrily in her
+apartments, to a state of calm more befitting the Queen of England. Charles
+was not cruel, and when the first flush of anger was over he could feel for
+his wife's grief. At first he had determined that all the French, whether
+lay or ecclesiastic, should go. "The Queen has been left neither confessor
+nor doctor, and I believe that her life and her religion are in very grave
+peril,"<a name="FNanchor_53" id="FNanchor_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> wrote the Bishop. But Charles, though he was not to be moved by
+such innuendoes, relented in some degree. In the end one of Henrietta's
+ladies, Madame de Vantelet, was permitted to remain with her, and two of
+the priests of the Oratory were granted like indulgence; one of whom was
+the pious and sagacious Scotchman, Father Robert Philip, who continued the
+Queen's confessor until his death, years later, in the days of the
+exile.<a name="FNanchor_54" id="FNanchor_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a></p>
+
+<p>The French were gone, and on the whole, in spite of the Bishop's protest,
+quietly; but Charles and Buckingham knew well that they had to face the
+wrath of France for this the audacious violation of the Queen's marriage
+treaty. Henrietta naturally looked to her own family to right her wrongs,
+and she wrote piteous letters to her brother asking for his help, which
+show the sad condition to
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>
+
+which sorrow and unkindness had reduced the
+bright Princess who had left France little more than a year earlier. "I
+have no hope but in you. Have pity on me.... No creature in the world can
+be more miserable than I."<a name="FNanchor_55" id="FNanchor_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> Mary de' Medici could not turn a deaf ear to
+such appeals nor to the complaints of the exiles who were pursued into
+France by aspersions on their characters not calculated to soothe their
+feelings, such as a charge of taking bribes, which charge their royal
+mistress, with characteristic justice and generosity, was at pains, even in
+the midst of her misery, to confute.<a name="FNanchor_56" id="FNanchor_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> The Queen-Mother's remonstrances
+to her son-in-law were, indeed, quite unavailing, but they were dignified
+and expressed a surprise at his conduct which probably she did not feel,
+since, as the English took care to point out, it was not long since similar
+measure had been meted out to the Spanish attendants of Queen Anne. With
+her daughter she felt the warmest sympathy. "If your grief could be
+assuaged by that which I feel at the news of the expulsion of your servants
+and of the ill-treatment to which you are subjected, it would soon be
+diminished,"<a name="FNanchor_57" id="FNanchor_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a> she wrote, and she added, perhaps sincerely, that never
+had she felt such grief since the assassination of her husband, Henrietta's
+father. As for her son, his indignation was such that he would leave
+nothing undone that might procure for his sister redress and contentment.
+It is probable that Richelieu, with the Bishop of Mende at his elbow,
+shared these sentiments. Nevertheless, Carlisle was right. France had too
+much on her hands to pick a quarrel with England, even
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>
+
+though her daughter
+had been insulted and her authority set at naught. All that could be done
+was to send another embassy, and this, it seems, was only decided upon at
+the instance of the Pope.</p>
+
+<p>Two persons were joined in the embassy, the Count of Tilli&egrave;res, whom the
+English were believed greatly to fear, and his brother-in-law, the Marshal
+de Bassompierre, an elderly diplomat of great experience, whose
+old-fashioned elegance of manner was already making him a little ridiculous
+in the eyes of younger men who despised the Italian grace of the days of
+Catherine de' Medici. In the end this exquisite person had to go alone, for
+it was intimated that the King of England would not receive his colleague;
+he was rather unwilling to undertake the embassy, and his dissatisfaction
+was not decreased by the coolness of his reception in London, which
+coolness, as he reminded himself, it was clearly a duty to resent as an
+insult to the Crown of France.</p>
+
+<p>He found matters in bad case. The King was inflexible in his refusal to
+come to terms, and the Queen, though she was still depressed and bitterly
+angry with Buckingham, showed herself, since the cession which permitted
+her to retain Madame de Vantelet and her old nurse, more reconciled to the
+change. About her spiritual welfare the Ambassador expressed himself much
+concerned, for she was surrounded by heretics, and in place of the
+irreproachable ecclesiastics appointed by her brother she had been forced
+to receive two English priests, by name Godfrey and Potter, who belonged to
+a school of thought which in his eyes, and in those of the Bishop of Mende,
+was little less than heretical, for they had both taken the oath of
+allegiance, and they had both assured the Earl of Carlisle that they did
+not belong to the Church of Rome, but to that which was Catholic, Gallican,
+and "Sorbonique," an assertion which particularly enraged Bassompierre, who
+saw in
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>
+
+it an insult to the French Church and nation. He was probably little
+more moved by the accusation brought against one of them by the Bishop of
+bracketing together "the three Impostors, Mahomet, Jesus Christ, and
+Moses."<a name="FNanchor_58" id="FNanchor_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a> Only one person showed any cordiality to the unfortunate
+Ambassador. Buckingham, thinking on the Queen of France in Paris, felt that
+he had gone too far, and decided that it would be well to conciliate
+Henrietta. With this purpose he came secretly, through the darkness of the
+night and attended only by his young friend Montagu, to wait on
+Bassompierre. He complained bitterly of the hatred of which he was the
+victim, and inquired plaintively whether M. de Mende were saying as many
+disagreeable things about him on the other side of the Channel as he had
+been wont to do in England. To the last question the polite Frenchman must
+have found it difficult to frame an answer at once courteous and true, but
+he promised to use his influence as intermediary with Henrietta, and he was
+so far successful that the young Queen was induced to regard the Duke, at
+any rate outwardly, with greater favour.</p>
+
+<p>But the situation, as regarded its real objects, was foredoomed to failure.
+Madame S. Georges, the Bishop of Mende, and the Fathers of the Oratory had
+so prejudiced Charles' mind that he refused to receive Frenchmen, bishop or
+religious, at the Court of his Queen. There was a deadlock, and
+Bassompierre, who had made matters worse by his grave indiscretion in
+bringing as his chaplain the Queen's late confessor, Father Sancy, with all
+his diplomacy could do no more. He was indeed anxious to be gone. The
+account of his embassy in England, which he included in his memoirs, is
+penned in no flattering spirit towards this island, but the full irritation
+of his feelings can only be gathered from the private letters which,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>
+
+during
+his sojourn in London, he dispatched to the Bishop of Mende, who was with
+Richelieu at Pontoise, watching the course of events.</p>
+
+<p>"I have found," wrote the enraged diplomatist in one of these epistles,
+"humility among the Spaniards and courtesy among the Swiss during the
+embassies which I have carried on there on behalf of the King, but the
+English have abated nothing of their natural pride and arrogance."<a name="FNanchor_59" id="FNanchor_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Bishop sent a sympathetic answer, commenting on our national character
+in a manner which is worth quoting, as it serves to explain the
+unpopularity of that fascinating person in English society.</p>
+
+<p>"I am not surprised," so ran the letter, "that you have found more courtesy
+and satisfaction among the Spaniards and the Swiss than in the island on
+the shores of which the tempest has thrown you. I myself have always
+considered the English less reasonable than the Swiss, and at the same time
+less faithful, while I think they are just as vainglorious as the
+Spaniards, without possessing anything of their real merit."</p>
+
+<p>This was not all. A report was about that the Bishop wished to return to
+England, and he thoughtfully seized the opportunity to set everybody's mind
+at rest on the subject. The English were to have no uneasiness, he was only
+too willing to fall in with their wishes. "They will not have much
+difficulty in carrying into effect the resolution which they have taken to
+prevent my return," he wrote, "for both parties are quite of one opinion on
+that matter, my humour (setting aside the interests of my mistress) being
+rather to fly from than to invite another sojourn in England. It would need
+a very definite command to induce me to live there again, while
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+
+to persuade
+myself to remain here I have only to consult my own inclination."<a name="FNanchor_60" id="FNanchor_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p>
+
+<p>So Bassompierre departed, taking with him, as a slight compensation for his
+trouble, some English priests who had been released from prison in
+compliment to the King of France. And thus ended the last stage of this
+sordid struggle which came near to wrecking the happiness of what was to
+prove one of the most loving of royal marriages.</p>
+
+<p>It is hard in such a matter to apportion blame. Charles cannot be acquitted
+of harshness and of a certain degree of subservience to Buckingham, while
+the act of expulsion was a flagrant breach of the faith plighted only a
+year before to a brother-sovereign. But it must be remembered that most of
+the information comes from French, and consequently hostile, sources. After
+all, the King of England's real fault was that, by his marriage contract,
+he had allowed himself to be placed in an impossible position, from which
+only violence could extricate him. On their own showing it is difficult to
+see how any self-respecting husband, let alone a great king, could have
+endured the Bishop of Mende, Madame S. Georges, or even Father B&eacute;rulle.
+They, for their part, had much to complain of, and they saw in every
+approximation of their mistress to English customs and ways of thought a
+menace, not only to the interests of France, but to the immortal soul
+placed in their charge. As for Henrietta herself, she can hardly be blamed.
+She was but a child, and it is not surprising that she followed the counsel
+of those whom her mother had set over her. The severest thing that can
+justly be said of her is that, at the age of sixteen, she had not
+completely learned the lesson of a wife, and, above all, of a royal wife,
+"to forget her own people and her father's house."</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10%" />
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_29" id="Footnote_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29">
+<span class="label">[29]</span></a>The <i>M&eacute;moires in&eacute;dits du Comte Leveneur de Tilli&egrave;res</i>,
+published in 1862, are one of the principal authorities for Henrietta
+Maria's early married life: they are very full and vivid, but are coloured
+by the writer's dislike to the English, and especially to Buckingham.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_30" id="Footnote_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30">
+<span class="label">[30]</span></a>Cf. the following description of Paris in a humorous poem of
+the day:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"We came to Paris, on the Seyn,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">'Tis wondrous faire but nothing clean,</span>
+		<span class="ind3">'Tis Europes greatest Town.</span>
+		<span class="ind1">How strong it is, I need not tell it,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">For any man may easily smell it,</span>
+		<span class="ind3">That walkes it up and down."</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+<p><i>Musarum Delici&aelig;</i>, by Sir J. M. and Ja. S. (1655), p. 19.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_31" id="Footnote_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31">
+<span class="label">[31]</span></a><i>Musarum Delici&aelig;</i>, by Sir J. M. and Ja. S. (1655), p. 49.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_32" id="Footnote_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32">
+<span class="label">[32]</span></a>She had been in Turin with Henrietta's sister, Christine.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_33" id="Footnote_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33">
+<span class="label">[33]</span></a>The French Oratory was quite distinct from the better known
+Roman Oratory founded by S. Philip Neri.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_34" id="Footnote_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34">
+<span class="label">[34]</span></a>See the list of miracles attributed to his intercession in
+<i>La Vie du Cardinal B&eacute;rulle</i>. Par Germain Habert, Abb&eacute; de Cerisy (1646).
+Liv. III, chaps. XIV., XV.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_35" id="Footnote_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35">
+<span class="label">[35]</span></a>P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_36" id="Footnote_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36">
+<span class="label">[36]</span></a>The English Catholics were anxious lest she should allow
+herself to be crowned by a heretic: Fr. Leander de S. Martino, an English
+Benedictine, wrote a long letter to B&eacute;rulle on the subject in June, 1625,
+expressing his anxiety. Archives Nationales, M. 232.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_37" id="Footnote_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37">
+<span class="label">[37]</span></a>As, for instance, Sir Lewis Lewknor, an official charged with
+the reception of ambassadors: he received &pound;2000 per annum from Richelieu,
+and he was particularly useful to the French, whom he did not openly
+favour, because, being a Catholic, he received the confidences of the
+Spaniards and the Flemings.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_38" id="Footnote_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38">
+<span class="label">[38]</span></a>B&eacute;rulle to P. Bertin, Superior of French Oratory at Rome.
+Arch. Nat., M. 232.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_39" id="Footnote_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39">
+<span class="label">[39]</span></a>La Hermana y Mujer [of Buckingham] son Eresas muy
+perniciosas. Spanish news-letter, P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_40" id="Footnote_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40">
+<span class="label">[40]</span></a>"My Wyfe beginnes to mend her maners."&mdash;Harleian MS., 6988,
+f. 5.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_41" id="Footnote_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41">
+<span class="label">[41]</span></a><i>Verissima relacion en que se da cuenta en el estado en que
+estan los Catholicos de Inglaterra, ete Sevilla</i> (1626).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_42" id="Footnote_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42">
+<span class="label">[42]</span></a>See chapter IV.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_43" id="Footnote_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43">
+<span class="label">[43]</span></a>Bishop of Mende to Ville-aux-clercs. MS. Fran&ccedil;ais, 3693.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_44" id="Footnote_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44">
+<span class="label">[44]</span></a>"Seeing daylie the malitiusness of the Monsers by making and
+fomenting discontentments in my Wyfe I could tarie no longer from
+adverticing of you that I meane to seeke for no other grounds to casier my
+Monsers,"&mdash;Harleian MS., 6988, f. I.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_45" id="Footnote_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45">
+<span class="label">[45]</span></a>Arch. Nat., M. 232, from which the account in the text is
+taken: perhaps an account written by Charles or Buckingham would have been
+somewhat different: it is printed in an article entitled "L'Ambassade de M.
+de Blainville," published in <i>Revue des Questions Historiques</i>, 1878, t.
+23.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_46" id="Footnote_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46">
+<span class="label">[46]</span></a>Bishop of Mende to (apparently) Richelieu, June 24th, 1626.
+"La Royne ma maitresse est reduite de fouiller dans nos bourses, si ces
+choses dureront sa maison durera fort peu."&mdash;Affaires Etrang&egrave;res Ang., t.
+41, f. 133.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_47" id="Footnote_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47">
+<span class="label">[47]</span></a>The date is not certain, it was probably at the time of the
+Jubilee, June, 1626: in February Henrietta had written to the Pope asking
+that she, her household, and the Catholics of England might share in the
+privileges of the Jubilee.&mdash;P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_48" id="Footnote_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48">
+<span class="label">[48]</span></a>Archives of See of Westminster. See Appendix, Doc. I.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_49" id="Footnote_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49">
+<span class="label">[49]</span></a><i>Court and Times of Charles I</i>, I, 119.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_50" id="Footnote_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50">
+<span class="label">[50]</span></a>Such petty malice was part of Charles' character: cf. his
+refusal to allow Sir John Eliot to be buried at his home in Cornwall.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_51" id="Footnote_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51">
+<span class="label">[51]</span></a>Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 41: it is endorsed "copie," and is
+perhaps a rough draft; it is apparently in Henrietta's handwriting. "Mamie"
+is Madame S. Georges.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_52" id="Footnote_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52">
+<span class="label">[52]</span></a>Charles wrote a violent note to Buckingham, commanding him to
+see to the departure of the French. "If you can by faire meanes (but stike
+not longe in disputing) otherways force them away, dryving away so manie
+wild beasts untill you have shipped them and so the Devill go with them."
+The French landed at Calais, August 3/13, 1626.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_53" id="Footnote_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53">
+<span class="label">[53]</span></a>Bishop of Mende to Mary de' Medici. Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 41.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_54" id="Footnote_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54">
+<span class="label">[54]</span></a>The second Oratorian who remained was Father Viette, who
+became the Queen's confessor on Father Philip's death. She was allowed to
+keep also a few inferior French servants, and Maurice Aubert, who appears
+in a list of her servants made at the time of her marriage, continued with
+her; he was the companion of Windbank's flight to France in 1641.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_55" id="Footnote_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55">
+<span class="label">[55]</span></a>Baillon: <i>Henriette Marie de France, reine d'Angleterre</i>
+(1877), p. 348.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_56" id="Footnote_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56">
+<span class="label">[56]</span></a>She said, probably with truth, that the money they had
+received was in part payment of the debts incurred by her to them: her
+statement is confirmed by the fact that Charles requested the French
+Government to pay the debts owing to his wife's servants out of the half of
+her <i>dot</i>, which had not yet been paid.&mdash;Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 41.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_57" id="Footnote_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57">
+<span class="label">[57]</span></a>Mary de' Medici to Henrietta Maria, August 22nd, 1626. MS.
+Fran&ccedil;ais, 3692. She wrote on the same day to Charles.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_58" id="Footnote_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58">
+<span class="label">[58]</span></a>Bishop of Mende to King of France, August 12th, 1626. Aff.
+Etran. Ang., t. 41.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_59" id="Footnote_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59">
+<span class="label">[59]</span></a>Bassompierre to Bishop of Mende, October 17th. MS. Fran&ccedil;ais,
+3692.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_60" id="Footnote_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60">
+<span class="label">[60]</span></a>Bishop of Mende to Bassompierre, October 29th, 1626. MS.
+Fran&ccedil;ais, 3692.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER III<br />
+THE QUEEN OF THE COURTIERS</h2>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">Let's now take our time</span>
+		<span class="ind1">While w'are in our prime,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">And old, old Age is a-farre off:</span>
+		<span class="ind1">For the evill, evill dayes</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Will come on apace</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Before we can be aware of.</span>
+		<span class="ind5 smcap">Robert Herrick</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>"I was," Henrietta Maria<a name="FNanchor_61" id="FNanchor_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> was accustomed to say in the days of her
+sorrow, "I was the happiest and most fortunate of Queens. Not only had I
+every pleasure which heart could desire, but, above all, I had the love of
+my husband, who adored me." The expulsion of her French attendants was the
+foundation of the Queen's married happiness. Away from the insinuations of
+Madame S. Georges and the gibes of the Bishop of Mende, she began, in an
+amazingly short time, to appreciate the good qualities of her husband, to
+which indeed she had never been totally blind; and, in the words of Madame
+de Motteville, to "make her pleasure of her duty." "The incomparable
+virtues of the King," wrote Holland at this time, "are working upon the
+generosity and goodness of the Queen, so that his Majesty should soon have
+the best wife in the world."<a name="FNanchor_62" id="FNanchor_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> And somewhat later an exceptionally
+well-qualified witness<a name="FNanchor_63" id="FNanchor_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> was able to say that
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>
+
+the royal couple lived
+together with the satisfaction which all their loyal subjects ought to
+desire.</p>
+
+<p>But still one thing was lacking to her full content. Her husband's nature
+was such that his full confidence and affection could only be bestowed upon
+one person at the time, and she knew well who held the first place in his
+heart and counsels. But she had not long to wait. On August 23rd, 1628, the
+knife of Felton ended, in a few moments, the dazzling career of the Duke of
+Buckingham. Charles' grief was deep and lasting. He had loved his favourite
+like a brother, and he never had another personal friend. But to Henrietta
+the news, though shocking in its suddenness, cannot have been unwelcome.
+She showed all due respect to his memory, but, as one of her friends wrote
+to Carlisle, her lamentations were rather "out of discretion than out of a
+true sensation of his death. I need not tell you she is glad of it, for you
+must imagine as much."<a name="FNanchor_64" id="FNanchor_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></p>
+
+<p>Thenceforward there was nothing to check the growth of an affection which
+became the admiration of Europe. Charles' artistic eye had always dwelt
+with pleasure upon his wife's beautiful face, and her wit and readiness
+relieved his sombre nature much as Buckingham's bright audacity had, and
+now that the latter's hostile influence was removed, he was so completely
+captivated that the watchful courtiers soon perceived that the advent of
+another favourite was not to be feared, "for the King has made over all his
+affection to his wife."<a name="FNanchor_65" id="FNanchor_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> The tokens of his love were innumerable. He
+delighted in making her gifts of jewels, of religious pictures, of anything
+which he thought would please her. He caused her portrait, painted by the
+hand of Van Dyck, to be hung in his bedroom, and as early as 1629 it was
+remarked that he wished always to be in her company. Nor was she behindhand
+in affection. It is pleasant to
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>
+
+read that when the King was away for a few
+days his wife lay awake at night sighing for his return, and that, on
+another occasion when she was at Tunbridge Wells drinking the waters which
+were just coming into fashion, she was so home-sick for her husband after a
+few days' separation that she cut short her visit and went home to him,
+arriving after a long journey quite unexpectedly. Such little incidents
+show that Charles was not exaggerating when, in 1630, he wrote to his
+mother-in-law that "the only dispute that now exists between us is that of
+conquering each other by affection, both esteeming ourselves victorious in
+following the will of the other";<a name="FNanchor_66" id="FNanchor_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> and that the virtuous Habington, the
+poet of wedded love, was not paying one of the empty compliments of a
+courtier when he appealed to the example of his sovereign to enforce the
+lessons of virtue:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"Princes' example is a law: then we</span>
+	  	<span class="ind1">If loyalle subjects must true lovers be."<a name="FNanchor_67" id="FNanchor_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>Of course the Queen's great wish was to give the King, her husband, an heir
+to his throne. But for several years no children appeared, and it was not
+until the early spring of 1629 that Henrietta retired to Greenwich for her
+first confinement, and even then her hopes were disappointed, for the boy
+who was born only lived long enough to receive his father's name. She
+herself was very ill; but she showed the brave spirit which never deserted
+her in suffering, and her physician was able to report that she was "full
+of strength and courage."<a name="FNanchor_68" id="FNanchor_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p>
+
+<p>But the next year she was more fortunate, perhaps because, owing to her
+mother's representations, she had been induced to take great care of
+herself and to avoid exertion. This time she chose to remain at St. James's
+Palace, which was considered a very suitable place as
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>
+
+being near London,
+and yet quiet and retired; and there, on May 29th, 1630, the boy was born
+who was afterwards Charles II. The delight of the parents and of the Court
+may be imagined, while the people at large, who had not been very anxious
+for the birth of an heir to the Popish Queen, now remembering that the baby
+was the first native-born prince since the children of Henry VIII, entered
+with zest into the public rejoicings, which took the usual form of
+bell-ringing, bonfires, and fireworks, and which were increased by a
+general pardon and release of prisoners. The christening, though it was a
+private ceremony, was worthy of the rank of the child who was the first
+prince to be born heir, not only of England, but of Scotland also. It took
+place in the chapel of St. James's Palace, in the middle of which a dais
+was erected bearing the silver font which the loyalty of the Lord Mayor of
+London had provided. The chapel and every room through which the
+christening procession had to pass were hung with choice tapestry, while
+the greatness of the occasion was marked by the munificent gift of &pound;1000
+which was offered to the nurse.</p>
+
+<p>It was a happy day for Henrietta, but marred by one disappointment, and
+that a great one. It was the King of England's wish that, against the
+spirit of the stipulations of his marriage treaty,<a name="FNanchor_69" id="FNanchor_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> his heir's
+christening should follow the rites of the Established Church.
+Nevertheless, two of the baby's sponsors, the King of France and the
+Queen-Mother, were Catholics. These and the second godfather, the Prince
+Palatine, were represented by three noble Scots, the Duke of Lennox&mdash;a
+member of a family that the Queen particularly disliked&mdash;the Duke of
+Hamilton, and the Duchess of Richmond; and the King, with characteristic
+unwisdom, desired to pay yet another compliment to his native land by
+appointing another Scotchwoman, Lady
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span>
+
+Roxburgh, to the office of governess
+to his infant son. But this lady, who was a Catholic and who, as lady of
+the bedchamber to the consort of James, was supposed to have exercised a
+baleful religious influence over her mistress, discreetly refused the
+offered dignity, which was passed on to the Countess of Dorset, whose
+husband was to fill the <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'complimentary'">complementary</ins> position of governor to the royal
+child.</p>
+
+<p>The baby inherited neither the stately beauty of his father nor the
+vivacious prettiness of his mother, though he was rather like his
+grandfather, Henry IV, whom Henrietta so greatly resembled. But his size
+and forwardness atoned for his lack of beauty. "He is so fat and so tall,"
+wrote the happy mother to her old friend Madame S. Georges, "that he is
+taken for a year old, and he is only four months. His teeth are already
+beginning to come. I will send you his portrait as soon as he is a little
+fairer, for at present he is so dark that I am quite ashamed of him."<a name="FNanchor_70" id="FNanchor_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a>
+And again, somewhat later, her humorous delight in her baby comes out in
+another letter to the same correspondent. "I wish you could see the
+gentleman, for he has no ordinary mien. He is so serious in all he does,
+that I cannot help fancying him far wiser than myself."<a name="FNanchor_71" id="FNanchor_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></p>
+
+<p>Henrietta's happiness was crowned by the birth of her son, which was
+followed as the years went on by that of other sons and daughters.<a name="FNanchor_72" id="FNanchor_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> But
+apart from these domestic joys, in which she delighted with all the
+strength of her healthy nature, her life was a very happy one. To the
+pleasures of love she added those of friendship, and she had the art, all
+too rare among the great, of treating her friends with openness and
+confidence without losing her
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>
+
+royal dignity. No sooner were her French
+ladies gone than she turned to those of her new country to fill their
+place, and perhaps her principal choice was not altogether a happy one.</p>
+
+<p>No woman of that time was more brilliant than Lucy, Countess of Carlisle,
+whose romantic friendship with the great Strafford, which the imagination
+of a modern poet has immortalized, is only one of her claims to
+remembrance. A member of the border House of Percy, she incurred, by her
+marriage with a Scotch nobleman, the serious displeasure of her father,
+who, as he said, could not bear that his daughter should dance Scotch jigs.
+But her union with the distinguished Lord Carlisle, whom Henrietta speedily
+forgave for his share in her early troubles, was to her advantage at Court,
+where, in virtue of her ten years' seniority over the young Queen, she
+wielded the influence which often belongs to a married woman, who, though
+still in the bloom of her beauty, has had time to acquire a knowledge of
+life. That she was beautiful her portraits remain to testify; that in the
+mingled arts of coquetry and diplomacy she was so proficient as to
+challenge comparison with Madame de Chevreuse herself there is ample
+evidence in the fascination which she exercised, first over Strafford and
+then over Pym, <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'neither of whom'">who, neither of them</ins> were men to be caught by mediocre ability or
+charm; that she was cowardly, false, treacherous to her heart's core
+Henrietta's simple and affectionate nature had as yet no means of
+discovering.<a name="FNanchor_73" id="FNanchor_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p>
+
+<p>There was another man of less intellectual distinction whom she had once
+been able to lead captive by her charms, but who had deserted her for a
+royal mistress across the Channel. The story of her frustrated revenge,
+though it
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>
+
+rests upon the authority of gossiping memoirs,<a name="FNanchor_74" id="FNanchor_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> is so
+characteristic of the lady herself and of others who played a part in
+Henrietta's life, that it carries with it some degree of conviction, and
+moreover has an illustrative value apart from its literal truth.</p>
+
+<p>Lady Carlisle was not a woman to forgive a faithless lover, even though
+that lover were the favourite of her King and had left her for the smiles
+of a foreign Queen. She determined to take a delicate revenge which should
+punish both the Duke of Buckingham and the Queen of France; and to compass
+this end she became one of the earliest of the English spies of Richelieu,
+who would be only too glad to welcome any proof of the levity of Anne of
+Austria.</p>
+
+<p>The Countess laid her plans well. She noticed that Buckingham, after his
+return from France, was accustomed to wear some diamond studs which she had
+never seen before, and which she conjectured correctly to have been given
+to him by the Queen of France. She determined to gain possession of one of
+these jewels, that she might send it to Richelieu, who would be at no loss
+to draw his own conclusions. A Court ball gave her an opportunity, and
+before the evening was out she held in her hand the compromising ornament.</p>
+
+<p>But she was to be outwitted after all by Buckingham, who, whatever his
+failings, was neither a tepid nor a dull-witted lover, and who was able to
+gauge, pretty correctly, the spite of the woman he knew so well. Taking
+advantage of his unbounded power with the King, he obtained the closure of
+all the ports of England for a certain time, during which interval he
+caused an exact replica of the stolen stud to be made, which, together with
+the remaining studs, he dispatched to Anne. The Queen of France was thus
+able to produce the jewels when her husband, their original donor, asked
+for them, and the accusing stud which the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>
+
+malice of her enemies sent to
+Paris was deprived of power to injure her.</p>
+
+<p>It is not surprising that there were people at the Court of England who
+disliked the young Queen's intimacy with Lady Carlisle. That lady, whose
+talk with those of her own sex was ever of dress and fashion, had already,
+it was rumoured, taught Henrietta to paint, and she would, no doubt, lead
+her on to other "debaucheries"; but her influence seemed established. By
+the royal favour she enjoyed a pension of &pound;2000 a year, and Henrietta's
+affection was so great that even when the Countess had the smallpox she
+could hardly be kept from her side. The Queen was the convalescent's first
+visitor, and a little later she permitted her favourite to appear at Court
+in a black velvet mask, so that she might enjoy her society at an earlier
+date than otherwise would have been possible, for it was not to be expected
+that Lady Carlisle would show her face in the circles of which she was one
+of the brightest ornaments until its beauty was fully restored. Such a
+woman could not fail to arouse jealousy. Buckingham's relatives, who served
+the Queen, feared and distrusted her, and perhaps her most formidable rival
+in Henrietta's affection was the Duke's sister, the pious and cultured Lady
+Denbigh, who, distasteful at first, had won her mistress' heart, and whose
+long fidelity, which neither years nor exile could diminish, contrasts
+favourably with the self-seeking of the more brilliant Lady Carlisle.</p>
+
+<div class="imgcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/illus099.jpg" width="600" height="370" alt="Old Somerset House. From an Engraving After an Ancient Painting in Dulwich College" title="" />
+<span class="caption">OLD SOMERSET HOUSE<br />
+FROM AN ENGRAVING AFTER AN ANCIENT PAINTING IN DULWICH COLLEGE</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>But the society of friends of her own sex was only one among the many joys
+which were Henrietta's during the happy years which elapsed between the
+troubles of her youth and the storm of the Civil War. For a few months
+after the departure of the French her husband seems to have kept her short
+of money,<a name="FNanchor_75" id="FNanchor_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> but in 1627 she enjoyed
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>
+
+the income of &pound;18,000, which was
+guaranteed to her by the terms of her marriage contract. Moreover, large
+grants of manors and lands were made to her. Thus came into her possession
+the park of East Greenwich, whither she was wont to retire when she wished
+for country air and quiet, and yet could not be far from town; thus she
+acquired Oatlands in Surrey, the pleasant country-house of which nothing
+now remains, where she spent many happy days with her friends and children;
+thus she was able to call her own Somerset or Denmark House, her much-loved
+and beautiful London home which stood with other noblemen's houses facing
+the Strand, while behind lovely pleasure gardens sloped down to the still
+silver Thames. None of her other houses, probably, <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'were'">was</ins> as dear to her as
+this, where she kept an establishment befitting her rank as Queen-Consort,
+and where she frequently gave entertainments which reflected the taste and
+grace of their hostess, and to which she had the pleasure of inviting her
+husband, the King.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta was not a lady of literary tastes, and in spite of the fact that
+the Scotch poet, Sir Robert Ayton, was her private secretary, her patronage
+of general literature was confined to smiling on poets, such as Edmund
+Waller, who presented her with copies of complimentary verses, and to
+receiving the dedication of devotional works, usually translated from
+foreign originals. But to the drama she was devoted, and she specially
+liked the pretty and fashionable plays known as masques, of which the
+veteran laureate, Ben Jonson, wrote a number, and of which a younger poet,
+John Milton, produced in <i>Comus</i>, the most famous example. Henrietta was
+delighted with the great pageant and masque offered to their Majesties by
+the Inns of Court in 1633,<a name="FNanchor_76" id="FNanchor_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> and even the grave Laud, when he entertained
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>
+
+royalty at Oxford in 1638, provided a play, Cartwright's <i>Royal Slave</i>, for
+the amusement of his guests. But the Queen's pleasure was not only as a
+spectator. As a child she had been accustomed to take her part in private
+theatricals acted in the spacious <i>salons</i> of the Luxembourg, where Rubens'
+voluptuous women looked down upon the royal actresses. She brought the
+taste for these amusements with her to England. The first Christmas after
+her marriage she and her ladies acted a French pastoral at Somerset House,
+in which she took the leading part. "It would have been thought a strange
+sight once,"<a name="FNanchor_77" id="FNanchor_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> commented sourly her new subjects.</p>
+
+<p>But she was not to be deterred from her pleasures. She was always too
+careless of public opinion, and, as an acute and sympathetic observer
+remarked somewhat later, she was a true Bourbon in her love of amusement.
+To a lady whose dancing was something quite unusual, and whose sweet voice
+and skill in touching the lute testified to real musical taste, dramatic
+representations were naturally attractive. Her second English Christmas was
+enlivened by a masque, in which, as her French attendants were gone by this
+time, she had the assistance of her English friends. Her own band of
+players was always ready, and played for her amusement, now at Hampton
+Court, now at Somerset House, and it was owing to her influence and
+patronage that theatres increased to such an extent in the capital that the
+Puritan feeling of the City was aroused, which produced an order in Council
+"for the restraint of the inordinate use and company of playhouse and
+players." The playgoers were to content themselves with two theatres, of
+which one was to be in Middlesex and the other across the river in Surrey,
+while no plays were to be acted on Sunday, in Lent, or in times of common
+infection.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>But the merrymakings of the Court became more instead of less as the years
+went on. In 1631 the Queen was so taken up with her Shrovetide play that
+she had no thoughts to spare for important news which came from France, and
+the next year she took the principal part in an elaborate play, <i>The
+Shepherd's Paradise</i>, which was written for her by Walter Montagu, who
+added to his fine manners and diplomatic skill some pretensions (if nothing
+more) to literature. This play, which is of the allegorical type so dear to
+the heart of the seventeenth century, is indeed a very poor one, and hardly
+contains a line which rises above the level of an indifferent verse-maker.
+It is, moreover, fatiguingly long, and the Queen must have found her part a
+great labour to learn, specially as, notwithstanding her seven years'
+residence in England, she was not yet perfect in the English tongue, and
+indeed was acting partly in order to improve herself in this necessary
+accomplishment.<a name="FNanchor_78" id="FNanchor_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> Her companions in the play were her ladies, for not a
+man was admitted even to take the male parts. But in spite of difficulties,
+when the night of the representation came, everything went off merrily at
+Somerset House; all acted with great spirit, and the Queen was able to
+speak with playful conviction the oath of the new queendom to which she had
+been elected:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"By beauty, Innocence, and all that's faire</span>
+		<span class="ind1">I, Bellesa, as a Queen do sweare,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">To keep the honour and the regall due</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Without exacting anything that's new,</span>
+		<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>
+		<span class="ind1">And to assume no more to me than must</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Give me the meanes and power to be just,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">And but for charity and mercies cause</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Reserve no power to suspend the Lawes.</span>
+		<span class="ind1">This do I vow even as I hope to rise</span>
+		<span class="ind1">From this into another Paradise."<a name="FNanchor_79" id="FNanchor_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a></span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The author of these lines was in high favour, not only with the Queen, but
+with the King, who went out of his way to congratulate his father, the Earl
+of Manchester, on such a son. This approval more than compensated for the
+castigation of the pastoral by another poet, whose verses, unlike
+Montagu's, still retain power to charm:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"Wat Montague now stood forth to his trial,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">And did not so much as suspect a denial;</span>
+		<span class="ind1">But witty Apollo ask'd him first of all</span>
+		<span class="ind1">If he understood his <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'new'">own</ins> Pastoral.</span>
+	</div>
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"For if he could do it, 'twould plainly appear</span>
+	  	<span class="ind1">He understood more than any man there,</span>
+	  	<span class="ind1">And did merit the bayes above all the rest;</span>
+	  	<span class="ind1">But the mounsieur was modest, and silence confest."<a name="FNanchor_80" id="FNanchor_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>There was another slight annoyance connected with the play which was,
+perhaps, even less felt than Suckling's wit, for what did it matter to
+Henrietta, to Montagu, or to any of the brilliant company, if a
+cross-grained puritanical lawyer such as William Prynne chose to insult the
+Queen by base and indiscriminate charges against actresses, thereby
+bringing upon himself the just punishment of the loss of his ears?</p>
+
+<p>All disagreeable matters were, indeed, shut out from the brilliant
+drawing-rooms of Henrietta Maria, where the hostess set an example of free
+amiability at which strict persons looked a little askance. Those were most
+welcome who could most contribute by beauty, wit, or
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>
+
+conversation to the
+entertainment of all. Lord Holland,<a name="FNanchor_81" id="FNanchor_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> the most elegant dandy of the day,
+was often to be seen there chatting with the Queen about France or Madame
+de Chevreuse, to whom he was known to be devoted. Walter Montagu's ready
+wit and charming conversation always availed to win him a few smiles from
+his royal hostess. Henry Percy was welcomed as much, perhaps, for the sake
+of his sister, Lady Carlisle, as for any shining qualities of his own.
+Above all, Henry Jermyn, the Queen's greatest friend&mdash;and she was a woman
+of many men friends&mdash;was constantly to be seen at her side, building up a
+friendship which only death was to end.</p>
+
+<p>It is hard to account for Henrietta's affection for this man&mdash;an affection
+so great that from that day to this scandal has been busy with their names.
+Henry Jermyn was not particularly well born, and he was neither radiantly
+handsome like Holland, nor clever and witty like Montagu. His abilities,
+which were severely tested in the course of his life, did not rise above
+mediocrity; his religion, such of it as existed, was of a very nebulous
+character, and his morals were of a distinctly commonplace type; indeed,
+one of his early achievements at Court was to run off with a maid of
+honour. To set against all this we only know that he was a man of very soft
+and gentle manners, such as made him a fitting agent in delicate
+negotiations, and that when the day of trouble came he showed considerable
+fidelity to the interests of a losing cause. That Henrietta should have
+lavished on such a man an affection and a confidence which some of her best
+friends, both now and later, thought exaggerated, is surprising; but she
+was never a good judge of character, and it must be remembered that
+personal charm is one of the most evanescent of qualities which cannot be
+bottled for the use of the historian.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>That in these happy days Henrietta was one of the brightest ornaments of
+her own Court cannot be doubted. Old men, who remembered the later years of
+Elizabeth, must have contrasted the forced compliments offered to her faded
+charms with the free devotion laid at the feet of this young and beautiful
+woman,</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"In whom th' extremes of power and beauty move,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">The Queen of Britain and the Queen of Love."<a name="FNanchor_82" id="FNanchor_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a></span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Her beauty soon reached its prime and soon faded a little, so that in later
+days she used to say with a touch of pique that no woman was handsome after
+two-and-twenty. Though she was not tall, her figure was good, and her sweet
+face with its animated expression attracted all beholders. Fastidious
+critics did, indeed, find fault with her mouth, which was rather large, but
+they had nothing but praise for her well-formed nose, her pretty
+complexion, and, above all, for her sparkling black eyes which, as in the
+days of her girlhood, were her most striking beauty; so lovely were they
+that the Puritan Sir Simonds d'Ewes was fain to lament that their owner
+should be in the thraldom of Popery.<a name="FNanchor_83" id="FNanchor_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a></p>
+
+<p>With such beauty to adorn, no woman, much less a Frenchwoman and a queen,
+could be indifferent to dress. Henrietta took a great interest in the
+subject, and loved to deck herself in the beautiful robes which were then
+in fashion and which we know so well from the portraits of Van Dyck. The
+trousseau which she had brought with
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>
+
+her to England bore witness to her
+brother's generosity, and was so ample and magnificent<a name="FNanchor_84" id="FNanchor_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> that it may well
+have lasted her life, as trousseaux did in those days. Four dozen
+embroidered nightgowns with a dozen night-caps to match, four dozen
+chemises with another "fort belle, toute pointe coupe" thrown in for
+special occasions, and five dozen handkerchiefs seem an ample allowance of
+linen even for a queen, while the five petticoats which were provided made
+up in splendour what they lacked in number. The dozen pairs of English silk
+stockings, to which was added a dainty pair of red velvet boots lined with
+fur, were a luxury to which few could have aspired. But it was in the
+matter of gowns that Henrietta was most fortunate. No less than thirteen
+did she possess, apart from her "royal robe," and all were very
+magnificent, four being of gold and silver cloth on a satin foundation,
+whether of black, crimson, green, or "jus de lin," those of the two
+last-named colours being provided with a court train and long hanging
+sleeves. As for the robe of state, which perhaps is the same as that which
+had already done duty at the wedding, it surpassed the rest in splendour,
+being of red velvet covered with fleur-de-lis. A heavy mantle of the same
+material and colour lined up with ermine was evidently intended to be worn
+with it on ceremonial occasions.</p>
+
+<p>Such toilettes would have been incomplete without magnificent jewels, of
+which the taste of the time allowed great display. With Mary de' Medici
+they were a passion, and her daughter, though she had no avarice in her
+nature and was to show herself capable of sacrificing jewels or any other
+material good for those she loved, yet was far from indifferent to the
+sparkle and colour of these beautiful
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>
+
+ornaments. Many and valuable were the
+jewels which on her departure from France were handed over to the care of
+her <i>dame d'atours</i>, who must have found them an anxious charge. Fillets of
+pearls, chains of precious stones, diamond ear-rings, a magnificent diamond
+ring, all these were provided for the young Queen, besides such fine jewels
+as a cross of diamonds and pearls, an anchor studded with four diamonds,
+and a "bouquet" of five petals made of diamonds, together with a quantity
+of lesser trinkets, including several dozen diamond buttons to be used as
+trimmings for dresses. It may be safely conjectured that the Queen found
+plenty of use for a "grand mirror, silver-backed," which she brought over
+with her from Paris, and it is not surprising to learn that Father B&eacute;rulle
+thought her rather too fond of dress.</p>
+
+<p>A very girl Henrietta remained for several years after her marriage.
+Politics did not greatly interest her, and her trust in her husband was
+such that she turned aside from serious matters to employ herself in bright
+trifles, for, to the <i>joye de vivre</i>, which came to her from her father,
+she added a delight in all that was pretty, which recalls her descent from
+Florence and the Medici. She had, also, a taste for the grotesque which was
+common in her day, and she long kept at her Court a pugnacious dwarf, by
+name Geoffrey Hudson, who, later on, during the exile, caused her
+considerable embarrassment by killing a gentleman in a duel. There is ample
+evidence of her interest in dainty possessions and amusements. Now she is
+writing to Madame S. Georges for velvet petticoats from her Paris tailor,
+or "a dozen pairs of sweet chamois gloves and ... one of doe skin." Now she
+is receiving "rare and outlandish flowers," or asking her mother to send
+her fruit trees and plants for her gardens, whose "faire flowers" she so
+cherished as to merit the dedication by Parkinson the herbalist of his
+Paradisus Terrestris. Or,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>
+
+again, she is setting out with her lords and
+ladies to celebrate in good old English fashion the festival of May Day,
+and to witness all those pretty rights of country festivity over which the
+withering wind of the Civil War had not yet passed.</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind5">"Marke</span>
+		<span class="ind1">How each field turns<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'to'">&nbsp;</ins>a street: each street a Parke</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Made green and trimm'd with trees: see how</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Devotion gives each house a Bough</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Or Branch: each Porch, each doore, ere this</span>
+		<span class="ind1">An Arke a Tabernacle is</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Made up of white thorn neatly enterwove</span>
+		<span class="ind1">As if here were those cooler shades of love."<a name="FNanchor_85" id="FNanchor_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Nor was the Queen merely an idle spectator. No sooner did the first snowy
+May bush catch her eye than, with all the zest of a village maiden, she
+leaped from her fine coach, and breaking off a bough placed it merrily in
+her hat.</p>
+
+<p>In all the revels of the Court Henrietta's was the moving spirit, but her
+sweetness of temper prevented her energy from degenerating into
+domineering. She was never really popular with the people at large, on
+account of her race and her religion, and there were murmurs now and then
+at Court about her undue preference for the Scotch. But that in her own
+circle she was tenderly loved there can be no doubt. Innocent,<a name="FNanchor_86" id="FNanchor_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> yet so
+sprightly that she sometimes gave scandal without suspecting it; gay, yet
+with moments of sadness which only solitude could relieve; open and
+talkative, yet faithful to conceal secrets, "for a queen should be as a
+confessor, hearing all yet telling nothing"; sympathetic with sorrow, yet
+chaffing unmercifully the <i>malades <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'imaginares'">imaginaires</ins></i> of a luxurious Court;
+delicate in consideration for the feelings of the meanest
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>
+
+of her servants,
+yet gifted with a caustic tongue used at times rather unsparingly. Such was
+Henrietta Maria, Queen of England.</p>
+
+<p>But it is time to turn from the merely social and decorative aspect of
+Henrietta's married life to consider the interests and intrigues which,
+behind the brilliant show, were working and struggling.</p>
+
+<p>One of the first questions which came up for settlement on the conclusion
+of peace between England and France in 1629 was that of the Queen's
+household, and the ambassador sent to London to arrange this matter turned
+out to be one of those fascinating but factious persons whom ill-fortune
+threw so often in Henrietta's path. To make things worse he found already
+in England another Frenchman more fascinating and more factious than
+himself, with whom he formed a close friendship. The Chevalier de Jars,<a name="FNanchor_87" id="FNanchor_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a>
+whose exile was the result of Anne of Austria's affection and of
+Richelieu's dislike, added to all his other charms a skill in the game of
+tennis, which commended him to the King of England, himself a proficient in
+the game.</p>
+
+<p>Charles de l'Aub&eacute;pine, Marquis of Chateauneuf, arrived in London in 1629.
+He was a finished gentleman, and he was able quickly to win the confidence
+of the Queen whose heart always turned kindly to those of her own nation.
+But the ambassador was not slow in discovering that instead of having to
+defend an ill-used and discontented wife, as perhaps he had expected, he
+must adapt his diplomacy to the requirements of a happy married couple. "I
+am not only the happiest princess, but the happiest woman in the
+world,"<a name="FNanchor_88" id="FNanchor_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> said Henrietta to him triumphantly, while Charles was careful
+to show his affection for his beautiful wife by kissing her a hundred times
+in
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>
+
+the course of an hour as Chateauneuf looked on. "You have not seen that
+in Piedmont," said the King, turning to his foreign guest, "nor," he added,
+sinking his voice to a discreet whisper, "in France either."</p>
+
+<p>Such news was gratifying to Mary de' Medici's maternal affection, and
+Chateauneuf dwelt in his dispatches upon the kindness of the King, on the
+pretty gifts of jewellery which he gave to his wife, and on the general
+happiness of the royal marriage. But the real objects of his mission,
+despite the personal favour with which he was regarded, were not advanced,
+for Henrietta had now no wish to receive a French establishment such as she
+had wept for so bitterly three years earlier.<a name="FNanchor_89" id="FNanchor_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> She was now an English
+queen, and she was well content with the attendance which her husband
+provided for her. She confessed, however, that she should like to have a
+lady of the bedchamber to whom she could talk in her own language and who
+could come to church with her, "for the Countess of Buckingham and Madame
+Savage are often away, and the rest of my ladies are Protestants," she
+said.</p>
+
+<p>She took a favourable opportunity of expressing her views to her brother's
+ambassador with the frankness she was accustomed to show towards those she
+liked. She invited him to stay with her at Nonsuch "as a private person
+serving the Queen," and one evening there, after supper, when Charles had
+ridden away to hunt, she requested her guest to walk with her in the park,
+to enjoy the coolness of the July evening. A long conversation followed.
+Chateauneuf spoke to the Queen of the great affection which her mother had
+for her, the daughter whom she had kept longest at her side, and whose
+marriage was her own
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span>
+
+work. Henrietta assented, and confessed that the
+jealousy she had once felt of her sister Christine was unfounded, but she
+quickly went on to speak of the happiness of her married life and of the
+religious freedom which she enjoyed. "I do not want another governess," she
+declared at last. "I am no longer a child to allow myself to be ruled."<a name="FNanchor_90" id="FNanchor_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p>
+
+<p>There were indeed many difficulties to be smoothed if Mary de' Medici was
+to realize her hope of bringing her young daughter again into tutelage.
+Both Charles and Henrietta saw what the aim of the French Government was,
+and they quietly defeated it. The ecclesiastical question, which will be
+discussed elsewhere, was, indeed, settled by a compromise favourable to
+Catholic interests, but no <i>gouvernante</i> arrived to oust the Countess of
+Buckingham, who held the position formerly occupied by Madame S. Georges;
+and the doctor, "a Frenchman and a Catholic," who came to supplant the
+excellent Mayerne, a learned French Protestant who served Henrietta
+faithfully for many years, found his position at the English Court so
+intolerable that he begged to be recalled.</p>
+
+<p>But there is another aspect of Chateauneuf's brief stay in England which
+requires careful consideration. The French ambassador was believed to be
+devoted to the interests of Richelieu, or else, assuredly, he had never set
+foot in the English Court; but even Richelieu was sometimes mistaken, and
+the man whom he had chosen to represent him was probably already jealous of
+his patron, and already falling under the influence of the bright eyes of
+Madame de Chevreuse, the friend of Queen Anne, the ally of Spain.</p>
+
+<p>It is probable also that Henrietta was beginning to look coldly upon
+Richelieu even before she met Chateauneuf, for other influences were
+working against him in her mind. The day of Dupes was fast approaching,
+when
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>
+
+her mother would leave for ever the Court of France. Gaston of
+Orleans' persistent hostility to the Cardinal was not without its weight
+with his sister. B&eacute;rulle, whose memory she deeply revered, had died in
+1628, summing up the experience of a lifetime in his dying words, "As for
+the Court it is but vanity"; it was well known that he was at enmity with
+the man who had raised him from the simple priesthood to the dignity of the
+cardinal's purple. Taking all these things into account, it is not
+surprising that the young Queen of England turned no unwilling ear to the
+insinuation of Chateauneuf and the hints of Jars, and the result was an
+intrigue which only became apparent when the ambassador had returned to
+France, leaving the fascinating Chevalier to carry on the work which he had
+begun.</p>
+
+<p>The interaction of French and English politics now becomes of great
+importance. Charles never allowed another to occupy the place of
+Buckingham, either in his heart or in his counsels; but at this time his
+chief dependence was upon the Treasurer, Richard Weston, who became Earl of
+Portland in 1633; a dull, safe man, who could be trusted to prevent the
+disagreeable necessity of calling a Parliament. He was, certainly at the
+beginning of his career, rather pro-Spanish in his sympathies, and he died
+a Catholic; but his aversion from war so recommended him to Richelieu, who
+knew that while he held the reins of power England would not interfere in
+his continental designs, that an understanding and almost a friendship
+gradually grew up between them.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta never liked Weston. Perhaps she was jealous of her husband's
+regard, and saw in him a potential Buckingham; certainly she disliked his
+close-fisted ways, which curbed her extravagance, always considerable, in
+money matters. She allowed a cabal of discontented spirits to gather round
+her, whose double aim was the overthrow of
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>
+
+the powerful minister in England
+and of the far greater statesman across the Channel. That cabal, founded in
+French opinion by Chateauneuf,<a name="FNanchor_91" id="FNanchor_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> included most of the Queen's personal
+friends. Holland,<a name="FNanchor_92" id="FNanchor_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> who was jealous of Weston, and whose devotion to
+Madame de Chevreuse accounted for his attitude to Richelieu, without taking
+into account a warm friendship with Chateauneuf; Montagu, who laid such
+portion of his homage as he could spare from Queen Anne at the feet of the
+same seductive lady, and who had been and was "very well" with Monsieur the
+factious Duke of Orleans; Jermyn and Henry Percy&mdash;these are some of
+those<a name="FNanchor_93" id="FNanchor_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a> implicated in Henrietta's first attempt at the fascinating game
+of diplomatic chicanery. To them must be added Madame de Vantelet, whom
+Chateauneuf thought a little neglected, but who, as the only French lady of
+the royal household, had considerable influence over her mistress, and
+whose partisanship became so marked that the pension assigned to her by the
+King of France was taken away.</p>
+
+<p>The difficulties began with the arrival of Chateauneuf's successor, the
+Marquis of Fontenay-Mareuil, who threw himself on the side of Weston, and
+who soon found that he had to reckon with a foe in the person of the
+Chevalier de Jars. He met with little less opposition from Madame de
+Vantelet and from Father Philip, who disliked the ecclesiastical policy of
+the ambassador, and who was himself
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>
+
+disliked by the party of Richelieu,
+because as a subject of King Charles he was quite independent of France and
+could not be persuaded to use the great influence over the Queen which his
+position gave him in the interests of a foreign Government.<a name="FNanchor_94" id="FNanchor_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> The Queen
+proved even more intractable. She refused to dismiss Father Philip at her
+eldest brother's request, and it was an ominous sign that in 1631 an agent
+of Monsieur was in England, even though Charles took care that his presence
+should be reported to the French authorities. When the news arrived of the
+execution of the gallant Montmorency, Henrietta spoke with pity of his
+fate, while her husband, who had many of the instincts of absolutism,
+readily allowed that it was a painful necessity.</p>
+
+<p>Her friendship for Jars continued unabated in spite of the open enmity
+which that worthy showed to Fontenay-Mareuil, whose position was only
+rendered tolerable by the kindness of the King, who had not yet fallen
+under the domination of his wife in affairs, however much he might kiss and
+caress her. As for Henrietta, she was openly rude to the hapless
+ambassador. She frankly told him that though she was obliged to receive him
+in his official capacity, out of respect for her brother, she would not
+discuss her private affairs with him, and wished to have as little to do
+with him personally as possible. It is not surprising that he was anxious
+to return to his own country.</p>
+
+<p>Nor is it surprising that he took steps to clear himself from the name
+freely bestowed upon him. Apart from the clique of Chateauneuf's personal
+friends, of whom the chief perhaps were Holland and Montagu, he was
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>
+
+fairly
+liked at Court, and he believed that, could he but unmask the intrigues of
+the Chevalier and of his patron Chateauneuf, he might yet triumph over his
+enemies. With this object in view he descended to a trick hardly in keeping
+either with his rank or with his office. One evening when he knew that the
+Chevalier would be away from home, he caused two of his servants to enter
+the rooms of his rival, where they carried on a burglarious search, which
+ended in a small cabinet containing letters finding its way into the hands
+of the ambassador.</p>
+
+<p>Jars, as was only to be expected, was exceedingly angry, but he believed
+that his influence with the King and the Queen would ensure his redress.
+They did indeed take up the matter with great zeal, and, for a few days,
+nothing else was talked of at Court. But when Charles came to question
+Fontenay-Mareuil, the affair assumed a different complexion. The ambassador
+did not attempt to deny the theft. He only said coolly that since Jars was
+a subject of the King of France, and since he had reason to believe that he
+was compromising his sovereign's interests, he was at liberty to take any
+steps which seemed good to him to discover the truth. The King of England
+was much struck by this reply, which fitted in well with his own theory and
+practice of statecraft. Moreover, much as he personally liked Jars, he
+distrusted the political party to which he belonged. He therefore
+determined to take no steps in the matter. He showed marked cordiality to
+Fontenay-Mareuil, and the Chevalier, to his infinite chagrin, had to submit
+to the loss of his papers, which were probably sent to Richelieu to help
+forward the disgrace of Chateauneuf.</p>
+
+<p>For in the early spring of 1633 the Court of England was startled by the
+news of the arrest of that nobleman and of the Chevalier de Jars, who had
+returned to France after the above incident. In a moment the power of those
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>
+
+who were the Queen of England's friends in her native land seemed
+destroyed. Chateauneuf was sent into captivity at Angoul&ecirc;me. His fair
+charmer, Madame de Chevreuse, was forced into uncongenial retirement, which
+ended in her dramatic escape, dressed up as a man, across the Pyrenees into
+Spain. While for Jars was reserved a still harder lot. Two years of
+rigorous imprisonment in the Bastille were followed by a sentence of death,
+pronounced by one who was known as the "bourreau du Cardinal." It was only
+as the victim kneeled upon the scaffold awaiting the stroke of the
+executioner that he received, by the tardy mercy of Richelieu, a reprieve
+from death, a reprieve so sudden and startling that for many minutes he was
+too stunned to appreciate his good fortune, which, however, was none too
+great, for he was reconducted to his prison, whence all the efforts of his
+friends, headed by the Queen of England, were long unavailing to drag him.</p>
+
+<p>It was not indeed likely that Richelieu would look favourably on a request
+proferred by Henrietta, for he was beginning to feel that distrust of her
+which never left him to the end of his life. Among the letters which the
+<i>affaire</i> Chateauneuf placed in his power were many written by English
+hands, those of Holland, of Montagu, of the Queen herself. He knew also
+that the royal lady had spoken slighting words of him, saying that
+Chateauneuf was no participant of the evil counsels of the Cardinal, and
+that after the death of the latter he would be able to fill his place much
+more worthily. This information, moreover, came from an unimpeachable
+source, none other than the Treasurer of England. Weston indeed watched
+with no ordinary interest the course of events in France, and it is not
+surprising that he did not scruple to report to the Cardinal the
+uncomplimentary remarks of the Queen of England. The enemies of Richelieu
+were his own, and their overthrow prepared the way for his victory,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>
+
+which,
+though on a smaller scale and of less dramatic quality, was equally
+decisive.</p>
+
+<p>In the spring of 1633, not long after the fall of Chateauneuf, Jerome
+Weston, the son of the Treasurer, was on his way home from Paris, whither
+he had been as ambassador. On the journey he happened to fall in with a
+letter which he thought to be written by the Earl of Holland, and
+remembering the hostility of that nobleman to his father, he took
+possession of it. On opening the packet he found within a letter addressed
+in the Queen's handwriting, which he did not presume to unfold; but on his
+arrival in London laid it, just as he had found it, in the hands of the
+King.</p>
+
+<p>It appears that the letter was of trifling importance, being nothing more
+than one of the many which, at different times, Henrietta Maria wrote on
+behalf of the Chevalier de Jars to Cardinal Richelieu. But Holland, not
+unnaturally perhaps, felt that he had been insulted, and he probably
+thought that the King would see in Jerome Weston's conduct an affront to
+his wife. In a moment of imprudence he sent a challenge by the hands of
+Henry Jermyn to the Treasurer's son, asking for satisfaction. The latter,
+instead of sending an answer in the way usual in such cases, informed his
+father of what had occurred, and Portland without delay laid the matter
+before the King. This trifling incident thus became the touchstone of the
+respective influence of the Treasurer and of the cabal which was trying to
+ruin him. It was the former who came off victorious. Charles' trust in his
+minister was not to be shaken, while he was exceedingly angry with Holland.
+To his punctilious mind it seemed intolerable that a nobleman of his own
+council should send a challenge to one of his servants on account of an act
+performed in his official capacity. His orders were sharp and stern.
+Jermyn, as an accessory, was to be confined in a private house,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>
+
+while
+Holland was ordered to retire to the beautiful mansion at Kensington, which
+he had acquired with his wealthy wife Isabel Cope, and there to remain
+during His Majesty's pleasure. All believed that the day of the brilliant
+Earl was over, and that his friends, particularly Montagu and Madame de
+Vantelet, would share in his fall. Holland House was indeed a gilded
+prison, but the prisoner was made to feel that the sentence had not been
+pronounced in play, for when he showed a disposition to amuse himself with
+his friends, Charles sent a stern rebuke, forbidding him to receive
+company. Everything pointed to a complete withdrawal of royal favour.</p>
+
+<p>But Henrietta, as she proved in the case of Jars and of many others, was a
+good friend. She was truly attached to Holland, who was not only possessed
+of unrivalled grace of person and manner, but was connected in her mind
+with the happy memory of her marriage. Exerting all the strength of her
+growing influence over her husband&mdash;an influence which was increased by the
+fact that she was about again to become a mother<a name="FNanchor_95" id="FNanchor_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a>&mdash;she succeeded in
+winning the pardon of the now repentant Earl. Handsome and brilliant as
+ever, Holland reappeared in the drawing-rooms of the Queen, and his
+accomplices, Jermyn, Montagu, and Madame de Vantelet, seemed to be in as
+high favour at Court as before the occurrence of this untoward event.</p>
+
+<p>But, nevertheless, Portland was the victor. Charles' eyes had been opened
+to see the machinations of the enemies of his minister who, notwithstanding
+the smothered hostility of the Queen and her circle, preserved his
+confidence until his death. Henrietta's first attempt to play the game of
+politics&mdash;an attempt into which she had been drawn by her friends with
+probably little volition or comprehension of her own&mdash;had ended on both
+sides of the Channel in
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>
+
+sorry failure. In France her friends were scattered
+and exiled, and the great Cardinal was stronger than ever; in England she
+had proved her power to touch her husband's heart, but not to rule his
+counsels.</p>
+
+<p>But other days were coming. In March, 1635, Portland died. As Charles grew
+older his disposition to keep the direction of affairs in his own hands
+grew also, and as Buckingham had had no real successor so Portland had
+none. Instead, his heritage of influence and power was divided among
+several heirs, one of whom was the Queen of England. Hardly was the
+Treasurer in his grave when Henrietta Maria began to show an interest in
+political concerns which she had not previously displayed.</p>
+
+<p>She was now twenty-five years of age, and her early marriage had brought
+with it an early development of character. She had outgrown the levity of
+extreme youth, and her acute and energetic mind was beginning to feel and
+respond to the stimulus of affairs. She had not lived for ten years with
+her husband without being aware of the difficulties of his sombre and
+obstinate character,<a name="FNanchor_96" id="FNanchor_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> but she knew also his great love for her, and she
+was encouraged by the fact that her devoted servant the Earl of Holland had
+been restored to more than his former place in Charles' confidence. Perhaps
+the hostile influence which she most feared was that of Laud, for whom the
+King had a regard not only as an ecclesiastic after his own heart, but as a
+friend and prot&eacute;g&eacute; of Buckingham. There was also another and a stronger
+mind from which she instinctively shrank, but Wentworth was far away in
+Ireland, and, at the time, seldom came into personal relation with her. But
+though it is unquestionable that
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>
+
+the disappearance of Portland marks a
+change which came over the spirit of the Queen, yet that change may easily
+be exaggerated. It was, moreover, very gradual, and only became complete in
+the dark days which preceded the Civil War. For the present, though the
+instincts of intrigue inherent in the Medici blood were aroused, yet her
+chief interests remained those of the normal young married woman, her
+husband, her babies, her home. If she entered into political matters, as
+she had not done in earlier years, yet her efforts were intermittent, and
+two independent witnesses attest with regret the indifference of her
+attempts to win over the Ministers of State, and the slightness of the part
+which she played in public life.<a name="FNanchor_97" id="FNanchor_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> Nevertheless, as the death of
+Buckingham gave her ascendancy over her husband's heart, so that of
+Portland paved the way for the ascendancy which she gradually acquired over
+his mind.</p>
+
+<p>It was not to be expected that Henrietta's development of character, slight
+and gradual though it might be, would escape the vigilant eyes fixed upon
+her from across the Channel. Portland's death was a blow to Richelieu, who,
+with a European war about to begin, could not afford the hostility of
+England. He did not like Henrietta, but he was too acute not to appreciate
+that her character was of the feminine type, which is largely dependent
+upon personal influence, and he hoped that the removal of Chateauneuf and
+Jars would lead to a return on her part to such sentiments as he conceived
+to be fitting towards her native land, in other words, towards himself,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span>
+
+for
+to the Cardinal even more than to Louis XIV "l'Etat c'est moi." When he
+heard how all the courtiers of England, and even the Archbishop of
+Canterbury himself, were trying to win her favour, he felt that he must
+take some pains to recapture her. His schemes&mdash;the details of which may be
+read in the dispatches which he wrote and received&mdash;were not quite
+unsuccessful. Henrietta, for a few years, did show a certain friendliness
+towards him, and perhaps, had he complied at once with her wishes in
+releasing Jars, he might have won her real friendship.<a name="FNanchor_98" id="FNanchor_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> Her friends in
+England were not neglected. The unstable Montagu, who at this time had
+great influence over her, and who was attempting, quite unsuccessfully, to
+make Richelieu forget the part he had played in Chateauneuf's schemes, was
+rewarded for his shuffling by the offer of a pension, which, however, the
+Queen thought it prudent he should refuse.<a name="FNanchor_99" id="FNanchor_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> Certainly grievances of her
+French servants were removed. Madame de Vantelet's pension was restored,
+while in 1637 Francis Windbank, one of the Secretaries of State, who was
+becoming involved in her schemes, was delicately asked to accept a present
+in lieu of the less respectable pension.<a name="FNanchor_100" id="FNanchor_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a></p>
+
+<div class="imgcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illus112.jpg" width="500" height="419" alt="Charles I and Henrietta Maria. From the Painting by Van Dyck in the Galleria Pitti, Florence" title="" />
+<span class="caption">CHARLES I AND HENRIETTA MARIA<br />
+FROM THE PAINTING BY VAN DYCK IN THE GALLERIA PITTI, FLORENCE</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>But Richelieu, in spite of all his schemes, was by now aware of one fact,
+which redounds greatly to Henrietta's credit: he recognized that she would
+never be an Anne of Austria, an alien and spy in the Court of her husband,
+and that all he could hope for was to win her as a friendly ally who should
+counteract in some degree the pro-Spanish tendencies of the King. "The
+Queen of England," ran
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>
+
+the instructions given to an ambassador who was
+starting for London, "shows herself always very well disposed towards
+France. But care must be taken, and she must not be required to act beyond
+that which she considers may contribute to the common good of the two
+crowns."<a name="FNanchor_101" id="FNanchor_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a></p>
+
+<p>For as the years rolled on the union between Charles and Henrietta proved
+to be no passing affection born of youth and beauty, but the deep and
+increasing love of true marriage. It was as impossible for Henrietta as for
+any other good wife, whether princess or peasant, to consider a course of
+action apart from the interests of her husband, and those who had dealings
+with her had to learn, sometimes painfully, that her first consideration
+must always be he of whom she was accustomed to write, with pretty
+formality, as "le roi Monseigneur."</p>
+
+<p>She is considered, and rightly, to be a Queen of Tragedy. But in any
+estimate of her life it must be remembered that she had at least twelve
+years of such happiness as seldom falls to the lot of a royal woman. If
+later she was to find out that</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"There is no worldly pleasure here below</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Which by experience doth not folly prove,"</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>now she was learning</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"But among all the follies that I know</span>
+		<span class="ind1">The sweetest folly in the world is love";<a name="FNanchor_102" id="FNanchor_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a></span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>and thus rank and riches, which to the unhappy are but an aggravation of
+their misery, could yield to her their truest pleasure. Moreover, she never
+had to learn, like poor Anne of Austria, how</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"Rich discontent's a glorious Hell."<a name="FNanchor_103" id="FNanchor_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a></span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Sorrow, when it came, stripped her bare of the mocking accessories of joy.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10%" />
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_61" id="Footnote_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61">
+<span class="label">[61]</span></a>In England Henrietta Maria was known as Queen Mary, but she
+always used the signature "Henriette Marie."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_62" id="Footnote_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62">
+<span class="label">[62]</span></a><i>Cal. S.P. Dom.</i>, 1625-6, p. 415.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_63" id="Footnote_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63">
+<span class="label">[63]</span></a>Sir Theodore Mayerne.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_64" id="Footnote_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64">
+<span class="label">[64]</span></a>Henry Percy to Earl of Carlisle. <i>Cal. S.P. Dom.</i>, 1625-49,
+p. 292.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_65" id="Footnote_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65">
+<span class="label">[65]</span></a><i>Cal. S.P. Dom.</i>, 1628-9, p. 412. (Dec., 1628.)</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_66" id="Footnote_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66">
+<span class="label">[66]</span></a>Green: <i>Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria</i>, p. 15.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_67" id="Footnote_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67">
+<span class="label">[67]</span></a>William Habington: "Castara."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_68" id="Footnote_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68">
+<span class="label">[68]</span></a>Sir Theodore Mayerne: <i>Cal. S.P. Dom.</i>, 1628-9, p. 548.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_69" id="Footnote_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69">
+<span class="label">[69]</span></a>See chapter IV.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_70" id="Footnote_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70">
+<span class="label">[70]</span></a>Green: <i>Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria</i>, p. 17.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_71" id="Footnote_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71">
+<span class="label">[71]</span></a><i>Ibid.</i>, p. 18.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_72" id="Footnote_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72">
+<span class="label">[72]</span></a>Mary, who married the Prince of Orange; James, afterwards
+King of England; Elizabeth; Henry, Duke of Gloucester; Henrietta Anne,
+Duchess of Orleans; Anne, who died as an infant, and another daughter, who
+also died in infancy.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_73" id="Footnote_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73">
+<span class="label">[73]</span></a>Her character is described at length in "The Character of the
+Most Excellent Lady Lucy of Carlisle," by Sir Tobie Matthews, prefixed to
+<i>A Collection of Letters made by Sir Tobie Matthews, K.C.</i> (1660).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_74" id="Footnote_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74">
+<span class="label">[74]</span></a>Those of Rochefoucault.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_75" id="Footnote_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75">
+<span class="label">[75]</span></a>In 1626 she was in debt to the amount of &pound;6662 16s. 9d. to
+various tradesmen; it was her custom, as that of former Queen-Consorts, to
+employ chiefly foreign tradesmen and workmen.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_76" id="Footnote_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76">
+<span class="label">[76]</span></a>The Queen saw it twice; the music was written by Simon Ivy
+and Henry Lawes.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_77" id="Footnote_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77">
+<span class="label">[77]</span></a><i>Cal. S.P. Dom.</i>, 1625-6, p. 273.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_78" id="Footnote_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78">
+<span class="label">[78]</span></a>In later days Henrietta Maria could say with Katharine of
+Aragon,</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"I am not such a truant since my coming</span>
+		<span class="ind1">As not to know the language I have liv'd in."</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>for her children grew up unable to speak French, and Mme de Motteville says
+that she had spoilt her French by talking English. Perhaps even now it was
+only the accent which was at fault. Probably she never wrote English with
+ease. Her first letter written in that language is to Lord Finch; the date
+is about 1641. Green: <i>Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria</i>, p. 28.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_79" id="Footnote_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79">
+<span class="label">[79]</span></a><i>The Shepherd's Paradise: a comedy</i> (1659).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_80" id="Footnote_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80">
+<span class="label">[80]</span></a>Sir John Suckling: "A Session of the Poets."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_81" id="Footnote_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81">
+<span class="label">[81]</span></a>He was the Queen's Lord Steward.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_82" id="Footnote_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82">
+<span class="label">[82]</span></a>Edmund Waller.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_83" id="Footnote_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83">
+<span class="label">[83]</span></a>The following description of the Queen is written by a
+Catholic hand: "Seremissima Maria Regina quinque ac viginti circiter
+annorum, figur&agrave; corporis parv&agrave;, sed venustissim&agrave;, crine cum suo Rege
+consimili [dark chestnut] constitutione corporis prim&agrave;, de qua hac virtutum
+Epitome quod formosissima, quod in &aelig;tatis vere, quod Regina, in Aula
+deliciis, et voluptatibus affluente, atque etiam Religionibus dispari, nec
+vel lerissimam offensionem dederit."&mdash;Archives of the See of Westminster:
+Status Angli&aelig;, 1635.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_84" id="Footnote_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84">
+<span class="label">[84]</span></a> The official list of the clothes, jewels, furniture, etc.,
+which the Queen brought to England and from which the above account is
+taken, forms part of MS. Fran&ccedil;ais, 23,600. Among the furniture are
+mentioned "trois tapis de velours" and "deux grands tapis de Turquie."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_85" id="Footnote_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85">
+<span class="label">[85]</span></a>Robert Herrick: "Corinna's going a-Maying."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_86" id="Footnote_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86">
+<span class="label">[86]</span></a>The evidence of Father Philip on this point is conclusive.
+See Con to Barberini: Add. MS., 15,389, f. 196.]</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_87" id="Footnote_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87">
+<span class="label">[87]</span></a>He was in England at the time of Bassompierre's mission.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_88" id="Footnote_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88">
+<span class="label">[88]</span></a>Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 43.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_89" id="Footnote_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89">
+<span class="label">[89]</span></a>In a secret article of the treaty between France and England,
+made in 1629, it was recognized by the King of France that it was
+inadvisable that Henrietta should have a large French household. Aff.
+Etran. Ang., t. 43.]</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_90" id="Footnote_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90">
+<span class="label">[90]</span></a>Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 43.]</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_91" id="Footnote_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91">
+<span class="label">[91]</span></a>Fontenay-Mareuil to Richelieu (apparently). "Vos actions sont
+en telle veneration par tout le monde que le Roy de la Grande Bretagne
+anim&eacute; d'un si bon exemple s'est enfin resolu de ruiner la Cabale qui estoit
+en sa Cour dont il estime que le Roy ni vous Monsieur ne serez pas marris
+puis-qu'elle avoit est&eacute; fond&eacute;e par M. de Chasteauneuf et sur les mesmes
+desseins que celle de France tr&egrave;s pr&eacute;judiciables aux deux royaumes.... 14
+April, 1633."&mdash;Aff. Etran, Ang., t. 45.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_92" id="Footnote_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92">
+<span class="label">[92]</span></a>Richelieu thought that Mme. de Chevreuse, swayed by her love
+for Holland, induced Chateauneuf to act against Weston, whom Holland hoped
+to supplant.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_93" id="Footnote_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93">
+<span class="label">[93]</span></a>This clique was considered "Puritan" as against the
+"Protestantism" of Portland. See chap. IV.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_94" id="Footnote_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94">
+<span class="label">[94]</span></a>"P&egrave;re Philippe qui poss&ecirc;de la conscience de la Reyne de la
+Grande Bretagne est subject du roy son Mary et establi par luy de sorte
+qu'il est impossible d'y prendre aucune confiance pour les interests de
+France &agrave; laquelle il ne se tient point oblige."&mdash;Letters of
+Fontenay-Mareuil, French Transcripts P.R.O.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_95" id="Footnote_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95">
+<span class="label">[95]</span></a> Her son James was born October 14th, 1633.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_96" id="Footnote_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96">
+<span class="label">[96]</span></a>"La Reyne de la Grande Bretagne ne fait que commencer aussy a
+se mesler des affaires laquelle bienque son Mary layme extremement il fault
+de l'humeur qu'il est quelle use de grandes maniers avec luy et quelle y
+aille tr&egrave;s doucement."&mdash;Letters of French Ambassador (Senneterre). May
+24th, 1635. MS. Fran&ccedil;ais, 15,993.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_97" id="Footnote_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97">
+<span class="label">[97]</span></a>"J'ay beaucoup lou&eacute; et remerci&eacute; la Reyne de la Grande
+Bretagne de son election qui est un esprit qu'elle doive conserver &agrave; elle
+pour prendre plus de part dans les affaires quelle n'a fait iusques
+ici."&mdash;Letter of Senneterre, February, 1636. MS. Fran&ccedil;ais, 15,993.</p>
+
+<p>"Al futuro applica poco confidata tutta nel Re. Bisogna che prema pi&ugrave; di
+guadagnare li ministri dello Stato de quali pu&ograve; essere Padrona
+volendo."&mdash;Con to Barberini, Aug. 25, 1636. Add. MS., 15,389, f. 196.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_98" id="Footnote_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98">
+<span class="label">[98]</span></a>"... La reyne d'Angletera qul prendra entierement Vostre
+party sy vous luy donnez la libert&eacute; du chevalier de
+Jars."&mdash;Fontenay-Mareuil to Richelieu. Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 45.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_99" id="Footnote_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99">
+<span class="label">[99]</span></a>MS. Fran&ccedil;ais, 15,993.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_100" id="Footnote_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100">
+<span class="label">[100]</span></a>The Queen's Grand Almoner, Du Perron, was the intermediary
+in this matter. Windbank's name is not mentioned in Du Perron's letters,
+but there is little doubt he is intended. Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 46.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_101" id="Footnote_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101">
+<span class="label">[101]</span></a>Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 46]</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_102" id="Footnote_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102">
+<span class="label">[102]</span></a>Sir Robert Ayton</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_103" id="Footnote_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103">
+<span class="label">[103]</span></a>William Habington.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER IV<br />
+THE QUEEN OF THE CATHOLICS</h2>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind5">They knew not</span>
+		<span class="ind1">That what I motioned was of God; I knew</span>
+		<span class="ind1">From intimate impulse and therefore urged</span>
+		<span class="ind1">The Marriage on, that by occasions hence,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">I might begin Israel's deliverance,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">The work to which I was divinely called.</span>
+		<span class="ind5 smcap">John Milton</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Among all the activities of Queen Henrietta Maria's life none deserves more
+careful study than those connected with her work for her co-religionists in
+England.</p>
+
+<p>The French marriage of Charles I represented, in a measure, a compromise
+between the hopes of the English Catholics and the fears of the English
+Puritans. From the point of view of the latter an alliance with any
+Catholic Princess was a misfortune; but, nevertheless, Henrietta was
+regarded as a modified evil by those who had feared a Spanish Infanta.
+Spain was the old enemy, the land which had sent out the Great Armada, and
+which in every way had fostered the most militant and uncompromising
+elements of English Catholicism; France, if unfortunately it had not
+fulfilled the promise it had once given of becoming a Protestant country,
+was Catholic in another and a far less rigid sense, and it was remembered
+that Henrietta was the daughter of the man who had been at one time the
+hope of the Reformers, and who, if he had deserted his faith with a
+light-hearted cynicism not often to be
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span>
+
+paralleled, had found at the end
+that the Mass which gained Paris for him could not save him from the knife
+of the man who was believed to be the pupil of the Jesuits. The qualified
+satisfaction which was general in England is well reflected in the
+following paragraph which appeared in a newsletter when it was known that
+the negotiations for the marriage were approaching completion:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The first tidings of this joyfull newes were welcome unto all except
+Jezuited English who have not so much hope to accomplish their ambitious
+projects, allwayes hurtfull to the good and tranquillity of this Kingdome
+by this Marriage of France, as they had by that of Spaine, since all men
+know who know any thing at all, how all true-hearted Frenchmen detest and
+hate this cruell king-killing Ignatian order since the death and murther of
+two Burbonian Henries kild by them and their accomplices."<a name="FNanchor_104" id="FNanchor_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a></p>
+
+<p>But, on the other hand, the substitution of a French for a Spanish Queen
+was a severe blow to the English Catholics. These heroic men who, hiding
+their heads "mid ignomy, death and tombs," had kept alive through years of
+persecution the faith of their fathers, had acquired something of the
+harshness and narrowness which belongs to a persecuted remnant. The more
+liberal type of Catholicism prevalent in France was not congenial to
+them,<a name="FNanchor_105" id="FNanchor_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> and they had, moreover, good reason to be grateful to the House
+of Austria. The King of Spain not only permitted English seminaries and
+religious houses to be established in Spain and in the Low Countries, but
+he even
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>
+
+supported some of them with pensions, and during the negotiations
+with James I for a matrimonial alliance he showed both his will and his
+power to protect the English Catholics at home, where a peace of the Church
+was then enjoyed which was long remembered in less happy times. All
+persecution ceased, and at St. James's Palace a Catholic Chapel was seen in
+course of building, designed for the use of the Spanish Queen who never
+came.</p>
+
+<p>It was not likely that the eyes of Richelieu,<a name="FNanchor_106" id="FNanchor_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> which saw everything,
+should fail to observe the unfortunate predilection of the English
+Catholics for the enemies of France, and there is no doubt that one of the
+reasons for which Henrietta was sent into England was to detach them from
+this alliance. During the period of negotiations Richelieu wrote a friendly
+letter to the Catholic body in England,<a name="FNanchor_107" id="FNanchor_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> and the French ambassadors
+were charged to do all in their power to win the confidence of its
+principal members, and to combat the wiles of the Spaniards, who tried to
+persuade them that the French had no true regard for religion.
+Ville-aux-clercs, when he was in London, was on one occasion obliged to
+attend a service at Westminster Abbey. He was careful to behave with the
+utmost rudeness, in order to show the uncompromising character of a
+Frenchman's Catholicism.<a name="FNanchor_108" id="FNanchor_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a> Tilli&egrave;res took great pains
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>
+
+to conciliate the
+chiefs of the English Catholics, and to persuade them that his master was
+as good a Catholic as the King of Spain. But it was no easy task, and it
+was not until Louis XIII had stayed the passage of an anti-Catholic law in
+the English Parliament that they began to feel some confidence in him. Then
+a letter of thanks was sent to Paris,<a name="FNanchor_109" id="FNanchor_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> and even the Jesuits, who were
+considered peculiarly pro-Spanish, wrote to express their desire for the
+coming alliance. Matters were the more satisfactory inasmuch as William
+Smith, who had recently been consecrated Bishop of Chalcedon, and who, in
+the teeth of the Jesuits, claimed the jurisdiction of an ordinary in
+England, was well known in France, where he had resided for many years in
+the household of Richelieu. It was, moreover, with the same object that the
+French Government insisted upon the promise to suspend the execution of the
+recusancy laws as a <i>sine qua non</i> of the marriage, "otherwise," wrote
+Tilli&egrave;res frankly, "the English Catholics will be lost to France and
+assured to Spain."<a name="FNanchor_110" id="FNanchor_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> Thus Richelieu's action in this particular fits
+into his general scheme of anti-Austrian policy, and he is cleared from any
+suspicion that he was actuated by weak religious scruples in thus setting
+himself against the Protestant prejudice of England.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta was probably not unconscious of the dubious reception which would
+be afforded to her by her co-religionists, and her advisers were still more
+alive to the necessity of her making a good impression upon the English
+Catholics. At first all went well. Those who were unaware of the religious
+revival which was taking place in France were surprised at the piety of
+B&eacute;rulle (who was one of the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span>
+
+leaders of the revival), and at the zeal of the
+Bishop of Mende,<a name="FNanchor_111" id="FNanchor_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a> who, with great diplomacy, took care to interest
+himself in the general affairs of his co-religionists in England. The young
+Queen herself, who in Paris had not been remarkable for devotion, seemed on
+entering the heretic country to be dowered with a new piety and zeal. She
+showed great compassion for her Catholic subjects, and such devotion to her
+religious duties that she heard Mass every day, even when she was on one of
+the frequent progresses of the English Court, and on Sundays listened to a
+sermon and attended Vespers, which was usually enlivened by instrumental
+music. "Can such good things come out of Galilee?" was the wondering
+question of the pro-Spanish English Catholic; and if he suspended his
+ultimate judgment, he at least rejoiced for the time in the edifying
+conduct of those whose presence was the guarantee of his peace.</p>
+
+<p>Even some of the Protestants seemed softened. Henrietta, in her earlier
+days, before sorrow deepened and hardened her character, was far from a
+bigot, and indeed the daughter of Henry IV never had in her the true stuff
+of fanaticism. When just after her marriage some one was rude enough to ask
+her if she disliked Huguenots, she answered gently, "Why should I? My
+father was one"; and some of B&eacute;rulle's enemies, "the ministers," presuming
+on such girlish kindliness, boasted that in six months she would be at
+their preachings. Others, less sanguine, contented themselves with admiring
+the decorum of the services to which curiosity led them, and with praising
+the outward regularity of the lives of the Oratorian Fathers. Thus the
+Catholics had ground for hope, but not for exultation. "These are flowers
+of hopes," wrote the cautious B&eacute;rulle,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>
+
+"but nothing but flowers and,
+moreover, flowers surrounded by thorns. These are hopes, but they have need
+of a greater maturity in the Queen and more persevering conduct on the part
+of France."<a name="FNanchor_112" id="FNanchor_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a></p>
+
+<p>It was therefore the greater disappointment when the persecution of 1625
+fell. Nor was it a slight and passing storm. Never, even in the days of
+Edward VI or Elizabeth, had the Catholics been in such evil case, except
+that the death penalty, to which the King had an invincible repugnance, was
+not exacted.<a name="FNanchor_113" id="FNanchor_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a> But the most loyal of laymen, such as the Marquis of
+Winchester, suffered in their goods, while the prisons became veritable
+cloisters of religious. It is not surprising that the persecuted contrasted
+the peace and security of the days of mere negotiations with Spain with the
+misery brought about by a consummated marriage with France, or that
+Richelieu and his emissaries in England ground their teeth with rage to see
+those whom they had hoped to capture flung back again into the arms of His
+Catholic Majesty.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta herself, though much distressed, did not despair. She had already
+discovered that her husband was naturally inclined to mercy, and she knew
+that persecution was to a great extent a financial expedient to fill the
+empty coffers of the State. Young as she was, she understood the task to
+which, religiously speaking, her marriage had called her,<a name="FNanchor_114" id="FNanchor_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> for the
+performance of which
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>
+
+the papal dispensation had been granted, and of which
+the importance had been impressed upon her by her mother, by B&eacute;rulle, and
+by the Bishop of Mende, all of whom saw in her another Bertha who was to
+effect a new conversion of England. Even in the dark days of April, 1626,
+she did not falter. She was praying, she wrote to the Pope, who had
+honoured her with a Brief, not only that she might stand firm in the true
+religion, but that also she might "procure all the peace and comfort which
+I can for the Catholics of the Kingdoms, hoping that the natural goodness
+of the King my Lord, touched by a holy inspiration and by my ardent
+prayers, will produce some sweet and favourable effect for their comfort.
+And although up to now there has been little fruit of my endeavours, yet I
+promise myself that my persevering constancy, aided by divine assistance,
+will not always be useless to them."<a name="FNanchor_115" id="FNanchor_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a></p>
+
+<p>The first step towards a better state of things was the reconstruction of
+the Queen's religious establishment which had been so abruptly broken up.
+Charles was at first quite obdurate to the requests of the French
+Government, and refused not only to receive a Bishop as Grand Almoner,<a name="FNanchor_116" id="FNanchor_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a>
+but even to entertain the idea of the establishment of a religious Order in
+England. But in this case, as in many others, he was talked over. Years
+before, in Spain, he had been acquainted with some Capuchin Fathers who had
+impressed him by their good sense and piety. The Order was a humble one,
+not likely to mix in politics, and eventually he intimated that he would be
+willing to receive some of its members in the capacity of chaplains to his
+wife.</p>
+
+<p>But difficulties arose. The two Fathers of the Oratory,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>
+
+who were still in
+England, had been drawn into the intrigues of Chateauneuf, and Father
+Philip was considered almost an enemy of France. The Capuchins, on the
+other hand, were under the protection of Fontenay-Mareuil, and they quite
+expected to see the members of the rival congregation expelled and the path
+left clear for themselves.</p>
+
+<p>It was, therefore, a grave disappointment, when, on their arrival in
+England, they found that the Queen had no intention of changing her
+confessor, of whose long-headed Scotch prudence she had a just
+appreciation. The poor Capuchins, with a certain Father Leonard at their
+head, were subjected to considerable annoyances from the Chateauneuf clique
+and the Fathers of the Oratory,<a name="FNanchor_117" id="FNanchor_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> who were more men of the world than
+they, did not scruple to show a refined contempt for them. So uncomfortable
+were they that but for the support of Fontenay-Mareuil they would almost
+have returned to France.</p>
+
+<p>But they were cheered by the courtesy of the Queen. Henrietta, in spite of
+her refusal to submit to their direction, received them with all kindness,
+and settled them in her own establishment at Somerset House, where, to
+their great satisfaction, they were permitted to wear the religious habit.
+They were indeed simple men, so simple that she showed her wisdom in
+seeking a confessor elsewhere than among them; but they were zealous and
+disinterested, and, if at times they attempted to impose upon the ungodly
+Protestant by a profession of greater austerity than that actually
+practised, there was no sham in their labours among the sick and poor of
+plague-stricken London, or in their devotion to their religious
+duties.<a name="FNanchor_118" id="FNanchor_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> They, on their side, became much attached to Henrietta, and it
+is to the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>
+
+pen of one of them, Father Cyprien de Gamache, who in his old age
+wrote his memoirs of the English mission, that we owe many curious
+particulars of the Queen's life.<a name="FNanchor_119" id="FNanchor_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a></p>
+
+<p>With the Capuchins came a more distinguished person, who shared with them
+for a while the dislike of Chateauneuf's friends.</p>
+
+<p>Jacques de Nowell du Perron, a nephew of the famous Cardinal of that name,
+who had had much to do with the conversion of the Queen's father, came to
+London as the successor of the Bishop of Mende, but no two men could have
+been less alike, and perhaps du Perron was selected because Richelieu had
+learned by experience that "surtout point de z&egrave;le" was a sound maxim in
+dealing with heretics. Certainly the second Grand Almoner of Henrietta
+Maria was as much liked as the first had been detested. A man of the
+softest manners, "neutral in every question whatsoever,"<a name="FNanchor_120" id="FNanchor_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> as a stronger
+spirit said of him with a touch of contempt, he knew not only how to keep
+the favour of the French authorities who had sent him to England, but how
+to win that of Charles, whom he charmed by his flow of interesting talk,
+and of the Protestant public, who so respected the regularity of his life
+and the moderation of his conduct, that even on the eve of the Civil War he
+was regarded "as among the hated the least so."<a name="FNanchor_121" id="FNanchor_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a> There were moments
+when his task of serving many masters was difficult, as when his courtier's
+soul was vexed because, by obeying Henrietta's commands to officiate at a
+service of welcome to her mother,<a name="FNanchor_122" id="FNanchor_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> he offended his patrons in Paris;
+but in the main his conduct met with its due reward. It was no small
+tribute to his tact and prudence that he so far obliterated from the mind
+of Charles the memory of the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>
+
+Bishop of Mende that he permitted him, in
+1637, to accept the Bishopric of Angoul&ecirc;me without forfeiting his position
+as Grand Almoner of the Queen. He went off to France to be consecrated, and
+returned to England with all the dignity of episcopal rank.</p>
+
+<p>It fell to the lot of this courtly ecclesiastic to officiate at one of the
+most picturesque ceremonies of Henrietta's London life. Among the unkept
+stipulations of the marriage contract was a provision for the building of a
+chapel for the Queen's use. Henrietta, at her first coming, had been
+obliged to content herself with a small and mean room in which her
+chaplains, as best they might, celebrated divine service. It was not until
+1632<a name="FNanchor_123" id="FNanchor_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> that she had so won her husband's heart as to wring from him by
+prayers and caresses, and sometimes even by tears, permission to build a
+church for her Capuchins, which should be at once a memorial of her
+religious zeal and a thank-offering for her married happiness, which now
+had been crowned by the birth of her little son.</p>
+
+<p>On September the 14th the foundation-stone was laid. The site of the new
+building, which was the tennis courtyard of Somerset House, was fitted up
+as a temporary church with tapestries for walls and stuffs of great price
+for roof. A large and brilliant company, numbering at least two thousand
+persons, was present, while at the beautifully decked altar stood M. du
+Perron to sing a Mass, which was accompanied by rare voices and choice
+instrumental music, and at which the attendant ceremonies were so
+magnificent that a Frenchman who happened to be present confessed<a name="FNanchor_124" id="FNanchor_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> that
+nothing more splendid could
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>
+
+be seen at Notre-Dame de Paris, even when a
+King of France honoured that cathedral with his presence. The Mass ended,
+Henrietta stepped forward, handed by her brother's ambassador, M. de
+Fontenay-Mareuil, to whom the establishment of the Capuchins was so largely
+due. A trowel delicately fringed with velvet was offered to her, together
+with mortar served in a silver-gilt bowl. Thrice she threw the mortar on to
+the stone of foundation, which was then lowered into its place, bearing on
+a plate an inscription telling how she, the Queen of England and the
+daughter of France, had founded this temple for the honour of Catholicism
+and for the use of her servants the Capuchin Fathers.</p>
+
+<p>This was one of Henrietta's brightest days, in which she tasted the joy her
+disappointed life knew so seldom, of seeing a happy result of her works and
+prayers. It began by a devout confession and reception of the Eucharist. It
+ended with cannon and fireworks and every sign of public rejoicing. So
+cordial seemed the attitude of the London populace that the rosiest hopes
+for the future were entertained, specially by the French,<a name="FNanchor_125" id="FNanchor_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> who would
+have welcomed the conversion of England by a French Queen as a delicate
+triumph, not only over the heretic, but over the Spaniard.<a name="FNanchor_126" id="FNanchor_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> These
+sanguine persons did not go about in the streets and taverns of the city to
+hear, under the official rejoicings, the curses, "not loud but deep," of
+the Puritan citizens.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen's workmen, whom she encouraged by kind
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>
+
+words and good pay, must
+have worked with energy, for by the middle of December in the same year the
+church was ready for use. It was modelled on that begun for the Spanish
+Infanta at St. James's, though, perhaps in view of possible developments,
+it was of a larger size than the original. The opening ceremonies were
+comparable in splendour to those of the foundation. Many Protestants were
+attracted thither by curiosity to admire its beautiful furnishings, among
+which perhaps was already to be seen the splendid specimen of the art of
+Rubens, which is known to have adorned the high altar in later days. Even
+the King came in to see the great attraction, a construction about forty
+feet high, which the ingenuity of a young Roman architect who happened to
+be in London had fashioned into a representation of Paradise, wherein,
+guarded by sculptured angels and prophets, and blazing with innumerable
+lights, reposed the Sacred Host. Taking into account these splendours, it
+is not perhaps surprising that those who on this happy day turned their
+eyes toward the kneeling figure of the royal foundress saw stealing down
+her cheeks the happy tears of an emotion she could not restrain. She had
+indeed cause for self-congratulation, for already the hopes which had
+cheered her in her dark days were beginning to be realized.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta never laid aside the devout habits which B&eacute;rulle had taught her,
+and which&mdash;no doubt with much anxiety in his mind&mdash;he again inculcated in
+1627 in a pious letter which he wrote and to which the Queen-Mother put her
+name.<a name="FNanchor_127" id="FNanchor_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> She was indeed sometimes inclined to lie in bed in the morning
+so late that Mass could not be said till midday, but her excellent husband,
+who desired her to be as precise in her religious
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>
+
+duties as he was in his
+own, was not slow to chide gently this laxity, so that her regularity of
+attendance became the admiration of all. At each festival she received the
+Sacrament of Penance, and communicated with such devotion that her fervour
+astonished not only her fellow-worshippers, but her spiritual advisers. In
+matters of fasting she was very strict, only asking for a dispensation when
+there was real need, in spite of the specious advice of her heretic
+physician Mayerne, who urged her to take meat on Fridays and Saturdays, "an
+indulgence," as a Frenchman justly remarked, "which would be of little
+account in France, but in England, and in the person of the Queen,
+appearances must be kept up."<a name="FNanchor_128" id="FNanchor_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a></p>
+
+<p>To all these virtues she added a zeal for her faith which, if still checked
+by the girlish levity which easily turned from religious as from political
+matters, was sufficiently urgent both to champion her faith in Protestant
+circles and to plead for her oppressed co-religionists, so that with the
+growth of her influence over her husband grew their peace and prosperity.
+It is true that for a year or two after the expulsion of the French the
+persecution continued, and was, particularly in Scotland, at one time very
+fierce,<a name="FNanchor_129" id="FNanchor_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> so that it was noted with malicious satisfaction that the
+Queen fell into her premature travail on the very day that her husband had
+signed a decree against the Catholics of his northern kingdom; but it so
+quickly and thoroughly abated that in 1633 a Roman correspondent in London
+was able to declare that never before had Catholics been less
+molested.<a name="FNanchor_130" id="FNanchor_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> Not only were priests permitted to live undisturbed in the
+capital, but English Catholics were allowed to attend the chapels of the
+Queen
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>
+
+and the ambassadors, a privilege which Richelieu had vainly
+endeavoured to win for them at the time of the royal marriage, and which
+the King had angrily refused to the Queen's entreaties only a year or two
+before. "I permit you your religion," he had said to her on that occasion,
+"with your Capuchins and others. I permit ambassadors and their retinue,
+but the rest of my subjects I will have them live that I profess and my
+father before me." The Catholics were so encouraged by the lenity now shown
+that in the course of this same year, on the occasion of Charles'
+coronation in Scotland, they presented to him a petition pleading for
+toleration and urging him to follow the example of his father-in-law, Henry
+the Great, who, by granting religious liberty, had won for himself the
+title of Pater Patri&aelig; et Pacis Restitutor.<a name="FNanchor_131" id="FNanchor_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a></p>
+
+<p>That the softening of Charles' heart was due to his wife is indisputable,
+though her unfortunate hostility to Portland prevented her from utilizing
+the influence of that statesman, who was a Catholic at heart.<a name="FNanchor_132" id="FNanchor_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> "The
+Queen is not unmindful to press the Catholic cause with the King as often
+as opportunity permits," writes a Catholic reporter<a name="FNanchor_133" id="FNanchor_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> as early as 1632.
+The mere turning over of the State papers of these years reveals ample
+evidence of her
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>
+
+activity. A priest who had languished seven years in the
+Clink prison, Catholic prisoners at York, another priest who for five years
+had lain in Newgate, these are some of the recipients of her mercy, taken
+from the records of little more than a year. "A great Princess," wrote Du
+Perron of her in a letter which he dispatched to Rome in 1635, "by whom
+religion exists in this Kingdom, and who is the refuge of the poor
+Catholics, who, thanks to God and by the clemency of the King, whom this
+virtuous Princess has inclined in our favour, have enjoyed during the four
+years I have been here a greater liberty than has ever been seen since the
+change of religion, and which we hope will continually increase, provided
+that it please God to preserve the King and to favour the good designs of
+our Mistress."<a name="FNanchor_134" id="FNanchor_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a></p>
+
+<p>In London Catholicism became almost fashionable. The Queen's new chapel at
+Somerset House,<a name="FNanchor_135" id="FNanchor_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> where an urbane sermon by the eloquent du Perron might
+sometimes be heard, was often visited by Protestants, of whom some, like
+the astrologer Lilly, were drawn by curiosity, while others came from more
+mixed motives. The Capuchin
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span>
+
+Fathers and their rivals the Oratorians
+received many visitors who came to discuss religious matters, not a few of
+whom were inclined by the engaging arguments of their hosts to abjure the
+heresy of their birth, so that little by little an imposing list of
+converts was compiled.<a name="FNanchor_136" id="FNanchor_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> Sometimes the good Capuchins would open their
+monastery to the Protestant public, and, arranging it a little more
+ascetically<a name="FNanchor_137" id="FNanchor_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> than usual, to impress the heretics, would thus help on
+the cause of the faith among those who flocked to see them as if, says
+Father Cyprien pathetically, they had been Indians, Malays, or savages. At
+the chapels of the ambassadors and at Somerset House English sermons were
+preached for the edification of the English Catholics and of the more
+interesting Protestant visitors. Dispensations from the action of the
+recusancy laws were given by the Crown in such numbers as to alarm the
+Puritans.<a name="FNanchor_138" id="FNanchor_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> The recusants were relieved of part<a name="FNanchor_139" id="FNanchor_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a> of the financial
+burden which the law bound upon them, and, above all, it began to be
+whispered that the King, whose devotion to his wife was well known, was
+beginning to look with favour upon the Catholics. His objection to them had
+always been political rather than religious, and was based upon his
+suspicion of their loyalty and upon his dread of the deposing power claimed
+by the Pope. Henrietta's constant endeavour was to disabuse her husband's
+mind of this, perhaps not unreasonable, prejudice. She met with fair
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>
+
+success, so that a Catholic writer felt able to describe Charles as a
+"Prince of most milde and sweet disposition," who suffered the partial
+execution of the recusancy laws rather from political and financial than
+from religious reasons, and whose "great ornaments of God and Nature doe in
+a manner foretell that one day he shall restore this country to its former
+happiness, and himself become the most glorious and most renowned Monarch
+that ever did governe among us."<a name="FNanchor_140" id="FNanchor_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> There was, of course, only one way by
+which this happy consummation could be attained, and already some sanguine
+spirits were beginning to think of another and happier Pole reconciling
+England anew to the Holy See.</p>
+
+<p>And there were other and perhaps more solid grounds for hopes in the
+changing character of the Anglican Church, which about this time was
+attracting great attention among a certain school of Catholics. The results
+of the Elizabethan settlement were becoming apparent, and the two great
+parties, known then as Protestant and Puritan, now as High Church and Low
+Church, were beginning to stand out clearly. Liberal-minded Catholics, some
+of them converts from the English Universities, were learning, what the
+narrower type of Seminarist refused to recognize, the wide gulf which
+yawned between an Anglican "Protestant" and a continental Sectary. Already
+in the days of James a French priest<a name="FNanchor_141" id="FNanchor_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a> of Ville-aux-clercs' train was
+surprised by the decorum of the liturgy at Westminster Abbey, and roundly
+abused as liars the English Catholics of the Continent who had drawn fancy
+pictures of Anglican services. The religious revival, with which the name
+of Laud is associated, emphasized every Catholic element yet remaining in
+the Church of England. It was
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>
+
+barely a century since the schism. B&eacute;rulle,
+living in London or at the Court, regarding all with unfriendly and
+prejudiced eyes, might be surprised at the total absence of all sign or
+memory of the old religion. But had a man of sympathy gone about among the
+people, or sought the lonely valleys of Yorkshire and the remote villages
+of Devon and Cornwall, he would have told another tale of lingering
+superstitions, of ancient customs which had their root in Catholic
+practices. Such a man as Bishop Andrewes, who died in old age in 1626, and
+who was the master of Laud, is a witness that the Church revival of the
+seventeenth century was no more a complete innovation than that of the
+nineteenth century, which is associated with the names of the Tractarians,
+to which, in many respects, it bears so close a resemblance. But under the
+patronage of the King and the Archbishop the movement developed rapidly.
+Altars were set up, decked in Catholic fashion, in most of the cathedrals
+and in many parish churches; Latin services were read at Oxford and
+Cambridge; books were published, such as Anthony Stafford's <i>Female Glory</i>,
+which might have been written by Catholic pens; a desire for a return to
+Catholic discipline, of which perhaps the most interesting manifestation
+was the Protestant nunnery at Little Gidding, was apparent in earnest
+Churchmen; and, above all, not only did a considerable number of
+conversions take place, but some of those who remained in the Anglican
+fold, like Bishop Goodman of Gloucester and Bishop Montague of Chichester,
+became enamoured of the haunting dream of corporate reunion. It is not
+surprising that Catholics and Puritans alike should have seen in the whole
+movement a tendency to a reversal of the Reformation settlement, and should
+equally have failed to distinguish between the staunch Anglicans, of whom
+Laud was the leader, and the advance-guard which really was looking to
+Rome. The Queen herself believed
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>
+
+that Laud<a name="FNanchor_142" id="FNanchor_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> was a good Catholic at
+heart, and there is no doubt that overtures were made to him by Catholics,
+while the more liberal-minded of that communion, recalling to the Pope the
+example of his great predecessor St. Gregory, who "did yeeld somewhat to
+the Britans before he could work their conversion," urged upon him the
+expediency of meeting half-way those erring children who already believed
+"the Pope of Rome to be cheefe and supreame Pastor," and of a little
+condescending "unto their weakness, whome unhappy errors have made
+infirme."<a name="FNanchor_143" id="FNanchor_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a></p>
+
+<p>Urban VIII, to whom this appeal was addressed, was one of those decorous
+ecclesiastics whom the counter-reformation had substituted for the more
+picturesque figures of Renaissance Rome. He had a kindness for Henrietta,
+whom he had seen when she was a baby and he was Nuncio in the French
+capital, on which occasion the Queen-Mother had replied to his courteous
+augury that the little Princess would one day be a great Queen in the
+prophetic words, "That will be when you are Pope." He felt a real interest
+in England, which he had shown in a somewhat equivocal way when, incited by
+B&eacute;rulle, he had urged France and Spain in 1628 to unite in attacking the
+faithless King of England. Circumstances, however, were now changed, and he
+was anxious to commend himself to Charles and Henrietta. His nephew
+Francesco Barberini, the Cardinal Protector of England, who shared with him
+the considerable, if misdirected, artistic taste of the family,<a name="FNanchor_144" id="FNanchor_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span>
+
+was
+equally alive to the opportunities of the hour, and he showed the King of
+England from time to time such attentions as were most acceptable to a
+monarch who was not only the patron of Rubens and Van Dyck, but was himself
+one of the best judges of art in Europe. Barberini allowed a large number
+of statues and pictures to be exported from Rome to England, while he sent
+over as gifts choice pictures painted by Leonardo and Correggio and other
+masters of the Renaissance, together with a Bacchus by the hand of the
+still living Guido Reni, "understanding that His Majesty was a great
+admirer of such curiosities."<a name="FNanchor_145" id="FNanchor_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a> Finally, he induced the haughty Bernini
+to sculpture the busts of the King of England and of his Queen, in which
+task the great sculptor is said to have read a tragic fate in the long,
+melancholy lines of the countenance of Charles Stuart.</p>
+
+<p>But the more serious results of the intercourse between Rome and
+England&mdash;results which had no small influence on future events&mdash;touched
+another side of Henrietta's dealings with the English Catholics.</p>
+
+<p>The history of the Catholic Church in England, from the Reformation
+onwards, is a curious mixture of heroic endurance and of sordid squabbles
+among those who, in the face of a common enemy, should have shown above all
+an united front. The disputes which raged between the secular clergy and
+the religious Orders on the subject of Episcopal jurisdiction were at an
+acute stage when Henrietta came into England, and in the course of the next
+few years the feeling became so bitter on both sides that the seculars did
+not scruple to accuse the Jesuits, the protagonists of the regulars, of
+heinous crimes, such as the instigation of the Powder Plot,<a name="FNanchor_146" id="FNanchor_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a> while
+these latter, in their turn, are said to have taken their revenge by
+disseminating
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>
+
+information important to the Government which led to the
+banishment of the Bishop of Chalcedon.<a name="FNanchor_147" id="FNanchor_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a></p>
+
+<p>It was only natural that each party should desire the favour of the young
+Queen. The Jesuits, who commanded the larger following among the English
+Catholics, were the more objectionable to the Government and the nation,
+who considered them meddlers in matters of State, and who remembered, with
+a vividness not decreased by the Powder Plot, the career and the writings
+of Father Robert Parsons. Charles' dislike of them<a name="FNanchor_148" id="FNanchor_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a> was inherited from
+his father, who on one occasion broke off a conversation most favourable to
+the Catholics to assert that never should a daughter-in-law of his be under
+Jesuit direction. Another person whose opinion was likely to weigh with
+Henrietta, Father B&eacute;rulle, had so Protestant a hatred of the Society that
+in 1628 he used his powerful influence to prevent the dispatch to England
+of a Grand Almoner<a name="FNanchor_149" id="FNanchor_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> who was believed to regard it with favour. The
+daughter of Henry IV must surely have felt an antipathy as strong as that
+of any Stuart for those whom many held responsible for her father's murder.
+In short, the secular clergy had some reason for hope, even setting aside
+the fact that the Jesuits were the soul of the pro-Spanish party which
+dominated English Catholicism, while they, under their pro-French Bishop,
+had a certain leaning to France, of which they were prepared to make the
+most now that a French Queen sat upon the throne of England.</p>
+
+<p>It was a blow to these worthy men that they were not permitted to serve the
+Queen's chapel, for which office they possessed, certainly in their own
+eyes, every qualification.<a name="FNanchor_150" id="FNanchor_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span>
+
+It was a greater blow when, owing doubtless
+to the machinations of the Jesuits, the Bishop of Chalcedon was
+banished.<a name="FNanchor_151" id="FNanchor_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> But, after all, this untoward event took place while the
+Queen's influence was still small. As it grew, and with it the general
+prosperity of the Catholics, the secular clergy took heart again.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta cared little or nothing for Bishop Smith personally, and his
+connection with Richelieu was by this time small recommendation to her. But
+it galled her pride that whereas there had been a Bishop in England on her
+arrival now there was none, and she probably believed, what even the
+cautious Du Perron on one occasion admitted, that the regulars were jealous
+of her as a Frenchwoman, and unwilling that she should have too great
+honour as a mother in Israel. It was whispered among the secular clergy
+that the Queen was "all for the Bishop and his jurisdiction" in spite of
+the efforts of the Jesuits to win over not only her, but Father Philip.
+Their hopes were not unfounded. Henrietta was so far roused as to write a
+strongly worded letter to the Pope on behalf of the Bishop, who was out of
+favour not only with the English Government, but with the authorities at
+Rome. She begged the Holy Father to restore "this good father to his
+children,"<a name="FNanchor_152" id="FNanchor_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a> and she entreated him, in words that are no obscure hit at
+the Jesuits and their friends the English Catholics, not to allow so good a
+prelate to be oppressed by those who regarded their own interest rather
+than the good of religion and the union of Catholics. To strengthen her
+appeal she dispatched a letter at the same time to her
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>
+
+brother's ambassador
+in Rome, asking him<a name="FNanchor_153" id="FNanchor_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> to use his influence in the matter. She knew that
+the Bishop was a <i>persona grata</i> at the French Court, where his
+elevation to the Cardinalate was at one time desired.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta's intervention effected nothing, and Richard Smith lived and died
+in an exile which was due at least as much to his fellow-Catholics as to
+his Protestant oppressors. But in the year following she was engaged in
+negotiations with the Papacy as fruitful as these had been abortive.</p>
+
+<p>In 1633 a Scotch gentleman, by name Sir Robert Douglas,<a name="FNanchor_154" id="FNanchor_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a> appeared in
+Rome. He was a cousin of the Earl of Angus, a noted Scotch Catholic, and he
+was the bearer of letters from that nobleman to the Pope. But there were
+other and greater people responsible for his presence. Behind Angus stood
+the Queen of England, and behind the Queen stood her husband the King,
+though, as the emissary carefully explained, the latter could not openly
+appear in the affair, as he was not yet reconciled to the Catholic Church.</p>
+
+<p>Douglas was one of those sanguine Catholics who believed Charles'
+conversion to be a matter of a short delay, and that then the whole nation,
+weary of heresy, would be only too glad to walk contentedly in the path to
+heaven in obedience to the Holy See. He drew a rosy picture of these
+prospects and of the Queen's virtues and piety as he proceeded to unfold
+the object of his mission, which was to induce the Pope to bestow a
+Cardinal's hat upon a subject of the King of England. He was even kind
+enough to spare the Holy Father the trouble of selection by indicating a
+certain George Con, a Scotch gentleman in the service of Barberini, as a
+worthy recipient of the honour. The nationality of this person, he hastened
+to point out, was
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span>
+
+all in his favour. Not only was the King's partiality for
+his own countrymen well known, but the English Catholics were so torn
+asunder by their internal feuds that they would welcome the elevation of a
+Scotchman which would not give rise to the jealousies which would
+inevitably attend the promotion of a member of either of the rival parties.
+Such at least was the view of the Scotch envoy. It would be interesting to
+hear the comments of the English Catholics, who a few years earlier had
+described their northern brethren as almost barbarians, unable to speak the
+English tongue, and in every way inferior to themselves.<a name="FNanchor_155" id="FNanchor_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a></p>
+
+<p>There is no doubt that Henrietta's heart was much set upon this project,
+nor did she ever relax her efforts in Con's behalf until his death. It is
+possible that she felt the danger, which Douglas pointed out to the Pope,
+of her position as an uncrowned Queen in case of her husband's death, and
+that she thought that a Cardinal devoted to her service would be a support
+in such a strait. It is improbable that at this time she had ever set eyes
+on her candidate, though she had heard accounts which were not unfounded of
+his goodness and learning, and she, as well as her husband, no doubt was
+aware that he had given a pleasing proof of judiciously mingled loyalty and
+piety by writing a sympathetic biography of Charles' grandmother, Mary of
+Scotland.<a name="FNanchor_156" id="FNanchor_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a> But beyond any personal feeling, Henrietta always believed,
+though why it is a little difficult to say, that the creation of a Cardinal
+who was a native of Great Britain would help forward in the highest degree
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>
+
+the cause of the Catholic Church in England. Thus she wrote to Cardinal
+Barberini at this time and thus she wrote several years later to the Pope,
+expressing herself on the latter occasion very strongly and assuring the
+Holy Father that by complying with her wishes in the matter he would not
+only oblige her personally, but would give the greatest possible impetus to
+the cause of religion in England.<a name="FNanchor_157" id="FNanchor_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a></p>
+
+<p>The King's attitude is more difficult to determine, but there seems no
+reason to distrust Douglas' assertion that the project had his royal
+support and concurrence. Such intrigues were indeed only too congenial to
+his tortuous mind. Nor is the knight's statement without corroboration.
+Another Scot, the Earl of Stirling, who as Sir William Alexander had won a
+considerable reputation both as poet and statesman, and who had formerly
+been concerned in certain cryptic negotiations between James I and the Holy
+See, wrote to Rome<a name="FNanchor_158" id="FNanchor_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> expressing his pleasure that the son was following
+in his father's footsteps, and urging Con's candidature on the ground that
+his elevation would be a matter of great satisfaction to the King.</p>
+
+<p>It might be thought that the Roman authorities would welcome with
+<i>empressement</i> an emissary who came under such distinguished patronage.
+But, as a matter of fact, the reception accorded to Sir Robert Douglas was
+distinctly cool. The King of England's conduct had not been such as to
+inspire confidence, and the Jesuits in Rome and elsewhere were still busily
+representing him "as the greatest persecutor that ever was."<a name="FNanchor_159" id="FNanchor_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a> It was
+suggested that his friendly attitude to the Papacy was only a ruse to
+secure the restoration of the Palatinate to his sister's husband. Even the
+Queen was not regarded with great favour. It was believed in certain
+quarters that she was rather indifferent
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span>
+
+to Catholic interests, an
+impression which may have arisen partly from the favour which she showed to
+a Puritan clique, of which the Earl of Holland was the principal
+member,<a name="FNanchor_160" id="FNanchor_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a> and partly from her acquiescence in her husband's wish that
+their children should receive Anglican baptism.<a name="FNanchor_161" id="FNanchor_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a> Perhaps the Pope and
+Cardinal Barberini did not share this view, as they had read with great
+interest an account of the laying of the foundation-stone of the new chapel
+at Somerset House, which the judicious Du Perron had written to a
+compatriot in Rome, who with equal tact passed it on to the Holy
+Father.<a name="FNanchor_162" id="FNanchor_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a></p>
+
+<p>But there is no doubt that the Queen's insistent requests for the creation
+of a Cardinal did her no service, either now or later, with Urban VIII and
+his nephews. Many surmises were rife in Rome as to Douglas and his mission.
+He might be an agent of the secular clergy. The whole thing might be a
+deep-laid plan of Richelieu to secure the Cardinalate for his creature the
+Bishop of Chalcedon, who was certainly an English subject, and on whose
+behalf the Queen of England had written only a year earlier. There seems to
+have been no intention of granting Henrietta's request, and the kind
+letters which the Pope wrote to her and to Father Philip, saying how
+pleased he was to hear of their piety and virtue, were more lavish of
+compliments than of promises.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless Douglas' mission was not unsuccessful. The Pope talked over
+English affairs with him freely,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>
+
+and the result was that in the spring of
+1634 Gregorio Panzani set out for England.</p>
+
+<p>Panzani was a priest of the Italian Oratory, and his ostensible mission in
+England was to heal the long-standing feud between the secular clergy and
+the religious Orders, and to remedy certain irregularities of morals and
+discipline which specially affected the younger religious and the London
+clergy who were unable to resist the seductions of heretical society. It is
+probable that the Pope and Cardinal Barberini desired these ends. It is
+certain that they saw in the state of affairs a convenient cloak to cover
+different and more important designs.</p>
+
+<p>For Panzani was not in London without the connivance of the King and the
+express desire of the Queen, who had arranged the matter with her husband.
+"I have no objection," said Charles, "as long as things are done quietly
+and matters of State are not meddled with; but I do not wish it said that
+the Pope has sent an agent to the King of England."<a name="FNanchor_163" id="FNanchor_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a></p>
+
+<p>This was said, of course, and perhaps not altogether to the dissatisfaction
+of Panzani and those who sent him. Nevertheless he behaved with great
+discretion, and was liked by everybody, except the Jesuits, to whose
+pretensions he was greatly opposed, and whose ill opinion was an advantage
+to him rather than otherwise in dealing with the King and the people. On
+the advice of the sage Father Philip he refused to express any opinion on
+the thorny question of the lawfulness of taking the oath of allegiance<a name="FNanchor_164" id="FNanchor_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>
+
+to the King, thus following the example of the Capuchin Fathers, who were
+wont to tell inquirers that they knew nothing of the matter, and that it
+would be well to seek other advisers; altogether so judicious was his
+conduct that he was described as "a person greatly to be esteemed for his
+many vertues and religious life and great zeale and industry for the
+advancem<sup>t</sup> of the Catholick cause in this Country."<a name="FNanchor_165" id="FNanchor_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> He was able,
+towards the end of his stay, to do the Catholics a notable service by
+persuading the King to dismiss the pursuivants, the most odious instruments
+of the recusancy laws, comparable to the familiars of the Spanish
+Inquisition, and to leave the prosecution of recusants in the hands of the
+justices of the peace.</p>
+
+<p>About this time the hopes of the Catholics were rising high, both at home
+and in the Eternal City. They believed, with touching simplicity, that the
+wise policy of the King had almost destroyed the hated sect of the
+Puritans, "which formerly was stronger."<a name="FNanchor_166" id="FNanchor_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> The centenary of the schism
+was not allowed to pass without meaning allusions. From the pulpit of the
+Queen's chapel at Somerset House, Du Perron commented on the occasion with
+even more than his wonted suavity. Continual accounts were sent to Rome of
+the mildness of the King, of the changing character of the Church of
+England, and, above all, of the piety and zeal of the Queen. She was
+described as "a Princess on whom God and nature have bestowed most rare
+gifts," whose "sweete and vertuous carriage, her religious zeale and
+constant devotions have purchased unto herselfe love and admiration from
+all the Court and Kingdome, and unto the Catholique Religion (which she
+piously pfesseth) great respect and honor. She is," added the writer in a
+glow of enthusiasm, "Una beata de Casa, for whose sake Heaven, I hope, doth
+intend many blessings towards our Country."<a name="FNanchor_167" id="FNanchor_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>
+
+Cardinal Barberini
+rewarded these shining qualities by writing flattering letters to
+Henrietta, and by sending to her some relics of an obscure Roman lady named
+Martina, whose martyred body had recently been dug up in an ancient church
+dedicated to her memory.</p>
+
+<p>Nor were Panzani's accounts less satisfactory; the King received him with
+great kindness, and openly expressed his regret for the schism between the
+Churches. "I would rather have lost my hand than it had happened," he said
+on one occasion. He showed an unexpected reverence for relics, and much
+interest in a remarkable book<a name="FNanchor_168" id="FNanchor_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> written by a liberal-minded Catholic,
+Father Santa Clara, of the Order of S. Francis, which foreshadowed the
+famous "Tract 90" of later days. "The book pleases the King and some of the
+nobles of this Kingdom very much,"<a name="FNanchor_169" id="FNanchor_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a> wrote the envoy, and he begged on
+this ground that it might not be condemned at Rome, where (as well as in
+certain Catholic circles in England) its liberality had given offence. Nor
+were others more backward than the King. These were the days of the hopes
+of reunion, at which Santa Clara's book had not obscurely glanced; the days
+in which the appeal to the Pope, described above, was drawn up. Panzani was
+less sanguine than some of the English Catholics, and, in particular, seems
+to have appreciated Laud's real attitude towards the Church of Rome.<a name="FNanchor_170" id="FNanchor_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a>
+But he had much to tell of interesting conversations on religious subjects
+with Windbank, who assured him that the Jesuits and the Puritans were the
+only real obstacle in the path of unity, and with Anglican clergy of
+advanced views such as
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>
+
+Bishop Montagu, who appeared a little surprised that
+the Roman ecclesiastic did not agree very warmly to his assertion that
+there could be no doubt of the validity of his Orders.</p>
+
+<p>And the Holy See was to have another proof of Henrietta's zeal and of her
+husband's compliance. It was not enough that an agent of the Pope should
+dwell in London; an agent of the Queen of England was to go to Rome, and in
+dispatching him she was to realize a long-cherished wish.</p>
+
+<p>The first person selected for this delicate post was a gentleman named
+Brett, who died on his journey to Italy. He was succeeded by a Scotchman,
+Sir William Hamilton, brother of the Earl of Abercorn, who arrived in Rome
+in the early summer of 1636. The Queen had given him a letter of
+introduction to Barberini, which ensured him a good reception at the Papal
+Court, thus described in a private letter:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Last Monday Sir William Hamilton had his first audience of his Holiness
+who receaved him with very greate signes of joy, he is exceeding well liked
+of here by all and indeed I think he will give as good satisfaction as any
+that could have been sent from England. Cardl. Barberini hath presented him
+with tow very faire horses for his coache. He keeps correspondence with the
+Secretarye of State Winebanck ... and useth F. Jhon the Benedictine his
+meanes to conveye these letters, but this must be kept secrett to yourself
+only."<a name="FNanchor_171" id="FNanchor_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a></p>
+
+<p>It appears that the Queen was obliged to exercise a good deal of pressure
+before her husband would consent to the establishment of this agency. Blind
+as Charles was to the dangers surrounding him on all sides, he may well
+have been aware of some of the difficulties attendant on a course
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>
+
+of action
+which led to such communication between an English Secretary of State and
+an agent accredited to the Court of Rome.</p>
+
+<p>The success which attended these first bold attempts to establish relations
+between the Holy See and the Court of England encouraged further efforts.
+It was felt that Panzani, after all, had obvious disadvantages for the post
+which, nevertheless, he had filled with such promising results. He was an
+Italian, and foreigners were not liked in the British Isles. He could talk
+no English, and this was a drawback to one whose work was, in a sense,
+missionary. He had done his part in spying out the land. He must now yield
+his place to a successor, who, not handicapped by race and language, would
+be able to reap the fields already ripe to harvest.</p>
+
+<p>That successor was none other than the candidate of the King and the Queen
+for the Cardinalate, George Con, the Scot, Canon of S. John Lateran in
+Rome, who arrived in England in the early part of 1636.</p>
+
+<p>In a sense, no better appointment could have been made. The new envoy was a
+singularly fascinating person, whose long residence in the country which
+was still the intellectual and artistic centre of Europe had added an
+urbane culture to the prudence and moderation which were the gifts of his
+Scottish birth. Less opposed to the Jesuits than Panzani, he was better
+able to deal with the pro-Spanish English Catholics, who still had a
+lurking distrust of the Queen, while he was too wise to be drawn into their
+schemes. A scholar and a courtier, he knew how to commend himself to the
+Protestants of the Court, and, above all, to the King, who evinced a real
+liking for him. "I hope," said the envoy to him upon one occasion, "that my
+being a good servant to the Pope and to Cardinal Barberini will not
+prejudice me with your Majesty." Charles quickly gave him his hand, and
+said earnestly, "No, Giorgio, no,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>
+
+always be assured of this."<a name="FNanchor_172" id="FNanchor_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> The
+Queen's feeling to him was even warmer. Indeed, it may be said that George
+Con took his place among the little group of her personal friends. His
+Scotch birth was no less a recommendation to her than to Charles himself,
+for she so well remembered the ancient tie between her own land and the
+northern kingdom that she was wont to show an injudicious partiality, which
+did not tend to her popularity in England, for those who came from beyond
+the Tweed. She was prejudiced in his favour before his arrival, and she
+found him even more pious and charming than she had anticipated, so that
+both she and the King gradually received him to such intimacy and
+confidence that he seemed almost like one of the royal household.</p>
+
+<p>It is not surprising that, under the spell of this fascinating personality,
+Henrietta's Catholic zeal should have attained to a fervour unknown before,
+which annoyed and alarmed even her own Protestant servants, such as Sir
+Theodore Mayerne, who expressed his views on the matter to Con himself. The
+envoy, indeed, had come at a fortunate moment. Already Portland was dead,
+and the Queen was beginning to tread the path of influence and intrigue.
+She found in him not only a friend who warmly encouraged her efforts, but
+an efficient helper in her schemes, for what had become, in her own words,
+her "strongest passion, the advancement of the Catholic religion in this
+country."<a name="FNanchor_173" id="FNanchor_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> Moreover, he showed himself a true friend by attempting to
+correct the opinion which was rife in Rome as well as in France, that the
+quiet enjoyed by the Catholics was due rather to political reasons than to
+her influence.<a name="FNanchor_174" id="FNanchor_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a> Perhaps
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>
+
+he had some success; certainly prayers were
+offered for her in Rome, and a beautiful golden heart studded with gems,
+which she sent by the hands of one of her Capuchin Fathers to the Holy
+House of Loretto, was looked upon in papal circles "as the pledge of the
+greatness of the devout and pious heart"<a name="FNanchor_175" id="FNanchor_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a> that was doing so much for
+the Catholics of England.</p>
+
+<p>Con's dispatches are written in much the same strain as those of Panzani.
+They tell of kindness, of religious sympathy, of even greater royal favour,
+of the King's evident sympathy with Catholicism&mdash;how on one occasion he
+said, "I, too, am a Catholic," how on another his talk with the Queen on
+religious subjects was such that it would hardly be credited at Rome; of
+the success which attended the distribution among the ladies of the Court
+of the pretty religious trifles such as rosaries and pictures, which the
+care of Cardinal Barberini had sent over; of the Queen's delight in a cross
+sent to her by the Pope&mdash;how she always wore it, and how she said that it
+was the most precious thing she possessed; of the favour shown to Father
+Sancta Clara at Court, and by Windbank&mdash;how it had even been proposed that
+he should preach a sermon in the Queen's chapel about the anniversary of
+the Powder Plot, "to exculpate the Catholics from treason against Princes";
+how even the Jesuits acknowledged that never since the days of the
+negotiation for the Spanish match had the Catholics enjoyed such peace.
+Nevertheless, Con was too sagacious not to be able to read in some measure
+the signs of the times. "God only knows how long this calm will last," he
+wrote.<a name="FNanchor_176" id="FNanchor_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It was unfortunate that a person who seemed so admirably fitted for his
+post should have been obliged to relinquish his task half done. But the
+rigours of the northern climate told so severely on a constitution long
+accustomed to the suns of Italy that in 1639 Con was obliged to think of
+turning his steps southward, for not even the distinguished attentions he
+received in his sickness from the King, the Queen, and the nobility availed
+to cure him. He reached Rome, but he only recrossed the Alps to die before
+he could place on his head the Cardinal's hat, which had been so much
+striven for. On his death-bed he thought of Henrietta, and begged Cardinal
+Barberini, who was by his side, to send her a little picture of the Virgin
+as a recognition of his gratitude for her kindness, and as a memorial of
+their friendship.</p>
+
+<p>But already the shadows of the Civil War were beginning to close about the
+Queen. The bright hopes which had marked the days of Con's sojourn in
+England were becoming haunting fears, which, in their turn, were to give
+place to feelings as like despair as such natures as Henrietta's can know.</p>
+
+<p>It was probably a sad surprise to the Queen when, on the eve of the war,
+she discovered the intensity of the hatred with which her faith was
+regarded by a large section of her husband's subjects. Sagacious foreigners
+knew something of it. "The Puritans hate the Catholics as much as the
+Devil,"<a name="FNanchor_177" id="FNanchor_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a> wrote Tilli&egrave;res frankly as early as 1624. But in the Queen's
+Court all mention of such ill-bred persons and factions was avoided, unless
+some wit cracked a joke at their expense. It is true that a few of the
+great nobles were Puritans, but during the years of Charles' triumph their
+opinions were expressed with moderation, and most of the courtiers appeared
+rather inclined to the fashionable Protestant variety of faith which the
+King,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span>
+
+the Ministers, and the higher clergy professed. The real strength of
+Puritanism was in the lower middle-class, a section of the community with
+which the Queen was not likely to come in personal contact, and which,
+partly perhaps for this very reason, she was never able to conquer. Her
+refusal to be crowned with her husband gave bitter offence, and was to cost
+her dear in the future. Discontented spirits muttered to themselves that
+the King might be murdered as Henry IV had been, "and then the Queen might
+mar all."<a name="FNanchor_178" id="FNanchor_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> When in 1629 prayers were offered in the Church for the
+birth of an heir to the throne, scarcely a man could be found to answer
+Amen; and even after the birth of a Prince there were mutterings that God
+had already provided for the nation in the hopeful issue of the Queen of
+Bohemia. Ill-bred Puritan ministers, in the outspoken theological language
+of the day, prayed for the conversion of the Popish Queen; and as the
+Catholic revival developed, to dislike and disapproval was added the more
+potent force of fear.</p>
+
+<p>The language of the <i>Grand Remonstrance</i> and of many other contemporary
+documents leaves no doubt that there was a widespread belief in the
+existence of a plot managed by the "engineers and factors of Rome," of whom
+the Queen was one of the chief,<a name="FNanchor_179" id="FNanchor_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a> to capture the country and the Church
+of England. The signs in the national establishment which raised the hopes
+of the Catholics became a terror to the Puritans. It was no wonder. As Du
+Perron said from the other point of view, it was but a century since the
+schism, and the Anglican Church had not yet the stability which
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span>
+
+comes from
+time, so that the idea of its reconciliation to Rome was less chimerical
+than in later times. Nor had the attempts to make Protestantism
+co-extensive with the nation been altogether successful. It is probable
+that Richelieu overrated the importance of the English Catholics, but,
+nevertheless, the trouble he took to conciliate them bears witness to the
+light in which they were regarded in the best-informed circles on the
+Continent. Not a few of them were men of position and wealth, and their
+number was certainly considerable; it probably reached at least
+150,000,<a name="FNanchor_180" id="FNanchor_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a> or three in every hundred,<a name="FNanchor_181" id="FNanchor_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a> and one Catholic reporter
+says that in Lancashire and Yorkshire as many as a third of the population
+adhered to the old faith.<a name="FNanchor_182" id="FNanchor_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a> The Archbishop of Embrun, who was in England
+in the latter days of James, is said to have confirmed in London as many as
+10,000 persons. Another witness,<a name="FNanchor_183" id="FNanchor_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a> who had some opportunities for
+forming a judgment, believed that a third of the nation was either openly
+or secretly Catholic, and that another third, the Protestant part of the
+Church of England, only remained in schism from fear of the recusancy laws,
+and though this estimate is of course grossly exaggerated, it is
+significant as showing the opinions which were prevalent. The loudly
+expressed hopes of the Catholics reacted upon the fears of the Puritans,
+who saw in them not only the proof of the power of their open foes, but a
+confirmation of their worst suspicions regarding their more secret enemies
+in the Church of England. Laud, the most loyal of Anglican Churchmen, did
+not recognize his mistake until it was too late. Charles, who was always a
+good
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>
+
+Protestant, or in modern parlance a High Churchman, perhaps never
+recognized his even when it led him to the scaffold.</p>
+
+<p>The recklessness with which the King gave colour to the suspicions of the
+Puritans is indeed remarkable. The husband of a Catholic Queen, the son of
+a lady whose Protestantism was far from unimpeachable, he had recognized in
+early life the necessity of caution; he had no belief in the claims of the
+Church of Rome, and probably felt its attraction less strongly than his
+father, whose grandiose imagination was struck by its great claims and long
+history. Yet he showed marked favour to Roman ecclesiastics such as Du
+Perron, he allowed the triumphant ceremonies of Somerset House, and he
+sanctioned the almost open exercise of Catholic worship, only from time to
+time showing a feeble concession to the feeling of the country by such
+measures as forbidding the English Catholics to frequent the chapels of the
+ambassadors, and by issuing a proclamation which at the Queen's prayers he
+deprived of most of its force. There is, of course, only one sufficient
+explanation of his conduct. He was, it is true, like others of his family,
+a believer in a certain kind of toleration. He thought it a base thing for
+a man to change his religion, and he considered that any Christian might be
+saved. He was also, except when actuated by feelings of revenge, a merciful
+man to whom persecution was distasteful, and there were probably moods in
+which he imagined himself a second Henry IV, under whose paternal sway the
+rival religions could live at peace; but the real reason of his tenderness
+to the Catholics was his love for his wife. As in the old days Buckingham
+could make him do anything, so in later times could Henrietta Maria. Her
+tears, her smiles, her caresses won boon after boon for her
+co-religionists, until she wrung from him the last, the most disastrous
+concession of all. No single act was more fatal
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>
+
+to his throne or more
+prejudicial to the ultimate interests of the Catholics than the
+establishment of the agency which brought into England Panzani, Con, and
+later Rosetti; as these worthy men rolled about London in their fine
+carriages, secure in the royal favour, and none daring to make them afraid,
+they believed that they were helping forward the conversion of England. In
+reality, they were riveting for more than a century longer the chains of
+the English Catholics.</p>
+
+<p>As for Henrietta herself, she was unfortunate in religious as in other
+matters. It is hardly too much to say that she pulled down her husband's
+throne to help her co-religionists, and yet in the light of future events
+it must be gravely questioned whether the progress of Catholicism under her
+protection was not too dearly bought by the terror and hatred which it
+inspired in the English mind, and whether in the end the Church was
+advanced by her coming into England. On the other hand, she had just
+sufficient moderation (which showed itself particularly in her recognition
+of the impossibility of bringing up her children in her own faith) to
+render her slightly suspect to the more fanatical Catholics in Rome and
+elsewhere. When the hour of need came the English Catholics, recalling her
+benefits and dreading above all things the domination of the Puritans, did
+indeed for the most part rally loyally round her; but on the Continent it
+was chiefly remembered that she was the devoted wife of a heretic King,
+whose qualified mercy so prized at home seemed abroad but a mockery of the
+hopes of the royal marriage.<a name="FNanchor_184" id="FNanchor_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a></p>
+
+<hr style="width:10%" />
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_104" id="Footnote_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104">
+<span class="label">[104]</span></a><i>Continuation of Weekly Newes</i>, No. 43, 1624.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_105" id="Footnote_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105">
+<span class="label">[105]</span></a>The following extract from J. Evelyn's <i>State of France</i>
+(1652) shows the opinion which cultivated Protestants held of French
+Catholics:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The Roman Catholicks of France are nothing so precise, secret and bigotish
+as are either the Recusants of England, Spain and Italy, but are for the
+most part an indifferent sort of Christian, naturally not so superstitious
+and devout, nor in such Vassallage to his Holinesse as in other parts of
+Europe where the same opinions are professed: which indifferency, whether I
+may approve of or condemn, I need not declare here."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_106" id="Footnote_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106">
+<span class="label">[106]</span></a>See Avenel: <i>Lettres de Richelieu, passim.</i> The importance
+of winning over the English Catholics is dwelt upon in the instructions
+given to ambassadors; see also the memorial on the state of England drawn
+up by Fontenay-Mareuil, in 1634, which dwells upon the pro-Spanish
+tendencies of the English Catholics and the means of overcoming them: those
+English Catholics who desired benefits from France were wont to consider,
+"that whereas the Catholics of England have been traduced to be all of the
+Spanish faction, that is a mere calumny."&mdash;Archives of the See of
+Westminster.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_107" id="Footnote_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107">
+<span class="label">[107]</span></a>The original of this letter is preserved among the Archives
+of the See of Westminster.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_108" id="Footnote_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108">
+<span class="label">[108]</span></a>During the singing of the hymns and psalms he knelt down,
+and during the prayers he said his rosary: "Cela &eacute;difia fort les
+Catholiques Anglais qui ne manquoient pas d'&eacute;pier les actions des ministres
+de France, pour les rapporter aux Espagnols avec lesquels ils &eacute;toient fort
+unis."&mdash;<i>M&eacute;moires de Brienne (Ville-aux-clercs), Petitot</i> (1824), p. 391.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_109" id="Footnote_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109">
+<span class="label">[109]</span></a>Bib. Nat., MS. Dupuy, 144.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_110" id="Footnote_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110">
+<span class="label">[110]</span></a>Bib. Ste Genevi&egrave;ve, Paris, MS. 820. Tilli&egrave;res to Puisieux,
+January 9th, 1624.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_111" id="Footnote_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111">
+<span class="label">[111]</span></a>He seems to have been much liked by the English Catholics;
+he is said to have held a special commission to advance their interests.
+P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_112" id="Footnote_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112">
+<span class="label">[112]</span></a>Arch. Nat., M. 232.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_113" id="Footnote_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113">
+<span class="label">[113]</span></a>Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 44. This document goes on to say that
+the request of the Parliament for the execution of the recusancy laws was
+founded "sur la crainte des Espagnols desquels les Catholiques sont tenus
+pour fauteurs et pensionnaires," and also in the fear that the liberty
+promised at the time of the marriage would enable the Catholics "de faire
+quelque entreprise contre le bien de l'Estat." Dod, in his <i>Church
+History</i>, gives the names of only two priests who suffered the death
+penalty during the years of Charles' power.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_114" id="Footnote_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114">
+<span class="label">[114]</span></a>See the letters which, just before her marriage, she wrote
+to her brother the King of France and to the Pope on this subject. Green:
+<i>Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria</i>, pp. 8, 9.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_115" id="Footnote_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115">
+<span class="label">[115]</span></a>P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_116" id="Footnote_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116">
+<span class="label">[116]</span></a>Charles wished Father Philip to be consecrated Bishop, but
+this suggestion did not meet with the approval of the French Government.
+Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 43.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_117" id="Footnote_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117">
+<span class="label">[117]</span></a>P.R.O. French Transcripts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_118" id="Footnote_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118">
+<span class="label">[118]</span></a>"Je ne dis rien de l'assiduite de ces p&egrave;res a ouir les
+confessions depuis six heures du matin iusques a midi et demy, l'assistance
+qu'ils rendoyent aux malades et aux prisonniers. . . ."&mdash;Henrietta Maria to
+Card. Barberini, 1658. P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_119" id="Footnote_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119">
+<span class="label">[119]</span></a>A translation of these memoirs is published at the end of
+the <i>Court and Times of Charles I</i>; they are inaccurate in detail, and
+though amusing reading, do not give a high opinion of the intellect of the
+writer.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_120" id="Footnote_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120">
+<span class="label">[120]</span></a>Panzani: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_121" id="Footnote_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121">
+<span class="label">[121]</span></a>Salvetti: Add. MS., 27,962, I, f. 263.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_122" id="Footnote_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122">
+<span class="label">[122]</span></a> Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 47.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_123" id="Footnote_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123">
+<span class="label">[123]</span></a>A chapel had been built at St. James's at an earlier date;
+the "new chapel at St. James's" is mentioned in 1630.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_124" id="Footnote_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124">
+<span class="label">[124]</span></a>"Les royales ceremonies faites en l'edification d'une
+chapelle de Capucins a Londres en Angleterre dans le Palais de la Roine;
+faite par son commandement et par la permission du Roy; en laquelle
+chapelle elle a pos&eacute; la premiere pierre."&mdash;Paris, 1632.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_125" id="Footnote_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125">
+<span class="label">[125]</span></a>"Si cette genereuse Princesse, soeur du plus juste et du
+plus vaillant de tous les roys . . . s'est ainsi acquise ceste libert&eacute; de
+conscience chez elle, pensez-vous qu'elle en demeure la? et qu'elle ne
+l'acquiere pas bien tost en faveur de tous les Catholiques qui sont en
+Angleterre."&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_126" id="Footnote_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126">
+<span class="label">[126]</span></a>The French were inclined from experience in their own land
+to believe that Protestants and Catholics could live peaceably together.
+See <i>Remonstrance au roy d'Angleterre sur la miserable condition des
+Catholiques ses subjects en comparaison du favorable traictement que
+Huguenots recoivent en France</i>. MDCXXVIII.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_127" id="Footnote_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127">
+<span class="label">[127]</span></a>Arch. Nat., M. 232. The letter is endorsed "coppie d'une
+lettre dress&eacute;e par le R. P. G&eacute;n&eacute;ral pour la Reyne M&egrave;re &agrave; la Reyne
+d'Angleterre."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_128" id="Footnote_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128">
+<span class="label">[128]</span></a>Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 44.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_129" id="Footnote_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129">
+<span class="label">[129]</span></a>The Queen's attempts to soften her husband's heart towards
+the Scotch Catholics are mentioned in <i>Memoirs of Scottish Catholics during
+Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries</i>, by W. Forbes Leith, S.J.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_130" id="Footnote_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130">
+<span class="label">[130]</span></a>P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_131" id="Footnote_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131">
+<span class="label">[131]</span></a>The French translation of this petition is entitled:
+"Remonstrance et Declaration des Catholiques Anglais faites au roi
+d'Angleterre &agrave; son Couronnement du royaume d'Escosse."</p>
+
+<p>"Pour obtenir de sa Majest&eacute; la Libert&eacute; de la Religion Catholique dans
+l'estendue de ses royaumes" (1633).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_132" id="Footnote_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132">
+<span class="label">[132]</span></a>Tilli&egrave;res (see his <i>M&eacute;moires</i>) believed that the Queen,
+during the years of Weston's power, could have obtained much more liberty
+for the Catholics than she did had she been willing to work with him: he
+dwells, as do Salvetti (Add. MS., 27,962) and Fontenay-Mareuil
+(<i>M&eacute;moires</i>), upon the favour she showed to Puritans; the latter says that
+the peace of the Catholics came from their insignificance between the
+nearly equal parties of the Protestants and the Puritans, but his personal
+hostility to Henrietta may have made him unwilling to give her the credit
+which in this matter she certainly deserved.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_133" id="Footnote_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133">
+<span class="label">[133]</span></a>Archives of See of Westminster: <i>Summarium de rebus
+religionis in Anglia</i>, 1632.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_134" id="Footnote_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134">
+<span class="label">[134]</span></a>P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. As early as 1629 a letter from
+London speaks of the confidence of the Catholics in the protection of the
+Queen&mdash;"gia piu volte isperimentata" (<i>ibid</i>).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_135" id="Footnote_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135">
+<span class="label">[135]</span></a>"Elle [Henrietta Maria] edifia ce Temple magnifique dans son
+Palais de Somerset ou les P&egrave;res Capucins qu'elle y logea chanterent en
+toute libert&eacute; les louanges de Dieu. La s'assembloient comme dans le Temple
+de Jerusalem, tous les fid&egrave;les d'Angleterre: l&agrave; J&eacute;sus-Christ &eacute;toit offert &agrave;
+Dieu son p&egrave;re dans le tr&egrave;s auguste Sacrifice: la se pr&eacute;schoient hautement
+les veritez Catholiques: l&agrave; les Sacr&eacute;mens s'administroient: l&agrave; se
+vendroient &agrave; la porte les livres saints: l&agrave; tous les jours le pav&eacute; s'&eacute;toit
+baigne de larmes de joye et de douleur des justes et p&eacute;cheurs penitents: l&agrave;
+les enfans venoient adorer le Dieu de leurs P&egrave;res: l&agrave; s'abjuroit
+publiquement le schisme et le heresie: l&agrave; le Pape &eacute;toit honore comme le
+Vicaire de J&eacute;sus-Christ: l&agrave; les Images, les Huiles saintes, les pri&egrave;res
+pour les Morts estoient en usage et en respect: la en un mot l'Arche
+Vivante renversoit Dagon sur terre: l&agrave; elle exercoit ses jugements sur les
+Philistines: l&agrave; elle triomphoit des faux Dieux de Samarie."&mdash;Fran&ccedil;ois
+Faure, Oraison Fun&egrave;bre de Henriette Marie de France, Reyne de la Grande
+Bretagne (1670).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_136" id="Footnote_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136">
+<span class="label">[136]</span></a>Henrietta Maria speaks of nine hundred persons converted by
+the Capuchins, besides some ministers. P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. Henrietta
+Maria to Cardinal Barberini, 1658. Du Perron says that every year between
+two and three hundred persons were converted by means of the Capuchins and
+the Oratorians, and that besides a large number were converted by English
+priests working under the protection of the toleration.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_137" id="Footnote_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137">
+<span class="label">[137]</span></a>See Memoirs of P&egrave;re Cyprien de Gamache.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_138" id="Footnote_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138">
+<span class="label">[138]</span></a>Prynne, <i>Popish Royal Favourite</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_139" id="Footnote_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139">
+<span class="label">[139]</span></a>The King contented himself with taking one-third instead of
+two-thirds of the property of recusants.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_140" id="Footnote_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140">
+<span class="label">[140]</span></a>Archives of See of Westminster.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_141" id="Footnote_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141">
+<span class="label">[141]</span></a>Bishop Hacket: <i>Memoirs of the Life of Archbishop Williams</i> (1715), p. 87.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_142" id="Footnote_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142">
+<span class="label">[142]</span></a>Madame de Motteville, in the account of the troubles of
+England, which she heard from Henrietta Maria, says, "l'Archev&ecirc;que de
+Cantorberi qui dans son c&oelig;ur &eacute;tant tr&egrave;s bon Catholique...."&mdash;<i>M&eacute;moires
+de Mme. de Motteville</i> (1783), t. 1, p. 242.</p>
+
+<p>Heylin, who knew a good deal of Laud's mind, says: "I hold it probable
+enough that the better to oblige the Queen unto him (of whose prevailing in
+the King's affections he [Laud] could not be ignorant), he might consent to
+Con's coming hither over from the Pope."&mdash;<i>Cyprianus <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Anglicans'">Anglicanus</ins></i>, IV, p.
+411.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_143" id="Footnote_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143">
+<span class="label">[143]</span></a>Archives of See of Westminster.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_144" id="Footnote_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144">
+<span class="label">[144]</span></a>Quod non fecerunt barbari, fecerunt Barberini.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_145" id="Footnote_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145">
+<span class="label">[145]</span></a>Panzani: <i>Memoirs</i>, ed. Berington (1793), p. 191.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_146" id="Footnote_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146">
+<span class="label">[146]</span></a>Archives of See of Westminster.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_147" id="Footnote_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147">
+<span class="label">[147]</span></a>This statement rests on the authority of Panzani, who had a
+considerable prejudice against the Jesuits.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_148" id="Footnote_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148">
+<span class="label">[148]</span></a>P&egrave;re Suffren, the confessor of Mary de' Medici, seems to
+have been the only Jesuit whom he ever regarded with favour.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_149" id="Footnote_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149">
+<span class="label">[149]</span></a>Jean Jaubert de Barrault, Bishop of Bazas.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_150" id="Footnote_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150">
+<span class="label">[150]</span></a>"Les religieux et particulierement les Jesuites sont estimes
+en Angleterre broullons, aux affaires destat et les Prestres seculiers
+n'ont iammais est&eacute;s soubson&eacute;s de ceste faulte."&mdash;Archives of See of
+Westminster.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_151" id="Footnote_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151">
+<span class="label">[151]</span></a>The Proclamation against the Bishop dates from 1628, but it
+seems only to have been intended to frighten him; he did not leave England
+until 1631.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_152" id="Footnote_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152">
+<span class="label">[152]</span></a>P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_153" id="Footnote_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153">
+<span class="label">[153]</span></a>Archives of See of Westminster. Bishop Smith had compromised
+his position at Rome by expressing himself willing to resign his See and
+afterwards refusing to do so.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_154" id="Footnote_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154">
+<span class="label">[154]</span></a>The details of Douglas' mission are to be found in papers
+among the Roman Transcripts P.R.O.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_155" id="Footnote_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155">
+<span class="label">[155]</span></a>Archives of See of Westminster. This unfavourable
+description occurs in a curious paper, drawn up in 1625, headed: "Que les
+ecclesiastiques qui seront aupres de la Royne d'Angleterre doivent etre
+natives d'Angleterre mesme." A later section of the same paper is headed:
+"Que les ecclesiastiques qui seront aupres de la Royne d'Angleterre doivent
+plustost estre Prestres seculiers que Religieux." See note 1 on p. 113,
+which contains an extract from the same paper.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_156" id="Footnote_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156">
+<span class="label">[156]</span></a><i>Vita Mari&aelig; Stuart&aelig; Scoti&aelig; Regin&aelig; Dotari&aelig; Galli&aelig;, Angli&aelig; et
+Hibernis Heredis, scriptore Georgia Con&aelig;o.</i> MDCXXIV.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_157" id="Footnote_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157">
+<span class="label">[157]</span></a>P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. Henrietta Maria to Urban VIII,
+163-8/9.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_158" id="Footnote_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158">
+<span class="label">[158]</span></a>P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_159" id="Footnote_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159">
+<span class="label">[159]</span></a>Archives of See of Westminster.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_160" id="Footnote_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160">
+<span class="label">[160]</span></a>See chapter III.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_161" id="Footnote_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161">
+<span class="label">[161]</span></a>She never made any great effort to bring up her children as
+Catholics. She took Prince Charles to Mass sometimes, but desisted at her
+husband's request. In the marriage contract all that was said about the
+religion of the children of the marriage was, that they were to have free
+exercise of the Catholic religion, but it was provided that they were to be
+brought up by their mother until they reached the age of thirteen years.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_162" id="Footnote_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162">
+<span class="label">[162]</span></a>Bib. Nat., Paris, MS. Cinq Cents de Colbert, 356. Greffier
+to Du Perron, December 9th, 1632.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_163" id="Footnote_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163">
+<span class="label">[163]</span></a>P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_164" id="Footnote_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164">
+<span class="label">[164]</span></a>There were two oaths which troubled the Catholics, that of
+supremacy and that of allegiance; the first declared the King "supremo Capo
+della Chiesa Anglicana," the second was aimed at the deposing power of the
+Pope, and was drawn up in 1606. A good many Catholics, particularly the
+Benedictines, believed that the second, or oath of allegiance, could
+lawfully be taken by Catholics (who suffered commercially from their
+refusal) notwithstanding its condemnation by Paul V. Panzani's Relazione,
+Add. MS., 15,389.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_165" id="Footnote_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165">
+<span class="label">[165]</span></a>Archives of See of Westminster.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_166" id="Footnote_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166">
+<span class="label">[166]</span></a><i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_167" id="Footnote_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167">
+<span class="label">[167]</span></a><i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_168" id="Footnote_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168">
+<span class="label">[168]</span></a><i>Deus, Natura, Gratia</i> (1635). The real name of the author
+was Christopher Davenport; he died in 1680.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_169" id="Footnote_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169">
+<span class="label">[169]</span></a>Archives of See of Westminster.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_170" id="Footnote_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170">
+<span class="label">[170]</span></a>"Il Laboru sacerdote secolare m'ha detto che pochi giorni
+sono il Cantuarieuse diose alia Duchessa di Buchingam che presto questo
+Regno sar&agrave; reconciliata alia Chiesa Romana. Io non volevo credere questo ma
+detto Laboru me l'ha giurato. Io manco lo credo e se l'ha detto havr&agrave;
+burlato."&mdash;Panzani to Barberini, April 9th, 1636. Add. MS., 15,389.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_171" id="Footnote_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171">
+<span class="label">[171]</span></a>Archives of See of Westminster. Letter of Peter Fitton,
+agent of English secular clergy in Rome, July, 1636.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_172" id="Footnote_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172">
+<span class="label">[172]</span></a>Add. MS., 15,389.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_173" id="Footnote_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173">
+<span class="label">[173]</span></a>P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. Henrietta Maria to Cardinal
+Barberini, October, 1637.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_174" id="Footnote_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174">
+<span class="label">[174]</span></a>"Da questo e da altri motivi puotiamo vedere che la quiete
+che godiamo per la gratia di Dio non e per ragione del Stato come alcuni
+politici a Roma discorrono, perche tal quiete non e giudicata a proposito
+da questi ministri di Stato ma piu presto il contrario accio che tanto piu
+apparisca il zelo constante della Regina alla quale sola in terra si deve
+tutto."&mdash;June, 1639. Add. MS., 15,392, f. 64.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_175" id="Footnote_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175">
+<span class="label">[175]</span></a>P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. In 1629 she had accepted the
+dedication of the English translation of Richeome's <i>Pilgrime of Loretto</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_176" id="Footnote_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176">
+<span class="label">[176]</span></a>Add. MS., 15,389.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_177" id="Footnote_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177">
+<span class="label">[177]</span></a>MS. Fran&ccedil;ais, 23,597.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_178" id="Footnote_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178">
+<span class="label">[178]</span></a>Rous: <i>Diary</i>, Camden Soc. (1856), p. 12.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_179" id="Footnote_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179">
+<span class="label">[179]</span></a>Cf. Prynne: <i>Popish Royal Favourite</i> (1643). "By all these
+our whole 3 Kingdomes ... must of necessity now see and acknowledge that
+there is and hath bin all his Majesties Reigne till this instant a most
+strong cunning desperate confederacie prosecuted (wherein the Queens
+Majestie hath been chiefe) to set up Popery in perfection and extirpate the
+Protestant party and religion in all his Majesties dominions" (p. 35).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_180" id="Footnote_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180">
+<span class="label">[180]</span></a>150,000 is the number given by a Catholic reporter in 1635
+(Westminster Archives), and Panzani gives the same number. Add. MS.,
+15,389.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_181" id="Footnote_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181">
+<span class="label">[181]</span></a>The population of England and Wales was probably about
+5,000,000.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_182" id="Footnote_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182">
+<span class="label">[182]</span></a>Archives of See of Westminster.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_183" id="Footnote_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183">
+<span class="label">[183]</span></a>Du Perron: <i>Proces Verbal de l'assembl&eacute;e du clerge</i>, 1645.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_184" id="Footnote_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184">
+<span class="label">[184]</span></a>It can hardly be doubted that when the marriage dispensation
+was given it was hoped that Charles' successor would be a Catholic. The
+English Catholics resident abroad shared to some extent the continental
+opinion of the King and Queen of England.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER V<br />
+THE QUEEN'S CONVERTS</h2>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">Now for my converts who, you say, unfed,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Have follow'd me for miracles of bread,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Judge not by hearsay, but observe at least,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">If since their change their loaves have been increas'd.</span>
+		<span class="ind5 smcap">J. Dryden</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Considering the activity of the Catholics at the Court of Charles I and his
+Queen, it is not surprising that from time to time some one, man or woman,
+abjured the national faith to enter what it was so confidently asserted was
+the one true fold. When this occurred Protestant feeling was apt to run
+high, and the King, to whose indulgence the trouble was certainly in some
+measure due, usually expressed himself greatly shocked and indignant, and
+for a time, at least, withdrew his favour from the offender.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the most remarkable of these cases was that of the Queen's friend,
+Walter Montagu. This gentleman, who had improved his natural talents by
+travels which led him to Madrid, to Paris and to Rome, was also much
+noticed by the King, to whom he was recommended by the fact that he had
+been a friend of Buckingham, and had actually been with the Duke when he
+was assassinated at Portsmouth. He was employed a good deal on secret
+service, and once he was able to render an important service, destined to
+influence both their lives, to Queen Anne of Austria. He had been sent by
+his own sovereign to stir up Savoy and Lorraine against France, and not
+even his position as
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span>
+
+envoy of England could save him or his dispatches from
+the emissaries of Richelieu or from the Bastille. Anne was implicated in
+these intrigues against her husband's country, and in an agony of terror,
+haunted by visions of the ignominious return to Spain with which she had
+several times been threatened, she sent to Montagu to learn the extent of
+her danger. The young Englishman, who had long worshipped the beautiful
+Queen,<a name="FNanchor_185" id="FNanchor_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a> gladly seized the opportunity of proving his devotion. Let the
+Queen have no fear, came back his chivalrous answer; she was not mentioned
+in the dispatches, and rather than that she should come to harm he would
+lay down his life. This sacrifice was not required, but Anne escaped
+detection and Montagu earned her lifelong gratitude. On his return to
+England after his enlargement, he made rapid progress in the favour of
+Henrietta Maria in spite of the connection with Buckingham, which can
+hardly have been a recommendation to her. So great was the kindness with
+which she regarded him, that no courtier seemed to have before him a more
+prosperous career, when towards the end of 1635 the Court was startled by
+the news that he had joined the Church of Rome. "Sure the Devil rides
+him,"<a name="FNanchor_186" id="FNanchor_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a> was the pithy comment of one of his acquaintance, John
+Ashburnham.</p>
+
+<p>Walter, who at this time was living in Paris, defended his action in a
+highly argumentative letter which he addressed to his father, but which he
+took care to have distributed among his friends in many copies. The Earl of
+Manchester, who was said to be the best-tempered man in England, does not
+seem to have been able to support this vexation with equanimity, and he
+sent a somewhat acrid reply to his son, whose apologetics were also refuted
+by Lucius, Lord
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span>
+
+Falkland. Montagu had often enjoyed the intellectual
+hospitality of Great Tew, where men of wit and learning were accustomed to
+gather round this accomplished young nobleman, who was the more fitted for
+his task of controversy, inasmuch as his mother, his brothers and his
+sisters were among the "revolters to Rome," while his own fidelity to the
+Church of England had been for a while gravely in question.</p>
+
+<p>But before Montagu received the remonstrances and arguments of his friends
+(which, as usually happens in such cases, proved quite unavailing), he had
+met with an adventure which connects his change of faith with one of the
+most curious episodes in the religious history of the period.</p>
+
+<p>At this time all France was talking of the terrible fate of the Ursuline
+nuns at Loudun, who were manifestly possessed by the devil, and of the
+wonderful exorcisms whereby certain holy men were able to overcome his
+wiles and machinations. It was quite a fashionable amusement to ride out to
+Loudun, visit the "possessed," and witness the ceremonies of exorcism; and
+one day at the end of November, 1635, Montagu, accompanied by Thomas
+Killigrew, a literary friend whom he had met in Paris, set off and arrived
+in due course at the convent of which Satan had made his stronghold. There
+the two Englishmen, who were provided with a letter of introduction from
+the Archbishop of Tours, saw some of the marvels which are recorded in the
+<i>Histoire des Diables de Loudun</i>. The poor possessed nuns crawled about
+before them gnawing and bellowing like wild beasts and uttering fearful
+blasphemies, until the devil was forced to relinquish his prey by the
+application of various relics and the recitation of appropriate prayers.
+Strangers were always welcome at these spectacles, though sometimes they
+came away calling the poor nuns "impostorious," an epithet applied to them
+by honest John Evelyn, who knew them but by repute; but Montagu, as an
+Englishman of noble
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>
+
+birth high in the favour of the Queen of France, was
+treated with special distinction, Father Surin, the exorcist, who had been
+told by the Archbishop of Tours "so to manage matters that the English lord
+might receive edification,"<a name="FNanchor_187" id="FNanchor_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a> even permitting him to hold the hand of
+one of the most distinguished of the patients, Mother des Anges, from whom
+eventually four demons were chased. On this occasion she was possessed by
+an evil spirit named Balaam, who had boasted that on his exit he would
+print his name upon his victim's hand. But the good Father, "judging it
+more proper that a religious person should bear on her hand the name of a
+saint than that of a devil,"<a name="FNanchor_188" id="FNanchor_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a> forced him to another course of action.
+As Montagu gazed upon the poor struggling woman, who required several
+persons to hold her in her paroxysm, he beheld, as he had been led to
+expect, the name of Joseph write itself on the back of her hand in small
+red dots. This strange occurrence, which seemed to him explicable on no
+natural ground, impressed his mind as much as it was intended that it
+should,<a name="FNanchor_189" id="FNanchor_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a> and he
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>
+
+convert returned to Paris with an increased
+appreciation of the advantages of belonging to a Church which held in her
+hand the power of such marvels. He hastened to communicate his impressions
+to Richelieu, who took an interest in the nuns, and who was wont to extend
+a condescending patronage to the Englishman, whom in his heart he despised
+and distrusted. "I have seen at Loudun," wrote the new convert after
+relating his experiences, "proofs so miraculous of the power of the Church
+that above my belief I owe to God perpetual gratitude"; nor, he added, was
+he alone in his admiration. Several Englishmen "who were possessed by a
+spirit of falsehood and contradiction"<a name="FNanchor_190" id="FNanchor_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a> had come away confessing with
+him that the matter was miraculous. His friend Killigrew was not, it seems,
+one of these convicted gainsayers. The poet left Loudun quite unconvinced
+and rather sceptical about the whole affair, though he confessed that he
+could not account for the print on the nun's hand.<a name="FNanchor_191" id="FNanchor_191"></a><a href="#Footnote_191" class="fnanchor">[191]</a></p>
+
+<p>Montagu's prospects of a great career in the service of the King were over.
+He loudly asserted his loyalty, but probably he hardly needed his father's
+stern reminder that though "the King's benignitie and goodnesse is always
+to interpret the best," yet "his Majestie hath a better opinion of those
+that are bred such [i.e. Catholics] than of those who become such by
+relapse."<a name="FNanchor_192" id="FNanchor_192"></a><a href="#Footnote_192" class="fnanchor">[192]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>In effect, the King from that moment turned his back upon his servant,
+whom, it seems, he had never personally much liked. Not even the memory of
+Buckingham could cover such a failure of loyalty and patriotism.</p>
+
+<p>But Walter was not to suffer by a change of faith, which some people, and
+among them Cardinal Richelieu (whom the convert's account of his
+experiences left untouched), were not slow to attribute to self-interest
+rather than to religious feeling. The Queen had always been fond of him on
+account of his singular charm of manner, which often fascinated even his
+enemies, and after his conversion she admitted him to a degree of intimacy
+and confidence which more than made up for the coldness of the King. It was
+felt, indeed, that for a while he had better remain upon the Continent, and
+he spent a pleasant time in Paris, where he showed his zeal for his
+new-found faith by professing himself ready to die for it, and by
+accompanying the King of France to Mass with a rosary hung round his neck.
+Thence he passed on to Turin, where he met with a warm reception from
+Henrietta's sister Christine, whose acquaintance he had made some years
+earlier when he was in Savoy as secret agent for the King of England. Now
+he was able to present to the Duchess a warm letter of introduction from
+her sister, and it appears that he did her some trifling service which led
+to a pleasant correspondence between the Courts of England and Savoy.</p>
+
+<p>"Pardon me," wrote Henrietta, "that I have not written to you earlier ...
+to thank you ... for the favours which you have shown to Wat Montague. I
+know that you have done it for my sake, though truly he merits them for his
+own. He does nothing but praise the honours which you have done him, and I
+believe that he for his part would gladly lose his life for your
+service.... I am very glad that Wat has been able to do you some service. I
+am sure that he has done it with all his heart. As for his melancholy
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>
+
+humour, that is perhaps some scruple of conscience which he will lose at
+Rome. Besides, he is not naturally very gay."<a name="FNanchor_193" id="FNanchor_193"></a><a href="#Footnote_193" class="fnanchor">[193]</a></p>
+
+<p>He went to Rome, and whether he lost his scruples there or not he enjoyed
+himself very much, keeping a household of seven servants, dining at the
+English College with the prestige of a recent convert, and cultivating the
+further acquaintance of the Barberini who, when he was in the city before,
+had shown him distinguished attentions, which they now felt had not been
+thrown away. The Pope, who "was as much a pretender to be oecumenical
+patron of poets as Head of the Church,"<a name="FNanchor_194" id="FNanchor_194"></a><a href="#Footnote_194" class="fnanchor">[194]</a> liked a convert who was also a
+wit, while Cardinal Francesco honoured his visitor with so warm a
+friendship that henceforth the two men carried on a frequent
+correspondence.<a name="FNanchor_195" id="FNanchor_195"></a><a href="#Footnote_195" class="fnanchor">[195]</a> Still, despite these distractions, Montagu's eyes all
+the time were fixed upon England. His return thither was much desired by
+the papal party, and particularly by Con, who was aware of his influence
+over the Queen. She, for her part, used all her power with her husband to
+win his recall; but Charles, who never got over an affront, was not easily
+to be persuaded, and it was not until 1636 that the offender was allowed to
+return to take his place among Henrietta's servants and friends.</p>
+
+<p>At the Court of the Queen he found plenty to occupy him. He was, above all
+things, a ladies' man&mdash;<i>un petit fou</i>, only fit to amuse ladies<a name="FNanchor_196" id="FNanchor_196"></a><a href="#Footnote_196" class="fnanchor">[196]</a>&mdash;as
+Richelieu rudely wrote of him; and it was to be expected that in the
+religious struggles of the Court women should take a considerable part.
+Such a war always appeals to feminine feelings
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span>
+
+and logic, and in this case
+the leader of the army was a woman, and one who, though clever and
+energetic, was essentially feminine both in heart and mind. The agents of
+the Papacy were far too acute to neglect so obvious a source of influence.
+Not only was the Queen flattered in every way, but skilful efforts were
+made to win the noble ladies who surrounded her. The Anglicans were not
+blind to the danger, as appears from the fact that John Cosin, who spent
+most of his life in fighting the Catholics and in being accused of Popery
+by the Puritans, published a little book of Hours of Prayer, which the
+latter called by the pretty name of "Mr. Cozens his cozening devotions," to
+counteract the influence of the <i>Hor&aelig;</i>, used by Henrietta's Catholic
+ladies. But the attacking party had certain advantages to which those of
+the defence could not aspire. The pictures, the relics, the medals, which
+Panzani and Con took care to distribute, were greatly valued by their
+recipients, and pleased even such great ladies as the Marchioness of
+Hamilton and the Countess of Denbigh. The latter of these ladies had long
+been unsettled in the established religion. It was indeed for her guidance
+and at her request that Cosin had written his <i>Book of Hours</i>. Many years
+were to elapse before she finally abandoned the Church of England, but no
+doubt these fascinating trifles played their part in preparing her spirit
+for the eventual change.</p>
+
+<p>But there were women at the Court who were not to be won by such methods,
+but who entered into the thorny path of controversy. Such an one was Lady
+Newport, a relative of the late Duke of Buckingham. She had Catholic
+relatives, and, thinking perhaps to reclaim them, she attempted argument
+with no less a person than Con himself. The result was not very surprising.
+Lady Newport was no match for the subtle and insinuating envoy, and the
+upshot of her discussions with him was that one night, as she was returning
+home from the play in Drury Lane, she turned
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span>
+
+aside to Somerset House, where
+one of the Capuchin Fathers quietly reconciled her to the Church of Rome.
+Her feet were caught in the snare from which she had hoped to rescue
+others.</p>
+
+<p>A storm of indignation arose. The irate husband hurried off to Lambeth to
+enlist the sympathy of Laud, who, nothing loath, laid the matter before the
+King and the Council. "I did my duty to the King and State openly in
+Council,"<a name="FNanchor_197" id="FNanchor_197"></a><a href="#Footnote_197" class="fnanchor">[197]</a> wrote the Archbishop complacently to Wentworth. The names of
+Sir Toby Matthew and of Walter Montagu were freely mentioned in connection
+with the conversion, and though well-informed persons believed that Con
+alone was to blame, these two gentlemen did not escape a considerable
+measure of unpopularity. Laud, who, though he was anxious not to offend the
+Queen, was becoming alarmed at the boldness of the Catholics, went down on
+his knees to the King, praying for the banishment of Montagu, and for leave
+to proceed against Sir Toby in the High Commission Court. As for Con, he
+said bitterly, he knew neither how he came to Court nor what he was doing
+there, and therefore he would say nothing of him.</p>
+
+<p>The King did not grant the Archbishop's modest request, but at the Council
+table he spoke so bitterly of both the culprits that "the fright made Wat
+keep his chamber longer than his sickness would have detained him, and Don
+Tobiah was in such perplexity that I find he will make a very ill man to be
+a martyr, by now the dog doth again wag his tail."<a name="FNanchor_198" id="FNanchor_198"></a><a href="#Footnote_198" class="fnanchor">[198]</a></p>
+
+<p>The storm, indeed, quickly blew over. Lord Newport forgave his wife, who
+discreetly retired to France for a time. Even the Queen, who had been
+greatly angered at the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span>
+
+treatment of the Catholics, particularly of Montagu,
+forgave the Archbishop and received him with the modified favour which was
+all she ever had to bestow upon him. Everything seemed to be as before,
+only perhaps Laud kept a more watchful eye upon the recusants, and two
+years later he was able to take a revenge at once upon the Queen and upon
+her priests by causing "two great Trusses of Popish books,"<a name="FNanchor_199" id="FNanchor_199"></a><a href="#Footnote_199" class="fnanchor">[199]</a> coming
+from France for the use of the Capuchins, to be seized by the officers of
+the Court of High Commission.</p>
+
+<p>But unfortunately the troubles which had been occasioned by the conversion
+of the Countess of Newport did not deter other susceptible ladies from
+following in her steps. "The great women fall away every day,"<a name="FNanchor_200" id="FNanchor_200"></a><a href="#Footnote_200" class="fnanchor">[200]</a> sighed
+a good Protestant, writing to a friend in May, 1638. That his plaint was
+not without cause is evident from the following portion of a letter which
+was written by a foreigner who was then resident in England:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"The Queen's Majesty has frequented her chapel of Somerset House all Holy
+Week with great concourse and rejoicing of these Catholics, to the great
+chagrin of the Puritans. Besides the accustomed ceremonies and devotions of
+this week, on Holy Saturday a score of ladies of the Court, of whom the
+chief was the Duchess of Buckingham, were seen to receive all the
+ceremonies of baptism (except the water) at the hands of a Capuchin Father,
+and afterwards the sacrament of confirmation at those of the Bishop of
+Angoul&ecirc;me, the Grand Almoner of the Queen. All was done within the chapel
+in the tribune of Her Majesty ... and in her presence. These ladies desired
+this kind of second baptism because they received the first at the hands of
+Protestant ministers, which they hold to be valid in a certain sense, and
+yet nevertheless mutilated."</p>
+
+<p>The narrator goes on to speak of the anger of the Puritans,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span>
+
+who complained
+bitterly of such proceedings and of the indifference of Charles to their
+clamour. "They will have to calm themselves," he adds, for "to-day the
+Queen has greater authority with the King than any one else."<a name="FNanchor_201" id="FNanchor_201"></a><a href="#Footnote_201" class="fnanchor">[201]</a></p>
+
+<p>This was in the spring of the year 1638, a few months after the beginning
+of the Scotch troubles and two years and a half before the meeting of the
+Long Parliament.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width:10%" />
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_185" id="Footnote_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185">
+<span class="label">[185]</span></a>"My sute is that if ever you have occasion to speak to the
+Blessed Queene (Anne) of any ill thing that you express it by naming me,
+for that's the only way I can hope she should ever heare of me
+againe."&mdash;Walter Montagu to Earl of Carlisle. Egerton MS., 2596.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_186" id="Footnote_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186">
+<span class="label">[186]</span></a><i>Cal. S.P. Dom.</i>, 1635, p. 512.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_187" id="Footnote_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187">
+<span class="label">[187]</span></a>"Le P&egrave;re Surin de la compagnie de J&eacute;sus aiant recu une
+lettre de Mgr. l'archeveque de Tours par laquelle il lui reccommandoit de
+faire en sorte que le Sieur de Montagu re&ccedil;&ucirc;t edification aux
+exorcisms."&mdash;<i>Proc&egrave;s-verbal</i> of exorcisms printed in <i>Histoire des Diables
+de Loudun</i>, 1693.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_188" id="Footnote_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188">
+<span class="label">[188]</span></a><i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_189" id="Footnote_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189">
+<span class="label">[189]</span></a>The following is Montagu's own account: "Nous estions ...
+presents au sortir du diable qui avoit commandment de tracer le nom de
+Joseph sur la main pour marque de la sortie. Je tenois la fille par la main
+quand elle fit le grand cris [sic] et quand le prestre nous nous dit qu'il
+falloit chercher le signe et ie vis escrire peu a peu les lettres de Joseph
+sur le dos de la main en petites pointes de sang ou elles demeurent
+gravees."&mdash;Montagu to Richelieu, November 30th, 1635. Aff. Etran. Ang., t.
+45.</p>
+
+<p>The case of the nuns of Loudun has never been satisfactorily explained; the
+"possessions" and exorcisms were witnessed by a large number of persons,
+none of whom were able to convict the nuns of fraud. Urbain Grandier, the
+priest who was believed to have bewitched them, was burned in 1634. The
+following account of Mother des Anges is taken from a biography, written
+towards the end of the seventeenth century, of Mother Louise Eug&eacute;nie de la
+Fontaine of the Order of the Visitation: "M&egrave;re des Anges etoit une &agrave;me dont
+les conduites extraordinaires de Dieu sur elle donnoient beaucoup
+d'admiration. Chacun scait que dans les fameuses possessions de Loudun ces
+saintes filles eprouv&egrave;rent cet effroyable fl&eacute;au. La m&egrave;re des Anges (que le
+feu P&egrave;re Surin conduisit et admiroit) en etoit une; il chassa de son corps
+quatre demons dont le premier &eacute;crivit en sortant en gros ses lettres sur la
+main droite J&eacute;sus, le second en moindre caract&egrave;re Marie, et le troisi&egrave;me
+Joseph en plus petit, et le quatri&egrave;me encore moindre Fran&ccedil;ois de Sales; ces
+noms etoient gravez sous le peau, ils paroissoient comme de coleur de rose
+s&egrave;ches mais ils prenoient un vermeil miraculeux au moment de la sainte
+communion."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_190" id="Footnote_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190">
+<span class="label">[190]</span></a>Montagu to Richelieu, November 30th, 1635. Aff. Etran. Ang.,
+t. 45.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_191" id="Footnote_191"></a><a href="#FNanchor_191">
+<span class="label">[191]</span></a>See Killigrew's own account of the <i>affaire</i> printed in
+<i>European Magazine</i>, 1803, Vol. 43, p. 102.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_192" id="Footnote_192"></a><a href="#FNanchor_192">
+<span class="label">[192]</span></a>"The coppy of a letter sent from France by Mr. Walter
+Montagu to his father the Lord Privie Seale with his answere thereunto.
+Also a second answer to the same letter by the Lord Falkland" (1641), p.
+20.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_193" id="Footnote_193"></a><a href="#FNanchor_193">
+<span class="label">[193]</span></a>Ferrero: <i>Lettres de Henriette Marie de France reine
+d'Angleterre &agrave; sa soeur Christine duchesse de Savoie</i> (1881), p. 45.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_194" id="Footnote_194"></a><a href="#FNanchor_194">
+<span class="label">[194]</span></a><i>Lignea Ligenda</i> (1653), p. 169.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_195" id="Footnote_195"></a><a href="#FNanchor_195">
+<span class="label">[195]</span></a>Copies of Montagu's letters to Barberini, extending over
+many years, are among the Roman Transcripts in the P.R.O.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_196" id="Footnote_196"></a><a href="#FNanchor_196">
+<span class="label">[196]</span></a>P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_197" id="Footnote_197"></a><a href="#FNanchor_197">
+<span class="label">[197]</span></a>Laud wrote to Wentworth November 1st, 1637. Laud's Works,
+Vol. VII, p. 379. See the account of the matter from Laud's point of view
+in Heylin: <i>Cyprians <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Anglians'">Anglicanus</ins></i>, Bk. IV, p. 359 (1668).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_198" id="Footnote_198"></a><a href="#FNanchor_198">
+<span class="label">[198]</span></a>Conway to Strafford. <i>The Earl of Stafford's Letters and
+Dispatches</i>, II, 125.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_199" id="Footnote_199"></a><a href="#FNanchor_199">
+<span class="label">[199]</span></a>Turner MS., LXVII.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_200" id="Footnote_200"></a><a href="#FNanchor_200">
+<span class="label">[200]</span></a> <i>The Earl of Stafford's Letters and Dispatches</i>, II, 165.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_201" id="Footnote_201"></a><a href="#FNanchor_201">
+<span class="label">[201]</span></a>Salvetti. Add. MS., 27,962, H., f. 125.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER VI<br />
+THE EVE OF THE WAR</h2>
+
+<p class="center">I</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">Some happy wind over the ocean blow</span>
+		<span class="ind1">This tempest yet, which frights our island so.</span>
+		<span class="ind5 smcap">Edmund Waller</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>On July 23rd, 1637, the new liturgy, which the care of Archbishop Laud had
+provided for the Scottish Church, was to be read for the first time in the
+Church of St. Giles in Edinburgh. The clergyman entered the reading-desk
+and the service began. But before he had read many words a tumult, in which
+a crowd of women of the lower class took a prominent part, arose. National
+feeling and religious feeling were alike outraged by the introduction of
+the new Mass-book from England,<a name="FNanchor_202" id="FNanchor_202"></a><a href="#Footnote_202" class="fnanchor">[202]</a> and the assembly, which had been
+called together for public worship, broke up in wild confusion. That local
+riot, which seemed but an ebullition of temporary fanaticism and
+discontent, was in reality the symptom of a grave disease in the body
+politic. It meant for Scotland the beginning of a civil war, which soon was
+to cross the border and to break up in the sister kingdom the long internal
+peace which had made her the envied of Europe. It meant for Henrietta Maria
+and her husband the end of their happy, careless years,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span>
+
+and the entering
+upon a series of misfortunes, the number and bitterness of which are almost
+unparalleled even in the annals of the House of Stuart.</p>
+
+<p>After the riot events moved quickly, for behind the rioters was the virile
+force of the Scottish nation. Charles was unwilling to give way, and by
+November his northern subjects were almost in open revolt.</p>
+
+<p>It was an unfortunate moment. The English Puritans, who were irritated by
+their own grievances, showed an indecorous satisfaction in the Scottish
+events, as shrewd observers, such as Salvetti, the Florentine envoy in
+London, were not slow to observe. The King had no money to meet expenses,
+and no means of getting any, except the objectionable one of calling a
+Parliament. Abroad the outlook was no better, and Charles and Henrietta
+ought to have known, if they did not, that they had no friend upon whom
+they could rely in such a strait.</p>
+
+<p>They were to find that it was not for nothing that they had scouted the
+threats and warnings of Richelieu. That old man, sitting in his study in
+the Palais Cardinal in Paris, held in his frail hands the threads of all
+the diplomacy of Europe. He had long looked with no favourable eye upon
+England, for the alliance which he had himself brought about had proved one
+of his greatest disappointments. The union of the crowns of England and
+Scotland had deprived France of a warm and constant ally,<a name="FNanchor_203" id="FNanchor_203"></a><a href="#Footnote_203" class="fnanchor">[203]</a> and it was
+to counterbalance this loss that Henry IV had planned, and Richelieu had
+carried out, Henrietta's marriage. The Cardinal had not reckoned upon the
+indeed somewhat
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span>
+
+unlikely contingency that a royal marriage should also
+become a marriage of affection and community of interest. The first step in
+his defeat was the dismission of the French in 1626, and this insult, which
+circumstances did not permit him to avenge at once, was never forgiven to
+its author the King of England, whom he also hated, because, in the words
+of Madame de Motteville, he believed him to have a Spanish heart, and
+because Queen Anne was allowed to carry on her Spanish correspondence by
+way of England. Of Henrietta he had hardly a better opinion. She had
+fulfilled none of the purposes for which he had sent her into England, and
+though originally she had unwillingly submitted to her husband's will in
+the matter of her servants, in later days she had made no great effort to
+recall them. She had done little to cement an alliance between the two
+kingdoms, and the English Catholics, whom she had been specially
+commissioned to win over, remained, for the most part, obstinately attached
+to the interests of Spain. Their relations had been, moreover, severely
+strained by the Chateauneuf episode, and they were further embittered by
+the disgrace and exile of Mary de' Medici, which her daughter rightly
+attributed to Richelieu, whose conduct in the matter she considered an act
+of the blackest ingratitude towards the woman who had made his fortune.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, about this time Richelieu made a final attempt to win the
+personal favour of the Queen of England. He dispatched the Count of
+Estrades on a special mission to England, of which no inconsiderable part
+was to discover the sentiments of the Queen, and he told Belli&egrave;vre, the
+French ambassador in London, that he believed her to be friendly towards
+France, and requested him to treat her with kindness and sympathy. Neither
+of the envoys met with much success. Estrades found Henrietta so forbidding
+that he did not dare to deliver the letter which Richelieu had confided to
+him, and which he had charged
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span>
+
+him to give or retain, according to the
+disposition of the royal lady to whom it was addressed.<a name="FNanchor_204" id="FNanchor_204"></a><a href="#Footnote_204" class="fnanchor">[204]</a> Belli&egrave;vre was
+rather better received, but though the Queen showed herself willing to talk
+with him and expressed general goodwill towards the Cardinal, the
+diplomatist soon discovered that all she desired was help in a private
+matter which he waived aside, but in which Richelieu determined to gratify
+her, as he saw in it a means of ingratiating himself with her at small
+cost.</p>
+
+<p>The Chevalier de Jars, since his dramatic reprieve on the scaffold, had
+languished in the Bastille. He had good friends both in England and in
+France, but none more persevering and faithful than the Queen of England,
+who never forgot a friend in trouble. Over and over again she pleaded with
+Richelieu on his behalf, but for a long while he turned a deaf ear to her
+appeals, answering her letters on the subject almost rudely. But in the
+beginning of 1638 his attitude changed, and he intimated that a little more
+persuasion on the part of Henrietta would result in the fulfilment of her
+desire.</p>
+
+<p>The matter was conducted with a studied picturesqueness of detail which was
+carefully arranged by Richelieu to gratify the vanity of the woman he
+wished to please. It was taken out of the hands of the English ambassador,
+the Earl of Leicester, and arranged by Walter Montagu, who was at the
+Queen's side in London, and by his personal friend Sir Kenelm Digby, who
+was staying in Paris, in a private capacity, enjoying the society of his
+many learned and scientific friends who resided there. Montagu and Digby
+exchanged many letters, and the latter had several interviews with
+Richelieu. During one of these he presented
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>
+
+to the Cardinal a letter which
+the Queen had requested him to deliver. The old man read it with great
+satisfaction, though he had to request Sir Kenelm to help him in
+deciphering several words, for Henrietta's writing was always very
+illegible. When he had finished he laid it down, and looking hard at his
+visitor, said in a meaning tone, "I am much pleased with the Queen's
+letter, and you may assure her that she shall soon have cause to be pleased
+with me."<a name="FNanchor_205" id="FNanchor_205"></a><a href="#Footnote_205" class="fnanchor">[205]</a></p>
+
+<p>A few days later, about eight o'clock in the morning, a coach stopped at
+the door of Sir Kenelm's lodgings, from which descended Chavigny, the
+Secretary of State, and the Chevalier de Jars. Chavigny, after he had
+greeted the astonished knight, waved his hand towards his charge and said,
+in the courtly accents of a French diplomatist, "Monsieur, I have the
+orders of the King and of M. le Cardinal to place this gentleman in your
+hands. He is no longer the prisoner of the King of France, but of the Queen
+of England."<a name="FNanchor_206" id="FNanchor_206"></a><a href="#Footnote_206" class="fnanchor">[206]</a></p>
+
+<p>"It is to be hoped," Montagu had written a few weeks earlier to a member of
+the French Government, "that the end of this affair will be the beginning
+of that end to which we have always looked, namely, a good understanding
+between the Queen and M. le Cardinal."<a name="FNanchor_207" id="FNanchor_207"></a><a href="#Footnote_207" class="fnanchor">[207]</a> This hope was not fulfilled.
+Henrietta was indeed greatly pleased at her friend's release, and she
+cannot have failed to admire the graceful manner in which the great man had
+granted his favour, but a single act of kindness on the one hand and a
+single sentiment of gratitude on the other could not overcome the mutual
+distrust of years. Moreover, events were even then occurring which were
+destroying any good feeling of which the incident may have been productive.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For some years Mary de' Medici had been casting her eyes upon England as a
+possible refuge. She disliked the Low Countries, where she was living, and
+as she felt no desire to return to her native Florence, which was the place
+of retirement selected for her by Louis XIII, or rather by Richelieu, she
+thought that it might be wise to take advantage of the kindness which her
+son-in-law, the King of England, had always felt for her. Her presence was
+not desired in England; she was considered, with some justice, a
+quarrelsome and mischief-making old lady, and her bigoted religious
+attitude, joined with the favours which she showed to Spain, were
+sufficient to make her unpopular among the people. Charles, however much he
+might pity her as the victim of Richelieu, dreaded, short of money as he
+was, so expensive and inconvenient a guest. Even Henrietta, with the
+thought of her childhood in her mind, was afraid of her mother's arbitrary
+interference. "<i>Adieu ma libert&eacute;</i>," she sighed. Perhaps the Queen-Mother
+gathered that she would not be welcome, for the project seems to have been
+in abeyance when England was startled by the arrival of another exiled lady
+whose character and career presented even more of excitement and variety.</p>
+
+<div class="imgcenter" style="width: 497px;">
+<img src="images/illus170.jpg" width="497" height="600" alt="The Duchess of Chevreuse. After the Picture by Moreelse Once in the Possession of Charles I" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE DUCHESS OF CHEVREUSE<br />
+AFTER THE PICTURE BY MOREELSE ONCE IN THE POSSESSION OF CHARLES I</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Madame de Chevreuse, on arriving in Madrid, had been received with great
+kindness, as was only to be expected, for she had been a good friend to
+Spain. But after some years of residence in the Spanish capital she found
+that, owing to the war between the two countries, communication with France
+was extremely difficult. She also began to think of England, where she had
+spent some happy days of her earlier life. She felt sure of a good
+reception, for she was united to the King by their common political
+sympathy with the Spanish, and the Queen, in the past, had regarded her
+with much affection. Her intention was quickly acted upon. She set sail
+from Corunna in May, 1638, and after a successful voyage landed in England.
+She had not
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span>
+
+deceived herself. The reception given to her by her royal hosts
+was worthy of her rank as the wife of a kinsman of the King of England and
+of her position as a personal friend of his Queen. Charles and Henrietta,
+who were never wanting in hospitality, bade her heartily welcome, and even
+invited her to be present at Windsor on the occasion of the little Prince
+of Wales' investiture with the insignia of the Order of the Garter, an
+attention which was due to the fact that her husband was himself a knight
+of that noble order.<a name="FNanchor_208" id="FNanchor_208"></a><a href="#Footnote_208" class="fnanchor">[208]</a> Nevertheless, the arrival of this factious lady
+at so critical a moment was part of that tragic ill-luck of the King and
+Queen of England on which their contemporaries remarked.</p>
+
+<p>In London Madame de Chevreuse found many friends, among whom were her
+former lover, the Earl of Holland, and Walter Montagu, whose early devotion
+to her time had not destroyed. With the latter she at once began to scheme
+for the coming of Mary de' Medici, and though for a while it seemed
+unlikely that her plans would succeed, owing to the opposition of the King
+and the whole nation, yet such was the effect of her skill and persistency
+that, a few months after her own arrival, she witnessed the entry into
+London of that unfortunate royal lady, in whose sojourn in England must be
+sought one of the immediate contributory causes of the Civil War. Well
+might Richelieu write on this occasion, with even more truth than he knew,
+that "there is nothing so capable of destroying a state as evil minds
+protected by their sex."<a name="FNanchor_209" id="FNanchor_209"></a><a href="#Footnote_209" class="fnanchor">[209]</a></p>
+
+<p>Mary de' Medici arrived in the end unexpectedly. One Sunday afternoon a
+gentleman of her suite arrived at the Court and announced that she had
+already put to sea, and would land at Harwich that same evening if she were
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span>
+
+assured of a welcome. Neither the King nor the Queen was pleased, but
+Charles was too true a gentleman and Henrietta too affectionate a daughter
+not to receive her with all honour. The King rode out into the country to
+meet her, and escorted her through London amid official rejoicings,
+described by a French gentleman in an elaborate account which reflects his
+satisfaction.<a name="FNanchor_210" id="FNanchor_210"></a><a href="#Footnote_210" class="fnanchor">[210]</a> Henrietta awaited her mother at St. James's Palace,
+where she received her affectionately, settling her in the pleasant rooms
+which had been there prepared, whence the old lady could look out upon the
+deer park, and upon the beautiful terrace, which formed the favourite
+promenade of the Court.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, Scottish affairs were going from bad to worse. "They growl, but
+I hope they will not bite,"<a name="FNanchor_211" id="FNanchor_211"></a><a href="#Footnote_211" class="fnanchor">[211]</a> wrote a courtier. They were to bite only
+too soon. In February, 1638, thousands of Scots were signing the National
+Covenant. A few months later the General Assembly of the Kirk sitting at
+Glasgow abolished episcopacy, and followed up this act of defiance by
+refusing to dissolve at the command of the King's commissioner. Charles
+began to appreciate that his northern subjects were in open rebellion,
+whose due chastisement was the sword.</p>
+
+<p>But then, as ever, he was crippled by lack of money, and one of the means
+which was taken to procure it was another of those acts by which he and his
+wife set themselves against the will and sentiment of their people, and
+thus prepared the way for their own final ruin, though, in this case, the
+blame fell chiefly upon Henrietta, and it is doubtful whether Charles'
+share in the transaction was known to the Puritans.<a name="FNanchor_212" id="FNanchor_212"></a><a href="#Footnote_212" class="fnanchor">[212]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The English Catholics had enjoyed for many years an unprecedented peace and
+liberty, which now, owing to the kindness of the King and the Court for the
+fascinating Con, had reached such a pitch that England appeared to
+foreigners almost like a Catholic country. The recusancy fines, which were
+still exacted in a modified form, kept up a certain feeling of irritation,
+but on the whole the Catholics were loyal. They felt much gratitude towards
+the Queen, on whom their prosperity depended, and when the Scotch rebellion
+broke out they would have liked to bear arms in the King's service. Con,
+who believed that Charles would willingly have employed them, assured him
+that few of his subjects would fight for him as loyally as those of the
+ancient faith. The King possibly believed him, but true to his cautious
+nature he preferred to ask for a present of money, which the envoy, who,
+notwithstanding his short sojourn in England, had a minute acquaintance
+with the persons and circumstances of the English Catholics, set himself to
+procure. As a first step he called together representatives both of the
+clergy and of the laity, and laid before them the royal request.</p>
+
+<p>He had undertaken no easy task. Some of the Catholics, to whom sad
+experience had taught prudence, were alarmed at the idea of helping the
+King to rule without the need of calling Parliament. Others, going to the
+opposite extreme, offered their contributions separately, hoping thus to
+gain the royal favour. Worst of all, the ill-feeling between the secular
+and regular clergy made any cooperation between the two bodies a matter of
+great difficulty. From meetings lasting many hours, at which he had
+attempted to weld together these discordant elements, and from still more
+fatiguing private audiences, Con, ill and suffering as he then was, came
+away weary and dispirited, complaining bitterly of the "obstinate prudence"
+of the Jesuits and of the self-seeking of all. "This kingdom,"
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span>
+
+he wrote on
+one of these occasions to Cardinal Barberini, "has no men who are moved by
+the common good, but each one thinks only of his private interest."<a name="FNanchor_213" id="FNanchor_213"></a><a href="#Footnote_213" class="fnanchor">[213]</a></p>
+
+<p>At first the Queen's name appears little, but she watched the negotiations
+carefully, and in their latter stages she sent Montagu and Father Philip to
+attend the meetings on her behalf, and to bring her news of an undertaking
+in whose success she was deeply interested, and in which, for
+constitutional reasons, she was now actively to intervene.</p>
+
+<p>The fears of the more timid Catholics were not idle, but showed a truer
+political insight than either Charles or Henrietta possessed. It was
+necessary to reassure them without allowing the King's name to appear. The
+best expedient which could be devised was to make the contribution appear
+as a gift, which at the Queen's instigation was offered to her by her
+co-religionists. Henrietta had at her side the ingenious Montagu and the
+fantastic Sir Kenelm Digby, who was always pleased to adventure himself in
+any new enterprise. These two gentlemen now issued a joint appeal to the
+Catholics of England, asking, in the Queen's name, for liberal
+contributions, and to this appeal she herself prefixed a dignified letter
+urging her co-religionists to contribute liberally to the King's expenses
+in the northern expedition, "for we believed that it became us who have
+been so often interested in the solicitation of their benefits, to show
+ourselves now in the persuasion of their gratitudes."<a name="FNanchor_214" id="FNanchor_214"></a><a href="#Footnote_214" class="fnanchor">[214]</a> These letters,
+together with one from the ecclesiastical authorities, were circulated
+throughout the land; for each shire of England and Wales one or more
+collectors was appointed from among the Catholic gentry.<a name="FNanchor_215" id="FNanchor_215"></a><a href="#Footnote_215" class="fnanchor">[215]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The Queen had already asked the Catholics to fast every Saturday "for the
+King's happy progression in his designs, and for his safe return," and
+special services were held in her chapel for the same intention. This was
+very well, but it was a different matter when money was asked for from
+those who for years had borne more than their share of taxation. In spite
+of the zeal of the promoters of the scheme, the money came in but slowly.
+The difficulties of collection were great, and though individuals, such as
+the Dowager Countess of Rutland, who cheerfully gave &pound;500, were generous,
+the general response was not hearty. The Queen, whose sanguine disposition
+often caused her to be disappointed, was distressed at the smallness of the
+sum which she would be able to offer to the King, and her fertile brain
+devised another expedient by which she hoped to increase the &pound;30,000<a name="FNanchor_216" id="FNanchor_216"></a><a href="#Footnote_216" class="fnanchor">[216]</a>
+she had received from the Catholics to &pound;50,000; &pound;10,000 she laid aside out
+of her own revenue, and the remainder she hoped to raise among the ladies
+of England, "as well widows as wives." Her own friends, the great ladies of
+the Court, offered each her &pound;100 with due <i>empressement</i>, but outside that
+circle the project was not a success, and Henrietta and her advisers were
+left to lament once more the lack of loyalty in those whose pleasure they
+considered it should have been to contribute to their sovereign's need.</p>
+
+<p>In April Charles set out for Scotland. He left his wife almost regent in
+his absence, for he had ordered the Council to defer to her advice.
+Henrietta was thus in a position of greater importance and authority than
+ever before, and she had the satisfaction of feeling that her influence
+over her husband was steadily increasing. The difficult circumstances,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span>
+
+now
+beginning to entangle her as in a net, were developing that love of
+intrigue which had already shown itself in happier times. She had,
+moreover, no mean instructors in the art of diplomatic chicanery in two
+women who at this time were together at her side exercising a considerable
+influence over her. Madame de Chevreuse and Lady Carlisle, since the
+arrival of the former in England, had joined hands in a friendship which
+had its origin, perhaps, in a common hatred of Richelieu, but which might
+be easily accounted for by similarity of character and aims. Madame de
+Chevreuse could, indeed, boast a wider experience, for she had taken all
+Europe for her stage, while Lady Carlisle was content to play her part in
+the comparative obscurity of the British Isles; but a restless love of
+power and domination, which expressed itself in a determined effort to
+influence by womanly charms those who by force of intellect or by accident
+of birth were making the history of the time, was common to both, as also
+was a real talent for intrigue, which enabled these society ladies so far
+to conquer the disadvantages of their sex as to become of considerable
+importance in affairs. Of such teachers Henrietta was a willing learner and
+in some sense an apt pupil. She, too, learned to plot and to scheme, to
+play off enemy against enemy, and to attempt to win over a chivalrous foe
+by honeyed words. But she never became in any real sense a diplomatist. Her
+brain, quick to seize a point of detail and sometimes sagacious in weighing
+the claims of alternate courses of action, had not sufficient grasp to take
+in the broad outlines of a complicated situation, nor the judicial faculty
+which can calmly appraise even values which are personal. It is the
+misfortune of the great that they breathe an atmosphere of fictitious
+importance which induces a mental malady, whose taint infects all but the
+strongest intellects and the largest hearts. From the worst forms of this
+disease, as it appears, for instance,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span>
+
+in Louis XIV, who at the end of his
+life believed himself to be almost superhuman, Henrietta escaped, by the
+strong sense of humour which was her father's best legacy to her. However
+obsequious her attendance and however regal her robes, she knew at heart
+that she was but a woman of flesh and blood as the rest; but the more
+subtle workings of the poison of flattery she could not escape, and the
+great weakness of her diplomacy&mdash;a weakness which that of her husband
+shared to the full&mdash;was her inability to appreciate that things precious to
+her were not necessarily so to other people, and that her friends and her
+foes were likely to be influenced by self-interest not largely coloured by
+a romantic sympathy with her misfortunes.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta's regency came to an end before she had much opportunity for
+action, for by July her husband was back in London. This is not the place
+to tell the story of the disastrous Scotch expedition; it suffices to say
+that Charles returned nominally a conqueror,<a name="FNanchor_217" id="FNanchor_217"></a><a href="#Footnote_217" class="fnanchor">[217]</a> but in reality defeated,
+and with the bitter knowledge that he could only overcome his rebellious
+subjects in Scotland by asking the help of his discontented people in
+England.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, there was an interval of a few months before the next act of
+the tragedy was played, and during it were celebrated some of the last of
+those splendid festivities for which the Court of the Queen of England was
+renowned. A particularly splendid masque, which was played at Whitehall on
+January 21st, 16-39/40, deserves mention on account of the tragic
+discrepancy between the spirit of triumphant rejoicing and secure
+prosperity breathed by it, and on the one hand the discontent which,
+outside the brilliantly lighted rooms, was surging through the winter
+darkness of the city, and on the other the anxiety
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span>
+
+which was gnawing at the
+heart of some of those who appeared among the gayest and most careless of
+the revellers. The masque was got up by the Queen, whose fondness for such
+amusements did not decrease with age, and who found in the hard work which
+such a task involved a welcome diversion from her anxieties. It bore the
+name of <i>Salmacida Spolia</i>,<a name="FNanchor_218" id="FNanchor_218"></a><a href="#Footnote_218" class="fnanchor">[218]</a> and was written by Sir William D'Avenant,
+the reputed son of Shakespeare, who had succeeded Ben Jonson as laureate,
+and who was specially devoted to Henrietta's service. The scenery and
+decorations, so important to the success of a masque, were supplied by
+Inigo Jones, who had before now co-operated with D'Avenant, while for the
+musical part of the entertainment Lewis Richard, Master of His Majesty's
+Musick, was responsible. Henrietta had considerable difficulty with her
+troupe,<a name="FNanchor_219" id="FNanchor_219"></a><a href="#Footnote_219" class="fnanchor">[219]</a> which included not only the King but a number of ladies and
+gentlemen of the Court, and great annoyance was caused by Lady Carnarvon,
+who showed symptoms of the invading Puritan spirit in refusing to take part
+in the masque unless she were assured that the representation would not
+take place on a Sunday. However, all difficulties were smoothed over by the
+Queen, who was usually compliant in small matters, and the play was a
+notable success, though the Earl of Northumberland, who was not
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>
+
+acting,
+wrote to his sister that "a company of worse faces was never assembled than
+the Queen had got together."<a name="FNanchor_220" id="FNanchor_220"></a><a href="#Footnote_220" class="fnanchor">[220]</a> The royal pair alone might have given the
+lie to the Earl's ungallant words. King Charles, whose splendid looks have
+entered, through the genius of Van Dyck, into the heritage of the nation,
+played his part with the external dignity in which he was never lacking;
+while his wife displayed her still abundant charms to great advantage in an
+"Amazonian habit of carnation, embroidered with silver, with a plumed Helme
+and a Bandricke with an antique Sword hanging by her side, all as rich as
+might be." Her attendant ladies were similarly dressed, and it is perhaps
+not surprising that the strangeness of these habits was even more admired
+than their beauty.</p>
+
+<p>The theme was designed, in reference to recent public events, to flatter
+the King, who played the part of Philogenes triumphing over Discord, which,
+"a malicious Fury, appears in a storme, and by the Invocation of malignant
+spirits proper to her evill use, having already put most of the world into
+discord, endeavours to disturb these parts, envying the blessings and
+Tranquillity we have long enjoyed."</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"How am I griev'd,"</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>she cries out,</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"The world should everywhere</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Be vext into a storme save only here,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Thou over-lucky, too much happy Ile!</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Grow more desirous of this flatt'ring style</span>
+		<span class="ind1"><ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'In'">For</ins> thy long health can never alter'd be</span>
+		<span class="ind1">But by thy surfets on Felicitie."<a name="FNanchor_221" id="FNanchor_221"></a><a href="#Footnote_221" class="fnanchor">[221]</a></span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>After these words, which surely might have been spoken by the lying spirit
+in the mouth of the prophets of Ahab, the Queen came forward to be greeted
+by an outburst of triumphant loyalty:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"But what is she that rules the night</span>
+		<span class="ind1">That kindles Ladies with her light</span>
+		<span class="ind1">And gives to Men the power of sight?</span>
+		<span class="ind1">All those that can her Virtue doubt</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Her mind will in her face advise,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">For through the Casements of her Eyes</span>
+		<span class="ind2">Her Soule is ever looking out.</span>
+	</div>
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"And with its beames, she doth survay</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Our growth in Virtue or decay,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Still lighting us in Honours way!</span>
+		<span class="ind1">All that are good she did inspire!</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Lovers are chaste, because they know</span>
+		<span class="ind1">It is her will they should be so,</span>
+		<span class="ind2">The valiant take from her their Fire!"</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>The masque "was generally approved of, specially by all strangers that were
+present, to be the noblest and most ingenious that hath been done heere in
+that kind." When, in future days, some of the company looked back upon that
+evening, its festivities must have seemed to them as one of the jests of
+him whom Heine called the Aristophanes of Heaven.</p>
+
+<p>But these revels were only an interlude; Charles was not a man to fiddle
+while Rome was burning, and he turned to grapple as best he could with the
+problem before him. The country was rushing on to meet its fate: the topic
+of the hour was that of the Parliament, to the holding of which the King
+was finally persuaded by a new counsellor; Strafford<a name="FNanchor_222" id="FNanchor_222"></a><a href="#Footnote_222" class="fnanchor">[222]</a> had crossed St.
+George's Channel and had entered on the last and most remarkable stage of
+his career.</p>
+
+<p>It is thought that when years later Milton drew his portrait of the great
+apostate of heaven, he had in his mind this man
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>
+
+who was to many the great
+apostate of earth: that character of inevitable greatness which is in the
+Miltonic Satan is also in the royalist statesman, who scorned the weaker
+spirits of his time, much as the fiend despised the weaker spirits of
+heaven and hell. Neither Charles nor Henrietta had ever truly loved him.
+Greatness disturbs and frightens smaller minds, and the Queen had other
+reasons to regard him coldly. He was not handsome (though she noted and
+remembered years after his death that he had the most beautiful hands in
+the world), he was unversed in the courtier-like arts which she loved, he
+was the friend of Spain rather than of France, and above all his policy in
+Ireland was strongly anti-Catholic. Nevertheless, experience and trouble
+were opening her eyes. Lady Carlisle, Strafford's close friend, had done
+something to prepare his way with the Queen, and the sense of common danger
+was coming to complete her work.</p>
+
+<p>On April 13th, 1640, the Short Parliament met. Charles, for the first time
+for eleven years, stood face to face with the representatives of his
+people, representatives for the most part hostile, for the elections had
+gone badly, and few of his or the Queen's friends had been returned.
+Nevertheless, he was hopeful, for he held what he and perhaps what his
+advisers believed to be a trump card. He had probably throughout his reign
+been aware that France had not forgotten her ancient alliance with
+Scotland. He had recently been reminded in a sufficiently startling manner
+that Scotland on her side had an equally long memory. He possessed evidence
+of a letter written by the rebellious Scots to the King of France, evidence
+on which he acted while Parliament was sitting by sending Lord Loudon and
+others of the Scotch Commissioners to the Tower. It was not yet forty years
+since the union of the two Crowns. The Scotch were unpopular in England,
+and the favour shown to them by the King and Queen was resented. Scotland
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>
+
+and France, whose alliance had more than once embarrassed England, were
+both old enemies. It argues no special lack of insight in either Charles or
+his wife that they thought the discovery of these practices would lead to a
+great revulsion of feeling against the Scots in the minds of the English
+Puritans. That it did not do so is a remarkable proof of the enlightened
+self-interest of the latter, and of their power of setting a religious and
+political bond of union above an antiquated national prejudice.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, in this moment of crisis, what were the special interests and
+influences surrounding the Queen? It is hardly too much to say that not one
+of them did not contribute in some measure to the final catastrophe.
+Henrietta had not desired the presence of Mary de' Medici, but when the
+poor old lady arrived, wearied by troubles and journeyings, her filial
+heart could not refuse her a warm welcome, and, little by little, the sense
+of home and kindred, to which she had been a stranger for so many years,
+overcame the reluctancy of independence and expediency. Some of her
+happiest hours in these troubled days were spent in her mother's pleasant
+rooms at St. James's, chatting about her children and her domestic
+concerns. It would have been well had this been all, but the exiled Queen
+was not a lady to content herself with the r&ocirc;le of a devoted grandmother.
+She felt that she had an opportunity of recapturing the daughter who had
+escaped from her influence, and she used it to the full. Henrietta came to
+her for advice in many matters, specially those which concerned religion,
+and she even allowed herself to be weaned from the fascinating Madame de
+Chevreuse.</p>
+
+<p>That restless lady began to feel herself less comfortable in England soon
+after the arrival of the Queen-Mother, for whose coming she had wished, but
+who, indeed, had never liked the confidante of Anne of Austria. She tried
+her hand first at one scheme then at another, now intriguing for
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span>
+
+Montagu at
+Rome, now aiming higher and attempting to render a striking service to
+Spain by bringing about an alliance between Strafford and the Marquis of
+Velada; but all the while she had an uncomfortable conviction that her
+power over the Queen of England, which at the beginning of her visit had
+been considerable, was decreasing. Perhaps Henrietta discovered the
+duplicity of the woman "who said much good of Spain, and yet to the Queen
+called herself a good Frenchwoman."<a name="FNanchor_223" id="FNanchor_223"></a><a href="#Footnote_223" class="fnanchor">[223]</a> Certainly she was not very sorry
+when, in May, 1640, a rumour that the Duke of Chevreuse was coming to
+England frightened his wife, who had no wish to meet him, across the
+Channel to Flanders. The Duchess, at her departure, still boasted of the
+favour of the English Court, and assured her friends that the Queen had
+pressed her to return whenever she felt inclined to do so, an invitation
+which Henrietta, who had marked her attitude by giving her a costly jewel
+as the pledge of a long farewell, somewhat warmly denied. With more truth
+she might have boasted of the brilliancy of the escort which set out with
+her from London. At her side were the Marquis of Velada, the Duke of
+Valette, another victim of Richelieu, whom Charles, against his better
+judgment, had been persuaded to receive at his Court, and, as might have
+been expected, the faithful Montagu. These gentlemen left her when eight
+miles of the road was traversed, but, by the orders of the King himself,
+she was accompanied to the shores of Flanders by the Earl of Newport to
+ensure her against any annoyance.</p>
+
+<p>Madame de Chevreuse was gone, and at an opportune moment; but the evil
+effects of her sojourn remained, and manifested themselves specially in a
+matter to which the Queen gave considerable attention, and which, like
+everything else she touched at this moment, turned to her misfortune.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>When death had settled the question of Con's candidature she was not
+diverted from her attempt to procure a cardinal's hat for one of her
+husband's subjects. Her choice was not a happy one. Walter Montagu, since
+his conversion to the Catholic Church, may, as Henrietta claimed, have
+lived an exemplary life; but he could hardly be considered suitable for
+high ecclesiastical preferment. He was, moreover, a man of many enemies.
+Charles disliked him so much that, when Sir Robert Ayton died in 1638, he
+told his wife that she might have a Catholic for her secretary provided she
+did not choose Walter Montagu.<a name="FNanchor_224" id="FNanchor_224"></a><a href="#Footnote_224" class="fnanchor">[224]</a> Richelieu's opinion of him was such
+that he made him the text of his sweeping generalization: "all Englishmen
+are untrustworthy." The Cardinal, indeed, wished to see no subject of the
+King of England attain to the coveted honour, and he suggested that the
+Bishop of Angoul&ecirc;me, who had the supreme merit of being a subject of the
+King of France, was the only suitable candidate; but he would have
+preferred almost any one to Montagu, for did he not know that that shifty
+person, through the mouth of Madame Chevreuse, was promising complete
+devotion to the King of Spain in return for support at Rome? The Queen's
+persistence in this matter annoyed the Roman authorities. Cardinal
+Barberini, in spite of his personal liking for Montagu, never entertained
+for a moment the idea of acceding to her request; indeed, he instructed
+Rosetti, who had replaced Con as envoy in England, to tell her frankly that
+the thing was impossible. It was an unfortunate moment for the question to
+have arisen, for not only was it of great importance to avoid friction with
+Richelieu, but the time was coming when Henrietta would have other and more
+important requests to make to Cardinal Barberini.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span>
+
+That observant politician
+had his eyes attentively fixed upon the English troubles, as to whose
+progress he was kept well informed by Rosetti. The courtly young envoy&mdash;he
+was barely thirty and of a noble Ferrarese family&mdash;had been charmed on his
+arrival not only by the kindness of the King and Queen, but by the liberty
+which the Catholics enjoyed. It seemed that permanent communications
+between the Court of Rome and the Court of England had been established,
+"the King approving and the heretics themselves not objecting";<a name="FNanchor_225" id="FNanchor_225"></a><a href="#Footnote_225" class="fnanchor">[225]</a> but
+stern facts soon forced him to correct his first impressions. The feeling
+of the nation was rising against the Catholics, and the flame was fanned by
+the injudicious conduct of the Queen-Mother, who greatly patronized Rosetti
+as she had Con before him. When, in the Short Parliament, Pym voiced the
+religious indignation of the people, the "divinity which hedges a King" was
+still strong enough to restrain him in some measure when referring to the
+Queen of England. No such scruple deterred him in speaking of a foreign
+ecclesiastic and of a foreign Queen, the latter of whom was hated, not only
+on religious grounds, but as the recipient of large sums of money&mdash;as much
+&pound;100 per day&mdash;which the country could ill afford.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta was becoming more and more busy with matters of high politics. It
+was evident that the Parliament was a failure, but one gleam of brightness
+cheered the darkness of its last days. Strafford, exerting to the utmost
+his unrivalled powers, was able to win over in some degree the Upper House,
+and the Lords by a considerable majority voted that the relief of the
+King's necessities should have precedence of the redress of grievances. It
+seemed a great victory, and Henrietta, dazzled by this unexpected success,
+recognized at last what the man was whom she had slighted. "My Lord
+Strafford is the most faithful and capable of my
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span>
+
+husband's servants,"<a name="FNanchor_226" id="FNanchor_226"></a><a href="#Footnote_226" class="fnanchor">[226]</a>
+she said publicly, with the generosity of praise from which she never
+shrank. Nevertheless, there were those, justified by the event, who doubted
+the real value of such a service; the spirit of the Commons was not thus to
+be broken, and on May 5th the King dissolved the assembly which is known,
+from its twenty-three days of existence, as the Short Parliament.</p>
+
+<p>After the breaking of Parliament the deep discontent of the nation burst
+forth in riots and in a flood of scandalous pamphlets directed against
+unpopular characters. Henrietta, who was believed to have counselled the
+dissolution, lost much of the limited popularity she had hitherto enjoyed,
+and behind her again the populace saw the sinister figure of her mother
+stirring up strife in England as she had in France. Rosetti, who, as the
+symbol of the dreaded approximation to popery, was particularly odious, was
+thought to be in such danger of personal violence that Mary de' Medici
+offered him the shelter of her apartments. He refused, perhaps wisely; for
+a few days later a letter was brought to the King threatening to "chase the
+Pope and the Devil from St. James, where is lodged the Queene, Mother of
+the Queene." Mary, when she heard of this letter, was so frightened that
+she refused to go to bed at all the following night, though she was
+protected by a guard, captained by the Earl of Holland and Lord Goring,
+which had nothing to do, as the threat proved to be one of those empty
+insults of which the times were prolific.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta, who was not by nature easily alarmed, began to appreciate the
+seriousness of the pass to which her husband's affairs had come. She was in
+bad health, and she seems already to have thought of retiring to her native
+land for her confinement, which was imminent;<a name="FNanchor_227" id="FNanchor_227"></a><a href="#Footnote_227" class="fnanchor">[227]</a> but weakness of body
+could not impair the activity of her
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>
+
+brain, and at this time she definitely
+entered upon that course of action which, perhaps more than any other, has
+brought upon her the adverse judgment of posterity, and which, though its
+details were unknown to her enemies, injured the very cause which it was
+designed to aid. In an evil hour she opened negotiations with the Papacy,
+with a view to obtaining money to be used against her husband's subjects.</p>
+
+<p>Since her marriage she had carried on a somewhat frequent correspondence
+with the Pope and with Cardinal Barberini, whose kind letters led her to
+believe that she was an object of greater importance in their eyes than was
+actually the case. She was further drawn to them by the kindness they had
+shown to Montagu, who himself was a little led astray by flattering words.
+It is significant that he appears at this time as the Queen's chief
+adviser. He executed many of the duties of the secretaryship he was not
+allowed to hold, and he was delaying a long-meditated journey to Rome,
+where he intended to become a Father of the Oratory, to help his royal
+mistress in her troubles and perplexities. Even the fidelity of her
+servants turned to the Queen's destruction, for a more injudicious adviser
+than Montagu could hardly have been found.</p>
+
+<p>There is another actor whose part is more remarkable: Francis Windbank, who
+began his career as a disciple of Laud and was to end it a few years later
+in the bosom of the Catholic Church, was no free-lance like Montagu, but a
+responsible Secretary of State. His personal relations with the Queen do
+not seem to have been very close, but he was in constant communication with
+her agent in Rome, Sir William Hamilton. As early as the end of 1638 the
+latter wrote to one of the Secretaries of State, who may almost certainly
+be identified with Windbank, assuring him that the Pope had expressed
+himself anxious to contribute money for the Scotch war if there were need
+of it. Charles, to whose knowledge this letter came, was exceedingly
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span>
+
+angry,
+as well he may have been, and threatened to remove Hamilton from his post
+if he ever lent ear again to such discourse.<a name="FNanchor_228" id="FNanchor_228"></a><a href="#Footnote_228" class="fnanchor">[228]</a> But Windbank was no whit
+abashed. A few months later he held a remarkable conversation with Con,
+who, of course, at once reported it to his superiors in Rome. The
+level-headed Scotchman, hardly able to believe his ears, listened to the
+Secretary of State propounding his views as to the help which the Pope
+ought to send to the King of England. "And what is the smallest sum which
+would be accepted?" he asked jokingly, wishing to pass the matter off
+lightly. "Well," replied Windbank in deadly earnest, "one hundred thousand
+pounds is the least that I should call handsome."<a name="FNanchor_229" id="FNanchor_229"></a><a href="#Footnote_229" class="fnanchor">[229]</a></p>
+
+<p>It was not until the spring of 1640, when Con had been replaced by Rosetti,
+that a further appeal was made to the Pope for assistance. Windbank again
+was the intermediary, but the reply of Cardinal Barberini, which was sent
+to Rosetti, was communicated not only to him but to the Queen. Henrietta
+was a little out of favour in Rome. Not only had her persistence in the
+matter of Montagu's promotion caused annoyance, but her intention of
+sending Sir Kenelm Digby, who (not unjustly in the light of future events)
+was considered an indifferent Catholic, to take the place of Sir William
+Hamilton, was a further disservice both to her and to Montagu, who
+supported Digby's candidature, and who had written warmly in his favour to
+the Roman authorities; but of the Cardinal's feeling towards her Henrietta
+was probably quite unaware. It is not known what part, if any, she took in
+Windbank's application, but it is likely that she was both grieved and
+surprised when she was informed that Cardinal Barberini, in spite of the
+sympathy which he felt with the King and Queen of England in their
+troubles, could not hold out the hope
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>
+
+of any substantial assistance from
+the Holy Father unless Charles became a Catholic. None knew better than she
+the improbability of such an event. Nevertheless, she only laid aside for a
+while the scheme of papal aid, to take it up again at what she considered a
+more favourable moment.<a name="FNanchor_230" id="FNanchor_230"></a><a href="#Footnote_230" class="fnanchor">[230]</a></p>
+
+<p>She had much to occupy her mind. The summer of 1640 witnessed the
+futilities of the second war against the Scots, to which, in foreboding of
+spirit, she saw her husband depart. The state of public feeling was growing
+worse and worse, and the King's own servants were not faithful to him, so
+that one of the most acute observers then in England wrote that affairs had
+come to such a pass that "if God does not lend His help we shall see great
+confusion and distraction in this kingdom."<a name="FNanchor_231" id="FNanchor_231"></a><a href="#Footnote_231" class="fnanchor">[231]</a></p>
+
+<p>When even the captaincy of Strafford had failed to give victory to the
+royal armies, there was a general conviction that another Parliament would
+be necessary. Charles, following an archaic precedent, summoned a council
+of peers to meet him at York, and some of these noblemen, before setting
+out from London, paid a visit to Henrietta. They knew well her power, and
+they begged that her influence with her husband might be used for the
+calling together of the estates of the realm. Mary de' Medici was present
+at this interview, and it is said that she put into her daughter's mouth
+the words of conciliation which the latter used. The noble visitors
+departed, and then the Queen of England went out and selecting a messenger
+to whose fidelity she could trust, she bade him bear to the King her
+persuasions for the holding of a Parliament.</p>
+
+<p>Her motive for what is in some respects a strange act is clear. Even now
+she did not gauge the depths of the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span>
+
+discontent of the nation, and with that
+hopefulness which was part of her nature she believed that a Parliament,
+without imposing intolerable conditions, would vote sufficient money to
+enable the King to deal with the menacing Scots. She was mistaken, as she
+so often was. If the English Puritans had not called the ancient enemy into
+the land, they had at any rate no desire to see the Scotch army go thence
+until it had done its part in putting pressure on a King whom they regarded
+with a distrust which was becoming hatred.</p>
+
+<p>But there were those to whom Henrietta's act must have seemed, if they were
+aware of it, almost an act of desertion. The Catholics, to whom her love
+and honour were pledged, dreaded, and with good cause, nothing so much as a
+Parliament. Already their condition was deplorable. They suffered not only
+from the hatred of the Puritans, but from the terror of the Protestants,
+who attempted to propitiate the people by persecution of the common enemy.
+Several priests were thrown into prison, and even the courtier Sir Tobie
+Matthew, who, though he posed as a layman, was generally believed to be in
+holy orders,<a name="FNanchor_232" id="FNanchor_232"></a><a href="#Footnote_232" class="fnanchor">[232]</a> was arrested on suspicion. The houses of Catholics were
+searched, and on one occasion three cart-loads of Catholic books were
+publicly burned. "Nevertheless," wrote Montreuil, the French agent in
+London, with an acumen revealed by the event, "it is thought that all the
+advantage which the Archbishop will get from this is to set the Catholics
+against him without improving his position with the Puritans."<a name="FNanchor_233" id="FNanchor_233"></a><a href="#Footnote_233" class="fnanchor">[233]</a></p>
+
+<p>In October Charles returned to London, leaving the Scotch army still in the
+land, and with a pledge that its expenses should be paid. On November 3rd
+he opened at Westminster that historic assembly which is known as the Long
+Parliament.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width:10%" />
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_202" id="Footnote_202"></a><a href="#FNanchor_202">
+<span class="label">[202]</span></a>Mme de Motteville records how Henrietta told her that
+Charles brought the new Scotch liturgy to her, asking her to read it, that
+she might see how similar were their religious beliefs.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_203" id="Footnote_203"></a><a href="#FNanchor_203">
+<span class="label">[203]</span></a>Among the archives of the Minist&egrave;re des Affaires Etrang&egrave;res
+is a document dated 1629 enumerating the reasons why it was desirable to
+have an agent in Scotland; one reason given is "to keep the Scotch nobility
+in their devotion towards the cause of France."&mdash;Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 43.
+The great importance the French attached to preserving the good-will of the
+Scotch is apparent in the French diplomatic literature concerning the Civil
+War.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_204" id="Footnote_204"></a><a href="#FNanchor_204">
+<span class="label">[204]</span></a>"L'ann&eacute;e ne se passera pas que le roi et la reine
+d'Angleterre ne se repentent d'avoir refus&eacute; les offres que vous leur aves
+faites de la part du roy."&mdash;Richelieu to Estrades, December, 1637.
+Estrades: <i>Ambassades et Negotiations</i> (1718), p. 13.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_205" id="Footnote_205"></a><a href="#FNanchor_205">
+<span class="label">[205]</span></a>Digby to Montagu, March 5th, 1638. Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 47.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_206" id="Footnote_206"></a><a href="#FNanchor_206">
+<span class="label">[206]</span></a><i>Ibid.</i>, March 19th, 1638.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_207" id="Footnote_207"></a><a href="#FNanchor_207">
+<span class="label">[207]</span></a>Montagu to Chavigny, February 14th, 1638. Aff. Etran. Ang.,
+t. 4.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_208" id="Footnote_208"></a><a href="#FNanchor_208">
+<span class="label">[208]</span></a>The Duke of Chevreuse had been made a Knight of the Garter
+at the time of the marriage of Charles and Henrietta.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_209" id="Footnote_209"></a><a href="#FNanchor_209">
+<span class="label">[209]</span></a>Avenel: <i>Lettres de Richelieu</i>, VI, p. 122.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_210" id="Footnote_210"></a><a href="#FNanchor_210">
+<span class="label">[210]</span></a><i>Histoire de l'entr&eacute;e de la reyne mere du roy tr&egrave;s-chrestien
+dans la Grande Bretaigne.</i> Par le S<sup>r</sup> de la Serre, Historiographe de France
+(1639).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_211" id="Footnote_211"></a><a href="#FNanchor_211">
+<span class="label">[211]</span></a>Montagu to Digby, June, 1638. Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 47.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_212" id="Footnote_212"></a><a href="#FNanchor_212">
+<span class="label">[212]</span></a>Con gives the details, Add. MS., 15,391: Salvetti (Add. MS.,
+27,962) says that the King asked for the money, but did not formally
+authorize the contribution.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_213" id="Footnote_213"></a><a href="#FNanchor_213">
+<span class="label">[213]</span></a>Add. MS., 15,392, f. 75.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_214" id="Footnote_214"></a><a href="#FNanchor_214">
+<span class="label">[214]</span></a>Green: <i>Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria</i>, p. 25.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_215" id="Footnote_215"></a><a href="#FNanchor_215">
+<span class="label">[215]</span></a>Except for Herefordshire, the Isle of Wight, Anglesea, and
+Merionethshire, among the collectors' names appear those of members of such
+well-known Catholic families as the Englefields, the Howards, and the
+Chichesters.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_216" id="Footnote_216"></a><a href="#FNanchor_216">
+<span class="label">[216]</span></a>The sum is given as &pound;40,000 in <i>The Life and Death of that
+matchless mirror of Magnanimity and Heroick Vertue, Henrietta Maria de
+Bourbon</i> (1669).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_217" id="Footnote_217"></a><a href="#FNanchor_217">
+<span class="label">[217]</span></a>Mme de Motteville says that Henrietta was averse from making
+peace with the Scotch, but whether now or after the second Bishops' War
+does not appear.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_218" id="Footnote_218"></a><a href="#FNanchor_218">
+<span class="label">[218]</span></a>"Salmacida Spolia, a Masque, Presented by the King and
+Queenes Majesties, at Whitehall, on Tuesday, January 21st, 1639."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_219" id="Footnote_219"></a><a href="#FNanchor_219">
+<span class="label">[219]</span></a> The names of the masquers:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">The King's Majesty</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Duke of Lennox</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Earle of Carlisle</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Earle of Newport</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Earle of Leimricke</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Lord Russell</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Lord Herbert</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Lord Paget</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Lord Feilding</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Master Russell</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Master Thomas Howard</span>
+		<span class="ind1">The Queenes Majesty</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Dutchesse of Lennox</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Countesse of Carnarvon</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Countesse of Newport</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Countesse of Portland</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Lady Andrew</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Lady Margaret Howard</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Lady Kellymekin</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Lady Francis Howard</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Mistress Carig</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Mistress Nevill</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_220" id="Footnote_220"></a><a href="#FNanchor_220">
+<span class="label">[220]</span></a>Hist. MSS. Con. Rep. III, p. 79.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_221" id="Footnote_221"></a><a href="#FNanchor_221">
+<span class="label">[221]</span></a>Cf. an extract from a letter of M. de Balzac to "M. de
+<ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Corznet'">Coignet</ins>, gentleman-in-ordinary to the most illustrious Queen of Great
+Britain": "If the tempests which threaten the frontiers of Bayou arrive at
+us we must think of another way of safetie and resolve (in any case) to
+passe the sea and go and dwell in that region of peace and that happie
+climate where your divine Princesse reigns."&mdash;September 20th, 1636.
+<i>Letters of M. de Balzac</i>, translated into English by Sir Richard <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Bahn'">Baker</ins> and
+others (1654): a collection of some modern epistles of M. de Balzac, p.
+16.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_222" id="Footnote_222"></a><a href="#FNanchor_222">
+<span class="label">[222]</span></a>He was made Earl of Strafford January 12th, 1640.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_223" id="Footnote_223"></a><a href="#FNanchor_223">
+<span class="label">[223]</span></a>Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 47.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_224" id="Footnote_224"></a><a href="#FNanchor_224">
+<span class="label">[224]</span></a>The name of Sir Kenelm Digby was mentioned in connection
+with the post, but the Queen's choice fell upon Sir John Winter, a Catholic
+gentleman, who was cousin to the Marquis of Worcester.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_225" id="Footnote_225"></a><a href="#FNanchor_225">
+<span class="label">[225]</span></a>Father Philip to Barberini: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_226" id="Footnote_226"></a><a href="#FNanchor_226">
+<span class="label">[226]</span></a>MS. Fran&ccedil;ais, 15,995, f. 85.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_227" id="Footnote_227"></a><a href="#FNanchor_227">
+<span class="label">[227]</span></a>Her son Henry was born July 6th, 1640.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_228" id="Footnote_228"></a><a href="#FNanchor_228">
+<span class="label">[228]</span></a>Salvetti. October 22nd, 1638. Add. MS., 27,962.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_229" id="Footnote_229"></a><a href="#FNanchor_229">
+<span class="label">[229]</span></a>Add. MS., 15,392, f. 162.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_230" id="Footnote_230"></a><a href="#FNanchor_230">
+<span class="label">[230]</span></a>See Rosetti correspondence, P.R.O. Roman Transcripts,
+specially Barberini to Rosetti, June 30th, 1640, and Rosetti's answer,
+August l0th, 1640. "... de per&oacute; quando S. M<sup>ta</sup> dichiaresse tale
+[Catholic] di qua non si guaderebbe a mandarli denari."&mdash;Barberini to
+Rosetti, June 30th 1640.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_231" id="Footnote_231"></a><a href="#FNanchor_231">
+<span class="label">[231]</span></a>Salvetti. September, 1640. Add. MS., 27,962, I, f. 109.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_232" id="Footnote_232"></a><a href="#FNanchor_232">
+<span class="label">[232]</span></a>Perhaps justly; among the archives of the See of Westminster
+is a certificate of his saying Mass 1630-1; he was thought to be a Jesuit.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_233" id="Footnote_233"></a><a href="#FNanchor_233">
+<span class="label">[233]</span></a>Bib. Nat., MS. Fran&ccedil;ais, 15,995.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER VII<br />
+THE EVE OF THE WAR</h2>
+
+<p class="center">II</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">My eyes with tears did uncommanded flow,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">And on my soul hung the dull weight</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Of some intolerable fate.</span>
+		<span class="ind5 smcap">Abraham Cowley</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>When the Long Parliament met the eyes of Europe were fixed upon England;
+the foreign agents who were resident in London had recognized, almost
+before the English themselves, the gravity of the crisis.<a name="FNanchor_234" id="FNanchor_234"></a><a href="#Footnote_234" class="fnanchor">[234]</a> Such a
+crisis could not fail to be of European consequence, for though England had
+decayed from the great glory of Elizabeth's reign, and during the last few
+years particularly had lost much esteem, yet she was of great importance in
+the struggle between France and Spain, each party of which had striven for
+so long, and neither quite successfully, to win her as an ally.</p>
+
+<p>It was confidently believed at the time, and on both sides of the Channel,
+that the troubles of England and Scotland were fomented by Richelieu. "The
+Cardinal de Richelieu," wrote Madame de Motteville, whose account, no
+doubt, owed something to Henrietta herself, "had great fear of a
+neighbouring King who was powerful and at peace in his dominions, and
+following the maxims of a policy
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>
+
+which consults self-interest rather than
+justice and charity to one's neighbour, he thought it necessary that this
+Prince [the King of England] should have trouble in his kingdom."<a name="FNanchor_235" id="FNanchor_235"></a><a href="#Footnote_235" class="fnanchor">[235]</a></p>
+
+<p>It is now known that if Richelieu stirred up Charles' rebellious subjects,
+it was only in the most secret and indirect way; but certainly he was not
+sorry for the Scotch troubles, and his attitude both now and later was a
+serious addition to the difficulties of the King of England and his wife,
+who were reaping the results of their long and reckless defiance of the
+all-powerful Cardinal. As early as 1638 Windbank believed that French
+influence was working in Scotland, where, on account of the old alliance
+between the two countries, it would have a specially favourable field; but
+when he wrote for information to the Earl of Leicester, at that time
+ambassador in Paris, he received an indecisive and somewhat petulant reply.
+"It would be very difficult to give you my opinion about the Scotch
+affair," so ran the letter; "for I am as ignorant about it as if I lived in
+Tartary. If it is fomented by France it is by means so secret that it will
+only be discovered, with difficulty, by the results."<a name="FNanchor_236" id="FNanchor_236"></a><a href="#Footnote_236" class="fnanchor">[236]</a></p>
+
+<div class="imgcenter" style="width: 451px;">
+<img src="images/illus194.jpg" width="451" height="600" alt="Cardinal De Richelieu. From a Portrait by Phillippe De Champaigne" title="" />
+<span class="caption">CARDINAL DE RICHELIEU<br />
+FROM A PORTRAIT BY PHILLIPPE DE CHAMPAIGNE</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>As time went on, and the troubles developed, these suspicions became more
+widespread and vivid, until just before the opening of the Long Parliament
+there were imaginative people who believed that an army of thirty thousand
+Frenchmen was ready to land in England in favour of the Scotch, while the
+more sober-minded contented themselves with the old story of help secretly
+given to the rebels. Montreuil saw in all this only machinations
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>
+
+of the
+Spaniards industriously sowing false reports, that thereby they might
+render their enemy odious in the eyes of the English Court.<a name="FNanchor_237" id="FNanchor_237"></a><a href="#Footnote_237" class="fnanchor">[237]</a></p>
+
+<p>Henrietta's own relations with Richelieu had not improved,<a name="FNanchor_238" id="FNanchor_238"></a><a href="#Footnote_238" class="fnanchor">[238]</a> though she
+still continued to talk of a journey to France, as, after the birth of
+Prince Henry, her health continued very delicate. The residence of the
+Queen-Mother in England annoyed the Cardinal as much as had that of Madame
+de Chevreuse, and Mary de' Medici's conduct was not such as to propitiate
+him. Once, for instance, she allowed a priest connected with the Spanish
+Embassy to preach before her, and he improved the occasion by comparing her
+sufferings to those of Christ, and by eulogizing Cardinal B&eacute;rulle, whose
+praise was not likely to be agreeable to Richelieu. Moreover, at this time
+Charles was more than usually inclined to the Spanish alliance. He had
+thoughts of a Spanish marriage both for his son and his daughter, and
+rumours were abroad that if France was supplying money to the rebels, Spain
+was doing the same by the Court. It was remarked that when the news came of
+the taking of Arras by the armies of France, the King could not bring
+himself to receive it warmly, though his wife, who was always a good
+Frenchwoman, in spite of Richelieu, expressed lively joy.</p>
+
+<p>She had little in England to cheer her. Not only were her husband's affairs
+becoming a nightmare to her, but the looks of hatred which she encountered
+as she went abroad in her capital, and the vile calumnies which her enemies
+were not ashamed to publish and to scatter broadcast among her people were
+the beginning of a martyrdom such as only a woman can know. Added to
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>
+
+all
+this was the growing conviction that her power was insufficient to protect
+those who had no other protection. It must have wrung her heart (though she
+knew it to be necessary) to see her mother, who had come to England to be
+at peace, deprived of half her allowance, and later reduced to such poverty
+as forced her to lessen her establishment and to sell her jewels. She
+feared increasingly that she would be obliged to send Rosetti away, and she
+felt bitterly the scant respect shown to him when, in the cold of the small
+hours of a November morning, he was roused to witness the searching of his
+house for proofs of his diplomatic status. It did not make it easier to her
+that the leading spirit in this matter, as in a general search of the
+houses of Catholics which took place about this time, was Sir Henry Vane,
+who owed to her favour his promotion to the position of Secretary of State.
+She was learning some early lessons in the world's ingratitude. She knew
+that even her personal servants, such as the Capuchin Fathers, were
+threatened, and that the English Catholics, who had long looked to her "as
+the eyes of a handmaiden look to her mistress," were finding her help of no
+avail. Most poignant of all was the knowledge that the strong arm which had
+upheld her for so long was failing, and that her husband, with all his
+love, was obliged to leave her naked to her enemies. She was yet
+unpractised in suffering, and it is no wonder that, despite her high
+spirit, her misery was apparent to all.</p>
+
+<p>Parliament had hardly met before Windbank was called up before the House of
+Commons, and questioned as to the number of priests and Jesuits in London.
+That assembly further brought pressure to bear upon the King, which
+resulted in a proclamation banishing Catholics to a certain distance from
+London. It was even suggested that new and stricter laws should be made
+against the recusants, and thorough-going people recommended that all
+Catholics found
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>
+
+in a chapel, either that of the Queen or anybody else,
+should be immediately seized and hanged. The hatred of the country, and
+particularly of the city of London, for anything savouring of Popery was
+further shown by the presentation of the Root and Branch petition, which
+asked for nothing less than the abolition of Episcopacy in the National
+Church. But these vexations, distressing as they were, sank into
+insignificance before the new blow which threatened the royal power. On
+November 11th Strafford was impeached by Pym of high treason and committed
+to the Tower, whence he was only to come out to his death. It was a poor
+consolation to the Queen that her old enemy, Laud, the persecutor of the
+Catholics, was also thrown into prison, for she had learned to see in him,
+if not a friend, at least a political ally.</p>
+
+<p>No blow could have been more crushing than that which at this critical
+moment deprived the King and Queen of the services and counsels of their
+best friend; but Henrietta was to find herself attacked in more personal
+matters, matters which a few months earlier would have seemed to her of
+more consequence than any misfortune which could happen to the Viceroy of
+Ireland. Experience, however, was teaching her to measure men and things by
+another standard than that of personal feeling, though to the end the
+lesson would be imperfectly learned. Indeed, in the very next trial she
+failed again.</p>
+
+<p>The contribution of the Catholics in 1639 was a matter of common knowledge.
+Parliament, which was already exasperated by the Queen's intervention on
+behalf of a priest named Goodman who had been condemned to die, and who was
+particularly odious to the Puritans as the brother of the Romanizing Bishop
+of Gloucester, determined to strike at those through whom it knew that it
+could wound Henrietta. No one at this time was nearer to the Queen than
+Walter Montagu, who was her confidant and helper
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span>
+
+in the correspondence
+which she was carrying on with the Court of Rome on the subject of
+communications between herself and the Pope. Closely associated with him
+was Sir Kenelm Digby, whose departure for Rome was rendered impossible
+owing to the rancour of the Puritans. Sir John Winter was the Queen's own
+private secretary. These three gentlemen were called to the bar of the
+House of Commons to answer for their share in the contribution of 1639, and
+it was significantly remarked that the two latter were the sons of "Powder
+Plotters," who had lost their lives for complicity in that famous treason.</p>
+
+<p>On Montagu and Digby fell the brunt of the attack;<a name="FNanchor_239" id="FNanchor_239"></a><a href="#Footnote_239" class="fnanchor">[239]</a> the former appeared
+rather frightened and said little, but Sir Kenelm, who was gifted with an
+amazing flow of speech on every occasion, answered copiously and apparently
+candidly. The scene, though in one respect it was tragical enough, was not
+without humour. The eloquent knight began by eulogizing his audience, with
+some irony, perhaps, as "the gravest and wisest assembly in the whole
+world, whose Majesty is so great that it might well disorder his thoughts
+and impede his expressions"; nothing of this awe appears, however, in his
+speech. He assured the House that the contribution had a very simple
+origin, namely,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>
+
+the wish of the Catholics to follow the example of other
+loyal subjects who were helping the King in his necessity, that Con was the
+chief agent in the matter, on account of his unrivalled acquaintance among
+the English Catholics, persons of whom it was a mistake to suppose that he,
+Sir Kenelm, had any particular knowledge, and that the chief motive
+appealed to was that of gratitude for the partial suspension of the penal
+laws. As to the amount collected, he had no precise information. Sir Basil
+Brook was the treasurer, and &pound;10,000 had been paid in at one time and &pound;2000
+at another.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Kenelm had played his part well. He had said a very little in a great
+many words, and he had kept the real originator of the scheme, the King
+himself (who must have been a little nervous of the possible revelations of
+the garrulous knight), well hidden. Indeed, the principal point upon which
+the Commons fixed was the status of Con, as to whom they may well have been
+curious, since their imagination had endowed him with alarming powers, and
+with three wives all living at the same time. Montagu was closely
+cross-questioned on the matter, but all that he would say was that he
+believed Con to be a private envoy to the Queen, in spite of the fact that
+he was sometimes called a nuncio. Digby airily asserted that he had no
+accurate knowledge of the question under discussion, as he had taken pains
+to remain ignorant of these dangerous matters. He added, almost as an
+afterthought, that once at Whitehall he had heard Rosetti say that he
+renounced any jurisdiction of which he might be possessed.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen was in great anxiety. Not only had her name been brought forward
+in this affair, but she was being attacked in other ways. It was suggested
+that her beautiful chapel at Somerset House should be closed, and that she
+should only be permitted the little chapel at Whitehall, which was more
+like a private oratory. Wild stories were
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span>
+
+abroad as to a great design among
+the Roman Catholics of the three kingdoms to subvert the Protestant
+religion by force, and the terror was so great that some fanatical spirits
+proposed that Catholics should be forced to wear a distinctive badge
+whenever they left their houses. This absurd proposition was rejected by
+the good sense of the many, but even so it was an ominous token of hatred.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen was new to danger, either for herself or for her friends. She
+cared a great deal more to avert the wrath of the House of Commons from
+herself and from Montagu than for the welfare of the English Catholics, or
+even of Rosetti, who, at this time, was not on good terms with Montagu. She
+could think of nothing better to do than to send a message to her enemies,
+humble in tone and dwelling on the great desire which she had "to employ
+her own power to unite the King and the people"; she apologized for the
+"great resort to her Chappell at Denmark House," and promised that in the
+future she would "be carefull not to exceed that which is convenient and
+necessary for the exercise of her religion." She took upon herself the
+responsibility of the Catholic contribution, justifying and explaining it
+by "her dear and tender affection to the King and the example of other of
+His Majesty's subjects," and pleading her ignorance of the law if
+inadvertently anything illegal had been done. She completed her submission
+by promising to remove Rosetti out of the kingdom "within convenient
+time."<a name="FNanchor_240" id="FNanchor_240"></a><a href="#Footnote_240" class="fnanchor">[240]</a></p>
+
+<p>The wrath of the English Catholics, who already looked upon the Queen's
+proposed journey to France as a threat of desertion, blazed forth at this
+surrender. They remembered, no doubt, that their mistress was a princess of
+France, the daughter of the heretic Henry of Navarre. Had she merely
+permitted the Parliament to wreak
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span>
+
+its evil will upon the Church of God, it
+would have been bad enough; but had she not gone far beyond this, showing
+herself ready to execute its persecuting edicts even before they were
+promulgated? The House of Commons, on the other hand, was greatly pleased
+at the Queen's submission, and her gracious message was "very well taken."
+But had that assembly known the hopes with which the discomfited lady was
+consoling herself, its satisfaction would hardly have been greater than
+that of the Catholics.</p>
+
+<p>One day some weeks earlier Henrietta, in the quiet of her own apartments,
+had taken up her pen and, without the knowledge of husband or friend, had
+written one of the most remarkable letters ever indited by a Queen of
+England.</p>
+
+<p>It was addressed to Cardinal Barberini, and it bore neither date nor name
+of the place whence it was written. In it Henrietta poured out her whole
+heart. She dwelt upon the sad state of the Catholics, their banishment, the
+peril of the priests, the fear lest the harshness of the penal laws, "which
+reach even to blood," should be put in force against them. She emphasized
+the desperate condition of her husband, which obliged him, who since his
+accession had shown his goodwill to the Catholics, and who, indeed, was now
+suffering on account of his tenderness to them, to consent to persecution.
+After this introduction she came to the gist of her letter, which was
+nothing less than a request for a sum of 500,000 crowns, to be used in
+winning over the chiefs of the Puritan faction. It was, she said, the only
+hope of salvation, "for when the Catholics have once escaped from the
+present Parliament, there is everything to hope and nothing to fear in the
+future, and the only means to bring this about is that which I
+propose."<a name="FNanchor_241" id="FNanchor_241"></a><a href="#Footnote_241" class="fnanchor">[241]</a> But the greatest secrecy and the greatest promptitude were
+necessary. "I ask you very humbly to
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span>
+
+communicate this to His Holiness, whom
+I entreat to consult with you alone; for if the matter became known I
+should be lost. I pray him also to send me a reply as quickly as
+possible."<a name="FNanchor_242" id="FNanchor_242"></a><a href="#Footnote_242" class="fnanchor">[242]</a> She did not doubt, she added, that if the response were
+favourable the King, her husband, would show his gratitude by favouring the
+Catholics even more than he had done in the past. At any rate, whatever the
+upshot of the affair, she would have shown her zeal for the good of her
+religion.</p>
+
+<p>The letter was finished; but Henrietta, who knew to some extent with what
+edged tools she was playing, took up her pen again to add a brief
+postscript. "There is no one knows of this yet but His Holiness, you, and
+I." After writing this final warning she sealed up the missive and sent it
+to the Papal Nuncio in Paris, through whom it reached Rome.</p>
+
+<p>Cardinal Barberini was surprised and somewhat annoyed when he received this
+letter. He was already a little displeased with Henrietta, and the simple
+arguments which she used had not the influence which she imagined over the
+mind of the Protector of England. Moreover, the method of her request was
+unfortunate. The Cardinal thought it strange that she should have written
+on her own responsibility, without consulting either the accredited agent
+of the Papacy, who was at her side, or her own confessor. At first he was
+almost inclined to consider the letter a forgery, but he dismissed this
+idea in favour of the supposition that the Queen had been persuaded to this
+action by some person who sought perhaps to deceive her. He seems to have
+suspected that Richelieu had some hand in the matter,<a name="FNanchor_243" id="FNanchor_243"></a><a href="#Footnote_243" class="fnanchor">[243]</a> and he remarked
+significantly in writing to Rosetti that the Queen's letter had been
+carried to Paris "by one Forster," an English
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>
+
+Catholic believed to be in
+the pay of the French Government, who, he doubted not, had given his
+employers an opportunity of reading it. Henrietta meanwhile was awaiting in
+great anxiety the reply of Barberini, which, when it came at last, was a
+disappointment. Again it was intimated that only the conversion of the King
+of England would loosen the purse-strings of the Pope and justify the Holy
+Father in breaking in on the treasure of the Church stored up in the Castle
+of S. Angelo. The promise of toleration for the Catholics which would, it
+seems, have been given,<a name="FNanchor_244" id="FNanchor_244"></a><a href="#Footnote_244" class="fnanchor">[244]</a> was not enough, for, as the Cardinal justly
+remarked to Rosetti, that promise had already been made in the secret
+articles of the Queen's marriage treaty. Moreover, what security could be
+offered that toleration, even if granted, would be permanent in the face of
+Parliamentary opposition? Barberini, however, did not wish to be unkind,
+and he hoped to soften the hard refusal by instructing Rosetti to tell the
+Queen of England that if matters came to the worst he would be willing to
+help her to the extent of 15,000 crowns.<a name="FNanchor_245" id="FNanchor_245"></a><a href="#Footnote_245" class="fnanchor">[245]</a> But neither this promise nor
+the many pleasing words which accompanied it availed to save Henrietta from
+bitter disappointment, only less bitter, perhaps, than that which she would
+have felt had she received the money for which she asked, and had attempted
+therewith to bribe John Pym.</p>
+
+<p>But this was not the only negotiation which she was carrying on with the
+Holy See. It will be remembered that in her message to the Commons she
+promised to remove Rosetti, understanding that his presence was
+"distasteful
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span>
+
+to the kingdom." She was afraid that most unwillingly she
+would be obliged to keep her promise. "I cannot sufficiently lament the
+pass to which we are come," she wrote to Cardinal Barberini. "I have long
+hoped to be able to keep Count Rosetti here, and I have used all sorts of
+artifice to do so ... but, at last, there was such an outburst of violence
+that there was no means of keeping up our communications except by
+promising to remove him."<a name="FNanchor_246" id="FNanchor_246"></a><a href="#Footnote_246" class="fnanchor">[246]</a> She referred her correspondent to an
+accompanying letter written by Montagu to learn the details of a scheme by
+which she hoped to make of no effect her promises of submission, and in
+spite of her enemies to keep open the communications between England and
+Rome.<a name="FNanchor_247" id="FNanchor_247"></a><a href="#Footnote_247" class="fnanchor">[247]</a> Montagu's letter, which is long and interesting, is less
+melancholy in tone than that of the Queen, and shows less of the gnawing
+anxiety which was invading her spirit. He even explained cheerfully that
+the anti-Catholic promises of the King and Queen had had so good an effect
+that affairs seemed in train for "an accommodation to get rid of the Scots,
+which is the principal thing that the King ought to regard."<a name="FNanchor_248" id="FNanchor_248"></a><a href="#Footnote_248" class="fnanchor">[248]</a> As to the
+method to be employed for assuring communications, it was similar to that
+already practised in Rome, where, in place of Sir Kenelm Digby, a private
+Scotchman, by name Robert Pendrick, formerly Hamilton's secretary and a
+friend of Con, had been installed as agent. Montagu, however, hoped that,
+pending the arrival of an humble substitute, the Queen might be able to
+keep Rosetti in England, and, indeed, that the Count might stay "until the
+time of her journey to France."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>For on this journey she was at last resolved. Her health had not improved,
+and it was thought that she was suffering from the common English
+complaint, and was going into a decline. Probably she did not fear a rebuff
+from France, but she knew that she would have to fight for her departure
+with the House of Commons. Another, and perhaps an unexpected, obstacle
+presented itself. Mayerne vindicated his Puritanism by certifying that his
+royal patient was in no need of change of air, and that her malady was as
+much of the mind as of the body&mdash;a diagnosis which was probably correct but
+highly inconvenient. In this moment of almost universal reprobation, when
+even her co-religionists for whom she had done so much looked coldly on
+her, Henrietta may have found some consolation in the kindness of a number
+of women of London and Westminster, who, in a petition to Parliament
+against the proposed journey, not only dwelt upon the loss to commerce
+which would follow the removal of the Queen's Court, but added kind words
+of her, praising the encouragement she had given to the calling of
+Parliament, and saying, with much truth, that since her coming to England
+"she hath been an instrument of many acts of mercy and grace to multitudes
+of distressed people."</p>
+
+<p>Richelieu's answer to Henrietta's request for the hospitality of France was
+another grave disappointment. Never for one moment had the French
+Cardinal's vigilant eye been turned from England or its Queen. Madame de
+Chevreuse, Mary de' Medici, the Duke of Valette, the inclinations towards a
+Spanish alliance, all he had noted, and now was the day of reckoning. Not
+even in these closing years of triumph would he admit into France one who
+might scheme against his interests. The refusal was absolute, and in vain
+did Henrietta send a special agent to press her claims. The Cardinal was
+inexorable, and the excellent reasons which he gave for his decision
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>
+
+&mdash;such
+as the certain ruin of the Catholics by the Queen's absence, and the danger
+in such desperate circumstances of leaving the country&mdash;failed to convince
+his correspondent that her request was refused solely for her own sake. So
+great was her mortification that she was unable to hide from her servants
+the chagrin which she felt that she, a daughter of France, the child of the
+great Henry, was refused in her sickness and sorrow the shelter of her
+native land.</p>
+
+<p>But there was no time to grieve long over any single annoyance, for trouble
+succeeded trouble, one treading fast on the heels of another. Moreover, as
+the spring wore on lesser sorrows tended to become swallowed up in the
+terrible anxiety as to Strafford's fate. On March 16th it was decided that
+he should be tried for high treason; and it struck like an evil omen on the
+Queen's heart that on that very day the Lords and Commons agreed to
+petition the King for the removal from Court of all Papists, and
+particularly of her four chief friends, Sir Kenelm Digby, Sir Tobie
+Matthew, Walter Montagu, and Sir John Winter. A few days later the trial
+began. It dragged along while, day after day, its course was watched by the
+King and Queen of England, who sat in a gallery, closely screened from
+curious eyes, looking down on the stern faces below them, and on the
+majestic figure of the man who was there to answer for his life. Not all
+the persuasions of the Commons could keep the royal couple away. It was the
+only thing they could do to encourage their faithful servant. With them sat
+their eldest son, the boy of whom it was said that he had been found
+weeping because the father who had received three kingdoms as his heritage
+would leave him never an one.</p>
+
+<p>It is needless to repeat the story of Strafford's trial: how all turned
+upon an alleged plot to bring over Irish troops to subdue England; how it
+was found to be impossible
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span>
+
+to convict him of conduct which could be brought
+within the scope of the Treason Act; how his enemies, determined that he
+should not escape, turned the impeachment into an attainder. All that is
+necessary is to indicate the Queen's action through these weeks of terror
+and struggle.</p>
+
+<p>Everything that she could she did to save the man whom once she had
+regarded almost as an enemy. Day after day she found opportunity for secret
+interviews with the Puritan leaders, in which she offered all (and perhaps
+more than all) that it was in her power to give in exchange for Strafford's
+life. Evening after evening, when the dusk had fallen, she sallied forth
+alone, lighting her steps with a single taper, to seek her foes in their
+own quarters.<a name="FNanchor_249" id="FNanchor_249"></a><a href="#Footnote_249" class="fnanchor">[249]</a> Such efforts deserved success, and she at least believed
+that to them was due the remarkable conversion of Lord Denbigh, the husband
+of her dear and faithful lady-in-waiting, who, after being one of
+Strafford's bitterest opponents, turned round and defended him with all his
+ability in the House of Lords.</p>
+
+<p>Nor were these exertions the sum of Henrietta's activities. The marriage
+between little Princess Mary and the Prince of Orange, which took place in
+the middle of May, bringing as it did the hope of help in money and perhaps
+in soldiers, cheered her spirits and roused her to fresh efforts. It was
+now that the army plot was formed, the main object of which was to bring up
+to London the army which had been raised against the Scots, and by means of
+it to overpower Parliament and to release Strafford.</p>
+
+<p>The plot seems to have originated with two soldiers, the younger Goring and
+an officer named Wilmot. These
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>
+
+two separately conceived the idea of turning
+the discontent of the army, whose wages had not been paid, to the profit of
+the King. Charles and Henrietta, who were consulted, thought that the best
+plan would be to endeavour to bring about an understanding between the two
+officers, each of whom wished to be commander-in-chief. The difficult task
+was assigned to Henry Jermyn, whose gentle manners made him specially
+suited to such a mission. But then the Queen's heart began to fail her. She
+knew only too well the danger of meddling with such matters, and she was
+greatly attached to Jermyn, who was, besides, one of the last of her
+faithful servants left to her; for Windbank, Montagu, and many another had
+been forced to find safety in flight. "If Jermyn too is lost, we shall be
+left without friends," she said piteously to her husband. Charles
+considered deeply for some time, for he was struck by this argument; but in
+the end he said that he thought the risk worth running, and Jermyn, whose
+fidelity was unimpeachable, was asked to undertake the dangerous mission.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta's courage was indeed giving way. The insults of the mob, the
+undisguised hatred of the Puritans whom she believed about to impeach her
+of high treason, the wild rumours afloat which culminated in the report of
+an imminent French invasion (this time in the royal interest), terrified
+her so much that, in spite of her proud boasts of a few days earlier that
+she was the daughter of a father who had never learned to run away, she
+determined to leave London for Portsmouth. She was only stayed by the
+entreaties of the French agent in London, of the Bishop of Angoul&ecirc;me, and
+of Father Philip. At Portsmouth was not only the governor, the younger
+Goring, but Henry Jermyn, and the Queen's precipitate flight would have
+given colour to the scandals which her enemies were industriously
+spreading, and to gain evidence for which they
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>
+
+did not scruple to
+cross-question even her ladies of the bedchamber.</p>
+
+<p>In London, therefore, Henrietta remained to hear that same day that the
+army plot, which was already suspected by Pym, had been betrayed by Goring,
+whom she trusted almost beyond any of her servants.<a name="FNanchor_250" id="FNanchor_250"></a><a href="#Footnote_250" class="fnanchor">[250]</a> Neither he nor
+Wilmot could reconcile himself to giving up the first place, and the
+former, goaded by ambition, opened the whole matter to Parliament. Henry
+Percy, who was also concerned in the affair, fled, leaving a letter for his
+brother, the Earl of Northumberland, which was read before Parliament. In
+spite of the closure of the ports, he managed, after considerable
+difficulty, to reach France, while others of the conspirators, among whom
+were two poets, D'Avenant and Suckling, made good their escape. Henry
+Jermyn ran perhaps the greatest risk. He had set off for Portsmouth at the
+Queen's request, knowing that the plot was betrayed, but unwitting that
+Goring was the traitor. When he reached his destination he was asked
+wonderingly why he had come.</p>
+
+<p>"In obedience to His Majesty's commands," he replied. Goring looked sadly
+at his friend. "You have nothing to fear," he said at last, "either for
+yourself or for me, for I have sufficient credit to save you. I am sorry to
+have done wrong, but I will atone for it with regard to you, and I will die
+rather than fail you."</p>
+
+<p>Jermyn perhaps distrusted the man who had already betrayed so grave a
+trust; but in this case Goring was as good as his word. He put the orders
+sent down by Parliament into his pocket, and helped his friend to escape in
+a small boat which took him to join the other exiles in France.</p>
+
+<p>That which the Queen had feared had come upon her,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>
+
+and she was left almost
+without friends. Besides, she winced as at the lash of a whip when she
+heard the vile attacks upon her honour.<a name="FNanchor_251" id="FNanchor_251"></a><a href="#Footnote_251" class="fnanchor">[251]</a> But again bad griefs were to
+be swallowed up by worse.</p>
+
+<p>For the army plot sealed Strafford's fate. The misgivings of the Puritans
+were becoming terror as they appreciated that the King of England would
+shrink from no means which might make him supreme. The more well-informed
+among them knew that Richelieu wished them well, but there were those who
+saw in the welcome which the Cardinal extended to the English exiles an
+indication that the influence of France would be thrown on the side of the
+King, and there were rumours abroad that Strafford, once rescued from
+prison, would find a refuge across the Channel. The Earl's position was
+rendered still worse when the Lieutenant of the Tower declared that he had
+been offered a large bribe to favour his prisoner's escape. There was now
+no room for compromise. Strafford had to pay the penalty of the greatness
+which made him feared, and on May 8th, the very day on which the army plot
+became known, the Bill of Attainder passed both Houses of Parliament.</p>
+
+<p>Then followed four agonizing days. The King, who had given Strafford a
+solemn promise that he should not be harmed, became more and more terrified
+(not so much for himself as for those whom he loved, for he was no coward)
+as he realized the implacability of those who sought his faithful servant's
+life. On the other hand, he felt the shame of the descendant of a long line
+of kings at the very thought of breaking his royal pledge. In his struggle
+he knew not where to turn for help or comfort. Strafford himself, imitating
+the heroic conduct of the simple priest John Goodman, wrote to Charles,
+begging to die rather than that his safety should prejudice the King's
+interests. As for
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span>
+
+Henrietta, at this crisis she had no strength to
+supplement her husband's weakness. She sat shivering at Whitehall, feeling
+around her the atmosphere of hatred, and hearing at last that most terrible
+of all sounds, the howling of an infuriated mob. Long Charles hesitated,
+but at last he dared do so no longer, for he believed that his wife and his
+children would pay the ransom of Strafford. Impelled by fear, justified by
+subtle counsellors, he seized his pen and signed the fatal death-warrant;
+"and in signing it he signed his own,"<a name="FNanchor_252" id="FNanchor_252"></a><a href="#Footnote_252" class="fnanchor">[252]</a> commented a Frenchman many
+years later.</p>
+
+<p>Strafford did not fear death. His state of health was such that probably in
+any case his remaining days would have been few. With one bitter comment,
+"Put not your trust in princes," he turned resolutely to the regulation of
+his temporal affairs and to preparation for death. His last day on earth
+was troubled by the well-meant solicitude of certain Catholics who, by some
+means, gained access to him, but when they found their efforts unavailing
+they departed, and he was left in peace. The fatal twelfth of May dawned.
+He was led out to meet first the blessing of his fellow-prisoner,
+Archbishop Laud, and then the angry faces of the populace, which he
+despised to the end, but to which was passing the power he was unable to
+hold. There were a few moments of tension, of waiting for death; then the
+axe fell, and the one man who might have saved Charles' throne was for ever
+beyond the reach of warring factions. "They have committed murder with the
+sword of justice,"<a name="FNanchor_253" id="FNanchor_253"></a><a href="#Footnote_253" class="fnanchor">[253]</a> cried out one Englishman, expressing the silent
+thoughts of others less courageous than himself.</p>
+
+<p>"The people," commented Salvetti, who was not unworthy
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span>
+
+to be the countryman
+of Machiavelli, "now that it knows its own strength, and that nothing is
+denied to it, will not stop here, but will claim more."<a name="FNanchor_254" id="FNanchor_254"></a><a href="#Footnote_254" class="fnanchor">[254]</a> Indeed, the
+revolution came on apace. The power was in the hands of Pym and his
+friends, and behind them were the London mob and the Scotch army. The
+abolition of the Star Chamber and High Commission Courts was only one among
+the many blows which were shattering Charles' throne.</p>
+
+<p>These were some of the darkest days of Henrietta's life. She was fully
+aroused from the levity of her youth, but at this first touch of adversity
+she had not learned the courage and resignation of later times. Strafford
+had no truer mourner than she, unless, indeed, it were her husband. Then
+there were griefs more personal to herself. Some of those whom she had most
+trusted, such as Lady Carlisle and the Earl of Holland, turned against her,
+and she still believed that her enemies meant to humiliate her by an
+impeachment. She had to see the Catholics hated and persecuted as they had
+not been since the days of the Powder Plot, finding only a sorry
+consolation in the heroism which kept most of the priests at their post of
+danger. It added to her misery that she had to bear it alone. Even the
+Bishop of Angoul&ecirc;me left his royal mistress, for somewhat
+characteristically he discovered the urgent need of his presence in Paris.
+One of a braver spirit remained as ever faithful, but Father Philip, who
+was specially obnoxious to the Puritans, because being a subject of the
+King of England he came within the scope of the recusancy laws, found his
+constancy rewarded by a severe interrogation before the House of Commons
+and a short sojourn in the Tower. It was, however, no doubt a satisfaction,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span>
+
+both to him and to the Queen, that Richelieu, whose name had been freely
+mentioned in the examination, expressed himself much annoyed at the liberty
+which the leaders of Parliament had taken.<a name="FNanchor_255" id="FNanchor_255"></a><a href="#Footnote_255" class="fnanchor">[255]</a></p>
+
+<p>And in July Henrietta lost another friend. Rosetti had stayed, with
+admirable courage and almost beyond the limit of safety, but now the
+condition of affairs was such that the Queen would not even permit
+Piombini, the humble agent who had been sent to replace him, to remain in
+England. She and her husband, with desperation in their hearts, held a last
+interview with the papal envoy. Charles, who in Rosetti's words spoke of
+the injuries which religion was receiving, "not as a heretic king, but as a
+Catholic,"<a name="FNanchor_256" id="FNanchor_256"></a><a href="#Footnote_256" class="fnanchor">[256]</a> was by this time ready to promise, in return for help from
+the Pope, even liberty of conscience in the three kingdoms, together with
+the extirpation of Puritanism, thus leaving the field to the Catholics and
+the Protestants. He was, moreover, willing to forgo any help from Rome
+until the free exercise of the Catholic religion had been granted in
+Ireland. These terms, countersigned by his own royal hand, were to be
+carried across the sea by Mary de' Medici, who was on the point of leaving
+England, and delivered to Rosetti, who, by that time, would be on the way
+to Rome.</p>
+
+<p>But the King of England humiliated himself in vain. Rosetti and those who
+directed him were aware of both the circumstances and the character of the
+man with whom they had to deal. They knew that only one thing could
+irrevocably bind Charles to the Catholic cause, and to
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span>
+
+the performance of
+his difficult promise. "The true way of getting help from the Holy See,"
+said Rosetti severely, "is the conversion of the King." It was of no avail
+that Henrietta hastily asserted that such a step was impossible, not from
+any dislike on her husband's part to their holy religion, but because it
+would cost him his crown. The King's acts, and not his motives, were the
+envoy's concern, and he offered no comment on this wifely explanation, but
+hastened to bid the Queen farewell. He left England immediately, and
+Henrietta never saw him again.</p>
+
+<p>A month later, in the August of this sad summer, Henrietta wrote a letter
+to her sister Christine, which is the best description of the despair which
+was taking possession of her. "I swear to you," so it runs, "that I am
+almost mad with the sudden change in my fortunes. From the highest pitch of
+contentment I am fallen into every kind of misery which affects not only me
+but others. The sufferings of the poor Catholics and of others who are the
+servants of my lord the King touch me as sensibly as can any personal
+sorrow. Imagine what I feel to see the King's power taken from him, the
+Catholics persecuted, the priests hanged, the persons devoted to us removed
+and pursued for their lives because they served the King. As for myself, I
+am kept as a prisoner, so that they will not even permit me to follow the
+King, who is going to Scotland." She goes on to speak of one of the chief
+aggravations of her misery, the utter helplessness which she felt. "You
+have had troubles enough," she exclaims to her sister, "but at least you
+were able to do something to escape them; while we, we have to sit with our
+arms folded, quite unable to help ourselves. I know well," she adds sadly,
+commenting on her little daughter's marriage, which might have seemed
+rather beneath the dignity of the eldest daughter of England, "I know well
+that it is not kingdoms
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span>
+
+that give contentment, and that kings are as
+unhappy and sometimes more so than other people."<a name="FNanchor_257" id="FNanchor_257"></a><a href="#Footnote_257" class="fnanchor">[257]</a></p>
+
+<p>During the King's absence in Scotland Henrietta retired to her country
+house at Oatlands, to find what consolation she could in the society of her
+children. Even there she was not at peace. The leaders of the Parliamentary
+party, wishing to gain possession of the young Princes, requested that they
+might be placed in their hands, for the benefit of their education, and
+because they feared that the Queen, their mother, would make them Papists.
+"You are mistaken," replied Henrietta proudly. "The Princes have their
+tutors and governors to teach them all that is proper, and I shall not make
+them Papists, for I know that that is not the wish of the King."
+Nevertheless she was so alarmed at this request that she sent the children
+to another country house, whence they came to visit her but occasionally.
+She believed that she herself was in some danger of being carried off by
+her enemies; at least, that they wished her to think so, in order to drive
+her from the kingdom. After a while she left Oatlands and went to Hampton
+Court, where she was in greater safety, and where she was able to work for
+her husband by winning over some doubtful spirits, of whom the chief was
+the Lord Mayor of London.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the summer wore on, and with the autumn came another blow. In the
+early days of November, while Charles was still in Scotland, London was
+startled by the news of the sudden and horrible rebellion of the
+long-oppressed Irish Catholics, who rose to avenge upon their Protestant
+neighbours the wrongs of generations. Stories, not unfounded, of the
+reckless barbarity of the rebels were in the mouth of every Englishman, and
+the victorious Puritans found in them an easy means of fanning the popular
+hatred of the Catholics, which was already at white heat.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span>
+
+"This is what
+they have done in Ireland, this is what they would do, if they had the
+chance, in England," was a ready and convincing argument. This rebellion
+added another difficulty to those which were overwhelming the King and
+Queen; for not only did it thus give a handle to their enemies, but there
+were those who did not scruple to insinuate that the Queen was concerned in
+it.</p>
+
+<p>Later in the same month Charles came home, and he had one day of pleasure
+and triumph, for the city of London, partly through the exertions of the
+Queen, gave him a royal welcome, which seemed like the beginning of better
+things. It was, however, but a passing gleam of hope. The presentation on
+December 1st of the Grand Remonstrance, with its sombre catalogue of
+grievances, with its acrid religious and political tone, marked another act
+of the tragedy. Then at the beginning of the New Year (1642) came the
+King's fatal attempt to arrest five members<a name="FNanchor_258" id="FNanchor_258"></a><a href="#Footnote_258" class="fnanchor">[258]</a> of the House of Commons
+and one member of the House of Lords, whom he knew to have been in
+communication with the Scots, and whom on this ground he wished to impeach
+for the crime of high treason.</p>
+
+<p>The House of Commons showed a disposition to resist, and on January 4th
+Charles went down himself to seize the offending members. He had concerted
+his plan overnight with his wife and with George Digby,<a name="FNanchor_259" id="FNanchor_259"></a><a href="#Footnote_259" class="fnanchor">[259]</a> a cousin of
+Sir Kenelm, one of those who had rallied to the royal cause at the time of
+Strafford's trial, and who henceforward appears among the Queen's special
+friends. With morning the King's spirit quailed before the task he had
+undertaken, but Henrietta, whose anger was roused because she believed that
+these ringleaders of the Commons intended to
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span>
+
+impeach her, would allow no
+shrinking. "Go, poltroon, pull the ears of these rogues, or never see me
+again," she cried, with that touch of insolent scorn into which her
+husband's weakness or scruples sometimes betrayed her. As ever, Charles was
+unable to stand against her stronger will. He took her in his arms,
+assuring her that in an hour's time he would come back master of his foes;
+and so he left her and went to his destruction. She awaited his return in
+the highest spirits, thinking that now, at last, by one brilliant <i>coup</i>
+her troubles would be ended. She continually consulted her watch, as she
+listened eagerly for the footsteps of a messenger. At last she could
+contain herself no longer. Lady Carlisle, who probably gathered that some
+great matter was stirring, came into the Queen's private room to be greeted
+with an excited exclamation, "Rejoice, for now I hope the King is master in
+his kingdom," and to be told the very names of the intended victims. Lady
+Carlisle showed no surprise or annoyance. She quietly left the room and
+wrote a note to Pym, with the consequence that Charles, who had been
+delayed, entered the House of Commons to find, in his own words, "the birds
+flown." Henrietta, when she discovered the Countess' treachery, reproached
+herself most bitterly for her failure to keep silence, and confessed her
+fault freely to her husband, who as freely forgave it. But, culpable as she
+was, it is probable that her indiscretion did little harm. Her real fault
+she could not appreciate. It was Charles' attempt to seize the leaders of
+Parliament, not his failure in so doing, which precipitated the revolution.</p>
+
+<p>Henceforward there was no hope of averting the revolution. Charles and
+Henrietta had to face the wrath of their people, and they knew that they
+were alone. The Pope, from whom they had hoped so much, left them to their
+fate, and Richelieu, though his attitude had been sometimes a little
+ambiguous, was the friend of their foes,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span>
+
+and felt towards them an hostility
+the result of the history of the last fifteen years, which was a continual
+encouragement to those who were arrayed against them. It is true that many
+Englishmen, terrified at the extremes to which the Puritans were rushing,
+rallied round the King,<a name="FNanchor_260" id="FNanchor_260"></a><a href="#Footnote_260" class="fnanchor">[260]</a> seeing in him, as he ever saw in himself, the
+defender of the ancient constitution; but even so the horizon was dark, and
+it was to grow darker to the end. "A northern King shall reign," ran the
+prophecy of Paul Grebner, who was in England in the great days of
+Elizabeth, "Charles by name, who shall take to wife Mary of the Popish
+religion, whereupon he shall be a most unfortunate Prince."<a name="FNanchor_261" id="FNanchor_261"></a><a href="#Footnote_261" class="fnanchor">[261]</a></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width:10%" />
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_234" id="Footnote_234"></a><a href="#FNanchor_234">
+<span class="label">[234]</span></a>See particularly the dispatches of Montreuil (MS. Fran&ccedil;ais, 15,995) and
+Salvetti (Add. MS., 27,962), and Rosetti's remark in a letter to Cardinal
+Barberini (August 10th, 1640) that if something were not done the Puritans
+would so increase "che metteranno un giorno in pericolo di distruggere la
+monarchia di Inghilterra!"&mdash;Roman Transcripts P.R.O.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_235" id="Footnote_235"></a><a href="#FNanchor_235">
+<span class="label">[235]</span></a>Mme de Motteville: <i>M&eacute;moires</i> (1783), I, 244. Cf. Montglas:
+<i>M&eacute;moires</i> (1727), t. II, p. 67. "Il [Richelieu] avoit toujours des sommes
+d'argent entre les mains pour distribuer &agrave; l'insu de tout le monde &agrave; gens
+inconnus qui faisoient ensuite des effets mervellieux qui surprenoient tout
+le monde: comme depuis par la guerre civile d'Angleterre dont il &eacute;toit
+auteur et qu'il fomentoit pour emp&ecirc;cher les Anglois jaloux de la prosperit&eacute;
+de la France de traverser ses desseins."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_236" id="Footnote_236"></a><a href="#FNanchor_236">
+<span class="label">[236]</span></a>Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 47.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_237" id="Footnote_237"></a><a href="#FNanchor_237">
+<span class="label">[237]</span></a>MS. Fran&ccedil;ais, 15,995.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_238" id="Footnote_238"></a><a href="#FNanchor_238">
+<span class="label">[238]</span></a>Belli&egrave;vre, the French ambassador in England, wrote, in
+August, 1639, of a <i>femme de chambre</i> of the Queen who was going to France,
+that she was "tr&egrave;s bien sans l'esprit de la Reine sa maitresse."&mdash;Aff.
+Etran. Ang., t. 47.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_239" id="Footnote_239"></a><a href="#FNanchor_239">
+<span class="label">[239]</span></a>The following account is from a private letter written by a
+Catholic: "Mr. Montague and Sir Kenelme appeared, the former said little
+but what was barely necessary to answer their interrogations which were
+about superiours of orders engaged in that business and his answers were
+soe sparing and wary that they told him he squiborated with them and
+co[~m]anded him next day to attend again. The latter spake soe home and soe
+frankly as he left them little to saye against him but to co[~m]and his
+attendance the next daye: the su[~m]e of what he said was being the Scotts
+were declared rebells by the Kinge and Counsell his Ma<sup>tie</sup> actively in
+the field against them, that all the Nobility, Counsell, Bishops, Judges
+and Innes of Court having contributed voluntarily to the warre, he could
+make noe doubt but hee and all Catholickes were obliged to followe their
+examples, and this the rather because her Ma<sup>tie</sup> was pleased to aske
+parte of all that his Ma<sup>tie</sup> might have taken without askinge such being
+the condition of Catholickes in England whereof he confessed himselfe to be
+one."&mdash;Archives of See of Westminster.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_240" id="Footnote_240"></a><a href="#FNanchor_240">
+<span class="label">[240]</span></a>The Queen's message to the House of Commons is printed in
+Green: <i>Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria</i>, p. 36.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_241" id="Footnote_241"></a><a href="#FNanchor_241">
+<span class="label">[241]</span></a>P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. See Appendix, No. II.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_242" id="Footnote_242"></a><a href="#FNanchor_242">
+<span class="label">[242]</span></a>P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. See Appendix No. II.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_243" id="Footnote_243"></a><a href="#FNanchor_243">
+<span class="label">[243]</span></a>Barberini also refers to the reports which were about
+concerning the complicity of France in the Scotch rebellion.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_244" id="Footnote_244"></a><a href="#FNanchor_244">
+<span class="label">[244]</span></a>It is probable that the offer was made by the Queen alone at
+this time, as Barberini says that security from the Parliament or in some
+other way would be necessary. "Non parendo bastante la promessa della
+Regina."&mdash;Barberini to Rosetti, February l6th, 1641. P.R.O. Roman
+Transcripts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_245" id="Footnote_245"></a><a href="#FNanchor_245">
+<span class="label">[245]</span></a>The tenor of the Cardinal's answer is gathered from his
+letter to Rosetti. P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_246" id="Footnote_246"></a><a href="#FNanchor_246">
+<span class="label">[246]</span></a>P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. Henrietta Maria to Barberini,
+February 6th, 1641.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_247" id="Footnote_247"></a><a href="#FNanchor_247">
+<span class="label">[247]</span></a>"Je vous remest &agrave; Montagu pour faire savoir le particulier
+de tout et les moyens que je propose pour continuer l'intelligence ce que
+je desire passionement."&mdash;Henrietta Maria to Barberini, February 6th, 1641.
+P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_248" id="Footnote_248"></a><a href="#FNanchor_248">
+<span class="label">[248]</span></a>P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. Walter Montagu to Barberini,
+February 6th, 1641.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_249" id="Footnote_249"></a><a href="#FNanchor_249">
+<span class="label">[249]</span></a>This statement rests on the authority of Mme de Motteville.
+It seems incredible that the Queen went out alone into the street; it is
+probable that she went to the apartments of noblemen living in the palace.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_250" id="Footnote_250"></a><a href="#FNanchor_250">
+<span class="label">[250]</span></a>"Cette princesse dict &agrave; plusieurs personnes qu'elle n'avoit
+que Mr. Goring et son fils en qui elle se p&ucirc;t asseurer si les Escossais
+continuent leur manche en Angleterre." April 18th, 1641. MS. Fran&ccedil;ais,
+15,995, f. 226.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_251" id="Footnote_251"></a><a href="#FNanchor_251">
+<span class="label">[251]</span></a>"Che la ferisce al vivo."&mdash;Salvetti. Add. MS., 27,962, I, f.
+232.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_252" id="Footnote_252"></a><a href="#FNanchor_252">
+<span class="label">[252]</span></a>Fran&ccedil;ois Faure, in his funeral sermon on Henrietta Maria.
+Mme de Motteville in her memoirs makes almost the same remark (ed. 1783).
+I, 261.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_253" id="Footnote_253"></a><a href="#FNanchor_253">
+<span class="label">[253]</span></a>Diurnall Occurrences, May, 1641.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_254" id="Footnote_254"></a><a href="#FNanchor_254">
+<span class="label">[254]</span></a>Add. MS., 27,962, I, f. 233. Cf. the remark of Giustiani,
+May 24th, 1641: "Li piu savii pero pronosticano a piena bocca che l'habbi
+ben tosto a reduirsi questa monarchia a governo interamente
+democratica."&mdash;P.R.O. Venetian Transcripts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_255" id="Footnote_255"></a><a href="#FNanchor_255">
+<span class="label">[255]</span></a>A little later (October 30th, 1641) the French ambassador in
+England, remembering that Father Philip belonged to the anti-Richelieu
+party, wrote asking if he should work for his "l'esloignement." Aff. Etran.
+Ang., t. 48.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_256" id="Footnote_256"></a><a href="#FNanchor_256">
+<span class="label">[256]</span></a>Charles left the room after a few words with Rosetti,
+leaving his wife to make the offers described above, but there is no reason
+to doubt that she had his authority.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_257" id="Footnote_257"></a><a href="#FNanchor_257">
+<span class="label">[257]</span></a><i>Lettres de Henriette Marie &agrave; sa soeur Christine</i>, August
+8th, 1641, pp. 57-9.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_258" id="Footnote_258"></a><a href="#FNanchor_258">
+<span class="label">[258]</span></a>Pym, Hampden, Haselrig, Holles, Strode, in the Commons; in
+the Lords, Lord Kimbolton, the brother of Walter Montagu, who had been the
+King's personal friend and had accompanied him to Spain in 1624.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_259" id="Footnote_259"></a><a href="#FNanchor_259">
+<span class="label">[259]</span></a>George Lord Digby, eldest son of the Earl of Bristol.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_260" id="Footnote_260"></a><a href="#FNanchor_260">
+<span class="label">[260]</span></a>The narrow majority by which the Grand Remonstrance passed
+the House of Commons marked the formation of the constitutional Royalist
+party.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_261" id="Footnote_261"></a><a href="#FNanchor_261">
+<span class="label">[261]</span></a>This version is a corruption of the real prophecy of
+Grebner, which was contained in a book given by him to Elizabeth and by
+Elizabeth to Trinity College, Cambridge. See "Monarchy or no Monarchy in
+England: Grebner his prophecy by William Lilly, student in Astrology"
+(1651).</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER VIII<br />
+THE QUEEN AND THE WAR</h2>
+
+<p class="center">I</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">'Tis time to leave the books in dust,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">And oil the unused armour's rust,</span>
+		<span class="ind3">Removing from the wall</span>
+		<span class="ind3">The corselet of the hall.</span>
+		<span class="ind5 smcap">Andrew Marvell</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It would be impossible, within the limits of these studies, to give even a
+brief outline of the events of that momentous period of our history known
+as the Civil War. All that can be attempted is to indicate the various
+activities of Henrietta Maria in connection with it.</p>
+
+<p>With the knowledge that a struggle was inevitable a change came over the
+Queen's spirit. As long as an accommodation seemed possible she had shown,
+certainly from time to time, some moderation and some desire to propitiate
+her enemies, but it seemed to her that the demands of Parliament were
+unreasonable, and that, in fact, when she spoke of peace her foes made them
+ready for battle. There was no way through the impasse, for they, on their
+side, were of just the same opinion. Thenceforward her tactics were
+different. As she had opposed an ignominious peace with the Scotch rebels,
+so now she was an advocate of no compromise. Throwing herself with all the
+energy of her nature&mdash;she could never do anything
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>
+
+by halves, said one who
+knew her well<a name="FNanchor_262" id="FNanchor_262"></a><a href="#Footnote_262" class="fnanchor">[262]</a>&mdash;into her husband's cause, she took her place among the
+most active members of the royalist party. Gone was the Queen of love and
+beauty, the gentle lady whose interests were those of the drawing-room, the
+nursery, and the chapel. Gone even was the Queen of tears, who sat cowering
+in London on the eve of the war. Instead is seen a woman stern and
+determined, brushing aside concessions and half-measures with undisguised
+scorn, leaving without a sigh the luxuries in which from her cradle she had
+been lapped, and in which she had shown an artistic and sensuous delight,
+posting over land and sea, regardless of comfort, of health, of life
+itself, to bring succour to her husband. The daughter of Henry IV had risen
+to the measure of her likeness to her great father.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta set out for Holland in February, 1642. The ostensible reason of
+her journey was to escort her daughter Mary, who was only ten years old, to
+her husband, the Prince of Orange. The real reason was to raise such sums
+of money and to collect such quantities of arms and ammunition as she could
+obtain on the security of the treasures which she took with her, her own
+jewels and those of the Crown of England.</p>
+
+<p>After a stormy crossing, which resulted in the loss of the chapel vessels
+and of the servants' clothes, Henrietta was able to gather round her on the
+soil of Holland her small household. It included Lord Goring, Lady Denbigh,
+Lady Roxburgh, who had been the little princesses' governess, and Father
+Philip, who was accompanied by one of his old rivals of the Capuchin Order.
+The storm-tossed exiles were met at the coast by Henry, Prince of Orange,
+who, anxious to give due honour to his son's bride and mother-in-law,
+welcomed the sorrowful Queen with a "brief and succinct speech," running to
+a length
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span>
+
+of three and a half closely printed quarto pages, and couched in a
+style of inflated flattery<a name="FNanchor_263" id="FNanchor_263"></a><a href="#Footnote_263" class="fnanchor">[263]</a> which, sad as she was, must have taxed
+Henrietta's gravity to listen to. She replied, however, with great decorum
+that the Prince appeared to her "the god of eloquence," after which she and
+her little daughter were royally feasted in the palace at The Hague.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, a welcome which savoured of absurdity was better than
+"greetings where no kindness is." In the Dutch capital Henrietta found her
+husband's sister, Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, who was living there in
+exile. This lady, who had taken an accurate measure of her sister-in-law's
+influence over her brother, held her in the cool esteem with which
+relatives by marriage are frequently regarded, and had no real cordiality
+to show to the woman who was beginning to tread the Via Dolorosa her own
+feet had trodden so long. It happened, besides, that just at this time
+parties in Holland reproduced in miniature those of England. The House of
+Orange clung to the alliance with the House of Stuart, but the wealthy
+burgesses of Amsterdam and The Hague, who were democratic and republican in
+their views, had more sympathy with those who were fighting the battle of
+liberty across
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span>
+
+the waters of the North Sea. They showed Henrietta little
+kindness and scant courtesy. They gave her hints, which she refused to
+take, that they would be glad to see the last of her. They treated her with
+none of the deference due to her rank. A sturdy Dutch burgher would stride
+into her presence without removing his hat, sit down beside her and enter
+into conversation with her as if she were a fellow-townsman whom he had met
+in the street; or, perhaps, if he could not think of anything to say, would
+turn on his heel and go away without stopping to salute the Queen of
+England, all which amazing manners Henrietta, whose sense of humour never
+deserted her, carefully noted and described years afterward to Madame de
+Motteville.<a name="FNanchor_264" id="FNanchor_264"></a><a href="#Footnote_264" class="fnanchor">[264]</a></p>
+
+<p>But in spite of hostility the Queen's work prospered. She kept her daughter
+with her, while the boy-husband pursued the studies suitable to his age and
+rank; but she devoted her chief energies to raising money, a task in which
+she experienced some difficulty, as reports were circulated that she had
+carried off the crown jewels without the King's consent. She was, moreover,
+carefully watched, both by her unwilling hosts and by spies of the
+Parliament; but, nevertheless, she managed to sell or pawn some of her
+store, though at exorbitant rates, for, as she wrote to her husband, no
+sooner was it known that the King of England was in need of money than the
+usurers and merchants "keep their foot on our throat." Parliament issued a
+proclamation forbidding any of the "traitors" to approach the person of the
+Queen; but, nevertheless, her friends came not without the connivance of
+the Prince of Orange, who allowed two of them to lie at his own lodgings.
+George Digby and Henry Jermyn hastened to her side, and she was cheered by
+the arrival from France of another old friend from whom she had parted the
+year before in fear and distress.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Walter Montagu, after his hasty flight from England, had been received with
+rather unexpected kindness by Richelieu. He spent, however, most of his
+exile at Pontoise, where he made friends with Mother Jeanne S&eacute;guier,<a name="FNanchor_265" id="FNanchor_265"></a><a href="#Footnote_265" class="fnanchor">[265]</a> a
+lady who combined the professions of a Carmelite nun and of a political
+intriguer, and to whom he probably owed an acquaintance with the rising
+Mazarin, which was rapidly ripening into friendship. But, in spite of the
+seduction of French affairs, he did not forget the lady to whom his
+allegiance was pledged; and in the late spring of 1642 he hurried to
+Holland to give advice in matters where his intimate knowledge of the
+French Court was invaluable.</p>
+
+<p>For Henrietta's eyes were turning to her native land as a possible refuge
+in case of the worst. She had wished to go to Cologne, where her poor old
+mother lay sick to death; but her masters in Holland forbade her. Ireland,
+which had been suggested, seemed "a strange place"; so sometimes she
+thought she would go to her beloved nuns in the Faubourg S. Jacques, and
+there, where she had been so happy, hide her humiliated head in case of her
+husband's discomfiture. She knew that Richelieu hated her, and she deeply
+resented the attitude taken up by the French ambassador in London; but she
+thought, and thought justly, that Louis XIII, or rather the Cardinal, would
+not, for very shame, refuse her, a daughter of France, an asylum in the
+extremity to which her affairs had come. Her Grand Almoner, Du Perron, who
+had not felt it necessary to risk himself in England again, wrote from
+Paris that she would be given entertainment in France in case of need. He
+also gave the welcome news that he was coming to see her on behalf of her
+brother the King, on receiving which intelligence her elastic spirits rose
+high with hope, so that she wrote friendly letters both to the great
+Cardinal himself
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span>
+
+and to Mazarin, with whom Montagu had smoothed her way.
+
+It was a comfort to feel that she had an assured retreat, for the news from
+England became more and more exciting. The setting up of the King's
+standard at Nottingham on August 22nd, 1642, made the war a reality. The
+first blood shed in civil strife since the battle of Bosworth was drawn at
+Powick Bridge on September 23rd, 1642. On October 23rd the first regular
+engagement between the rival armies took place at Edgehill.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen watched the course of events with painful and unremitting
+anxiety. Nor was she a mere spectator. There yet exists the remarkable
+series of letters<a name="FNanchor_266" id="FNanchor_266"></a><a href="#Footnote_266" class="fnanchor">[266]</a> which she addressed from Holland, some written by
+her own hand, some by that of a secretary, probably Henry Jermyn, to her
+husband. In them, more clearly than anywhere else, we see the working of
+Henrietta's fierce and determined mind at this crisis. How she urged
+Charles on, against the advice of more moderate counsellors, to take Hull
+by force, though Parliament had not begun hostilities. "Is it not beginning
+to put persons into it against your will?"<a name="FNanchor_267" id="FNanchor_267"></a><a href="#Footnote_267" class="fnanchor">[267]</a> How she wished she were in
+the place of her son James, who was in that town. "I would have flung the
+rascal over the walls, or he should have done the same thing to me."<a name="FNanchor_268" id="FNanchor_268"></a><a href="#Footnote_268" class="fnanchor">[268]</a>
+How she entreated and almost commanded the King to make no accommodation
+which would abate by one jot or tittle his royal power,<a name="FNanchor_269" id="FNanchor_269"></a><a href="#Footnote_269" class="fnanchor">[269]</a> and how she
+threatened, in case he did not take her advice, to go to France instead of
+returning to England, "for to die of consumption
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span>
+
+of royalty is a death
+which I cannot endure, having found by experience the malady to be too
+insupportable."<a name="FNanchor_270" id="FNanchor_270"></a><a href="#Footnote_270" class="fnanchor">[270]</a> How she exhorted him to take good heed that their
+children did not fall into the hands of the enemy, and to be faithful to
+the few friends whom she really trusted. It is evident that she was no wise
+guide for her unhappy husband, whose vacillations, born of a glimmering
+perception of the position of a constitutional King, roused her to scorn
+and almost to fury. She cannot be acquitted of having done all that lay in
+her power (which was much) to widen the breach between the King and his
+subjects in these early and critical days. Hers was the stronger spirit,
+and she knew it. The tone of her letters to "le roy monseigneur," if always
+loving is often peremptory, and sometimes even dictatorial, while she does
+not hesitate to show her contempt for his lack of decision and promptitude.
+She is ever exhorting him to courage, to energy, to vengeance. The day of
+mercy is gone, and it is time to give place to justice. Even her
+benedictions end in curses such as the Puritans excelled in heaping on the
+heads of their enemies and those of the Lord.<a name="FNanchor_271" id="FNanchor_271"></a><a href="#Footnote_271" class="fnanchor">[271]</a> She had not for nothing
+sat at the feet of Richelieu. "Charles, be a King," is the burden of all
+her advice.</p>
+
+<p>In these letters to her struggling husband Henrietta seldom allows herself
+to give way; but the softer side of her nature, though often obscured by
+sterner elements, never wholly disappeared. "Pray to God for me," she wrote
+in her pain to Madame S. Georges; "for be assured there is not a more
+wretched creature in this world than I, separated from the King my lord,
+from my children, out of my country, and without hope of returning thence,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span>
+
+except at imminent peril, abandoned by all the world, unless God assist me,
+and the good prayers of my friends, among whom I number you."<a name="FNanchor_272" id="FNanchor_272"></a><a href="#Footnote_272" class="fnanchor">[272]</a></p>
+
+<p>But such temporary despondency was drowned in work. Henrietta had too much
+to do, raising money, not only in Holland but in Denmark, sending arms and
+accoutrements into England, and keeping the Prince of Orange in a good
+temper, to have much time for low spirits. Towards the end of 1642 she had
+raised such sums of money as the amount of her resources and the caution of
+her customers permitted.<a name="FNanchor_273" id="FNanchor_273"></a><a href="#Footnote_273" class="fnanchor">[273]</a> The state of affairs in England was not very
+promising, but nothing could keep her from her husband when she could be at
+his side with honour to herself and advantage to him. For danger she cared
+little, but various delays occurred, and it was not until the end of the
+following January, when she had been almost a year in the land where she
+had intended but a short stay, that she set sail for England.</p>
+
+<div class="imgcenter" style="width: 500px;">
+<img src="images/illus228.jpg" width="500" height="435" alt="The Queen's Departure from Holland. From an Engraving" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE QUEEN'S DEPARTURE FROM HOLLAND<br />
+FROM AN ENGRAVING</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>This attempted journey was one of the stormiest incidents of Henrietta's
+stormy career. Hardly had she set sail, accompanied by eleven vessels, when
+(by the agency of the devil, as some thought)<a name="FNanchor_274" id="FNanchor_274"></a><a href="#Footnote_274" class="fnanchor">[274]</a> "the wind turned
+contrary, and the greatest storme that hath been seene this many a
+yeere"<a name="FNanchor_275" id="FNanchor_275"></a><a href="#Footnote_275" class="fnanchor">[275]</a> arose. Nine days the Queen tossed
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span>
+
+upon the waves of the North
+Sea, lashed, as were all her ladies, into a narrow berth. The misery of the
+small, stuffy cabin was indescribable, and worse than bodily discomfort was
+the continual fear of death, which was so menacing that the Queen and the
+other Catholics on board, throwing aside their natural reticence on such
+matters, confessed their sins in a loud voice, which, perhaps, in the din
+of the storm, was necessary to the priest's hearing. It is said that the
+horror of the scene was so great that some of the sailors threw themselves
+into the sea. Henrietta believed that her last hour was come, and, as she
+confessed later, "a storm of nine days is a very frightful thing."<a name="FNanchor_276" id="FNanchor_276"></a><a href="#Footnote_276" class="fnanchor">[276]</a> But
+the first alarm over, she reflected that after all there was little at
+present to make her cling to life, and she rallied her courage so
+effectually as to be able to derive amusement from the ridiculous incidents
+which never fail to occur on a storm-tossed vessel, while she reassured her
+terrified ladies by telling them that queens were never drowned.</p>
+
+<p>At last, after getting tantalizingly near to Newcastle-on-Tyne, the boat
+was tossed back on to the shores of Holland, where Montagu was waiting in
+great anxiety. The weary voyagers landed from a small fishing-smack in a
+state of filth and exhaustion, for which their delicate lives had little
+prepared them, and which shocked the Prince of Orange, who, together with
+his son and daughter-in-law, came down to the seashore to meet the Queen.
+Henrietta and her ladies were so feeble that they could hardly stand, while
+one of the Capuchin Fathers required the support of two men to help him to
+say Mass. The Queen lost in this tempest a precious ship laden with the
+stuff of war, but "she gained in the opinion of all the witnesses what she
+can never lose,"<a name="FNanchor_277" id="FNanchor_277"></a><a href="#Footnote_277" class="fnanchor">[277]</a> for indeed her courage, which seemed
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span>
+
+above that of
+her sex, won an admiration which was still further increased when it was
+found that she meant, against the advice of her friends, to put to sea
+again as soon as the weather permitted and her several ships which had been
+dispersed in the storm came up. "They that are delivered from shipwrack,
+bid an eternall adieu to the sea, and to the shipps; nay, they are not able
+to endure the sight thereof. These are Tertullian's words. Yet within
+eleauen days after, O admirable resolution! the Queen, being scarce yet
+escaped from a dreadfull storme, spurred on by the desire of seeing the
+King and of coming in to his ayde, adventures againe to trust herself to
+the furie of the ocean and to the winters rigour."<a name="FNanchor_278" id="FNanchor_278"></a><a href="#Footnote_278" class="fnanchor">[278]</a> So, recalling this
+incident, cried her eloquent panegyrist at her funeral service a quarter of
+a century later. Perhaps Henrietta felt that she feared the dangers of the
+deep less than the tongues and the acts of the enemies she was leaving
+behind. The Hollanders dared to detain a ship which she had caused to be
+loaded with ammunition, so that she was obliged to address to them an angry
+protest, while the preachers in their pulpits began to rail against the
+Prince of Orange and his son's English match, affirming that he wished to
+make himself King, and saying that if they must have a tyrant they would
+prefer their old master the Spaniard.</p>
+
+<p>Thus Henrietta, bidding a long farewell to Montagu, who set out almost
+immediately for France, embarked once more. This time the sea was kinder to
+her, but the land proved her enemy. She intended landing at
+Newcastle-on-Tyne, but a change in the wind, which until the English coast
+was near had been very light, drove the vessel into Burlington Bay in
+Yorkshire. The Queen at once sent to inform the Earl of Newcastle, who was
+commanding the royalist forces in the neighbourhood. She had not long to
+wait before
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span>
+
+she received his answer in the shape of a body of cavalry,
+whose arrival enabled her to land. But, weary as she was, there was no rest
+for her. She brought with her a thousand old soldiers from the Low
+Countries, for she had heard rumours of a plot to seize her on landing.
+They, as well as the escort sent by her husband, were needed, for at four
+o'clock on the dark February morning she was roused by the sound of firing.
+Four of the Parliament ships had arrived in the bay, and they were shelling
+the village, with special attention, it appeared, to the Queen's
+lodgings.<a name="FNanchor_279" id="FNanchor_279"></a><a href="#Footnote_279" class="fnanchor">[279]</a> In a few moments Jermyn appeared and told her to flee for
+her life. She jumped up, and having hastily flung on some clothing was
+hurrying to a place of refuge when suddenly she stopped, remembering that
+lying asleep on her bed was her pet dog, Mitte&mdash;an ugly beast, says Madame
+de Motteville, who was evidently no lover of the canine race, in recounting
+the story. Henrietta could not bear to leave her pet to death, or possibly
+to ill-treatment;<a name="FNanchor_280" id="FNanchor_280"></a><a href="#Footnote_280" class="fnanchor">[280]</a> so, notwithstanding the entreaties of her friends
+and the rain of bullets that was falling, she insisted on retracing her
+steps to the house she had just left. It was the work of a few minutes to
+rush to her room and pick up Mitte. Then with all speed she sought an
+uncomfortable safety in a ditch outside the village, where for two hours
+the balls played over the heads of the Queen and her suite, until at last
+the Admiral of Holland sent to tell the rebels that unless they desisted he
+would fire on them in return. "That was done a little late,"<a name="FNanchor_281" id="FNanchor_281"></a><a href="#Footnote_281" class="fnanchor">[281]</a> was
+Henrietta's caustic and characteristic comment.</p>
+
+<p>No less characteristic was her high-spirited return to
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span>
+
+the village the next
+morning, "not choosing that they should have the vanity to say they made me
+quit."<a name="FNanchor_282" id="FNanchor_282"></a><a href="#Footnote_282" class="fnanchor">[282]</a> In spite of all her spirits rose at finding herself again in
+England, and she had the satisfaction of knowing that she brought with her
+substantial help in the way of arms, ammunition, and money, which her
+gallant soldiers had guarded through that night of battle. Her great wish
+was to rejoin her husband as soon as possible, and setting herself at the
+head of her army she started to march towards Oxford, where Charles was
+keeping his Court.</p>
+
+<p>But five months were to elapse before the royal pair were united, and this
+five months forms one of the most curious episodes of Henrietta's career.
+She became for the time being a military captain, "her she majesty
+generalissima," as she calls herself. She played her part right well, as if
+she remembered that in her veins flowed not only the blood of her father,
+but of her heroic Medici ancestor, Giovanni delle Bande Nere.<a name="FNanchor_283" id="FNanchor_283"></a><a href="#Footnote_283" class="fnanchor">[283]</a> This
+delicately nurtured woman, who was, moreover, in bad health, lived among
+her soldiers, says the admiring Madame de Motteville, almost as imagination
+may picture Alexander living among his. Forgetting feebleness and fatigue,
+she was constantly in the saddle; setting aside all etiquette, she dined in
+the open air with her followers, each of whom she treated as a brother. It
+was no wonder that the Popish army of the Queen, as it was angrily called
+by its enemies, adored its royal mistress. Few probably thought of
+Alexander, but some&mdash;old soldiers from the Continent, perhaps&mdash;may have
+remembered the stories of Henry of Navarre among his companions-in-arms.</p>
+
+<p>The military details of the campaign cannot be entered into here. The Queen
+was much in the hands of military specialists, a position she did not love,
+and which elicited
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span>
+
+some complaints that she could not rule the army which
+bore her name. There were jealousies and differences of opinion, such as on
+the question of attacking Leeds, in which matter both she and the Earl of
+Newcastle, her general, followed a course which drew upon them a mild
+censure from the King. Perhaps the most notable success was the gain of
+Scarborough, which was delivered up by its Parliamentary governor, Sir Hugh
+Cholmondley, who came to kiss the Queen's hand at York. In that ancient
+city she made a considerable stay, which was further enlivened by the
+reception of some of the northern loyalist nobility, among whom was the
+Marquis of Montrose.</p>
+
+<p>In July Henrietta at last reached her husband. They met in Kineton Vale,
+below Edgehill, and at the same time she was able to embrace her two eldest
+sons, who were with their father. A few days later she entered Oxford, and
+for a moment the welcome of the faithful city diverted her from her woes.
+Crowds of spectators lined the streets or peeped out from the
+house-windows, and as the procession went by they cheered and blessed the
+Queen as the pledge and harbinger of peace.<a name="FNanchor_284" id="FNanchor_284"></a><a href="#Footnote_284" class="fnanchor">[284]</a> At Carfax "the Major<a name="FNanchor_285" id="FNanchor_285"></a><a href="#Footnote_285" class="fnanchor">[285]</a>
+and his brethren entertained Her Majesty with an English speech, delivered
+by Master Carter, the Town Clerk, in the name of the city, and presented
+her with a purse of gold."<a name="FNanchor_286" id="FNanchor_286"></a><a href="#Footnote_286" class="fnanchor">[286]</a> She went on to Christ Church, where she was
+received by the Vice-Chancellor and the Heads of Houses, and thence to the
+Warden's lodgings<a name="FNanchor_287" id="FNanchor_287"></a><a href="#Footnote_287" class="fnanchor">[287]</a> at Merton, which had been prepared for her
+reception, and where on her arrival she was offered by the University
+authorities books of verses and pairs of gloves. This college, which was
+probably chosen on account of its proximity to Christ
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span>
+
+Church, where the
+King kept his Court, possessed a secret passage which led into the gardens
+of the neighbouring foundation of Corpus Christi, so that Charles could
+visit his wife without going into the public street.</p>
+
+<p>There was, indeed, much for the royal pair to discuss, for since their
+parting neither had been idle for a moment, and each had to recount to the
+other the results of their labours, while the changing circumstances of the
+Continent called for careful consideration.</p>
+
+<p>In December, 1642, before Henrietta left Holland, Cardinal Richelieu died
+in Paris. The passing away of this great man, who, knowing how to bend men
+and circumstances to his will, had built up France as two hundred years
+later Bismarck was to build up Germany, was a severe blow to the
+Parliamentary party, which knew him to be their friend;<a name="FNanchor_288" id="FNanchor_288"></a><a href="#Footnote_288" class="fnanchor">[288]</a> but to the
+Queen it appeared the removal of the chief obstacle in the way of obtaining
+that help from her native country of which she was already beginning to
+think. It was believed that now her enemy was gone she would hasten to
+Paris herself, but she judged otherwise, and contented herself with
+carrying on negotiations by means of Walter Montagu, on whose friendship
+with Mazarin she counted. That gentleman supplied the French Government
+with a curious paper on English affairs,<a name="FNanchor_289" id="FNanchor_289"></a><a href="#Footnote_289" class="fnanchor">[289]</a> which he probably drew up at
+The Hague under the Queen's direction. It set forth the miserable plight of
+Catholicism
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span>
+
+in that country, and urged the King of France to give help,
+which, in the event of his brother of England's success, would be well
+repaid, while his failure could bring no prejudice to an ally. These cogent
+reasonings were not disregarded, but they did not make as much impression
+on the minds of those to whom they were addressed as Henrietta and Montagu
+perhaps expected.</p>
+
+<p>All France hoped that the death of the Cardinal would mean a reversal of
+his policy, for the nobles were discontented, while the people were
+overtaxed and miserable. Already the faint grumblings of discontent could
+be heard, which became articulate a few years later in the rebellions of
+the Fronde. Such hopes were strengthened by the fact that Louis XIII was
+evidently following to the grave the minister who had made him, almost
+against his will, a great and victorious monarch. But France was not to
+escape so easily the influence of the mighty personality which had
+dominated her for so long.</p>
+
+<p>Louis XIII died in May, 1643, and Anne of Austria, after a lifetime of
+neglect, found herself at the head of affairs as regent for her little son
+Louis XIV. The past career of this lady, her affection for Spain, her not
+uncalled for hatred of Richelieu, pointed to a complete reversal of the
+Cardinal's policy. His enemies began to come back to Court, and Madame de
+Chevreuse herself left her retreat in Flanders, and was seen at the side of
+the Queen-Regent.</p>
+
+<p>But Anne soon found out the difficulties of her position. She was an idle
+woman who had never been accustomed to use her mind, and she craved
+instinctively for a stronger arm and brain on which to lean. She found them
+in the low-born Italian adventurer Jules Mazarin, whom Richelieu had
+trained to be his successor. Mazarin had not his master's dislike to the
+English nation or its Queen. Moreover, he owed much to Walter Montagu,
+whose influence with Queen Anne was greater than ever, and who
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span>
+
+had been
+instrumental in introducing the Cardinal to her favour. It is probable that
+when Henrietta heard the turn which affairs had taken in France she
+rejoiced. She had some cause to do so, but yet in the years that were
+coming she was to learn that Mazarin, like Richelieu, only cared, in his
+heart, for the interests of France, and that his desire was so to hold the
+balance of power between her and her enemies that he might be able to
+pursue unmolested the task of humbling the House of Austria, which had been
+bequeathed to him by his great predecessor.</p>
+
+<p>In the autumn of 1643 an event occurred which caused much annoyance to
+Henrietta, and resulted in the removal from the French Court of the man
+most able and willing to advance her interests there.</p>
+
+<p>It is probable that the Queen-Regent was really anxious to succour the King
+and Queen of England. She was grateful to them for the kindness which they
+had shown to Madame de Chevreuse, and she remembered their common hatred of
+Richelieu. Mazarin did not fail in polite condolences, and he thought that
+it would be a good thing to send over an ambassador to England, to see at
+least that Henrietta was properly treated, and that the interests of France
+were duly considered. To this post the Count of Harcourt was appointed,
+whose way was to be prepared by an agent of inferior rank, M. de Gressy.</p>
+
+<p>Under cover of this embassy Walter Montagu thought that he would be able to
+reach Oxford unobserved. He did not travel with the ambassador, but joined
+himself to Gressy's company in England in a disguised dress and a large
+wig, which he hoped would be sufficient to conceal the identity of a person
+better known in France than in England; but either he overdid his disguise,
+or else he went about with injudicious openness in search of amusement, for
+at Rochester he was recognized. The sharp eyes of a Parliamentary officer
+spied him out, took
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span>
+
+him in charge and carried him off to London, where he
+was put in the Tower and there kept, in spite of the remonstrances of the
+French ambassador, the entreaties of the Queen-Regent of France, and the
+somewhat lukewarm representations of Mazarin, who perhaps saw in him a
+possible rival.<a name="FNanchor_290" id="FNanchor_290"></a><a href="#Footnote_290" class="fnanchor">[290]</a> All that the two Houses of Parliament would do was to
+deliver up to Harcourt the letters of Queen Anne, which were found on the
+prisoner. They regarded him as a "grand Jesuiticall English Papist," and
+they urged "that he hath been a great incendiary of this unnatural war
+against the Parliament, was formerly banished by Act of Parliament, and no
+letter from a foreign Prince can defend him."<a name="FNanchor_291" id="FNanchor_291"></a><a href="#Footnote_291" class="fnanchor">[291]</a></p>
+
+<p>Henrietta was deeply chagrined, the more so as this vexation came upon the
+top of others.</p>
+
+<p>She was not unaware of the feelings with which her husband's enemies
+regarded her. The comments and slanders with which she had been pursued in
+Holland would have been sufficient to enlighten her, without the reception
+which met her at Burlington Bay. The proposal of her enemies, couched in
+specious language, to escort her to London, where she should be "lovingly
+entertained," roused her to fury, for she who did not fear the bullets or
+the waves shrank with a feeling of almost physical repulsion from falling
+into the hands of her foes. But a further insult was to come. In May, 1643,
+she was impeached of high treason as the greatest papist in the land, and
+that her cup of humiliation might be full she was not allowed the title of
+Queen of England, on the pretext that, as she had never been crowned, she
+had no legal right to it. Truly the mistakes of her youth were returning
+upon her head.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span>
+
+"You will give a share of all these news to all our friends,
+if any dare own themselves such after the House of Commons hath declared me
+traitor, and carried up their charge against me to the Lords,"<a name="FNanchor_292" id="FNanchor_292"></a><a href="#Footnote_292" class="fnanchor">[292]</a> she
+wrote sadly to the Duke of Hamilton. It was indeed no advantage to be known
+as her friend, specially in London, where the Puritan hatred, of which she
+was the chief object, was beginning to attack the priceless memorials of
+the past. Stained-glass windows were smashed in the churches, and
+"Cheapside Crosse, which at her Majestie's first coming into England was
+beautified in a glorious and splendid manner ... as it dazzlled a many eyes
+to behold the gods, Popes, and saints thereon,"<a name="FNanchor_293" id="FNanchor_293"></a><a href="#Footnote_293" class="fnanchor">[293]</a> and which was boasted
+of by the Catholics even in Rome as one of the chief relics of the ancient
+religion, was torn down, and it was decided that "the Lead about the
+Crosse" should "be cast into Bullets, and bestowed on the Papists in
+armes."<a name="FNanchor_294" id="FNanchor_294"></a><a href="#Footnote_294" class="fnanchor">[294]</a> This was bad enough, but even more trying to the Queen's
+feelings were the piteous accounts which came of the sufferings of her poor
+Capuchins, who, after more than a year of terrified waiting, saw themselves
+and their property in the hands of a ruthless mob, which was none the
+better because it acted in the name of the House of Commons, and which was
+led by Henry Martin, a man of unusually violent character, who was
+afterwards one of the regicides. All the remonstrances of the French agent
+and the House of Lords, "whose members have learned by their travels that
+there are other countries besides England,"<a name="FNanchor_295" id="FNanchor_295"></a><a href="#Footnote_295" class="fnanchor">[295]</a> were brushed aside.
+Hideous orgies and blasphemous revels were witnessed, testifying to the
+anti-Catholic hatred of the populace. The beautiful chapel
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span>
+
+which had been
+built with such high hopes only a few years earlier was sacked, and the
+ornaments, pictures, and vestments destroyed, except such of the latter as
+Martin carried off for his mistress. The picture by the brush of Rubens
+which adorned the High Altar was wantonly spoiled; the seat of the Queen
+was broken up with peculiar violence. Outside in the garden some of the
+rough soldiers played at ball with the heads of a Christ and of a St.
+Francis, while others indoors trod underfoot the escutcheons of Henry IV
+and his wife, which were kept for use on their anniversaries. Only one
+consolation had the unhappy Fathers. Such a scene would not have been
+complete without its miracle, and they had the satisfaction of tracing the
+hand of Providence in the blindness of their spoilers to a small box of
+consecrated hosts hidden away in a cupboard, whose contents were turned
+upside down by rough hands of the mob.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta's wrath may be imagined when she heard of this fresh insult
+offered, not only to her but to her parents and to her country under whose
+protection the Capuchins lived. It probably outweighed the grief she felt
+for the destruction of her beautiful chapel. As for her husband, he was so
+incensed that he is said to have specially excluded from pardon all those
+concerned in the riot. Again, just as the Queen entered Oxford, another
+trouble fell upon her, which was another proof of the remorseless hatred of
+the Puritans. Edmund Waller, who in happier days had made verses to her
+charms, raised a plot in London in the King's interest. It was discovered,
+and among its victims was a faithful servant of Henrietta, Master Tomkins,
+who, condemned by "a new counsell of war (consisting of Kimbolton,
+Mainwaring, Venn, the Devill, and a few others),"<a name="FNanchor_296" id="FNanchor_296"></a><a href="#Footnote_296" class="fnanchor">[296]</a> was executed outside
+his own door in Holborn by the common hangman.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Nor even within the walls of Oxford was there freedom from jealousy and
+strife. Henrietta could not bring herself to look cordially upon
+Holland<a name="FNanchor_297" id="FNanchor_297"></a><a href="#Footnote_297" class="fnanchor">[297]</a> when he came to ask pardon of the King for his rebellion, even
+though he used Jermyn as his intermediary, and there were others who,
+though faithful to the cause, stood between her and that complete
+ascendancy over her husband at which she aimed. Perhaps it was hardly to be
+expected that she should like Rupert of the Rhine, the son of the Queen of
+Bohemia, who had great influence over his uncle in military matters. Never
+at any time during the war did the affairs of the King promise better than
+during Henrietta's stay at Oxford. She and her advisers, among whom were
+prominent the Earl of Bristol and his son, that same George Digby who had
+been with her in Holland, with their usual leaning to the bold and
+enterprising course, wished Charles to march on London, and end the war by
+a grand <i>coup</i>. It was a sore disappointment to her when, on the advice of
+Rupert, he turned aside to the siege of Gloucester. She believed (and she
+kept the belief to the end of her days<a name="FNanchor_298" id="FNanchor_298"></a><a href="#Footnote_298" class="fnanchor">[298]</a>) that had he pushed on to the
+capital at this favourable moment, he would have been able to overcome his
+enemies.</p>
+
+<p>But, in spite of all these accumulated worries, Henrietta's stay in Oxford
+was probably the happiest time she had known since the opening of the Long
+Parliament. After her long absence she was restored to "the dearest thing
+in the world to her, after God, the presence of the King her husband and
+the Princes her children."<a name="FNanchor_299" id="FNanchor_299"></a><a href="#Footnote_299" class="fnanchor">[299]</a> After the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span>
+
+troubles and dangers of her
+sojourn in Holland and her campaign in the north she was in peace and
+safety, though the city was strongly fortified and cannon were to be seen
+both at "Newparkes and S. Giles his fields." Nor, in spite of these warlike
+preparations, was the mimic Court without its diversions, for each college
+and hall was turned into a dwelling for gay royalist ladies and gentlemen,
+so that as Henrietta took her airing in Trinity Grove, the Hyde Park of
+Oxford, she saw many of the faces she had been accustomed to see in the
+real Hyde Park in London.</p>
+
+<p>Absurd reports were rife among the enemy of the condition of the city; how
+it swarmed with Irish rebels, how Mass was said in every street; while the
+more sober-minded descanted upon the condition of the colleges, which "look
+as they did in Queen Elizabeth's daies on the street side, but if you go in
+you will find Henry the 8 his reformation in the Chappell."<a name="FNanchor_300" id="FNanchor_300"></a><a href="#Footnote_300" class="fnanchor">[300]</a> It is
+probable that the Queen paid little attention to the flights of the Puritan
+fancy, but she took some pains to conciliate her husband's Protestant
+friends; and when a sermon which was used to be preached in Merton College
+chapel on Sundays was discontinued as a compliment to her, she was much
+annoyed, and gave orders that it should be resumed.</p>
+
+<p>But even Oxford could be no permanent resting-place for the Queen. Her foes
+were gathering round it, and unless she wished to run the risk of seeing
+the horrors of a siege, it was time to be gone. She had, moreover, to care
+for another life, for she was about again to become a mother. The King
+could not, of course, leave his headquarters, and the husband and wife
+prepared to part once more, and this time for ever.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta left Oxford on April 17th, 1644. The parting between her and her
+husband, which took place at Abingdon, was sufficiently sad, even though
+the knowledge that it
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span>
+
+was final was hidden from her. Then, escorted by
+Jermyn, whose loyalty had been rewarded by a barony, and whose presence at
+her side excited scurrilous comments which she scornfully ignored, she
+turned to the south-west. By the 21st of April she was in Bath. She pushed
+on by the great city of Bristol, which formed part of her dowry, and thence
+to Exeter, where she arrived in a condition so serious that it seemed
+likely her troubles would soon find their surest consolation. "Mayerne, for
+the love of me, go to my wife,"<a name="FNanchor_301" id="FNanchor_301"></a><a href="#Footnote_301" class="fnanchor">[301]</a> wrote Charles, and Henrietta herself
+penned a short, piteous note to her old physician. "My disease will invite
+you more strongly, I hope, than many lines would do."<a name="FNanchor_302" id="FNanchor_302"></a><a href="#Footnote_302" class="fnanchor">[302]</a> The faithful
+Swiss needed no further summons. He was at the Queen's side when, on June
+16th, the child, whose short life and tragic death were to be in keeping
+with the circumstances of her birth, was born at Bedford House, in the city
+of Exeter. The little princess was an unusually pretty baby, and the father
+she was never to see wrote expressing great pleasure at the reports of her
+beauty, and requesting that she might be christened in the cathedral of her
+birthplace, an injunction which aroused the wrath of the Puritans all the
+more because Charles had just attempted to silence the unpleasant rumours
+current on the subject of his religion by issuing a declaration of his
+unalterable attachment to the Protestant faith.<a name="FNanchor_303" id="FNanchor_303"></a><a href="#Footnote_303" class="fnanchor">[303]</a></p>
+
+<p>Henrietta, who was always brave in illness, had hoped that the physical
+miseries from which she suffered would disappear with her confinement.
+Instead, she found herself rather worse than better. "The most miserable
+creature in the world, who can write no more"<a name="FNanchor_304" id="FNanchor_304"></a><a href="#Footnote_304" class="fnanchor">[304]</a>&mdash;thus she describes
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span>
+
+herself in a letter to her husband written from her bed, and containing an
+account of her ailments. To crown all, she found that it was impossible for
+her to remain at Exeter. Essex was on her track, and to all the entreaties
+for a safe conduct to Bath, which she addressed to him by means of a French
+agent named Sabran who happened to be with her, he returned answers which
+in the circumstances were brutal. The Queen was no concern of his, he said.
+Henrietta, fearing above all things in her weak state the noise of firing
+which a siege would involve, dragged herself from her bed a few days after
+the birth of her baby, whose helpless life she confided to one of her
+attendants, the Countess of Morton. Accompanied by Jermyn and by her
+devoted confessor, Father Philip, she fled still farther into the western
+peninsula, down to that strange land beyond Truro which was then hardly
+considered a part of England, and where still lingered the accents of the
+Cornish tongue. There in the castle of Pendennis, which guarded the village
+of Penycomequick,<a name="FNanchor_305" id="FNanchor_305"></a><a href="#Footnote_305" class="fnanchor">[305]</a> she found a refuge. She was indeed in a sad plight.
+Mayerne himself believed "that her days would not be many," and a
+compassionate Cornish gentleman wrote to his wife that "here is the
+woefullest spectacle my eyes yet ever looked on, the most worne and weake
+pitifull creature in ye world, the poore Queen shifting for an hour's liffe
+longer."<a name="FNanchor_306" id="FNanchor_306"></a><a href="#Footnote_306" class="fnanchor">[306]</a></p>
+
+<p>From Pendennis Henrietta found means to put to sea; but not even when she
+left English soil did the hatred of her enemies leave her. Ships of the
+Parliament were on the watch, and the boat which she was aboard was not
+only chased, but pursued by rounds of shot, as the Roundheads wished her to
+have "no other courtesy from England, but cannon balls to convey her into
+France."<a name="FNanchor_307" id="FNanchor_307"></a><a href="#Footnote_307" class="fnanchor">[307]</a> Then at
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span>
+
+last the Queen's brave spirit, which had not faltered
+in sorrow, danger, or pain, gave way. She did not fear death, but she
+shuddered at the idea of falling into the hands of her foes, and it seemed
+as if capture were to be her fate. In her agony she called upon the captain
+to fire the powder on board, and to let her die with her friends, rather
+than that those impious hands should touch her. When the danger was passed
+she reproached herself for having thought of suicide, and happily so
+desperate a remedy was not needed. She escaped her enemies once more, and
+after a long tossing on the Channel the travellers saw with joy the rocky
+coast of Brittany. At the little village of Conquest, near Brest, the
+landing was effected, and the daughter of France, returning to her native
+land, retired to a whitewashed cottage to rest from her fatigues. But the
+news soon spread that the daughter of Henry IV had arrived, and the
+nobility of the country-side, who, like all good Frenchmen, honoured the
+memory of the great King, flocked to do her service, and to make up by
+their generosity the deficiencies of her poverty. Her first care was to
+dispatch Jermyn to announce her arrival to the Court of France and to
+Mazarin, and to beg the medical assistance which her condition so urgently
+required. Meanwhile she was content. The country in which she found herself
+was indeed wild and rough as the Cornwall she had left, but at least she
+was safe and among friends. In later days she retained no unpleasant memory
+of the rocky coast, the desolate moorland, and the brave, simple-hearted
+folk of La Basse Bretagne.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width:10%" />
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_262" id="Footnote_262"></a><a href="#FNanchor_262">
+<span class="label">[262]</span></a>Walter Montagu. Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 47.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_263" id="Footnote_263"></a><a href="#FNanchor_263">
+<span class="label">[263]</span></a>The following is a specimen of it: "You are the abstracted
+Quintessence of artificiall Nature: your glorious countenance is crowned
+with Majestie, your brow interwoven with occasionall Lenity and discreet
+austerity, your eye (like mounted Phoebus in his meridian pride) shoots
+such reflective beams of radiant brightnesse that it captivates the dazled
+beholder; your Cupidinean cheeks are clothed with intermixed Lillies and
+Roses; your purpureous lips (like a Nectarean current) do redound with
+expressed Oratory; your Murcurian tongue is gilded with such admirable
+Rhetorick that the Muses themselves seem to inhabit there and make it their
+Helicon: your Aromatick smelling-breath is so oderiferous that it exceeds
+the Arabian Odours, and seems rather celestial than breathed from a mortal
+creature, your melodious voice is so harmonious that Apollo may lay down
+his Harpe, and the Sphears themselves become astonished."&mdash;<i>The Prince of
+Orange, his Royall Entertainment to the Queen of England</i> (1641).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_264" id="Footnote_264"></a><a href="#FNanchor_264">
+<span class="label">[264]</span></a>Mme de Motteville: <i>M&eacute;moires</i> (1783), I, 270.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_265" id="Footnote_265"></a><a href="#FNanchor_265">
+<span class="label">[265]</span></a>Sister of S&eacute;guier the Chancellor: she was a great friend of
+Mazarin.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_266" id="Footnote_266"></a><a href="#FNanchor_266">
+<span class="label">[266]</span></a>Printed in Green: <i>Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_267" id="Footnote_267"></a><a href="#FNanchor_267">
+<span class="label">[267]</span></a>Green: <i>Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria</i>, p. 60.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_268" id="Footnote_268"></a><a href="#FNanchor_268">
+<span class="label">[268]</span></a><i>Ibid.</i>, p. 70.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_269" id="Footnote_269"></a><a href="#FNanchor_269">
+<span class="label">[269]</span></a>"I send you this man express, hoping that you will not have
+passed the militia bill. If you have, I must think about retiring for the
+present, into a convent, for you are no longer capable of protecting any
+one, not even yourself."&mdash;<i>Ibid.</i>, p. 69.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_270" id="Footnote_270"></a><a href="#FNanchor_270">
+<span class="label">[270]</span></a><i>Ibid.</i>, p. 117.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_271" id="Footnote_271"></a><a href="#FNanchor_271">
+<span class="label">[271]</span></a>"May Heaven load you with as many benedictions as you have
+had afflictions, and may those who are the cause of your misfortunes, and
+those of your Kingdom, perish under the load of their damnable
+intentions."&mdash;Henrietta Maria to Charles. <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 71.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_272" id="Footnote_272"></a><a href="#FNanchor_272">
+<span class="label">[272]</span></a>Green: <i>Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria</i>, p. 72.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_273" id="Footnote_273"></a><a href="#FNanchor_273">
+<span class="label">[273]</span></a>"The Puritan imagination saw the Queen gathering in
+contributions from the religious houses of the Low Countries, many of which
+were English. The pamphlet which describes these contributions is marked by
+just the slight inaccuracies of a forgery, and if any money came from this
+source it was probably a very small sum."&mdash;<i>Queen's Proceedings in Holland</i>
+(1642). See Appendix III.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_274" id="Footnote_274"></a><a href="#FNanchor_274">
+<span class="label">[274]</span></a>"... others thought that some witches were made use of to
+raise these winds. But all saw that if any such villainy came from Hell it
+was curb'd by Heaven in the merciful preservation of the Quene, and that
+when God will help the Devill cannot hurt us."&mdash;<i>A true relation of the
+Queens Maiesties returne out of Holland, etc. Written by me in the same
+storme and ship with her Majesty.</i> Printed at York and reprinted at Oxford
+(1643).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_275" id="Footnote_275"></a><a href="#FNanchor_275">
+<span class="label">[275]</span></a>Letter of Lady Denbigh. Hist. MSS. Cam. Ap. to 4th Rep.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_276" id="Footnote_276"></a><a href="#FNanchor_276">
+<span class="label">[276]</span></a>Green: <i>Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria</i>, p. 161.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_277" id="Footnote_277"></a><a href="#FNanchor_277">
+<span class="label">[277]</span></a>Montagu to Mazarin (apparently), February 9th, 1642. Aff.
+Etran. Ang., t. 49. See Appendix IV.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_278" id="Footnote_278"></a><a href="#FNanchor_278">
+<span class="label">[278]</span></a><i>The Funerall Sermon of the Queen of Great Britain</i>
+(Bossuet), translated by Thomas Carre. Paris, 1670.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_279" id="Footnote_279"></a><a href="#FNanchor_279">
+<span class="label">[279]</span></a>It is said that Charles did not believe this.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_280" id="Footnote_280"></a><a href="#FNanchor_280">
+<span class="label">[280]</span></a>Henrietta was always fond of animals. Evelyn records how in
+August, 1662, he went to visit her, and she told him "many observable
+stories of the sagacity of some dogs she formerly had."&mdash;Evelyn: <i>Diary</i>.
+Under date August 22nd, 1662.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_281" id="Footnote_281"></a><a href="#FNanchor_281">
+<span class="label">[281]</span></a>Green: <i>Letters of Henrietta Maria</i>, p. 167.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_282" id="Footnote_282"></a><a href="#FNanchor_282">
+<span class="label">[282]</span></a>Green: <i>Letters of Henrietta Maria</i>, p. 167.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_283" id="Footnote_283"></a><a href="#FNanchor_283">
+<span class="label">[283]</span></a>He was her great-great-grandfather.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_284" id="Footnote_284"></a><a href="#FNanchor_284">
+<span class="label">[284]</span></a>See <i>l'Angleterre Paisible</i> (1644).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_285" id="Footnote_285"></a><a href="#FNanchor_285">
+<span class="label">[285]</span></a>A man named Dennys. See Anthony Wood's account in his Life.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_286" id="Footnote_286"></a><a href="#FNanchor_286">
+<span class="label">[286]</span></a><i>Mercurius Aulicus</i>, July 14th, 1643.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_287" id="Footnote_287"></a><a href="#FNanchor_287">
+<span class="label">[287]</span></a>Now part of the general college buildings.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_288" id="Footnote_288"></a><a href="#FNanchor_288">
+<span class="label">[288]</span></a>Salvetti says the Parliamentary party regretted him "come
+quello che aveva sempre assicurato detto Parlamento per bocca dell'
+Ambasciatore di Francia che era qui, che da quella banda haverebbe havuto
+ogni assistenza per mantenimento della sua libert&agrave; e privilegii: certo &egrave;
+che l'Ambasciatore fece la parte sua et caus&ograve; in buona parte la divisione
+et cattiva intelligenza che passa fra il re e il Parlamento!"&mdash;Add. MS.,
+27,962, K., f. 32<i>b.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_289" id="Footnote_289"></a><a href="#FNanchor_289">
+<span class="label">[289]</span></a>This document, which is among the Archives of the Minist&egrave;re
+des Affaires Etrang&egrave;res Ang., t. 48, is unsigned and without date, but it
+is in the handwriting of Montagu, and is among the documents of 1641; it
+speaks of "la rebellion presente d'Angleterre," which points to its having
+been drawn up after the final rupture in 1642.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_290" id="Footnote_290"></a><a href="#FNanchor_290">
+<span class="label">[290]</span></a>Montagu had a good many enemies in France among the
+Importants, who disliked him as a friend of Mazarin and as a foreigner who
+had great influence with the Queen-Regent.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_291" id="Footnote_291"></a><a href="#FNanchor_291">
+<span class="label">[291]</span></a><i>Perfect Diurnall</i>, October, 1643.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_292" id="Footnote_292"></a><a href="#FNanchor_292">
+<span class="label">[292]</span></a>Green: <i>Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria</i>, p. 215.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_293" id="Footnote_293"></a><a href="#FNanchor_293">
+<span class="label">[293]</span></a>Kingdom's <i>Weekly Intelligencer</i>, May, 1643.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_294" id="Footnote_294"></a><a href="#FNanchor_294">
+<span class="label">[294]</span></a><i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_295" id="Footnote_295"></a><a href="#FNanchor_295">
+<span class="label">[295]</span></a>Sieur de Marsys: <i>Histoire de la Persecution Presente des
+Catholiques en Angleterre</i> (1646), from which the above account is chiefly
+taken. The Capuchins were sent back to France by Parliament, April, 1643.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_296" id="Footnote_296"></a><a href="#FNanchor_296">
+<span class="label">[296]</span></a><i>Mercurius Aulicus</i>, July, 1643.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_297" id="Footnote_297"></a><a href="#FNanchor_297">
+<span class="label">[297]</span></a>"De l'entretient que j'ay eu avec le Reyne d'Angleterre j'ay
+bien compris qu'elle m&eacute;sprise autant qu'elle peut hayr le Comte de
+Hollande."&mdash;Brienne to Sabran, December 21st, 1644. Add. MS., 5460.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_298" id="Footnote_298"></a><a href="#FNanchor_298">
+<span class="label">[298]</span></a>The opinion of Bossuet was probably derived from the Queen
+through Mme de Motteville: "... si la reine en e&ucirc;t &eacute;t&eacute; crue, si au lieu de
+diviser les arm&eacute;es royales et de les amener contre son avis aux si&eacute;ges
+infortun&eacute;s de Hull et de Gloucester, on e&ucirc;t march&eacute; &agrave; Londres, l'affaire
+&eacute;tait d&eacute;cid&eacute;e, et cette campagne e&ucirc;t fini la guerre."&mdash;<i>Oraison fun&egrave;bra de
+la reine d'Angleterre.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_299" id="Footnote_299"></a><a href="#FNanchor_299">
+<span class="label">[299]</span></a>Du Perron: <i>Proces verbal de l'assemblie du Clerg&eacute;</i>, 1645.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_300" id="Footnote_300"></a><a href="#FNanchor_300">
+<span class="label">[300]</span></a><i>The Spie</i> (1643).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_301" id="Footnote_301"></a><a href="#FNanchor_301">
+<span class="label">[301]</span></a>Green: <i>Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria</i>, p. 243.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_302" id="Footnote_302"></a><a href="#FNanchor_302">
+<span class="label">[302]</span></a><i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_303" id="Footnote_303"></a><a href="#FNanchor_303">
+<span class="label">[303]</span></a>"Declaratio servenissimi potentissimique principis Caroli
+magnae Britanniae, etc., regis Ultramarinis Protestantium Ecclesiis
+transmissa."&mdash;Dupuy MS., 642.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_304" id="Footnote_304"></a><a href="#FNanchor_304">
+<span class="label">[304]</span></a><i>Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria</i>, p. 243.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_305" id="Footnote_305"></a><a href="#FNanchor_305">
+<span class="label">[305]</span></a>Now Falmouth.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_306" id="Footnote_306"></a><a href="#FNanchor_306">
+<span class="label">[306]</span></a>Francis Basset to his wife. Polwhele: <i>Traditions and
+Recollections</i>, Vol. I, p. 17.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_307" id="Footnote_307"></a><a href="#FNanchor_307">
+<span class="label">[307]</span></a><i>Mercurius Pragmaticus</i>, October, 1644.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER IX<br />
+THE QUEEN AND THE WAR</h2>
+
+<p class="center">II</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">The darksome statesman, hung with weights and woe</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Like a thick midnight fog mov'd there so slow</span>
+		<span class="ind3">He did not stay, nor go;</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Condemning thoughts&mdash;like sad eclipses&mdash;scowl</span>
+		<span class="ind4">Upon his soul,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">And clouds of crying witnesses without</span>
+		<span class="ind3">Pursued him with one shout.</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Yet digg'd the mole, and lest his ways be found</span>
+		<span class="ind3">Work'd underground</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Where he did clutch his prey.</span>
+		<span class="ind5 smcap">Henry Vaughan</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>If, at the time of her departure from England, Queen Henrietta Maria had
+been able to make choice of a book for her private reading and meditation,
+and if in that choice she had been guided by the most enlightened
+self-interest, she would perhaps have chosen a little pamphlet published in
+London in 1642. It was entitled <i>A collection of Records of the great
+Misfortunes that hath hapned unto Kings that hath joyned themselves in a
+near allyance with forrein Princes with the happy successe of those that
+have only held correspondency at home</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta landed in France in the spring of 1644, and from that time until
+her husband's death her life was a continuation of that which she had led
+in Holland, namely, a perpetual struggle to gather together men and
+money&mdash;particularly the latter&mdash;to help on the cause of the King
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span>
+
+of
+England. For this she intrigued now with one foreign Prince, now with
+another, with the King of Denmark, with the Prince of Orange, with the Duke
+of Lorraine, the admirer of Madame de Chevreuse, the old enemy of
+Richelieu, with the Pope himself. The result was the undying hatred of a
+large section of the English people towards both her and her husband, and a
+growing distrust which had much to do with the King's final overthrow.</p>
+
+<p>It is idle to blame her overmuch. It cannot be denied that hers were the
+mind and the will which impelled her husband along this fatal road; but he
+fell in gladly with her suggestions, and he was almost as eager as she for
+help from any quarter. She believed, moreover, that the Scotch rebels had
+set the example by intriguing with Richelieu, and she knew that the English
+Puritans had made it possible for an army of Scots, who at that time were
+looked upon almost as foreigners, to enter into England and to remain upon
+its soil. It would have required the brain of an Elizabeth to perceive that
+a king, by following such precedents, was courting disaster. Henrietta's
+brain, acute, lively, but never profound, was incapable of perceiving this.
+Besides, she was a Bourbon, and her simple political creed was identical
+with that of her husband: a King should be no tyrant, he should rule his
+people with justice and mercy; but it was his to command and theirs to
+obey, without asking questions as to matters with which they had no
+concern.</p>
+
+<p>The exiled Queen spent some weeks at</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind5">"ces admirables Fontaines</span>
+	  	<span class="ind1">O&ugrave; par douzaines et centaines</span>
+	  	<span class="ind1">Pluzieurs gens vont pour &ecirc;tre sain</span>
+	  	<span class="ind1">Et qu'on nomme Bourbon-les-Bains."<a name="FNanchor_308" id="FNanchor_308"></a><a href="#Footnote_308" class="fnanchor">[308]</a></span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Their healing influence, together with the care of some of
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span>
+
+the most
+distinguished physicians of France,<a name="FNanchor_309" id="FNanchor_309"></a><a href="#Footnote_309" class="fnanchor">[309]</a> restored her to such a small
+measure of health as enabled her to turn her steps towards Paris. The
+kindness she had received since her arrival in her native land was a
+preparation for the magnificent reception which awaited her at the capital.
+Her brother, the Duke of Orleans, came out as far as Bourg la Reine to meet
+her, and was quickly followed by his daughter, Mademoiselle de Montpensier,
+the richly dowered girl of whom Henrietta was already beginning to think as
+a possible bride for her eldest son. At Montrouge, on the southern
+outskirts of the city, the Queen of England received an even more
+distinguished attention, for there the Queen of France, accompanied by her
+two little sons, met her. Anne's kind heart was touched when she saw the
+sister-in-law from whom she had parted nearly twenty years earlier as a
+bride returning sad, sick almost to death, and bereft by ill-health and
+sorrow of the brilliant beauty which had then been hers. Forgetting the
+girlish unkindness which Henrietta had shown her in the past, remembering
+nothing but their common friends and enemies&mdash;Richelieu, Madame de
+Chevreuse, Jars, Montagu&mdash;the Queen of France took the Queen of England
+into her arms, and the two women clung together weeping and embracing. Then
+they climbed up into the royal coach, and Henrietta made the acquaintance
+of the little King, whose unexpected appearance in the world six years
+earlier had caused so much excitement, and of the still younger Duke of
+Anjou, "the real Monsieur" (as he was called in contradistinction to his
+uncle), who was one day to be her son-in-law. In such company there can
+have been no tedium in the long drive through the Rue S. Jacques, over the
+Pont Neuf, and through the Rue S. Honor&eacute; to the Louvre, where the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span>
+
+kindness
+of Queen Anne had caused apartments to be prepared for the royal guest.
+That afternoon deputations from the city of Paris and from the various
+sovereign bodies waited upon Henrietta, and the ceremonies of reception
+were concluded a few days later by a State visit to Notre-Dame, where the
+Queen of England gave thanks to Heaven for her safe return to France
+through the ministry of the young Coadjutor Bishop of Paris, the witty and
+dissolute churchman who afterwards became famous as Cardinal de Retz, and
+who always retained a kindness for the exiled royal family of England.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing could exceed the kindness and sympathy which were shown to the
+Queen, kindness all the more welcome because she was aware of the annoyance
+it would cause to her enemies. "I am so well treated everywhere that if my
+lords of London saw it, I think it would make them uneasy,"<a name="FNanchor_310" id="FNanchor_310"></a><a href="#Footnote_310" class="fnanchor">[310]</a> she had
+written to her husband shortly after her landing in France. She was
+assigned a pension of 10,000 crowns a month, which enabled her to keep up a
+fitting establishment, and in addition to her lodgings at the Louvre she
+was given the Ch&agrave;teau of S. Germain-en-Laye, where she had played as a
+child, and where, half a century later, her son was to wear out a more
+desolate exile. Her own affairs prospered. Her health improved surely if
+slowly. She had the comfort of the presence of faithful servants&mdash;Jermyn,
+who acted as her secretary, Henry Percy and Lady Denbigh, who herself had
+tasted the full bitterness of civil strife in the death of her husband, who
+fell fighting for the King, and in the defection of her eldest son to the
+rebels, which sorrows bound her all the more closely to the Queen, who had
+shown the tenderest sympathy with her bereavement. Moreover, in Paris
+Henrietta found many friends. Familiar faces, indeed, were missed. The
+Bishop of Mende had not been given
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span>
+
+time to learn wisdom by experience, but
+had "made an angelical end" at the siege of Rochelle, dying in the same
+year as his enemy Buckingham. Madame S. Georges, who had found an
+honourable position as governess to the heiress of Montpensier, had passed
+away in 1643, and Louis XIII was gone, so that all his sister could do for
+him was to journey to S. Denys and to sprinkle his tomb with holy water.
+But old servants, such as the Bishop of Angoul&ecirc;me, were there to welcome
+her; and in the brilliant Paris of the day she came across not only friends
+of the past&mdash;M. de Chateauneuf, the Chevalier de Jars, and others&mdash;but new
+acquaintances, who soon became friends, of whom perhaps the most
+interesting was the accomplished Madame de Motteville, herself one of the
+band of exiles whom the death of Richelieu had brought back in triumph to
+the Court of France.</p>
+
+<p>Nor did she fail to attract the exiles of England to her own Court, where
+she gathered round her some of the men of wit and learning whom the evil
+times had forced to quit their native land. Thither came "Master Richard
+Crashaw, Master of Arts of Peterhouse, Cambridge, well known for his
+excellent poems,"<a name="FNanchor_311" id="FNanchor_311"></a><a href="#Footnote_311" class="fnanchor">[311]</a> who was introduced to the Queen's notice by a
+brother poet, Abraham Cowley, at this time Jermyn's secretary. It can
+hardly be supposed that Henrietta understood the highly difficult poems of
+the Cambridge mystic, but perhaps she talked with him of S. Teresa,<a name="FNanchor_312" id="FNanchor_312"></a><a href="#Footnote_312" class="fnanchor">[312]</a>
+whose praise inspired some of his choicest work, and whom she herself had
+learned to love as a child among the Carmelites in Paris. Moreover, Crashaw
+was interesting as a recent convert to Catholicism. "Being a meer scholar
+and very shiftless,"<a name="FNanchor_313" id="FNanchor_313"></a><a href="#Footnote_313" class="fnanchor">[313]</a> he was quite destitute
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>
+
+in the French capital when
+he was found by Cowley, and he was delighted to accept Henrietta's
+hospitality. He dwelt nearly a year at her Court, making many friends by
+his talents and virtues, of whom the chief was Lady Denbigh. Her he
+exhorted, not without success, to follow his religious example, and to her
+he dedicated his book of poems, <i>Carmen Deo Nostro</i>, which was published
+after he had passed on to the Court of Rome, bearing a letter of
+introduction written to Innocent X by the Queen's own hand.<a name="FNanchor_314" id="FNanchor_314"></a><a href="#Footnote_314" class="fnanchor">[314]</a> To the
+exiled Court of England came also another poet, Sir William D'Avenant,
+whose welcome was the warmer because he had been concerned in the army
+plot. At the Louvre he wrote the dreary verses of <i>Gondibert</i>, and
+dedicated them to Thomas Hobbes, that daring philosopher who had likewise
+found a refuge in Paris, where, apart from the turmoils of England, he was
+able to reflect upon those principles of government wherewith he startled
+the world a few years later on the publication of <i>The Leviathan</i>. To these
+literary refugees must be added English Catholic nobles, such as Lord
+Montagu, and ladies of the same persuasion, among whom was prominent the
+Dowager Countess of Banbury, a lady who, after a not irreproachable career
+in England, had settled down in Paris to enjoy the reputation of a rich
+<i>d&eacute;vote</i>.</p>
+
+<p>But no social pleasures and attentions could satisfy Henrietta, whose heart
+was with her struggling husband. "There is nothing so certain as that I do
+take all pains I can imaginable to procure you assistance, and am as
+incapable of taking any delight or being pleased with my being here, though
+I have all kinds of contentments, but as I hope it may enable me to send
+you help."<a name="FNanchor_315" id="FNanchor_315"></a><a href="#Footnote_315" class="fnanchor">[315]</a> These words, written to the King on November 18th, 1644,
+were no idle sentiment; they are the truest epitome of her life in Paris.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The royal cause was balancing between hope and fear. The defeat of Marston
+Moor, on July 2nd, 1644, had been indeed a terrible blow, but new hope was
+infused into the party by the surrender of Essex in Cornwall, a victory
+peculiarly grateful to the Queen, who could not forget the Earl's ungallant
+conduct to her. The great need was men and money, and to procure these was
+the end of Henrietta's unremitting efforts. For this she carried on
+negotiations with the Prince of Orange, by means of an English Catholic
+named Stephen Goffe, for the marriage of Prince Charles with his daughter;
+for this she attempted to mortgage the tin mines of Cornwall; for this,
+above all, she carried on personally and through Jermyn long and weary
+negotiations with the Court of France.</p>
+
+<p>France had not been unmindful of the difficulties of the King of England,
+or of the troubles which threatened the Queen; but great caution was used,
+and Gressy, who had shown too openly his partiality for the royal cause,
+was replaced by Sabran, who knew better how to trim between the two
+parties. It is probable that at the beginning of the struggle Mazarin
+desired the victory of the King, and it is said that up to 1644 the French
+Government gave as much as 300,000 crowns in money and munitions to aid
+him.<a name="FNanchor_316" id="FNanchor_316"></a><a href="#Footnote_316" class="fnanchor">[316]</a> A letter of Goring,<a name="FNanchor_317" id="FNanchor_317"></a><a href="#Footnote_317" class="fnanchor">[317]</a> Henrietta's agent in France, dated at
+the beginning of that year, which unfortunately fell into the hands of her
+enemies, spoke of the dispatch of a considerable quantity of arms, and gave
+a cheerful account of the kind words of the Queen-Regent and of Mazarin.
+Charles himself thought that a little French money and a little French
+influence would settle everything. His enemies were manifestly cast down,
+not only by the death of Richelieu, but by the accounts which reached
+London of the kind reception which had
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span>
+
+been given to the Queen. But,
+nevertheless, Henrietta was to find disappointment here as elsewhere.
+France was in no condition to give such help as would have sufficed for her
+needs. The country was overtaxed, and though the new reign was brightened
+by the &eacute;clat of the victory of Recroy, at which the young Duke of Enghien,
+afterwards the great Cond&eacute;, won his reputation, yet the war with Spain was
+a terrible burden. Moreover, in spite of the assertions of the Queen-Regent
+and her advisers that it was the means and not the will that was lacking,
+there is little doubt that the French Government was beginning to see in
+the English troubles a state of affairs highly satisfactory to itself.
+Besides, Mazarin certainly inherited from Richelieu a distrust of Charles
+and Henrietta. The Queen was specially distrusted. The English Catholics
+had not quite forgotten her French birth, but it was believed in France
+that they had inclined her to Spain, an opinion which was strengthened by
+the fact that up to the time of her leaving England two of her principal
+advisers were the Digbys, father and son,<a name="FNanchor_318" id="FNanchor_318"></a><a href="#Footnote_318" class="fnanchor">[318]</a> who were well known to be
+pro-Spanish in their sympathies. Mazarin was quite aware of Henrietta's
+influence over her husband, and he hoped that her removal from his side
+would help to turn Charles' eyes from Spain.</p>
+
+<p>And there were other and more personal reasons for Mazarin's distrust of
+the Queen of England. Henrietta, who was always too prone to believe that
+good diplomacy consisted in cultivating relations with all parties at once,
+allowed her ambassador Goring to meddle in the intrigues which grew up
+round Mazarin as they had round Richelieu, a fact of which the Cardinal,
+who had inherited a perfect system of espionage, was quite aware. By the
+time Henrietta reached France the power of the Importants was broken, and
+Madame de Chevreuse had again left the Court.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span>
+
+The exiled Queen desired
+greatly to see her old friend, and without pausing to consider how
+imprudent was the appearance of any connection between herself and that
+factious lady, she asked her sister-in-law's permission to have an
+interview with the Duchess, permission which with all courtesy was refused,
+at the instance of Mazarin. The Cardinal, moreover, caused the Queen of
+England to be warned against others of her old friends, among whom may be
+mentioned M. de Chateauneuf, who had indeed escaped public disgrace, but
+who was known to be as inimical to Mazarin as ever he had been to
+Richelieu.<a name="FNanchor_319" id="FNanchor_319"></a><a href="#Footnote_319" class="fnanchor">[319]</a></p>
+
+<p>Thus it came about that, in spite of the kind words and occasional
+assistance of the Queen-Regent and of Cardinal Mazarin,<a name="FNanchor_320" id="FNanchor_320"></a><a href="#Footnote_320" class="fnanchor">[320]</a> Henrietta was
+less successful than she had hoped to be, and could by no means persuade
+Mazarin to an open breach with the Parliamentary party, whose strength he
+was beginning to appreciate. "I have not found the means of engaging France
+as forwardly in your interest as I expected," she wrote sadly to Charles.
+In 1645 she was informed that all the French Government could do for her
+was to permit her to make levies in the country (and she was so poor that
+it was thought she would not take advantage of the permission), and to make
+an appeal to the clergy of France on behalf of the necessities of the King
+of England.</p>
+
+<p>Of this last grace Henrietta availed herself eagerly; but of all the many
+injudicious acts which she committed at this period of her life, this
+appeal to the clergy of a race and of a faith alien to those of her
+subjects was one of the most injudicious. The outburst of anti-Catholic rage
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span>
+
+which she had witnessed in England ought to have taught her prudence;
+but hers was not a mind to learn by experience. Moreover, she seems from
+the outbreak of the war to have looked upon the Puritans as irreconcilables
+who could only be subdued by force, and whom it was useless to attempt to
+propitiate. She thought also, and most erroneously, that they were but a
+small minority of the nation.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen had recovered her spirits. Not only had Mazarin, in spite of his
+official refusals, sent her secretly a sum of money sufficient to raise her
+ever-ready hopes, but she expected great things from a growing friendship
+with Emery, the Deputy Treasurer and one of the richest men in France. To
+complete her satisfaction the clergy showed great sympathy with her, and
+sent her, on their first assembling, a sum of money as an earnest of more
+to come<a name="FNanchor_321" id="FNanchor_321"></a><a href="#Footnote_321" class="fnanchor">[321]</a>; which money was immediately laid out in raising levies for
+England.</p>
+
+<p>The assembly of the French clergy, which was presided over by the
+Cardinal-Archbishop of Lyons, the brother of the great Richelieu, met in
+May, 1645, but it was not until the February of the following year that the
+case of the Queen of England was seriously considered. Henrietta's advocate
+on this occasion was probably the best that could have been chosen. The
+Bishop of Angoul&ecirc;me during his sojourn in England had resisted in a really
+praiseworthy manner those foreign influences which had corrupted some of
+his fellow-countrymen who resided there, and he was perhaps regarded in
+Paris with greater favour than any other of the Queen's servants. He was,
+moreover, a speaker and preacher of repute, and the oration which
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span>
+
+he
+delivered before the Fathers of the Church was not only a fine piece of
+oratory, but was skilfully constructed to work as much as possible upon the
+feelings of his audience.<a name="FNanchor_322" id="FNanchor_322"></a><a href="#Footnote_322" class="fnanchor">[322]</a></p>
+
+<p>He dwelt upon the miserable condition of the Catholic Church in England,
+which, before these troubles, had begun, after a century of persecution, to
+raise its head under the protection of the Queen. He asserted (what was
+true) that were the King forced to make terms with his foes, the Catholics
+would be the scapegoat. He drew lurid word-pictures of the terrible
+consequences to the Church throughout Europe should the impious rebels
+succeed in their object of setting up a Puritan republic in England. Then
+he turned to the even more powerful argument of self-interest. The
+Huguenots, he said, who were beaten down but not destroyed, were looking
+across the Channel to the Puritans of England, whose real design was the
+destruction of the Catholic Church as well in France as in their own land.
+To help forward this project of the Evil One large sums of money were being
+dispatched by the French Protestants to aid the armies of rebellion in
+England.<a name="FNanchor_323" id="FNanchor_323"></a><a href="#Footnote_323" class="fnanchor">[323]</a></p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"Res tua tunc agitur, paries cum proximus ardet,"</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>cried the good Bishop, hoping, not without reason, to arouse the fears of
+his audience; for it was only twenty years since the fall of Rochelle, and
+the revival of the power of the Huguenots, which it had required the strong
+hand of
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span>
+
+Richelieu to repress, was an ever-present terror to the French
+Catholics. But Du Perron was not content with such arguments. He was able
+to make a statement which he hoped would tell much in favour of the cause
+he was advocating. He declared that the King of England had promised in
+writing to his wife that if he were restored by Catholic help he would
+repeal every law against the Catholics on the statute book,<a name="FNanchor_324" id="FNanchor_324"></a><a href="#Footnote_324" class="fnanchor">[324]</a> and the
+Bishop added that he was at liberty to make this statement, as its purport
+was already known to the Puritans through the interception of the King's
+letter. That Charles made this promise there is no reason to doubt; that
+had cause arisen he would have broken it, as he broke others, is in the
+highest degree probable.<a name="FNanchor_325" id="FNanchor_325"></a><a href="#Footnote_325" class="fnanchor">[325]</a> Perhaps the French bishops knew the man with
+whom they had to deal, perhaps they were instructed by Mazarin, whom they
+were too well trained not to consult. Be this as it may, the results of the
+eloquence of the Bishop of Angoul&ecirc;me were disappointing, even though he
+enforced his arguments by descriptions of the piteous condition of
+Henrietta and of her children, "the grandsons, the nephews, and the cousins
+of three of our Kings."
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span>
+
+The clergy of France did not feel able to offer to
+the Queen of England more than a few thousand crowns, "a somme fitter to
+buy hangings for a chamber than prosecute a war,"<a name="FNanchor_326" id="FNanchor_326"></a><a href="#Footnote_326" class="fnanchor">[326]</a> as a newswriter of
+the day said.</p>
+
+<p>But disappointed as the Queen was, she quickly turned to other hopes and
+schemes.</p>
+
+<p>Ever since the Irish rebellion of 1641 Puritan scandal had linked
+Henrietta's name with that of the rebels. The accusation as it stood was
+ridiculous, but the Confederate Catholics,<a name="FNanchor_327" id="FNanchor_327"></a><a href="#Footnote_327" class="fnanchor">[327]</a> as the Irish in arms called
+themselves, certainly hoped something from the Catholic Queen, and in 1642
+they presented to her a petition, in which they begged her "Hester-like
+intercession to our most gracious Prince." They heard with sympathy of her
+arrival in Paris, and again dispatched a letter to congratulate her on that
+event.</p>
+
+<p>She, on her side, regarded the Confederate Catholics as rebels in arms
+against their lawful King; but she had a certain sympathy with them as the
+victims of Puritan intolerance, and she thought, like her husband, that it
+might be possible to turn their arms against worse enemies. With this end
+in view she carried on negotiations with a certain Colonel FitzWilliams,
+whom she found in Paris, and for the same purpose she cultivated the
+acquaintance of the agent of the Confederate Catholics in that city, Father
+O'Hartegan, the Jesuit.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>This patriot, who was of a type not uncommon in his native land, was
+greatly pleased at the notice of the Queen of England, whom he believed to
+be on the point of starting for Ireland. He also thought, on account of
+some slight attention shown to him by Mazarin,<a name="FNanchor_328" id="FNanchor_328"></a><a href="#Footnote_328" class="fnanchor">[328]</a> that France, which up
+till now had shown herself very cool to the necessities of the persecuted
+Irish Catholics, and had even, by the mouth of the Cardinal, lectured them
+on their lack of loyalty to their sovereign, was about to do her duty by
+them. "What is needed," remarked the Jesuit modestly, "is 200,000 crowns
+out of hand, with a good store of arms and ammunition, and promise of
+yearly favour."</p>
+
+<p>O'Hartegan had reason for his good spirits. His glib tongue recommended him
+where he was not too well known, and he was caressed by the English
+Catholics in Paris and by Jermyn, who was the more entirely satisfactory to
+deal with, inasmuch as he had no religious scruples of any kind. Moreover,
+the affairs of the Confederate Catholics were going very well in Rome.</p>
+
+<p>When Henrietta had been but a short time in France, the news of two deaths
+arrived, that of Elizabeth, Queen of Spain, and that of Maffeo Barberini,
+Pope Urban VIII.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen of England had long ceased to be in close touch with her
+sister,<a name="FNanchor_329" id="FNanchor_329"></a><a href="#Footnote_329" class="fnanchor">[329]</a> but it was thought that she would be greatly distressed at the
+death of the Pope, for the Barberini had always been considered her
+friends. But it may be that she was not altogether displeased. Any change
+in the personnel of the European Courts meant
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span>
+
+a fresh chance for her
+schemes; and though Urban had been kind enough to send her 25,000 crowns,
+which she, or perhaps her husband, acknowledged from Oxford in 1643,<a name="FNanchor_330" id="FNanchor_330"></a><a href="#Footnote_330" class="fnanchor">[330]</a>
+yet he had shown himself somewhat callous to her larger claims, and it was
+perhaps not unknown to her that Cardinal Francesco, in spite of his
+often-repeated professions of friendship, had been the first foreign prince
+to contribute to the necessities of the rebellious Confederate Catholics.
+The new Pope, Innocent X, was believed to favour Spain as his predecessor
+had favoured France, but Henrietta had not lived for nearly twenty years
+among the English Catholics without having learned to consider this an
+advantage rather than otherwise in religious negotiations. She determined
+to send an envoy to Rome, ostensibly to congratulate the Pope upon his
+accession, and O'Hartegan learned that her choice had fallen upon her old
+friend Sir Kenelm Digby.</p>
+
+<p>There are few more picturesque figures in the history of the time than that
+of this gentleman: a scholar who was welcome among the learned of all
+nations, a chemist who was half scientist, half charlatan, a naval
+commander who had brought home stories even more remarkable than the
+majority of travellers' tales, it is not surprising that he should have
+attracted the attention of the Queen, who liked brilliant people. She may
+perhaps also have been touched by the strange story of his love, which had
+bound him in affectionate marriage to a woman who had been the acknowledged
+mistress of another man. But she ought to have known better than to send
+him to Rome. Not only was he a vain and undependable person&mdash;a teller of
+strange tales, as even the courteous Evelyn described him&mdash;but the
+religious vacillations and experiments which had made him unwelcome a few
+years earlier to Urban VIII were not likely to commend him to Innocent X,
+who would
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span>
+
+be less attracted by his learning and accomplishments than his
+scholarly predecessor. The English Catholics in Paris who opposed the
+appointment were wiser than could be understood by Henrietta; she added to
+her mistake by permitting the envoy who was going to Rome on an
+international mission, and who above all should have shown himself strictly
+impartial between the rival factions of English Catholicism, to take upon
+him before leaving Paris the charge of advancing at the Papal Court the
+interests of the Chapter, which, after the banishment of the Bishop of
+Chalcedon, claimed ecclesiastical authority in England, whose pretensions
+were resolutely opposed by the regular and some even of the secular
+clergy.<a name="FNanchor_331" id="FNanchor_331"></a><a href="#Footnote_331" class="fnanchor">[331]</a></p>
+
+<p>And Sir Kenelm had hardly reached Rome when the need for help became more
+pressing than ever, for the 14th of June of that same year was the day of
+Naseby.</p>
+
+<p>It was a crushing defeat, and after it the royal party never really
+rallied. Henrietta, in her unconquerable hopefulness, thought that now, at
+her extremity, France would come effectually to her aid; but Mazarin feared
+to offend the Puritans more than he feared their dominance, and the old
+weary round of intrigue was pursued with the same lack of result. Even an
+offer from which the Queen hoped much, made to her by the Duke of Bouillon,
+of raising troops for England round Cologne, came to nothing, because the
+Cardinal believed that the real intention of Bouillon was to use these men
+in the interests of Spain.</p>
+
+<div class="imgcenter" style="width: 389px;">
+<img src="images/illus262.jpg" width="389" height="600" alt="Sir Kenelm Digby. From an Engraving After the Painting by Van Dyck" title="" />
+<span class="caption">SIR KENELM DIGBY<br />
+FROM AN ENGRAVING AFTER THE PAINTING BY VAN DYCK</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>And Naseby was more than a military defeat. On that fatal field, through
+some misfortune or negligence, fell into the enemy's hand the papers of the
+King.<a name="FNanchor_332" id="FNanchor_332"></a><a href="#Footnote_332" class="fnanchor">[332]</a> Nothing
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span>
+
+more unfortunate could have occurred. The secrecy of
+these letters, which were shortly published in London with choice comments,
+was worth more to Charles and Henrietta than men or money. Their
+publication betrayed the schemes in which the Queen had been spending her
+strength for winning back England by foreign troops or by foreign gold. It
+revealed how greatly the King was under the influence of his wife, and how
+deeply she was compromised with the hated Irish. Most disastrous of all, it
+showed how at the very time that he was promising to support the Protestant
+religion and never to permit Catholicism, he was secretly giving her
+authority to pledge his word for the complete toleration of the hated
+religion. He stood revealed as what he was, a shifty and untrustworthy man.
+After Naseby Charles was never trusted again.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta probably did not appreciate the magnitude of the disaster, and
+she turned again cheerfully to the tortuous intrigues from which she hoped
+so much.</p>
+
+<p>At first it seemed as if Sir Kenelm Digby's mission would be successful.
+The smaller Italian princes to whom he appealed he found indeed "a frugal
+generation," but the Pope received him with great kindness, and appeared
+charmed by his flow of persuasive eloquence and by the piety and
+fascination of his manners. He even gave him an order for 20,000 crowns, to
+be used in arms and munitions of war, which the Queen of England gratefully
+acknowledged from S. Germain in September, 1645.<a name="FNanchor_333" id="FNanchor_333"></a><a href="#Footnote_333" class="fnanchor">[333]</a> So far so good, but
+neither she nor her agent knew the odds against which they were fighting.
+Henrietta always believed that her
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span>
+
+husband's leniency to the Catholics
+during his years of power had given him a claim upon the gratitude of the
+whole Catholic world. She also knew better than any one else what the
+hatred of the Puritans to her co-religionists really was, and what their
+domination might mean. But at Rome matters were looked at in another light.
+A certain interest was taken in Charles, and considerable sympathy was felt
+for his unhappy wife; but neither were trusted. Henrietta was believed to
+be guided by heretics, and even, through their influence, to have been in
+the past "a powerful instrument for the destruction of the Catholics and of
+the Catholic religion";<a name="FNanchor_334" id="FNanchor_334"></a><a href="#Footnote_334" class="fnanchor">[334]</a> while Charles was disliked as a heretic, and
+his failures to keep his word&mdash;his persecution of the Catholics in 1626,
+his desertion of Strafford and the like&mdash;were reckoned up against him with
+pitiless accuracy. As he had been in the past so no doubt would he be in
+the future. It cannot be said that it was a misreading of Charles'
+character which led the Pope and his advisers to think that he would have
+taken the money of the Church and then thrown over the Catholics, if by
+doing so he could further his own interests. And there were other and
+better claimants in the case. Hopes at Rome were rising high with regard to
+Ireland. Urban VIII, in 1628, had thought it would be a nice arrangement
+for all concerned if that island were handed over to the Holy See. Innocent
+X's designs were not quite so far-reaching, and he recommended loyalty to
+the King of England; but he thought that it might be possible to coerce a
+faithless and heretic Prince by means of the Confederate Catholics.
+Moreover, that body, which had agents all over Europe, was fortunate enough
+to have in Rome a representative as able and effective as Sir Kenelm Digby
+was the reverse, in the person of Father Luke Wadding, of the Order of St.
+Francis. This friar left Ireland when
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span>
+
+he was a boy of fifteen, and he never
+saw again his native land; but throughout a long life which he spent
+roaming about the Continent he preserved a fervid Hibernian patriotism, of
+which the effects are felt to the present day.<a name="FNanchor_335" id="FNanchor_335"></a><a href="#Footnote_335" class="fnanchor">[335]</a> At this time he was
+living in Rome, and any slight feeling of loyalty to the King of England
+which he may have once possessed had long ago been lost in the desire to
+see his faith and his race triumph over the hated oppressor. It was he who
+had prevailed upon Cardinal Francesco Barberini to send money to Ireland,
+and though he had not been able to rouse the cautious Urban VIII to any
+considerable effort,<a name="FNanchor_336" id="FNanchor_336"></a><a href="#Footnote_336" class="fnanchor">[336]</a> he prepared with undiminished hope to use all his
+influence to win over Innocent X, from whose Spanish sympathies he augured
+the happiest results.</p>
+
+<p>And indeed it was largely owing to the representations of this Irish friar
+that, in the summer of 1645, while Sir Kenelm Digby was still f&ecirc;ted in
+Rome, an envoy on his way from the Pope to the Confederate Catholics
+appeared in Paris bearing a large sum of money, which the indefatigable
+Wadding had amassed for the use of the faithful in his native land.</p>
+
+<p>Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, Archbishop of Fermo, was a worthy ecclesiastic
+of middle age. It is said that he was appointed to this delicate mission to
+pleasure the Grand Duke of Tuscany, whose subject he was. He had, however,
+a certain interest in the British Isles, because as a young man he had been
+associated with a Scotch Capuchin, by name George Leslie, of whom he wrote
+an edifying biography, which may be considered an early example of
+religious romance.<a name="FNanchor_337" id="FNanchor_337"></a><a href="#Footnote_337" class="fnanchor">[337]</a> Clarendon stigmatizes
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span>
+
+him as a "light-headed
+envoy," but the epithet is hardly happy as applied to this stern, unbending
+Churchman, whose unalterable determination it was that the money of the
+Church should not be squandered to further the interests of a heretic
+sovereign. In this respect, indeed, he followed with fidelity the
+instructions given to him which dwelt upon the necessity of the strongest
+guarantees of real benefit to the Catholics before money was advanced to
+the King of England, and which altogether would have been instructive, if
+not pleasant, reading for Charles and Henrietta.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen was indeed already beginning to repent of her overtures to the
+Confederate Catholics,<a name="FNanchor_338" id="FNanchor_338"></a><a href="#Footnote_338" class="fnanchor">[338]</a> for in the early part of the year some letters
+of O'Hartegan had fallen into the hands of the Roundheads, who caused them
+to be printed. These letters spoke disrespectfully of her, and showed how
+cheaply the Jesuit held the advantage of the King, so that Charles, who was
+wont to feel great indignation at every one's self-seeking and shiftiness
+except his own, wrote to his wife that the agent was "an arrant
+knave."<a name="FNanchor_339" id="FNanchor_339"></a><a href="#Footnote_339" class="fnanchor">[339]</a> Rinuccini's arrival in Paris made matters worse. Henrietta was
+a Catholic, but she was a queen also, and it was an insult to which she
+could not tamely submit that the Pope should send an envoy to those who,
+after all, were rebels in arms against her husband. She wrote a dignified
+letter of remonstrance to Innocent, and she refused to receive Rinuccini
+except as a private person, a condition which the ambassador, one of whose
+strongest characteristics was his personal vanity, declined to accept.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The poor Queen was indeed in a mesh from which there was no escape, and she
+knew not how to carry out the task of so settling the affairs of Ireland
+that the King might be able to draw troops therefrom. She desired to make
+peace between Ormonde, her husband's Viceroy, and the Catholics, and her
+difficulties were such as attend all persons who, being in authority, are
+obliged to seek at one and the same time the help of representatives of
+opposing interests. Rinuccini, seeing her under the influence of
+Protestants, concluded, not unjustly on his own premises, that the duty of
+the Holy Father was to turn a deaf ear to her entreaties for aid, and to
+send such moneys as he could afford to the Confederate Catholics, whose
+loyalty to the Holy See was not compromised by any inconvenient devotion to
+a heretic Prince. Out in Rome Sir Kenelm was begging and praying for help,
+unconscious of the fact that the envoy was warning the Pope against him,
+and asserting, probably with some truth, that the rosy pictures which he
+drew of the intentions of the King of England with regard to the Catholics
+were greatly over-coloured. The Confederate Catholics in Ireland were
+waiting eagerly for the coming of Rinuccini, and had little desire to help
+the King of England, except in so far as such help would conduce to the
+realization of their chief object, the emancipation of Ireland from the
+hated foreigner.</p>
+
+<p>Rinuccini, after a considerable delay in Paris, whence he wrote many
+letters to Rome expressing his views with great frankness upon the Queen of
+England and her advisers, pushed on to Ireland, where, far from making
+peace with Ormonde or with any one else, he set everybody by the ears&mdash;not
+a difficult task, it is true, in that island&mdash;and ended by excommunicating
+most of the Confederate Catholics themselves. Steps were taken by some of
+the victims to find out the opinion of the Sorbonne as to the validity of
+this sweeping ecclesiastical censure.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, in Paris, Henrietta was dragging on her old life of intrigue and
+disappointment. The presence at her side of Jermyn, whose great influence
+over her was generally remarked,<a name="FNanchor_340" id="FNanchor_340"></a><a href="#Footnote_340" class="fnanchor">[340]</a> was not in her favour, either with
+the extreme Catholics, who disliked him as a heretic, or with the French,
+who considered him, with justice, to be a man of mediocre ability, and who
+were pleased to see that the Queen, in spite of her subservience, could
+sometimes assert her will against his. The French Government was becoming
+more and more afraid to provoke the Puritans, whom Mazarin feared to throw
+into the arms of Spain. The defeat of Naseby, whose importance the Queen
+and her friends vainly endeavoured to minimize, was followed by the hardly
+less disastrous day of Philiphaugh, when Montrose was overwhelmed by an
+army of the Covenant. Thus the year 1646 broke in gloom and despondency,
+which were not lightened when a scheme of the Queen's for the invasion of
+England by French troops was discovered by the interception of her
+letters.<a name="FNanchor_341" id="FNanchor_341"></a><a href="#Footnote_341" class="fnanchor">[341]</a> In the spring affairs had so far advanced that Charles, with
+a confidence rendered pathetic by the event, gave himself up into the hands
+of the Scots, the true compatriots of a Stuart King.</p>
+
+<p>For a moment there seemed to be hope, and it is possible that Charles might
+have recovered his crown had he been able to accept unreservedly the
+Covenant. His refusal to give up the Church of England, which was one of
+the most respectable acts of his life, brought upon him remonstrances,
+entreaties, and almost anger from his wife, to whom all Protestants were
+heretics alike. She even sent D'Avenant to him to represent her wishes
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span>
+
+on
+the subject; but Charles, with a violence he did not often show, drove the
+hapless poet from his presence with an intimation that he was never to
+enter it again. Mazarin at this time seems to have desired the King's
+restoration by means of an accommodation, though, owing to the ever-present
+fear of Spain, he would not openly assist him. He could not repress his
+scorn for the man who could throw away his crown for such a bagatelle as
+the Church of England. In fact, he frankly owned that he could not
+understand Charles. The latter had granted concessions which compromised
+his kingly dignity; why make a fuss about a trifle which, nevertheless, if
+conceded, might restore him to power? The Cardinal urged the French
+ambassador in England to do all he could to bring the King to reason; but
+the latter, who was becoming very sceptical as to the friendship of the
+French,<a name="FNanchor_342" id="FNanchor_342"></a><a href="#Footnote_342" class="fnanchor">[342]</a> was not likely to listen. The chance was lost, and Charles
+soon found himself a prisoner in the hands of the English Presbyterians.
+His countrymen, to whom in the days of his power he had shown favour not
+always in accordance with his own interests, had sold him to his enemies.</p>
+
+<p>Once again, a year later, there was a lifting of the clouds. In 1647 it
+became evident that the Puritan party was growing weary of the Presbyterian
+tyranny. As is commonly the case in revolutions, wilder and stronger
+spirits were crowding out the more moderate reformers who had begun the
+battle. The Independents, to whom in large measure the victories of Marston
+Moor and Naseby were due, had control of the army, and the great figure of
+Cromwell, which soon was to bestride England like a Colossus, was coming to
+the front. In the late spring it seemed as if Charles and the Presbyterians
+might come to terms. On June 4th a deputation from the army waited on the
+King
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span>
+
+at Holmby House, where he was imprisoned, took possession of his
+person, and carried him off to Newmarket.</p>
+
+<p>The Independents showed great respect for their royal prisoner, and it
+seemed as if they would be willing to make an accommodation with him.
+Henrietta, in Paris, whither all news was quickly carried, thought with her
+usual hopefulness that at last, at the darkest hour, the day was dawning.
+There happened to be at her Court two gentlemen who seemed well fitted to
+act as intermediaries between Charles and the Independents; one of them,
+Sir John Denham, the bearer of a name which is still remembered in English
+literature, had improved a sojourn in prison by making friends with that
+worthy army chaplain Hugh Peters, who was closely connected with the
+Independent leaders; the other, Sir Edward Ford, was Ireton's
+brother-in-law. These two slipped across the Channel, and they were
+permitted to see the King; but whether the Queen did not feel much
+confidence in her envoys (and, indeed, Denham was a rash and headstrong man
+who died insane), or whether her restlessness would not permit her to cease
+from fresh attempts to improve her husband's position, she determined to
+send another emissary of higher standing to intermeddle in this delicate
+negotiation.</p>
+
+<p>Just at this time Sir John Berkeley, who had distinguished himself during
+the war as Governor of Exeter, was returning from Holland, whither he had
+been to express the Queen's condolences on the death of the Prince of
+Orange. He was almost unknown to Henrietta personally, but she was aware of
+his reputation for loyalty and good sense, and she knew also perhaps that
+he was regarded with respect by the enemy; he had hardly arrived at S.
+Germain-en-Laye, where she was keeping her Court, when he accidentally fell
+in with one of her servants, Lord Culpepper.</p>
+
+<p>"You must prepare for another journey, Sir John," said the latter; "the
+Queen designs to send you into England."</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Berkeley, as is not surprising, was rather taken aback. England was the
+last place to which he desired to go; he knew none of the Independent
+leaders, and, as he justly remarked, it was a pity to send over too many of
+the King's servants to share in the places and preferments which those
+worthies hoped to keep for themselves; but Culpepper waived these
+objections aside. "If you are afraid, Sir John," he said contemptuously,
+"the Queen can easily find some one else to do her business."</p>
+
+<p>No man of spirit could bear such an imputation. Berkeley, against his
+better judgment, set off to add another to the long list of the Queen's
+diplomatic failures.<a name="FNanchor_343" id="FNanchor_343"></a><a href="#Footnote_343" class="fnanchor">[343]</a></p>
+
+<p>Another failure more personal and even more bitter was awaiting her.</p>
+
+<p>In the first days of 1646 Sir Kenelm Digby appeared in Paris; he was
+immediately received by the Queen, and "he got three hours' conference with
+her and in end she seemed to be verie well pleased."<a name="FNanchor_344" id="FNanchor_344"></a><a href="#Footnote_344" class="fnanchor">[344]</a> It appears that
+he brought with him for the Queen's consideration and the King's
+confirmation a document which he had drawn up in Rome and which had been
+provisionally accepted by the Pope, though a copy had been sent to
+Rinuccini for such emendations as he might think fit. By these articles
+Innocent agreed, in return for the abolition of the Penal Laws in England
+and the public establishment of Catholicism in Ireland, to make a grant,
+100,000 crowns; but in his distrust of Charles he provided that the money
+should not be paid to the Queen until the King had carried out the
+provisions with regard to Ireland. It was further agreed that Irish troops
+under Catholic leaders should be taken into the King's service in
+England.<a name="FNanchor_345" id="FNanchor_345"></a><a href="#Footnote_345" class="fnanchor">[345]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It is hardly likely that either Charles or Henrietta relished these
+articles, which showed plainly enough how deeply they were distrusted at
+Rome, and which required so much before they could touch a penny of the
+coveted money. Perhaps the King was indignant with Sir Kenelm for
+suggesting such terms, for it was probably against his wishes that the
+knight, after the failure of his negotiations, was again dispatched to Rome
+in the autumn. He carried with him, however, the undiminished confidence of
+the Queen,<a name="FNanchor_346" id="FNanchor_346"></a><a href="#Footnote_346" class="fnanchor">[346]</a> and by October he was fixed at the Papal Court waiting for
+the help which never came.</p>
+
+<p>And, indeed, his chances of success were even slighter than before; he was,
+it is true, the most accomplished cavalier of his time&mdash;"the Magazine of
+all arts," as he was called. Distinguished foreigners who visited the
+Eternal City came to see him, and went away quite fascinated by his stores
+of learning and by his agreeable conversation; had he been dropped from the
+clouds on to any part of the world he would have made himself respected,
+said his admirers. Yes, retorted the Jesuits, who did not love him, but
+then he must not remain above six weeks; the trouble was that he had been
+in Rome a good deal more than six weeks. The Pope was tired of his endless
+talk and was beginning to think that he was mad, which perhaps was not far
+from the truth; his folly in mixing up matters of high policy concerning
+the King and Queen of England with an affair of purely ecclesiastical
+interest, such as the recognition of the Chapter, was commented on, and the
+extraordinary bitterness which both he and his friends displayed towards
+their opponents, among whom were the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span>
+
+powerful religious Orders, was not in
+his favour; his position was further injured by his intimacy with Thomas
+White, a learned but eccentric priest then in Rome, who, afterward the
+elaborator of a theory of government which, like that of Hobbes, was
+believed to be a bid for the favour of Cromwell,<a name="FNanchor_347" id="FNanchor_347"></a><a href="#Footnote_347" class="fnanchor">[347]</a> was already regarded
+with suspicion by the orthodox as unsound both in theology and philosophy;
+finally, the envoy suffered by the absence of Francesco Barberini, who had
+withdrawn from Rome. The Cardinal had not, it is true, been a very faithful
+friend<a name="FNanchor_348" id="FNanchor_348"></a><a href="#Footnote_348" class="fnanchor">[348]</a> to the Queen of England, but in spite of occasional lapses he
+felt a certain interest in English affairs which might have counteracted in
+some measure the Irish influence brought to bear upon the Pope. Nor was it
+only Sir Kenelm who was out of favour; his cousin George Digby, through
+whose hands passed the negotiations of the King and Queen with the Irish,
+was industriously misrepresented by Rinuccini, while there were those who
+did not scruple to insinuate that the Queen required money for her private
+purposes, and that Jermyn, the heretic Jermyn, would have the spending of
+it. So greatly was the Pope influenced by these scandals that even those
+who favoured Henrietta and who would gladly have seen the Holy See unite
+with France to restore the King of England thought that Digby's best policy
+would be to plead for a grant of money for Ireland; but this course was
+prevented by the extraordinary conduct of Rinuccini, which has been already
+referred to, and which caused great wrath in the school of Catholics to
+which Digby belonged. It would
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span>
+
+be well, wrote White bitterly to Sir Kenelm,
+if the Pope could send into Ireland "such orders, or rather such a man,
+that may conserve the peace and seek more after the substance than after
+the outside of religion."<a name="FNanchor_349" id="FNanchor_349"></a><a href="#Footnote_349" class="fnanchor">[349]</a></p>
+
+<p>Thus affairs stood in Rome at the crisis of 1647.</p>
+
+<p>As early as 1645 it was believed that the Queen was inclined towards the
+Independents through the influence of Henry Percy and of Father Philip, who
+were suspected of communication with the leaders of that party;<a name="FNanchor_350" id="FNanchor_350"></a><a href="#Footnote_350" class="fnanchor">[350]</a> in
+matters of religion they were less rigid than the Presbyterians; they
+possessed some glimmering of the idea of toleration, and they even showed
+some disposition to favour the Catholics. When in 1647 they gained the
+upper hand, Henrietta believed that the moment had come at last when the
+Catholics would be able to hold the balance between the King, the
+Presbyterians, and the Independents, and with the favour of the latter to
+win the long-hoped-for liberty of conscience, carrying with it the repeal
+of the penal laws. Never, it was thought, had the Catholics had such a
+chance since the days of Mary. Charles, characteristically, wished to keep
+out of sight in the negotiations. "You must know," wrote an English
+Catholic to Sir Kenelm Digby in August, 1647, "at last not only the
+Independents, but the King himself do give us solid hopes of a liberty
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span>
+
+of
+conscience for Catholics in England in case we can but gain security that
+our subjection to the Pope shall bring no prejudice to our allegiance
+towards his Majesty or that state; it is true the King will not appear in
+it, but would have the army make it their request unto him; and so I
+understand he hath advised the Catholics to treat with the army about it,
+and the business will be to frame an oath of allegiance."<a name="FNanchor_351" id="FNanchor_351"></a><a href="#Footnote_351" class="fnanchor">[351]</a></p>
+
+<p>The Catholics carried on negotiations with Sir Thomas Fairfax;<a name="FNanchor_352" id="FNanchor_352"></a><a href="#Footnote_352" class="fnanchor">[352]</a> the
+rationale of the penal laws had always been the suspicion that the
+recusants held opinions subversive of the State and indeed of all social
+life, and it was to overcome this difficulty that Three Propositions were
+drawn up by the Catholics "importing that the Pope and Church had no power
+to absolve from obedience to civil government or dispense with word or oath
+made to heretics or authorize to injure other men upon pretence of them
+being excommunicated."<a name="FNanchor_353" id="FNanchor_353"></a><a href="#Footnote_353" class="fnanchor">[353]</a> It was intimated that if the Catholics, by
+subscribing these opinions, could "vindicate these principles from
+inconsistency with civil government,"<a name="FNanchor_354" id="FNanchor_354"></a><a href="#Footnote_354" class="fnanchor">[354]</a> the penal laws would be repealed
+and liberty of conscience granted.<a name="FNanchor_355" id="FNanchor_355"></a><a href="#Footnote_355" class="fnanchor">[355]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>It is no wonder that the English Catholics were in high spirits. The more
+moderate of them who were weary of being considered bad subjects for
+principles which they did not hold were glad to testify their loyalty not
+only to the Independents, but to the King, who had always been suspicious
+of it; a large number of Catholics came forward to sign the negative of the
+Three Propositions,<a name="FNanchor_356" id="FNanchor_356"></a><a href="#Footnote_356" class="fnanchor">[356]</a> among whom were members of the religious Orders,
+even of the Society of Jesus, and well-known laymen, such as the Marquis of
+Winchester, whose defence of Basing House had won the admiration of the
+whole Royalist party, and Walter Montagu, who, though he was still in
+prison, was allowed to intermix in the negotiation.</p>
+
+<p>Out in Paris the Queen, who had spent her life trying to persuade her
+husband of the unimpeachable loyalty of her co-religionists, was doing her
+part. In July, even before the Three Propositions were drawn up, she put
+further pressure upon Rome for aid; there were men, there were munitions,
+all that was needed was money; surely in such a crisis to gain all that was
+at stake the Holy Father would supply it. She sent her instructions to
+Digby and waited in hope.</p>
+
+<p>Sir Kenelm pressed with all his eloquence the needs of the Catholics and
+their great opportunity. Perhaps the Pope was a little overwhelmed by his
+flow of words, for he requested him to put his arguments on paper; Digby,
+nothing loath, drew up memorials, of which the burden was always the need
+of money to enable the Catholics to take an influential part in the
+settlement which was believed to be pending. He descanted upon the hopes
+raised by the unexpected revolt of the Independents, who wished
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span>
+
+to destroy
+the Presbyterians and to favour the Catholics. The latter were exhausted by
+years of war and persecution, but if the Holy Father would only show a
+timely liberality they could so intervene as to bring about not only their
+own salvation, but that of their co-religionists in Ireland, thus saving
+the Pope the great expenses he was incurring on behalf of the Confederate
+Catholics. Moreover, by such conduct he would give proof that by sending
+Rinuccini to Ireland he had had no desire but the good of religion; if he
+refused the Queen's request, added Digby impressively, it would mean the
+ruin of religion, both in England and Ireland.</p>
+
+<p>Innocent may have given some attention to Digby's arguments, but probably
+at no time did he think of acting upon them. The reputation of the envoy,
+which was not improved by his disrespectful, if just, criticisms of the
+methods of the Papal Court, told heavily against his requests. Moreover,
+the Queen herself was little trusted, particularly in Irish affairs, for
+she was believed to put the interests of her husband above those of
+religion, and to favour unduly Lord Ormonde, to whom (in the vain hope of
+bringing about an accommodation between him and the Confederates) she had
+recently sent an agent, by name George Leybourn,<a name="FNanchor_357" id="FNanchor_357"></a><a href="#Footnote_357" class="fnanchor">[357]</a> who, though a
+Catholic priest, belonged to a very different school of thought from that
+of the fierce Rinuccini. Besides, the recent events in England were
+prejudicial to Henrietta's interests in Rome.</p>
+
+<p>The negotiation of the Three Propositions was considered a private matter,
+but it came to the ears of the Pope. Innocent probably was aware that it
+was to a great extent managed by a section of the secular clergy, who,
+perhaps from their close connection with the intellectual society of Paris,
+held Gallican views of so extreme a type that they
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span>
+
+would gladly have
+settled the matter without reference to Rome, and who saw in the whole
+affair a nice opportunity of getting rid of their enemies the Jesuits, whom
+they thoughtfully suggested should be excluded from the general toleration;
+indeed, one of the chief supporters of the scheme was a priest named
+Holden, who was a great friend of Sir Kenelm Digby and Thomas White, and
+who had long been noted for the extravagance of his opinions.<a name="FNanchor_358" id="FNanchor_358"></a><a href="#Footnote_358" class="fnanchor">[358]</a> This
+gentleman, now resident in Paris, wrote encouraging letters to his
+co-religionists in England, assuring them that their attitude on the
+questions raised by the Three Propositions was that of all the learned and
+judicious men of France. It is true that some of the more timid English
+Catholics, notwithstanding such encouragement, became alarmed, and wrote an
+exculpatory letter to the Holy Father, in which they informed him that the
+denial they had given to the Three Propositions was "in, the negative to
+theyr affirmative who presented them unto us, not absolutely in theyr
+negative, for that had indeed intruded further upon the Pope's authority
+than the subscribers were willing to doe."<a name="FNanchor_359" id="FNanchor_359"></a><a href="#Footnote_359" class="fnanchor">[359]</a> But even such refinements
+could not save the conduct of the English Catholics from condemnation at
+Rome, where the deposing power was not so lightly to be parted with. Thus
+it is not surprising that Henrietta waited for a reply from the Pope with
+the heart-sickness of hope deferred. She did not know, what had long been
+confessed among the initiated, that the Holy Father's chief object was the
+success of the Confederate Catholics,<a name="FNanchor_360" id="FNanchor_360"></a><a href="#Footnote_360" class="fnanchor">[360]</a> to whom in the spring of that
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span>
+
+same year he had sent, together with his paternal benediction, the sum of
+50,000 crowns. In September she took up her ever-ready pen and wrote
+herself to Innocent, a sad letter, in which she speaks of her devotion to
+the Catholic faith, and of the good intentions which had not been seconded
+as they should have been. It is not known whether the Pope replied to these
+reproaches, but a month later he received Sir Kenelm Digby once again,
+though he was probably aware of the fact that that gentleman was
+hand-in-glove with those whom he had censured in England.</p>
+
+<p>That gentleman's temper had not been improved by his long trials; the last
+memorial<a name="FNanchor_361" id="FNanchor_361"></a><a href="#Footnote_361" class="fnanchor">[361]</a> which he drew up, which was to a great length, is extremely
+acrid in tone. It dwells with justice upon the services which the Queen had
+rendered to the Catholic Church, upon the fair hopes which had been
+blighted by the war. It speaks of the ill reception accorded to her
+friends&mdash;among whom are mentioned Richard Crashaw and Patrick Cary, the
+brother of Lord Falkland&mdash;at the Papal Court. Finally, it dwells with
+particular and not unmerited bitterness upon the conduct of Rinuccini, who,
+it was believed, had a secret commission to separate Ireland from England.
+It happened that just about the time of the presentation of this memorial
+the hopes of toleration for the Catholics in England disappeared as
+suddenly as they had arisen, for the two Houses of Parliament voted that
+religious liberty should not extend to the toleration of Papists;<a name="FNanchor_362" id="FNanchor_362"></a><a href="#Footnote_362" class="fnanchor">[362]</a> but
+even had this untoward incident not occurred, Digby can hardly have
+expected much from the Pope. The answer came at last in March, 1648, and it
+was cold and decisive. The Holy Father would have
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span>
+
+liked to help the Queen
+of England, but seeing no hope of the success of the Catholics, he felt
+that he could not indulge his inclination.<a name="FNanchor_363" id="FNanchor_363"></a><a href="#Footnote_363" class="fnanchor">[363]</a> Sir Kenelm shook the dust
+of Rome off his feet and left it more convinced than ever of what he had
+written a year previously, that no one could succeed at the Papal Court
+without money and influence, and that "piety, honour, generosity, devotion,
+zeal for the Catholic faith and for the service of God, with all other
+vertues, heroic and theological,"<a name="FNanchor_364" id="FNanchor_364"></a><a href="#Footnote_364" class="fnanchor">[364]</a> were banished thence. Henrietta
+would perhaps hardly have endorsed this comprehensive indictment; but she
+was bitterly disappointed, and she was incapable of perceiving that from
+his own point of view Innocent was right in refusing money, of which such
+Catholics as Sir Kenelm Digby<a name="FNanchor_365" id="FNanchor_365"></a><a href="#Footnote_365" class="fnanchor">[365]</a> and his friends would have had the
+spending. On larger principles also the papal policy was justified. The
+idea of founding a solid toleration for Catholics upon the basis of a union
+of the King and the Independents was chimerical, for those among the
+Puritans who favoured the scheme were but a small minority of advanced
+views, and even they, it seems, soon repented of their liberality. Even had
+Charles been trustworthy (and in this, as in other cases, he paid the
+penalty of his incurable shiftiness), the anti-Catholic feeling of the
+nation, which had been one of the chief causes of the war, would never have
+permitted the antedating by more than a century of the repeal of the penal
+laws, and had
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span>
+
+the guarantees been given they would assuredly have been
+broken. With regard to Ireland, the Queen is perhaps less to be blamed. She
+knew that the Confederate Catholics hoped much from her, and she could not
+know that Rinuccini, the envoy of the Holy Father, was using all his
+influence against her, or fathom the depth of the malice which led him to
+write that "from the Queen of England we must hope nothing except
+propositions hurtful to religion, since she is entirely in the hands of
+Jermyn, Digby, and other heretics."<a name="FNanchor_366" id="FNanchor_366"></a><a href="#Footnote_366" class="fnanchor">[366]</a></p>
+
+<p class="center">*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>"He perished for lack of knowing the truth," said Henrietta once of her
+husband, with a flash of insight not often given to her. That which was
+true of Charles was true of her also; she was her father's daughter, and
+she desired to know the truth, and she was accustomed to say that the chief
+need of princes was faithful counsellors who would declare it to them; but
+to such knowledge she could not reach. Her schemes, with all their
+ingenuity, failed one after another because she was unable to grasp the
+conditions in which she worked, or to read the motives and characters of
+the people with whom she had to deal. She lived in a world of unreality
+built up of the love which she bore to her husband, which made her as
+unable to understand that the restoration of Charles Stuart to the throne
+he had lost was not the main object of the diplomacy of Europe, as she was
+to appreciate the fact that such negotiations as those which she, the Queen
+of a Protestant country, carried on with the Pope and the Catholics of
+Europe were more fatal to him than the swords or the malice of his enemies.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width:10%" />
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_308" id="Footnote_308"></a><a href="#FNanchor_308">
+<span class="label">[308]</span></a>Loret: <i>La Muse Historique</i> (1859), t. II, p. 393.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_309" id="Footnote_309"></a><a href="#FNanchor_309">
+<span class="label">[309]</span></a>One of them was Ren&eacute; Chartier, an elderly man, who had
+attended several members of the royal family; he was the translator of
+Galen and Hippocrates. G. Patin: <i>Lettres.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_310" id="Footnote_310"></a><a href="#FNanchor_310">
+<span class="label">[310]</span></a>Green: <i>Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria</i>, p. 253.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_311" id="Footnote_311"></a><a href="#FNanchor_311">
+<span class="label">[311]</span></a>Birchley: <i>Christian Moderator</i> (1652), p. 20.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_312" id="Footnote_312"></a><a href="#FNanchor_312">
+<span class="label">[312]</span></a>In 1642 the Queen accepted the dedication of <i>The Flaming
+Heart, or the Life of the Glorious S. Teresa</i>, published at Antwerp; it is
+a translation of the saint's autobiography.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_313" id="Footnote_313"></a><a href="#FNanchor_313">
+<span class="label">[313]</span></a>A. &agrave; Wood: <i>Fasti Oxonienses</i> (1691), II, p. 688.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_314" id="Footnote_314"></a><a href="#FNanchor_314">
+<span class="label">[314]</span></a>See Appendix VII.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_315" id="Footnote_315"></a><a href="#FNanchor_315">
+<span class="label">[315]</span></a>Green: <i>Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria</i>, p. 264.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_316" id="Footnote_316"></a><a href="#FNanchor_316">
+<span class="label">[316]</span></a>Sabran Negotiations, Add. MS., 5460.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_317" id="Footnote_317"></a><a href="#FNanchor_317">
+<span class="label">[317]</span></a>This letter is found <i>in extenso</i>. MS. Dupuy, 642.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_318" id="Footnote_318"></a><a href="#FNanchor_318">
+<span class="label">[318]</span></a>The Earl of Bristol and George, Lord Digby.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_319" id="Footnote_319"></a><a href="#FNanchor_319">
+<span class="label">[319]</span></a>The relations between Henrietta and Goring, on the one hand,
+and the discontented French on the other, are mentioned in the <i>Carnets de
+Mazarin</i>, published in V. Cousin: <i>Mme de Chevreuse.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_320" id="Footnote_320"></a><a href="#FNanchor_320">
+<span class="label">[320]</span></a>Mazarin, in a letter of 1651, speaks of "plus de trois mille
+livres prest&eacute;es &agrave; la reyne d'Angleterre des occasions o&ugrave; elle &eacute;toit reduite
+en grandes necessitez."&mdash;Ch&eacute;ruel: <i>Lettres de Mazarin</i>, IV, p. 221.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_321" id="Footnote_321"></a><a href="#FNanchor_321">
+<span class="label">[321]</span></a>1,500,000 francs is the sum named in the letter from Paris
+read in the English Parliament in January, 1646 (Tanner MS., LX); this
+present is not mentioned in the official account of the assembly of clergy,
+and it is possible that the writer of the above letter listened to a
+baseless rumour and that no such gift was made at the time.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_322" id="Footnote_322"></a><a href="#FNanchor_322">
+<span class="label">[322]</span></a>The official report of this speech is in the "Proces Verbal
+de l'assembl&eacute;e du clerg&eacute;, 1645"; the only copy which the present writer has
+seen is in the <i>Biblioth&egrave;que <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Magasin'">Mazarine</ins></i> in Paris. The Roundheads printed a
+translation of the speech (with comments) in pamphlet form, entitled: "A
+warning to the Parliament of England. A discovery of the ends and designs
+of the Popish party both abroad and at home in the raising and fomenting
+our late war and still continuing troubles. In an oration made to the
+general assembly of the French clergy in Paris by Mons. Jacques du Perron,
+Bishop of Angoulesme and Grand Almoner to the Queen of England. Translated
+out of an MS. copy obtained from a good hand in France. 1647."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_323" id="Footnote_323"></a><a href="#FNanchor_323">
+<span class="label">[323]</span></a>This was denied by the Roundheads. See "A warning to the
+Parliament of England," etc.; but it was apparently generally believed in
+France. See Sabran Neg., Add. MS., 5460.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_324" id="Footnote_324"></a><a href="#FNanchor_324">
+<span class="label">[324]</span></a>Document VI in the Appendix seems to refer to the
+negotiations between the King and the Catholics at this time.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_325" id="Footnote_325"></a><a href="#FNanchor_325">
+<span class="label">[325]</span></a>The King's letter to the Queen was one of those taken at
+Naseby and published in <i>The King's Cabinet Opened</i>. The passage runs thus:
+"I have thought of one means more to furnish thee with for my assistance
+than hitherto thou hast had. It is that I give thee power to promise in my
+name to whom thou thinkest most fit that I will take away all the penal
+laws against the Roman Catholics in England as soon as God shall enable me
+to do it, so as by their means, or in their favours, I may have so powerful
+assistance as may deserve so great a favour and enable me to do it." Du
+Perron's reference to this letter proves that it was not a forgery of the
+Puritans.</p>
+
+<p>In a letter from Paris "presented by Mr. Speaker," January 29th, 164-5/6,
+is the following passage: "For these causes and further help (iff need
+shall be) the queene has obliged herselff solemnlie that the King shall
+establishe frie liberty of conscience in all his three kingdomes, and shall
+abolishe utterlie all penal statutes made by Queene Elizabeth and King
+James of glorious memorie against Poperie and papists."&mdash;Tanner MS., LX.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_326" id="Footnote_326"></a><a href="#FNanchor_326">
+<span class="label">[326]</span></a><i>Moderate Intelligencer</i>, July, 1646. "The clergy conveaned
+in favour of her Majesty of England's designs finding that there was little
+hopes to bring about at present either the recovery or increase of the
+Catholic religion and so to no end to advance monies unless to exasperate
+and bring ruin upon those of the Roman religion there, have agreed to give
+and directed to be presented unto her some few thousands of crowns, a somme
+fitter to buy hangings for a chamber than prosecute a war: are risen and
+have dismissed this assembly."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_327" id="Footnote_327"></a><a href="#FNanchor_327">
+<span class="label">[327]</span></a>The Confederate Catholics were a body formed after the Irish
+rebellion of 1641; there were at this time (1645) three parties in Ireland,
+the Confederate Catholics, the Protestants&mdash;whose army was commanded by
+Ormonde, the King's Viceroy&mdash;and the Puritans: the two former, though
+nominally enemies, had a common ground in their hatred of the latter.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_328" id="Footnote_328"></a><a href="#FNanchor_328">
+<span class="label">[328]</span></a>O'Hartegan records with great glee that while he was
+received in audience by Mazarin and even invited to dine in his palace,
+Jermyn, "His Holiness, His Nuntius," and other ambassadors, were unable to
+obtain an audience even after many days' solicitation. Mazarin's real
+object was to prevent the Confederate Catholics from "casting themselves
+wholly into the armes of the King of Spain." Tanner MS., LX.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_329" id="Footnote_329"></a><a href="#FNanchor_329">
+<span class="label">[329]</span></a>As early as 1635 she said that she had not corresponded with
+Elizabeth for ten years, as the latter said she could not write freely.
+Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 45.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_330" id="Footnote_330"></a><a href="#FNanchor_330">
+<span class="label">[330]</span></a>See Appendix V.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_331" id="Footnote_331"></a><a href="#FNanchor_331">
+<span class="label">[331]</span></a>It is said that Bishop Smith, who was still alive, was
+opposed to Sir Kenelm Digby's undertaking this mission, but was overborne.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_332" id="Footnote_332"></a><a href="#FNanchor_332">
+<span class="label">[332]</span></a>The same misfortune occurred a few months later when George
+Digby was defeated at Sherborne (October, 1645) and his correspondence,
+much of which concerned the intrigues of the King and Queen, fell into the
+hands of the enemy, and was afterwards read in Parliament; and again at
+Sligo (October, 1645), when the Glamorgan Treaty was found in the coach of
+the Archbishop of Tuam.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_333" id="Footnote_333"></a><a href="#FNanchor_333">
+<span class="label">[333]</span></a>In this letter the Queen thanks the Pope for "des armes et
+munitions de guerre qu'elle a fourni, de la promesse qu'elle m'a donn&eacute;
+d'une nouvelle assistance d'argent et de la restitution des pensions &agrave; ceux
+de la nation &eacute;cossaise tant &agrave; Rome qu'&agrave; Avignon."&mdash;P.R.O. Roman
+Transcripts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_334" id="Footnote_334"></a><a href="#FNanchor_334">
+<span class="label">[334]</span></a>Rinuccini: <i>Embassy in Ireland</i>, p. lviii.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_335" id="Footnote_335"></a><a href="#FNanchor_335">
+<span class="label">[335]</span></a>He was the founder of S. Isidore's College in Rome.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_336" id="Footnote_336"></a><a href="#FNanchor_336">
+<span class="label">[336]</span></a>Nevertheless in 1642 Urban sent an agent by name Scarampi to
+Ireland at the request of Cardinal Francesco Barberini.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_337" id="Footnote_337"></a><a href="#FNanchor_337">
+<span class="label">[337]</span></a><i>Il Cappuccino Scozzese</i> (1644). Before the end of the
+seventeenth century it was translated into French, Spanish, and Portuguese,
+during the eighteenth century into English.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_338" id="Footnote_338"></a><a href="#FNanchor_338">
+<span class="label">[338]</span></a>Her husband warned her in January, 1645, not to give "much
+countenance to the Irish agents in Paris."&mdash;<i>King's Cabinet Opened</i>. She
+replied, "That troubles me much, for I fear that you have no intention of
+making a peace with them [the Irish] which is ruinous for you and for
+me."&mdash;Green: <i>Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria</i>, p. 290. February 28th, 164-4/5.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_339" id="Footnote_339"></a><a href="#FNanchor_339">
+<span class="label">[339]</span></a><i>King's Cabinet Opened.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_340" id="Footnote_340"></a><a href="#FNanchor_340">
+<span class="label">[340]</span></a>"... D. Baro Germanus qui in maxima apud Reginam Angliae
+gratia nec minore quam Cardinalis Mazarinus apud Reginam
+Galliae."&mdash;Grotius: <i>Epistolae ineditae</i> (1806), p. 71.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_341" id="Footnote_341"></a><a href="#FNanchor_341">
+<span class="label">[341]</span></a>There is little doubt that Henrietta would have been willing
+to cede to France the Channel Islands, the last remains of the great
+heritage of the Conqueror, in return for help.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_342" id="Footnote_342"></a><a href="#FNanchor_342">
+<span class="label">[342]</span></a>See <i>Letters of Charles I to Henrietta Maria in 1646</i>, ed.
+Bruce. Camden Society.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_343" id="Footnote_343"></a><a href="#FNanchor_343">
+<span class="label">[343]</span></a>This is Berkeley's own account taken from his memoirs.
+Clarendon's is very different, and says that Berkeley was a vain man who
+was delighted to undertake the mission.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_344" id="Footnote_344"></a><a href="#FNanchor_344">
+<span class="label">[344]</span></a>Tanner MS., LX.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_345" id="Footnote_345"></a><a href="#FNanchor_345">
+<span class="label">[345]</span></a>These articles are published among the documents at the end
+of Rinuccini's <i>Embassy in Ireland</i>, p. 573; among the Roman Transcripts
+P.R.O. are very similar articles endorsed "in the handwriting of Sir Kenelm
+Digby." They are among the papers of 1647, and very possibly belong to the
+later date.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_346" id="Footnote_346"></a><a href="#FNanchor_346">
+<span class="label">[346]</span></a>In May, 1647, the Queen wrote to the Pope asking him not to
+receive communications from unauthorized persons who approached him in her
+name, but only from Digby. P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_347" id="Footnote_347"></a><a href="#FNanchor_347">
+<span class="label">[347]</span></a>"The grounds of obedience and government by Thomas White,
+gentleman (1635), dedicated 'to my most honoured and best friend Sir Kenelm
+Digby.'" White knew Hobbes, but his political theory is rather an
+anticipation of that of Locke and the eighteenth-century Whigs.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_348" id="Footnote_348"></a><a href="#FNanchor_348">
+<span class="label">[348]</span></a>Later it was even believed that he was favourable to the
+Roundheads. An English gentleman who was in Rome in 1650 complained of his
+discourtesy, "who was the English (I say rebels') Protector."&mdash;John
+Bargrave: <i>Pope Alexander VII and the College of Cardinals</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_349" id="Footnote_349"></a><a href="#FNanchor_349">
+<span class="label">[349]</span></a><i>Blacklo's Cabal Discovered</i>, p. 6. This curious book, which
+was published in 1679, consists of a collection of letters which throws
+much light upon Sir Kenelm Digby's mission and the events of 1647.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_350" id="Footnote_350"></a><a href="#FNanchor_350">
+<span class="label">[350]</span></a>The writer of an unsigned letter in the Biblioth&egrave;que
+Nationale in Paris says that he was charged "de representer &agrave; la serieuse
+consideration de la Reyne et de Mgr. le Cardinal le <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'trois'">train</ins> que prennent les
+Independants qui va &agrave; la ruine totale du Roy et des siens et directement &agrave;
+charger le gouvernement et combien cela regarde la France; que les chefs de
+cette faction sont le Comte de Northumberland My lord Saye et les deux
+Vaines qui font agir aupr&egrave;s de notre Roy et au dela aupr&egrave;s de notre Reyne
+par My lord Percy et autres qui ont toutes leurs confidence au P&egrave;re
+Philipes; ceux la ont contre eux tous les Escossais et les meuilleurs
+Anglois si bien que si notre Reyne ne veut recevoir et assister ces bons
+Anglois et les Escossais il se trouvera quelle fera bien de ne penser plus
+a repasser en Angleterre."&mdash;MS. Fran&ccedil;ais, 15,994.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_351" id="Footnote_351"></a><a href="#FNanchor_351">
+<span class="label">[351]</span></a><i>Blacklo's Cabal Discovered</i>, p. 21; the suggested oath is
+printed, p. 49.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_352" id="Footnote_352"></a><a href="#FNanchor_352">
+<span class="label">[352]</span></a>These negotiations were of the nature of a private
+understanding based on the twelfth article of the Heads of the Proposals
+offered by the army, which provided for "the repeal of all Acts or clauses
+in any Act enjoining the use of the Book of Common Prayer, and imposing any
+penalties for neglect thereof; as also of all Acts or clauses of any Act
+imposing any penalty for not coming to Church or for meetings elsewhere for
+prayer or other religious duties, exercises or ordinances and some other
+provision to be made for discovery of Papists and Popish recusants and for
+disabling of them and of all Jesuits or Priests found disturbing the
+State."&mdash;Gardiner: <i>Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution</i>, p.
+321.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_353" id="Footnote_353"></a><a href="#FNanchor_353">
+<span class="label">[353]</span></a>"The controversial Letter on the great controversie
+concerning the pretended temporal authority of Popes over the whole earth.
+1673."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_354" id="Footnote_354"></a><a href="#FNanchor_354">
+<span class="label">[354]</span></a><i>Ibid.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_355" id="Footnote_355"></a><a href="#FNanchor_355">
+<span class="label">[355]</span></a>The Three Propositions were printed several times in the
+latter half of the seventeenth century, among other places (together with
+the suggested oath of allegiance) in <i>Blacklo's Cabal Discovered</i>. There
+are several MS. copies among the archives of the See of Westminster, at the
+end of one of which it is said that it was signed by fifty Catholic nobles,
+but was condemned by the Congregation at Rome. See Appendix VIII.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_356" id="Footnote_356"></a><a href="#FNanchor_356">
+<span class="label">[356]</span></a>The Three Propositions are statements of the opinions
+objected to, and which the Catholics were required to subscribe in the
+negative.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_357" id="Footnote_357"></a><a href="#FNanchor_357">
+<span class="label">[357]</span></a>He travelled under the pseudonym of Winter Grant. He was an
+old friend of the Queen, having been her chaplain before the war; he had
+been a friend of Father Philip. His own memoirs give the best account of
+his unsuccessful mission.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_358" id="Footnote_358"></a><a href="#FNanchor_358">
+<span class="label">[358]</span></a>Con, years earlier, in one of his letters from England,
+writes of Holden's extravagant opinions.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_359" id="Footnote_359"></a><a href="#FNanchor_359">
+<span class="label">[359]</span></a>Archives of the See of Westminster. It seems that the
+censure was of a private nature; it is printed in Jouvency: "Receuil de
+pi&egrave;ces touchant l'histoire de la Compagnie de J&eacute;sus" (1713), where it is
+ascribed to the influence of the Jesuits.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_360" id="Footnote_360"></a><a href="#FNanchor_360">
+<span class="label">[360]</span></a>Those less sanguine than Henrietta had long known this; "the
+Pope cannot doe much, all he can is promised for Ireland," occurs in a
+letter of the beginning of 1646 from Robert Wright to "Mr. Jones of the
+Commons." Tanner MS., LX.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_361" id="Footnote_361"></a><a href="#FNanchor_361">
+<span class="label">[361]</span></a>Among the Roman Transcripts in the P.R.O. are five memorials
+drawn up by Sir Kenelm Digby, dated respectively July 14th, July 26th,
+August 3rd, August 12th, and October 20th, 1647. Of the latter there is a
+duplicate dated 1648 among the Chigi Transcripts (P.R.O.), and there is an
+old English translation among the archives of the See of Westminster.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_362" id="Footnote_362"></a><a href="#FNanchor_362">
+<span class="label">[362]</span></a>Whitelocke: <i>Memorials of English Affairs</i>, p. 274.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_363" id="Footnote_363"></a><a href="#FNanchor_363">
+<span class="label">[363]</span></a>P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_364" id="Footnote_364"></a><a href="#FNanchor_364">
+<span class="label">[364]</span></a>Digby to Barberini, April 28th, 1647. P.R.O. Roman
+Transcripts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_365" id="Footnote_365"></a><a href="#FNanchor_365">
+<span class="label">[365]</span></a>Sir Kenelm Digby somewhat later entered into negotiations
+with Cromwell in the hope of obtaining toleration for the Catholics.
+Henrietta Maria (if a story, which on the authority of Cosin found its way
+into a letter written from Paris, may be believed) grew suspicious at last
+of the man she had trusted so long; one of his friends was telling her of
+his arrival in Paris, "but she suddenly interrupted him as he was
+commending the knight and said openly in the hall, 'Mr. K. Digby, c'est un
+grand cochin [knave].'" Tanner MS., 149. George Davenport to W. Sancroft,
+Paris, January 15th, 165-6/7. Sir Kenelm died in 1665.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_366" id="Footnote_366"></a><a href="#FNanchor_366">
+<span class="label">[366]</span></a>Rinuccini: <i>Embassy in Ireland</i>, p. 367. Digby is George
+Digby, afterwards the second Earl of Bristol; he became a Catholic in later
+days, but Rinuccini seems to have disliked him rather more after his
+conversion than before.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER X<br />
+THE QUEEN OF THE EXILES</h2>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">Rememberance sat as portress of this gate.</span>
+		<span class="ind5 smcap">William Browne</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was the beginning of the year 1649. France, which four years earlier had
+seemed so secure a refuge, was itself torn by civil war. The day of
+Barricades had come and gone; Paris was in the hands of the Frondeurs,
+deserted by Queen Anne and by the little King who had retired for safety to
+S. Germain-en-Laye: Mazarin seemed to the full as unpopular as even
+Strafford had been.</p>
+
+<p>Within the city, in the palace of the Louvre, the Queen of England yet
+lingered; she would gladly have escaped to her relatives at S. Germain, but
+when she attempted to do so she was stopped at the end of the Tuileries
+Gardens. However, she had little fear; she knew that she was popular with
+the people, who preferred her sprightly ways to those of the <i>d&eacute;vote</i>
+Spanish Queen, who thought of nothing but convents and monks, and she was
+content to wait upon events. It is true she was exceedingly uncomfortable;
+little by little the seemly establishment she had kept up in the early days
+of the exile had dwindled as she strained every nerve to send supplies to
+her husband, but she had never known need until now, when for six months
+her allowance from the King of France had not been paid. However, one day,
+when in the bitter cold of January she could not even afford a fire, she
+received a visit from the Coadjutor Bishop, who was a man of great
+importance among the Frondeurs.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span>
+
+Little Princess Henrietta, who had been
+smuggled over to France in 1646 and who was now about four years old, was
+lying in bed. "You see," said the Queen, indicating the little girl and
+speaking with her usual cheerfulness, "the poor child cannot get up, as I
+have no means of keeping her warm." De Retz, in spite of his leanings to
+liberalism, was so shocked that a daughter of England and still more a
+granddaughter of Henry the Great should be in such a plight, that he
+prevailed upon the Parliament to send a considerable sum of money to the
+Queen of England.</p>
+
+<p>It was never the physical accidents of life that weighed upon
+Henrietta&mdash;these she could bear so lightly as to shame her attendants into
+a like courage; but there was worse than cold or privation, worse even than
+the fear lest her native land might be rushing to the same fate as had
+overwhelmed the land of her adoption.<a name="FNanchor_367" id="FNanchor_367"></a><a href="#Footnote_367" class="fnanchor">[367]</a> The real misery was the anxiety
+which was gnawing at her heart for her children, and above all for her
+husband. During the day she was able in some degree to divert her mind from
+it, but in the silent watches of the night it overwhelmed her.</p>
+
+<p>She had begged and entreated the French Government to intervene between
+Charles and the foes in whose hands he was; but after her long experience
+of Mazarin she was not surprised at the ineffectual character of such
+intervention as the French ambassador gave. In Paris people were too much
+taken up with their own troubles "to take much notice" or to "care much of
+what may happen to the King of England."<a name="FNanchor_368" id="FNanchor_368"></a><a href="#Footnote_368" class="fnanchor">[368]</a> Lower and lower sank the
+Queen's hopes, until at last all that she desired was to be at her
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span>
+
+husband's side to uphold him in his trouble. Laying aside in her great love
+the pride which prompted her to ask nothing from her enemies, she wrote to
+both Houses of Parliament asking for a safe conduct to England. Even this
+sorry comfort was denied her: her letters, the purport of which was known,
+were left unopened, to be found in that condition more than thirty years
+later among the State Papers.</p>
+
+<p>In Paris the days dragged on. The city was so blockaded it was almost
+impossible for letters to enter it. There was great uncertainty as to the
+fate of the King of England, but sinister rumours, which probably came by
+way of Holland, began to be rife. One day Lord Jermyn presented himself
+before Henrietta and told her that her husband had been condemned to death
+and taken out to execution, but that the people had risen and saved him.
+Thus did the faithful servant attempt to prepare the Queen; and even over
+this shadow of the merciless truth she wept in recounting it to her
+friends.</p>
+
+<p>But at last concealment was impossible. Father Cyprien was at this time in
+attendance on the Queen, and one evening as he was leaving her dining-room
+at the supper hour he was stopped at the door and asked to remain, as she
+would have need of his consolation and support. His wondering looks were
+answered by a brief statement of the fate of the King of England, at which
+the old man shuddered all over as the messenger passed on. Henrietta was
+talking cheerfully with such friends as the state of Paris permitted to
+gather round her, but she was awaiting anxiously the return of a gentleman
+whom she had sent to S. Germain-en-Laye. Jermyn (for it was he who had
+taken upon himself the task of breaking the hard news) said a few words
+intended to prepare her; she, with her usual quickness of perception, soon
+saw that something was wrong, and preferring certainty to suspense begged
+him to tell her plainly what had happened.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span>
+
+With many circumlocutions he
+replied, until at last the fatal news was told.</p>
+
+<p>"Curae leves loquuntur, graves stupent," is the comment of Father Cyprien,
+the spectator of this scene. Henrietta was utterly crushed by so awful a
+blow, which deprived her, by no ordinary visitation, but in so unheard-of
+and terrible manner, of him who had been at once "a husband, a friend, and
+a king"; she sank down in what was not so much a faint as a paralysis of
+all power and of all sensation except that of grief; she neither moved nor
+spoke nor wept, and so long did this unnatural state continue that her
+attendants became alarmed, and, in their fear, sent for the Duchess of
+Vend&ocirc;me,<a name="FNanchor_369" id="FNanchor_369"></a><a href="#Footnote_369" class="fnanchor">[369]</a> a sweet and charitable lady whose whole life was devoted to
+doing good and of whom the Queen was particularly fond; she, by her tears
+and her gentle sympathy, was able to bring Henrietta to a more normal
+condition in which tears relieved her overcharged heart. All the next day
+she remained invisible, weeping over the horror which to her at least was
+unexpected, for she had never believed until the last that the English
+people would permit such an outrage, and recalling, with bursts of
+uncontrollable grief, the happy days she had spent with the husband who had
+been her lover to the end. "I wonder I did not die of grief," she said
+afterwards, and indeed, at first, death seemed the only thing left to be
+desired, but</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"Jamas muere un triste</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Quando convienne que muera."<a name="FNanchor_370" id="FNanchor_370"></a><a href="#Footnote_370" class="fnanchor">[370]</a></span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the following day, however, she was sufficiently recovered to receive
+Madame de Motteville, who was setting out for S. Germain-en-Laye. The Queen
+asked her friend to come and kneel beside the bed on which she was lying,
+and then taking her hand she begged of her to carry a
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>
+
+message to the
+Queen-Regent. "Tell my sister," said Henrietta, "to beware of irritating
+her people, unless" (with a flash of the Bourbon spirit) "she has the means
+of crushing them utterly." Then she turned her face to the wall and gave
+way once more to her uncontrollable sorrow. Only one thing could have
+increased her grief, and that was the knowledge, mercifully hidden from
+her, of the part which she had played in bringing her husband to his
+terrible doom.</p>
+
+<p>It was but a few days later that she roused herself to go for a short visit
+to her friends, the Carmelite nuns in the Faubourg S. Jacques;<a name="FNanchor_371" id="FNanchor_371"></a><a href="#Footnote_371" class="fnanchor">[371]</a> but
+there fresh agitation awaited her, for thither was brought the last tender
+letter which her husband had written for her consolation when he knew that
+he must die. As she read it grief once more overcame her and she sank
+fainting into the arms of two of the nuns who stood near; but she was
+stronger now than when she had met the first shock. Flinging herself on her
+knees before the crucifix which hung on the wall and raising her eyes and
+hands to heaven, she cried, "Lord, I will not complain, for it is Thou who
+hast permitted it." A similar courage upheld her in receiving indifferent
+acquaintance and uncongenial relatives who came to pay visits of
+condolence. Mademoiselle
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span>
+
+de Montpensier, indeed, considered that her aunt
+was less affected by her husband's death than she should have been, though
+she had the grace to add that it was probably self-respect and pride which
+forbade the widow to show the depth of her sorrow; this was undoubtedly the
+case. Henrietta might open her heart to dear friends such as Madame de
+Motteville or the Duchess of Vend&ocirc;me, but she could not expose the
+sacredness of grief to the curious eyes of her niece, who not only had
+shown herself very indifferent to the charms of the Prince of Wales, on
+which, perhaps, Henrietta had descanted rather too frequently, but was
+inclined to regard the Queen of England's tales of the happiness and
+prosperity of her married life as somewhat highly coloured.</p>
+
+<p>The execution of Charles I caused an unparalleled sensation throughout
+Europe, and indeed the world. Kings shivered on their thrones and despotic
+governments trembled. Sovereigns had indeed been murdered with a frequency
+which made such tragedies almost commonplace, but it was without precedent
+that a king should be put to death after a judicial trial by the hands of
+his own subjects. Even in far-away India a king who heard the news from the
+crew of an English ship replied that "if any man mentioned such a thing he
+should be put to death, or if he could not be found out, they should all dy
+for it."<a name="FNanchor_372" id="FNanchor_372"></a><a href="#Footnote_372" class="fnanchor">[372]</a> In France the horror was specially felt, both on account of
+the close ties which bound together the two royal houses and because, owing
+to the unforgotten murder of Henry IV, regicide was a crime particularly
+odious to all good Frenchmen, who abhorred the views held on this subject
+by an advanced school of Catholicism. Moreover, the state of the country
+was such as to cause apprehension of a civil war similar to that which had
+caused the tragedy. "It is a blow which should make all kings tremble,"
+said Queen Anne. Even the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span>
+
+rebellious Frondeurs were shocked at the news.
+Many a gallant Frenchman would gladly have unsheathed the sword to avenge
+the murder of Charles Stuart, and many did take up the pen to exhort
+Christian princes to lay aside their differences and to turn their arms
+against the English murderers, which, of course, those potentates were not
+prepared to do, though they had a just appreciation of the offence offered
+to all kingship in this audacious act. Even the name of the much-loved
+Pucelle d'Orl&eacute;ans<a name="FNanchor_373" id="FNanchor_373"></a><a href="#Footnote_373" class="fnanchor">[373]</a> was invoked in the cause, while a living lady, Dame
+Isabeau Bernard de Laynes, was so overcome by her feelings that she broke
+into verse, beginning&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"Hereux celui qui sur la terre</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Vengera du roi d'Angleterre</span>
+		<span class="ind1">La mort donn&eacute;e injustement</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Par ses subjects, chose inouye,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">De lui avoir ost&eacute; la vie</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Quel horrible d&eacute;r&egrave;glement."<a name="FNanchor_374" id="FNanchor_374"></a><a href="#Footnote_374" class="fnanchor">[374]</a></span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Zealous Catholics shook their heads and said that now the real tendencies
+of the impious Reformation were appearing, which theme Bossuet developed
+with great effect when he came to preach Henrietta's funeral sermon;<a name="FNanchor_375" id="FNanchor_375"></a><a href="#Footnote_375" class="fnanchor">[375]</a>
+others, more liberal-minded, contended that the two great religions of Rome
+and Geneva could live together very well, as was proved in France, but that
+the King of England had allowed all kinds of sects and sectaries, a course
+which clearly could only lead to disaster; the Sieur de Marsys, the French
+tutor of the young Princes of England, translated
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span>
+
+the story of the trial
+into French that all Frenchmen might read and ponder the monstrous
+document.<a name="FNanchor_376" id="FNanchor_376"></a><a href="#Footnote_376" class="fnanchor">[376]</a> It was even said that the little Louis XIV, who was not yet
+eleven years old, took to heart in a way hardly to be expected the murder
+of his uncle, as if the child saw through the mists of the future another
+royal scaffold and the horrors of 1793.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta received plenty of sympathetic words and visits of condolence,
+but she received little else. It was believed that the condition to which
+Mazarin was reduced by the Frondeurs had emboldened the rebels in England
+to commit their last desperate act, but the instructions which the Cardinal
+penned to the French ambassador in London, before the fatal January 30th,
+show that his fear of the Spanish was a good deal stronger than his desire
+to help the King of England, and after the tragedy he only expressed polite
+regrets that France had not been able to follow the good example of
+Holland, which had protested against the regicide, and made a great favour
+of recalling the ambassador and refusing to recognize the republican agents
+in Paris. It was reserved for an old servant of Henrietta to show sympathy
+in a more practical manner. Du Perron, who at the request of the Queen of
+England had been translated to the See of Evreux, found himself detained by
+the Frondeurs, sorely against his will, in his own cathedral city. Ill, and
+wounded in his tenderest feelings by a compulsory semblance of disloyalty,
+he so took to heart the news of the terrible death of King Charles, to whom
+he was greatly attached, that he became rapidly worse and died in a few
+days.</p>
+
+<p>The story of the heroic manner in which Charles met his terrible death
+wrung tears from many an eye in Paris. Henrietta, who had lived with him
+for twenty years, must have known that he would not fail in personal
+courage. After all, misfortune was no novelty to the House of Stuart.
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span>
+
+Charles' own grandmother had mounted the scaffold of Elizabeth, and of his
+remoter ancestors who sat upon the throne of Scotland few had escaped a
+violent death; when the moment came he was ready to fulfil the tragic
+destiny of his race. To his widow his royal courage was so much a matter of
+course that it brought her little consolation; but some real comfort she
+might have known could she have foreseen that such ready acceptance of his
+fate would not only blot out in the mind of his people the memory of his
+many failings, but would throw a glory over his name and career which has
+not completely faded even to the present day.</p>
+
+<div class="imgcenter" style="width: 426px;">
+<img src="images/illus292.jpg" width="426" height="500" alt="Henry Jermyn, Earl of St. Albans. From an Engraving" title="" />
+<span class="caption">HENRY JERMYN, EARL OF ST. ALBANS<br />
+FROM AN ENGRAVING</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>No one felt more than Henrietta that the King of England's fate was a
+warning to those in authority. She watched with painful interest the course
+of rebellion in France, and when at last she was able to see the
+Queen-Regent,<a name="FNanchor_377" id="FNanchor_377"></a><a href="#Footnote_377" class="fnanchor">[377]</a> she gave that obstinate lady some excellent advice,
+dwelling particularly on the goodwill of the Parisians to their little
+King, and the general dislike which was felt for Cardinal Mazarin. In 1649
+the rebellion was repressed, but only that it might break out anew two
+years later. During the second war of the Fronde, Henrietta, who thought
+that English history was repeating itself in France,<a name="FNanchor_378" id="FNanchor_378"></a><a href="#Footnote_378" class="fnanchor">[378]</a> sought Queen Anne
+at S. Germain-en-Laye. There in an assembly, composed of both Frenchmen and
+Englishmen, she pressed upon her sister-in-law counsels of wisdom and
+moderation which it had been well had she herself followed in the past. "My
+sister," said the haughty Spanish lady, who was weary of advice, specially
+perhaps from one who had known so
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span>
+
+little how to manage her own concerns,
+"do you wish to be Queen of France as well as of England?"</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta's reply came promptly, but with a world of sadness in it, "I am
+nothing, do you be something!"<a name="FNanchor_379" id="FNanchor_379"></a><a href="#Footnote_379" class="fnanchor">[379]</a></p>
+
+<p class="center">*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>Queen Henrietta Maria's position was considerably altered by her husband's
+death; on the one hand she became a person of greater importance as the
+adviser of her young son, who was hardly of an age to manage his own
+affairs; on the other, she was deprived of Charles' powerful support, and
+laid more open to the attacks of her opponents, whose fear it was to see
+her two sons, Charles and James, who arrived in Paris shortly after their
+father's death, fall under her influence.</p>
+
+<p>Party feeling ran high at the exiled Court, which, with the suppression of
+the first rebellion of the Fronde, took shape again. Henrietta was
+respected by all&mdash;"our good Queen," she was affectionately called&mdash;but her
+religion and her politics were disliked by the Church of England
+constitutional party, which was strongly represented in Paris. Sir Edward
+Hyde, Sir Edward Nicholas, and their friends, considered with some justice
+that her counsels had been fatal to the master whose death had placed him
+on a pinnacle, where assuredly he had never been in his lifetime. They
+particularly disliked Jermyn, whose great influence with the Queen exposed
+him to jealousy, and Lord Culpepper<a name="FNanchor_380" id="FNanchor_380"></a><a href="#Footnote_380" class="fnanchor">[380]</a> and Henry Percy, his intimate
+friends, were little less obnoxious to them. "I may tell you freely," wrote
+Ormonde, the late Viceroy of Ireland, who arrived in Paris at the end of
+1651, "I believe all these lords go upon as ill principles as may be; for I
+doubt there is few of them that would not do
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span>
+
+anything almost, or advise the
+King to do anything, that may probably recover his or their estates."<a name="FNanchor_381" id="FNanchor_381"></a><a href="#Footnote_381" class="fnanchor">[381]</a></p>
+
+<p>Shortly after the King's death the Queen's party (or that of the Louvre, as
+its enemies called it) was strengthened by the arrival of a recruit of
+great importance, Henrietta's old friend Walter Montagu, whom she had never
+seen since they parted in Holland in 1643. This gentleman, since his
+apprehension at Rochester, had been in the hands of the Roundheads; he had
+spent most of his time in the Tower of London, where he varied the monotony
+of prison life by a spirited controversy with a fellow-prisoner, Dr. John
+Bastwick, of pillory fame, who expressed himself greatly pleased with his
+nimble-witted adversary. He also became very devout, and in proof thereof
+wrote a volume of spiritual essays, which he published in 1647 with a
+charming dedication to the Queen of England, wherein piety and flattery
+were delicately blended. In spite of the dislike with which he was
+regarded,<a name="FNanchor_382" id="FNanchor_382"></a><a href="#Footnote_382" class="fnanchor">[382]</a> he was treated with consideration, partly no doubt through
+the influence of his brother, the Earl of Manchester, with whom he was
+always on good terms and who even supplied him with money, but partly also,
+probably, because it was felt that the Queen of France, who pleaded over
+and over again for his enlargement, must not be irritated beyond measure.
+He was permitted to go to Tunbridge Wells on account of his health, which
+suffered from his long confinement, and he was finally released on the
+ground that he had never borne arms against the Parliament, which was true
+enough, as he had been in
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span>
+
+prison almost since the beginning of the war.
+Nevertheless, together with his friend Sir Kenelm Digby, who had reappeared
+in England, he was banished the country under pain of death.<a name="FNanchor_383" id="FNanchor_383"></a><a href="#Footnote_383" class="fnanchor">[383]</a> He
+quickly repaired to Spa to drink the waters there, and thence passed to
+Paris, where he was warmly welcomed by the Queens, both of England and
+France.</p>
+
+<p>The appearance of Walter Montagu&mdash;a frail worldling, as he calls
+himself&mdash;in the r&ocirc;le of a spiritual writer probably caused much the same
+sort of amusement in Parisian circles as was caused in later days in those
+of London by the publication of Richard Steel's <i>Christian Hero</i>. But it
+was soon found that the long years of prison and danger had wrought a real
+change in the whilom courtier, who now became a <i>d&eacute;vot</i> of the fashionable
+Parisian type. He lost no time in putting into execution his former project
+of embracing the ecclesiastical state. "Your old friend, Wat Montagu,"
+wrote Lord Hatton in February, 1650-1, "hath already taken upon him the
+<i>robe longue</i> and received the first orders and intends before Easter (as I
+am credibly assured) to take the order of Priesthood."<a name="FNanchor_384" id="FNanchor_384"></a><a href="#Footnote_384" class="fnanchor">[384]</a> He sang his
+first Mass at Pontoise in the following April, and in the autumn of the
+same year received by the favour of Queen Anne the Abbey of Nanteuil, which
+gave him the title of Abb&eacute; and a sufficient income. A few years later the
+same royal patroness bestowed upon him the richer and more important Abbey
+of S. Martin at Pontoise,<a name="FNanchor_385" id="FNanchor_385"></a><a href="#Footnote_385" class="fnanchor">[385]</a> whose ample revenues he expended with such
+liberality and tact as to
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span>
+
+win the gratitude of his less fortunate
+compatriots, Catholics and Protestants alike.</p>
+
+<p>One of the earliest questions which the Queen had to settle after her
+husband's execution was that of her eldest son's plans. At first a journey
+to Ireland was contemplated, but finally it was decided that the young King
+should go to Scotland and try his fortune among those who had betrayed his
+father. Henrietta herself was inclined to the Presbyterian alliance, in
+which opinion she was encouraged by the Louvre party. English and French
+Catholics alike believed that the silly Anglican compromise had met with
+the fate it deserved, and that henceforward the spoils would be divided
+between themselves and the Presbyterians. The remnant of Anglicans who
+showed a gallant faith in their position which later events justified
+distrusted these latter so deeply that they would almost have preferred the
+King to remain an exile for ever to seeing him restored by their means, who
+had sold the Blessed Martyr. As for the Presbyterian alliance with the
+Catholics, that they considered the most natural thing in the world;<a name="FNanchor_386" id="FNanchor_386"></a><a href="#Footnote_386" class="fnanchor">[386]</a>
+for in their opinion both schools of thought aimed at an undue
+subordination of the civil to the religious power, or as a Royalist
+rhymester put it:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"A Scot and Jesuit, join'd in hand,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">First taught the world to say</span>
+		<span class="ind1">That subjects ought to have command</span>
+		<span class="ind1">And princes to obey."<a name="FNanchor_387" id="FNanchor_387"></a><a href="#Footnote_387" class="fnanchor">[387]</a></span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, in spite of opposition, Charles went off to Scotland, and
+there, to the deep disgust of his Anglican friends, who had to learn that
+he was a very different man from his father, he was persuaded to take the
+Covenant, a step which they believed would not only alienate his best
+friends, but prejudice his chances with Providence.<a name="FNanchor_388" id="FNanchor_388"></a><a href="#Footnote_388" class="fnanchor">[388]</a> Even the Queen was
+annoyed, unless, as her opponents hinted, she feigned her chagrin. But
+annoyance soon gave place to anxiety. First came the news of the defeat of
+Dunbar, then of the "crowning mercy" of Worcester; at last, after weeks of
+suspense, Henrietta was able to welcome her son once more, safe indeed, but
+worn out by almost incredible adventures and escapes, and cured for life by
+his sojourn among them of any liking for the Presbyterians. It was no
+wonder that the lad was depressed and irritable and unwilling to talk to
+his mother or any one else, though she had still considerable influence
+over him, so that it was complained that the King's secret council were his
+mother, "Lord Jermyn, and Watt. Montagu, for that of greatest business he
+consults with them only, without the knowledge of Marquis of Ormonde or Sir
+Ed. Hyde."<a name="FNanchor_389" id="FNanchor_389"></a><a href="#Footnote_389" class="fnanchor">[389]</a> She was able to persuade him (the more easily, no doubt,
+from his Scotch experiences) to refrain from attending the Huguenot worship
+at Charenton, which she thought might compromise him with his relatives of
+France.</p>
+
+<p>And, indeed, under the pressure of her many misfortunes, Henrietta was
+becoming more of a bigot than she had ever been before.<a name="FNanchor_390" id="FNanchor_390"></a><a href="#Footnote_390" class="fnanchor">[390]</a> In 1647 Father
+Philip died.<a name="FNanchor_391" id="FNanchor_391"></a><a href="#Footnote_391" class="fnanchor">[391]</a> The loss of this
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span>
+
+worthy old man, who was well aware of
+the caution necessary to a Catholic queen living among heretics, exposed
+her to the influence of other and less judicious counsellors, specially
+after the death of her Grand Almoner,<a name="FNanchor_392" id="FNanchor_392"></a><a href="#Footnote_392" class="fnanchor">[392]</a> which deprived her of another
+moderating influence. When in 1650 the Anglican service, which had been
+held at the Louvre since the first days of the exile, was suppressed,
+Protestant gossip pointed out Walter Montagu as the author of this deed;
+but that gentleman would reply nothing, even to so weighty an interrogator
+as Sir Edward Hyde, except that the Queen of France was at liberty to give
+what orders she pleased in her own house. Henrietta may have regretted this
+sudden outburst of zeal on the part of her sister-in-law, but she found no
+answer to make when that lady came to visit her and told her, with the
+solemnity of a Spaniard and a <i>d&eacute;vote</i>, that she thought the recent
+troubles of her son the King of France must have been due to his mother's
+weak toleration of heretical worship at the Louvre. History does not record
+whether she changed her mind when this act of reparation was not followed
+by an abatement of the rebellion; but henceforth the Anglican service was
+held nowhere but in the chapel of Sir Richard Browne, the father-in-law of
+John Evelyn, whose house was protected by his position as resident of the
+King of England. There John Cosin, the exiled Dean of Durham, who still
+kept up his impartial warfare against Rome on the one side and Geneva on
+the other, struck heavy blows in the cause of the Church of England, not,
+it was reported, without success. Religious feeling ran as high as ever it
+had years before in London,<a name="FNanchor_393" id="FNanchor_393"></a><a href="#Footnote_393" class="fnanchor">[393]</a> and the good Dean's controversial acerbity
+was not sweetened when his only son went over to the enemy, by
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span>
+
+the
+instrumentality, it was said, of Walter Montagu. Nor did the alert Abb&eacute;'s
+victories end there. Thomas Hobbes was still living among his learned
+friends in the French capital. His religion, or lack of it, made him
+suspect to Catholics and Protestants alike, and the Anglicans were
+considerably chagrined when they heard that this dangerous person, on the
+recommendation of Montagu, had been removed from the English Court, where
+the young King had shown an unfortunate liking for his company. They would
+fain have had the credit themselves of this judicious act, though perhaps
+in later days, when they saw the "father of atheists" a welcome guest at
+Whitehall, some of them may have been glad to be able to say that they had
+had nothing to do with the odious persecution which he had suffered from
+the bigots in Paris.</p>
+
+<p>Three years after the suppression of the Anglican service at the Louvre,
+other events occurred which did not tend to Henrietta's popularity with
+some of her son's best friends. Henry, Duke of Gloucester, the youngest son
+of Charles I, is now chiefly remembered as an actor in that most pathetic
+of all farewell scenes, when he and his sister Elizabeth took leave of
+their dying father. The little girl never recovered the shock of her
+father's death, and died without seeing again the mother who longed for
+her. Henry was too young to suffer thus, and at one time a rumour was about
+which reached the ears of Sir Edward Nicholas that Cromwell intended to
+make the child king; but in 1653 the authorities in England, touched by
+compassion for his youth, or perhaps finding him more trouble than he was
+worth, sent him over to his sister in Holland, whence, much against that
+lady's will, he was fetched to Paris to his mother's side. Henrietta was
+charmed with the little fellow, whom she had not seen since he was quite a
+child. Though small and thin he was "beautiful as a little angel" and,
+while resembling his aunt Christine in face, possessed the fascinating
+manners
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span>
+
+of his father's family and was remarkably forward in book-learning.
+The boy was made much of, not only by his mother, but by the whole French
+Court. "You know they always like anything new,"<a name="FNanchor_394" id="FNanchor_394"></a><a href="#Footnote_394" class="fnanchor">[394]</a> wrote the Queen of
+England to her sister, and she goes on to relate with some amusement the
+innumerable visits she received on account of this <i>petit chevalier</i>. She
+was, no doubt, glad that he had made so good an impression upon his French
+relatives, for she had schemes for his advancement which depended largely
+on their favour.</p>
+
+<p>The only one of her children whom Henrietta had been able to bring up in
+her own faith was the dearest of all, the youngest little daughter, whom
+she was wont to call her child of benediction. It is probable that during
+her husband's lifetime she felt a scruple in trying to turn his children
+from the religion which their father professed, particularly as he showed a
+generous confidence in her in the matter; but now that he was gone she felt
+her obligation to be over, and she gave much time and attention to
+influencing the minds of her two elder sons, of whom she had good hopes.
+She even, unmindful of the lessons of the past, entered anew into
+negotiations with the Pope and, by means of the Duchess of Aiguillon, a
+niece of Richelieu, held out, in the name of her son, hopes of untold
+benefits to the Catholics of the British Isles if the Holy Father would
+only assist the young and importunate monarch, who would certainly repay
+his paternal kindness with interest.<a name="FNanchor_395" id="FNanchor_395"></a><a href="#Footnote_395" class="fnanchor">[395]</a> But, nevertheless, the Queen knew
+well enough the grave difficulties in the way of Charles' profession of the
+Catholic faith, and she turned with relief to the little Henry in whose
+youth she saw an easy prey. She had other arguments than those of religion
+to bring forward. All sensible people, she told the boy, were now agreed
+that the King, his brother,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span>
+
+would not regain his throne. He knew the
+extreme poverty to which the revolution had reduced his family; how as a
+Protestant did he propose to live in a manner suitable to his rank as a
+Prince of England? Whereas, if he would become a Catholic and take orders,
+his aunt, the Queen of France, would make everything easy by procuring for
+him a cardinal's hat, and by bestowing upon him such rich benefices as
+would afford him a fitting provision.</p>
+
+<p>Henry was a boy, little more than a child, but the circumstances of his
+life had been such as early to teach him the necessity of self-interest.
+His father's last counsels, given at a supreme moment, may have weighed
+with him, for his well-known answer, "I will be torn to pieces ere they
+make me a king while my brothers live," prove him to have been, at that
+time, an unusually precocious child. Be this as it may, he showed an
+unexpected reluctance to follow his mother's advice and an unaccountable
+dislike of the Abb&eacute; Montagu, whom she appointed to be his governor. Perhaps
+he remembered his father's distrust of that fascinating person; certainly
+he knew that by following his teaching he would offend irrevocably the
+brother on whom, in case of a restoration to their native land, his future
+must depend. Henrietta herself was not blind to this aspect of the case,
+and she tried to propitiate her eldest son, to whom she had given a promise
+that she would not tamper with his brother's religion. "Henry has too many
+acquaintances among the idle little boys of Paris," she wrote to Charles,
+who was away from the city, "so I am sending him to Pontoise with the Abb&eacute;
+Montagu, where he will have more quiet to mind his book."</p>
+
+<p>To Pontoise accordingly Henry went, where Montagu attempted in vain to win
+his confidence. After a while the boy was allowed to return to Paris, but
+he showed himself so obstinately indocile that at night-time he and his
+page (a lad who had been in the service of the Earl of Manchester,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span>
+
+and who
+doubtless enjoyed thwarting the renegade Abb&eacute;), "like Penelope's web ...
+unspun" (as well as they two little young things, some few years above
+thirty between them) whatever had passed in public.<a name="FNanchor_396" id="FNanchor_396"></a><a href="#Footnote_396" class="fnanchor">[396]</a> The poor little
+Prince owned, indeed, that he was called upon to deal with matters above
+his years. His relatives at the French Court assured him that his first
+duty was to his mother now that his father was dead. His Anglican friends
+told him that a sovereign came before a mother, and that his obedience was
+due to his eldest brother. That brother, moreover, took this view strongly
+and wrote to him, saying in brief and pithy terms that, should he become a
+Catholic, he would never see him again. It is not surprising that between
+all these conflicting opinions Henry's young head was a little confused. He
+was further perplexed when to other arguments in his mother's favour was
+added the curious one that his conversion would make amends to her for the
+breach of her marriage contract, by which she should have had control of
+her children up to the age of twelve.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta was, indeed, steeling her heart to greater sternness than she had
+ever used to any of her children, to whom she had always shown herself an
+indulgent mother. It may be that, as men said, she was under the influence
+of Montagu, who, however, was not wont to be very severe, and who did his
+best to win over his pupil by kindness and by pointing out to him the
+worldly advantages which a change of faith would bring&mdash;a lesson which the
+luxuries of Pontoise, contrasting as they did with the poverty in which
+many of Henry's Anglican friends were obliged to live, illustrated in a
+practical manner. It may be that the Queen thought that a boy of her son's
+age could not resist severity, and that she was determined to hold out
+until she conquered the child for what she believed to be his good
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span>
+
+in this
+world and the next; but she was to be defeated. While reports were being
+industriously circulated through the city that Henry was on the point of
+coming to a better mind, while in some churches thanksgivings were even
+being offered for his conversion, his continued obstinacy was in reality
+wearing out his mother's patience. She sent for her son, and after
+receiving him with her usual affection she said that she required him to
+hear the Abb&eacute; Montagu once again, and that then he must give her his final
+answer. Montagu pleaded for an hour, expending upon this lad of fourteen
+all those powers of persuasion and eloquence which enabled him to excel as
+a popular preacher. But Henry's mind was made up, he was determined to cast
+in his lot with his brother and England rather than with his mother and
+France. He communicated his decision to the Queen, and at the fatal words
+she turned away, saying that she wished to see his face no more. She left
+the room without any sign of relenting, and her son discovered a little
+later that her anger even cast his horses out of her stable. He was sobered
+by the depth of her displeasure, but he reserved his chief wrath for
+Montagu, to whom he attributed a harshness very far indeed from his
+mother's natural character. Turning on his late tutor, he upbraided him
+angrily: "Such as it is I may thank you for it, sir; and 'tis but reason
+what my mother sayes to me I say to you: I pray be sure I see you no
+more."<a name="FNanchor_397" id="FNanchor_397"></a><a href="#Footnote_397" class="fnanchor">[397]</a> Then, turning on his heel, he showed his independence by
+marching on to the English chapel at Sir Richard Browne's house (for it was
+a Sunday morning), where he was received with such rejoicings as befitted
+so signal a triumph over the rival religion. He could not, of course,
+return to the Palais Royal, and he asked the hospitality of Lord Hatton,
+who, both as Royalist and Anglican, was delighted to welcome his "little
+great guest." His
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span>
+
+satisfaction was the greater because of the piquant
+circumstance that he was himself a relative by marriage of the discomfited
+Abb&eacute;. Henry, who was considered to have "most heroically runne through this
+great worke beyond his yeres,"<a name="FNanchor_398" id="FNanchor_398"></a><a href="#Footnote_398" class="fnanchor">[398]</a> made further proof of his unflinching
+Protestantism by receiving a distinguished minister of Charenton, to whom
+he gravely discoursed of his father's religious views. But he did not
+remain long in Paris. Lord Ormonde arrived with letters and messages from
+the King of England and bore the lad off to Cologne, where his eldest
+brother was at that time keeping his Court.</p>
+
+<p class="center">*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>The years of the exile wore on not too cheerfully. Little by little
+Henrietta lost the influence she had had over her eldest son, who came to
+distrust Jermyn, perhaps because he saw the favourite rich and prosperous,
+while others of his faithful servants were almost in need. Probably the
+Queen was annoyed at the ill success of Charles in her own country, for it
+is remarkable that the young man who possessed the French temperament, and
+who was, in many respects, like his grandfather Henry IV, was never popular
+in Paris, while James was greatly liked and admired. It is true that the
+latter was a singularly gallant youth, and that he spoke the French
+language much better than his brother, which accomplishment was in itself
+enough to win Parisian hearts. "There is nothing, in my opinion, that
+disfigures a person so much as not being able to speak," said that true
+Frenchwoman Mademoiselle de Montpensier. As for Princess Henrietta, she was
+looked upon quite as a French girl, and she was admired, not only for her
+beauty, but for her exquisite dancing, a talent which she inherited from
+her mother. It was on account of this beloved child that the widowed Queen
+of England, in the last years of the exile, came out again a little into
+the world and held receptions
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span>
+
+at the Palais Royal, which proved so
+fascinating as to be serious rivals to those of the grave Spanish Queen of
+France. At them she was always pleased to welcome Englishmen, for she loved
+the land of her happy married life in spite of the treatment she had
+received there. "The English were led away by fanatics," she was wont to
+say; "the real genius of the nation is very different." So jealous was she
+of the good name of her son's subjects in critical Paris that once when an
+English gentleman came to her Court in a smart dress, tied up with red and
+yellow ribbons, she begged the friend who had introduced him to advise him
+"to mend his fancy," lest he should be ridiculed by the French.</p>
+
+<p>But ere this another blow had fallen upon Henrietta, and this time she was
+wounded, indeed, in the house of her friends. As early as 1652 France
+recognized the Government of the Commonwealth, but in 1657 the Queen
+learned that her nephew, acting under the advice of Cardinal Mazarin, who
+was impelled by his usual dread of Spain, had even made a treaty with
+Cromwell, "<i>ce sc&eacute;l&eacute;rat</i>," as she was accustomed to call him. By the terms
+of this treaty her three sons were banished from France, and she herself
+was only permitted to remain with her young daughter because public opinion
+would not have tolerated the expulsion of a daughter of Henry IV. The
+Princes went off to Bruges, where Charles fixed his Court, and to mark
+their displeasure they took service under the Spaniard. Henrietta had to
+bear the insults as best she could. She had nowhere to go; for when a year
+earlier she had thought of a journey to Spain, it had been intimated to her
+that his Catholic Majesty would prefer her to remain on the French side of
+the Pyrenees.</p>
+
+<p>The only satisfactory aspect of the matter was that now the Queen felt it
+possible to press for the payment of her dowry. Her relatives of France,
+particularly Queen Anne, were liberal, but Henrietta was made to feel now
+and then</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind5">"how salt his food who fares</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Upon another's bread&mdash;how steep his path</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Who treadeth up and down another's stairs,"<a name="FNanchor_399" id="FNanchor_399"></a><a href="#Footnote_399" class="fnanchor">[399]</a></span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>and, besides, hers was too proud a nature to relish dependence. She knew
+that any scheme likely to spare the coffers of France would be grateful to
+Mazarin, whose immense riches, splendid palace, and magnificent collection
+of pictures and curios, the fruit of an unbounded avarice, were the talk of
+Paris. The request was proffered. The reply came, and Mazarin carried it
+himself to the Queen. Speaking with the Italian accent, which his long
+years of residence in France had not been able to eradicate, he explained
+to her that the Protector refused to give her that for which she asked,
+because, as he alleged, she had never been recognized as Queen of England.
+The refusal was bad enough, but the gross insult with which it was
+accompanied could not fail to cut Henrietta to the heart, but she did not
+love Mazarin and she had too much spirit to betray her chagrin. "This
+outrage does not reflect on me," she said proudly, "but on the King, my
+nephew, who ought not to permit a daughter of France to be treated <i>de
+concubine</i>. I was abundantly satisfied with the late King, my lord, and
+with all England; these affronts are more shameful to France than to me."</p>
+
+<p>This episode did not decrease Henrietta's hatred for Cromwell. It was even
+said by one of her women, who played the part of spy, that she was
+overheard plotting his murder with Lord Jermyn. But she had not long to
+endure his usurpation of the seat of her husband, whose regal title she
+believed him to have refused solely from fear of the army. On September
+3rd, 1658, the anniversary of Dunbar and Worcester, Oliver Cromwell died
+amid a tumult of storm, sympathetic with the passing of that mighty spirit.
+"It is the Devil come to carry old Noll off to Hell" was the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span>
+
+comment of the
+Royalists, who kept high revel in Paris and elsewhere at the news of his
+death, though the Queen, whom long sorrow was at last making slow to hope,
+did not join in the jubilation. "Whether it be because my heart is so
+wrapped up in melancholy as to be incapable of receiving any [joy]," she
+wrote to Madame de Motteville, "or that I do not as yet perceive any good
+advantages likely to accrue to us from it, I will confess to you that I
+have not felt myself any very great rejoicing, my greatest being to witness
+that of my friends."<a name="FNanchor_400" id="FNanchor_400"></a><a href="#Footnote_400" class="fnanchor">[400]</a></p>
+
+<p>It was not, indeed, until the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 that there
+seemed to be solid hope for the King of England. Then Charles left his
+Court at Bruges, and traversing all France, had an interview with Don Louis
+de Haro, the powerful minister of Spain, who received him with all ceremony
+as a sovereign prince. Mazarin still obstinately refused to receive him,
+but he had an interview with his uncle, the Duke of Orleans, at Blois, and
+afterwards passed a few days with his mother at Colombes, on the outskirts
+of Paris, where she had a small country house. Both mother and son may have
+been to some extent hopeful, but neither knew how near the day was when the
+prophecy of a French rhymester after Worcester would be fulfilled, and</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind3">"la fortune</span>
+	  	<span class="ind1">N'ayant plus pour luy de rancune</span>
+	  	<span class="ind1">Le mettra plus haut qu'il n'est bas."<a name="FNanchor_401" id="FNanchor_401"></a><a href="#Footnote_401" class="fnanchor">[401]</a></span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr style="width:10%" />
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_367" id="Footnote_367"></a><a href="#FNanchor_367">
+<span class="label">[367]</span></a>"Amyd the Arrests lately made one is for the seazure of the
+King's revenue to the use of the Parliament and in other things they doe
+soe imitate the late proceedings of England that it plainly appears in what
+schoole some of their members have been bred who make them believe they are
+able to instruct them how to make a rebellion w<sup>th</sup> out breaking their
+allegiance."&mdash;Dispatch of Sir R. Browne, January 22nd, 1649. Add. MS.,
+12,186, f. 9.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_368" id="Footnote_368"></a><a href="#FNanchor_368">
+<span class="label">[368]</span></a>"Letters from Paris received January 15th, 1648," p. 6.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_369" id="Footnote_369"></a><a href="#FNanchor_369">
+<span class="label">[369]</span></a>"Une sainte et la m&egrave;re des pauvres."&mdash;Mme de Motteville.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_370" id="Footnote_370"></a><a href="#FNanchor_370">
+<span class="label">[370]</span></a>Quoted by Mme. de Motteville with reference to this
+occasion.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_371" id="Footnote_371"></a><a href="#FNanchor_371">
+<span class="label">[371]</span></a>The Chaillot tradition, which is found in the MS. <i>Histoire
+chronologique de tout l'ordre de la Visitation</i>, 1693 (Bib. Mazarine, MS.
+2436), and in <i>La Vie de la tr&egrave;s haute et tr&egrave;s puissante Princesse
+Henrietta Marie de France, reine de la Grande Bretagne</i>, of Cotolendi, who
+derived much of his information from the Chaillot nuns, places the scene of
+Henrietta's reception of the news of her husband's death in the Carmelite
+convent, and Cotolendi represents the King's letter as delivered on that
+occasion; but, Father Cyprien, in his account, says that the Queen was at
+the Louvre when she heard of her husband's fate, and though he is not
+always accurate, it seems probable that the scene of such an event would
+remain in his mind. Moreover, Madame de Motteville says no word of the
+Carmelite convent in this connection. It seems likely that the nuns of
+Chaillot confused the Queen's account of the reception of the news of her
+husband's death with that of his last letter. The above account has been
+written on this hypothesis; the letter which Cotolendi quotes was no doubt
+preserved with other memorials of the Queen among the Chaillot archives.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_372" id="Footnote_372"></a><a href="#FNanchor_372">
+<span class="label">[372]</span></a>John Ward: <i>Diary</i>, 1648-79 (1839), p. 161.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_373" id="Footnote_373"></a><a href="#FNanchor_373">
+<span class="label">[373]</span></a>"Exhortation de la Pucelle d'Orl&eacute;ans &agrave; tous les princes de
+la terre de faire une Paix g&eacute;n&eacute;rale tous ensemble pour venger la mort du
+roy d'Angleterre par une guerre toute particuli&egrave;re. A Paris. MDCXLIX."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_374" id="Footnote_374"></a><a href="#FNanchor_374">
+<span class="label">[374]</span></a>Fonds Fran&ccedil;ais MS., 12,159. <i>Remonstrances aux
+Parlementaires de la mort ignominieuse de leur roy d&eacute;di&eacute;es a la Reyne
+d'Angleterre.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_375" id="Footnote_375"></a><a href="#FNanchor_375">
+<span class="label">[375]</span></a>The same argument is developed in a curious tract, which
+shows the rather cool attitude of some of the English Catholics to Charles,
+entitled, <i>Nuntius a Mortuis, hoc est, stupendum ... ac tremendum
+colloquium inter Manes Henrici VIII et Caroli I Angliae Regum</i> (1649).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_376" id="Footnote_376"></a><a href="#FNanchor_376">
+<span class="label">[376]</span></a>MS. Fran&ccedil;ais, 12,159.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_377" id="Footnote_377"></a><a href="#FNanchor_377">
+<span class="label">[377]</span></a>Henrietta, even before the lesson of her husband's death,
+urged the Queen-Regent to show moderation. She prevailed upon her to
+receive the members of the rebellious Parliament on the day of Barricades.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_378" id="Footnote_378"></a><a href="#FNanchor_378">
+<span class="label">[378]</span></a>"Vous diri&eacute;s que Dieu veut humilier les Roys et les princes.
+Il a commenc&eacute; par nous en Engleterre; je le prie que la France ne nous
+suive pas, les affairs ysy alant tout le mesme chemin que les
+nostres."&mdash;<i>Lettres de Henriette Marie &agrave; sa s&oelig;ur Christine</i>, p. 100.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_379" id="Footnote_379"></a><a href="#FNanchor_379">
+<span class="label">[379]</span></a>"Le veritable entretien de la Reyne d'Angleterre avec le roy
+et la Reyne &agrave; S. Germain-en-Laye en presence de plusieurs Seigneurs de la
+Cour et autres personnes de consideration (1652)."</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_380" id="Footnote_380"></a><a href="#FNanchor_380">
+<span class="label">[380]</span></a>It was this nobleman of whom Charles I said that he had no
+religion at all.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_381" id="Footnote_381"></a><a href="#FNanchor_381">
+<span class="label">[381]</span></a><i>Nicholas Papers</i>, I, 293.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_382" id="Footnote_382"></a><a href="#FNanchor_382">
+<span class="label">[382]</span></a>To which the following extract from a Roundhead newspaper
+bears witness: "Onely one thing we have notice of that she [the Queen] hath
+begged of his Holiness a Cardinalls Hat for Wat Montaue. Then (boyes) for
+sixpence a peece you may see a fine sight in the Tower if the Axe prevent
+not and send him after the Cardinall (would have been) of Canterbury, who
+went before to take up lodging for the rest of the Queen's favourites in
+Purgatory."&mdash;<i>Mercurius Britannicus</i>, February, 1645.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_383" id="Footnote_383"></a><a href="#FNanchor_383">
+<span class="label">[383]</span></a>In March, 1649, he was given permission to go abroad. The
+sentence of banishment is dated August 31st, 1649; he was on the Continent
+considerably before the latter date.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_384" id="Footnote_384"></a><a href="#FNanchor_384">
+<span class="label">[384]</span></a><i>Nicholas Papers</i>, I, 220.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_385" id="Footnote_385"></a><a href="#FNanchor_385">
+<span class="label">[385]</span></a>He was appointed Abbot Commendatory in 1654, succeeding
+Gondi, the first Archbishop of Paris, but "sur certaines difficultes
+survenues sur ses Bulles en leur fulmination," he did not take possession
+of the Abbey until 1657. See <i>Histoire de l'Abbaye de S. Martin de Pontoise
+Biblioth&egrave;que Mazarine</i>. MS. 3368. Pontoise ... Auttore, D. Roberto Racine
+(1769).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_386" id="Footnote_386"></a><a href="#FNanchor_386">
+<span class="label">[386]</span></a>"I do not at all marvel that any man who can side with the
+Presbyterians, or that is Presbyterian cloth, turn Papist, I would as soon
+be the one as the other."&mdash;Sir E. Nicholas to Lord Hatton, <i>Nicholas
+Papers</i>, I, 297.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_387" id="Footnote_387"></a><a href="#FNanchor_387">
+<span class="label">[387]</span></a><i>Mercurius Pragmaticus</i>, October 12-20, 1647. This newspaper
+(a feature of which was four topical verses prefixed to each number) was
+written by Nedham, a journalist who had formerly written the parliamentary
+newspaper <i>Mercurius Britannicus</i>, and who afterwards returned to the
+Roundheads. He was pardoned after the Restoration. In 1661 he collected and
+published the verses of <i>Mercurius Pragmaticus</i> under the title of <i>A Short
+History of the English Rebellion</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_388" id="Footnote_388"></a><a href="#FNanchor_388">
+<span class="label">[388]</span></a>"If the King ... take the covenant, God will never prosper
+him nor the world value him."&mdash;<i>Nicholas Papers</i>, I, 165.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_389" id="Footnote_389"></a><a href="#FNanchor_389">
+<span class="label">[389]</span></a><i>Nicholas Papers</i>, I, p. 298.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_390" id="Footnote_390"></a><a href="#FNanchor_390">
+<span class="label">[390]</span></a>In 1651 she dismissed her servants "that will not turn
+papists, or cannot live of themselves without wages."&mdash;<i>Nicholas Papers</i>,
+I, p. 237.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_391" id="Footnote_391"></a><a href="#FNanchor_391">
+<span class="label">[391]</span></a>Henrietta was so much attached to him that she went to see
+him in his sickness at the Oratorians' House in the Rue S. Honor&eacute;. See
+<i>Histoire des troubles de la Grande Bretagne</i>, by Robert Monteith
+(Salmonet), 1659.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_392" id="Footnote_392"></a><a href="#FNanchor_392">
+<span class="label">[392]</span></a>Walter Montagu became Henrietta's Grand Almoner about this
+time; probably he succeeded Du Perron.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_393" id="Footnote_393"></a><a href="#FNanchor_393">
+<span class="label">[393]</span></a>The Church of England party was extremely annoyed at the
+publication of a book entitled <i>La Chaine du Hercule Gaulois</i>, in which it
+was asserted that Charles I died a Catholic. Add. MS., 12,186.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_394" id="Footnote_394"></a><a href="#FNanchor_394">
+<span class="label">[394]</span></a><i>Lettres de Henriette Marie &agrave; sa soeur Christine</i>, p. 104.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_395" id="Footnote_395"></a><a href="#FNanchor_395">
+<span class="label">[395]</span></a>The letter of the Duchess is among the Roman Transcripts
+P.R.O.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_396" id="Footnote_396"></a><a href="#FNanchor_396">
+<span class="label">[396]</span></a><i>An exact narrative of the attempts made upon the Duke of
+Gloucester</i> (1654), p. 15.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_397" id="Footnote_397"></a><a href="#FNanchor_397">
+<span class="label">[397]</span></a><i>An exact narrative of the attempts made upon the Duke of
+Gloucester</i> (1654), p. 13.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_398" id="Footnote_398"></a><a href="#FNanchor_398">
+<span class="label">[398]</span></a>Lord Hatton. <i>Nicholas Papers</i>, II, p. 143.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_399" id="Footnote_399"></a><a href="#FNanchor_399">
+<span class="label">[399]</span></a>Dante: <i>Paradiso</i>, XVII.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_400" id="Footnote_400"></a><a href="#FNanchor_400">
+<span class="label">[400]</span></a>Green: <i>Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria</i>, p. 388. Madame de
+Motteville: <i>M&eacute;moires</i> (1783), V, p. 276.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_401" id="Footnote_401"></a><a href="#FNanchor_401">
+<span class="label">[401]</span></a><ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'Lovel'">Loret</ins>: <i>La Muse Historique</i> (1857), t. I, p. 174.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XI<br />
+THE FOUNDRESS OF CHAILLOT</h2>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">No cruell guard of diligent cares, that keep</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Crown'd woes awake; as things too wise for sleep.</span>
+		<span class="ind1">But reverent discipline, and religious fear,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">And soft obedience, find sweet biding here;</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Silence, and sacred rest; peace and pure joyes;</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Kind loves keep house, ly close, make no noise,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">And room enough for Monarchs, where none swells</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Beyond the kingdomes of contentfull Cells.</span>
+		<span class="ind5"><span class="smcap">R. Crashaw</span> (out of Barclay)</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>There is a portion of Henrietta's life which stands apart from its general
+current, which seems, indeed, rather an acted commentary on her career than
+an integral portion of it: when she retires from the schemes, the passions,
+the loves, and the hates of the world, and, laying aside the trappings of
+her rank, appears as a humble and sorrowful woman, striving to read, by the
+light of prayer and meditation, the lesson of her stormy days. The Queen of
+England is gone, and in her stead is seen the foundress of Chaillot.</p>
+
+<p>The temper which produced this fruit must long have been growing up, but it
+became active and apparent when the great blow of her life came upon her.
+While she was a wife, even a wife separated by evil fortune from her
+husband, she continued to live, as far as her straitened means permitted,
+in a manner suitable to her rank, and she did not refuse to take part in
+the splendid amusements of Paris, which were congenial to her gay
+disposition. She was seen at lotteries and dances; she accepted the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span>
+
+feasts
+and dinners which the French royal family offered in her honour. Her
+attendance was as brilliant as her fallen fortunes would allow of, and her
+faded beauty was set off to the best advantage by the beautiful dress which
+was then worn by ladies of rank.</p>
+
+<p>But with the death of Charles all this was changed. She ceased to accept
+invitations, and she rarely went abroad into the streets of Paris, except
+to visit some religious house. In her own house the strictest simplicity
+was used. Most of the maids of honour were dismissed, and the Queen
+exchanged her silks and jewels for a mourning robe, which she wore to the
+end of her life.</p>
+
+<p>Her love of dress had been as great as might have been expected of a woman
+of her beauty, her rank, and, above all, her nationality. Once in her early
+married life she expressed great pleasure in a magnificent gown studded
+with jewels which she was wearing. Her confessor, the stern B&eacute;rulle, who
+was present, reproved her somewhat sharply for her vanity and frivolity.
+"Ah, mon p&egrave;re, do not be angry with me," pleaded the young Queen, half
+laughing and half penitent. "I am young now, but when I am forty I will
+change all this, and become quite good and serious." Her light words were
+prophetic, for she was in her fortieth year when she became a widow.</p>
+
+<p>Contemporary prints show of what fashion was her widow's dress. It was of
+some black stuff made quite plainly, except that the bodice was shaped to a
+point in front, and it was almost high at the neck; the only relief was a
+white linen collar, falling down over the shoulders, and matching the
+cuffs, which turned back over the wide sleeves. From the head fell a long,
+heavy black veil.</p>
+
+<p>This sorrowful garb was the outward expression of a grief which, like most
+deep grief, craved the consolation of quiet and retirement. And where, in
+the Paris of that
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span>
+
+day, could quiet be found, except within the protecting
+walls of a religious house?</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta, since her return to Paris in 1644, had frequented the Carmelite
+convent which her childhood loved, and in her first sorrow she would gladly
+have forsaken the world altogether, and remained there among the nuns;<a name="FNanchor_402" id="FNanchor_402"></a><a href="#Footnote_402" class="fnanchor">[402]</a>
+but her duties were incompatible with this step. Her young sons required
+her help to restore their shattered fortunes, and, above all, her youngest
+daughter needed a mother's care; after her husband's death her worldly
+occupations increased rather than diminished, and it was these occupations
+which cost her the loss of her calm retreat among the Carmelite nuns.</p>
+
+<p>The daughters of S. Teresa are vowed to an austere separation from all
+things worldly, and their rule could not brook the constant coming and
+going, the noise and the disturbance which waited upon a Queen who was also
+a politician. They were obliged to request the Queen of England to forgo
+her visits, and she, however sorrowfully, recognized the justice of their
+desire and withdrew, to seek another retirement more suited to the
+conditions of her case.</p>
+
+<p>A hasty glance at a map of seventeenth-century Paris will show the great
+number of religious houses which then existed, and it might be surmised
+that to make a choice among them would be no easy matter; but Henrietta's
+circumstances were peculiar, and she had little difficulty in selecting the
+one most fitted to them.</p>
+
+<div class="imgcenter" style="width: 415px;">
+<img src="images/illus312.jpg" width="415" height="500" alt="Henrietta Maria. From an Engraving" title="" />
+<span class="caption">HENRIETTA MARIA<br />
+FROM AN ENGRAVING</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Some forty years earlier the wise and gentle spirit of S. Francis de Sales
+had conceived the idea of a religious foundation in which women, delicately
+nurtured and well
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span>
+
+educated, might live in greater freedom of spirit and
+less austerity of body than in the older Orders. He was fortunate enough to
+find a woman<a name="FNanchor_403" id="FNanchor_403"></a><a href="#Footnote_403" class="fnanchor">[403]</a> capable of translating his ideas into fact, and the Order
+of the Visitation flourished exceedingly, and by the middle of the
+seventeenth century had spread all over France.</p>
+
+<p>Paris was naturally one of the first places to which the new Order came.
+The community, which boasted that it had once been ruled over by Mother
+Chantal herself, after some wanderings finally settled down in the Rue S.
+Antoine, within a stone's-throw of the grim fortress of the Bastille.
+Though the tide of fashion had set definitely westward since the final
+abandonment of the Place Royal by Louis XIII, the position was still a good
+one. Next door was the fine H&ocirc;tel de Mayence, which still stands as a
+witness of departed glories, but of the convent nothing remains except the
+church, which, though but small, was considered in the seventeenth century
+"one of the neatest in all Paris."<a name="FNanchor_404" id="FNanchor_404"></a><a href="#Footnote_404" class="fnanchor">[404]</a> Madame de Motteville was the means
+of introducing this convent to Henrietta's notice. Her own young sister, to
+whom she was tenderly attached, had lately entered the house as a novice,
+greatly against her wishes; but in her visits to the girl she had been so
+won by the piety and kindness of the nuns that she begged the Queen of
+England to make their acquaintance.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta was not without solicitation to go elsewhere. "Messieurs de Port
+Royal," those remarkable men whose doings were causing such a stir in the
+religious world of France, were anxious that she should come to Port Royal,
+thinking perhaps to strengthen their position by so direct a connection
+with royalty. They offered her apartments, and, what must have been more
+tempting, some much-needed
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span>
+
+money. But the invitation was not accepted,
+though the reasons for its refusal are unknown. They may, however, be
+conjectured, for it is difficult to imagine Henrietta, the true daughter of
+Henry IV, in the repressive atmosphere of Jansenism, and it may be surmised
+that had she entered Port Royal she would not have remained there long.</p>
+
+<p>The Rue S. Antoine was more attractive.<a name="FNanchor_405" id="FNanchor_405"></a><a href="#Footnote_405" class="fnanchor">[405]</a> Henrietta retained a childish
+and pleasing memory of S. Francis himself, who, at the marriage of
+Christine of France, had come up to the little Princess, then aged about
+ten, and, according to his wont, "blending piety and politeness," had
+assured her that one day she should receive even greater honours than those
+now offered to her sister, honours which perhaps his experienced eye could
+see from her expression she was envying with all her childish heart. She
+recalled his words when she became Queen of England, and later still she
+read into them a deeper meaning when she felt herself to be the recipient
+of the honours of unusual suffering. But this link with the remote past was
+probably of less interest to her than the presence in the convent of a
+lady, destined to become her dearest personal friend, whose romantic story
+must be told if one of the strongest influences on Henrietta's later years
+is to be appreciated.</p>
+
+<p>Louise de la Fayette was the daughter of one of the noblest houses of
+Auvergne, and she bore a name which was to be renowned in the history of
+France. She had a childish taste for the cloister, but when she was about
+fourteen years of age, her uncle, who was then Bishop of Limoges, presented
+her to Queen Anne, who received her as one of her maids of honour.</p>
+
+<p>Louise was a beautiful girl, and she possessed besides many charms and
+accomplishments, of which a sweet
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span>
+
+singing voice was not the least. She
+quickly made her mark at Court; but, if her biographers are to be believed,
+she retained her simple, pious spirit, and preferred remaining quietly in
+her room to direct attendance upon her royal mistress, whose jealousy,
+indeed, was soon aroused by the unusual interest shown in the girl by her
+husband.</p>
+
+<p>The relations between Louis XIII and his wife were, as is well known, most
+unsatisfactory; but at the same time the King was a man of slow passions
+and of a certain dull virtue. He liked the society of pretty women, but
+while he loaded his favourites with honours and confidences, which must
+have cut Anne's proud spirit to the quick, he was usually strictly Platonic
+in his intercourse with them. To this position he elected Louise de la
+Fayette. She danced for him, sang for him, talked to him, and every day
+seemed to increase the spell which her vivacity cast over his slow spirit.
+But other eyes were watching her. In the French Court of that time all
+depended upon the frown or smile of Richelieu, who himself was ever on the
+watch to gain valuable allies. He marked Louise de la Fayette, and
+determined to enlist her in his army of spies.</p>
+
+<p>But in this case the Cardinal had reckoned without his host. Louise was
+only a young girl, but she had a spirit capable even of resisting
+Richelieu. "She had more courage than all the men of the Court,"<a name="FNanchor_406" id="FNanchor_406"></a><a href="#Footnote_406" class="fnanchor">[406]</a> wrote
+Madame de Motteville. She refused to pass on the secrets of the King, or to
+play in any way into the hands of his minister, whose jealous anger was
+aroused and who determined to part her from her royal friend.</p>
+
+<p>It is not surprising that in these circumstances the girl's mind should
+have reverted to her old wishes for a conventual life, but there was
+another reason, which, long after, in the safe retreat of Chaillot, she
+confessed to her friend Madame de Motteville. Louis was a virtuous
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span>
+
+man, but
+he was an unloved and unloving husband, and she was young and beautiful.
+There were signs that the Platonic friendship was ripening into something
+stronger and warmer. Louise became alarmed. That which to many women was an
+honour, to her pure and upright soul was disgrace unspeakable, and she
+determined to fly to the only refuge which the times and the circumstances
+permitted her, and to bury her sorrows and her temptations within the walls
+of the cloister.</p>
+
+<p>It was hard to persuade the King to part with her, but she had a powerful
+ally. Richelieu sent for the royal confessor, Father Caussin, the Jesuit,
+and in the bland tones which he knew so well how to use, he gravely
+discussed with him the moral dangers of such a friendship as that which
+existed between Louis and his wife's maid of honour. Not, he hastened to
+add, that he believed that any harm was done, but such things were always
+dangerous. The Cardinal thought that he was exactly adapting his remarks to
+his audience; but Caussin, who hated and distrusted him, was too acute to
+be taken in, and had events gone no farther Louise de la Fayette might have
+remained in the world for Father Caussin. But the girl herself, who had
+better reason than any one to know the truth of Richelieu's words, and
+whose own heart was beginning to betray her, sought the Jesuit's advice. At
+first he was a little rough with her. He did not believe that a girl of
+seventeen, luxuriously brought up and petted like "a bird of the Indies,"
+could really desire to embrace the austerities and abnegations of a
+conventual life. He hinted that she was piqued by the refusal of the King
+to grant her some request, or that her self-love had been wounded in one of
+the little contretemps of Court life. Louise answered gently and quietly.
+Nothing had occurred to distress or alarm her in any way. The King's
+kindness was unchanged, and so great that at any time he would
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span>
+
+enable her
+to make a splendid marriage; but she had only one desire, and that was to
+leave the world. Caussin then pointed out to her the hardness of the
+cloister for a girl brought up as she had been, but her answer again was
+ready. She was not thinking of a stern Order, for which she knew her health
+to be unequal; she wished to enter among the Visitandines, or Filles de
+Sainte Marie, as they were more commonly called, whose rule was expressly
+framed for gently nurtured and delicate women. The only regret she would
+carry away with her, she added, with an irresistible touch of human nature,
+was the knowledge that her retirement from the Court would give pleasure to
+Cardinal Richelieu.</p>
+
+<p>By these arguments Caussin was won over, but the King still had to be
+reckoned with. Louis, however, was superstitiously religious, and pressed
+at the same time by his confessor, by the Cardinal, and by Louise, he was
+unable to resist. The day of departure arrived; the girl went off gay and
+smiling, though her heart was sinking, so that when she thought no one was
+looking she crept aside to catch a last glimpse of the man she loved; but
+many of the bystanders were in tears, and even Queen Anne was grave and
+sympathetic. As for the King, his voice was so broken by grief that he
+could scarcely whisper the words of farewell, and afterwards his misery was
+so excessive and so prolonged as to give colour to the suspicions that had
+been abroad. He could not bear to remain in the place which had witnessed
+his idol's departure, and he fled to Versailles, at that time a small
+hunting-box, where he remained for some time plunged in the deepest
+melancholy.<a name="FNanchor_407" id="FNanchor_407"></a><a href="#Footnote_407" class="fnanchor">[407]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Louise de la Fayette's retirement from the world caused a great sensation
+in Paris, and the convent in the Rue S. Antoine became a place of
+fashionable resort, so that Richelieu began to fear that the nun's
+influence might be as dangerous as that of the maid of honour. He remarked
+with great unction that he thought it a pity that the religious life should
+be thus broken in upon; and as the nuns and the young novice were of the
+same opinion, the number of visitors decreased. But the King could not be
+refused. He was anxious to see Louise once more before her bright beauty
+was shrouded by the religious habit; and in this wish he was supported by
+Caussin, who still hoped to use her as a political ally. One day Louis
+arrived quite unexpectedly in the Rue S. Antoine and knocked at the door of
+the convent. He refused to avail himself of an invitation to enter the
+enclosure, but across the dividing grill he held a long and eager
+conversation with the young girl, feasting his eyes the while upon the face
+which there is reason to think he never saw again. Meanwhile, the Mother
+Superior, with commendable discretion, retired to as great a distance as
+conventual propriety would permit, and the King's attendants on the other
+side did the like. Shortly after this visit Louise put on the religious
+habit, and when the necessary interval had elapsed the irrevocable vows
+were taken. The King refused to be present at the profession, but a large
+company of the Court attended the ceremony, including Queen Anne, who
+witnessed, doubtless with triumph in her heart, the self-immolation of her
+innocent rival.</p>
+
+<p>Louise de la Fayette had spent many quiet years in her convent when
+Henrietta first visited it in 1651.<a name="FNanchor_408" id="FNanchor_408"></a><a href="#Footnote_408" class="fnanchor">[408]</a> She had won the respect of all the
+community, and she had been honoured by the special notice of Mother
+Chantal. "This girl will be one of the great superiors of our Order,"
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span>
+
+said
+the aged saint. It is not probable that she and the Queen of England had
+met in the past, but her story cannot have been unknown to the sister of
+Louis XIII, and when the introduction was made by Madame de Motteville,
+acquaintance ripened at once into friendship. There was much in the nun's
+story to arouse the Queen's sympathy, for was not Louise de la Fayette one
+more of the victims of Richelieu?</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta was received in the Rue S. Antoine with the respect due to the
+blood of Henry IV, and with the affectionate sympathy which her sorrows
+called forth, particularly from the superior,<a name="FNanchor_409" id="FNanchor_409"></a><a href="#Footnote_409" class="fnanchor">[409]</a> a wide-minded woman who
+had been educated as a Protestant, and who perhaps in consequence had
+followed with special interest the course of events in England. But though
+such difficulties as had arisen among the Carmelites were not likely to
+occur in a convent of the Visitation, yet, from the scantiness of the
+accommodation, it was difficult to receive a royal lady for more than very
+short visits, and the position of the house in the centre of Paris rendered
+it rather unsuitable for such retirement as the Queen sought. Besides, her
+heart yearned for something that would be more truly her own. Other royal
+ladies had made religious foundations. Her mother had had her Carmelites,
+her sister-in-law had her beautiful Val de Grace. Might not she also become
+the foundress of a house which should shelter her while living, and cherish
+her memory and pray for her soul after her death? It happened that just at
+this time one of the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span>
+
+principal nuns had the similar desire to extend the
+Order by the foundation of a daughter house. Hel&egrave;ne Ang&eacute;lique Lhulier was
+no ordinary woman. In the heyday of her youth and beauty, "when she was the
+most attached to the world, and the most sought by several persons of the
+first quality," she left all at the bidding of S. Francis de Sales, who
+wrote her the following short and pithy note: "My daughter, enter religion
+immediately, notwithstanding all the oppositions of nature." Her force of
+character was remarkable, and particularly her strength of will, which, it
+was said, enabled her to do things which appeared impossible. All her
+courage and tenacity were called forth by this new enterprise, to which,
+learning of Henrietta's desire, she determined to devote herself. Indeed,
+the obstacles in the way seemed insurmountable. The house in the Rue S.
+Antoine was far from rich, and it had recently made a settlement in the
+Faubourg S. Jacques, which had exhausted its resources. The Queen of
+England was known to be in no position to give monetary help, and to
+complete the difficulties the Archbishop of Paris looked very coldly upon
+the scheme.</p>
+
+<p>But Henrietta's friends were determined that she should have the interest
+and consolation on which she had set her heart. Mother Lhulier and Mother
+de la Fayette, whom the Queen hoped to see the true foundation-stones of
+the new edifice, were untiring in their efforts, and Queen Anne showed
+herself on this, as on many other occasions, a real friend to her widowed
+sister-in-law. The decision was so far made that Henrietta, though she had
+no money, and no prospect of money, set about the agreeable task of finding
+a home for the new community.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen went hither and thither looking at properties which were in the
+market, but none pleased her so much as that which had belonged to her old
+friend the Marshal de Bassompierre, who was recently dead. This beautiful
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span>
+
+mansion, which had been built by Catherine de' Medici and honoured more
+than once by the presence of Richelieu, stood in one of the best positions
+in the immediate environs of the city, on rising ground overlooking the
+Seine, and commanding magnificent views of the surrounding country. It was
+approached by the leafy Cours la Reine, the most fashionable promenade in
+Paris, where on summer evenings as many as eight hundred coaches might be
+counted, and though the house and grounds were in the village of Chaillot,
+the Faubourg de la Conf&eacute;rence had crept up so that the two almost joined.
+To the charms of nature were added those of art. Bassompierre was one of
+the most accomplished men of his time, and he so lavished the resources of
+his ample means and of his refined taste upon his favourite residence, that
+it became one of the sights of Paris, and as such was visited by John
+Evelyn, who came away delighted with the "gardens, terraces, and rare
+prospects,"<a name="FNanchor_410" id="FNanchor_410"></a><a href="#Footnote_410" class="fnanchor">[410]</a> which he beheld there. Since the death of the owner the
+house had fallen on evil days. Bassompierre's heir, the Count de Tilli&egrave;res,
+was unable to take possession of the property, and it became a place of
+very evil fame, the resort of lewd persons, who defiled its stately halls
+and fair walks with scenes of shameless revelry.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta was always rapid in her decisions, and she speedily made up her
+mind that here and nowhere else was the dwelling-place which would at once
+furnish an ideal convent for the religious and a pleasant retirement for
+herself. She hurried back to the Rue S. Antoine and carried off two of the
+nuns to inspect the house. They found it indeed most beautiful, and their
+only scruple was that it was too fine and inconsistent with their vow of
+poverty; but they waived this objection, not quite unwillingly perhaps,
+when they saw how the Queen's heart was set upon Chaillot, and how she was
+diverted from her
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span>
+
+sorrows by the pleasure which she took in her plans for
+installing her friends and herself in this charming retreat.</p>
+
+<p>Mother Lhulier took legal steps to gain possession of the property, but
+grave difficulties, which perhaps had not been foreseen, arose. Tilli&egrave;res
+and the other heirs of Bassompierre claimed the property, but they had
+never been in possession of it, and their rights seem to have been ignored
+in the transaction with the nuns, whose purchase-money was to be applied to
+the liquidation of the late owner's debts. The Count, though he saved his
+reputation as a courtier by behaving with great civility to Henrietta, and
+assuring her that she was welcome to live in the house as long as she
+pleased, provided she did not turn it into a convent, determined to fight
+the matter in the law courts. He was supported by the magistrates of
+Chaillot, who probably did not wish to see a profitable place of pleasure
+closed, and by a large number of persons, some of high quality, who were in
+the habit of frequenting it. The pious chronicler of the Order of the
+Visitation<a name="FNanchor_411" id="FNanchor_411"></a><a href="#Footnote_411" class="fnanchor">[411]</a> sees behind these human figures that of the arch-fiend
+himself, who was interested in preventing a piece of territory which was
+specially his from lapsing to the service of God. But good, as we know, is
+stronger than evil. The judges of the case, almost against their will, and
+certainly under the direct inspiration of Providence, gave the decision in
+favour of the nuns, whose joy was only dashed by the hard condition that a
+large sum of money must be forthcoming in twenty-four hours.</p>
+
+<p>The case appeared hopeless. Neither Henrietta nor the nuns had a tenth of
+the sum required, and money was just then very scarce; but Mother Lhulier
+was a woman to whom seeming impossibilities were only opportunities. She
+made the need known to all whom she knew, and then
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span>
+
+waited in quiet
+assurance for the result of her appeal. Her faith was rewarded. Just before
+the close of the specified time of grace, a rich gentleman, who was a great
+friend of hers, came to say that he was willing to guarantee the whole
+amount.</p>
+
+<p>But even now the troubles were not at an end. Tilli&egrave;res was determined to
+fight to the last, and he enlisted on his side the ecclesiastical
+authorities, who from the first had not looked very kindly upon the project
+of the new foundation. The Archbishop of Paris was still that same Jean
+Fran&ccedil;ois de Gondi who had been so deeply affronted by the refusal to allow
+him to officiate at Henrietta's wedding. He was now a very old man, but he
+was none the less willing to avenge an ancient slight. He pointed out
+petulantly that there were already two houses of the Visitation in Paris
+and another in the neighbourhood of S. Denys. That the charge of the new
+convent would certainly come upon the public, and that a household of
+fifteen persons, however pious, could not be supported for nothing. He
+ended up by remarking with great acerbity that exiled queens with political
+business in their hands should not choose religious houses as their place
+of retirement.</p>
+
+<p>"However," we are told, "God who holds the hearts of the great in His hand,
+soon changed that of the Prelate," and the instrument of this happy
+conversion was Queen Anne. Attempts were made to play on her cupidity and
+that of her young son by pointing out that Chaillot had originally been a
+royal residence, and would make again another nice country house for the
+King; but she refused to listen, and devoted herself to winning over the
+Archbishop, who was far too good a courtier not to yield quickly to such
+persuasion. His views changed with a wonderful rapidity, and very soon
+Henrietta had the happiness of knowing that the last obstacle was removed,
+and that nothing stood in the way of the realization of her wish.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>She herself undertook the work of preparing the house for the reception of
+the nuns. Hers was a busy, active nature, and she was never happier than
+when spending herself for those she loved. Some of the furniture she
+supplied herself and some was sent from the Rue S. Antoine, where the
+little band of women under the guidance of Mother Lhulier and Mother de la
+Fayette was ready to set out. The removal took place upon the 21st of June,
+1651. The nuns were seen off from their old home by Vincent de Paul,<a name="FNanchor_412" id="FNanchor_412"></a><a href="#Footnote_412" class="fnanchor">[412]</a>
+that strange figure of seventeenth-century Paris, whose shabby <i>soutane</i>
+was found in the <i>salon</i> of the noble as in the hovel of the poor, and
+whose advice was sought at the council table of the King as in the home of
+the meanest of his subjects. He was at this time director of the mother
+house, and though he is not known ever to have set foot within the convent
+of Chaillot, his memory is linked with it by the blessing which he bestowed
+upon its beginning.</p>
+
+<p>At Chaillot Henrietta was waiting, radiant and expectant. She greeted her
+guests with delight, giving perhaps a specially warm welcome to two of the
+younger members of the little band of nine or ten&mdash;one, the only novice of
+the house, Eug&eacute;nie Madeline Berthaud, the sister of her dear friend Madame
+de Motteville; the other a Scotch girl, Mary Hamilton<a name="FNanchor_413" id="FNanchor_413"></a><a href="#Footnote_413" class="fnanchor">[413]</a> by name, whom in
+earlier days she had welcomed at her Court in London, but whose desire for
+a conventual life was such that leaving home and country she had set out
+for Paris, where she entered the convent in the Rue S. Antoine, without
+knowing a single word of the French tongue.</p>
+
+<p>Henrietta led the nuns all over the house, discoursing upon its charms and
+conveniences, and dwelling specially upon the beauties of the situation.
+She had arranged
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span>
+
+that her own rooms should be in the front, overlooking the
+public road, while the nuns were to take the quieter apartments which faced
+the garden. She was surprised and disconcerted when these ladies, who were
+less used to palaces than she was, objected to the splendour of the lodging
+provided for them, and insisted upon retiring to the garrets, which they
+said were more suitable to their vow of poverty, and whence they were only
+induced to descend some days later, at the Queen's special request, and
+when she had carefully removed from the downstairs rooms all that
+savoured of worldly vanity; but neither this little difficulty nor the more
+serious trouble that, owing to the continued opposition of Tilli&egrave;res, it
+was necessary to defend the house with a guard of archers, could damp
+Henrietta's joy on such a day. She spent several hours with the nuns in
+happy talk and plans, and then drove back to the Palais Royal, where she
+was living at this time, happier perhaps than she had ever been since her
+husband's death.</p>
+
+<p>Chaillot was honoured by letters patent from the Crown of France, which
+gave it the status of a royal foundation and Henrietta the title of
+foundress. When the enclosure was set up about a week after the arrival of
+the nuns, a number of distinguished persons assisted at the ceremony,
+though it had to be done quickly for fear of disturbance from those who had
+struggled so hard to keep this fair property out of the hands of the
+Church. Henrietta heard the first Mass which was sung in the chapel with a
+triumph which was all the sweeter to her bold and enterprising nature from
+the many difficulties which had beset the undertaking.</p>
+
+<p>Congratulations were not lacking. Among the most graceful were those which
+Walter Montagu made public two years later in a dedication to the Queen of
+a volume of religious essays. "Under that notion, Madam," he wrote, "of an
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span>
+
+aspirer to a more transcendent Majestie I present your Religious Mind these
+entertainments: which will be the less unmannerly the greater privacie and
+retreat they intrude themselves upon; and truly, as your life stands now
+dispos'd the greater part of your time is favourable for such admissions.
+Since you pass the most of it in that holy retirement, whither you have
+carry'd up the Cross in triumph; having set That over your Head and the
+most tempting part (perhaps) of the whole world, as it were, under your
+feet.</p>
+
+<p>"And, methinks, Madam, this remark may not a little indear to you the seat
+of your pious retirement; viz. That you, who have been dispossess'd of so
+many noble houses and pleasant scituations, by the worlds violence and
+injustice, and have had many religious receptacles (by your means
+consecrated) taken from you by the Prince of this world, transferring them
+to his profane uses: That your vertue yet should have made so eminent a
+reprizal upon the world's possessions in your retreat out of it. And what a
+comfort may it be to you to think that God has made use of you, to take
+from this Prince one of the chiefest holds; and convert it, as it were,
+into a Religious Citadel, furnish'd with such a Garrison as professing
+irreconcileable enmitie to him and all his partie, bears away as many
+conquests as it has combatants, daily singing Te Deum for their continual
+victories."<a name="FNanchor_414" id="FNanchor_414"></a><a href="#Footnote_414" class="fnanchor">[414]</a></p>
+
+<p>Henrietta, as is hinted in the above passage, was not slow to take
+advantage of the retreat which she had won with so much difficulty. "Our
+good Queen," wrote Sir Richard Browne in August, 1651, "spends much of her
+time of late in a new monastery ... of which she is the titular
+foundress."<a name="FNanchor_415" id="FNanchor_415"></a><a href="#Footnote_415" class="fnanchor">[415]</a> The more she saw of her new friends the more she loved
+them, and her affection was warmly returned. It became an understood thing
+that year by year she should pass at Chaillot the seasons of the great festivals
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span>
+
+of the Church, and her visits, which were usually for ten days or
+a fortnight, sometimes extended to several months. She came to look upon
+the convent as the best substitute for the home she had lost. There she
+passed the happiest days of her latter years, and there, had not a sudden
+death surprised her, she would have died.</p>
+
+<p>Nor was her retirement without agreeable society from outside, for Chaillot
+was the resort of some who were among the ornaments of the Parisian world.
+There might often have been seen the Queen-Regent, whose visits at the time
+of the foundation were continued to the day when, on her dying journey to
+S. Germain-en-Laye, she was carried "to see this poor convent once
+more,"<a name="FNanchor_416" id="FNanchor_416"></a><a href="#Footnote_416" class="fnanchor">[416]</a> and who in that holy retreat was able at last to forget the
+jealousies of bygone days, and to hold out the hand of cordial friendship
+to Louise de la Fayette. Sometimes an even greater honour was bestowed on
+the religious when the lad who was afterwards "le grand Monarque" appeared
+at the door, to be welcomed with all the ceremony due to the God-given hope
+of France. Not infrequently the bright and gifted Madame de la Fayette, who
+was winning a literary reputation, to be crowned later by the publication
+of <i>La Princesse de Cl&egrave;ves</i>, came to chat with her husband's sister, or to
+lay the foundation of that intimacy with Henrietta of England which fitted
+her to be the biographer of her short life. Most constant visitor of all,
+Madame de Motteville brought her wit, her accomplishments, and her long
+experience of Court life to enliven the dullness of the cloister. When the
+death of Queen Anne released her from the faithful attendance of years she
+spent a great part of her time at Chaillot, where she was the frequent
+companion of the Queen of England, who beguiled the long, quiet hours by
+recounting her past experiences, particularly her adventures during the
+Civil War, all of
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span>
+
+which her listener carefully wrote down and finally
+incorporated in the charming memoirs which were the principal occupation of
+her later days, and which contain many details of Henrietta's character and
+career lost but for her in the silence of time.</p>
+
+<p>But perhaps the most romantic visitor who ever appeared at Chaillot was a
+runaway Princess, who found there an asylum after her conversion from the
+Protestant to the Catholic religion. Louise of the Palatine was a
+connection of the Queen of England, for she was the daughter of Elizabeth
+of Bohemia, the Winter Queen, whose beauty had turned so many men's heads
+and hearts. Louise lived with her unfortunate family at The Hague, and she
+solaced the weary days of an exiled Princess by the study of
+accomplishments, especially of painting, for which she had real talent. The
+attractions of the Church of Rome were represented to her by a priest, who
+gained her ear and her confidence as an instructor in her favourite art.
+She determined to abandon the religion of her family; and, as she knew that
+her position in her mother's house would be intolerable, she sought refuge
+in flight, and threw herself upon the protection of her aunt by marriage,
+whose devotion to the Church of Rome was a matter of common knowledge.
+Louise was not disappointed. Henrietta, to whom the conversion of any
+Protestant was a matter of real interest, and who must have felt a certain
+satisfaction in the secession to the enemy's camp of one of the children of
+the Queen of Bohemia, whose Protestantism had often in the past been
+unfavourably compared with her Catholicism, received the girl with motherly
+kindness, and bestowed her at Chaillot under the care of Mother de la
+Fayette. Louise soon expressed a desire to enter the religious life, and it
+was thought that she would take the veil in the convent which sheltered
+her; but Mother de la Fayette, with the good sense which distinguished her,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span>
+
+objected to the profession of a Princess, whose birth would necessitate her
+election to a high office, to which perhaps her personal qualities would
+not entitle her. So the royal lady went on to the Cistercians, who had no
+such scruples, and who made her Abbess of Maubuisson, near Pontoise, where
+she lived in much repute to a green old age, and famed perhaps as well as
+her younger sister Sophia, whose steadfast Protestantism was rewarded by
+the reversion of the crown of the Three Kingdoms, and whose descendants sit
+to this day upon the throne which she missed by a few weeks.</p>
+
+<p>In 1654 Mother Lhulier died. She was succeeded<a name="FNanchor_417" id="FNanchor_417"></a><a href="#Footnote_417" class="fnanchor">[417]</a> in the office of
+Superior, as might have been expected, by Mother de la Fayette, whose
+election was much desired by the Queens of both England and France. These
+royal ladies considerately abstained, from expressing any opinion on the
+subject that the nuns' choice might be free, but their wishes must have
+been well known, and they no doubt fell in with those of the religious.
+Louise de la Fayette fully justified the prophecy of Mother Chantal, and if
+Chaillot owed much to the force of character and strength of will of the
+first Superior, it owed even more to the sagacious rule of the second, who
+endeared herself to all, whether religious or visitors. The house was
+already sufficiently established, but the financial condition gave great
+cause for anxiety, and almost justified the ungracious forebodings of the
+Archbishop of Paris, though kind friends, among whom Madame de Motteville
+was one of the most generous, gave considerable gifts, and some of the
+religious, such as her sister, the first professed nun of the house, were
+able to bring dowries. Queen Henrietta, who had no money to give, exerted
+herself to procure high-born little pupils for the convent school, whose
+liberal pensions were
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span>
+
+indeed for some time the chief support of the house.
+She set the example by placing her own little daughter, Princess Henrietta,
+under the care of Mother de la Fayette, and, as was hoped, her presence
+attracted other children of equal rank, among whom was the daughter of the
+Duchess of Nemours, who was afterwards Queen of Portugal. No children could
+have had a more beautiful home or a more apt instructress; for the nun, in
+her long years of conventual life, had lost no whit of the graces and
+accomplishments of her courtly youth or of her natural kindliness of heart.
+Her charity, indeed, rose superior even to the acerbities of theological
+passion. To her care was confided one of the exiled nuns of Port Royal, and
+it is recorded that, in honourable contrast to the Superiors of other
+religious houses charged with a like burden, she treated her unwelcome
+guest with constant courtesy and kindness.</p>
+
+<p>Chaillot was to Henrietta a peaceful retreat after all her sorrows, for the
+world was strictly excluded, and the convent never became, like Val de
+Grace, a centre of political intrigue. There, removed from the troubles of
+dangerous schemes, of jarring religions, and of perpetual disappointments,
+the Queen regained something of the brightness and more than the
+tranquillity of her earlier years. The quiet days, passed in a round of
+prayer, of conversation, and of reading, flowed on undisturbed; and as she
+grew older she pleased herself by talking of the time when she should take
+up her abode permanently with her dear nuns, only, she said, she feared the
+damp of the river-side house a little. The kindness of the nuns, who saw in
+her not only a royal foundress, but a much-tried and suffering woman, was
+very great. At one time they even permitted her to join them at their
+recreation; and when this was found to be undesirable, her particular
+friends among the community were still ready to cheer and amuse her by
+their agreeable conversation, while they in their turn were often much
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span>
+
+diverted by her witty talk and stories of the surprising adventures which
+had befallen her, and which assuredly lost nothing in the telling. She was
+too clear-sighted and humorous not to appreciate that a queen was of
+necessity a troublesome member of a religious household, and she set
+herself to mitigate the annoyance as far as possible. She kept a very small
+household, only one lady-in-waiting, two or three other attendants, and as
+many girls to do the cooking, and she was careful to select only such women
+as would conduct themselves with quietness and decorum. One of her chief
+objects in choosing a situation on the outskirts of Paris had been to avoid
+the flow of idle visitors who in the city itself were a real annoyance to
+religious houses, and she refused to receive those who came on idle and
+frivolous pretexts. No one, however high his rank or pressing his business,
+was permitted to enter the enclosure without the leave of the Superior; and
+once, when Henrietta herself was unable to walk and was carried out from
+Paris in a chair, she insisted upon waiting at the gate of the convent
+until permission for her bearers to enter had been obtained. On all
+ordinary occasions she came down to the parlour and interviewed her
+visitors through the grill, even when the matter in hand was so intimate as
+that of trying on new clothes. She was equally considerate in any question
+which might disturb the religious routine of the house; and this delicate
+woman of over fifty, a princess by birth and a queen by marriage, whose
+health had been ruined by her troubles and privations, dragged herself from
+her bed at an early hour in the cold winter mornings that the community
+Mass, at which she liked to assist, might not be delayed.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the greatest pleasure of Henrietta's life at Chaillot was the long
+conversations which she held with Mother de la Fayette, whose attraction
+was as great for her as years before it had been for her brother. Into the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span>
+
+nun's sympathizing ear she poured the tale of her sorrows, her fears, and
+her aspirations, and from her she received those instructions and counsels
+which made her in her latter years, in the words of Madame de Motteville, a
+<i>d&eacute;vote</i> without the pretensions of one. Mother de la Fayette taught her
+the art of meditation, an art which must have been difficult to the Queen's
+vivacious and easily distracted mind, and it was probably under her advice,
+as well as that of her confessor, that she refused to interest herself in
+the various theories of grace which the controversies of Port Royal were
+making a fashionable subject of conversation, and confined her spiritual
+reading to a perusal and reperusal of a book which has brought consolation
+to thousands of weary spirits, the <i>De Imitatione Christi</i>. Her confidence
+in Mother de la Fayette, which probably was due in some measure to the
+isolation and independence which her position as a nun gave her, was very
+great. It extended even to her worldly affairs, which she would hardly have
+discussed with an ordinary friend. It was still more marked with regard to
+those inner matters of the spirit in which heart speaks to heart. It was to
+this chosen friend that Henrietta made the touching confession, which
+Bossuet, through Madame de Motteville, was able to proclaim to the world
+after her death, that every day on her knees she thanked God that He had
+made her two things, a Christian and an unhappy Queen (<i>une reine
+malheureuse</i>). But the pleasure of this friendship was not to be
+Henrietta's to the end. In 1664 the Queen was in England. She kept up a
+constant communication with the nuns at Chaillot, and she was much
+gratified to receive a letter telling her of the return of Mother de la
+Fayette to the convent, from which she had been absent on a reforming
+mission to another religious house, and of her re-election as Superior.
+Very shortly another letter followed telling of the nun's sudden and
+serious illness, and hardly had the Queen grasped this
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span>
+
+intelligence when
+the news came that Louise de la Fayette was dead. Though she had spent
+twenty-seven years in religion she was even now only forty-six years old,
+and the community mourned her as one who had been taken away in the midst
+of her age. It is not likely that she ever regretted her early decision,
+for the position of a highly born nun in those days, particularly if she
+resided in the capital, was dignified and important, and compared
+favourably with that of the worldly woman in all but variety and
+excitement. A convent parlour might be, and often was, the scene of
+conversations as interesting and influential as any held in a <i>salon</i> or
+boudoir; and if Louise de la Fayette did not wield a distinctly political
+influence, it was rather from choice than from inability. Her early and
+tragic experience had taught her a real contempt for the fleeting glitter
+of Court life, and she never lost the spirit which, in her early convent
+days, led her, when one of her former friends reproached her for the change
+which had come over her, and hinted that she was mad, to reply gently: "No,
+I think I have left you the madness in leaving you the world."</p>
+
+<p>She had no truer mourner than the Queen of England, who hastened to
+associate herself with the sorrowing community. "One day you tell me," she
+wrote, "of the serious condition of Mother de la Fayette, and the next you
+announce to me her death, which grieves me deeply. It is a loss for the
+whole Order, and particularly for our house. I cannot express to you the
+grief which I feel; it is too great. I pray you to tell all our daughters
+that I sympathize with their sorrow, and to assure them that they will
+always find me ready to make proof of the friendship which I have for them,
+and which I had for the Mother they are mourning."<a name="FNanchor_418" id="FNanchor_418"></a><a href="#Footnote_418" class="fnanchor">[418]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The picture which is presented of Henrietta through the medium of the
+Chaillot Papers, though in no sense false, is necessarily one-sided. All
+persons are influenced by the surroundings in which they find themselves,
+and if the Queen of England appeared to the nuns as a woman of almost
+saintly piety, whose every thought was given to heaven, and whose sorrows
+had completely detached her from the world, it is because thus she really
+was in their gentle society within the charmed walls of their convent. They
+did not see her in the outside world, where thorny problems again beset
+her, and where her old faults of temper and judgment tended to reappear.
+She had ever been not only a woman of strong religious and moral principle,
+but one whose qualities of heart and head had gained her more affection
+than often falls to the lot of a royal lady, and the effect of Chaillot was
+to emphasize and develop every virtue and charm she possessed, and to throw
+completely into the background all that was harsh and discordant and
+unlovely. Among the many portraits which remain to show her "in her habit
+as she lived" is one which represents her as the recluse of Chaillot, and
+which brings strong corroboration to the loving pen-and-ink sketches of the
+good nuns. A woman, still comely and showing the remains of great beauty,
+looks out upon us from the canvas; the heavy mourning dress corresponds
+with the deep melancholy of the face, and if there are no tears in the
+eyes, it is only because the painter has caught that saddest of all
+moments, when</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"The eyes are weary and give o'er,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">But still the soul weeps as before."<a name="FNanchor_419" id="FNanchor_419"></a><a href="#Footnote_419" class="fnanchor">[419]</a></span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>Thus she must often have appeared as she sat in her quiet room at Chaillot,
+or knelt in the convent chapel; and if in later years she was able to take
+up life again with
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span>
+
+something of her old courage and cheerfulness, it was
+because her wounded spirit had met healing and peace in this beloved home,
+which had been founded, as the archives of the Order recorded, for the
+consolation of a suffering woman, and which, after sheltering the sorrows
+of one exiled Queen of England, was to extend a like welcome to another
+hardly less unfortunate, Mary Beatrice d'Este, the wife of Henrietta's
+second son, James II.<a name="FNanchor_420" id="FNanchor_420"></a><a href="#Footnote_420" class="fnanchor">[420]</a></p>
+
+
+<hr style="width:10%" />
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_402" id="Footnote_402"></a><a href="#FNanchor_402">
+<span class="label">[402]</span></a>"Mon inclination est de me retirir dans les Carmelites ...
+car apr&egrave;s ma perte je ne puis avoir un moment de aucune joye."&mdash;<i>Lettres de
+Henriette Marie &agrave; sa soeur Christine</i>, p. 71.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_403" id="Footnote_403"></a><a href="#FNanchor_403">
+<span class="label">[403]</span></a>Jeanne Chantal.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_404" id="Footnote_404"></a><a href="#FNanchor_404">
+<span class="label">[404]</span></a><i>A New Description of Paris</i> (1887), p. 121. The chapel is
+now a church of the <i>&eacute;glise r&eacute;form&eacute;e</i>.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_405" id="Footnote_405"></a><a href="#FNanchor_405">
+<span class="label">[405]</span></a>Queen Anne of Austria was very fond of this convent.
+Mazarin, in the early days of his power, believed that the nuns tried to
+influence her against him.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_406" id="Footnote_406"></a><a href="#FNanchor_406">
+<span class="label">[406]</span></a>Mme de Motteville: <i>M&eacute;moires</i> (1783), I, 72.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_407" id="Footnote_407"></a><a href="#FNanchor_407">
+<span class="label">[407]</span></a>This account is taken from that written by Caussin, an old
+copy of which is preserved in the Biblioth&egrave;que S. Genevi&egrave;ve, in Paris.
+Caussin's manuscript was only seen by Mother de la Fayette shortly before
+her death.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_408" id="Footnote_408"></a><a href="#FNanchor_408">
+<span class="label">[408]</span></a>Her profession took place in July, 1637.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_409" id="Footnote_409"></a><a href="#FNanchor_409">
+<span class="label">[409]</span></a>Louise Eug&eacute;nie de la Fontaine. During the second war of the
+Fronde this lady received into the convent a number of religious (among
+them the Chaillot nuns) who were afraid to remain outside Paris. "Il
+sembloit que cette maison &eacute;toit un petit Paradis Terrestre ou une arche qui
+vaguoit en assurance dans un repos admirable pendant que tout &eacute;toit dans
+une confusion &eacute;pouvantable et qu'on entendoit de tous cotez les canons et
+les mosquets qui se tiroient &agrave; la batail de la porte S. Antoine."&mdash;<i>Vie de
+la Ven. M&egrave;re Louise Eug&eacute;nie de la Fontaine.</i></p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_410" id="Footnote_410"></a><a href="#FNanchor_410">
+<span class="label">[410]</span></a>Evelyn: <i>Diary</i>. December 5th, 1643.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_411" id="Footnote_411"></a><a href="#FNanchor_411">
+<span class="label">[411]</span></a>MS. 2436, Biblioth&egrave;que Mazarine, Paris. From this history
+many of the details of this chapter are taken.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_412" id="Footnote_412"></a><a href="#FNanchor_412">
+<span class="label">[412]</span></a>He was an old friend and disciple of B&eacute;rulle.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_413" id="Footnote_413"></a><a href="#FNanchor_413">
+<span class="label">[413]</span></a>She was apparently a sister of Sir William Hamilton, the
+Queen's late agent in Rome.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_414" id="Footnote_414"></a><a href="#FNanchor_414">
+<span class="label">[414]</span></a><i>Miscellanea Spiritualia</i>, Pt. II (1653).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_415" id="Footnote_415"></a><a href="#FNanchor_415">
+<span class="label">[415]</span></a><i>Diary and Correspondence of John Evelyn</i> (1859), Vol. IV,
+p. 352.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_416" id="Footnote_416"></a><a href="#FNanchor_416">
+<span class="label">[416]</span></a>Madame de Motteville: <i>M&eacute;moires</i>, VI, p. 212 (1783).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_417" id="Footnote_417"></a><a href="#FNanchor_417">
+<span class="label">[417]</span></a>The Superiors of the Order of the Visitation are chosen for
+three years. Mother de la Fayette held office three times, from 1654-7,
+from 1657-60, and from 1663 until her death in the following year.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_418" id="Footnote_418"></a><a href="#FNanchor_418">
+<span class="label">[418]</span></a>C[arlo] C[otolendi]: <i>Vie de la tr&egrave;s haute et tr&egrave;s puissante
+Princesse Henriette Marie de France Reyne de la Grande Bretagne</i>, p. 311.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_419" id="Footnote_419"></a><a href="#FNanchor_419">
+<span class="label">[419]</span></a>D. G. Rossetti.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_420" id="Footnote_420"></a><a href="#FNanchor_420">
+<span class="label">[420]</span></a>Of Chaillot literally not one stone remains upon another.
+The convent was destroyed in the Revolution, and its site is occupied by
+the Trocadero.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XII<br />
+THE END</h2>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">La mort a des rigueurs &agrave; nulle autre pareilles;</span>
+		<span class="ind3">Ou a beau la prier,</span>
+		<span class="ind1">La cruelle qu'elle est, se bouche les oreilles,</span>
+		<span class="ind3">Et nous laisse crier.</span>
+	</div>
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">Le pauvre en sa cabine, o&ugrave; le chaume le couvre,</span>
+		<span class="ind3">Est sujet &agrave; ses lois;</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Et la garde qui veille aux barri&egrave;res du Louvre,</span>
+		<span class="ind3">N'en d&eacute;fend point nos rois.</span>
+		<span class="ind5 smcap">Fran&ccedil;ois De Malherbe</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>In the end the Restoration came as a joyful surprise to Queen Henrietta and
+her sons. After all the struggles, after all the intrigues, after all the
+schemes, Charles Stuart returned to the throne of his father by the free
+choice of a people afraid of a military despotism, weary of the disorders
+which had followed the death of Cromwell, and remembering that, after all,
+the exiled King had had little or no complicity in the deeds which brought
+his father to the scaffold. England was tired of Puritanism, and was
+preparing with all eagerness to welcome the Merry Monarch.</p>
+
+<p>France, which had shown herself decidedly tepid in helping the King of
+England in his adversities, and had, even at the nod of the usurper, driven
+him beyond her borders, was quite ready to rejoice at his good luck. Even
+Mazarin offered the most gratifying sympathy, while Queen Anne and the
+common people manifested a more real gladness. The English colony in Paris
+was naturally almost
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span>
+
+beside itself with joy and triumph, which burst forth
+in noisy rejoicings, wherein music, drinking, and fireworks played about
+equal parts.</p>
+
+<p>As for Henrietta, her joy was too deep for words. The small but pretty
+house at Colombes, where she now spent much of her time, was the scene of
+suitable festivity, but she was probably glad when she could retire to
+Chaillot to receive the sympathy of Mother de la Fayette, and to assist at
+a solemn Te Deum of thanksgiving, which was sung in the chapel of the
+convent. When the news came that her son, on his landing in England, had
+almost been torn to pieces in the delight of his subjects, her joy was
+complete. "At last," she wrote in a happy letter to her sister Christine,
+"at last the good God has looked upon us in His mercy, and has worked, so
+to speak, a miracle in this re-establishment, having in an instant changed
+the hearts of a people which has passed from the greatest hatred to
+expressions of the greatest possible kindness and submission, marked,
+moreover, by expressions of unparalleled joy."<a name="FNanchor_421" id="FNanchor_421"></a><a href="#Footnote_421" class="fnanchor">[421]</a> The King, her son, she
+added, would, she believed, be more powerful than any of his predecessors,
+a forecast in which she showed her usual lack of political penetration, for
+the English people, even in the delirium of loyalty of the Restoration, did
+not throw away the fruits of the long struggle.</p>
+
+<p>Charles wrote most kindly to his mother, begging her to come to England to
+share his triumph, and she confessed, in a letter to her sister Christine,
+that she should like before she died to see her family reunited after their
+long wanderings, and "vagabonds no more." But she delayed several months,
+during the course of which her nephew, Louis XIV, whom she had once hoped
+to see her son-in-law, married the bride of his mother's choosing, the
+Infanta of Spain. The Queen of England, in company with her sister of
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span>
+
+France, repaired to the house of Madame de Beauvais,<a name="FNanchor_422" id="FNanchor_422"></a><a href="#Footnote_422" class="fnanchor">[422]</a> whence, from a
+balcony overlooking the Rue S. Antoine, the royal ladies witnessed the
+entry into Paris of the King of France and his wife, Louis riding on
+horseback, and the bride sitting in a car drawn by six splendid horses.
+Only a few weeks after this day of rejoicing Henrietta's joy was turned to
+grief, and even her pleasure in her son's restoration was dashed by the sad
+news of the death of her youngest son Henry, who had grown into a tall,
+fine young man, whose gallant bearing was much admired when he rode into
+London at the left hand of his brother the King, on the happy 29th of May.
+The poor lad was smitten by the scourge of smallpox, and in a few days he
+was laid in the grave.</p>
+
+<p>It was not until October that the Queen turned her steps towards England,
+accompanied by her youngest daughter, who was now a girl of sixteen, the
+beautiful</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"Princesse blanche comme alb&agrave;tre,"<a name="FNanchor_423" id="FNanchor_423"></a><a href="#Footnote_423" class="fnanchor">[423]</a></span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>who was soon to be the bride of her cousin Philip, the brother of Louis
+XIV. In spite of the happy occasion, it was sad to Henrietta to retrace the
+wedding journey of her youth, and to have to take part in festivities which
+recalled those of that long-passed time. On this occasion she set sail from
+Calais, but it was again at Dover that she set foot upon the soil of her
+adopted country, which she had not seen for sixteen years, and which her
+daughter had left as a child too young for memory.</p>
+
+<div class="imgcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/illus340.jpg" width="600" height="300" alt="The Rue St. Antoine, Paris (Showing the Chapel of the Visitandines). From an Engraving by Ivan Merlen" title="" />
+<span class="caption">THE RUE ST. ANTOINE, PARIS (SHOWING THE CHAPEL OF THE VISITANDINES)<br />
+FROM AN ENGRAVING BY IVAN MERLEN</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>Nor were the sad associations of the past the Queen's only cause for
+sorrow. Her grief was still fresh for her dead son, and for her two living
+ones her mind was full of anxiety. "I am going to England to marry one and
+to unmarry the other," she had said on leaving Paris. She was revolving
+schemes in her head for a marriage between the King and a niece of Cardinal
+Mazarin, whose large
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span>
+
+dowry, it was thought, would be useful in paying off
+the army of Cromwell and in settling the discontent which surely must be
+still lurking in the newly converted country. But more painful thoughts
+were given to her second son. This young man, whose exploits, together with
+those of his younger brother, at the battle of the Dunes, had won the
+admiration of the French against whom they were fighting, and whose fame
+was so great that his praises were sung in the coffee-houses of distant
+Constantinople, had so far forgotten his high lineage as to contract an
+alliance with a young woman of low rank, of no compensating beauty and of
+somewhat doubtful character. It was small consolation to Henrietta that the
+lady she was called upon to welcome as Duchess of York was the daughter of
+Sir Edward Hyde. At first she sternly refused to recognize the marriage,
+and it was only the entreaties of her two most intimate friends and
+counsellors, Lord Jermyn and the Abb&eacute; Montagu, that induced her to be
+reconciled to her son and to receive his wife. Perhaps she was also
+influenced by the knowledge that her eldest son, who at this time was much
+under the power of Hyde, wished her to show mercy. Still, it was with an
+aching heart that she saw her gallant young son mated with a woman in every
+way inferior to him; and her chagrin would not have been decreased could
+she have looked into the future and seen the two daughters of Anne Hyde
+sitting, in succession, upon the throne from which they had thrust their
+father.</p>
+
+<p>Queen Henrietta Maria was received with all kindness in England, which she
+found in such a fever of loyalty as to make it quite needless to think of
+the dowry of Mazarin's niece. The ever-fickle populace welcomed her with
+joy which made it difficult to believe that she had even been unpopular.
+Her dowry was restored to her, and her son rewarded his mother's faithful
+servants. Jermyn, whose advocacy of the Duchess of York had not perhaps
+been
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span>
+
+quite disinterested, received the title of Earl of St. Albans; and
+Montagu no doubt might also have obtained the recompense of his fidelity
+had he not by now regarded France and the Church as a truer <i>patria</i> than
+his own country. As Grand Almoner to the Queen he presided over her
+ecclesiastical establishment, which was again settled at Somerset House,
+whither the Capuchin Fathers had returned to carry on a vigorous religious
+campaign, in which their superior, Father Cyprien,<a name="FNanchor_424" id="FNanchor_424"></a><a href="#Footnote_424" class="fnanchor">[424]</a> who preached
+sermons "to touch the heart of demons," took an active part. The palace had
+been much knocked about during the war, and it was one of Henrietta's
+pleasures to restore it to its former beauty, an achievement which her old
+admirer, Sir William Waller, celebrated in smooth, polished verses of the
+type which was rapidly ousting the literary fashions of an earlier day. The
+Queen showed a surprising memory for the persons and things of the past,
+and delighted her son's courtiers by the graceful tact with which she
+recalled their circumstances and asked after their wives and families. But
+she was not very happy. Probably she felt the loss of her former political
+influence. Certainly she felt all the bitterness of returning a lonely and
+widowed old woman to the scenes of her happy married life. Sometimes, when
+all was bright around her, she would be found in some retired corner,
+where, with eyes full of tears, she was dwelling in thought upon the happy
+days of the past, and thinking of him to whom her will had been law.</p>
+
+<p>Thus by December, 1660, she had made up her mind
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span>
+
+to return to France; and
+after a parting saddened by the recent death of her eldest daughter, the
+Princess of Orange, who died of smallpox in London, she set out. Her
+journey was delayed by the serious illness of Princess Henrietta at
+Portsmouth, so that she did not reach Paris until the February of the next
+year. She was welcomed with much affection by her many friends, but perhaps
+the marriage of her daughter Henrietta, the daily companion of fifteen
+years, which took place with great &eacute;clat at the Palais Royal, made her life
+too lonely; for after the birth of the young wife's first child, a little
+girl to whom she was godmother, she determined to set out again for
+England, and report had it that there she meant to live and die. Her eldest
+son had just married a princess of Portugal, whose acquaintance she was
+anxious to make, and royal tact led her to add that she also wished to see
+the little daughter who had recently been born to the Duke and Duchess of
+York.</p>
+
+<p>There was no lack of heartiness in the welcome of her sons. Both Charles
+and James put to sea to meet her; but, owing to stormy weather, their boat
+was driven back, and the Queen's first welcome was the joyous salvos of
+Dover which answered the thunder of the guns of Calais.</p>
+
+<p>None but the most formal accounts remain to tell of Henrietta's impressions
+of her daughter-in-law, Catherine of Braganza. She can hardly have been
+pleased with the insipid girl whose bigoted piety and dull precision of
+character were not calculated to win the heart of an intellectual rou&eacute; such
+as Charles II, who in women preferred a sparkling wit even to beauty. His
+mother, whose happy married life had made her shudder at the very name of
+illicit love, was no doubt judiciously blind where her sons were concerned;
+but she must have felt for this poor child whose chances of happiness were
+from the beginning very small. The two queens found a common interest in
+religion. Catherine was indeed <i>d&eacute;vote</i> as Henrietta had never been;
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span>
+
+but
+the elder woman had throughout her life given sufficient proof of zeal, and
+she had recently written a letter to the Pope, informing him that the chief
+reason of her return to England was her desire to advance the Catholic
+religion in that land. The Court of Rome was getting weary of the
+ungrateful island on which "missioners, seminaires, regulars, seculars,
+archpriests, interposition of Princes, and what not,"<a name="FNanchor_425" id="FNanchor_425"></a><a href="#Footnote_425" class="fnanchor">[425]</a> had all been
+thrown away. But Henrietta, true to her sanguine nature, still hoped to be
+the saviour of the English Catholics. Her chapel at Somerset House was once
+more the resort of the faithful, where hundreds abjured the heresy of their
+birth, some of which conversions were so amazing as to merit a place in the
+memoirs of Father Cyprien. Above all, the Queen knew that her eldest son,
+whose private opinions varied between the tenets of Hobbes and those of the
+Church of Rome, would have liked to be tolerant. What she failed to
+appreciate was that his wandering exiled life had taught him to sacrifice
+any private fancy or liking rather than go on his travels again.</p>
+
+<p>Somerset House was not only a religious centre. Wherever Henrietta was
+there were laughter, wit, and cheerfulness. Even in the darkest days of the
+past she would dry her tears to laugh at anything which struck her as
+droll, and now, in her old age, though sorrow and self-discipline had
+softened the sharpness of her tongue, her conversation had the charm of
+that of a witty woman who had mixed with famous people, and who had borne a
+principal part in the events of the age which was just passing away. Life
+had been to her what books are to more studious people; for, like the
+father whose wit she had inherited, she did not care for reading, and this,
+in her later life, she frankly regretted. She was now a "little, plain old
+woman,"<a name="FNanchor_426" id="FNanchor_426"></a><a href="#Footnote_426" class="fnanchor">[426]</a> always quietly dressed, and worn out by trouble and
+ill-health;
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span>
+
+but the charm which was her cradle gift had not left her, and
+her Court proved much more attractive than that of her daughter-in-law, to
+whom nature had been less bountiful, and whose prim youth was no match for
+the sprightly age of the daughter of Henry IV.</p>
+
+<p>But the rivalry was not to be a long one. It seems that the air of England
+had not agreed with Henrietta, even when she was young and happy; and now
+her health daily became worse, until at last her physicians told her
+plainly that if she remained in England she would die. Perhaps she was not
+altogether sorry for this decision. She loved her sunny native land, and
+her heart yearned for her youngest and dearest child and for her nuns at
+Chaillot. Moreover, the troubles of her previous visit had not passed away.
+She bade a loving farewell to the two sons whose faces she knew she would
+never see again, and then made for the last time the familiar journey to
+Paris, where she was received with the customary kindness of the French
+royal family.</p>
+
+<p class="center">*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>The last years of Henrietta Maria's life were calm and peaceful, except for
+her ill-health. "I have never had a day free from pain for twenty years,"
+she said shortly before her death to her friends at Chaillot. She had
+little to trouble her beyond the gentle sorrow of seeing those with whom
+she had been associated pass, one by one, to the silence of the grave. Her
+brother, the Duke of Orleans, ended his restless life in the year of the
+Restoration, leaving his title to his nephew, Henrietta's son-in-law.
+Cardinal Mazarin passed away in 1661, avaricious to the last, and counting
+with dying fingers the treasures to which his heart still clung. Four years
+later Queen Anne of Austria followed him, after an illness the infinitely
+pathetic record of which is to be found in the pages of Madame de
+Motteville. She was a great loss to her sister-in-law, the more so as
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span>
+
+Henrietta's faithful friend, the Abb&eacute; Montagu, was so high in her favour
+that it was feared he would succeed to the influence and position of
+Mazarin, and thus France be under a foreigner once more. The tie between
+these two was of no ordinary strength. Not only had Montagu been a friend
+and companion of the unforgotten Buckingham, but Anne never ceased to
+remember the service which he had rendered to her in the past. When he
+returned to France, after his long imprisonment, sobered by trouble, and so
+far from desiring the ecclesiastical honours on which his heart had once
+been set that he turned from them when offered, he became in some measure
+her spiritual adviser, a r&ocirc;le for which he was well suited, as he knew
+probably better than any one else the secrets of the past. From his lips,
+at her own request, the dying Queen received the solemn intimation of the
+approach of death, and almost her last conscious words were addressed to
+him. "M. de Montagu knows how much I have to thank God for," she said,
+fixing her eyes on the Abb&eacute; as he knelt weeping beside her, words which
+both Madame de Motteville, who was present, and Montagu himself interpreted
+as bearing witness to Anne's innocence in the days when she compromised her
+reputation by vanity and coquetting.<a name="FNanchor_427" id="FNanchor_427"></a><a href="#Footnote_427" class="fnanchor">[427]</a></p>
+
+<p>Henrietta's health, which had never recovered from the strain of the Civil
+War and the terrible experiences of her last confinement, became worse and
+worse; so that in December, 1668, she wrote to her son Charles that her
+remaining days would not be many. She suffered much from sleeplessness and
+fainting fits, and even the waters of Bourbon, which she had long been
+accustomed to drink every year, afforded her little relief. The thought of
+death had ever been to her, as to her accomplished friend Madame de
+Motteville, one of terror. She did not like even to speak of it. "It is
+better," she was wont to say, "to give one's
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span>
+
+attention to living well, and
+to hope for God's mercy in the last hour." But now that death was drawing
+near it lost something of its terror, and she said quite openly that she
+was going to Chaillot to die. "I shall think no more of doctors or
+medicine," she added, "but only of my soul." In this spirit she went out to
+her house at Colombes to spend there the golden days of a French autumn,
+until the feast of All Saints should call her to her convent. "The
+Queen-Mother is extreme ill, and seems to apprehend herself
+extremely,"<a name="FNanchor_428" id="FNanchor_428"></a><a href="#Footnote_428" class="fnanchor">[428]</a> wrote Ralph Montagu, the English ambassador in Paris, on
+September 7th, 1669.</p>
+
+<p>A few days later the end came. To the Queen's sleeplessness was added an
+aversion from all food, and at the request of the King of France, who was
+much attached to his aunt, a consultation of doctors was held, among whom
+the principal place was taken by Vallot, a man of great experience, who was
+first physician to the Crown of France, but who, nevertheless, was believed
+by some to have been negligent in his care of Queen Anne. He, thinking that
+Henrietta's great weakness came from her distressing insomnia, advised that
+she should take a grain of some sedative at night. The Queen, who had
+explained her symptoms with great clearness, objected the opinion of Sir
+Theodore Mayerne that such remedies were dangerous to her constitution,
+adding, laughing, that an old gipsy woman in England had once told her that
+she would never die except of a grain. Vallot listened respectfully, but he
+was unconvinced, so that his patient, feeling her reluctance to be foolish,
+agreed to follow his advice. The day wore on, and after a quiet evening
+with her ladies, Henrietta retired to bed as usual; but she did not feel
+very well, and it was suggested that she should not take the opiate.
+However, she could not sleep, and when her physician
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span>
+
+was called to her
+bedside she asked with some eagerness for the drug. He administered it in
+an egg, after which the Queen lay down again, to fall into a sleep which
+became deeper and deeper, until it passed into the last sleep of
+death.<a name="FNanchor_429" id="FNanchor_429"></a><a href="#Footnote_429" class="fnanchor">[429]</a></p>
+
+<p class="center">*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>With daybreak all was confusion at Colombes. Messengers hurried off to
+Paris to acquaint the King of France with the news of his aunt's death, and
+to S. Cloud to break the sad tidings to the Duchess of Orleans, who would
+be her mother's truest mourner. By some strange oversight or malice the
+English ambassador was left to hear the intelligence by chance. Ralph
+Montagu, who had a very poor opinion of the Earl of St. Albans, whose
+position as Lord Chamberlain to the late Queen gave him considerable power,
+believed that that nobleman had purposely kept him in ignorance, so that
+there should not be "left a silver spoon in the house."<a name="FNanchor_430" id="FNanchor_430"></a><a href="#Footnote_430" class="fnanchor">[430]</a> In the
+interests of the King of England he hurried off to the King of France, who,
+in spite of the protests of the Earl, caused seals to be placed upon his
+aunt's property until it could be properly disposed of.</p>
+
+<p>There was great mourning for Henrietta in France, not only because she was
+personally beloved, but because the King and the people saw in her not so
+much the widow of the King of England as the last surviving child of the
+much-loved Henry the Great. High and low vied with each other in their
+desire to do her honour, and Louis XIV expressed his wish that she should
+lie by her father in the royal Abbey of S. Denys, where he ordered that a
+splendid funeral service, following the precedent of that of his mother,
+should be celebrated at his expense. He immediately
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span>
+
+dispatched a <i>lettre de
+cachet</i><a name="FNanchor_431" id="FNanchor_431"></a><a href="#Footnote_431" class="fnanchor">[431]</a> to the Prior and monks of the house, ordering them to receive
+with all honour the body of the Queen of England.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile at Colombes on a bed of state lay the corpse.<a name="FNanchor_432" id="FNanchor_432"></a><a href="#Footnote_432" class="fnanchor">[432]</a> But that same
+evening, following the custom of the times, the heart was taken out,
+enclosed in a silver casket, and carried to its last resting-place at
+Chaillot. A sorrowful company escorted the precious relic, which was met at
+the door of the convent by the religious, each of whom held in her hand a
+lighted taper. Then in a set little speech the Abb&eacute; Montagu, as Grand
+Almoner to the late Queen, delivered it over to the Superior, commending it
+to the pious care of the community.</p>
+
+<p>Two days after this mournful little ceremony the body was carried through
+the Porte S. Denys, along the road which Henrietta had traversed as a
+bride, to the royal abbey, where it was to rest. There, watched by faithful
+guardians, it lay in a chapel behind the choir for more than a month, until
+the 20th of November, when the funeral service was celebrated. The
+obsequies were a magnificent affair, comparable with the splendours of the
+long-ago wedding. In the great church hung with black, on a magnificent
+mausoleum supported by eight marble pillars and blazing with a quantity of
+lighted tapers, Henrietta, who, living, had known what it was to lack the
+necessaries of life, lay as a King's daughter in her death, and that the
+contrast might be the more complete, her body, which had long laid aside
+the trappings of royalty, was covered by a gorgeous pall "of gold brocade
+covered by silver brocade and edged with ermine." By the will of the King
+representatives of the sovereign bodies were present, while the mourners
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span>
+
+included princes and princesses and even one of higher rank, for Casimir,
+the ex-King of Poland, who had exchanged his crown for a monk's frock, had
+journeyed to do honour to the Queen of England from the great Abbey of S.
+Germain des Pr&eacute;s, where he was spending a peaceful old age, and where his
+tomb may be seen to this day. The attendance of clergy indeed was not
+large, but that was only because orders had been issued that the sovereign
+bodies should be saluted before the prelates, an insult which the pride of
+the Church could not stomach.</p>
+
+<p>After a new and delightful rendering by the choir of the <i>Dies Ir&aelig;</i>, the
+Bishop of Amiens ascended the pulpit. Francis Faure was probably selected
+for this office partly because he had been a servant of the dead Queen in
+her early married life, and partly because she had taken pleasure in
+hearing him deliver the panegyric of S. Francis de Sales in the chapel of
+the convent of Chaillot on the occasion of the saint's canonization. It
+seems, however, that this "<i>cordelier mitr&eacute;</i>", as Gui Patin calls him, was
+not very popular with Parisian audiences, for the discourse which he
+delivered at the funeral of Queen Anne was severely criticized, and his
+sermon on the Queen of England had no better reception. Nevertheless, it
+reads as the work of an honest and affectionate man earnestly striving, not
+always indeed with success, to avoid that flattery of the great of which
+the times were so tolerant, but which is peculiarly vain in connection with
+death, the great leveller. His text was, "Watch and pray"; and he dwelt
+with some sternness upon the awful suddenness of the Queen's end, of which
+the Chaillot nuns said sweetly that it was the mercy of God to save her
+from the apprehension of the death which she feared so much. The
+discourse<a name="FNanchor_433" id="FNanchor_433"></a><a href="#Footnote_433" class="fnanchor">[433]</a> was long, and it was
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span>
+
+nearly four o'clock in the afternoon
+before the body of Henrietta Maria was lowered into the royal vault, to lie
+beside that of her father.</p>
+
+<p>But the pious care of Louis did not end at S. Denys. Nearly a week later
+(November 25th) another service was celebrated in Paris itself, at the
+Cathedral of Notre-Dame, as an additional mark of the King's respect for
+his aunt. The Duke and Duchess of Orleans were again the chief mourners,
+while this time the preacher was Father Senault, Superior of that
+Congregation of the Oratory from which the Queen, ever since her marriage,
+had chosen her confessors.<a name="FNanchor_434" id="FNanchor_434"></a><a href="#Footnote_434" class="fnanchor">[434]</a> He was a preacher of repute, as well as a
+writer of distinction, and his discourse on this occasion met with the
+"marvellous success which attends all his actions."<a name="FNanchor_435" id="FNanchor_435"></a><a href="#Footnote_435" class="fnanchor">[435]</a></p>
+
+<p>But before this, before even the service at S. Denys, the most famous of
+Henrietta Maria's funeral sermons had been preached. The filial piety of
+the Duchess of Orleans could not permit that her cousin the King of France
+should be the only person to do honour to her mother's memory. Her thoughts
+naturally turned to the convent at Chaillot, which her mother had loved so
+dearly, and where so much of her own youth had been spent. There the Queen
+had already been mourned by the good nuns; there Masses were offered for
+her soul. It was but fitting that there also should be celebrated the
+solemn service offered by her daughter's devotion.</p>
+
+<p>On November 12th the chapel of the convent, which the care of the religious
+had caused to be hung with mourning, was crowded by those who had come at
+the invitation of the Duchess of Orleans to do honour to her mother's
+memory. These were no royal obsequies due to Henrietta's quality as a
+daughter of France, but an offering of domestic love,
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span>
+
+and, as was
+befitting, the celebrant of the Mass was the late Queen's faithful,
+lifelong friend, Walter Montagu. But for the preacher was found one who has
+caused this simple service to be remembered while S. Denys and Notre-Dame
+are forgotten. The Abb&eacute; Bossuet was already Bishop-elect of Condom, but
+when he stood in the pulpit of Chaillot he still wore the dress of a simple
+priest. The discourse was pronounced "with much applause of the
+audience,"<a name="FNanchor_436" id="FNanchor_436"></a><a href="#Footnote_436" class="fnanchor">[436]</a> wrote dryly the official chronicler of these events. It
+will be remembered as long as the French tongue. To one heart it spoke with
+something more than the charms of oratory, for from this day Henrietta of
+Orleans dated her friendship with the good Bishop. She did not know that in
+less than a year the same eloquent voice would be raised over her own dead
+body, and that her young life would have become, like her mother's, nothing
+but a text for a sermon.<a name="FNanchor_437" id="FNanchor_437"></a><a href="#Footnote_437" class="fnanchor">[437]</a></p>
+
+<p class="center">*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>There was some difficulty about the Queen's property, as she died
+intestate. By the law of England everything she died possessed of passed to
+her eldest son; by the law of France her property would be equally divided
+among her children or their representatives. The property was not large,
+and Ralph Montagu believed that when the debts were paid there would be
+little left "but her two houses at Colombes, which would sell for ten or
+twelve thousand pistols, and were always, if she had made a will, intended
+to be given Madame." The person most inclined to dispute the claim of the
+King of England was the Duke of Orleans, who, perhaps knowing his
+mother-in-law's intentions, proposed that his wife should take the property
+in France
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span>
+
+as her share, leaving to her two brothers their mother's
+jointure, which had been granted for two further years. But another
+claimant appeared in the person of Henrietta's grandson, the Prince of
+Orange, who said that if Monsieur took a share he should advance a claim,
+otherwise he would submit to the pleasure of the King of England. Madame
+finally persuaded her husband to desist, which was esteemed a great service
+to her brother, as by the terms of the late Queen's marriage contract it
+would have been very difficult to parry his claims. Thus the whole of
+Henrietta's slender fortune fell to her son Charles II of England. But
+since he had always had a kindness for the nuns of Chaillot, he gave to
+them the furniture of his mother's apartments there. Some of it was too
+fine for them, and this portion they sold for the benefit of the house.
+They had no use for Flanders tapestry, for state beds or arm-chairs; but
+they kept, among other things, two feather beds, all the linen and pottery,
+and three very beautiful pictures. The proceeds of the sale enabled the
+nuns to build ten new cells, as well as to lay aside a sum of money for the
+expenses of the yearly commemoration of their royal foundress.<a name="FNanchor_438" id="FNanchor_438"></a><a href="#Footnote_438" class="fnanchor">[438]</a></p>
+
+<p class="center">*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>Of those who mourned for Henrietta Maria it remains to say a few words. The
+future history of her two sons and of her nephew, Louis XIV, is too well
+known to need remark, except that it may be mentioned that James, in the
+tardy repentance of exile, found much comfort and edification among the
+nuns of Chaillot. The tragic fate of her daughter has already been referred
+to. Henrietta of Orleans, in the bloom of a beauty which recalled that of
+her mother, died at S. Cloud in the autumn of 1670, not without suspicion
+of poison. The Earl of St. Albans<a name="FNanchor_439" id="FNanchor_439"></a><a href="#Footnote_439" class="fnanchor">[439]</a>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span>
+
+returned to London, where he spent a
+drinking and card-playing old age, of which the most notable achievement
+was the foundation of St. James's Square, by which means he may almost
+claim the title of founder of modern West London, where Jermyn Street yet
+preserves his name. Walter Montagu, his friend of many years, had a very
+different fate. After the death of his three patronesses, the Queen of
+France, the Queen of England, and the Duchess of Orleans, he was made to
+resign the Abbey of S. Martin's, Pontoise. He returned to Paris and entered
+the Hospital of the Incurables in the Rue de S&egrave;ve.<a name="FNanchor_440" id="FNanchor_440"></a><a href="#Footnote_440" class="fnanchor">[440]</a> "My lord," said an
+English priest<a name="FNanchor_441" id="FNanchor_441"></a><a href="#Footnote_441" class="fnanchor">[441]</a> of remarkable piety, who was waiting there for death,
+as he saw the Abb&eacute; enter, "you are come to teach me how to die." "No, Mr.
+Clifford," replied Montagu, "I have come to learn from you how to live."</p>
+
+<p>In this calm retreat his last years flowed quietly away. He "only occupied
+himself with the eternal years and with the practice of all the
+vertues,"<a name="FNanchor_442" id="FNanchor_442"></a><a href="#Footnote_442" class="fnanchor">[442]</a> said the chronicler of S. Martin's; but incidentally he was
+able to render many services to the English colony in Paris, though his
+cousin Ralph complained that he had grown "very ignorant and out of
+fashion."<a name="FNanchor_443" id="FNanchor_443"></a><a href="#Footnote_443" class="fnanchor">[443]</a> He died peacefully at the
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span>
+
+Incurables in February, 1677, and
+his body was carried to S. Martin's, at Pontoise, of which he had been a
+princely benefactor, to be buried in the chapel<a name="FNanchor_444" id="FNanchor_444"></a><a href="#Footnote_444" class="fnanchor">[444]</a> of S. Walter, the
+first Abbot of the house and his patron saint, which he had beautified at
+great expense. Mother Jeanne, who still ruled over the Carmelites of
+Pontoise, caused a Mass to be sung for his soul, and equal honour was paid
+to his memory by the English Benedictine nuns of the same town. In Paris
+another old friend was doubtless thinking of him, for in a retirement
+almost monastical Madame de Chevreuse yet lived, one of the last of those
+who had gathered at the brilliant Court of Charles I and Henrietta Maria.</p>
+
+<p class="center">*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*</p>
+
+<p>Thus Henrietta Maria, Queen of England,</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">"Left love and life and slept in endless rest."<a name="FNanchor_445" id="FNanchor_445"></a><a href="#Footnote_445" class="fnanchor">[445]</a></span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>As she was unfortunate in life, so she has been unfortunate in death; for a
+people whose historical judgments were stereotyped by the revolution of
+1688 has remembered her failings and forgotten her charms. It is only
+within recent years that the justice of history, working on the materials
+which are slowly unfolding the secrets of time, has been able to redress
+the balance and to reveal the personality of the woman who, amid all her
+misfortunes and all her faults, never lacked while living the devotion of
+love and friendship.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width:10%" />
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_421" id="Footnote_421"></a><a href="#FNanchor_421">
+<span class="label">[421]</span></a><i>Lettres de Henriette Marie &agrave; sa soeur Christine</i>, p. 121.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_422" id="Footnote_422"></a><a href="#FNanchor_422">
+<span class="label">[422]</span></a>This fine old house is still standing in the Rue Fran&ccedil;ois
+Mirron.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_423" id="Footnote_423"></a><a href="#FNanchor_423">
+<span class="label">[423]</span></a>Loret: <i>La Muse Historique</i>, t. 3, p. 252.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_424" id="Footnote_424"></a><a href="#FNanchor_424">
+<span class="label">[424]</span></a>This friar seems to have been more highly esteemed than, to
+judge by his memoirs, he quite deserved. <i>La Muse Historique</i> has a long
+panegyric of him beginning&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">Ce p&egrave;re a beaucoup de science</span>
+		<span class="ind1">De vertue d'esprit d'eloquence</span>
+		<span class="ind1">Faizans quelque fois des Sermons</span>
+		<span class="ind1">A pouvoir toucher des Demons.&mdash;T. IV, p. 116.</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_425" id="Footnote_425"></a><a href="#FNanchor_425">
+<span class="label">[425]</span></a>Archives of See of Westminster.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_426" id="Footnote_426"></a><a href="#FNanchor_426">
+<span class="label">[426]</span></a>Pepys: <i>Diary</i>, November 22nd, 1660.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_427" id="Footnote_427"></a><a href="#FNanchor_427">
+<span class="label">[427]</span></a>Mme de Motteville: <i>M&eacute;moires</i> (1783), VI, pp. 307, 308.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_428" id="Footnote_428"></a><a href="#FNanchor_428">
+<span class="label">[428]</span></a>Hist. MSS. Com. MSS. of Duke of Buccleuch at Montagu House.
+Vol. I, p. 438.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_429" id="Footnote_429"></a><a href="#FNanchor_429">
+<span class="label">[429]</span></a>There are several accounts of Henrietta's death differing
+considerably in detail, especially as to the time when the opiate was
+given. Vallot was much blamed for the advice he had given.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_430" id="Footnote_430"></a><a href="#FNanchor_430">
+<span class="label">[430]</span></a>Hist. MSS. Com. MSS. of Duke of Buccleuch at Montagu House.
+Vol. I, p. 440.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_431" id="Footnote_431"></a><a href="#FNanchor_431">
+<span class="label">[431]</span></a>"A nos chers et bien aimez le grand Prieur et Religieux de
+l'Abbaye Royalle de S. Denis en France" (September 12th, 1669).&mdash;Arch.
+Nat., K. 119, No. 7.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_432" id="Footnote_432"></a><a href="#FNanchor_432">
+<span class="label">[432]</span></a>The official account of the Queen's death and of the three
+funeral services is contained in MS. Cinqants de Colbert, p. 142.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_433" id="Footnote_433"></a><a href="#FNanchor_433">
+<span class="label">[433]</span></a>"Oraison fun&egrave;bre de Henriette Marie de France Reyne de la
+Grande Bretagne prononc&eacute;e dans l'Eglise de Saint Denys en France par
+Monseigneur l'Evesque d'Amiens" (1670).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_434" id="Footnote_434"></a><a href="#FNanchor_434">
+<span class="label">[434]</span></a>Her confessor at the time of her death was Father Lambert,
+who succeeded Father Viette.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_435" id="Footnote_435"></a><a href="#FNanchor_435">
+<span class="label">[435]</span></a>MS. Cinq cents de Colbert, p. 142.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_436" id="Footnote_436"></a><a href="#FNanchor_436">
+<span class="label">[436]</span></a>Cinq cents de Colbert, p. 142.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_437" id="Footnote_437"></a><a href="#FNanchor_437">
+<span class="label">[437]</span></a>On the first day of the year 1670 Walter Montagu "Voulant
+temoyner sa reconnaissance envers la Reine d'Angleterre ... indiqua dans
+son &eacute;glise [S. Martin's, Pontoise] un service solemnel par le repos de son
+&agrave;me."&mdash;Histoire de l'Abbaye de S. Martin de Pontoise, 1769. Biblioth&egrave;que
+Mazarine, MS. 3368.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_438" id="Footnote_438"></a><a href="#FNanchor_438">
+<span class="label">[438]</span></a>Arch. Nat., K. 1303, No. 6. The portion sold realized
+&pound;4143.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_439" id="Footnote_439"></a><a href="#FNanchor_439">
+<span class="label">[439]</span></a>It is necessary to say a few words as to the alleged
+marriage between Henrietta Maria and Jermyn. It was believed by some
+contemporaries (e.g. Pepys and Reresby) that they were married, but it is
+very unlikely that this was the case. In a note to Smeaton's reprint (1820)
+to <i>The Life and Death of that matchless mirror of Magnanimity and Heroick
+Vertue Henrietta Maria de Bourbon</i>, it is asserted that a document was in
+existence in which Jermyn settled property on Henrietta Maria at the time
+of his marriage with her. This statement is absolutely unsupported, and
+even if the document ever existed it may have been a forgery. Henrietta as
+a Catholic could not have married Jermyn, a Protestant, without a
+dispensation from the Pope, which it would have been very difficult to
+obtain without the transaction becoming known. No trace of a dispensation
+has ever been found. The Queen's closest friends, Mme de Motteville and the
+Chaillot nuns, give no hint of such marriage, of which, had it existed,
+they must have been aware.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_440" id="Footnote_440"></a><a href="#FNanchor_440">
+<span class="label">[440]</span></a>Now the H&ocirc;pital La&euml;nnec in the Rue de S&egrave;vres.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_441" id="Footnote_441"></a><a href="#FNanchor_441">
+<span class="label">[441]</span></a>William Clifford, whom Henrietta Maria recommended to the
+Pope in 1656 as a suitable bishop for England. P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_442" id="Footnote_442"></a><a href="#FNanchor_442">
+<span class="label">[442]</span></a>Bib. Mazarin, MS. 3368.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_443" id="Footnote_443"></a><a href="#FNanchor_443">
+<span class="label">[443]</span></a>Hist. MSS. Com. MSS. of Duke of Buccleuch at Montagu House.
+Vol. I, p. 423.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_444" id="Footnote_444"></a><a href="#FNanchor_444">
+<span class="label">[444]</span></a>It is usually said that he was buried at the Incurables, but
+both the contemporary Gazette and Abbess Neville's Annals (of the English
+Benedictines at Pontoise) say that he was buried at S. Martin's, and the
+latter authority, which gives many details of his later life, adds that the
+interment took place in the chapel of S. Walter, and there is no doubt that
+their statement is correct. How the mistake arose is seen from a document
+preserved in the Archives de l'Assistance Publique, fonds des Incurables,
+carton 22, which speaks of a monument "pos&eacute;e, sur les entrailles de M. de
+Montagu en la nef de l'&egrave;glise dud" hospital [des Incurables].</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_445" id="Footnote_445"></a><a href="#FNanchor_445">
+<span class="label">[445]</span></a>William Browne.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>APPENDIX</h2>
+
+<h3>I</h3>
+
+<p class="center">ARCHIVES OF THE SEE OF WESTMINSTER</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>The answer given by the Commissioners of the Counsell to the French
+Embassadour Mareshall Bassompiere</i></p>
+
+<p>The French were sent away as delinquents, having by their ill-carriage
+troubled the affaires of the kingdome, the domesticall government of his
+Ma:ties house, and the sacred union betwixt his Ma:tie and the Queene. The
+French Bishop and Blainvill endeavoured to make factione betwyeen the
+subiectes and the King stirring up men of ill affections in the Parliament
+against that which was for the service of the King and the tranquillity of
+the State. Some French officers suffered others to take houses in their
+names, where priestes might retire and there they brought up young weemen
+and children to be sent to the Spanish seminaries. They made the Queene's
+house a Rande-vous for Jesuits and fugitives. They subtly discovered what
+passed in privat betweene the K. and the Queene. They obliged her to take
+their opinion and allowance upon everything wh. the K. propounded and
+required of her. They endeavoured to frame a repugnance in the Queene to
+all wh. the King desired and ordained and they professed to foment discord
+betweene their Ma:ties as a thing importing the good of the Churche. They
+endeavoured to imprint in our Queene contempt of our nation, customes, and
+language. They had wrought the Qu.'s person, as it were to a kinde of rule
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span>
+
+of monasticall obedience, so farr as to make her doe things base and
+servil. They led her a foote a long waye to make her goe in devotion to the
+place where they are wont to execute infamous malefactours; which acte did
+turne not only to the shame of the Queene, but to the infamie of the K's
+predecessours for having put innocent persons to death, whom these fellows
+count martyrs, whereas not one was executed for Religion, but for crime of
+treason in the highest degree....</p>
+
+<h3>II</h3>
+
+<p class="center">P.R.O. ROMAN TRANSCRIPTS</p>
+
+<p class="center">(<i>To Cardinal Barberini</i>)</p>
+
+<p>Le grand zele qui a tourjours paru en sa Saintete pour procurer ladvantage
+de la religion catolique en ce peis et la passion que jay par tout les
+moyens possibles de contribuer, moblige a communi que a sa saintete a quoy
+la conjonction presante menase de la reduire; et de proposer a Sa Satete
+les melieurs expedients que je puis trouuer pour y remidier a fin de voir
+sette descharge de mestre aquitee de tout ce qui despandoit de moy tout le
+monde a ases de congnoisance de v[~re] piete et moy ases de preuues de
+v[~re] affection pour massurer que vous contribures de bon c&oelig;ur a se
+deseing: en quoy le secret est sy important que je nay pas trouue apropos
+de vous envoyer une personne expres de peur de donner ombrage ysy qui
+pouroit fort nuir aux affaires du Roy Monseigneur et des catoliques: la
+Violence avec quoy le parlement a commance contre les catoliques a oblige
+le Roy Monseigneur a leur accorder la demande quils ont faite de banir les
+catoliques a dix milles de Londre, ils commansent a faire une riguoreuse
+recherche contre touts les prestres et menasent de mestre toute les loix
+les plus severes en execution contre eux qui vont jusques au sang, et moy
+mesme suis menacee de avoir mon
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span>
+
+contract de marriage rompu: et
+particulierement en se qui est des prestres; et la misere est que les
+affaires du Roy Monseigneur ne luy permette pas de soposer a toute sette
+violance a quoy il a bien paru depuis son avenemant a la couronne que son
+naturel ne a pas estte porte car au contaire il soufre maintenant pour sa
+bonte envers seux de [~nr]e religion; jay songe a un moyen et le seull que
+se tamps sy permet pour prevenir une grande partie de ses violances qui est
+pour employer de largent pour gagner les principaux de sette faction
+puritaine, et je croye avoir tellemant dispoise mon deseing quil ne me
+manquera que argent pour en venir about: les desordres de se peis sy
+randent impossible de trouuer ysy une telle somme dargent quil faudroit a
+cause <i>de lesclat que sela feroit</i>, se qui pouroit aussy frustrer le
+sucses: sest pour quoy jay cru en premier lieu estre obligee davoir recours
+a sa Saintete pour luy demander son assistance en une occasion sy presante
+et le danger sy ineuitable sans se remede a fin quil voye quil nia rien que
+je ne desire exposer en sette cause je mofre a donner telle caution qui
+sera valable pour la somme de cinc cent mil escus; car les catoliques
+estant une fois eschapes de se parlement present il ne oroit que a esperer
+et rien a craindre dhors en avant et le seul moyent est seluy que je
+propose: sest pourquoy je vous prie de communiquer sesy a Sa Saintete, a
+qui je suplie tres humblement de ne le consulter quavec vous car sy sela
+venoit a estre seu je serois perduee; et de me faire responce la plus
+prompte que sera possible, et selon v[~re] resolution, vous pouues envoyer
+les lettres de change a Paris pour me les faire tenir ysy et le plus
+secretement que faire se peut. Je ne doute pas que si il plaist a sa Stete
+de masister en ce deseing de remestre les catoliques en repos et de porter
+le Roy Monseigneur a leur faire plus de grases que jamais. En tout cas
+joray le temognage de sa Stete et le v[~re] davoir fait de mon coste tout
+mon possible pour faire reusir se deseing sy bon et utille a la religion;
+je nay que faire a vous presser de contribuer a sesy v[~re] piete vous
+porte ases a le faire seullemant une prompte responce la queue jatans par
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span>
+
+le mesme porteur le quel jay envoye a Paris pour vous faire tenir selle sy
+par Mr. le nonce la faire demandant rien plus que la diligence et le secret
+je me remest a la prudence de Sa Stete. et a la vostre et demeureray.</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">Mon cousin,</span>
+		<span class="ind3">V[~re] bien affectionne cousine,</span>
+		<span class="ind5 smcap">Henriette Marie R.</span>
+	</div>
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">Il nia personne que sa Stete.</span>
+		<span class="ind3">vous et moy qui sache se sy encore.</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>III</h3>
+
+<p class="center">THOMASOM TRACTS</p>
+
+<p>The Queene's Proceedings in Holland. Being the copie of a letter from the
+Staple at Middleborough to Mr. Vanrode a Dutch Marchant in London. (19 Dec.
+1642.).... Colonel Goring is travelled into Ortoys and Flanders to raise
+forces of Men and Armour, he having a Commission from the King of France to
+take a certaine number from each Garrison, for the Queene and present
+supply for England. Colonel Gage who is Colonell over the English in
+Flanders, gave Colonel Goring a Challenge for presuming to beat up his
+Drums to flock away his Officers and Souldiers, nevertheless the souldiers
+being poore and long behind of their contribution mony agreed, and five or
+600 English followed Colonel Goring to Dunkirke, Newport, Ostend, and
+Graveling, where they now remaine till they be Shipt for England, there
+hath bin great meanes to the States that these Souldiers might bee
+permitted to passe through their Country and so take shipping for England,
+but the Queene nor the Ambassador can prevaile with the States for their
+consents therein. I have also here set you downe the summes of money raised
+amongst the Priests, Jesuites, Seminaries, Friers, Nuns, and holy Sisters
+through the land, and paid in to the Jesuites of St. Omers his Colledge
+towards the maintenance of his Majesties warres. And first as in order
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span>
+
+the
+English Cloyster at St. Omers,<a name="FNanchor_446" id="FNanchor_446"></a><a href="#Footnote_446" class="fnanchor">[446]</a> the Jesuits have raised 3000 pounds,
+besides the Taxes they have imposed upon every Scholler 5<i>l.</i> a man being
+about 400, and that if any shall refuse the payment thereof to lose their
+Degrees in the House, and be for ever discharged for having any future
+benefit therein: in which Colledge the sum collected amounts about 3500<i>l</i>,
+Secondly at Ayres, the summe collected amounts unto 500<i>l</i>, Thirdly, at
+Beteone, the summe collected amounts unto 500<i>l</i>, Fourthly at Arras, the
+some of 2000<i>l</i>, Fifthly at the University of Doway 1000<i>l</i>, Sixtly at
+Gaunt, betweene the Colledge of English and Irish Priests, and the Matron
+of the Nunnes there, was Collected 500<i>l</i>, Seventhly at Durmount, 50<i>l</i>,
+eightly at Bruzels, from the Countesse of Westmoreland, and the Lady
+Babthorpe, Matrons of the holy Nuns, and the three Cloysters English,
+Irish, and Walloons, 3000<i>l</i>, Ninthly at Lovain, 1000<i>l</i>, Tenthly at
+Bridges, 300<i>l</i>, Eleventhly at Casteele, 200<i>l</i>, Twelfely at Newport
+200<i>l</i>, Thirteenth at Ostend 100<i>l</i>, Fourteenth at Graveling, 100<i>l</i>,
+Fifteenth at Dunkerke, 500<i>l</i>, all which summes amounteth about 15000<i>l</i>,
+have bin Collected and in the hands of Father Browne the Head of St. Omers
+Colledges, besides 5000<i>l</i> more gathered from the Governours of every Towne
+Village or petty Dorpe, which makes the sum of 20 thousand pounds, all
+which is intended to be transported to his Majesty from Dunkirke, besides
+the weekely allowance the Colledges will disburse towards the maintenance
+of the five hundred Souldiers under the command of Colonell Goring during
+his Majesties warres with the Parliament....</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>IV</h3>
+
+<p class="center">AFFAIRES ETRANG&egrave;RES ANG., T. 49</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Walter Montague to Cardinal Mazarin</i> (<i>apparently</i>)</p>
+
+<p>La Haye 9 February 1642 [O.S.].</p>
+
+<p>Les mesmes tempestes qu'ont rejette la Reyne en Hollande m'ont retenu icy
+car d'abord quelle fut partye le mauvais temps ne nous pouvoit rien
+promestre de meilleur sur son renvoy icy ce qua este le 9 iour apres son
+embarquement ayant endure le peril sept iours de tempeste continuelle
+n'ayant ramene que trois de ses vaisslaux en ayant perdu un avec tout son
+equipage descuyrie et les autres encore sont demeures en doute de leur
+salut: le peril ou elle a este, a este si grand quelle eut bien pu
+iustifier sa mort de peur mais Dieu luy a donne un soutien par sa grace:
+... elle na iamais tesmoigne aprehension dans les preparatifs de la mort
+que pour les affaires de Dieu et du Roy son mary: les relations que les
+peres en font sont si extraordinaires quelle ont besoin dune telle
+authorit&eacute; pour les faire croyables. Le iour apres quelle debarqua (ce
+quelle fit dans un petit bateau de pescheur trouve a la mer) elle receut
+nouvelle dune trahison decouverte dans son armee pour la livrer entre les
+mains des rebelles mais aussi beaucoup des instances de la part du Roy et
+du pays pour sa venue avec grand apparence de surete pour sa persone et
+grande aprehension de confusion dans les affaires sans l'assistance de sa
+presence tellement quelle se resoult contre tous les sentiments de son sexe
+et de sa sante mesme de se rambarquer au plus tost ... elle a fait grande
+perte dans ce naufrage mais elle a gagne dans l'opinion de tous les temoins
+ce quelle ne scauroit iamais perdre....</p>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>V</h3>
+
+<p class="center">P.R.O. ROMAN TRANSCRIPTS</p>
+
+<p class="center">(<i>To Cardinal Barberini</i>)</p>
+
+<p>Mon cousin,</p>
+
+<p>Les bons effets que vous m'aues rendu de v[~re] amitie et particulierement
+en les vingt et cinque mille escus, que vous m'auez fourny par le Baron
+Herbert filtz du Marquis Wostre ont bien fait voyr le sentiment que vous
+auez des nos souffrances et de l'estat de nos affayres icy. Je vous supplye
+de croyre que comme j'embrasse auec une singuliere affection cette v[~re]
+bonne volonte envers nous, aussy vous fairray je paroystre la gratitude que
+j'en ay en toute occasion qui se presentera a ce fayre estant.</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">Mon cousin,</span>
+		<span class="ind2">vostre affectionnee cousine,</span>
+		<span class="ind4 smcap">Henriette Marie R.</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>D'Oxford ce 20<sup>me</sup> de Septembre 1643.</p>
+
+<p>(The transcriber notes that the hand is like that of the King and that the
+signature is "Vostre affectionnee cousine," instead of the Queen's usual
+"Vostre tres affectionnee cousine"; he also notes the use of the pronoun
+"nous.")</p>
+
+
+<h3>VI</h3>
+
+<p class="center">ARCHIVES OF THE SEE OF WESTMINSTER</p>
+
+<p><i>Endorsed</i> Securitus in jurando. 1645.</p>
+
+<p>Si ex una parte dignabitur regia Maiestus liberare Catholicus suos subditos
+&agrave; timore legum poenalium edictarum contra Recusantes ob causam Reliquiis
+eis qu&eacute; certo et constanter concedere liberum usum Catholicae Religionis
+intra privatos parietes.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Dicti Subditi ex altera parte exhibent se parotos ex hac hora ad fidem et
+obedientiam suae maiestati perpetu&ograve; ac firmiter servandam sub solemni
+juramento; quantum libet augeatur Catholicorum numerus in posterum vel
+conspirent ullo tempore inter se quincunque Principes esterii ad
+restituendum, sen stabiliendum vi et armis publicum usum Catholicae
+religionis in hoc Regno.</p>
+
+<p>Ad maius robur (si expedire videbitur) addi potest Breve pontificum, quod
+sine dubio sua S<sup>tas</sup> facile concedet, pro ratificatione seu confirmatione
+dicti juramenti.</p>
+
+
+<h3>VII</h3>
+
+<p class="center">P.R.O. ROMAN TRANSCRIPTS</p>
+
+<p class="center">(<i>To Innocent X</i>)</p>
+
+<p>Tressaint Pere,</p>
+
+<p>Le sieur Crashau ayant est&eacute; Ministre en Angleterre et nourri dans les
+Universit&eacute;s de ce pais parmy des gens tres esloignes des sentiments de
+nostre Sainte Religion sest toutes fois par sa lecture et son estude rendu
+Catholique et pour en jou&iuml;r plus paisiblement l'exercise, s'est transport&eacute;
+en dec&agrave; et vescu pr&eacute;s d'un an aupres de moy, ou par le bon example de sa
+vie il a beaucoup edifi&eacute; tous ceux qui ont, convers&eacute; avec luy. Ce qui m'a
+convi&eacute; s'en allant presentem &agrave; Rome d'escrire ce mot &agrave; vostre Ste pour la
+prier de le considerer comme une personne de qui les Catholique Anglois ont
+conceu de grandes esperances, et que j'estime beaucoup, et de luy departir
+ses graces, et faveurs aux occasions qui se presenteront. Ce que
+j'estim[~ea]y parmy les autres obligations particulieres que jay a V.S. Et
+sur ce je prie Dieu Tressaint P&egrave;re quil conserve V.S. longues ann&eacute;es pour
+le bien et utilit&eacute; de son Esglise.</p>
+
+<div class="poem">
+	<div class="stanza">
+		<span class="ind1">De S. Germain-en-Laye ce 7 Septembre 1646.</span>
+		<span class="ind3">V[~re] tres devotte fille</span>
+		<span class="ind5 smcap">Henriette Marie R.</span>
+	</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<h3>VIII</h3>
+
+<p class="center">ARCHIVES OF THE SEE OF WESTMINSTER</p>
+
+<p>Upon the Ground given in the 12th Proposall, printed August the first 1647,
+by authoritie from his Excellence Sir Thomas Fayrfax, that All the Penall
+statutes in force against Roman Catholickes shall be repealed.</p>
+
+<p>And further that they shall enjoy the liberty of theyr conscienc&eacute;s, by
+Grant from the Parliament; It may bee enacted that it shall not be lawfull
+for any person or persons beeinge subiects to the Crowne of England to
+professe or acknowledge for truth, or perswade others to beeleive these
+ensuinge Propositions.</p>
+
+<p class="center">1</p>
+
+<p>That the Pope or church, hath powre to absolve any person or persons
+whatsoeuer, from his or theyr obedience to the Civill Government
+established in this Nation.</p>
+
+<p class="center">2</p>
+
+<p>That it is lawfull in it selfe or by the Popes dispensation to break eyther
+word or oath with any Heretickes.</p>
+
+<p class="center">3</p>
+
+<p>That it is lawfull by the Pope, or churches command or dispensation to
+kill, destroy, or otherwise to iniure or offende any person or persons
+whatsoever because hee or they are accused, or condemned, censured, or
+exco[~m]unicated for Error, Schisme or Heresy.</p>
+
+<p>The premises considered wee on the other side sett our hands that every one
+of these three propositions may bee lawfully answered unto in the Negative.</p>
+
+
+<hr style="width:10%" />
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_446" id="Footnote_446"></a><a href="#FNanchor_446">
+<span class="label">[446]</span></a>The inaccuracies with regard to St. Omers are probably
+typical of those with regard to the other places. St. Omers was at this
+time very poor. The pupils numbered 60, not 400; the Superior's name was
+Port, not Browne.</p>
+
+<p>There is no trace of such a collection in the records of Les Dames
+Anglaises at Bruges.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2>INDEX</h2>
+
+<p>Abercorn, James Hamilton, Earl of, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br />
+Aiguillon, Duchess of, <a href="#Page_268">268</a><br />
+Alexander, Sir William, Earl of Stirling, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br />
+Andrewes, Lancelot, Bishop of Winchester, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br />
+Angus, William Douglas, Earl of, <a href="#Page_114">114</a><br />
+Anne of Austria, Queen of France&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;Wife of Louis XIII, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;<br />
+&emsp;disliked by Richelieu, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;<br />
+&emsp;relations with Buckingham, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22-4</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66-8</a>;<br />
+&emsp;intrigues against France, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;<br />
+&emsp;falls under Mazarin's influence, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;<br />
+&emsp;receives Henrietta in Paris, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;<br />
+&emsp;death of, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;<br />
+&emsp;mentioned, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>,
+<a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br />
+Ashburnham, John, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br />
+Aubert, Maurice, <a href="#Page_56">56</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+Ayton, Sir Robert, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></p>
+
+
+<p>Banbury, Elizabeth, Countess of, <a href="#Page_222">222</a><br />
+Barberini, Cardinal Francesco&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;His interest in England, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118;</a><br />
+&emsp;Henrietta's letters to, <a href="#Page_175">175-7</a>;<br />
+&emsp;policy with regard to Ireland, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a><br />
+Bassompierre, Marshal de&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;His mission to England, <a href="#Page_57">57-60</a>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a><br />
+Belli&egrave;vre, M. de, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br />
+Berkeley, Sir John, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a><br />
+Bernini, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br />
+Berthaud, Eug&eacute;nie Madeline, <a href="#Page_290">290</a><br />
+B&eacute;rulle, Cardinal&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;Sent to Rome to procure dispensation, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;<br />
+&emsp;friend of Mary de' Medici, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;<br />
+&emsp;Henrietta's confessor, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;<br />
+&emsp;character of, <a href="#Page_21">21-2</a>;<br />
+&emsp;death of, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a><br />
+Blainville, Marquis de, <a href="#Page_39">39-46</a><br />
+Bossuet, Jacques B&eacute;nigne&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;Preaches Henrietta's funeral sermon at Chaillot, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br />
+Bouillon, Duke of, <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br />
+Bristol, John Digby, 1st Earl of, <a href="#Page_212">212</a><br />
+Bristol, George Digby, 2nd Earl of, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a><br />
+Brook, Sir Basil, <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br />
+Browne, Sir Richard, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a><br />
+Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;Relations with Anne of Austria, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66-8</a>;<br />
+&emsp;his conduct to Henrietta and her household, <a href="#Page_35">35</a> <i>sqq.</i>;<br />
+&emsp;death of, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a><br />
+Buckingham, Mary, Countess of, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br />
+Buckingham, Katherine, Duchess of, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></p>
+
+
+<p>Cary, Patrick, <a href="#Page_249">249</a><br />
+Carlisle, James Hay, Earl of&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;Ambassador at Henrietta's marriage, <a href="#Page_5">5</a> <i>sqq.</i>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br />
+Carlisle, Lucy, Countess of, <a href="#Page_66">66-8</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a><br />
+Carter, Master, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br />
+Casimir, King of Poland, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br />
+Catherine of Braganza, wife of Charles II, <a href="#Page_307">307-9</a><br />
+Caussin, Father, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a><br />
+Chantal, Jeanne, Mother, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a><br />
+Charles I, King of England&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;His marriage, <a href="#Page_4">4</a> <i>sqq.</i>;<br />
+&emsp;harshness of, to his wife, <a href="#Page_28">28</a> <i>sqq.</i>;<br />
+&emsp;subserviency of, to Buckingham, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a> <i>sqq.</i>;<br />
+&emsp;gentleness of, to Catholics, <a href="#Page_107">107</a> <i>sqq.</i>;<br />
+&emsp;signs Strafford's death-warrant, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;<br />
+&emsp;final parting of, from his wife, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;<br />
+&emsp;takes refuge with Scotch, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;<br />
+&emsp;sold to English, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;<br />
+&emsp;in hands of Independents, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;<br />
+&emsp;execution of, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <i>passim</i><br />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span>
+
+Charles II, King of England&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;Birth of, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a><br />
+Chateauneuf, Marquis of&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;His mission to England, <a href="#Page_78">78</a> <i>sqq.</i>;<br />
+&emsp;enemy of Richelieu, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;<br />
+men., <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a><br />
+Chaulnes, Duchess of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br />
+Chaulnes, Duke of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br />
+Chevreuse, Mme de, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158-60</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a><br />
+Chevreuse, Duke of&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;Proxy for Charles at his marriage, <a href="#Page_8">8</a> <i>sqq.</i>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br />
+Christine, of France, Duchess of Savoy, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a><br />
+Cholmondley, Sir Hugh, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br />
+Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a><br />
+Clifford, William, <a href="#Page_318">318</a><br />
+Con, George&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;Arrives at Court, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;<br />
+&emsp;death of, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_114">114-16</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136-8</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br />
+Cosin, John, Bishop of Durham, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a><br />
+Cowley, Abraham, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a><br />
+Crashaw, Richard, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a><br />
+Cromwell, Oliver, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273-5</a><br />
+Culpepper, John Culpepper, Lord, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a><br />
+Cyprien de Gamache, Father, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a></p>
+
+<p>D'Avenant, Sir William, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a><br />
+Denbigh, Susan, Countess of, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a><br />
+Denbigh, William Fielding, Earl of, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br />
+Denham, Sir John, <a href="#Page_240">240</a><br />
+Des Anges, Mother, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br />
+D'Ewes, Sir Simonds, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br />
+Digby, Sir Kenelm&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;Goes to Rome as Henrietta's ambassador, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;<br />
+&emsp;his conduct there, <a href="#Page_233">233</a> <i>sqq.</i>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+Dorset, Frances, Countess of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br />
+Douglas, Sir Robert, <a href="#Page_114">114-17</a><br />
+Du Perron, Jacques Nowell&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;Arrives in England, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;<br />
+&emsp;death of, 259;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226-8</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a></p>
+
+<p>Elizabeth of England, daughter of Charles I, <a href="#Page_267">267</a><br />
+Elizabeth of England, Queen of Bohemia, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a><br />
+Elizabeth of France, Queen of Spain, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br />
+Estrades, Count of, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br />
+Evelyn, John, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a></p>
+
+<p>Fairfax, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_245">245</a><br />
+Falkland, Lucius Cary, Viscount, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a><br />
+Faure, Francis, Bishop of Amiens, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br />
+Fayette, Louise de la&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;Relations with Louis XIII, <a href="#Page_280">280-5</a>;<br />
+&emsp;Superior of Chaillot, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;<br />
+&emsp;friendship with Henrietta, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;<br />
+&emsp;death of, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a><br />
+Fayette, Mme de la, <a href="#Page_293">293</a><br />
+Felton, John, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br />
+FitzWilliams, Colonel, <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br />
+Fontenay-Mareuil, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br />
+Ford, Sir Edward, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></p>
+
+<p>Gaston of France, Duke of Orleans, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24-6</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a><br />
+Goffe, Stephen, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br />
+Gondi, Jean Fran&ccedil;ois de, Archbishop of Paris, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a><br />
+Goodman, Godfrey, Bishop of Gloucester, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br />
+Goring, George Goring, Lord, <a href="#Page_181">181-3</a><br />
+Grebner, Paul, <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br />
+Gressy, M. de, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></p>
+
+<p>Habington, William, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br />
+Hamilton, James Hamilton, Duke of, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+Hamilton, Anne, Marchioness of, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br />
+Hamilton, Mary, <a href="#Page_290">290</a><br />
+Hamilton, Sir William, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br />
+Hatton, of Kirby&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;Christopher Hatton, Baron, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a><br />
+Harcourt, Count of, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a><br />
+Hobbes, Thomas, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a><br />
+Holden, Henry, <a href="#Page_248">248</a><br />
+Holland, Henry Rich, Earl of, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a> <i>sqq.</i>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85-7</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a><br />
+Henrietta Maria, Queen of England&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;Birth and early years, <a href="#Page_1">1</a> <i>sqq.</i>;<br />
+&emsp;her personal appearance, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;<br />
+&emsp;betrothal, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;<br />
+&emsp;marriage, <a href="#Page_9">9</a> <i>sqq</i>;<br />
+&emsp;departure for England, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br />
+&emsp;at Amiens, <a href="#Page_19">19-23</a>;<br />
+&emsp;at Boulogne, <a href="#Page_23">23-5</a>;<br />
+&emsp;sails for England, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;<br />
+&emsp;early relations with her husband, <a href="#Page_28">28</a> <i>sqq.</i>;<br />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span>
+
+&emsp;her household, <a href="#Page_30">30-3</a>;<br />
+&emsp;conduct of Buckingham to, <a href="#Page_35">35</a> <i>sqq.</i>;<br />
+&emsp;Charles' unkindness to, <a href="#Page_41">41-5</a>;<br />
+&emsp;goes to Tyburn, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;<br />
+&emsp;her household expelled, <a href="#Page_51">51-5</a>;<br />
+&emsp;her letter to Bishop of Mende, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;<br />
+&emsp;her married happiness, <a href="#Page_60">60-2</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;<br />
+&emsp;her children, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;<br />
+&emsp;her friendships, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;<br />
+&emsp;her theatricals, <a href="#Page_69">69-72</a>;<br />
+&emsp;her wardrobe, <a href="#Page_74">74-6</a>;<br />
+&emsp;intrigues with Jars and Chateauneuf against Richelieu and Portland, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;<br />
+&emsp;development of her character, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>;<br />
+&emsp;her relations with English Catholics, <a href="#Page_95">95</a> <i>sqq.</i>;<br />
+&emsp;receives Capuchins, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;<br />
+&emsp;builds chapel at Somerset House, <a href="#Page_101">101-3</a>;<br />
+&emsp;pleads with Charles for Catholics, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;<br />
+&emsp;sends Douglas to Rome, <a href="#Page_114">114-17</a>;<br />
+&emsp;receives Panzani, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;<br />
+&emsp;sends Hamilton to Rome, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;<br />
+&emsp;her affection for Con, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;<br />
+&emsp;writes to Christine on Montagu's behalf, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;<br />
+&emsp;scene in her chapel, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;<br />
+&emsp;procures Jars' release, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;<br />
+&emsp;writes urging Catholics to contribute to expenses of Scotch war, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;<br />
+&emsp;further development of her character, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;<br />
+&emsp;acts in <i>Salmacida Spolia</i>: relations with her mother, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;<br />
+&emsp;attempts to gain Cardinal's hat for Montagu, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;<br />
+&emsp;counsels calling of Parliament, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;<br />
+&emsp;relations with Richelieu, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;<br />
+&emsp;submits to Parliament, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;<br />
+&emsp;her letter to Barberini, <a href="#Page_175">175-7</a>;<br />
+&emsp;efforts to keep open communications with Rome, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;<br />
+&emsp;refused a refuge in France, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;<br />
+&emsp;efforts to save Strafford, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;<br />
+&emsp;her share in army plot, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;<br />
+&emsp;last interview with Rosetti, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;<br />
+&emsp;accused of complicity in Irish rebellion, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;<br />
+&emsp;urges Charles to arrest five members, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;<br />
+&emsp;change in her character, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;<br />
+&emsp;goes to Holland, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;<br />
+&emsp;her activity there, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;<br />
+&emsp;letters to Charles, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;<br />
+&emsp;shipwrecked, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;<br />
+&emsp;reception at Burlington Bay, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;<br />
+&emsp;her military career, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;<br />
+&emsp;at Oxford, <a href="#Page_205">205-13</a>;<br />
+&emsp;at Exeter, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;<br />
+&emsp;escapes to France, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;<br />
+&emsp;reception of, in Paris, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;<br />
+&emsp;asks for money from French clergy, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;<br />
+&emsp;intrigues with Confederate Catholics, <a href="#Page_229">229</a> <i>sqq.</i>;<br />
+&emsp;sends Digby to Rome, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;<br />
+&emsp;refuses to receive Rinuccini, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;<br />
+&emsp;weakness of her policy, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;<br />
+&emsp;grief on Charles' death, <a href="#Page_255">255-7</a>;<br />
+&emsp;counsels Anne of Austria, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;<br />
+&emsp;head of "Louvre party," <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;<br />
+&emsp;attempts to convert Gloucester, <a href="#Page_267">267-72</a>;<br />
+&emsp;claims her dowry, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;<br />
+&emsp;goes to convent in Rue S. Antoine, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;<br />
+&emsp;founds Chaillot, <a href="#Page_286">286</a> <i>sqq.</i>;<br />
+&emsp;her life there, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;<br />
+&emsp;her letter to nuns on death of Mother de la Fayette, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;<br />
+&emsp;her joy at the Restoration, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;<br />
+&emsp;returns to England, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;<br />
+&emsp;returns again to France, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;<br />
+&emsp;her last visit to England, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;<br />
+&emsp;last journey to France, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;<br />
+&emsp;her last years, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;<br />
+&emsp;death of, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;<br />
+&emsp;funeral of, <a href="#Page_313">313-16</a>;<br />
+&emsp;her estate, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;<br />
+&emsp;supposed marriage with Jermyn, <a href="#Page_317">317</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+Henrietta of England, Duchess of Orleans&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;Birth of, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;<br />
+&emsp;marriage of, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;<br />
+&emsp;death of, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a><br />
+Henry IV, King of France, <a href="#Page_1">1-3</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a><br />
+Henry of England, Duke of Gloucester&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;Henrietta's attempt to convert him, <a href="#Page_267">267-72;</a><br />
+&emsp;death of, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Innocent X&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;His refusal to help Henrietta, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a></p>
+
+<p>James I, King of England, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br />
+James, Duke of York (James II), <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a><br />
+Jars, Chevalier de, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a><br />
+Jones, Inigo, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br />
+Jonson, Ben, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></p>
+
+<p>Killigrew, Thomas, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></p>
+
+<p>Lambert, Father, <a href="#Page_315">315</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108-10</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br />
+Leander de S. Martino, Father, <a href="#Page_33">33</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+Leicester, Robert Sidney, Earl of, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br />
+Lennox, James Stuart, Duke of, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+Lewknor, Sir Lewis, <a href="#Page_34">34</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+Leybourn, George, <a href="#Page_247">247</a><br />
+Lhulier, Mother, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a><br />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span>
+
+Lilly, William, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+Louis XIII, King of France&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;At Henrietta's wedding, <a href="#Page_8">8</a> <i>sqq.</i>;<br />
+&emsp;relations with his wife, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;<br />
+&emsp;death of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;<br />
+&emsp;relations with Louise de la Fayette, <a href="#Page_281">281-5</a>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a><br />
+Louis XIV, King of France, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315-17</a><br />
+Louise of the Palatine, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a></p>
+
+<p>Magdeleine of S. Joseph, Mother, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br />
+Manchester, Edward Montagu, Baron Montagu of Kimbolton, afterwards 2nd Earl of, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a><br />
+Manchester, Henry Montagu, 1st Earl of, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br />
+Mary of England, daughter of Charles I, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194-6</a><br />
+Mary de' Medici, Queen of France&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;Satisfaction of, at Henrietta's marriage, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;<br />
+&emsp;anger at dismissal of her household, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;<br />
+&emsp;takes refuge in England, <a href="#Page_145">145-8</a>;<br />
+&emsp;death of, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a><br />
+Mary, Queen of Scotland, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a><br />
+Matthew, Sir Tobie&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;His character of Henrietta, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br />
+Mayerne, Sir Theodore, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a><br />
+Mazarin, Cardinal&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;His friendship with Montagu, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;<br />
+&emsp;successor of Richelieu, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;<br />
+&emsp;his policy, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;<br />
+&emsp;his distrust of Henrietta, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;<br />
+&emsp;his alliance with Cromwell, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;<br />
+&emsp;death of, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a><br />
+Mende, Daniel du Plessis, Bishop of, <a href="#Page_31">31-4</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46-8</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59-61</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a><br />
+Montagu, Ralph Montagu, Duke of, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a><br />
+Montagu, Viscount, Francis Brown, <a href="#Page_222">222</a><br />
+Montagu, Walter&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;Friendship of, with Henrietta, <a href="#Page_7">7</a> and <i>passim</i>;<br />
+&emsp;with Anne of Austria, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;<br />
+&emsp;with Mazarin, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;<br />
+&emsp;conversion of, <a href="#Page_130">130-6</a>;<br />
+&emsp;imprisonment of, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>;<br />
+&emsp;takes orders, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;<br />
+&emsp;death of, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265-7</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269-72</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a><br />
+Montague, Richard, Bishop of Chichester, <a href="#Page_109">109</a><br />
+Montglas, Mme de, <a href="#Page_331">331</a><br />
+Montpensier, Mlle de (later Duchess of Orleans), <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br />
+Montpensier, Mlle de (daughter of Gaston, Duke of Orleans), <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a><br />
+Montreuil, Jean de, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br />
+Montrose, James Graham, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a><br />
+Motteville, Mme de, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a></p>
+
+<p>Newcastle, William Cavendish, Earl of (later Marquis and Duke), <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br />
+Newport, Anne, Countess of, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br />
+Newport, Mountjoy Blount, Earl of, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br />
+Nicholas, Sir Edward, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a><br />
+Northumberland, Algernon Percy, Earl of, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br />
+Norwich, George Goring, Earl of, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a></p>
+
+<p>Orange, Frederick Henry, Prince of, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br />
+Orange, William, Prince of, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br />
+Orange, William, Prince of (William III), <a href="#Page_317">317</a><br />
+O'Hartegan, Father, <a href="#Page_229">229-31</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a><br />
+Ormonde, James Butler, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a></p>
+
+<p>Panzani, Gregorio, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a><br />
+Patin, Gui, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br />
+Pendrick, Robert, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br />
+Percy, Henry, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a><br />
+Peters, Hugh, <a href="#Page_240">240</a><br />
+Philip of France, Duke of Anjou, later of Orleans, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a><br />
+Philip, Father Robert&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;Henrietta's confessor, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;<br />
+&emsp;enemy of Richelieu, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;<br />
+&emsp;sent to Tower, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;<br />
+&emsp;death of, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a><br />
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span>
+
+Portland, Richard Weston, Earl of, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br />
+Prynne, William, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br />
+Pym, John, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a></p>
+
+<p>Retz, Cardinal de, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a><br />
+Richelieu, Cardinal&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;Arranges Henrietta's marriage, <a href="#Page_4">4</a> <i>sqq.</i>;<br />
+&emsp;his spies, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;<br />
+&emsp;intrigues against him, <a href="#Page_80">80</a> <i>sqq.</i>;<br />
+&emsp;relations of, with English Catholics, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;<br />
+&emsp;dislike of, to Henrietta, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;<br />
+&emsp;releases Jars, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;<br />
+&emsp;relations of, with England, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;<br />
+&emsp;refuses to receive Henrietta in France, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;<br />
+&emsp;friend of Puritans, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;<br />
+&emsp;death of, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;<br />
+&emsp;relations of, with Louise de la Fayette, <a href="#Page_181">181-3</a>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br />
+Richmond, Frances, Duchess of, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br />
+Rinuccini, Giovanni Battista&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;His embassy in Ireland, <a href="#Page_255">255</a> <i>sqq.</i><br />
+Rochefoucault, Cardinal de, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br />
+Rosetti, Count&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;His first impressions of England, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;<br />
+&emsp;leaves England, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176-8</a><br />
+Roxburgh, Jane, Countess of, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a><br />
+Rubens, Peter Paul, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br />
+Rupert, Prince, <a href="#Page_212">212</a><br />
+Rutland, Cecily, dowager Countess of, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></p>
+
+<p>Sabran, M. de, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br />
+St. Albans, Henry Jermyn, Earl of&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;His friendship with Henrietta, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;<br />
+&emsp;concerned in army plot, <a href="#Page_182">182</a> <i>sqq.</i>;<br />
+&emsp;with Henrietta in France, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;<br />
+&emsp;his influence over her, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>; reported<br />
+&emsp;marriage with, <a href="#Page_317">317</a> <i>n.</i>;<br />
+&emsp;death of, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214-16</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a><br />
+S. Georges, Mme, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a><br />
+Sancta Clara, Father, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br />
+Sales, S. Francis de, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a><br />
+Salvetti, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a><br />
+Saucy, Father, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br />
+Scarampi, <a href="#Page_235">235</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+S&eacute;guier, Mother Jeanne, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a><br />
+Senault, Father, <a href="#Page_315">315</a><br />
+Smith, William, Bishop of Chalcedon, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112-14</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br />
+Soissons, Count of, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br />
+Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of&mdash;<br />
+&emsp;Thrown into prison, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;<br />
+&emsp;his trial, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;<br />
+&emsp;execution, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;<br />
+&emsp;men., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a><br />
+Suckling, Sir John, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a><br />
+Surin, Father, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></p>
+
+<p>Tilli&egrave;res, Count Leveneur de, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a><br />
+Tilli&egrave;res, Mme de, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br />
+Tomkins, Master, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></p>
+
+<p>Urban VIII, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113-18</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121-4</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175-7</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a></p>
+
+<p>Valette, Duke of, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br />
+Vane, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br />
+Vantelet, Mme de, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br />
+Van Dyck, Anthony, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br />
+Velada, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br />
+Vend&ocirc;me, Duchess of, <a href="#Page_255">255</a><br />
+Viette, Father, <a href="#Page_55">55</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a> <i>n.</i><br />
+Ville-aux-clercs, M. de (Comte du Brienne), <a href="#Page_6">6</a> <i>n.</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></p>
+
+<p>Wadding, Father Luke, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a><br />
+Waller, Edmund, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a><br />
+White, Thomas, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a><br />
+Williams, John, Bishop of Lincoln, later Archbishop of York, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br />
+Winchester, William Paulet, Marquis of, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a><br />
+Windbank, Francis, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HENRIETTA MARIA***</p>
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+</body>
+</html>
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@@ -0,0 +1,11989 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Henrietta Maria, by Henrietta Haynes
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Henrietta Maria
+
+
+Author: Henrietta Haynes
+
+
+
+Release Date: December 13, 2011  [eBook #38294]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HENRIETTA MARIA***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland, Alex Gam, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 38294-h.htm or 38294-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38294/38294-h/38294-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38294/38294-h.zip)
+
+
+Transciber's note:
+
+      Scribal abbreviations are depicted as "v[~re]" when in the
+      original the tilde appeared above the letters enclosed in
+      brackets.
+
+      The carat character (^) indicates that the following letter
+      is superscripted (example: advancem^t). If two or more
+      letters are superscripted they are enclosed in curly brackets
+      (example: Ma^{tie}).
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: HENRIETTA MARIA
+
+FROM THE PAINTING BY VAN DYCK AT WINDSOR]
+
+
+
+
+HENRIETTA MARIA
+
+by
+
+HENRIETTA HAYNES
+
+With Twelve Illustrations
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons
+London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.
+1912
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+A bibliography of the sources from which this book has been written would
+extend to many pages: much information has been derived from the
+collections of MSS. preserved in Paris in the Bibliotheque Nationale, in
+the Archives Nationales, and in the Bibliotheque Mazarine; from the
+valuable series of Roman Transcripts in the Public Record Office, London;
+from the curious and interesting documents in the archives of the See of
+Westminster, and from the newspapers and pamphlets which form a branch of
+the literature of the Civil War.
+
+I have to express my thanks to His Eminence Cardinal Bourne, who kindly
+permitted me to consult the archives of the See of Westminster and to print
+three of the documents in the Appendix; to Mr. Edward Armstrong, Provost of
+Queen's College, Oxford, and to the Rev. H. Thurston, S.J., who have given
+me much help and advice; to the nuns of the Convent of the Visitation,
+Harrow-on-the-Hill, who lent me the rare _Vie de la Ven. Mere Louise
+Eugenie de la Fontaine_; and, finally, to my friend, Miss H. M. Morris, who
+with unwearied kindness read through nearly the entire MS. of the book, and
+helped me much by her criticisms and suggestions.
+
+
+
+
+ERRATA
+
+
+  Page 65, line  7. For "complimentary" read "complementary."
+    "  66,   "  24. For "neither of whom" read "who, neither of them."
+    "  69,   "  14. For "were" read "was."
+    "  72,   "  16. For "new" read "own."
+    "  77,   "   7. Omit "to" between "turns" and "a street."
+    "  77,   "  32. For "imaginares" read "imaginaires."
+    " 110, note  1. For "Anglicans" read "Anglicanus."
+    " 138,   "   1. For "Anglians" read "Anglicanus."
+    " 155, line 28. For "In" read "For."
+    " 155, note  2. For "Corznet" read "Coignet."
+    " 155,   "   2. For "Bahn" read "Baker."
+    " 227,   "   1. For "Magasin" read "Mazarine."
+    " 244,   "   2. For "trois" read  "train."
+    " 275,   "   2. For "Lovel" read "Loret."
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+  CHAPTER                                      PAGE
+
+        Introduction                             xi
+
+     I. The Daughter of France                    1
+
+    II. The Bride of England                     28
+
+   III. The Queen of the Courtiers               61
+
+    IV. The Queen of the Catholics               92
+
+     V. The Queen's Converts                    130
+
+    VI. The Eve of the War. I                   141
+
+   VII. The Eve of the War. II                  167
+
+  VIII. The Queen and the War. I                193
+
+    IX. The Queen and the War. II               217
+
+     X. The Queen of the Exiles                 252
+
+    XI. The Foundress of Chaillot               276
+
+   XII. The End                                 302
+
+        Appendix                                321
+
+        Index                                   331
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+  HENRIETTA MARIA                                          _Frontispiece._
+       From the painting by Van Dyck at Windsor
+                          (From a photo by F. Hanfstaengl)
+
+                                                              FACING PAGE
+
+  HENRY IV                                                             18
+        From an engraving after the picture by Francis Pourbus
+
+  CARDINAL PIERRE DE BERULLE                                           32
+        From an engraving
+
+  OLD SOMERSET HOUSE                                                   68
+        From an engraving after an ancient painting in Dulwich College
+
+  CHARLES I AND HENRIETTA MARIA                                        90
+        From the painting by Van Dyck in the Galleria Pitti, Florence
+                           (From a photo by G. Brogi)
+
+  THE DUCHESS OF CHEVREUSE                                            146
+        After the picture by Moreelse, once in the possession of Charles I
+
+  CARDINAL DE RICHELIEU                                               168
+        From a portrait by Phillippe de Champaigne
+                            (From a photo by Neurdein)
+
+  THE QUEEN'S DEPARTURE FROM HOLLAND                                  200
+        From an engraving
+
+  SIR KENELM DIGBY                                                    232
+        From an engraving after the painting by Van Dyck
+
+  HENRY JERMYN, EARL OF ST. ALBANS                                    260
+        From an engraving
+
+  HENRIETTA MARIA                                                     278
+        From an engraving
+
+  THE RUE ST. ANTOINE, PARIS (SHOWING THE CHAPEL OF THE VISITANDINES) 304
+        From an engraving by Ivan Merlen
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+The woman to whose life and environment the following pages are dedicated
+was called upon to play her part in one of the most difficult and
+perplexing periods of our history: she lived just on the edge of the modern
+world, when the Middle Ages, with their splendid simplicity of
+all-embracing ideals, had passed away, and when even the ideals of
+nationality and religious freedom which the Renaissance and the Reformation
+had brought were becoming modified by the stirring of a new spirit of
+liberty. The two countries which Henrietta Maria knew were throughout her
+lifetime making their future destiny: the France which cherished her youth
+and sheltered her age was becoming the greedy France of Louis XIV, with its
+splendid Court, its attempts at territorial growth, its downtrodden,
+suffering people; the England of her happy married life was growing in
+political self-consciousness and in a stern and repellent godliness which
+was to mould the character of the nation, and to educate it to become in
+the next century the builder-up of the greatest empire which the world has
+ever seen.
+
+Henrietta's life touches both England and France: by race, by education she
+was a Frenchwoman; by marriage she was an Englishwoman, and it is on
+English history that she has left the impress of her vivid personality; but
+the France which she never forgot coloured her thoughts throughout, and
+taught her in all probability those maxims of statecraft which she
+attempted to apply when the troubles of her life came upon her.
+
+She was the daughter of Henry IV, the great restorer of the French
+monarchy, the champion of an unified France, embracing in wide toleration
+Catholic and Protestant alike: her youth witnessed the beginning of
+Richelieu's continuance of her father's work; under the auspices of the
+great Cardinal she was married, and though later her regard for him turned
+to hatred, yet the impress which his genius had left upon her mind was not
+thereby destroyed.
+
+But her marriage transported her to a very different scene. England, under
+the iron heel of the Tudor despotism, had been worn out by no wasting civil
+wars; even the Reformation had brought little disturbance, for Henry VIII,
+by his amazing force of character, had been able to carry through a
+religious revolution almost without the people being aware of it; but the
+long peace was teaching men to forget the horrors of war and division. By
+the time the crown of the great Elizabeth passed to her Scotch cousin,
+Englishmen had ceased to look to the monarchy as the centre of unity. There
+was no need of a Henry of Navarre to bind up the wounds of the country. The
+old factious nobility had for the most part been slain in the War of the
+Roses, and the peaceful generations which followed had allowed of the
+growth of a powerful upper and middle class, which, originally fostered by
+the Crown as a counterpoise to the decayed feudal nobility, was now
+aspiring to a large share in the ruling of the people.
+
+Henrietta wished to see her husband great and powerful, and she could not
+appreciate that the day of despotism which in France was beginning, in
+England was ending. Charles had not in him the stuff of greatness, but it
+is doubtful if even a Henry IV or a Richelieu could have put back the hands
+of the clock and realized her ambition. The despotism which was building up
+on the other side of the Channel in this country was tottering to its fall
+by the development of the intellect and character of the people. Henrietta
+clung to the ideals of the past instead of stretching out to meet the
+ideals of the future, and so her work failed even as did that of Strafford,
+in spite of his greatness.
+
+And this national development was connected with perhaps the most important
+aspect of the matter. The Civil War was, more fundamentally than anything
+else, a war of religion, another act in the great drama which had been
+played in France half a century earlier, and which was still being played
+in Germany. Henry VIII and Elizabeth seemed to have saved England from the
+common fate of Europe; but it was not so: they only delayed the strife and
+gave it a turn unknown elsewhere, adding to the disadvantages of the
+champion of tradition this last, that he was a renegade in the eyes of the
+party to which by the logic of history he belonged. To many of their
+enemies, perhaps to most of them in certain moods, Charles and Henrietta
+were not so much the hinderers of political freedom as the supporters of an
+alien and blasphemous system of religion. It was the peculiar fortune of
+England that it gained liberty by the lever of religion. But for the fear
+of Popery it is far from improbable that the nation would not have arisen
+to strike down thus violently the despotism of the Tudors. Rather, the
+monarchy might have been gradually transformed, and with a very different
+and more tardy result, by the character of the people. But Puritan England
+could not leave irresponsible power in the hands of a sovereign whose very
+Protestantism was not unimpeachable, and thus the victories which were won
+by sectarian enthusiasm resulted not in the advancement of a barren
+fanaticism, but in the sure laying of the foundations of the liberty of the
+people. In France, where, among many differences from England, there was
+this great one, that the people and the monarch were substantially agreed
+on religious matters, there was discontent, even rebellion, but there was
+no revolution, and the people was left for another century and a half to
+bear the accumulating load of its misery, until the burden became
+unbearable and was cast off with a shock from which Europe still trembles.
+
+Henrietta Maria's life was a failure. She failed to commend either her
+person, her religion, or her political ideals, and she brought her husband
+a degree of unpopularity which without her he might have escaped. Her
+circumstances were hard. She could not help being a Catholic, nor the fact
+that under her womanly softness lay the absolutism which was in the Bourbon
+blood. Like Charles, she was called upon to weather a storm which she had
+not raised, and she had not inherited with her father's temperament and
+charm his unrivalled political sagacity. Moreover, she had to win her
+private happiness by humouring a despotic and difficult-tempered man, and
+she could hardly be expected to recognize that that man, in marrying her,
+had made, on public grounds, the greatest mistake of his life. James I,
+whose ideas were always too large for his circumstances, had dreamed of
+securing England's place in the comity of nations by marrying his son to
+the daughter of one of the great Catholic houses. The result was not
+increased honour abroad, but hatred at home, such hatred as Henrietta in
+her early life was unable even to suspect. Accustomed in her own land to
+see Catholic and Protestant dwelling at least outwardly in peace together,
+knowing that the Catholic faith was professed at most of the Courts and
+among most of the peoples of Europe, she could not appreciate the
+insularity of the English mind which saw in every Catholic a political
+assassin wearing the colours of the Pope and the King of Spain; nor was she
+aware of the historical facts, which if they did not justify, at least
+explained this point of view. And as she failed to understand England, so
+she failed to understand Europe. The outstanding fact of continental
+politics was the long duel which was going on between France and the House
+of Austria. France was eventually to be the victor, but it was to be a hard
+struggle, and few were sharp-sighted enough to see in the splendid Spain of
+Philip IV the signs of a decadence which had already set in. But
+Henrietta's blindness was more than a dimness of sight, which she shared
+with Cromwell and others of the great ones of her age. It hid from her that
+which it was essential to her to know, namely, that this struggle underlay
+the whole policy of her native land. Thus she failed to understand the real
+causes of the enmity with which Richelieu came to regard her and her
+husband, and thus in later days she was unable to grasp the attitude of
+Mazarin, or to appreciate why it was impossible that he should give her the
+fullness of succour for which she asked.
+
+Had she been a Protestant and a woman of profound sagacity, she might have
+saved her husband. As it was, by her reckless defiance of forces whose
+strength she was unable to appreciate, she hurried him to his doom. She
+lived at a great moment, and she had no greatness to meet it. Herein alone
+is her condemnation. She has received more than her fair share of blame,
+for she has been made the scapegoat of Charles' faults. The tragedy of her
+fate rivals that of Mary Stuart or of Marie Antoinette, but she missed the
+historical felicity of a violent death, so that she has failed to touch the
+popular imagination. Had she done so, the most charming queen who ever sat
+upon the English throne, the daughter of the man whom France still adores,
+would have been saved from a verdict at the tribunal of posterity which, if
+not altogether unjust, is totally inadequate.
+
+
+
+
+HENRIETTA MARIA
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+THE DAUGHTER OF FRANCE
+
+  In this more than kingly state
+  Love himself shall on me wait.
+  Fill to me, Love, nay, fill it up;
+  And mingled cast into the cup
+  Wit and mirth and noble fires,
+  Vigorous health and gay desires.
+
+                               ABRAHAM COWLEY
+
+
+On a May morning in the year of grace 1625, a young girl, watching in the
+Chateau of the Louvre in the city of Paris, was awaiting the greatest event
+which had yet come to disturb the tenor of her life; for, before the sun
+had set, she, Henrietta Maria of France, would be the betrothed wife of
+Charles, King of England.
+
+It was a brilliant match for the little Princess, the youngest child of
+Henry IV, King of France, and of his wife Mary de' Medici of the great
+Florentine House: she owed it in part to the far-reaching policy of the
+father she had never known, and in part to the exertions of her mother and
+of a new favourite of that lady, M. de Richelieu. As she was only fifteen
+years old[1] she was, perhaps, too young to enter into the political aspect
+of the matter, but she was fully alive to the social and ceremonial
+advantages to which it would entitle her: a few years before she had gazed
+with envy at the honours prepared for her elder sister, Christine, the
+bride of Savoy: now she could afford to think of them almost with contempt,
+for, to her, the bride of proud England, far more splendid homage was about
+to be offered. Nor, though the bridegroom was absent and both betrothal and
+wedding would have to be by proxy, was he unknown. Henrietta had seen him
+when he was in Paris on the return journey of his romantic expedition to
+Spain, and she knew that he was a tall and proper man, handsome in face and
+royal in bearing, with a certain melancholy persuasiveness of address which
+not even a slight stammer could spoil. "I do not think he need have gone
+quite so far as Spain for a bride," she had said then, with the freedom of
+her tender years; even now, nearly a year later, she felt such an interest
+in her prospective bridegroom, that by the help of an old servant she
+borrowed his portrait from one of the English envoys who was accustomed to
+wear it round his neck, and, having carried it off to her private
+apartments, she gazed at it for the space of an hour, blushing the while at
+her own audacity.
+
+Of Henrietta's childhood there is little to record; as one of her
+biographers sadly remarks, her troubles began before she could know them,
+for she was not a year old when her noble-hearted father perished by the
+knife of Ravaillac. Her early years were passed under the care of her
+mother, who, though she was solicitous for the child's health and
+education, and reared her with the state due to a daughter of France,[2] is
+said to have cared much less for her than for her elder sister Christine: a
+sister still older, the beautiful and high-minded Elizabeth, left her
+native country to become the unhappy wife of Philip IV of Spain, while
+Henrietta was still too young a child to retain much personal memory of
+her; but touching letters remain written from the desolate grandeur of
+Madrid to show how fondly Elizabeth's heart clung to the pretty child she
+had left in Paris, for whose portrait she begs, and to whom she sends
+little gifts such as some toys for the toilet of her dolls, "so that when
+you play you may remember me."[3] The two sisters never met again, and
+the Spanish princess who came to France in Elizabeth's stead was a poor
+exchange for her, even if Henrietta, who was possessed of a sparkling and
+somewhat biting wit, had not been fond of exercising it upon her brother's
+demure wife, with whom her mother was never on good terms.
+
+That Henrietta's childhood was, in the main, healthy and happy, cannot be
+doubted. In person she resembled her father more than did either of her
+sisters, and she had inherited also his gay disposition. Her days were
+passed in one beautiful chateau or another, either the Louvre or the
+Luxembourg, or S. Germain-en-Laye, with its beautiful forest and its
+terrace overlooking the Seine. Her governess was the kind and faithful
+Madame de Montglas, who had tended not only her, but her brothers and
+sisters from their earliest years; and if she failed in some degree to win
+her mother's heart, with others she was more fortunate. Christine left her
+when her years numbered but ten, but so strong was the tie of the common
+childhood of the sisters, that they corresponded warmly to the end of their
+lives. Her relations with her brothers were very affectionate, and the
+King, in particular, cherished her as his favourite sister, probably on
+account of her ready wit, a quality which, like many people who are dull
+themselves, he greatly admired. Finally, her charms invited a suitor while
+she was still almost a child, in the person of the Count of Soissons, a
+scion of the royal house, who may well have been as much enamoured of the
+dark, sparkling eyes which were the little Princess's chief beauty, as of
+her position as a daughter of France.
+
+There is, however, one sentence in an old biography of Henrietta which
+shows her youth in another and a sadder aspect. Young as she was at the
+time of her marriage, it appears that already she had had to learn the
+difficult art of adjusting her conduct to the requirements of Court
+factions and family dissensions.[4] Her childhood was cast in the stormy
+times which followed the removal of the strong hand of Henry IV. Her
+mother, whose lead she followed in the main, was a foolish woman under the
+domination of unworthy favourites, until by good fortune she fell in with
+Richelieu. It would be impossible to give here even an outline of the
+history of the events which in 1617 drove Mary de Medici in disgrace from
+her son's Court. It must suffice to point out that until her return in
+triumph in 1621 her little daughter had some difficulty in reconciling the
+respective claims of her mother and her brother, and in preserving the
+favour of both.
+
+It was not long after this return that negotiations for a matrimonial
+alliance with England were opened, and thereupon Henrietta became for the
+first time a person of political importance. Her mother learned to
+appreciate her wit and beauty, and Richelieu, whose reign was just
+beginning, looked upon her with interest as a co-operator in his schemes
+for the humiliation of the House of Austria and of the French Protestants,
+objects which he thought would be considerably furthered by the union of
+Henrietta with the heir of England.
+
+In due time two envoys-extraordinary arrived from England to carry out the
+negotiations for the marriage. They were both very fine gentlemen, but the
+elder, the Earl of Carlisle, who was a Scotchman and an able diplomatist,
+on whom most of the real work of the mission fell, was in social matters
+quite outshone by his junior, the Lord Kensington, shortly to become Earl
+of Holland,[5] who was the handsomest man of his time and accounted so
+fascinating that he was the despair of jealous husbands. He was a great
+connoisseur in female beauty, and was smiled upon by Madame de Chevreuse,
+the most brilliant woman of the French Court; but he was kind enough to
+approve of Henrietta, and he sent home to the bridegroom-elect such glowing
+accounts of her beauty as roused that rather cold person to a fever of
+expectation. She was, he wrote, "the sweetest creature in France. Her
+growth is very little short of her age, and her wisdom infinitely beyond
+it. I heard her discourse with her mother and the ladies about her with
+extraordinary discretion and quickness. She dances (the which I am a
+witness of) as well as ever I saw any creature. They say she sings very
+sweetly. I am sure she looks so."[6] To the Duke of Buckingham, who at this
+time entirely governed Charles' mind, he wrote an equally enthusiastic
+account, praising the Princess as a "lovely sweet young creature," who, if
+she was not tall in stature, was "perfect in shape."[7]
+
+Marriage negotiations between royal persons are always lengthy, and in this
+case there was the additional difficulty of the difference of religion
+between the contracting parties, which necessitated a dispensation from the
+Pope. But James of England eagerly desired the alliance, seeing in it a
+means of winning back the Palatinate for his daughter's husband, a hope
+which was encouraged by the diplomacy of Richelieu, who probably also
+worked upon the mind of Mary de' Medici, so that, in spite of her bigoted
+attachment to the Roman Catholic Church, the whole weight of her now
+powerful influence was thrown on the side of the marriage. Father Berulle,
+the founder of the French Oratory, who was a great friend of hers, was sent
+to Rome to procure a dispensation from Urban VIII. Arrangements were made
+to secure Henrietta's religion and morals in the heretic country to which
+she was going, and it was provided that she should have the bringing up of
+her children until they reached the age of twelve years. Finally, secret
+articles[8] were inserted in the marriage treaty, in which James of England
+and his son promised that toleration should be granted to the English
+Catholics. Everything seemed settled, and all was rejoicing both in England
+and France, except for two malcontents: the Spanish Ambassador in Paris
+stood sullenly aloof, "who, without question, doth not well like that
+England and France should bee joyned together with such a firme
+alliance,"[9] and the Count of Soissons was so angry and disappointed at
+the loss of his bride that he refused to treat Lord Kensington with common
+courtesy, savagely declaring that the negotiations went so near his heart
+that were the Englishman not the ambassador of so great a King, he would
+cut his throat.
+
+Henrietta herself was well pleased, and her cheerful countenance reflected
+her content. She exchanged a number of quaint and rather formal
+love-letters with her future husband, who sometimes employed as his
+intermediary a young protege of Buckingham, by name Walter Montagu, who was
+destined to a singular career and to a lifelong friendship with the
+Princess, whom he now saw for the first time. In March, 1625, he left Paris
+and returned to England carrying the good news that all was forward, and
+that the lady should be delivered in thirty days. He was able to supplement
+Holland's description of the charms of the Princess, for, like that
+nobleman, he was something of a connoisseur in such matters. "I have made
+the Prince in love with every hair on Madame's head,"[10] he wrote
+cheerfully to Carlisle. So eager was the bridegroom that he would not allow
+the match to be stayed for the final settlement of the details of the
+dispensation.
+
+But just as everything was ready an event of another character occurred to
+retard matters again. On March 27th, 1625, King James died, and the
+question arose as to whether the wedding could be celebrated during the
+period of mourning. However, as Henrietta could hardly be expected to feel
+acutely the death of an unknown father-in-law which made her a queen, and
+as Charles' impatience for his bride overcame any scruples with regard to
+decorum, it was settled that the great event should take place in the
+ensuing May. The decision that the bridegroom should not be present in
+person at the ceremony was probably a disappointment to Henrietta. It had
+been suggested that he should come over to France, but the proposal had not
+met with approval on either side of the Channel, the English thinking it
+beneath their King's dignity to seek his bride in a foreign land, and the
+French fearing, with good reason, the expense of such a guest. The
+selection of a proxy caused some difficulty. Charles wished that his great
+friend, the Duke of Buckingham, should impersonate him on this interesting
+occasion, but that nobleman, for private reasons which will be explained
+below, was not agreeable to the French Court. The choice finally fell upon
+the Duke of Chevreuse,[11] who was at once a high-born Frenchman and a
+relative of the King of England, being a prince of the House of Lorraine,
+and thus connected with Charles' great-grandmother, Mary of Guise. In spite
+of his high rank he was a person of sufficient obscurity, and chiefly
+remarkable as the husband of his brilliant wife.
+
+The betrothal was solemnized on May 8th, which happened to be the Feast of
+the Ascension. The ceremony took place in the Louvre in the King's own
+room, which was elaborately fitted up for the occasion, and where, in the
+late afternoon, he appeared as (we are told) "a beautiful sun which shines
+above all others."[12] Lesser lights were present in the persons of his
+wife, his only brother Gaston, Duke of Orleans, and a crowd of noblemen,
+all of whom waited impatiently for the bride-elect, who at last appeared,
+attended by her mother and by Madame de Chevreuse. Henrietta entered the
+room with a dignity worthy of the occasion and of the great race from which
+she was sprung. Her magnificent dress, which perhaps a little eclipsed her
+girlish beauty, consisted of a robe of cloth of gold and silver thickly
+sprinkled with golden fleurs-de-lis and enriched by diamonds and other
+precious stones. This wonderful garment was further adorned by a long train
+carried by the little Mademoiselle de Bourbon, the Madame de Longueville of
+later days, who at this time was so young that she could only nominally
+fulfil her office, while the long, heavy folds were really supported by
+Madame de Montglas' daughter, Madame S. Georges, who was to accompany the
+young Queen to England.
+
+Henrietta's entry was followed by that of the two English Ambassadors and
+the proxy bridegroom. Then, after the signing and countersigning of the
+articles of marriage, the betrothal ceremony was solemnized according to
+the rites of the Church by Cardinal de Rochefoucault, Grand Almoner of the
+King of France. In the evening a ball was held in the Louvre, while outside
+the firing of cannon and the letting off of fireworks testified to the
+public rejoicing.
+
+It was not until three days later, on May 11th, that the actual wedding
+took place.[13] The church chosen for the religious ceremony was the
+Cathedral of Notre-Dame, which was adorned with hangings of silk and
+tapestry and of cloth of gold, to hide as far as possible the lines of the
+Gothic architecture which was condemned by the taste of the day. Every
+detail of the ceremony[14] was arranged when an unfortunate difficulty
+arose which caused much ill-feeling and considerable trouble.
+
+Jean Francois de Gondi, a member of one of those Italian families which had
+found fortune in France in the wake of a foreign Queen, now occupied the
+See of Paris. He was the first of the long line of bishops of the capital
+to receive the honours of archiepiscopal rank, and, as his character, which
+has been sketched for us by his candid nephew, Cardinal de Retz, was at
+once feeble and vainglorious, it is probable that his head was a little
+turned. His anger, therefore, may be imagined when he discovered that he
+was not to officiate at a wedding which took place at his own cathedral,
+but was to be set aside for the Cardinal de Rochefoucault. Mingled with
+personal pique was the bitter feeling of the infringement of the rights of
+the episcopate. He summoned all the prelates who were then in Paris to a
+meeting, and they joined with him in presenting a petition on the subject
+to the King. But Louis and the Cardinal (who had provided himself with a
+brief from the Pope which, however, was not produced) stood firm; and the
+upshot of the affair was that the Archbishop, though he was forced to give
+way and was much blamed by his clergy for doing so, was nevertheless so
+angry that he went off to the country, refusing to have anything to do with
+the wedding, and leaving the nuptial mass to be said by his senior
+suffragan, the Bishop of Chartres.
+
+But this was not the worst. The absence of the Archbishop might have been
+supported with philosophy, but the strike extended not only to the Chapter,
+but even to such indispensable people as the singing-men, who, at the last
+moment, had to be hurriedly replaced by singers from the King's cabinet and
+chapel.
+
+The English alliance was very popular in Paris. It was remembered that if
+the bridegroom was King of England and a heretic, he was also a Scotchman
+born and the grandson of the much-loved Mary of Scotland, who, it was
+said, was doubtless praying in heaven for his conversion. Another side of
+the general satisfaction was expressed by poetic references to the union of
+the sister of Mars with Neptune, the King of the Waves, which, it was
+hoped, would bring about a happy state of things when
+
+                            "toute la Terre
+                     Soit aux Francois et Anglois."[15]
+
+It is not surprising, therefore, that the early hours of the great day saw
+the _parvis_ of Notre-Dame crowded with spectators waiting patiently under
+the rain of an inclement May morning. The concourse was so great that the
+neighbouring streets had to be secured by barriers and patrolled by the
+Swiss Guard to make free passage for the coaches of the nobility which were
+perpetually arriving at the doors of the cathedral to deposit their loads
+of gaily dressed ladies.
+
+Meanwhile, what of the bride for whom all this was prepared? She had spent
+the previous day at her mother's favourite convent, that of the Carmelite
+nuns whom Berulle had "fetched out of Spain" to place in a house of the
+Faubourg S. Jacques. There her mother's friend, Mother Magdeleine of S.
+Joseph, gave her a great deal of advice, seasoned with much piety and some
+judgment. Thence she returned to pass the night at the Louvre, and to spend
+a quiet morning, until at about two o'clock on the afternoon of her
+wedding-day she set out for the Archbishop's palace, which that dignitary,
+in spite of his chagrin, had placed at the disposal of the wedding-party.
+There in the fine old house overlooking the Seine, which two hundred years
+later was to fall a victim to the fury of the Parisian mob,[16] Henrietta
+spent several hours in putting on the same magnificent dress which she had
+worn at her betrothal, so that five o'clock had already struck when her
+brother the King came to fetch her that he might conduct her to the
+cathedral.
+
+The procession was drawn up. First came an officer known as the captain of
+the gate, behind whom walked a hundred men of the King's Swiss Guard, drums
+beating and banners flying. They were followed by the band, which was so
+effective that while the hautbois ravished the ears of those who heard
+them, the drums would have stirred the most faint-hearted to courage. As to
+the trumpets, they made the hearts of the listeners leap for joy within
+their bodies.
+
+At last, after heralds, marshals, peers, and dukes, after the proxy
+bridegroom and the Ambassadors from England, came the central figure of the
+procession, the bride herself, supported by her two brothers, one of whom
+was also her King.
+
+The sickly, depressed Louis XIII, notwithstanding his magnificent dress of
+_cramoisi_ velvet, so thickly covered with cloth of gold that the
+foundation hardly appeared, afforded a sad contrast to the splendid
+vitality of his little sister, whose dark curls were adorned by a crown of
+gold set with diamonds, and bearing in front an enormous pearl of
+inestimable value. The train of her royal mantle, which was of velvet and
+cloth of gold, embroidered with fleurs-de-lis, was carried by the
+Princesses of Conde and Conti and by the Countess of Soissons, the mother
+of the rejected lover, who had asked and obtained leave to absent himself
+from the ceremony. So heavy was it that to give the bride greater comfort
+an officer walked under it and supported it with his head and hands. Gaston
+of Orleans, who was at his sister's left hand, was not allowed to rival his
+sovereign in apparel, for a rule had been made that the King, the Duke of
+Chevreuse, and the Earls of Carlisle and Holland should be the only
+gentlemen to appear in cloth of gold. He had to content himself with silk.
+The rear was brought up by the two Queens, the elder plainly dressed in
+black, relieved by splendid jewels; the younger magnificent in cloth of
+gold and silver. A crowd of highly born ladies followed, among whom may be
+mentioned Mademoiselle de Montpensier, the rich heiress whom Gaston of
+Orleans was to wed reluctantly a year later, and Madame de Chevreuse, who,
+no doubt, cast admiring glances at the handsome face and figure of her
+lover, the Earl of Holland.
+
+The wedding ceremony was not to take place in the church but, in accordance
+with the old ritual of matrimony, on a platform erected outside the west
+door,[17] which was connected with the archiepiscopal palace by a long
+wooden gallery upholstered in beautiful tapestry. On this platform, under a
+canopy of cloth of gold, Cardinal de Rochefoucault was waiting to receive
+the bride, while from the stands which had been put up round the _parvis_,
+and from the windows of the tall neighbouring houses, eager heads were
+thrust forward to catch a glimpse of the procession as it wound along in
+the sunshine which had succeeded the rainy morning. Henrietta, the Duke of
+Chevreuse, and the royal party ascended the platform. The short marriage
+ceremony was gone through, and immediately on its conclusion an English
+gentleman who was present, by name George Goring,[18] set off to carry to
+the King of England, as quickly as relays of the swiftest horses would
+allow, the tidings of his own marriage.
+
+The new Queen only lingered at the church door to receive the kneeling
+homage of the English Ambassadors. Then, accompanied by her mother, her
+brothers, and the rest of the wedding-party, she entered the great
+church.[19] There awaited her not only the nobility of France, but also
+such dignitaries as the provost of the merchants, the aldermen of the city
+of Paris, and the rector of the university, while "Messieurs du Parlement"
+had, with some difficulty, made good their claim to be present in a body.
+All eyes were turned upon the bride as she moved along another richly
+decorated gallery, which conducted her to a dais in the chancel from which
+she was to hear the nuptial Mass. It was past seven o'clock before the
+offertory was reached, an almost unprecedented hour at which to say Mass,
+and many may have envied the heretic Ambassadors who were able to retire
+for a brief rest, owing to their unwillingness to be present at a popish
+service. The only consideration shown for Henrietta was that she was not
+required to communicate, as it was thought that to fast until that late
+hour and to undergo at the same time so much fatigue and excitement might
+prove injurious to her health.
+
+But even when the Mass was over there was no rest to be had. That evening
+saw the Archbishop's palace turned into a scene of royal festivity. In the
+hall the banquet was spread. At the middle of the table sat the King, with
+his mother on his right hand and his sister, the queen of a day, on his
+left. The Duke of Chevreuse and the English Ambassadors were privileged to
+sit down with the royal party, which was waited on by "our lords the
+princes, dukes, peers, and marshals of France," who did not disdain to
+bring in the meats for the feast. Outside in the May darkness all Paris was
+_en fete_. Bonfires and fireworks were to be seen in every street, so that
+it seemed that never had there been such rejoicings as at the marriage of
+Princess Henrietta.
+
+It might have been expected that the newly married Queen would have set off
+at once for her adopted country, but, on the contrary, there were
+considerable delays caused, it was believed, by the Pope's agents, who were
+annoyed that the marriage had taken place before the details of the
+dispensation had been settled.[20] When these difficulties had been
+overcome the King fell ill, and it seems probable that the departure would
+have been postponed even longer than was the case had not an event occurred
+to hasten it, namely, the arrival in Paris of an unexpected and most
+unwelcome guest, George, Duke of Buckingham.
+
+This extraordinary person, whose career reads like a fairy story, was at
+this time at the height of his fame. His handsome face and a certain
+careless magnificence of manner, which might almost have passed for
+magnanimity, were greatly admired, and if he showed at times the insolence
+of the parvenu, much was condoned, at least outwardly, in the man who was
+the acknowledged favourite of the King of England, and who was able to
+appear in almost regal splendour, decked out, it was even said, by the
+jewels of England. He was already well known in Paris, and in the few days
+he had spent there in 1624, between Madrid and London, he had made an
+ineffaceable impression upon at least one heart.
+
+Few royal stories are sadder than that of Anne of Austria, the queen of
+Louis XIII. Married as a mere child to an apathetic boy, she neither knew
+how to win his love nor how to adapt herself to the requirements of her
+position. Neglected by her husband, bullied by her mother-in-law, and later
+by Richelieu, she may almost be forgiven for her treasonable correspondence
+with the enemies of France. Still less can she be blamed that her heart
+clung too fondly to the relatives she had left in Madrid. To the end of her
+days she remained a Spaniard, _devote_ and fanatical beyond the liking of
+the lively Parisians; a Spaniard also in her unconquerable coquetry. The
+ladies of her mother's Court, shut up in almost monastical seclusion, were
+accustomed to amuse themselves during the long hours which intervened
+between the various religious exercises by dwelling on and recounting in
+every detail their conquests of the men whom they seldom saw except in the
+silence of a church or among the crowds of a Court ceremony. Anne, coming
+from such a life, was unable to understand at once the greater liberty and
+the greater decorum of French manners. She was beautiful, and she was
+gifted with a pair of soft, white, exquisitely modelled hands, so that she
+was able to command the flattery which she loved. Many a gallant worshipped
+at a distance, but none dared to pay her attentions which seriously
+compromised her until the English favourite crossed her path.
+
+The true story of the loves of these two is not fully known. It died with
+them and with those in whom they confided; but it is probable that during
+Buckingham's first visit to Paris something was suspected, and that this
+was the real reason of the refusal to receive him as the proxy of the King
+of England. When it was known that he had arrived, uninvited, the wrath of
+his unwilling hosts was so great that it was only through the intervention
+of Madame de Chevreuse, the devoted friend of Queen Anne, and the
+representations of the English Ambassadors that he obtained a reception
+befitting his rank.
+
+The Duke urged strongly the immediate departure of the bride; and though it
+was felt that such a desire for haste was indelicate, yet the French royal
+family, with one exception, was so anxious to see the last of him, that
+they were fain to comply. Henrietta, probably, was not consulted. She was a
+pawn in the political game, and she was still too young to assert herself.
+
+Perhaps she was in no hurry to be gone. She clung to her home and her
+country, and the waiting time was made very pleasant by festivities in
+which, for the first time, she tasted the pleasures of her queenly rank.
+All were splendid; but probably the most magnificent was an entertainment
+offered by Richelieu to the three queens during the indisposition of the
+King. It took place at the Luxembourg, that monument of the Italian
+renaissance within Paris, which was built for Mary de' Medici in her
+widowhood to remind her of her own Florentine palace, whose beautiful
+gardens, unchanged since her day, remain to witness to the taste of
+gardeners before Le Notre.[21] On this occasion the spacious rooms were
+magnificently decorated. The most skilful musicians which Paris could
+furnish had been procured, and the ears of the guests were delighted by
+choice music, both vocal and instrumental, while the courtly host employed
+all the grace and charm which he had ever at command to fascinate the three
+royal ladies, and particularly the young Queen of England, who was inclined
+to look upon him with favour as in some sort the author of her marriage.
+Finally, at the close of the entertainment all went out into the gardens to
+witness a display of fireworks, "the most superb and the most beautiful
+invention which had been seen for a long time."[22] The Cardinal, who had
+given the fete to mark his satisfaction at the issue of his diplomacy, had
+cause to congratulate himself upon its success. As Queen Henrietta said
+good-bye to him with grateful cordiality, he bent his keen glance upon her
+and saw in her another subservient tool of his ambition, as she saw in him
+her protector and her friend. Neither the statesman nor the Queen could
+read the secrets of the future, nor know that each would come to regard the
+other as an enemy.
+
+At last, when May had passed into June, the day came which witnessed the
+Queen of England's departure from Paris. The King, who was still far from
+well, determined, nevertheless, to see his sister on her way as far as
+Compiegne, and apart from his royal presence she had goodly attendance. It
+included the Queen-Mother and her second son Gaston, both of whom intended
+to accompany the bride to the coast; the Queen Consort, who, against the
+advice of her best friends, could not tear herself from the fascinating
+company of Buckingham; the Duke of Chevreuse, and M. de Ville-aux-Clercs,
+who were commissioned by the King of France to deliver over his sister to
+her royal husband. Finally, Madame de Chevreuse, who had asked and obtained
+permission to accompany the bride to her new home for a reason similar to
+that which actuated her friend Queen Anne--namely, the love which she bore
+to the Earl of Holland.
+
+It was three o'clock in the afternoon when Henrietta left the Louvre to set
+out on her journey to England. Her brother, who, perhaps to dazzle the more
+homely English, had spared no expense on her trousseau and equipment, had
+provided for her personal use a magnificent litter upholstered within and
+without in red _cramoisi_ velvet, which was relieved by the gold embroidery
+of the cushions and curtains. It was drawn by two fine mules, gorgeous in
+their red velvet cloths, and with white aigrettes nodding merrily on their
+heads. They were led by a muleteer who was handsomely dressed, and who rode
+another richly caparisoned mule. The trappings of the rest of the party
+were also splendid in proportion to their rank. A brave escort saw on her
+way the daughter of Henry IV. Archers and guards turned out to do her
+honour, and by her side rode that great civic dignitary, "M. le prevost des
+Marchands." To the sound of martial music went the gay cavalcade, through
+the narrow streets of old Paris up to the Porte S. Denys, and so beyond the
+wall, which still guarded the city, into the suburbs. Working men and
+women, leaving their toil, lined the road, many of whom looking on the fair
+child who was leaving them, and having no expectation of seeing her again,
+could not restrain their weeping.
+
+[Illustration: FROM AN ENGRAVING AFTER THE PICTURE BY FRANCIS POURBUS]
+
+Half-way to S. Denys the party halted. The provost of the merchants
+delivered a weary discourse, "full of matter," and then bidding Henrietta
+farewell he turned back to Paris with his escort. The rest pushed on. There
+was no time to wait at S. Denys, where the dust of Henrietta's father lay,
+and whither her own dead body was to be carried nearly half a century
+later. The summer evening was drawing in, and it was thought wiser to go on
+to Stains, where a night's rest awaited the bride, who may well have been
+fatigued by the toils of this exciting day.
+
+The first considerable town through which the royal party passed was
+Amiens. This great city, "the metropolis and key of all Picardy," was
+determined, notwithstanding its depressed financial position, to give the
+three Queens, no one of whom had ever before been within its walls, a
+splendid reception. This resolve was all the more loyal as the
+consideration of the King had only indicated a few simple tokens of
+respect, such as a reception by the aldermen, as obligatory on the
+occasion. It was late in the afternoon before the royal ladies and their
+train approached the city, for they were much delayed by the concourse of
+people who came out to see them. Not far from the city gates they were met
+by the Governor, the Duke of Chaulnes, who brought with him three hundred
+horsemen whose steeds, we are told, were of the same race as those sung by
+the poets--whose eyes and nostrils emitted flames and fire. Of the
+cavaliers each might have been taken for chief and leader, so splendid were
+they all. Accompanied by this dashing cavalcade the cortege swept on, to be
+met on its way by a troop of archers bearing an ensign with the device of a
+cupid, by the youth of the city drawn up in companies, and finally by six
+thousand of the mature citizens, whose martial discipline was the
+admiration of all. By a wise precaution no salvos were fired until the
+royal party was safely passed, for experience had shown that, though only
+two or three horses might be frightened, yet they were sufficient to cause
+unseemly disturbance.
+
+After the formal greeting had been given to the guests at the gate of the
+city by the mayor and aldermen, a ceremony took place specially designed in
+compliment to the bride of the island King. Fifty young girls, all pretty
+and some very beautiful, dressed up to represent the demi-goddesses of the
+sea, came to hail Henrietta as Thetis, queen of the waves, sitting upon the
+throne of her litter which had brought her from the banks of the Seine, and
+to whom, in token of humble submission, they presented the keys of the
+city. So great was the crush to see this sight that the gentleman to whom
+we owe the story of the details of the day[23] was unable to get near
+enough to hear the speeches of the marine goddesses. The crowds in the
+streets were great, and as there were neither archers nor Swiss, as at
+Paris, to range the people against the houses and to keep a clear passage,
+the confusion was considerable; but it was not allowed to interfere with
+the programme drawn up by the loyal people of Amiens. Henrietta saw not
+only triumphal arches and columns in abundance, but also curious
+allegorical ceremonies in the taste of the times. She beheld Jason, who,
+after fighting with fire-breathing bulls, bore off triumphant the golden
+fleece, and in whom she was to recognize an impersonation of her husband,
+Charles of England. She listened to the hymeneal god, who, attended by
+nymphs, stepped forward and, to the accompaniment of sweet music, sang a
+wedding-song specially composed for the occasion. The last three verses,
+notwithstanding their extravagance of compliment, are so fresh and charming
+as to be worthy of the pretty bride to whom they were addressed.
+
+  "Mais que fais je par ces carmes
+   Vous arrestant en ces lieux
+   C'est que je suis pris aux charmes
+   Que vous avez dans les yeux.
+
+  "Allez, j'ay peur que vous-mesme
+   Nous emportiez votre coeur;
+   Vous portez un diademe
+   Soubs un front toujours vainquer.
+
+  "Ne demeurez, ie vieux suyvre
+   Mon coeur ne sera retif,
+   C'est glorieusement vivre
+   Que d'estre en vos mains captif."[24]
+
+Henrietta looked and smiled and listened. She was new to such honours, and
+it was pleasant to be for the moment a greater person than her stern mother
+or her stately sister-in-law. But the rejoicings were long-drawn-out, and
+she must have been very weary before they culminated in a joyous _Te Deum_
+sung in the cathedral, which, like Notre-Dame in Paris, had been disfigured
+as much as possible with pictures and hangings. Nor even then were her
+toils over. Long and dreary speeches awaited her, to which she had to
+listen with some show of interest, before at last she could lie down to
+rest.
+
+Henrietta's innocent dreams were perhaps of Jason and the goddesses of the
+sea; but there were those about her whose pillows were haunted by visions
+of a very different character.
+
+Had all France been searched through it would have been difficult to find a
+more undesirable friend and adviser for a young married woman than Marie de
+Rohan, once Duchess of Luynes, and now by her second marriage Duchess of
+Chevreuse. Beautiful, unscrupulous, and gifted with a remarkable talent for
+diplomacy, which enabled her to give effect to her audacious schemes, she
+had little difficulty in recommending herself to Henrietta, into whose
+young mind she dropped seeds of distrust and of a love of crooked ways
+which were to bear fruit in the future. It was not her fault if other seeds
+failed to ripen there, and if the purity of the little bride's mind was
+proof against the evil example of certain events which occurred during the
+few days of the halt at Amiens.
+
+The city had no house large enough to accommodate the three Queens. The
+Queen-Mother, as befitted her age and dignity, was lodged in the episcopal
+palace, while Henrietta and her sister-in-law had to find apartments
+elsewhere. The bride's domicile is not known, but to Queen Anne and her
+attendants was allotted a fine house with gardens sloping down to the River
+Somme. In these gardens took place a famous scene destined to influence
+several lives, and among them that of Henrietta Maria.
+
+Already at a ball given by the Duchess of Chaulnes the animation and
+brilliant looks of the Queen of France had been remarked, and ill-natured
+people were not lacking who saw in the English duke, who had danced on that
+evening with infinite grace, the magician able to rouse her from the
+listlessness which usually spoiled her undoubted beauty. Such public
+meetings were safe enough, but Buckingham was constantly at the Queen's
+lodgings. One evening, in company with Madame de Chevreuse and the Earl of
+Holland, he was paying his respects when Anne, who, remembering the soft,
+scented nights of her native land, loved to wander abroad after dusk,
+invited him to enjoy with her the cool beauty of the June twilight. Their
+companions, who were carrying on their own flirtation under the cloak of
+another's, followed, but, perhaps intentionally, they lagged behind, so
+that the royal lady found herself alone with her bold admirer in a dark,
+winding walk. Suddenly the silence of the evening was broken by a shrill
+cry. The Queen's equerry, who was in attendance at a discreet distance,
+rushed up to find his mistress in a state of trembling agitation, and the
+duke so red and confused that he was glad to make his escape as quickly as
+possible. There were, of course, explanations and excuses. The matter came
+to the ears of the Queen-Mother, who, worn out by her exertions, was lying
+seriously ill; she helped to hush up the scandal, and both Anne and
+Buckingham seemed, for the moment, to escape easily; but it was felt that
+they must part at once, and the duke, with a tact which he sometimes
+displayed, began to talk of the King of England's impatience to see his
+bride, and to hint that it was not necessary to wait for the Queen-Mother's
+recovery.
+
+Henrietta, the sport of others less innocent than herself, knelt to receive
+her mother's last blessing. That lady, touched by some real maternal
+feeling, bade her a tender farewell, pressing into her hand a letter which
+the girl found, when she came to read it, to be full of the most admirable
+sentiments of piety and virtue and of excellent advice as to her conduct in
+the married state. She probably knew Mary de' Medici too well to attribute
+this composition to her, and perhaps no one attempted to disguise the fact
+that its author was the pious Father Berulle who was going with her to
+England in the capacity of confessor.[25]
+
+Through Abbeville, with its soaring cathedral, through picturesque
+Montreuil, Henrietta came to Boulogne, whence she was to cross to England,
+as the plague was reigning at Calais. Though it was June, the weather was
+wild and stormy, and a further delay was inevitable. Buckingham, forgetful
+of all propriety, careless of the trust confided to him by his friend and
+King, took advantage of this delay to steal back, on a frivolous pretext,
+to Amiens, and to Anne. His audacity little availed him. After one brief
+agitated interview he had to tear himself from his idol, whom he never saw
+again.
+
+During the waiting time at Boulogne, Henrietta made acquaintance with some
+of her new subjects who had crossed the Channel to meet her, and who were
+greatly disappointed when they found her without her mother and
+sister-in-law, for, as one of them wrote, they had looked forward to seeing
+beauty not only in the future tense, but in the present and the
+preterperfect as well.[26] Buckingham, who up till now had been too
+occupied with Anne to pay much attention to the bride, and who was too much
+of a man of the world to care for the "future tense" of beauty, now, it
+seems, bethought him of winning the favour of the Queen of England.
+Certainly he secured a flattering reception for his mother, the Countess of
+Buckingham, who improved the occasion of her visit to France by reconciling
+herself to the Church of Rome. In later days Henrietta did not like the
+lady, but at this first introduction she received her "with strange
+courtesy and favour."[27] Nor was she alone in her kindness. Gaston of
+Orleans, who, in his mother's enforced detention at Amiens, had adhered to
+his plan of escorting his sister to the coast, paid the English lady the
+unusual compliment of visiting her, and the haughty and high-born Madame de
+Chevreuse actually waived her right of precedence in favour of the
+Buckinghams, whose family was of yesterday. It need hardly be said that
+such courtesy was greatly relished by the English visitors, who found no
+drawback to the happy intercourse with their new friends except in the
+Countess' ignorance of the French tongue. But even this difficulty was got
+over by the presence at Boulogne of Sir Tobie Matthew, who, though the son
+of a Protestant archbishop, was a Catholic and a citizen of the world whose
+linguistic talents, which were much admired in continental circles, were
+joined to a refined culture which rendered him a fitting intermediary
+between these distinguished persons. Fortunately all his time was not taken
+up by such duties, and he employed his leisure very profitably in writing a
+long letter to a lady acquaintance, which contains the fullest account we
+possess of Henrietta in her early youth before the cares of married life
+had come upon her.
+
+Sir Tobie's ready and subtle pen drew such a sketch of the young Queen as,
+interpreted by the future, shows him to have been a keen analyst of
+character. Henrietta had grown a good deal during the past year; and though
+she was still small, "she sits," he wrote, "upon the very skirts of
+womanhood." Her mind and character were as yet undeveloped; but in the
+mingled gentleness and wit of her conversation, in the sweet courtesy shown
+to her inferiors, in the faithful affection which clung to the mother she
+had left, finally, in the courage and enterprise which, to the despair of
+her attendants, tempted her to a sea-trip in an open boat with her brother
+Gaston, we recognize the woman of later days, as in the girl of fifteen we
+see the beautiful queen of Van Dyck's portraits. "Upon my faith," wrote the
+worthy knight, giving utterance to a prophecy which unfortunately was not
+completely fulfilled, "she is a most sweet, lively nature, and hath a
+countenance which opens a window into her heart, where a man may see all
+nobleness and goodness; and I dare venture my head (upon the little skill I
+have in physiognomy) that she will be extraordinarily beloved by our nation
+and deserve to be so, and that the actions of her life which are to be her
+owne will be excellent."[28]
+
+At length, after nearly three weeks of waiting, during which Henrietta's
+health and spirits flagged a little, the twenty-second day of June dawned
+calm and fair, and it was decided that the voyage should be made.
+Heretofore the Queen of England had been her brother's guest, but now, on
+the eve of embarking, she was delivered over to the care of the Duke of
+Buckingham, and the deed of consignation was signed by that nobleman and by
+the two French Ambassadors, to witness that the responsibility of the
+latter was ended. After the little ceremony the Queen was escorted to the
+quay by her brother. She went on board the beautiful ship, _The Prince_,
+which her husband had sent for her. The preparations for departure were
+quickly made. The moment came when she clung in a last embrace to Gaston.
+Then the sails were unfurled, and _The Prince_ rode proudly out of Boulogne
+harbour. As Henrietta stood gazing upon the rapidly receding cliffs of
+France, did any foreboding of the future come over her, any presage of
+coming grief such as weighed upon the heart of her husband's grandmother,
+Mary of Scotland, on a similar occasion? Did any shadow of that day nearly
+twenty years later, when, a fugitive pursued by unrelenting foes, she would
+see again her native land, darken her spirit? We cannot tell. We only know
+that she had a moment's _serrement de coeur_, such as any girl might feel
+on leaving home, and that she was a little afraid of sea-sickness.
+
+No inconvenience, however, arose. Charles' care had caused his bride's
+cabin to be so beautified that she might have imagined herself in her own
+Louvre rather than on the sea; and to complete the illusion a choice
+concert of delicate instruments and sweet voices was in readiness to amuse
+her. Moreover, no precaution was omitted which might ensure the safety of
+so precious a freight. _The Prince_ and the vessels which formed her escort
+carried the most experienced pilots that could be obtained, whose work was
+so well done (though unfortunately it was never paid for) that in
+four-and-twenty hours the Channel was crossed. Dover harbour was safely
+made, and amidst a throng of interested spectators Henrietta Maria touched
+the soil of her new kingdom. It was noticed that immediately on her arrival
+the wind rose again with its former violence, and that the sea was again
+troubled as if for her alone they had stilled their raging. It was now
+evening, and as the Queen, in spite of the pleasures of the little voyage
+which seemed to have restored her health and spirits, confessed to great
+fatigue, she was allowed to retire at once and to postpone until the next
+day the meeting with her husband. M. de Chevreuse and M. de
+Ville-aux-Clercs wrote a formal letter to their master, informing him of
+his sister's happy arrival, while the King of England awaited, with as much
+patience as he could command, the morrow which was to give to his arms the
+bride who had tarried so long.
+
+[Footnote 1: She was born on November 25th, 1609 (November 15th, O.S.).]
+
+[Footnote 2: The elaborate ceremonies of her baptism are described in a
+pamphlet entitled _Discours sur le bapteme de Monsieur frere du Roy et de
+la petite Madame_. 1614.]
+
+[Footnote 3: Bib. Nat., Paris. MS. Francais, 3818.]
+
+[Footnote 4: After this marriage (of Christine) Her Majesty durst not
+follow her mother, to the displeasure of her brother, lest she might hinder
+her own, until June 21st, 1620, when the Queen-Mother and her son were
+reconciled.
+
+_The Life and Death of that matchless mirror of Magnanimity and Heroick
+Vertue, Henrietta Maria de Bourbon_ (1669), p. 5.]
+
+[Footnote 5: He was created Earl of Holland September 15th, 1624.]
+
+[Footnote 6: _Cabala_ (1691), Pt. II, p. 287.]
+
+[Footnote 7: _Ibid._, p. 290. The following descriptions of Henrietta
+shortly after her marriage show the impression she made upon Englishmen:
+"We have now a most Noble new Queen of England who in true beuty is beyond
+the Long-Wood Infanta; for she was of a fading Flaxen-Hair, Big-Lipp'd and
+somewhat heavy Ey'd, but this Daughter of France, this youngest Branch of
+Bourbon ... is of a more lovely and lasting Complexion, a dark Brown, she
+hath Eyes that sparkle like stars and on her Physiognomy she may be said
+to be a mirrour of perfection."--J. Howell: _Epistolae Ho-Eliamae_ (1645),
+sec. IV, p. 30. " ... I went to Whitehall purposlie to see the queene,
+which I did fullie all the time shee sate at dinner and perceived her to
+bee a most absolute delicate ladie, after I had exactly surveied all the
+features of her face, much enlivened by her radiant and sparkling black
+eye. Besides her deportment amongst her women was so sweete and humble,
+and her speech and lookes to her other servants soe milde and gracious,
+as I could not abstaine from divers deep-fetched sighes that she wanted
+the knowledge of the true religion."--_D'Ewes' Diary_: printed in
+_Bibliotheca Typographica Britannica_ (1790), Vol. VI, p. 33.]
+
+[Footnote 8: These articles were signed at Cambridge in December, 1624; see
+MS. Francais, 3692: also the _Memoirs du Comte de Brienne_ (M. de
+Ville-aux-Clercs) (Petitot), 1824, p. 389, who was in England at the time
+negotiating the matter.]
+
+[Footnote 9: _Continuation of Weekly News_, No. 43, 1624.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Egerton MS., 2596, f. 49.]
+
+[Footnote 11: The procuration of the King of England authorizing the Duke
+of Chevreuse to marry the Princess Henrietta in his name is dated April
+11th, 1625.]
+
+[Footnote 12: L'Ordre des ceremonies observes au mariage du roy de la
+Grande Britagne et de Madame soeur du roy. Paris, 1625.]
+
+[Footnote 13: Many of the details of the marriage, departure from Paris,
+etc., are taken from the official account, MS. Francais, 23,600.]
+
+[Footnote 14: The ceremonies followed the precedent of those used at the
+marriage of Henrietta's father, Henry of Navarre, with Margaret of Valois.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Part of the song with which Henrietta was greeted at Amiens
+on her wedding journey. See pp. 20, 21.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Destroyed in February, 1831.]
+
+[Footnote 17: Cf. Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_: Prologue.
+
+  A good Wif was ther of byside Bath
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+  Sche was a worthy womman al hire lyfe
+  Housbondes atte chirche dore hadde sche fyfe.]
+
+[Footnote 18: George Goring, Baron Goring, 1628, Earl of Norwich, 1644; d.
+1663.]
+
+[Footnote 19: At some point in the ceremony Henrietta Maria renounced all
+her rights to the throne and dominions of France, as had been stipulated in
+the marriage treaty.]
+
+[Footnote 20: The dispensation is dated December, 1625.]
+
+[Footnote 21: They are smaller, part of them having been built over.]
+
+[Footnote 22: MS. Francais, 23,600.]
+
+[Footnote 23: L'Entree superbe magnifique faite a la Royne de la grande
+Bretagne dans la Ville d'Amiens, le Samedy septisme de Juin, 1625. Sur les
+fideles relations d'un seigneur de qualite. A. Paris, MDCXXV.]
+
+[Footnote 24: _Ibid._]
+
+[Footnote 25: On the question of the authorship of this letter see Avenal:
+_Lettres de Richelieu_, VIII., p. 27. There seems no doubt that it was
+written by Berulle. Among the Berulle papers (Archives Nationales, M. 232)
+is an authenticated copy, whose note of authentication states that "ce
+discours a este compose par nostre tres reverend pere" (i.e. Berulle), as
+the copyist was informed in 1660. Berulle in 1627 wrote another letter for
+Mary de' Medici to send to her daughter. See chap. IV.]
+
+[Footnote 26: Sir Tobie Matthew. Tanner MS., LXXII.]
+
+[Footnote 27: _Ibid._]
+
+[Footnote 28: Tanner MS., LXXII, 40.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+THE BRIDE OF ENGLAND
+
+  Parents lawes must beare no weight
+  When they happinesse prevent.
+  And our sea is not so streight,
+  But it room hath for content.
+
+                             WILLIAM HABINGTON
+
+
+Long years after the events occurred, when many happy years had softened
+the memory of their bitterness, Henrietta Maria confessed to her friend
+Madame de Motteville that her early married life had not been free from
+disappointment and vexation. Charles Stuart was not an easy man to live
+with, as all those who had much to do with him found out. He was moral,
+conscientious, in many respects admirable; but he was oppressed by a sense
+of his own importance, he was entirely without humour, and he was convinced
+that he was always, on all occasions, in the right. He did not, as many
+royal husbands, break his marriage vow, but he treated his girl-wife with a
+harshness which fell little short of unkindness, and that though she was
+ever anxious to do her duty and he was always sincerely a lover.
+
+It is probable that the difficulties began almost immediately. Charles, on
+his arrival at Dover, did, indeed, greet his beautiful bride with delight,
+and when she would have knelt at his feet he prevented her by clasping her
+in his arms instead. But the French visitors soon showed that they were
+dissatisfied with the Queen's reception. They were ignorant of the more
+homely character of the English people and Court; and, contrasting the
+poverty of the festivities and welcome offered by the King of England to
+his queen with the splendour which the King of France had freely displayed
+to do honour to his sister, they concluded a lack of respect and affection
+on the part of Charles which had no foundation in fact. Some of the
+difficulty was indeed wholly due to national misunderstanding, as, for
+instance, the ill-feeling caused by the gloomy splendours of Dover Castle,
+where the young Queen spent her first night in England, and, later, by an
+antique bed, dating from the reign of Elizabeth, in which she was invited
+to repose in London. How could the English know that these relics of a
+glorious past were in the eyes of these visitors, accustomed to the
+new-fashioned luxuries of the French Court, nothing but relics of
+barbarism? "None of us, however old, could remember ever having seen such a
+bed," wrote Tillieres,[29] in deep indignation. Nor was the public welcome
+to London more successful, though the marriage was fairly popular, and
+there was much kindly feeling towards the bride. The plague was raging in
+the city, so that, for prudence'sake, festivities had to be curtailed;
+while, to make matters worse, the entry into the capital took place on one
+of those drenching summer days which are not of infrequent occurrence in
+these islands. To the French visitors used to Paris, which, if one of the
+dirtiest of cities, was, then as now, one of the most beautiful and
+magnificent, London, at the best, would have looked rather shabby,[30] in
+these circumstances it appeared ugly and squalid. The English were little
+more pleased with their guests. "A poor lot, hardly worth looking at," was
+the comment of one Englishman on the brilliant train of French ladies who
+accompanied the Queen; and if he made an exception in favour of Madame de
+Chevreuse, who could hardly have been called plain, it was only to find
+fault with her for painting her face. It was perhaps not to be expected
+that this remarkable lady should find favour in Puritan eyes, for during
+her stay in England, where she remained over the birth of her daughter, the
+Mademoiselle de Chevreuse of later French history, she exhibited more than
+her usual eccentricity, indulging in such freaks as swimming across the
+Thames, an exploit which was celebrated in half-mocking verse by a Court
+poet.[31] But such petty national jealousies were annoyances of a trivial
+character. The more serious disagreements which arose between the royal
+pair may be traced, almost entirely, to two sources: the influence over the
+Queen of her French attendants, and the influence over the King of the Duke
+of Buckingham.
+
+Among the articles of the marriage treaty was a stipulation that the
+Queen's household should be composed of those who were of her own faith and
+nation. This body consisted of more than a hundred persons, civil and
+religious, chosen by Mary de' Medici and Richelieu, ranging from such great
+nobles and ladies as Madame S. Georges, the principal lady-in-waiting, and
+the Count de Tillieres, the lord chamberlain, to the humble servants of the
+royal kitchen and laundry. Certainly the presence of so many of her own
+countrymen about the person of the young Queen tended to prevent that
+assimilation of English ideas and habits which was so desirable. It is not
+surprising that Charles disliked his wife's French servants as standing
+between him and his bride, particularly when it is remembered that they
+looked upon themselves as the servants of the King of France, who provided
+many of them with pensions.
+
+The object of his special dislike was Madame S. Georges, who, as the
+daughter of Madame de Montglas, had great influence with Henrietta, and
+who, though she had had long experience in Courts,[32] was foolish enough
+to show herself aggrieved at not being permitted to ride in the same coach
+with the King of England and his bride. Madame de Tillieres, who ranked
+next to her, was more discreet in her conduct, probably owing to her
+husband's intimate knowledge of England, where he had resided a while as
+ambassador.
+
+But if the secular part of the Queen's household was objectionable, still
+more so was the ecclesiastical establishment, of which the leading spirits
+were her confessor, Father Berulle, who had brought over with him twelve
+fathers of the French Oratory,[33] whose long habit, worn on all occasions,
+startled the eyes of sober Londoners, and her Grand Almoner, Daniel de la
+Motte du Plessis Houdancourt, who had under him four sub-almoners, one of
+whom was said to have openly defended at Court the doctrine of tyrannicide
+which Ravaillac put into practice. Berulle, who lived to wear the
+Cardinal's purple, left behind him when he died a few years later the
+reputation almost of a saint.[34] He was also a very intellectual man,
+being one of the early admirers of the genius of Descartes; but he was not
+suited either in mind or character for the position which the partiality of
+Mary de' Medici had called him to fill; a man of stern and narrow piety,
+neither a Fenelon nor even a Bossuet, he knew not how to deal
+sympathetically with those whose religion and manners differed from his
+own; and the scorn which, as a Catholic ecclesiastic, he felt for "the
+ministers," at whom, in his letters, he loses no opportunity of sneering,
+as an abstemious Frenchman he felt no less for the gluttonous English. He
+recognized Charles' affection for his bride; but when the artistic King
+thought to please her by giving her a beautiful picture of the Nativity,
+all that the priest found to say on seeing it was that it was older than
+the religion of its donor. His very virtues were unfortunate. Though
+practised in Courts, he was too sincere to be a successful diplomat, and he
+showed a singular lack of enlightened self-interest, both in the just
+reproaches with which he overwhelmed Buckingham on the subject of the
+Catholics, and also in the friendship which he extended to Bishop Williams,
+whose sun was setting before that of the younger favourite. Nor was he
+altogether successful in his dealings with the Queen. He did indeed win
+Henrietta's respect, and to his teaching may be attributed, in some degree,
+the lifelong conduct which distinguishes her so honourably from others of
+her rank and day. But a Catholic Puritan himself--it is significant that
+the French Oratory a few years later was believed to be infected with
+Jansenism--and looking upon all Courts, specially Protestant ones, as
+chosen haunts of the devil, he was wont to rebuke his royal penitent for
+such natural sentiments as pleasure in her pretty dresses and jewels, and,
+forgetting that she was not a Carmelite nun in the Faubourg S. Jacques, he
+attempted to force upon her a strictness of manners and observance suited
+neither to her nature nor to her position. Charles' complaints of the cold
+and unloving conduct of the wife with whom, even by the testimony of his
+enemies, he was deeply in love; Buckingham's gibes at a queen who lived "en
+petite Mademoiselle," had their foundation in facts, facts for which
+Berulle was largely responsible.
+
+[Illustration: CARDINAL PIERRE DE BERULLE
+
+FROM AN ENGRAVING]
+
+The Bishop of Mende was a very different person from the austere Oratorian.
+A member of one of the noblest houses in France, high-spirited, cultured,
+and fascinating, he owed a position to which his twenty and odd years would
+not have entitled him to the fact that he was a relative and intimate
+friend of Richelieu. He knew how to win the affection of the Queen, who on
+one occasion warmly recommended him to the Pope,[35] and who, when he left
+her to pay a visit of a few weeks to his native land, wrote requesting his
+return, as she could not get on without him; but the King frankly detested
+him, and years later, when the Bishop was in his grave, remembered angrily
+the arrogance with which the latter was wont to enter his wife's private
+apartments at any hour that pleased him. That the charges of indiscretion
+brought against him by the English were not unfounded may be gathered not
+only from the amazing audacity of his proposal to place the crown on the
+Queen's head in Westminster Abbey--a proposal which led to her never being
+crowned at all[36]--but also from the reluctant admission of his friend
+Tillieres that he was too young for his post, and from an admonitory letter
+addressed to him by his masters in Paris, urging him to moderate his zeal
+and to bridle his fiery tongue.
+
+But there were reasons other than personal, of which Charles and his
+subjects were certainly in some degree aware, for disliking and distrusting
+Henrietta's household.
+
+One of the causes of the extraordinary success of Richelieu's policy is no
+doubt to be sought in the accuracy and range of the information at his
+command, which was furnished by persons in every country, who, though a
+prettier name might be given to them, were, to speak plainly, his spies.
+Some of them were French subjects abroad, others were subjects and often
+even servants of the King in whose land they lived, who were persuaded by
+the powerful argument of a pension to engage in this traffic in news.[37]
+By this means the Cardinal found out most things that it was to his
+interest to know, and often, while he was professing goodwill and affection
+to some hapless wight who was in his power, he was, at the same time,
+collecting information to be used against him.
+
+Richelieu's content at the English alliance has already been referred to.
+He was, at this time, at the height of his influence over the Queen-Mother,
+and he was rapidly building up the power which was to make him the
+strongest and most irresponsible minister that France has ever seen.
+Judging perhaps from the precedent of Queen Anne of Austria, he believed
+that Henrietta would be the instrument of France and consequently of
+himself in England. He was determined that she should have those about her
+in whom he could feel confidence; in other words, that the choice and
+highly born body of men and women who served the person of the Queen of
+England should be also the servants of an alien power. They played their
+part well. Even Berulle, who was too good an ecclesiastic not to know the
+duties of the married state, summed up, in a letter to a private friend,
+the objects of his mission to England as being "to initiate the spirit of
+the Queen of England into the dispositions necessary," not only "for her
+soul," but also "for this country,"[38] i.e. France. The Bishop of Mende,
+by the testimony of Tillieres, detailed everything that occurred to
+Richelieu, and abundance of letters written by his hand remain to prove the
+truth of this statement. As for Tillieres himself, his attitude both to
+England and France may be gathered from his own Memoirs, and from the
+reputation he earned in this island, where he was considered very
+"jesuited."
+
+Such being the state of things, it would not perhaps be difficult, without
+seeking for further cause, to account for the irritation of a young and
+high-spirited King; but there is another factor to be taken into
+consideration.
+
+If we are to believe the testimony of those who on the Queen's behalf
+watched the course of events, the real author of the King's harshness to
+his wife and of his dislike to her servants was his favourite, the Duke of
+Buckingham, whose power over his royal master was so unbounded that he had
+but to indicate a line of action for Charles to follow it. This, indeed,
+was the deliberate opinion of Henrietta, who years later told Madame de
+Motteville that the Duke had announced to her his intention of sowing
+dissension between her and her husband, and though it is probable, from
+letters of Charles which are still extant, that the French underrated his
+independent dislike of them, and consequently exaggerated the guilt of the
+favourite, yet the substantial truth of the accusation can hardly be
+doubted. Buckingham was acute enough to perceive the naturally uxorious
+bent of the King's mind, and also the rare gifts and graces of the young
+Queen; and as soon as he discovered that it was impossible to make a slave
+of the wife as he had of the husband, he began to regard her as an enemy.
+He may well have trembled for an influence which was threatened on another
+side by the rising indignation of the people, whose voice did not scruple
+to point him out as a public enemy, and even to accuse him of the death of
+the late King.
+
+But there was another reason, equally in keeping with his haughty
+character, which the gossips of the time freely alleged for his persistent
+persecution of the Queen of England. Over in Paris the Queen of France,
+with Madame de Chevreuse whispering temptation in her ear, was waiting for
+the man to whom she owed the brightest hours of her shadowed life. Unless,
+in this case, history lies in no ordinary manner, Henrietta's married
+happiness was put in jeopardy as much by the soft glances of Anne of
+Austria, as by the austerity of Berulle or by the audacity of the Bishop of
+Mende. Was it not for the sake of this fair charmer that Buckingham,
+wishing to discredit her enemies, Mary de' Medici and Richelieu, tried to
+nullify the political effects of the match they had made? Was it not that
+he might return to France and to her that he stirred up strife between two
+great Kings? Was it not, finally, to revenge the smarts of his hindered
+love for her that he first persecuted and then expelled those who in the
+Court of England were living under the protection of that Court which
+refused to receive him as ambassador? To all these questions contemporaries
+have replied, and their answer comes with no uncertain sound.
+
+Buckingham hated all the French, but his chief enemy was the Bishop of
+Mende. This young ecclesiastic possessed a stingingly sarcastic tongue,
+which the favourite, who, like most vain people, detested ridicule, both
+hated and feared. The former had, besides, a malicious habit of insisting
+with the most courtly grace upon long conversations in the French tongue,
+by which means the Englishman, who was not a perfect linguist, appeared, to
+his infinite chagrin, to disadvantage by the side of his nimble-tongued
+adversary. Nor did the Bishop confine himself to words. Secure in the
+favour of Richelieu he dared to oppose the Duke when that nobleman induced
+the King to appoint his wife, his sister,[39] and his niece _dames du lit_
+to the Queen. Henrietta, though she pointed out that already she had three
+ladies in place of the two who had served her mother-in-law, yet weary of
+opposition, would have given in, and perhaps the French Ambassadors, who
+were still in England and to whom the matter was referred, might also have
+been won over by the soft speeches of Buckingham. But the watchful Bishop
+was not thus to be tricked. He represented so strongly the danger of
+placing "Huguenot" ladies near the person of the young Queen, and spoke so
+earnestly of the scandal which such a proceeding would occasion among the
+Catholics both of England and the Continent, that the favourite's ambitious
+intrigues were defeated. He was unused to such checks, and Tillieres was
+probably right in seeing in this incident the cause of his hatred to the
+man who had thus foiled him.
+
+Nevertheless, there was a moment when the Bishop of Mende hoped to win over
+the Duke to France and to Henrietta. In August, 1625, the first Parliament
+of Charles I met. It was in no amiable mood, for it was known that the King
+had lent ships to be used against the Protestants of Rochelle, and the
+concessions to the Catholics, though nominally secret, were more than
+suspected. Charles found himself embarrassed by a request to put in force
+the recusancy laws, while at the same time he was angered by an open attack
+upon his favourite. Now, in the opinion of the Bishop, was the moment to
+offer to Buckingham the French alliance, and in a long cipher dispatch to
+Richelieu he detailed his hopes. Spain had turned against the Duke, the
+English detested him. What course was open to him but to fling himself into
+the arms of the most Christian King? But Buckingham had other and opposite
+views. He believed that his best chance of political salvation lay in
+counselling his master to grant the petition of Parliament. Without abiding
+principle, careless which religious or political party he favoured so that
+it furthered his own ends, he thought only of his personal safety. He had
+not overrated his hold on Charles' heart. The King of England, to save his
+unworthy favourite, bowed to the storm. He put in force the recusancy laws,
+thus breaking the solemn promise which he had made only a few months before
+to a brother-sovereign, and inflicting an almost unbearable insult upon his
+young wife.
+
+It was little she could do. Earnestly as she strove to do her duty, Charles
+was never satisfied with her, and he not only resented unduly the small
+errors of taste and tact inevitable in a girl of her age, left without
+proper guidance in a land of which she did not even know the language, but
+he exposed her to the almost incredible rudeness of Buckingham, to whom he
+commented on her conduct[40] and who chided her like a child, and once even
+dared to tell her that if she did not behave better her husband would see
+order to her. It is not surprising that her temper sometimes failed her.
+Once, even in the opinion of Tillieres, she spoke unbecomingly about Madame
+S. Georges' exclusion from the royal coach; and another time, in a fit of
+girlish anger, she marked her displeasure at the reading of Anglican
+prayers in the house where she was staying by attempting to drown the voice
+of the minister in loud and ostentatious talk with her ladies outside the
+room in which he was officiating. Thus her spirit sometimes rose, but in
+the main she was quite submissive, answering sadly and meekly the
+reproaches of her husband.
+
+But this last insult was no private matter, and, urged by Berulle and the
+Bishop, Henrietta pleaded for her co-religionists. Her prayers were
+unavailing, and only served to anger Charles further. "You are rather the
+ambassador of your brother the King of France than Queen of England,"[41]
+he said coldly, in reply to her entreaties. Even the diplomatic
+representations of Tillieres only procured a slight delay in the
+publication of the Proclamation putting in force the laws against the
+recusants.
+
+The wrath of the French on both sides of the Channel knew no bounds. Not
+only was the breach of promise an insult to the Crown of France, which was
+thus set at naught to "pleasure the views of Parliament," but political
+interests were also at stake.[42] In the opinion of Tillieres and the
+Bishop, what was needed was a vigorous ambassador to teach Charles his
+duty, and to cajole or threaten him into keeping his share of the marriage
+contract, "for," wrote the Grand Almoner, with his usual candour, to
+Ville-aux-clercs, "you know so well the humour of our English that it would
+be superfluous to tell you that one can expect nothing from them unless one
+acts with force and vigour." Such attributes were never wanting to
+Richelieu's government. Ville-aux-clercs, whom the exiles would gladly have
+welcomed, "if we were worthy that God should work for us the miracle of
+enabling you to be in two places at once,"[43] could not indeed be spared,
+but a substitute was found in the person of "M. le Marquis de Blainville,"
+who before he left Paris had a long conversation with Berulle; for that
+ecclesiastic, whose position had been of a temporary nature, had now
+returned to his native land, leaving to fill his office one of his trusted
+Oratorians, Father Sancy, a priest who, during a previous embassy to
+Constantinople, had acquired a profound knowledge of the world which it was
+supposed would enable him to advise judiciously the Queen of England.
+
+She, meanwhile, worn by chagrin and unkindness, was losing the bloom and
+the high spirits she had brought with her from her native land. The
+England, which had been represented to her as a paradise, was a poor
+exchange for the home she had lost; and when she looked across the Channel
+for help, all that came to her was the advice, in conformity with the
+intrigues of the Bishop of Mende, to make friends with Buckingham, whose
+overbearing rudeness was hateful to her, and on whom it is probable she
+never looked with favour, except perhaps at the very beginning of her
+married life, when she thought he might help her to revisit, in the midst
+of her miseries, her home and her mother. Now she showed herself restive,
+and Richelieu, who was much set on the conciliation of the Duke, discussed
+her conduct in a note which contains some of the earliest evidence as to
+Henrietta's personal character. The Queen of England, he said, was a little
+firm in her opinions, and those about her thought that her mother, whose
+displeasure she feared, should write a letter to her, pointing out her duty
+in this matter. The trouble might have been spared, for Buckingham at the
+time seems to have been as little anxious as herself for a friendly
+understanding.
+
+Blainville arrived in the late autumn of 1625. He was received with the
+courtesy due to his position as Ambassador-Extraordinary--a title which he
+had been given at the instance of Richelieu to overawe the King of
+England--but from the first he had little hope of accomplishing the objects
+of his mission. The Queen, stung by the harshness of her husband, who
+sometimes did not speak to her for days, goaded by the insolence of
+Buckingham, and surrounded by those who taught her to despise the language,
+the manners, and the religion of her adopted country, seemed to be at the
+beginning of the unhappy married life which so many princesses have had to
+endure. She was, moreover, more melancholy than usual, owing to the recent
+departure of Berulle, which she regretted so deeply that her attendants
+were able to count more than twenty sighs as she sat at the table on the
+day he left her. The members of her ecclesiastical household were
+correspondingly depressed, for the loss of the distinguished Oratorian
+exposed them to even worse treatment than they had experienced before. The
+Bishop of Mende himself, on whose young shoulders the burden of
+responsibility had descended, could not keep up his spirits. He retired to
+his room, where he sat alone brooding upon the hard fate which had brought
+him to a barbarous and heretical isle, and whence he refused to move except
+to perform his religious duties and to wait upon the Queen.
+
+The King of England was hardly in a happier mood. That he had legitimate
+cause of complaint cannot be denied, and a letter which about this time he
+wrote to Buckingham proves that he had almost made up his mind to the only
+real cure for his troubles. The extraordinarily violent tone of this
+epistle suggests that his dislike to his wife's foreign attendants required
+by this time no fostering from the Duke. It even seems as if the favourite
+were less hostile to them than his master.[44]
+
+With such a state of feeling prevailing at Court, Blainville's position was
+not a comfortable one; but he remained there until an incident occurred
+which is believed to have occasioned his withdrawal and which deserves a
+detailed description, as it illustrates admirably the petty persecution to
+which the high-spirited Henrietta, the daughter of a hundred kings, was
+subjected.[45]
+
+The second Parliament of the reign, whose short existence was to be ended
+by the impeachment of Buckingham, met in the early spring of 1626.
+Henrietta, who was anxious to see the opening procession, had made
+arrangements to witness it from a gallery situated in the Palace at
+Whitehall, and she was annoyed when on the very day of the ceremony her
+husband told her that he wished her to go to the house of the Countess of
+Buckingham, whence a particularly fine view of the proceedings could be
+obtained. Still, she was always compliant in trifles, and at this time she
+desired to conciliate Charles by prompt obedience in such commands as her
+sensitive conscience could approve. She therefore signified her assent
+without, however, considering the matter of grave consequence.
+
+It happened that just before the hour of the procession, when Henrietta was
+about to set out for the Countess' apartments, a heavy shower of rain came
+on. The young Queen, looking out on the unsheltered court which she would
+have to cross to reach her goal, shrank back, fearing for her elaborately
+dressed hair, which she did not wish to have done again for the evening
+festivities. She told her husband, who was with her, that she thought the
+weather too bad to go, and asked him to conduct her to the gallery which
+had been her first choice. To her great surprise he was much displeased,
+and it was only after a somewhat bitter altercation that he complied with
+her request, leading her to her place and taking leave of her with cold
+politeness.
+
+Henrietta was sitting quietly, overcoming her vexation, when, to her
+surprise, the Duke of Buckingham, from whose bold eye and arrogant bearing
+she instinctively shrank, appeared. Rude he always was in his dealings with
+her, but on this occasion he surpassed himself, telling her roughly that
+the King was exceedingly displeased with her, and that it was surprising
+that for a little rain she should have refused to obey the commands of her
+husband. The proud young French Princess could not brook such language from
+one of her own subjects. Haughtily she made answer that in the Court of
+France she had been accustomed to see the Queen her mother and the Queen
+her sister use their own judgment in such trifles. Nevertheless (and in
+this her real sweetness and desire to please appeared), she mastered
+herself sufficiently to plead a woman's dread of bad weather, and to
+request Blainville, who was at her side, to lead her again to her husband.
+
+Charles was found to be in a less implacable mood than Buckingham had
+represented, and Henrietta went off to the Countess' apartments, hoping
+that the storm had blown over. She was soon undeceived. The Duke sought her
+again at his mother's house, and with unpardonable insolence again assured
+her that her husband was very angry with her, and that he did not wish her
+to remain in her present quarters. It was too much. Henrietta's wrath
+blazed forth. "I have sufficiently shown my obedience," she cried; "but
+unhappy me! obedience in England seems to be a crime." Buckingham, who was
+bent on making himself disagreeable all round, disregarding the Queen's
+protest, now turned to Blainville and remarked in a meaning way that he
+believed there were those who from motives of superstition had hindered her
+presence at a ceremony of the Knights of the Bath, and that he was
+surprised that her friends should be so injudicious. The French Ambassador,
+who knew well what was in the Duke's mind, and who had no wish to disclaim
+responsibility, replied with spirit that he would rather advise the Queen
+of England to absent herself from fifty ceremonies than counsel her to take
+part in one which was of doubtful permission for a Catholic. On receiving
+this answer the unwelcome visitor withdrew.
+
+Henrietta had a brave spirit, but the conduct of Buckingham had cut her to
+the quick, since it humiliated her in sight of the Court. That night, in
+the privacy of her own apartments, she appealed to her husband, whose cold
+looks and manners informed her that she was not forgiven. She was, she
+said, the most unhappy creature in the world, seeing him thus keep up his
+anger against her for so long. She would die rather than give him just
+cause for offence, and anyhow, whatever his feelings, could he not treat
+her in public with more respect, as otherwise it would be thought that he
+did not care for her. Pleadingly the young wife looked at her husband, for
+even at the worst she had some faith in the goodness and kindness of his
+natural character apart from the influence of Buckingham.
+
+But Charles, with a heavy pomposity, which in happier circumstances would
+certainly have made Henrietta laugh, replied that he had grave cause of
+offence. The Queen had said that it was raining, and that if she went out
+in the rain she would soil her dress and disarrange her hair. "I did not
+know that such remarks were faults in England," was her sarcastic answer.
+
+The King left his wife's apartments unappeased, and not all her entreaties,
+nor those of Madame de Tillieres, whom he regarded with less disfavour than
+any other Frenchwoman, could induce him to return. He only sent a most
+unwelcome emissary, in the person of the Duke of Buckingham, who reiterated
+his assurances of the King's wrath, and informed Henrietta that if within
+two days she did not ask pardon her husband would treat her as a person
+unworthy to be his wife, and would drive away all the French, Madame S.
+Georges included, he thoughtfully added, knowing well that that lady held
+the first place in his auditor's affections.
+
+Such words no woman of spirit, much less a Princess of one of the greatest
+houses of Europe, could tamely suffer; but the young Queen, though in a
+white heat of passion, seems to have kept her temper admirably. Calmly and
+contemptuously she wondered that the Duke undertook such a commission as he
+was fulfilling. As for her position, only one thing could make her unworthy
+of it, and that she was too well-born to think of doing. Nor was she to be
+frightened by his threat with regard to her servants. They would be
+retained, she felt sure, not for love of her, but on account of the pledge
+given to her brother the King of France. As for asking pardon, she could
+not do so for a fault she had never committed. Her conduct had been open
+and public, and all around her had praised rather than blamed her. No, she
+added, she would not ask pardon, unless at the express command of the King.
+Buckingham, whose loquacity for once found nothing to reply, returned to
+the King, who, it appears, must, on reflection, have appreciated in some
+degree the sorry part he had played, for no apology was exacted, and the
+matter was quietly allowed to drop. As for the poor young Queen, she was so
+overcome by chagrin and misery that she kept her bed, where she was visited
+by Blainville, who thought to cheer her by lending her some letters which
+he had recently received from Father Berulle.
+
+The Ambassador felt that it was time to be gone. He had borne annoyances,
+such as the interception of his letters, and insults, such as the continued
+persecution of the Catholics, but this treatment offered to the sister of
+his royal master was the last straw. The English, on their side, were only
+too glad to get rid of him, for they considered that he meddled unduly in
+private matters between the King and Queen. It is even said that he was
+forbidden the Court. But still, he was not to depart without a final brush
+with the enemy, for on Sunday, February 26th, a number of English Catholics
+who, following their usual but quite illegal practice, had come to hear
+Mass at the French Ambassador's chapel in Durham House in the Strand, were
+unpleasantly surprised as they came out after the service to find waiting
+for them at the door the officers of the King. A free fight followed, which
+was only stopped by the appearance and authority of the Bishop of Durham.
+Blainville, who in his irritated condition was not likely to reflect that
+Charles, after all, was within his legal rights, was roused to fury at what
+he considered a violation of the majesty of France. "I wish," he said
+vindictively, "I wish that my servants had killed the King's officer."
+
+Thus angrily he departed from the country to bear to France the tidings of
+his ill-success.
+
+After this matters went from bad to worse. Henrietta tried to please her
+husband, but she always found herself in the wrong, as when, for instance,
+she attempted to conciliate him by appointing to the offices created by a
+grant to her of houses and lands a preponderance of English Protestants.
+She found that her submission was entirely thrown away, because,
+injudiciously indeed, she had appointed to the office of Controller, which
+was only honorary, the Bishop of Mende. She was curtly informed that the
+post was required for the Earl of Carlisle, who was particularly odious to
+her on account of the indecent zeal which had prompted him within a few
+months of signing her marriage contract to urge the persecution of the
+Catholics. Goaded by such treatment, she claimed, with some warmth, the
+right to appoint her servants, and thus another cause of dispute arose
+between her and her husband, whose unkindness even extended to keeping her
+so short of money that she was reduced to borrowing from her own
+servants.[46]
+
+So the summer of 1626 wore on amid misunderstandings and recriminations
+until, in the month of June,[47] an event occurred which probably
+precipitated the inevitable crisis.
+
+One afternoon the Queen and her principal attendants, among whom the
+courtly figure of her Grand Almoner was conspicuous, were walking in that
+which even then was known as Hyde Park. In their walk they turned aside,
+and, to the astonishment of those of the public who observed their
+movements, were seen directing their steps towards Tyburn, the place of
+public execution, which was near the present site of the Marble Arch.
+Arrived at this ill-omened spot, the royal lady and her suite fell upon
+their knees as upon holy ground, and so, indeed, in their eyes it was, for
+was not this spot, wet with the blood of malefactors, watered also by the
+blood of those whom a tyrannical and heretical Government had slain for the
+crime of confessing the true faith? The airing of the Court had become a
+pilgrimage to the unsightly shrine of the English martyrs.
+
+It was an act of amazing imprudence such as would only have suggested
+itself to a man who, like the Bishop of Mende, never summoned discretion to
+his council but to eject it ignominiously. It is impossible to say how far
+the deed was of premeditation, but it is not unlikely that it was arranged
+by the Grand Almoner to give a demonstration to Protestants and to
+pro-Spanish Catholics of the devotion of a French Princess. It was even
+reported that the stern ecclesiastic had required the pilgrims--Henrietta
+included--to walk barefoot; but this, no doubt, was a sectarian
+exaggeration. Apart from such extravagances, that which had been done was
+in the eyes of the King--and not without justice--unpardonable. Not only
+had his wife, the Queen of England, been placed in an undignified position
+by those who had permitted her to appear among the memorials of misery and
+crime, but a direct and most bitter insult had been offered to him, to his
+father, and to the great Queen on whose throne he sat. The Catholics who
+laid down their lives at Tyburn with a courage which forced the reluctant
+admiration even of their enemies, were indeed, from one point of view,
+martyrs of the purest type. From another, and that Charles', they were
+traitors executed for the crime of treason in the highest degree. "Neither
+Queen Elizabeth nor I ever put a man to death for religion," James had said
+on one occasion. This doctrine was one which, in its nice distinctions, a
+foreigner and a Catholic could hardly be expected to grasp, yet the hard
+fact remained that these victims of Tyburn, however innocent, suffered
+under the laws of the land and under the authority of the Crown.
+
+Charles was wounded in his most sensitive feelings, and it speaks something
+for his forbearance that, as far as is known, he recognized the innocence
+of his girl-wife, and reserved his wrath for her advisers, particularly for
+the Bishop of Mende. "This action," he is reputed to have said, "can have
+no greater invective made against it than the bare relation. Were there
+nothing more than this I would presently remove these French from about my
+wife."
+
+Their removal was indeed, as Charles had perceived eight months earlier,
+the only solution of the difficulty, and to it events were now rapidly
+tending. It was necessary to cajole the French Court. Buckingham, even
+before the departure of Blainville, had made fresh overtures to Henrietta,
+which the astute Ambassador had advised her to reject. After the failure of
+this ruse the adroit Walter Montagu was dispatched to Paris to speak fair
+words to Mary de' Medici, and so well did he succeed that cordial letters
+were interchanged between the Duke and the Queen-Mother, even while, at the
+same time, the young diplomatist was able to carry out the more secret task
+which had been confided to him, which was nothing less than to discover
+whether the state of French domestic politics was such as to make it safe
+for the King of England to offer to the King of France so grave an insult
+as the expulsion of his sister's household. Montagu's report was
+encouraging. Owing to the great favour with which both Queen Anne and
+Madame de Chevreuse regarded him, he was able to pick up a good deal of
+information which would have escaped an ordinary envoy; he was thus, no
+doubt, able to trace in the ramifications of Chalais' plot, which at this
+time was agitating the French Court, and in which both the above-named
+ladies, as well as Henrietta's younger brother Gaston, were implicated, not
+only the general hatred of Richelieu, but even a positive desire on the
+part of some to see the Cardinal humiliated by such an affront to his
+policy as would be involved in the violation of the Queen of England's
+marriage treaty. And with such discontent at home, what vengeance could be
+taken? "The cards here," wrote Montagu in great glee, "are all mixed up,
+and Monsieur [Gaston of Orleans] is on the point of leaving the Court."
+
+Charles' decision was taken, and when his mind was made up it was not easy
+to turn him from his purpose. He knew, also, that he had the feeling of the
+Court and the people with him. English insularity could not brook the
+permanent presence of a large body of foreigners in so prominent a
+position, and English Protestantism took alarm at a royal establishment
+avowedly Catholic, which was considered "a rendezvous for Jesuits and
+fugitives,"[48] and whose ecclesiastical head was believed to hold special
+powers from the Pope, and to be "a most dangerous instrument to work his
+ends here."[49] At the Court feeling ran equally high. Buckingham's
+intentions and hopes have been sufficiently indicated, and there were
+others who, in a measure, shared them. Carlisle, whose anti-Catholic
+bitterness had been conspicuous throughout, and who had cynically remarked
+that the religious concessions made at the time of the marriage were only a
+blind to satisfy the Pope, and that the King of France had never expected
+them to be kept, was statesman enough to appreciate the real objections to
+the position in which he had helped to place Charles. There were endless
+broils at Court between the two nations, particularly among the ladies.
+Altogether Charles, taking into consideration the satisfactory disturbances
+across the Channel, was well justified, from the point of view of
+expediency, in choosing this moment to carry out that which had
+become--even setting aside the desires and influence of Buckingham--the
+wish of his heart. He was a man of monopolies, and he believed--and
+believed with justice--that the French stood between him and his bride.
+
+He laid his plans with skill. Carleton, a diplomatist of great experience,
+was sent over to Paris, not only to assist in the stirring up of strife
+there, but also to complain of the conduct of the Queen's servants, and, if
+possible, to obtain Louis' consent to their dismission. In case of refusal
+he was to intimate, with such tact as he could, that they would be
+dismissed all the same. The vigilant Bishop of Mende, who probably knew a
+good deal of what was going on, himself proposed to hasten to the French
+Court, where his influence with Richelieu rendered him so effective, to
+represent matters in their true light. He was told, to his great wrath,
+that the King of England would not allow him to cross the sea, and he was
+exclaiming that such threats were the very way to confirm him in his
+purpose, and that he would start the next day, when the Duke of Buckingham
+sought him, and the two enemies had their last passage-of-arms.
+
+"Do not run the risk of this journey," said the Duke with elaborate
+friendliness. "I am sorry for the bad impression that you have made on the
+King. I myself have tried to remove it without effect." "I thank you for
+your kindness," replied the Bishop satirically. "It is indeed unfortunate
+that your credit, which stands so high with the King in all other matters,
+fails in this. But I am not surprised, as I have noticed that it always
+falls short in anything which concerns the Queen of England and her
+household."
+
+In the end Tillieres went to France, though Buckingham, stung by the
+Bishop's biting words, really asked the King to grant him leave of absence.
+But the Grand Almoner now thought that his place was at his mistress' side,
+and he knew that it would be difficult to detain the Count, however much
+Buckingham and the rest might desire to do so, as there was an unanswerable
+pretext for his journey in the approaching wedding of Gaston of Orleans,
+who was to expiate his share in Chalais' plot by marrying Mademoiselle de
+Montpensier.
+
+The danger, indeed, drew on apace. A few days after Tillieres' departure
+Charles announced his intention to his Council, and any lingering
+hesitation he may have felt was swept away by the encouragement given by
+Buckingham and Carlisle, both of whom spoke in favour of the project. "The
+French," said the latter, "are too busy with their own affairs to make war
+on such a pretext."
+
+The die was now cast, and it was necessary to inform the Queen. The Council
+had been held in the Palace of Whitehall, and the King, with Buckingham at
+his heels, had only to go to another part of the house to find his wife,
+who was sitting in her own room with two of her ladies. The King rather
+rudely desired her to come to his apartments, but she, not altogether
+ignorant of the state of affairs, replied coldly that she begged him to say
+his pleasure in the place in which they found themselves. "Then send your
+women out of the room," said the King. Henrietta complied with his request,
+and her heart sank as she saw her husband carefully lock the door behind
+them.
+
+Then, without further preface, he curtly announced to his young wife the
+sentence of banishment. He could endure her French people and their
+meddling no longer, he said. He was going to send them all back to France,
+and she would have in their place those who would teach her to behave as
+the Queen of England.
+
+Henrietta first of all looked incredulously at her husband, for she had
+never believed, protected as she was by her marriage treaty and by the
+Crown of France, that, however dissatisfied he might be, he would push
+matters to an extremity. Then, as she saw no relenting on his cold,
+handsome face, she burst into tears and wept unrestrainedly. It was long
+before she found voice to plead that if Madame S. Georges, whom she knew he
+disliked, was too obnoxious, yet that she might keep Madame de Tillieres,
+against whom no complaints had been brought. But Charles was inflexible.
+All were to go. More piteous sobbing followed, until the poor girl--she was
+only sixteen--appreciated that her misery was making no impression upon her
+husband. Then she stayed her weeping to make a final request. Might she not
+see her friends once more, to bid them good-bye, for it had been intimated
+to her that sentence would take effect without a moment's unnecessary
+delay.
+
+No, was the curt reply. She must see her friends no more.[50]
+
+At this final outrage to her wounded feelings Henrietta's spirit--the
+spirit of the Bourbons--rose in revolt. Forgetful of her husband, forgetful
+of her queenly dignity, remembering only that those whom she loved were
+leaving her for ever, she rushed to the window, that thence she might
+obtain a farewell glimpse of her banished compatriots. Such was her
+eagerness that she broke the intercepting panes of glass. But even this
+poor comfort was denied her. The King pursued her and dragged her back with
+such ungentle force that her dress was torn, and her hands with which she
+clung to the bars of the windows were galled and grazed.
+
+Elsewhere dismay and consternation reigned. Conway, the Secretary of State,
+announced their doom to the assembled French ladies, informing them that
+the King wished to have his wife to himself, and that he found it
+impossible to do so while she had so many of her own countrywomen about
+her. They were begged to retire to Somerset House, whence they would be
+sent to France. Madame S. Georges, acting as spokeswoman for the rest, said
+that they were the servants of the King of France, they could not leave
+their royal mistress without the orders of the Bishop of Mende, who was
+their superior. That gentleman arriving, in obedience to a hasty summons,
+did indeed at first assert with his usual hauteur that neither he nor any
+of the household would depart without the commands of their own sovereign.
+But he was soon made to understand, by arguments which not even his spirit
+could resist, that no choice was left to him. That evening saw the French
+at Somerset House and Henrietta desolate at Whitehall. It was probably
+during the few days that had to elapse before her friends were deported to
+France that the Queen wrote the following note to the Bishop, which vividly
+reflects her loneliness and sorrow:--
+
+  "M. DE MANDES,
+
+  "I hide myself as much as I can in order to write to you. I am treated as
+  a prisoner, so that I cannot speak to any one, nor have I time to write
+  my miseries nor to complain. Only, in the name of God, have pity on a
+  poor prisoner in despair, and do something to relieve my sorrow. I am the
+  most afflicted creature in the world. Speak to the Queen my mother about
+  my miseries, and tell her my troubles. I say good-bye to you and to all
+  my poor officers, and I charge my friend S. Georges, the Countess, and
+  all my women and girls, that they do not forget me, and I will never
+  forget them, and bring some remedy to my sorrow, or I die.... Adieu,
+  cruel adieu, which will kill me if God does not have pity on me.
+
+  "[Ask] Father Sancy to pray for me still, and tell Mamie that I shall
+  love her always."[51]
+
+Such a letter was not calculated to soothe the excitable Bishop of Mende,
+whose spirit had already been roused to fury by hearing the cries and
+protestations of the poor young mistress whom he was not permitted to see.
+But it was little he could do. His captivity at Somerset House was broken
+in upon by the King of England himself, who, with the unfortunate desire
+for explanation which was always his, was anxious to point out with his own
+mouth to those whom it most concerned the reasons of his action. According
+to the Bishop, who occupied his leisure in writing angry letters to the
+King of France and the Queen-Mother, Charles acknowledged that he had no
+personal fault to find with his wife's servants, but said that it was
+necessary, to content his people and for the good of his affairs, that they
+should be expelled. This admission, which, if it ever existed outside the
+mind of the Bishop, was intended as a courteous softening of unpleasant
+truths, did not prevent the King from adding a command (which was obeyed)
+that all the French were to be gone within four-and-twenty hours.[52] It
+was perhaps some solace to them that before their departure a considerable
+sum of money and costly jewels were distributed among them.
+
+It remained to bring Henrietta, who was still weeping angrily in her
+apartments, to a state of calm more befitting the Queen of England. Charles
+was not cruel, and when the first flush of anger was over he could feel for
+his wife's grief. At first he had determined that all the French, whether
+lay or ecclesiastic, should go. "The Queen has been left neither confessor
+nor doctor, and I believe that her life and her religion are in very grave
+peril,"[53] wrote the Bishop. But Charles, though he was not to be moved by
+such innuendoes, relented in some degree. In the end one of Henrietta's
+ladies, Madame de Vantelet, was permitted to remain with her, and two of
+the priests of the Oratory were granted like indulgence; one of whom was
+the pious and sagacious Scotchman, Father Robert Philip, who continued the
+Queen's confessor until his death, years later, in the days of the
+exile.[54]
+
+The French were gone, and on the whole, in spite of the Bishop's protest,
+quietly; but Charles and Buckingham knew well that they had to face the
+wrath of France for this the audacious violation of the Queen's marriage
+treaty. Henrietta naturally looked to her own family to right her wrongs,
+and she wrote piteous letters to her brother asking for his help, which
+show the sad condition to which sorrow and unkindness had reduced the
+bright Princess who had left France little more than a year earlier. "I
+have no hope but in you. Have pity on me.... No creature in the world can
+be more miserable than I."[55] Mary de' Medici could not turn a deaf ear to
+such appeals nor to the complaints of the exiles who were pursued into
+France by aspersions on their characters not calculated to soothe their
+feelings, such as a charge of taking bribes, which charge their royal
+mistress, with characteristic justice and generosity, was at pains, even in
+the midst of her misery, to confute.[56] The Queen-Mother's remonstrances
+to her son-in-law were, indeed, quite unavailing, but they were dignified
+and expressed a surprise at his conduct which probably she did not feel,
+since, as the English took care to point out, it was not long since similar
+measure had been meted out to the Spanish attendants of Queen Anne. With
+her daughter she felt the warmest sympathy. "If your grief could be
+assuaged by that which I feel at the news of the expulsion of your servants
+and of the ill-treatment to which you are subjected, it would soon be
+diminished,"[57] she wrote, and she added, perhaps sincerely, that never
+had she felt such grief since the assassination of her husband, Henrietta's
+father. As for her son, his indignation was such that he would leave
+nothing undone that might procure for his sister redress and contentment.
+It is probable that Richelieu, with the Bishop of Mende at his elbow,
+shared these sentiments. Nevertheless, Carlisle was right. France had too
+much on her hands to pick a quarrel with England, even though her daughter
+had been insulted and her authority set at naught. All that could be done
+was to send another embassy, and this, it seems, was only decided upon at
+the instance of the Pope.
+
+Two persons were joined in the embassy, the Count of Tillieres, whom the
+English were believed greatly to fear, and his brother-in-law, the Marshal
+de Bassompierre, an elderly diplomat of great experience, whose
+old-fashioned elegance of manner was already making him a little ridiculous
+in the eyes of younger men who despised the Italian grace of the days of
+Catherine de' Medici. In the end this exquisite person had to go alone, for
+it was intimated that the King of England would not receive his colleague;
+he was rather unwilling to undertake the embassy, and his dissatisfaction
+was not decreased by the coolness of his reception in London, which
+coolness, as he reminded himself, it was clearly a duty to resent as an
+insult to the Crown of France.
+
+He found matters in bad case. The King was inflexible in his refusal to
+come to terms, and the Queen, though she was still depressed and bitterly
+angry with Buckingham, showed herself, since the cession which permitted
+her to retain Madame de Vantelet and her old nurse, more reconciled to the
+change. About her spiritual welfare the Ambassador expressed himself much
+concerned, for she was surrounded by heretics, and in place of the
+irreproachable ecclesiastics appointed by her brother she had been forced
+to receive two English priests, by name Godfrey and Potter, who belonged to
+a school of thought which in his eyes, and in those of the Bishop of Mende,
+was little less than heretical, for they had both taken the oath of
+allegiance, and they had both assured the Earl of Carlisle that they did
+not belong to the Church of Rome, but to that which was Catholic, Gallican,
+and "Sorbonique," an assertion which particularly enraged Bassompierre, who
+saw in it an insult to the French Church and nation. He was probably little
+more moved by the accusation brought against one of them by the Bishop of
+bracketing together "the three Impostors, Mahomet, Jesus Christ, and
+Moses."[58] Only one person showed any cordiality to the unfortunate
+Ambassador. Buckingham, thinking on the Queen of France in Paris, felt that
+he had gone too far, and decided that it would be well to conciliate
+Henrietta. With this purpose he came secretly, through the darkness of the
+night and attended only by his young friend Montagu, to wait on
+Bassompierre. He complained bitterly of the hatred of which he was the
+victim, and inquired plaintively whether M. de Mende were saying as many
+disagreeable things about him on the other side of the Channel as he had
+been wont to do in England. To the last question the polite Frenchman must
+have found it difficult to frame an answer at once courteous and true, but
+he promised to use his influence as intermediary with Henrietta, and he was
+so far successful that the young Queen was induced to regard the Duke, at
+any rate outwardly, with greater favour.
+
+But the situation, as regarded its real objects, was foredoomed to failure.
+Madame S. Georges, the Bishop of Mende, and the Fathers of the Oratory had
+so prejudiced Charles' mind that he refused to receive Frenchmen, bishop or
+religious, at the Court of his Queen. There was a deadlock, and
+Bassompierre, who had made matters worse by his grave indiscretion in
+bringing as his chaplain the Queen's late confessor, Father Sancy, with all
+his diplomacy could do no more. He was indeed anxious to be gone. The
+account of his embassy in England, which he included in his memoirs, is
+penned in no flattering spirit towards this island, but the full irritation
+of his feelings can only be gathered from the private letters which, during
+his sojourn in London, he dispatched to the Bishop of Mende, who was with
+Richelieu at Pontoise, watching the course of events.
+
+"I have found," wrote the enraged diplomatist in one of these epistles,
+"humility among the Spaniards and courtesy among the Swiss during the
+embassies which I have carried on there on behalf of the King, but the
+English have abated nothing of their natural pride and arrogance."[59]
+
+The Bishop sent a sympathetic answer, commenting on our national character
+in a manner which is worth quoting, as it serves to explain the
+unpopularity of that fascinating person in English society.
+
+"I am not surprised," so ran the letter, "that you have found more courtesy
+and satisfaction among the Spaniards and the Swiss than in the island on
+the shores of which the tempest has thrown you. I myself have always
+considered the English less reasonable than the Swiss, and at the same time
+less faithful, while I think they are just as vainglorious as the
+Spaniards, without possessing anything of their real merit."
+
+This was not all. A report was about that the Bishop wished to return to
+England, and he thoughtfully seized the opportunity to set everybody's mind
+at rest on the subject. The English were to have no uneasiness, he was only
+too willing to fall in with their wishes. "They will not have much
+difficulty in carrying into effect the resolution which they have taken to
+prevent my return," he wrote, "for both parties are quite of one opinion on
+that matter, my humour (setting aside the interests of my mistress) being
+rather to fly from than to invite another sojourn in England. It would need
+a very definite command to induce me to live there again, while to persuade
+myself to remain here I have only to consult my own inclination."[60]
+
+So Bassompierre departed, taking with him, as a slight compensation for his
+trouble, some English priests who had been released from prison in
+compliment to the King of France. And thus ended the last stage of this
+sordid struggle which came near to wrecking the happiness of what was to
+prove one of the most loving of royal marriages.
+
+It is hard in such a matter to apportion blame. Charles cannot be acquitted
+of harshness and of a certain degree of subservience to Buckingham, while
+the act of expulsion was a flagrant breach of the faith plighted only a
+year before to a brother-sovereign. But it must be remembered that most of
+the information comes from French, and consequently hostile, sources. After
+all, the King of England's real fault was that, by his marriage contract,
+he had allowed himself to be placed in an impossible position, from which
+only violence could extricate him. On their own showing it is difficult to
+see how any self-respecting husband, let alone a great king, could have
+endured the Bishop of Mende, Madame S. Georges, or even Father Berulle.
+They, for their part, had much to complain of, and they saw in every
+approximation of their mistress to English customs and ways of thought a
+menace, not only to the interests of France, but to the immortal soul
+placed in their charge. As for Henrietta herself, she can hardly be blamed.
+She was but a child, and it is not surprising that she followed the counsel
+of those whom her mother had set over her. The severest thing that can
+justly be said of her is that, at the age of sixteen, she had not
+completely learned the lesson of a wife, and, above all, of a royal wife,
+"to forget her own people and her father's house."
+
+[Footnote 29: The _Memoires inedits du Comte Leveneur de Tillieres_,
+published in 1862, are one of the principal authorities for Henrietta
+Maria's early married life: they are very full and vivid, but are coloured
+by the writer's dislike to the English, and especially to Buckingham.]
+
+[Footnote 30: Cf. the following description of Paris in a humorous poem of
+the day:
+
+  "We came to Paris, on the Seyn,
+   'Tis wondrous faire but nothing clean,
+       'Tis Europes greatest Town.
+   How strong it is, I need not tell it,
+   For any man may easily smell it,
+       That walkes it up and down."
+
+_Musarum Deliciae_, by Sir J. M. and Ja. S. (1655), p. 19.]
+
+[Footnote 31: _Musarum Deliciae_, by Sir J. M. and Ja. S. (1655), p. 49.]
+
+[Footnote 32: She had been in Turin with Henrietta's sister, Christine.]
+
+[Footnote 33: The French Oratory was quite distinct from the better known
+Roman Oratory founded by S. Philip Neri.]
+
+[Footnote 34: See the list of miracles attributed to his intercession in
+_La Vie du Cardinal Berulle_. Par Germain Habert, Abbe de Cerisy (1646).
+Liv. III, chaps. XIV., XV.]
+
+[Footnote 35: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 36: The English Catholics were anxious lest she should allow
+herself to be crowned by a heretic: Fr. Leander de S. Martino, an English
+Benedictine, wrote a long letter to Berulle on the subject in June, 1625,
+expressing his anxiety. Archives Nationales, M. 232.]
+
+[Footnote 37: As, for instance, Sir Lewis Lewknor, an official charged with
+the reception of ambassadors: he received L2000 per annum from Richelieu,
+and he was particularly useful to the French, whom he did not openly
+favour, because, being a Catholic, he received the confidences of the
+Spaniards and the Flemings.]
+
+[Footnote 38: Berulle to P. Bertin, Superior of French Oratory at Rome.
+Arch. Nat., M. 232.]
+
+[Footnote 39: La Hermana y Mujer [of Buckingham] son Eresas muy
+perniciosas. Spanish news-letter, P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 40: "My Wyfe beginnes to mend her maners."--Harleian MS., 6988,
+f. 5.]
+
+[Footnote 41: _Verissima relacion en que se da cuenta en el estado en que
+estan los Catholicos de Inglaterra, ete Sevilla_ (1626).]
+
+[Footnote 42: See chapter IV.]
+
+[Footnote 43: Bishop of Mende to Ville-aux-clercs. MS. Francais, 3693.]
+
+[Footnote 44: "Seeing daylie the malitiusness of the Monsers by making and
+fomenting discontentments in my Wyfe I could tarie no longer from
+adverticing of you that I meane to seeke for no other grounds to casier my
+Monsers,"--Harleian MS., 6988, f. I.]
+
+[Footnote 45: Arch. Nat., M. 232, from which the account in the text is
+taken: perhaps an account written by Charles or Buckingham would have been
+somewhat different: it is printed in an article entitled "L'Ambassade de M.
+de Blainville," published in _Revue des Questions Historiques_, 1878, t.
+23.]
+
+[Footnote 46: Bishop of Mende to (apparently) Richelieu, June 24th, 1626.
+"La Royne ma maitresse est reduite de fouiller dans nos bourses, si ces
+choses dureront sa maison durera fort peu."--Affaires Etrangeres Ang., t.
+41, f. 133.]
+
+[Footnote 47: The date is not certain, it was probably at the time of the
+Jubilee, June, 1626: in February Henrietta had written to the Pope asking
+that she, her household, and the Catholics of England might share in the
+privileges of the Jubilee.--P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 48: Archives of See of Westminster. See Appendix, Doc. I.]
+
+[Footnote 49: _Court and Times of Charles I_, I, 119.]
+
+[Footnote 50: Such petty malice was part of Charles' character: cf. his
+refusal to allow Sir John Eliot to be buried at his home in Cornwall.]
+
+[Footnote 51: Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 41: it is endorsed "copie," and is
+perhaps a rough draft; it is apparently in Henrietta's handwriting. "Mamie"
+is Madame S. Georges.]
+
+[Footnote 52: Charles wrote a violent note to Buckingham, commanding him to
+see to the departure of the French. "If you can by faire meanes (but stike
+not longe in disputing) otherways force them away, dryving away so manie
+wild beasts untill you have shipped them and so the Devill go with them."
+The French landed at Calais, August 3/13, 1626.]
+
+[Footnote 53: Bishop of Mende to Mary de' Medici. Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 41.]
+
+[Footnote 54: The second Oratorian who remained was Father Viette, who
+became the Queen's confessor on Father Philip's death. She was allowed to
+keep also a few inferior French servants, and Maurice Aubert, who appears
+in a list of her servants made at the time of her marriage, continued with
+her; he was the companion of Windbank's flight to France in 1641.]
+
+[Footnote 55: Baillon: _Henriette Marie de France, reine d'Angleterre_
+(1877), p. 348.]
+
+[Footnote 56: She said, probably with truth, that the money they had
+received was in part payment of the debts incurred by her to them: her
+statement is confirmed by the fact that Charles requested the French
+Government to pay the debts owing to his wife's servants out of the half of
+her _dot_, which had not yet been paid.--Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 41.]
+
+[Footnote 57: Mary de' Medici to Henrietta Maria, August 22nd, 1626. MS.
+Francais, 3692. She wrote on the same day to Charles.]
+
+[Footnote 58: Bishop of Mende to King of France, August 12th, 1626. Aff.
+Etran. Ang., t. 41.]
+
+[Footnote 59: Bassompierre to Bishop of Mende, October 17th. MS. Francais,
+3692.]
+
+[Footnote 60: Bishop of Mende to Bassompierre, October 29th, 1626. MS.
+Francais, 3692.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE QUEEN OF THE COURTIERS
+
+  Let's now take our time
+  While w'are in our prime,
+  And old, old Age is a-farre off:
+  For the evill, evill dayes
+  Will come on apace
+  Before we can be aware of.
+
+                           ROBERT HERRICK
+
+
+"I was," Henrietta Maria[61] was accustomed to say in the days of her
+sorrow, "I was the happiest and most fortunate of Queens. Not only had I
+every pleasure which heart could desire, but, above all, I had the love of
+my husband, who adored me." The expulsion of her French attendants was the
+foundation of the Queen's married happiness. Away from the insinuations of
+Madame S. Georges and the gibes of the Bishop of Mende, she began, in an
+amazingly short time, to appreciate the good qualities of her husband, to
+which indeed she had never been totally blind; and, in the words of Madame
+de Motteville, to "make her pleasure of her duty." "The incomparable
+virtues of the King," wrote Holland at this time, "are working upon the
+generosity and goodness of the Queen, so that his Majesty should soon have
+the best wife in the world."[62] And somewhat later an exceptionally
+well-qualified witness[63] was able to say that the royal couple lived
+together with the satisfaction which all their loyal subjects ought to
+desire.
+
+But still one thing was lacking to her full content. Her husband's nature
+was such that his full confidence and affection could only be bestowed upon
+one person at the time, and she knew well who held the first place in his
+heart and counsels. But she had not long to wait. On August 23rd, 1628, the
+knife of Felton ended, in a few moments, the dazzling career of the Duke of
+Buckingham. Charles' grief was deep and lasting. He had loved his favourite
+like a brother, and he never had another personal friend. But to Henrietta
+the news, though shocking in its suddenness, cannot have been unwelcome.
+She showed all due respect to his memory, but, as one of her friends wrote
+to Carlisle, her lamentations were rather "out of discretion than out of a
+true sensation of his death. I need not tell you she is glad of it, for you
+must imagine as much."[64]
+
+Thenceforward there was nothing to check the growth of an affection which
+became the admiration of Europe. Charles' artistic eye had always dwelt
+with pleasure upon his wife's beautiful face, and her wit and readiness
+relieved his sombre nature much as Buckingham's bright audacity had, and
+now that the latter's hostile influence was removed, he was so completely
+captivated that the watchful courtiers soon perceived that the advent of
+another favourite was not to be feared, "for the King has made over all his
+affection to his wife."[65] The tokens of his love were innumerable. He
+delighted in making her gifts of jewels, of religious pictures, of anything
+which he thought would please her. He caused her portrait, painted by the
+hand of Van Dyck, to be hung in his bedroom, and as early as 1629 it was
+remarked that he wished always to be in her company. Nor was she behindhand
+in affection. It is pleasant to read that when the King was away for a few
+days his wife lay awake at night sighing for his return, and that, on
+another occasion when she was at Tunbridge Wells drinking the waters which
+were just coming into fashion, she was so home-sick for her husband after a
+few days' separation that she cut short her visit and went home to him,
+arriving after a long journey quite unexpectedly. Such little incidents
+show that Charles was not exaggerating when, in 1630, he wrote to his
+mother-in-law that "the only dispute that now exists between us is that of
+conquering each other by affection, both esteeming ourselves victorious in
+following the will of the other";[66] and that the virtuous Habington, the
+poet of wedded love, was not paying one of the empty compliments of a
+courtier when he appealed to the example of his sovereign to enforce the
+lessons of virtue:
+
+  "Princes' example is a law: then we
+  If loyalle subjects must true lovers be."[67]
+
+Of course the Queen's great wish was to give the King, her husband, an heir
+to his throne. But for several years no children appeared, and it was not
+until the early spring of 1629 that Henrietta retired to Greenwich for her
+first confinement, and even then her hopes were disappointed, for the boy
+who was born only lived long enough to receive his father's name. She
+herself was very ill; but she showed the brave spirit which never deserted
+her in suffering, and her physician was able to report that she was "full
+of strength and courage."[68]
+
+But the next year she was more fortunate, perhaps because, owing to her
+mother's representations, she had been induced to take great care of
+herself and to avoid exertion. This time she chose to remain at St. James's
+Palace, which was considered a very suitable place as being near London,
+and yet quiet and retired; and there, on May 29th, 1630, the boy was born
+who was afterwards Charles II. The delight of the parents and of the Court
+may be imagined, while the people at large, who had not been very anxious
+for the birth of an heir to the Popish Queen, now remembering that the baby
+was the first native-born prince since the children of Henry VIII, entered
+with zest into the public rejoicings, which took the usual form of
+bell-ringing, bonfires, and fireworks, and which were increased by a
+general pardon and release of prisoners. The christening, though it was a
+private ceremony, was worthy of the rank of the child who was the first
+prince to be born heir, not only of England, but of Scotland also. It took
+place in the chapel of St. James's Palace, in the middle of which a dais
+was erected bearing the silver font which the loyalty of the Lord Mayor of
+London had provided. The chapel and every room through which the
+christening procession had to pass were hung with choice tapestry, while
+the greatness of the occasion was marked by the munificent gift of L1000
+which was offered to the nurse.
+
+It was a happy day for Henrietta, but marred by one disappointment, and
+that a great one. It was the King of England's wish that, against the
+spirit of the stipulations of his marriage treaty,[69] his heir's
+christening should follow the rites of the Established Church.
+Nevertheless, two of the baby's sponsors, the King of France and the
+Queen-Mother, were Catholics. These and the second godfather, the Prince
+Palatine, were represented by three noble Scots, the Duke of Lennox--a
+member of a family that the Queen particularly disliked--the Duke of
+Hamilton, and the Duchess of Richmond; and the King, with characteristic
+unwisdom, desired to pay yet another compliment to his native land by
+appointing another Scotchwoman, Lady Roxburgh, to the office of governess
+to his infant son. But this lady, who was a Catholic and who, as lady of
+the bedchamber to the consort of James, was supposed to have exercised a
+baleful religious influence over her mistress, discreetly refused the
+offered dignity, which was passed on to the Countess of Dorset, whose
+husband was to fill the complimentary position of governor to the royal
+child.
+
+The baby inherited neither the stately beauty of his father nor the
+vivacious prettiness of his mother, though he was rather like his
+grandfather, Henry IV, whom Henrietta so greatly resembled. But his size
+and forwardness atoned for his lack of beauty. "He is so fat and so tall,"
+wrote the happy mother to her old friend Madame S. Georges, "that he is
+taken for a year old, and he is only four months. His teeth are already
+beginning to come. I will send you his portrait as soon as he is a little
+fairer, for at present he is so dark that I am quite ashamed of him."[70]
+And again, somewhat later, her humorous delight in her baby comes out in
+another letter to the same correspondent. "I wish you could see the
+gentleman, for he has no ordinary mien. He is so serious in all he does,
+that I cannot help fancying him far wiser than myself."[71]
+
+Henrietta's happiness was crowned by the birth of her son, which was
+followed as the years went on by that of other sons and daughters.[72] But
+apart from these domestic joys, in which she delighted with all the
+strength of her healthy nature, her life was a very happy one. To the
+pleasures of love she added those of friendship, and she had the art, all
+too rare among the great, of treating her friends with openness and
+confidence without losing her royal dignity. No sooner were her French
+ladies gone than she turned to those of her new country to fill their
+place, and perhaps her principal choice was not altogether a happy one.
+
+No woman of that time was more brilliant than Lucy, Countess of Carlisle,
+whose romantic friendship with the great Strafford, which the imagination
+of a modern poet has immortalized, is only one of her claims to
+remembrance. A member of the border House of Percy, she incurred, by her
+marriage with a Scotch nobleman, the serious displeasure of her father,
+who, as he said, could not bear that his daughter should dance Scotch jigs.
+But her union with the distinguished Lord Carlisle, whom Henrietta speedily
+forgave for his share in her early troubles, was to her advantage at Court,
+where, in virtue of her ten years' seniority over the young Queen, she
+wielded the influence which often belongs to a married woman, who, though
+still in the bloom of her beauty, has had time to acquire a knowledge of
+life. That she was beautiful her portraits remain to testify; that in the
+mingled arts of coquetry and diplomacy she was so proficient as to
+challenge comparison with Madame de Chevreuse herself there is ample
+evidence in the fascination which she exercised, first over Strafford and
+then over Pym, neither of whom were men to be caught by mediocre ability or
+charm; that she was cowardly, false, treacherous to her heart's core
+Henrietta's simple and affectionate nature had as yet no means of
+discovering.[73]
+
+There was another man of less intellectual distinction whom she had once
+been able to lead captive by her charms, but who had deserted her for a
+royal mistress across the Channel. The story of her frustrated revenge,
+though it rests upon the authority of gossiping memoirs,[74] is so
+characteristic of the lady herself and of others who played a part in
+Henrietta's life, that it carries with it some degree of conviction, and
+moreover has an illustrative value apart from its literal truth.
+
+Lady Carlisle was not a woman to forgive a faithless lover, even though
+that lover were the favourite of her King and had left her for the smiles
+of a foreign Queen. She determined to take a delicate revenge which should
+punish both the Duke of Buckingham and the Queen of France; and to compass
+this end she became one of the earliest of the English spies of Richelieu,
+who would be only too glad to welcome any proof of the levity of Anne of
+Austria.
+
+The Countess laid her plans well. She noticed that Buckingham, after his
+return from France, was accustomed to wear some diamond studs which she had
+never seen before, and which she conjectured correctly to have been given
+to him by the Queen of France. She determined to gain possession of one of
+these jewels, that she might send it to Richelieu, who would be at no loss
+to draw his own conclusions. A Court ball gave her an opportunity, and
+before the evening was out she held in her hand the compromising ornament.
+
+But she was to be outwitted after all by Buckingham, who, whatever his
+failings, was neither a tepid nor a dull-witted lover, and who was able to
+gauge, pretty correctly, the spite of the woman he knew so well. Taking
+advantage of his unbounded power with the King, he obtained the closure of
+all the ports of England for a certain time, during which interval he
+caused an exact replica of the stolen stud to be made, which, together with
+the remaining studs, he dispatched to Anne. The Queen of France was thus
+able to produce the jewels when her husband, their original donor, asked
+for them, and the accusing stud which the malice of her enemies sent to
+Paris was deprived of power to injure her.
+
+It is not surprising that there were people at the Court of England who
+disliked the young Queen's intimacy with Lady Carlisle. That lady, whose
+talk with those of her own sex was ever of dress and fashion, had already,
+it was rumoured, taught Henrietta to paint, and she would, no doubt, lead
+her on to other "debaucheries"; but her influence seemed established. By
+the royal favour she enjoyed a pension of L2000 a year, and Henrietta's
+affection was so great that even when the Countess had the smallpox she
+could hardly be kept from her side. The Queen was the convalescent's first
+visitor, and a little later she permitted her favourite to appear at Court
+in a black velvet mask, so that she might enjoy her society at an earlier
+date than otherwise would have been possible, for it was not to be expected
+that Lady Carlisle would show her face in the circles of which she was one
+of the brightest ornaments until its beauty was fully restored. Such a
+woman could not fail to arouse jealousy. Buckingham's relatives, who served
+the Queen, feared and distrusted her, and perhaps her most formidable rival
+in Henrietta's affection was the Duke's sister, the pious and cultured Lady
+Denbigh, who, distasteful at first, had won her mistress' heart, and whose
+long fidelity, which neither years nor exile could diminish, contrasts
+favourably with the self-seeking of the more brilliant Lady Carlisle.
+
+[Illustration: OLD SOMERSET HOUSE
+
+FROM AN ENGRAVING AFTER AN ANCIENT PAINTING IN DULWICH COLLEGE]
+
+But the society of friends of her own sex was only one among the many joys
+which were Henrietta's during the happy years which elapsed between the
+troubles of her youth and the storm of the Civil War. For a few months
+after the departure of the French her husband seems to have kept her short
+of money,[75] but in 1627 she enjoyed the income of L18,000, which was
+guaranteed to her by the terms of her marriage contract. Moreover, large
+grants of manors and lands were made to her. Thus came into her possession
+the park of East Greenwich, whither she was wont to retire when she wished
+for country air and quiet, and yet could not be far from town; thus she
+acquired Oatlands in Surrey, the pleasant country-house of which nothing
+now remains, where she spent many happy days with her friends and children;
+thus she was able to call her own Somerset or Denmark House, her much-loved
+and beautiful London home which stood with other noblemen's houses facing
+the Strand, while behind lovely pleasure gardens sloped down to the still
+silver Thames. None of her other houses, probably, were as dear to her as
+this, where she kept an establishment befitting her rank as Queen-Consort,
+and where she frequently gave entertainments which reflected the taste and
+grace of their hostess, and to which she had the pleasure of inviting her
+husband, the King.
+
+Henrietta was not a lady of literary tastes, and in spite of the fact that
+the Scotch poet, Sir Robert Ayton, was her private secretary, her patronage
+of general literature was confined to smiling on poets, such as Edmund
+Waller, who presented her with copies of complimentary verses, and to
+receiving the dedication of devotional works, usually translated from
+foreign originals. But to the drama she was devoted, and she specially
+liked the pretty and fashionable plays known as masques, of which the
+veteran laureate, Ben Jonson, wrote a number, and of which a younger poet,
+John Milton, produced in _Comus_, the most famous example. Henrietta was
+delighted with the great pageant and masque offered to their Majesties by
+the Inns of Court in 1633,[76] and even the grave Laud, when he entertained
+royalty at Oxford in 1638, provided a play, Cartwright's _Royal Slave_, for
+the amusement of his guests. But the Queen's pleasure was not only as a
+spectator. As a child she had been accustomed to take her part in private
+theatricals acted in the spacious _salons_ of the Luxembourg, where Rubens'
+voluptuous women looked down upon the royal actresses. She brought the
+taste for these amusements with her to England. The first Christmas after
+her marriage she and her ladies acted a French pastoral at Somerset House,
+in which she took the leading part. "It would have been thought a strange
+sight once,"[77] commented sourly her new subjects.
+
+But she was not to be deterred from her pleasures. She was always too
+careless of public opinion, and, as an acute and sympathetic observer
+remarked somewhat later, she was a true Bourbon in her love of amusement.
+To a lady whose dancing was something quite unusual, and whose sweet voice
+and skill in touching the lute testified to real musical taste, dramatic
+representations were naturally attractive. Her second English Christmas was
+enlivened by a masque, in which, as her French attendants were gone by this
+time, she had the assistance of her English friends. Her own band of
+players was always ready, and played for her amusement, now at Hampton
+Court, now at Somerset House, and it was owing to her influence and
+patronage that theatres increased to such an extent in the capital that the
+Puritan feeling of the City was aroused, which produced an order in Council
+"for the restraint of the inordinate use and company of playhouse and
+players." The playgoers were to content themselves with two theatres, of
+which one was to be in Middlesex and the other across the river in Surrey,
+while no plays were to be acted on Sunday, in Lent, or in times of common
+infection.
+
+But the merrymakings of the Court became more instead of less as the years
+went on. In 1631 the Queen was so taken up with her Shrovetide play that
+she had no thoughts to spare for important news which came from France, and
+the next year she took the principal part in an elaborate play, _The
+Shepherd's Paradise_, which was written for her by Walter Montagu, who
+added to his fine manners and diplomatic skill some pretensions (if nothing
+more) to literature. This play, which is of the allegorical type so dear to
+the heart of the seventeenth century, is indeed a very poor one, and hardly
+contains a line which rises above the level of an indifferent verse-maker.
+It is, moreover, fatiguingly long, and the Queen must have found her part a
+great labour to learn, specially as, notwithstanding her seven years'
+residence in England, she was not yet perfect in the English tongue, and
+indeed was acting partly in order to improve herself in this necessary
+accomplishment.[78] Her companions in the play were her ladies, for not a
+man was admitted even to take the male parts. But in spite of difficulties,
+when the night of the representation came, everything went off merrily at
+Somerset House; all acted with great spirit, and the Queen was able to
+speak with playful conviction the oath of the new queendom to which she had
+been elected:--
+
+  "By beauty, Innocence, and all that's faire
+  I, Bellesa, as a Queen do sweare,
+  To keep the honour and the regall due
+  Without exacting anything that's new,
+  And to assume no more to me than must
+  Give me the meanes and power to be just,
+  And but for charity and mercies cause
+  Reserve no power to suspend the Lawes.
+  This do I vow even as I hope to rise
+  From this into another Paradise."[79]
+
+The author of these lines was in high favour, not only with the Queen, but
+with the King, who went out of his way to congratulate his father, the Earl
+of Manchester, on such a son. This approval more than compensated for the
+castigation of the pastoral by another poet, whose verses, unlike
+Montagu's, still retain power to charm:--
+
+  "Wat Montague now stood forth to his trial,
+  And did not so much as suspect a denial;
+  But witty Apollo ask'd him first of all
+  If he understood his new Pastoral.
+
+  "For if he could do it, 'twould plainly appear
+  He understood more than any man there,
+  And did merit the bayes above all the rest;
+  But the mounsieur was modest, and silence confest."[80]
+
+There was another slight annoyance connected with the play which was,
+perhaps, even less felt than Suckling's wit, for what did it matter to
+Henrietta, to Montagu, or to any of the brilliant company, if a
+cross-grained puritanical lawyer such as William Prynne chose to insult the
+Queen by base and indiscriminate charges against actresses, thereby
+bringing upon himself the just punishment of the loss of his ears?
+
+All disagreeable matters were, indeed, shut out from the brilliant
+drawing-rooms of Henrietta Maria, where the hostess set an example of free
+amiability at which strict persons looked a little askance. Those were most
+welcome who could most contribute by beauty, wit, or conversation to the
+entertainment of all. Lord Holland,[81] the most elegant dandy of the day,
+was often to be seen there chatting with the Queen about France or Madame
+de Chevreuse, to whom he was known to be devoted. Walter Montagu's ready
+wit and charming conversation always availed to win him a few smiles from
+his royal hostess. Henry Percy was welcomed as much, perhaps, for the sake
+of his sister, Lady Carlisle, as for any shining qualities of his own.
+Above all, Henry Jermyn, the Queen's greatest friend--and she was a woman
+of many men friends--was constantly to be seen at her side, building up a
+friendship which only death was to end.
+
+It is hard to account for Henrietta's affection for this man--an affection
+so great that from that day to this scandal has been busy with their names.
+Henry Jermyn was not particularly well born, and he was neither radiantly
+handsome like Holland, nor clever and witty like Montagu. His abilities,
+which were severely tested in the course of his life, did not rise above
+mediocrity; his religion, such of it as existed, was of a very nebulous
+character, and his morals were of a distinctly commonplace type; indeed,
+one of his early achievements at Court was to run off with a maid of
+honour. To set against all this we only know that he was a man of very soft
+and gentle manners, such as made him a fitting agent in delicate
+negotiations, and that when the day of trouble came he showed considerable
+fidelity to the interests of a losing cause. That Henrietta should have
+lavished on such a man an affection and a confidence which some of her best
+friends, both now and later, thought exaggerated, is surprising; but she
+was never a good judge of character, and it must be remembered that
+personal charm is one of the most evanescent of qualities which cannot be
+bottled for the use of the historian.
+
+That in these happy days Henrietta was one of the brightest ornaments of
+her own Court cannot be doubted. Old men, who remembered the later years of
+Elizabeth, must have contrasted the forced compliments offered to her faded
+charms with the free devotion laid at the feet of this young and beautiful
+woman,
+
+  "In whom th' extremes of power and beauty move,
+  The Queen of Britain and the Queen of Love."[82]
+
+Her beauty soon reached its prime and soon faded a little, so that in later
+days she used to say with a touch of pique that no woman was handsome after
+two-and-twenty. Though she was not tall, her figure was good, and her sweet
+face with its animated expression attracted all beholders. Fastidious
+critics did, indeed, find fault with her mouth, which was rather large, but
+they had nothing but praise for her well-formed nose, her pretty
+complexion, and, above all, for her sparkling black eyes which, as in the
+days of her girlhood, were her most striking beauty; so lovely were they
+that the Puritan Sir Simonds d'Ewes was fain to lament that their owner
+should be in the thraldom of Popery.[83]
+
+With such beauty to adorn, no woman, much less a Frenchwoman and a queen,
+could be indifferent to dress. Henrietta took a great interest in the
+subject, and loved to deck herself in the beautiful robes which were then
+in fashion and which we know so well from the portraits of Van Dyck. The
+trousseau which she had brought with her to England bore witness to her
+brother's generosity, and was so ample and magnificent[84] that it may well
+have lasted her life, as trousseaux did in those days. Four dozen
+embroidered nightgowns with a dozen night-caps to match, four dozen
+chemises with another "fort belle, toute pointe coupe" thrown in for
+special occasions, and five dozen handkerchiefs seem an ample allowance of
+linen even for a queen, while the five petticoats which were provided made
+up in splendour what they lacked in number. The dozen pairs of English silk
+stockings, to which was added a dainty pair of red velvet boots lined with
+fur, were a luxury to which few could have aspired. But it was in the
+matter of gowns that Henrietta was most fortunate. No less than thirteen
+did she possess, apart from her "royal robe," and all were very
+magnificent, four being of gold and silver cloth on a satin foundation,
+whether of black, crimson, green, or "jus de lin," those of the two
+last-named colours being provided with a court train and long hanging
+sleeves. As for the robe of state, which perhaps is the same as that which
+had already done duty at the wedding, it surpassed the rest in splendour,
+being of red velvet covered with fleur-de-lis. A heavy mantle of the same
+material and colour lined up with ermine was evidently intended to be worn
+with it on ceremonial occasions.
+
+Such toilettes would have been incomplete without magnificent jewels, of
+which the taste of the time allowed great display. With Mary de' Medici
+they were a passion, and her daughter, though she had no avarice in her
+nature and was to show herself capable of sacrificing jewels or any other
+material good for those she loved, yet was far from indifferent to the
+sparkle and colour of these beautiful ornaments. Many and valuable were the
+jewels which on her departure from France were handed over to the care of
+her _dame d'atours_, who must have found them an anxious charge. Fillets of
+pearls, chains of precious stones, diamond ear-rings, a magnificent diamond
+ring, all these were provided for the young Queen, besides such fine jewels
+as a cross of diamonds and pearls, an anchor studded with four diamonds,
+and a "bouquet" of five petals made of diamonds, together with a quantity
+of lesser trinkets, including several dozen diamond buttons to be used as
+trimmings for dresses. It may be safely conjectured that the Queen found
+plenty of use for a "grand mirror, silver-backed," which she brought over
+with her from Paris, and it is not surprising to learn that Father Berulle
+thought her rather too fond of dress.
+
+A very girl Henrietta remained for several years after her marriage.
+Politics did not greatly interest her, and her trust in her husband was
+such that she turned aside from serious matters to employ herself in bright
+trifles, for, to the _joye de vivre_, which came to her from her father,
+she added a delight in all that was pretty, which recalls her descent from
+Florence and the Medici. She had, also, a taste for the grotesque which was
+common in her day, and she long kept at her Court a pugnacious dwarf, by
+name Geoffrey Hudson, who, later on, during the exile, caused her
+considerable embarrassment by killing a gentleman in a duel. There is ample
+evidence of her interest in dainty possessions and amusements. Now she is
+writing to Madame S. Georges for velvet petticoats from her Paris tailor,
+or "a dozen pairs of sweet chamois gloves and ... one of doe skin." Now she
+is receiving "rare and outlandish flowers," or asking her mother to send
+her fruit trees and plants for her gardens, whose "faire flowers" she so
+cherished as to merit the dedication by Parkinson the herbalist of his
+Paradisus Terrestris. Or, again, she is setting out with her lords and
+ladies to celebrate in good old English fashion the festival of May Day,
+and to witness all those pretty rights of country festivity over which the
+withering wind of the Civil War had not yet passed.
+
+                                       "Marke
+  How each field turns to a street: each street a Parke
+  Made green and trimm'd with trees: see how
+  Devotion gives each house a Bough
+  Or Branch: each Porch, each doore, ere this
+  An Arke a Tabernacle is
+  Made up of white thorn neatly enterwove
+  As if here were those cooler shades of love."[85]
+
+Nor was the Queen merely an idle spectator. No sooner did the first snowy
+May bush catch her eye than, with all the zest of a village maiden, she
+leaped from her fine coach, and breaking off a bough placed it merrily in
+her hat.
+
+In all the revels of the Court Henrietta's was the moving spirit, but her
+sweetness of temper prevented her energy from degenerating into
+domineering. She was never really popular with the people at large, on
+account of her race and her religion, and there were murmurs now and then
+at Court about her undue preference for the Scotch. But that in her own
+circle she was tenderly loved there can be no doubt. Innocent,[86] yet so
+sprightly that she sometimes gave scandal without suspecting it; gay, yet
+with moments of sadness which only solitude could relieve; open and
+talkative, yet faithful to conceal secrets, "for a queen should be as a
+confessor, hearing all yet telling nothing"; sympathetic with sorrow, yet
+chaffing unmercifully the _malades imaginares_ of a luxurious Court;
+delicate in consideration for the feelings of the meanest of her servants,
+yet gifted with a caustic tongue used at times rather unsparingly. Such was
+Henrietta Maria, Queen of England.
+
+But it is time to turn from the merely social and decorative aspect of
+Henrietta's married life to consider the interests and intrigues which,
+behind the brilliant show, were working and struggling.
+
+One of the first questions which came up for settlement on the conclusion
+of peace between England and France in 1629 was that of the Queen's
+household, and the ambassador sent to London to arrange this matter turned
+out to be one of those fascinating but factious persons whom ill-fortune
+threw so often in Henrietta's path. To make things worse he found already
+in England another Frenchman more fascinating and more factious than
+himself, with whom he formed a close friendship. The Chevalier de Jars,[87]
+whose exile was the result of Anne of Austria's affection and of
+Richelieu's dislike, added to all his other charms a skill in the game of
+tennis, which commended him to the King of England, himself a proficient in
+the game.
+
+Charles de l'Aubepine, Marquis of Chateauneuf, arrived in London in 1629.
+He was a finished gentleman, and he was able quickly to win the confidence
+of the Queen whose heart always turned kindly to those of her own nation.
+But the ambassador was not slow in discovering that instead of having to
+defend an ill-used and discontented wife, as perhaps he had expected, he
+must adapt his diplomacy to the requirements of a happy married couple. "I
+am not only the happiest princess, but the happiest woman in the
+world,"[88] said Henrietta to him triumphantly, while Charles was careful
+to show his affection for his beautiful wife by kissing her a hundred times
+in the course of an hour as Chateauneuf looked on. "You have not seen that
+in Piedmont," said the King, turning to his foreign guest, "nor," he added,
+sinking his voice to a discreet whisper, "in France either."
+
+Such news was gratifying to Mary de' Medici's maternal affection, and
+Chateauneuf dwelt in his dispatches upon the kindness of the King, on the
+pretty gifts of jewellery which he gave to his wife, and on the general
+happiness of the royal marriage. But the real objects of his mission,
+despite the personal favour with which he was regarded, were not advanced,
+for Henrietta had now no wish to receive a French establishment such as she
+had wept for so bitterly three years earlier.[89] She was now an English
+queen, and she was well content with the attendance which her husband
+provided for her. She confessed, however, that she should like to have a
+lady of the bedchamber to whom she could talk in her own language and who
+could come to church with her, "for the Countess of Buckingham and Madame
+Savage are often away, and the rest of my ladies are Protestants," she
+said.
+
+She took a favourable opportunity of expressing her views to her brother's
+ambassador with the frankness she was accustomed to show towards those she
+liked. She invited him to stay with her at Nonsuch "as a private person
+serving the Queen," and one evening there, after supper, when Charles had
+ridden away to hunt, she requested her guest to walk with her in the park,
+to enjoy the coolness of the July evening. A long conversation followed.
+Chateauneuf spoke to the Queen of the great affection which her mother had
+for her, the daughter whom she had kept longest at her side, and whose
+marriage was her own work. Henrietta assented, and confessed that the
+jealousy she had once felt of her sister Christine was unfounded, but she
+quickly went on to speak of the happiness of her married life and of the
+religious freedom which she enjoyed. "I do not want another governess," she
+declared at last. "I am no longer a child to allow myself to be ruled."[90]
+
+There were indeed many difficulties to be smoothed if Mary de' Medici was
+to realize her hope of bringing her young daughter again into tutelage.
+Both Charles and Henrietta saw what the aim of the French Government was,
+and they quietly defeated it. The ecclesiastical question, which will be
+discussed elsewhere, was, indeed, settled by a compromise favourable to
+Catholic interests, but no _gouvernante_ arrived to oust the Countess of
+Buckingham, who held the position formerly occupied by Madame S. Georges;
+and the doctor, "a Frenchman and a Catholic," who came to supplant the
+excellent Mayerne, a learned French Protestant who served Henrietta
+faithfully for many years, found his position at the English Court so
+intolerable that he begged to be recalled.
+
+But there is another aspect of Chateauneuf's brief stay in England which
+requires careful consideration. The French ambassador was believed to be
+devoted to the interests of Richelieu, or else, assuredly, he had never set
+foot in the English Court; but even Richelieu was sometimes mistaken, and
+the man whom he had chosen to represent him was probably already jealous of
+his patron, and already falling under the influence of the bright eyes of
+Madame de Chevreuse, the friend of Queen Anne, the ally of Spain.
+
+It is probable also that Henrietta was beginning to look coldly upon
+Richelieu even before she met Chateauneuf, for other influences were
+working against him in her mind. The day of Dupes was fast approaching,
+when her mother would leave for ever the Court of France. Gaston of
+Orleans' persistent hostility to the Cardinal was not without its weight
+with his sister. Berulle, whose memory she deeply revered, had died in
+1628, summing up the experience of a lifetime in his dying words, "As for
+the Court it is but vanity"; it was well known that he was at enmity with
+the man who had raised him from the simple priesthood to the dignity of the
+cardinal's purple. Taking all these things into account, it is not
+surprising that the young Queen of England turned no unwilling ear to the
+insinuation of Chateauneuf and the hints of Jars, and the result was an
+intrigue which only became apparent when the ambassador had returned to
+France, leaving the fascinating Chevalier to carry on the work which he had
+begun.
+
+The interaction of French and English politics now becomes of great
+importance. Charles never allowed another to occupy the place of
+Buckingham, either in his heart or in his counsels; but at this time his
+chief dependence was upon the Treasurer, Richard Weston, who became Earl of
+Portland in 1633; a dull, safe man, who could be trusted to prevent the
+disagreeable necessity of calling a Parliament. He was, certainly at the
+beginning of his career, rather pro-Spanish in his sympathies, and he died
+a Catholic; but his aversion from war so recommended him to Richelieu, who
+knew that while he held the reins of power England would not interfere in
+his continental designs, that an understanding and almost a friendship
+gradually grew up between them.
+
+Henrietta never liked Weston. Perhaps she was jealous of her husband's
+regard, and saw in him a potential Buckingham; certainly she disliked his
+close-fisted ways, which curbed her extravagance, always considerable, in
+money matters. She allowed a cabal of discontented spirits to gather round
+her, whose double aim was the overthrow of the powerful minister in England
+and of the far greater statesman across the Channel. That cabal, founded in
+French opinion by Chateauneuf,[91] included most of the Queen's personal
+friends. Holland,[92] who was jealous of Weston, and whose devotion to
+Madame de Chevreuse accounted for his attitude to Richelieu, without taking
+into account a warm friendship with Chateauneuf; Montagu, who laid such
+portion of his homage as he could spare from Queen Anne at the feet of the
+same seductive lady, and who had been and was "very well" with Monsieur the
+factious Duke of Orleans; Jermyn and Henry Percy--these are some of
+those[93] implicated in Henrietta's first attempt at the fascinating game
+of diplomatic chicanery. To them must be added Madame de Vantelet, whom
+Chateauneuf thought a little neglected, but who, as the only French lady of
+the royal household, had considerable influence over her mistress, and
+whose partisanship became so marked that the pension assigned to her by the
+King of France was taken away.
+
+The difficulties began with the arrival of Chateauneuf's successor, the
+Marquis of Fontenay-Mareuil, who threw himself on the side of Weston, and
+who soon found that he had to reckon with a foe in the person of the
+Chevalier de Jars. He met with little less opposition from Madame de
+Vantelet and from Father Philip, who disliked the ecclesiastical policy of
+the ambassador, and who was himself disliked by the party of Richelieu,
+because as a subject of King Charles he was quite independent of France and
+could not be persuaded to use the great influence over the Queen which his
+position gave him in the interests of a foreign Government.[94] The Queen
+proved even more intractable. She refused to dismiss Father Philip at her
+eldest brother's request, and it was an ominous sign that in 1631 an agent
+of Monsieur was in England, even though Charles took care that his presence
+should be reported to the French authorities. When the news arrived of the
+execution of the gallant Montmorency, Henrietta spoke with pity of his
+fate, while her husband, who had many of the instincts of absolutism,
+readily allowed that it was a painful necessity.
+
+Her friendship for Jars continued unabated in spite of the open enmity
+which that worthy showed to Fontenay-Mareuil, whose position was only
+rendered tolerable by the kindness of the King, who had not yet fallen
+under the domination of his wife in affairs, however much he might kiss and
+caress her. As for Henrietta, she was openly rude to the hapless
+ambassador. She frankly told him that though she was obliged to receive him
+in his official capacity, out of respect for her brother, she would not
+discuss her private affairs with him, and wished to have as little to do
+with him personally as possible. It is not surprising that he was anxious
+to return to his own country.
+
+Nor is it surprising that he took steps to clear himself from the name
+freely bestowed upon him. Apart from the clique of Chateauneuf's personal
+friends, of whom the chief perhaps were Holland and Montagu, he was fairly
+liked at Court, and he believed that, could he but unmask the intrigues of
+the Chevalier and of his patron Chateauneuf, he might yet triumph over his
+enemies. With this object in view he descended to a trick hardly in keeping
+either with his rank or with his office. One evening when he knew that the
+Chevalier would be away from home, he caused two of his servants to enter
+the rooms of his rival, where they carried on a burglarious search, which
+ended in a small cabinet containing letters finding its way into the hands
+of the ambassador.
+
+Jars, as was only to be expected, was exceedingly angry, but he believed
+that his influence with the King and the Queen would ensure his redress.
+They did indeed take up the matter with great zeal, and, for a few days,
+nothing else was talked of at Court. But when Charles came to question
+Fontenay-Mareuil, the affair assumed a different complexion. The ambassador
+did not attempt to deny the theft. He only said coolly that since Jars was
+a subject of the King of France, and since he had reason to believe that he
+was compromising his sovereign's interests, he was at liberty to take any
+steps which seemed good to him to discover the truth. The King of England
+was much struck by this reply, which fitted in well with his own theory and
+practice of statecraft. Moreover, much as he personally liked Jars, he
+distrusted the political party to which he belonged. He therefore
+determined to take no steps in the matter. He showed marked cordiality to
+Fontenay-Mareuil, and the Chevalier, to his infinite chagrin, had to submit
+to the loss of his papers, which were probably sent to Richelieu to help
+forward the disgrace of Chateauneuf.
+
+For in the early spring of 1633 the Court of England was startled by the
+news of the arrest of that nobleman and of the Chevalier de Jars, who had
+returned to France after the above incident. In a moment the power of those
+who were the Queen of England's friends in her native land seemed
+destroyed. Chateauneuf was sent into captivity at Angouleme. His fair
+charmer, Madame de Chevreuse, was forced into uncongenial retirement, which
+ended in her dramatic escape, dressed up as a man, across the Pyrenees into
+Spain. While for Jars was reserved a still harder lot. Two years of
+rigorous imprisonment in the Bastille were followed by a sentence of death,
+pronounced by one who was known as the "bourreau du Cardinal." It was only
+as the victim kneeled upon the scaffold awaiting the stroke of the
+executioner that he received, by the tardy mercy of Richelieu, a reprieve
+from death, a reprieve so sudden and startling that for many minutes he was
+too stunned to appreciate his good fortune, which, however, was none too
+great, for he was reconducted to his prison, whence all the efforts of his
+friends, headed by the Queen of England, were long unavailing to drag him.
+
+It was not indeed likely that Richelieu would look favourably on a request
+proferred by Henrietta, for he was beginning to feel that distrust of her
+which never left him to the end of his life. Among the letters which the
+_affaire_ Chateauneuf placed in his power were many written by English
+hands, those of Holland, of Montagu, of the Queen herself. He knew also
+that the royal lady had spoken slighting words of him, saying that
+Chateauneuf was no participant of the evil counsels of the Cardinal, and
+that after the death of the latter he would be able to fill his place much
+more worthily. This information, moreover, came from an unimpeachable
+source, none other than the Treasurer of England. Weston indeed watched
+with no ordinary interest the course of events in France, and it is not
+surprising that he did not scruple to report to the Cardinal the
+uncomplimentary remarks of the Queen of England. The enemies of Richelieu
+were his own, and their overthrow prepared the way for his victory, which,
+though on a smaller scale and of less dramatic quality, was equally
+decisive.
+
+In the spring of 1633, not long after the fall of Chateauneuf, Jerome
+Weston, the son of the Treasurer, was on his way home from Paris, whither
+he had been as ambassador. On the journey he happened to fall in with a
+letter which he thought to be written by the Earl of Holland, and
+remembering the hostility of that nobleman to his father, he took
+possession of it. On opening the packet he found within a letter addressed
+in the Queen's handwriting, which he did not presume to unfold; but on his
+arrival in London laid it, just as he had found it, in the hands of the
+King.
+
+It appears that the letter was of trifling importance, being nothing more
+than one of the many which, at different times, Henrietta Maria wrote on
+behalf of the Chevalier de Jars to Cardinal Richelieu. But Holland, not
+unnaturally perhaps, felt that he had been insulted, and he probably
+thought that the King would see in Jerome Weston's conduct an affront to
+his wife. In a moment of imprudence he sent a challenge by the hands of
+Henry Jermyn to the Treasurer's son, asking for satisfaction. The latter,
+instead of sending an answer in the way usual in such cases, informed his
+father of what had occurred, and Portland without delay laid the matter
+before the King. This trifling incident thus became the touchstone of the
+respective influence of the Treasurer and of the cabal which was trying to
+ruin him. It was the former who came off victorious. Charles' trust in his
+minister was not to be shaken, while he was exceedingly angry with Holland.
+To his punctilious mind it seemed intolerable that a nobleman of his own
+council should send a challenge to one of his servants on account of an act
+performed in his official capacity. His orders were sharp and stern.
+Jermyn, as an accessory, was to be confined in a private house, while
+Holland was ordered to retire to the beautiful mansion at Kensington, which
+he had acquired with his wealthy wife Isabel Cope, and there to remain
+during His Majesty's pleasure. All believed that the day of the brilliant
+Earl was over, and that his friends, particularly Montagu and Madame de
+Vantelet, would share in his fall. Holland House was indeed a gilded
+prison, but the prisoner was made to feel that the sentence had not been
+pronounced in play, for when he showed a disposition to amuse himself with
+his friends, Charles sent a stern rebuke, forbidding him to receive
+company. Everything pointed to a complete withdrawal of royal favour.
+
+But Henrietta, as she proved in the case of Jars and of many others, was a
+good friend. She was truly attached to Holland, who was not only possessed
+of unrivalled grace of person and manner, but was connected in her mind
+with the happy memory of her marriage. Exerting all the strength of her
+growing influence over her husband--an influence which was increased by the
+fact that she was about again to become a mother[95]--she succeeded in
+winning the pardon of the now repentant Earl. Handsome and brilliant as
+ever, Holland reappeared in the drawing-rooms of the Queen, and his
+accomplices, Jermyn, Montagu, and Madame de Vantelet, seemed to be in as
+high favour at Court as before the occurrence of this untoward event.
+
+But, nevertheless, Portland was the victor. Charles' eyes had been opened
+to see the machinations of the enemies of his minister who, notwithstanding
+the smothered hostility of the Queen and her circle, preserved his
+confidence until his death. Henrietta's first attempt to play the game of
+politics--an attempt into which she had been drawn by her friends with
+probably little volition or comprehension of her own--had ended on both
+sides of the Channel in sorry failure. In France her friends were scattered
+and exiled, and the great Cardinal was stronger than ever; in England she
+had proved her power to touch her husband's heart, but not to rule his
+counsels.
+
+But other days were coming. In March, 1635, Portland died. As Charles grew
+older his disposition to keep the direction of affairs in his own hands
+grew also, and as Buckingham had had no real successor so Portland had
+none. Instead, his heritage of influence and power was divided among
+several heirs, one of whom was the Queen of England. Hardly was the
+Treasurer in his grave when Henrietta Maria began to show an interest in
+political concerns which she had not previously displayed.
+
+She was now twenty-five years of age, and her early marriage had brought
+with it an early development of character. She had outgrown the levity of
+extreme youth, and her acute and energetic mind was beginning to feel and
+respond to the stimulus of affairs. She had not lived for ten years with
+her husband without being aware of the difficulties of his sombre and
+obstinate character,[96] but she knew also his great love for her, and she
+was encouraged by the fact that her devoted servant the Earl of Holland had
+been restored to more than his former place in Charles' confidence. Perhaps
+the hostile influence which she most feared was that of Laud, for whom the
+King had a regard not only as an ecclesiastic after his own heart, but as a
+friend and protege of Buckingham. There was also another and a stronger
+mind from which she instinctively shrank, but Wentworth was far away in
+Ireland, and, at the time, seldom came into personal relation with her. But
+though it is unquestionable that the disappearance of Portland marks a
+change which came over the spirit of the Queen, yet that change may easily
+be exaggerated. It was, moreover, very gradual, and only became complete in
+the dark days which preceded the Civil War. For the present, though the
+instincts of intrigue inherent in the Medici blood were aroused, yet her
+chief interests remained those of the normal young married woman, her
+husband, her babies, her home. If she entered into political matters, as
+she had not done in earlier years, yet her efforts were intermittent, and
+two independent witnesses attest with regret the indifference of her
+attempts to win over the Ministers of State, and the slightness of the part
+which she played in public life.[97] Nevertheless, as the death of
+Buckingham gave her ascendancy over her husband's heart, so that of
+Portland paved the way for the ascendancy which she gradually acquired over
+his mind.
+
+It was not to be expected that Henrietta's development of character, slight
+and gradual though it might be, would escape the vigilant eyes fixed upon
+her from across the Channel. Portland's death was a blow to Richelieu, who,
+with a European war about to begin, could not afford the hostility of
+England. He did not like Henrietta, but he was too acute not to appreciate
+that her character was of the feminine type, which is largely dependent
+upon personal influence, and he hoped that the removal of Chateauneuf and
+Jars would lead to a return on her part to such sentiments as he conceived
+to be fitting towards her native land, in other words, towards himself, for
+to the Cardinal even more than to Louis XIV "l'Etat c'est moi." When he
+heard how all the courtiers of England, and even the Archbishop of
+Canterbury himself, were trying to win her favour, he felt that he must
+take some pains to recapture her. His schemes--the details of which may be
+read in the dispatches which he wrote and received--were not quite
+unsuccessful. Henrietta, for a few years, did show a certain friendliness
+towards him, and perhaps, had he complied at once with her wishes in
+releasing Jars, he might have won her real friendship.[98] Her friends in
+England were not neglected. The unstable Montagu, who at this time had
+great influence over her, and who was attempting, quite unsuccessfully, to
+make Richelieu forget the part he had played in Chateauneuf's schemes, was
+rewarded for his shuffling by the offer of a pension, which, however, the
+Queen thought it prudent he should refuse.[99] Certainly grievances of her
+French servants were removed. Madame de Vantelet's pension was restored,
+while in 1637 Francis Windbank, one of the Secretaries of State, who was
+becoming involved in her schemes, was delicately asked to accept a present
+in lieu of the less respectable pension.[100]
+
+[Illustration: CHARLES I AND HENRIETTA MARIA
+
+FROM THE PAINTING BY VAN DYCK IN THE GALLERIA PITTI, FLORENCE]
+
+But Richelieu, in spite of all his schemes, was by now aware of one fact,
+which redounds greatly to Henrietta's credit: he recognized that she would
+never be an Anne of Austria, an alien and spy in the Court of her husband,
+and that all he could hope for was to win her as a friendly ally who should
+counteract in some degree the pro-Spanish tendencies of the King. "The
+Queen of England," ran the instructions given to an ambassador who was
+starting for London, "shows herself always very well disposed towards
+France. But care must be taken, and she must not be required to act beyond
+that which she considers may contribute to the common good of the two
+crowns."[101]
+
+For as the years rolled on the union between Charles and Henrietta proved
+to be no passing affection born of youth and beauty, but the deep and
+increasing love of true marriage. It was as impossible for Henrietta as for
+any other good wife, whether princess or peasant, to consider a course of
+action apart from the interests of her husband, and those who had dealings
+with her had to learn, sometimes painfully, that her first consideration
+must always be he of whom she was accustomed to write, with pretty
+formality, as "le roi Monseigneur."
+
+She is considered, and rightly, to be a Queen of Tragedy. But in any
+estimate of her life it must be remembered that she had at least twelve
+years of such happiness as seldom falls to the lot of a royal woman. If
+later she was to find out that
+
+  "There is no worldly pleasure here below
+  Which by experience doth not folly prove,"
+
+now she was learning
+
+  "But among all the follies that I know
+  The sweetest folly in the world is love";[102]
+
+and thus rank and riches, which to the unhappy are but an aggravation of
+their misery, could yield to her their truest pleasure. Moreover, she never
+had to learn, like poor Anne of Austria, how
+
+  "Rich discontent's a glorious Hell."[103]
+
+Sorrow, when it came, stripped her bare of the mocking accessories of joy.
+
+[Footnote 61: In England Henrietta Maria was known as Queen Mary, but she
+always used the signature "Henriette Marie."]
+
+[Footnote 62: _Cal. S.P. Dom._, 1625-6, p. 415.]
+
+[Footnote 63: Sir Theodore Mayerne.]
+
+[Footnote 64: Henry Percy to Earl of Carlisle. _Cal. S.P. Dom._, 1625-49,
+p. 292.]
+
+[Footnote 65: _Cal. S.P. Dom._, 1628-9, p. 412. (Dec., 1628.)]
+
+[Footnote 66: Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 15.]
+
+[Footnote 67: William Habington: "Castara."]
+
+[Footnote 68: Sir Theodore Mayerne: _Cal. S.P. Dom._, 1628-9, p. 548.]
+
+[Footnote 69: See chapter IV.]
+
+[Footnote 70: Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 17.]
+
+[Footnote 71: _Ibid._, p. 18.]
+
+[Footnote 72: Mary, who married the Prince of Orange; James, afterwards
+King of England; Elizabeth; Henry, Duke of Gloucester; Henrietta Anne,
+Duchess of Orleans; Anne, who died as an infant, and another daughter, who
+also died in infancy.]
+
+[Footnote 73: Her character is described at length in "The Character of the
+Most Excellent Lady Lucy of Carlisle," by Sir Tobie Matthews, prefixed to
+_A Collection of Letters made by Sir Tobie Matthews, K.C._ (1660).]
+
+[Footnote 74: Those of Rochefoucault.]
+
+[Footnote 75: In 1626 she was in debt to the amount of L6662 16s. 9d. to
+various tradesmen; it was her custom, as that of former Queen-Consorts, to
+employ chiefly foreign tradesmen and workmen.]
+
+[Footnote 76: The Queen saw it twice; the music was written by Simon Ivy
+and Henry Lawes.]
+
+[Footnote 77: _Cal. S.P. Dom._, 1625-6, p. 273.]
+
+[Footnote 78: In later days Henrietta Maria could say with Katharine of
+Aragon,
+
+  "I am not such a truant since my coming
+  As not to know the language I have liv'd in."
+
+for her children grew up unable to speak French, and Mme de Motteville says
+that she had spoilt her French by talking English. Perhaps even now it was
+only the accent which was at fault. Probably she never wrote English with
+ease. Her first letter written in that language is to Lord Finch; the date
+is about 1641. Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 28.]
+
+[Footnote 79: _The Shepherd's Paradise: a comedy_ (1659).]
+
+[Footnote 80: Sir John Suckling: "A Session of the Poets."]
+
+[Footnote 81: He was the Queen's Lord Steward.]
+
+[Footnote 82: Edmund Waller.]
+
+[Footnote 83: The following description of the Queen is written by a
+Catholic hand: "Seremissima Maria Regina quinque ac viginti circiter
+annorum, figura corporis parva, sed venustissima, crine cum suo Rege
+consimili [dark chestnut] constitutione corporis prima, de qua hac virtutum
+Epitome quod formosissima, quod in aetatis vere, quod Regina, in Aula
+deliciis, et voluptatibus affluente, atque etiam Religionibus dispari, nec
+vel lerissimam offensionem dederit."--Archives of the See of Westminster:
+Status Angliae, 1635.]
+
+[Footnote 84: The official list of the clothes, jewels, furniture, etc.,
+which the Queen brought to England and from which the above account is
+taken, forms part of MS. Francais, 23,600. Among the furniture are
+mentioned "trois tapis de velours" and "deux grands tapis de Turquie."]
+
+[Footnote 85: Robert Herrick: "Corinna's going a-Maying."]
+
+[Footnote 86: The evidence of Father Philip on this point is conclusive.
+See Con to Barberini: Add. MS., 15,389, f. 196.]
+
+[Footnote 87: He was in England at the time of Bassompierre's mission.]
+
+[Footnote 88: Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 43.]
+
+[Footnote 89: In a secret article of the treaty between France and England,
+made in 1629, it was recognized by the King of France that it was
+inadvisable that Henrietta should have a large French household. Aff.
+Etran. Ang., t. 43.]
+
+[Footnote 90: Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 43.]
+
+[Footnote 91: Fontenay-Mareuil to Richelieu (apparently). "Vos actions sont
+en telle veneration par tout le monde que le Roy de la Grande Bretagne
+anime d'un si bon exemple s'est enfin resolu de ruiner la Cabale qui estoit
+en sa Cour dont il estime que le Roy ni vous Monsieur ne serez pas marris
+puis-qu'elle avoit este fondee par M. de Chasteauneuf et sur les mesmes
+desseins que celle de France tres prejudiciables aux deux royaumes.... 14
+April, 1633."--Aff. Etran, Ang., t. 45.]
+
+[Footnote 92: Richelieu thought that Mme. de Chevreuse, swayed by her love
+for Holland, induced Chateauneuf to act against Weston, whom Holland hoped
+to supplant.]
+
+[Footnote 93: This clique was considered "Puritan" as against the
+"Protestantism" of Portland. See chap. IV.]
+
+[Footnote 94: "Pere Philippe qui possede la conscience de la Reyne de la
+Grande Bretagne est subject du roy son Mary et establi par luy de sorte
+qu'il est impossible d'y prendre aucune confiance pour les interests de
+France a laquelle il ne se tient point oblige."--Letters of
+Fontenay-Mareuil, French Transcripts P.R.O.]
+
+[Footnote 95: Her son James was born October 14th, 1633.]
+
+[Footnote 96: "La Reyne de la Grande Bretagne ne fait que commencer aussy a
+se mesler des affaires laquelle bienque son Mary layme extremement il fault
+de l'humeur qu'il est quelle use de grandes maniers avec luy et quelle y
+aille tres doucement."--Letters of French Ambassador (Senneterre). May
+24th, 1635. MS. Francais, 15,993.]
+
+[Footnote 97: "J'ay beaucoup loue et remercie la Reyne de la Grande
+Bretagne de son election qui est un esprit qu'elle doive conserver a elle
+pour prendre plus de part dans les affaires quelle n'a fait iusques
+ici."--Letter of Senneterre, February, 1636. MS. Francais, 15,993.
+
+"Al futuro applica poco confidata tutta nel Re. Bisogna che prema piu di
+guadagnare li ministri dello Stato de quali puo essere Padrona
+volendo."--Con to Barberini, Aug. 25, 1636. Add. MS., 15,389, f. 196.]
+
+[Footnote 98: "... La reyne d'Angletera qul prendra entierement
+Vostre party sy vous luy donnez la liberte du chevalier de
+Jars."--Fontenay-Mareuil to Richelieu. Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 45.]
+
+[Footnote 99: MS. Francais, 15,993.]
+
+[Footnote 100: The Queen's Grand Almoner, Du Perron, was the intermediary
+in this matter. Windbank's name is not mentioned in Du Perron's letters,
+but there is little doubt he is intended. Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 46.]
+
+[Footnote 101: Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 46]
+
+[Footnote 102: Sir Robert Ayton]
+
+[Footnote 103: William Habington.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE QUEEN OF THE CATHOLICS
+
+                        They knew not
+  That what I motioned was of God; I knew
+  From intimate impulse and therefore urged
+  The Marriage on, that by occasions hence,
+  I might begin Israel's deliverance,
+  The work to which I was divinely called.
+
+                                         JOHN MILTON
+
+
+Among all the activities of Queen Henrietta Maria's life none deserves more
+careful study than those connected with her work for her co-religionists in
+England.
+
+The French marriage of Charles I represented, in a measure, a compromise
+between the hopes of the English Catholics and the fears of the English
+Puritans. From the point of view of the latter an alliance with any
+Catholic Princess was a misfortune; but, nevertheless, Henrietta was
+regarded as a modified evil by those who had feared a Spanish Infanta.
+Spain was the old enemy, the land which had sent out the Great Armada, and
+which in every way had fostered the most militant and uncompromising
+elements of English Catholicism; France, if unfortunately it had not
+fulfilled the promise it had once given of becoming a Protestant country,
+was Catholic in another and a far less rigid sense, and it was remembered
+that Henrietta was the daughter of the man who had been at one time the
+hope of the Reformers, and who, if he had deserted his faith with a
+light-hearted cynicism not often to be paralleled, had found at the end
+that the Mass which gained Paris for him could not save him from the knife
+of the man who was believed to be the pupil of the Jesuits. The qualified
+satisfaction which was general in England is well reflected in the
+following paragraph which appeared in a newsletter when it was known that
+the negotiations for the marriage were approaching completion:--
+
+"The first tidings of this joyfull newes were welcome unto all except
+Jezuited English who have not so much hope to accomplish their ambitious
+projects, allwayes hurtfull to the good and tranquillity of this Kingdome
+by this Marriage of France, as they had by that of Spaine, since all men
+know who know any thing at all, how all true-hearted Frenchmen detest and
+hate this cruell king-killing Ignatian order since the death and murther of
+two Burbonian Henries kild by them and their accomplices."[104]
+
+But, on the other hand, the substitution of a French for a Spanish Queen
+was a severe blow to the English Catholics. These heroic men who, hiding
+their heads "mid ignomy, death and tombs," had kept alive through years of
+persecution the faith of their fathers, had acquired something of the
+harshness and narrowness which belongs to a persecuted remnant. The more
+liberal type of Catholicism prevalent in France was not congenial to
+them,[105] and they had, moreover, good reason to be grateful to the House
+of Austria. The King of Spain not only permitted English seminaries and
+religious houses to be established in Spain and in the Low Countries, but
+he even supported some of them with pensions, and during the negotiations
+with James I for a matrimonial alliance he showed both his will and his
+power to protect the English Catholics at home, where a peace of the Church
+was then enjoyed which was long remembered in less happy times. All
+persecution ceased, and at St. James's Palace a Catholic Chapel was seen in
+course of building, designed for the use of the Spanish Queen who never
+came.
+
+It was not likely that the eyes of Richelieu,[106] which saw everything,
+should fail to observe the unfortunate predilection of the English
+Catholics for the enemies of France, and there is no doubt that one of the
+reasons for which Henrietta was sent into England was to detach them from
+this alliance. During the period of negotiations Richelieu wrote a friendly
+letter to the Catholic body in England,[107] and the French ambassadors
+were charged to do all in their power to win the confidence of its
+principal members, and to combat the wiles of the Spaniards, who tried to
+persuade them that the French had no true regard for religion.
+Ville-aux-clercs, when he was in London, was on one occasion obliged to
+attend a service at Westminster Abbey. He was careful to behave with the
+utmost rudeness, in order to show the uncompromising character of a
+Frenchman's Catholicism.[108] Tillieres took great pains to conciliate the
+chiefs of the English Catholics, and to persuade them that his master was
+as good a Catholic as the King of Spain. But it was no easy task, and it
+was not until Louis XIII had stayed the passage of an anti-Catholic law in
+the English Parliament that they began to feel some confidence in him. Then
+a letter of thanks was sent to Paris,[109] and even the Jesuits, who were
+considered peculiarly pro-Spanish, wrote to express their desire for the
+coming alliance. Matters were the more satisfactory inasmuch as William
+Smith, who had recently been consecrated Bishop of Chalcedon, and who, in
+the teeth of the Jesuits, claimed the jurisdiction of an ordinary in
+England, was well known in France, where he had resided for many years in
+the household of Richelieu. It was, moreover, with the same object that the
+French Government insisted upon the promise to suspend the execution of the
+recusancy laws as a _sine qua non_ of the marriage, "otherwise," wrote
+Tillieres frankly, "the English Catholics will be lost to France and
+assured to Spain."[110] Thus Richelieu's action in this particular fits
+into his general scheme of anti-Austrian policy, and he is cleared from any
+suspicion that he was actuated by weak religious scruples in thus setting
+himself against the Protestant prejudice of England.
+
+Henrietta was probably not unconscious of the dubious reception which would
+be afforded to her by her co-religionists, and her advisers were still more
+alive to the necessity of her making a good impression upon the English
+Catholics. At first all went well. Those who were unaware of the religious
+revival which was taking place in France were surprised at the piety of
+Berulle (who was one of the leaders of the revival), and at the zeal of the
+Bishop of Mende,[111] who, with great diplomacy, took care to interest
+himself in the general affairs of his co-religionists in England. The young
+Queen herself, who in Paris had not been remarkable for devotion, seemed on
+entering the heretic country to be dowered with a new piety and zeal. She
+showed great compassion for her Catholic subjects, and such devotion to her
+religious duties that she heard Mass every day, even when she was on one of
+the frequent progresses of the English Court, and on Sundays listened to a
+sermon and attended Vespers, which was usually enlivened by instrumental
+music. "Can such good things come out of Galilee?" was the wondering
+question of the pro-Spanish English Catholic; and if he suspended his
+ultimate judgment, he at least rejoiced for the time in the edifying
+conduct of those whose presence was the guarantee of his peace.
+
+Even some of the Protestants seemed softened. Henrietta, in her earlier
+days, before sorrow deepened and hardened her character, was far from a
+bigot, and indeed the daughter of Henry IV never had in her the true stuff
+of fanaticism. When just after her marriage some one was rude enough to ask
+her if she disliked Huguenots, she answered gently, "Why should I? My
+father was one"; and some of Berulle's enemies, "the ministers," presuming
+on such girlish kindliness, boasted that in six months she would be at
+their preachings. Others, less sanguine, contented themselves with admiring
+the decorum of the services to which curiosity led them, and with praising
+the outward regularity of the lives of the Oratorian Fathers. Thus the
+Catholics had ground for hope, but not for exultation. "These are flowers
+of hopes," wrote the cautious Berulle, "but nothing but flowers and,
+moreover, flowers surrounded by thorns. These are hopes, but they have need
+of a greater maturity in the Queen and more persevering conduct on the part
+of France."[112]
+
+It was therefore the greater disappointment when the persecution of 1625
+fell. Nor was it a slight and passing storm. Never, even in the days of
+Edward VI or Elizabeth, had the Catholics been in such evil case, except
+that the death penalty, to which the King had an invincible repugnance, was
+not exacted.[113] But the most loyal of laymen, such as the Marquis of
+Winchester, suffered in their goods, while the prisons became veritable
+cloisters of religious. It is not surprising that the persecuted contrasted
+the peace and security of the days of mere negotiations with Spain with the
+misery brought about by a consummated marriage with France, or that
+Richelieu and his emissaries in England ground their teeth with rage to see
+those whom they had hoped to capture flung back again into the arms of His
+Catholic Majesty.
+
+Henrietta herself, though much distressed, did not despair. She had already
+discovered that her husband was naturally inclined to mercy, and she knew
+that persecution was to a great extent a financial expedient to fill the
+empty coffers of the State. Young as she was, she understood the task to
+which, religiously speaking, her marriage had called her,[114] for the
+performance of which the papal dispensation had been granted, and of which
+the importance had been impressed upon her by her mother, by Berulle, and
+by the Bishop of Mende, all of whom saw in her another Bertha who was to
+effect a new conversion of England. Even in the dark days of April, 1626,
+she did not falter. She was praying, she wrote to the Pope, who had
+honoured her with a Brief, not only that she might stand firm in the true
+religion, but that also she might "procure all the peace and comfort which
+I can for the Catholics of the Kingdoms, hoping that the natural goodness
+of the King my Lord, touched by a holy inspiration and by my ardent
+prayers, will produce some sweet and favourable effect for their comfort.
+And although up to now there has been little fruit of my endeavours, yet I
+promise myself that my persevering constancy, aided by divine assistance,
+will not always be useless to them."[115]
+
+The first step towards a better state of things was the reconstruction of
+the Queen's religious establishment which had been so abruptly broken up.
+Charles was at first quite obdurate to the requests of the French
+Government, and refused not only to receive a Bishop as Grand Almoner,[116]
+but even to entertain the idea of the establishment of a religious Order in
+England. But in this case, as in many others, he was talked over. Years
+before, in Spain, he had been acquainted with some Capuchin Fathers who had
+impressed him by their good sense and piety. The Order was a humble one,
+not likely to mix in politics, and eventually he intimated that he would be
+willing to receive some of its members in the capacity of chaplains to his
+wife.
+
+But difficulties arose. The two Fathers of the Oratory, who were still in
+England, had been drawn into the intrigues of Chateauneuf, and Father
+Philip was considered almost an enemy of France. The Capuchins, on the
+other hand, were under the protection of Fontenay-Mareuil, and they quite
+expected to see the members of the rival congregation expelled and the path
+left clear for themselves.
+
+It was, therefore, a grave disappointment, when, on their arrival in
+England, they found that the Queen had no intention of changing her
+confessor, of whose long-headed Scotch prudence she had a just
+appreciation. The poor Capuchins, with a certain Father Leonard at their
+head, were subjected to considerable annoyances from the Chateauneuf clique
+and the Fathers of the Oratory,[117] who were more men of the world than
+they, did not scruple to show a refined contempt for them. So uncomfortable
+were they that but for the support of Fontenay-Mareuil they would almost
+have returned to France.
+
+But they were cheered by the courtesy of the Queen. Henrietta, in spite of
+her refusal to submit to their direction, received them with all kindness,
+and settled them in her own establishment at Somerset House, where, to
+their great satisfaction, they were permitted to wear the religious habit.
+They were indeed simple men, so simple that she showed her wisdom in
+seeking a confessor elsewhere than among them; but they were zealous and
+disinterested, and, if at times they attempted to impose upon the ungodly
+Protestant by a profession of greater austerity than that actually
+practised, there was no sham in their labours among the sick and poor of
+plague-stricken London, or in their devotion to their religious
+duties.[118] They, on their side, became much attached to Henrietta, and it
+is to the pen of one of them, Father Cyprien de Gamache, who in his old age
+wrote his memoirs of the English mission, that we owe many curious
+particulars of the Queen's life.[119]
+
+With the Capuchins came a more distinguished person, who shared with them
+for a while the dislike of Chateauneuf's friends.
+
+Jacques de Nowell du Perron, a nephew of the famous Cardinal of that name,
+who had had much to do with the conversion of the Queen's father, came to
+London as the successor of the Bishop of Mende, but no two men could have
+been less alike, and perhaps du Perron was selected because Richelieu had
+learned by experience that "surtout point de zele" was a sound maxim in
+dealing with heretics. Certainly the second Grand Almoner of Henrietta
+Maria was as much liked as the first had been detested. A man of the
+softest manners, "neutral in every question whatsoever,"[120] as a stronger
+spirit said of him with a touch of contempt, he knew not only how to keep
+the favour of the French authorities who had sent him to England, but how
+to win that of Charles, whom he charmed by his flow of interesting talk,
+and of the Protestant public, who so respected the regularity of his life
+and the moderation of his conduct, that even on the eve of the Civil War he
+was regarded "as among the hated the least so."[121] There were moments
+when his task of serving many masters was difficult, as when his courtier's
+soul was vexed because, by obeying Henrietta's commands to officiate at a
+service of welcome to her mother,[122] he offended his patrons in Paris;
+but in the main his conduct met with its due reward. It was no small
+tribute to his tact and prudence that he so far obliterated from the mind
+of Charles the memory of the Bishop of Mende that he permitted him, in
+1637, to accept the Bishopric of Angouleme without forfeiting his position
+as Grand Almoner of the Queen. He went off to France to be consecrated, and
+returned to England with all the dignity of episcopal rank.
+
+It fell to the lot of this courtly ecclesiastic to officiate at one of the
+most picturesque ceremonies of Henrietta's London life. Among the unkept
+stipulations of the marriage contract was a provision for the building of a
+chapel for the Queen's use. Henrietta, at her first coming, had been
+obliged to content herself with a small and mean room in which her
+chaplains, as best they might, celebrated divine service. It was not until
+1632[123] that she had so won her husband's heart as to wring from him by
+prayers and caresses, and sometimes even by tears, permission to build a
+church for her Capuchins, which should be at once a memorial of her
+religious zeal and a thank-offering for her married happiness, which now
+had been crowned by the birth of her little son.
+
+On September the 14th the foundation-stone was laid. The site of the new
+building, which was the tennis courtyard of Somerset House, was fitted up
+as a temporary church with tapestries for walls and stuffs of great price
+for roof. A large and brilliant company, numbering at least two thousand
+persons, was present, while at the beautifully decked altar stood M. du
+Perron to sing a Mass, which was accompanied by rare voices and choice
+instrumental music, and at which the attendant ceremonies were so
+magnificent that a Frenchman who happened to be present confessed[124] that
+nothing more splendid could be seen at Notre-Dame de Paris, even when a
+King of France honoured that cathedral with his presence. The Mass ended,
+Henrietta stepped forward, handed by her brother's ambassador, M. de
+Fontenay-Mareuil, to whom the establishment of the Capuchins was so largely
+due. A trowel delicately fringed with velvet was offered to her, together
+with mortar served in a silver-gilt bowl. Thrice she threw the mortar on to
+the stone of foundation, which was then lowered into its place, bearing on
+a plate an inscription telling how she, the Queen of England and the
+daughter of France, had founded this temple for the honour of Catholicism
+and for the use of her servants the Capuchin Fathers.
+
+This was one of Henrietta's brightest days, in which she tasted the joy her
+disappointed life knew so seldom, of seeing a happy result of her works and
+prayers. It began by a devout confession and reception of the Eucharist. It
+ended with cannon and fireworks and every sign of public rejoicing. So
+cordial seemed the attitude of the London populace that the rosiest hopes
+for the future were entertained, specially by the French,[125] who would
+have welcomed the conversion of England by a French Queen as a delicate
+triumph, not only over the heretic, but over the Spaniard.[126] These
+sanguine persons did not go about in the streets and taverns of the city to
+hear, under the official rejoicings, the curses, "not loud but deep," of
+the Puritan citizens.
+
+The Queen's workmen, whom she encouraged by kind words and good pay, must
+have worked with energy, for by the middle of December in the same year the
+church was ready for use. It was modelled on that begun for the Spanish
+Infanta at St. James's, though, perhaps in view of possible developments,
+it was of a larger size than the original. The opening ceremonies were
+comparable in splendour to those of the foundation. Many Protestants were
+attracted thither by curiosity to admire its beautiful furnishings, among
+which perhaps was already to be seen the splendid specimen of the art of
+Rubens, which is known to have adorned the high altar in later days. Even
+the King came in to see the great attraction, a construction about forty
+feet high, which the ingenuity of a young Roman architect who happened to
+be in London had fashioned into a representation of Paradise, wherein,
+guarded by sculptured angels and prophets, and blazing with innumerable
+lights, reposed the Sacred Host. Taking into account these splendours, it
+is not perhaps surprising that those who on this happy day turned their
+eyes toward the kneeling figure of the royal foundress saw stealing down
+her cheeks the happy tears of an emotion she could not restrain. She had
+indeed cause for self-congratulation, for already the hopes which had
+cheered her in her dark days were beginning to be realized.
+
+Henrietta never laid aside the devout habits which Berulle had taught her,
+and which--no doubt with much anxiety in his mind--he again inculcated in
+1627 in a pious letter which he wrote and to which the Queen-Mother put her
+name.[127] She was indeed sometimes inclined to lie in bed in the morning
+so late that Mass could not be said till midday, but her excellent husband,
+who desired her to be as precise in her religious duties as he was in his
+own, was not slow to chide gently this laxity, so that her regularity of
+attendance became the admiration of all. At each festival she received the
+Sacrament of Penance, and communicated with such devotion that her fervour
+astonished not only her fellow-worshippers, but her spiritual advisers. In
+matters of fasting she was very strict, only asking for a dispensation when
+there was real need, in spite of the specious advice of her heretic
+physician Mayerne, who urged her to take meat on Fridays and Saturdays, "an
+indulgence," as a Frenchman justly remarked, "which would be of little
+account in France, but in England, and in the person of the Queen,
+appearances must be kept up."[128]
+
+To all these virtues she added a zeal for her faith which, if still checked
+by the girlish levity which easily turned from religious as from political
+matters, was sufficiently urgent both to champion her faith in Protestant
+circles and to plead for her oppressed co-religionists, so that with the
+growth of her influence over her husband grew their peace and prosperity.
+It is true that for a year or two after the expulsion of the French the
+persecution continued, and was, particularly in Scotland, at one time very
+fierce,[129] so that it was noted with malicious satisfaction that the
+Queen fell into her premature travail on the very day that her husband had
+signed a decree against the Catholics of his northern kingdom; but it so
+quickly and thoroughly abated that in 1633 a Roman correspondent in London
+was able to declare that never before had Catholics been less
+molested.[130] Not only were priests permitted to live undisturbed in the
+capital, but English Catholics were allowed to attend the chapels of the
+Queen and the ambassadors, a privilege which Richelieu had vainly
+endeavoured to win for them at the time of the royal marriage, and which
+the King had angrily refused to the Queen's entreaties only a year or two
+before. "I permit you your religion," he had said to her on that occasion,
+"with your Capuchins and others. I permit ambassadors and their retinue,
+but the rest of my subjects I will have them live that I profess and my
+father before me." The Catholics were so encouraged by the lenity now shown
+that in the course of this same year, on the occasion of Charles'
+coronation in Scotland, they presented to him a petition pleading for
+toleration and urging him to follow the example of his father-in-law, Henry
+the Great, who, by granting religious liberty, had won for himself the
+title of Pater Patriae et Pacis Restitutor.[131]
+
+That the softening of Charles' heart was due to his wife is indisputable,
+though her unfortunate hostility to Portland prevented her from utilizing
+the influence of that statesman, who was a Catholic at heart.[132] "The
+Queen is not unmindful to press the Catholic cause with the King as often
+as opportunity permits," writes a Catholic reporter[133] as early as 1632.
+The mere turning over of the State papers of these years reveals ample
+evidence of her activity. A priest who had languished seven years in the
+Clink prison, Catholic prisoners at York, another priest who for five years
+had lain in Newgate, these are some of the recipients of her mercy, taken
+from the records of little more than a year. "A great Princess," wrote Du
+Perron of her in a letter which he dispatched to Rome in 1635, "by whom
+religion exists in this Kingdom, and who is the refuge of the poor
+Catholics, who, thanks to God and by the clemency of the King, whom this
+virtuous Princess has inclined in our favour, have enjoyed during the four
+years I have been here a greater liberty than has ever been seen since the
+change of religion, and which we hope will continually increase, provided
+that it please God to preserve the King and to favour the good designs of
+our Mistress."[134]
+
+In London Catholicism became almost fashionable. The Queen's new chapel at
+Somerset House,[135] where an urbane sermon by the eloquent du Perron might
+sometimes be heard, was often visited by Protestants, of whom some, like
+the astrologer Lilly, were drawn by curiosity, while others came from more
+mixed motives. The Capuchin Fathers and their rivals the Oratorians
+received many visitors who came to discuss religious matters, not a few of
+whom were inclined by the engaging arguments of their hosts to abjure the
+heresy of their birth, so that little by little an imposing list of
+converts was compiled.[136] Sometimes the good Capuchins would open their
+monastery to the Protestant public, and, arranging it a little more
+ascetically[137] than usual, to impress the heretics, would thus help on
+the cause of the faith among those who flocked to see them as if, says
+Father Cyprien pathetically, they had been Indians, Malays, or savages. At
+the chapels of the ambassadors and at Somerset House English sermons were
+preached for the edification of the English Catholics and of the more
+interesting Protestant visitors. Dispensations from the action of the
+recusancy laws were given by the Crown in such numbers as to alarm the
+Puritans.[138] The recusants were relieved of part[139] of the financial
+burden which the law bound upon them, and, above all, it began to be
+whispered that the King, whose devotion to his wife was well known, was
+beginning to look with favour upon the Catholics. His objection to them had
+always been political rather than religious, and was based upon his
+suspicion of their loyalty and upon his dread of the deposing power claimed
+by the Pope. Henrietta's constant endeavour was to disabuse her husband's
+mind of this, perhaps not unreasonable, prejudice. She met with fair
+success, so that a Catholic writer felt able to describe Charles as a
+"Prince of most milde and sweet disposition," who suffered the partial
+execution of the recusancy laws rather from political and financial than
+from religious reasons, and whose "great ornaments of God and Nature doe in
+a manner foretell that one day he shall restore this country to its former
+happiness, and himself become the most glorious and most renowned Monarch
+that ever did governe among us."[140] There was, of course, only one way by
+which this happy consummation could be attained, and already some sanguine
+spirits were beginning to think of another and happier Pole reconciling
+England anew to the Holy See.
+
+And there were other and perhaps more solid grounds for hopes in the
+changing character of the Anglican Church, which about this time was
+attracting great attention among a certain school of Catholics. The results
+of the Elizabethan settlement were becoming apparent, and the two great
+parties, known then as Protestant and Puritan, now as High Church and Low
+Church, were beginning to stand out clearly. Liberal-minded Catholics, some
+of them converts from the English Universities, were learning, what the
+narrower type of Seminarist refused to recognize, the wide gulf which
+yawned between an Anglican "Protestant" and a continental Sectary. Already
+in the days of James a French priest[141] of Ville-aux-clercs' train was
+surprised by the decorum of the liturgy at Westminster Abbey, and roundly
+abused as liars the English Catholics of the Continent who had drawn fancy
+pictures of Anglican services. The religious revival, with which the name
+of Laud is associated, emphasized every Catholic element yet remaining in
+the Church of England. It was barely a century since the schism. Berulle,
+living in London or at the Court, regarding all with unfriendly and
+prejudiced eyes, might be surprised at the total absence of all sign or
+memory of the old religion. But had a man of sympathy gone about among the
+people, or sought the lonely valleys of Yorkshire and the remote villages
+of Devon and Cornwall, he would have told another tale of lingering
+superstitions, of ancient customs which had their root in Catholic
+practices. Such a man as Bishop Andrewes, who died in old age in 1626, and
+who was the master of Laud, is a witness that the Church revival of the
+seventeenth century was no more a complete innovation than that of the
+nineteenth century, which is associated with the names of the Tractarians,
+to which, in many respects, it bears so close a resemblance. But under the
+patronage of the King and the Archbishop the movement developed rapidly.
+Altars were set up, decked in Catholic fashion, in most of the cathedrals
+and in many parish churches; Latin services were read at Oxford and
+Cambridge; books were published, such as Anthony Stafford's _Female Glory_,
+which might have been written by Catholic pens; a desire for a return to
+Catholic discipline, of which perhaps the most interesting manifestation
+was the Protestant nunnery at Little Gidding, was apparent in earnest
+Churchmen; and, above all, not only did a considerable number of
+conversions take place, but some of those who remained in the Anglican
+fold, like Bishop Goodman of Gloucester and Bishop Montague of Chichester,
+became enamoured of the haunting dream of corporate reunion. It is not
+surprising that Catholics and Puritans alike should have seen in the whole
+movement a tendency to a reversal of the Reformation settlement, and should
+equally have failed to distinguish between the staunch Anglicans, of whom
+Laud was the leader, and the advance-guard which really was looking to
+Rome. The Queen herself believed that Laud[142] was a good Catholic at
+heart, and there is no doubt that overtures were made to him by Catholics,
+while the more liberal-minded of that communion, recalling to the Pope the
+example of his great predecessor St. Gregory, who "did yeeld somewhat to
+the Britans before he could work their conversion," urged upon him the
+expediency of meeting half-way those erring children who already believed
+"the Pope of Rome to be cheefe and supreame Pastor," and of a little
+condescending "unto their weakness, whome unhappy errors have made
+infirme."[143]
+
+Urban VIII, to whom this appeal was addressed, was one of those decorous
+ecclesiastics whom the counter-reformation had substituted for the more
+picturesque figures of Renaissance Rome. He had a kindness for Henrietta,
+whom he had seen when she was a baby and he was Nuncio in the French
+capital, on which occasion the Queen-Mother had replied to his courteous
+augury that the little Princess would one day be a great Queen in the
+prophetic words, "That will be when you are Pope." He felt a real interest
+in England, which he had shown in a somewhat equivocal way when, incited by
+Berulle, he had urged France and Spain in 1628 to unite in attacking the
+faithless King of England. Circumstances, however, were now changed, and he
+was anxious to commend himself to Charles and Henrietta. His nephew
+Francesco Barberini, the Cardinal Protector of England, who shared with him
+the considerable, if misdirected, artistic taste of the family,[144] was
+equally alive to the opportunities of the hour, and he showed the King of
+England from time to time such attentions as were most acceptable to a
+monarch who was not only the patron of Rubens and Van Dyck, but was himself
+one of the best judges of art in Europe. Barberini allowed a large number
+of statues and pictures to be exported from Rome to England, while he sent
+over as gifts choice pictures painted by Leonardo and Correggio and other
+masters of the Renaissance, together with a Bacchus by the hand of the
+still living Guido Reni, "understanding that His Majesty was a great
+admirer of such curiosities."[145] Finally, he induced the haughty Bernini
+to sculpture the busts of the King of England and of his Queen, in which
+task the great sculptor is said to have read a tragic fate in the long,
+melancholy lines of the countenance of Charles Stuart.
+
+But the more serious results of the intercourse between Rome and
+England--results which had no small influence on future events--touched
+another side of Henrietta's dealings with the English Catholics.
+
+The history of the Catholic Church in England, from the Reformation
+onwards, is a curious mixture of heroic endurance and of sordid squabbles
+among those who, in the face of a common enemy, should have shown above all
+an united front. The disputes which raged between the secular clergy and
+the religious Orders on the subject of Episcopal jurisdiction were at an
+acute stage when Henrietta came into England, and in the course of the next
+few years the feeling became so bitter on both sides that the seculars did
+not scruple to accuse the Jesuits, the protagonists of the regulars, of
+heinous crimes, such as the instigation of the Powder Plot,[146] while
+these latter, in their turn, are said to have taken their revenge by
+disseminating information important to the Government which led to the
+banishment of the Bishop of Chalcedon.[147]
+
+It was only natural that each party should desire the favour of the young
+Queen. The Jesuits, who commanded the larger following among the English
+Catholics, were the more objectionable to the Government and the nation,
+who considered them meddlers in matters of State, and who remembered, with
+a vividness not decreased by the Powder Plot, the career and the writings
+of Father Robert Parsons. Charles' dislike of them[148] was inherited from
+his father, who on one occasion broke off a conversation most favourable to
+the Catholics to assert that never should a daughter-in-law of his be under
+Jesuit direction. Another person whose opinion was likely to weigh with
+Henrietta, Father Berulle, had so Protestant a hatred of the Society that
+in 1628 he used his powerful influence to prevent the dispatch to England
+of a Grand Almoner[149] who was believed to regard it with favour. The
+daughter of Henry IV must surely have felt an antipathy as strong as that
+of any Stuart for those whom many held responsible for her father's murder.
+In short, the secular clergy had some reason for hope, even setting aside
+the fact that the Jesuits were the soul of the pro-Spanish party which
+dominated English Catholicism, while they, under their pro-French Bishop,
+had a certain leaning to France, of which they were prepared to make the
+most now that a French Queen sat upon the throne of England.
+
+It was a blow to these worthy men that they were not permitted to serve the
+Queen's chapel, for which office they possessed, certainly in their own
+eyes, every qualification.[150] It was a greater blow when, owing doubtless
+to the machinations of the Jesuits, the Bishop of Chalcedon was
+banished.[151] But, after all, this untoward event took place while the
+Queen's influence was still small. As it grew, and with it the general
+prosperity of the Catholics, the secular clergy took heart again.
+
+Henrietta cared little or nothing for Bishop Smith personally, and his
+connection with Richelieu was by this time small recommendation to her. But
+it galled her pride that whereas there had been a Bishop in England on her
+arrival now there was none, and she probably believed, what even the
+cautious Du Perron on one occasion admitted, that the regulars were jealous
+of her as a Frenchwoman, and unwilling that she should have too great
+honour as a mother in Israel. It was whispered among the secular clergy
+that the Queen was "all for the Bishop and his jurisdiction" in spite of
+the efforts of the Jesuits to win over not only her, but Father Philip.
+Their hopes were not unfounded. Henrietta was so far roused as to write a
+strongly worded letter to the Pope on behalf of the Bishop, who was out of
+favour not only with the English Government, but with the authorities at
+Rome. She begged the Holy Father to restore "this good father to his
+children,"[152] and she entreated him, in words that are no obscure hit at
+the Jesuits and their friends the English Catholics, not to allow so good a
+prelate to be oppressed by those who regarded their own interest rather
+than the good of religion and the union of Catholics. To strengthen her
+appeal she dispatched a letter at the same time to her brother's ambassador
+in Rome, asking him[153] to use his influence in the matter. She knew that
+the Bishop was a _persona grata_ at the French Court, where his
+elevation to the Cardinalate was at one time desired.
+
+Henrietta's intervention effected nothing, and Richard Smith lived and died
+in an exile which was due at least as much to his fellow-Catholics as to
+his Protestant oppressors. But in the year following she was engaged in
+negotiations with the Papacy as fruitful as these had been abortive.
+
+In 1633 a Scotch gentleman, by name Sir Robert Douglas,[154] appeared in
+Rome. He was a cousin of the Earl of Angus, a noted Scotch Catholic, and he
+was the bearer of letters from that nobleman to the Pope. But there were
+other and greater people responsible for his presence. Behind Angus stood
+the Queen of England, and behind the Queen stood her husband the King,
+though, as the emissary carefully explained, the latter could not openly
+appear in the affair, as he was not yet reconciled to the Catholic Church.
+
+Douglas was one of those sanguine Catholics who believed Charles'
+conversion to be a matter of a short delay, and that then the whole nation,
+weary of heresy, would be only too glad to walk contentedly in the path to
+heaven in obedience to the Holy See. He drew a rosy picture of these
+prospects and of the Queen's virtues and piety as he proceeded to unfold
+the object of his mission, which was to induce the Pope to bestow a
+Cardinal's hat upon a subject of the King of England. He was even kind
+enough to spare the Holy Father the trouble of selection by indicating a
+certain George Con, a Scotch gentleman in the service of Barberini, as a
+worthy recipient of the honour. The nationality of this person, he hastened
+to point out, was all in his favour. Not only was the King's partiality for
+his own countrymen well known, but the English Catholics were so torn
+asunder by their internal feuds that they would welcome the elevation of a
+Scotchman which would not give rise to the jealousies which would
+inevitably attend the promotion of a member of either of the rival parties.
+Such at least was the view of the Scotch envoy. It would be interesting to
+hear the comments of the English Catholics, who a few years earlier had
+described their northern brethren as almost barbarians, unable to speak the
+English tongue, and in every way inferior to themselves.[155]
+
+There is no doubt that Henrietta's heart was much set upon this project,
+nor did she ever relax her efforts in Con's behalf until his death. It is
+possible that she felt the danger, which Douglas pointed out to the Pope,
+of her position as an uncrowned Queen in case of her husband's death, and
+that she thought that a Cardinal devoted to her service would be a support
+in such a strait. It is improbable that at this time she had ever set eyes
+on her candidate, though she had heard accounts which were not unfounded of
+his goodness and learning, and she, as well as her husband, no doubt was
+aware that he had given a pleasing proof of judiciously mingled loyalty and
+piety by writing a sympathetic biography of Charles' grandmother, Mary of
+Scotland.[156] But beyond any personal feeling, Henrietta always believed,
+though why it is a little difficult to say, that the creation of a Cardinal
+who was a native of Great Britain would help forward in the highest degree
+the cause of the Catholic Church in England. Thus she wrote to Cardinal
+Barberini at this time and thus she wrote several years later to the Pope,
+expressing herself on the latter occasion very strongly and assuring the
+Holy Father that by complying with her wishes in the matter he would not
+only oblige her personally, but would give the greatest possible impetus to
+the cause of religion in England.[157]
+
+The King's attitude is more difficult to determine, but there seems no
+reason to distrust Douglas' assertion that the project had his royal
+support and concurrence. Such intrigues were indeed only too congenial to
+his tortuous mind. Nor is the knight's statement without corroboration.
+Another Scot, the Earl of Stirling, who as Sir William Alexander had won a
+considerable reputation both as poet and statesman, and who had formerly
+been concerned in certain cryptic negotiations between James I and the Holy
+See, wrote to Rome[158] expressing his pleasure that the son was following
+in his father's footsteps, and urging Con's candidature on the ground that
+his elevation would be a matter of great satisfaction to the King.
+
+It might be thought that the Roman authorities would welcome with
+_empressement_ an emissary who came under such distinguished patronage.
+But, as a matter of fact, the reception accorded to Sir Robert Douglas was
+distinctly cool. The King of England's conduct had not been such as to
+inspire confidence, and the Jesuits in Rome and elsewhere were still busily
+representing him "as the greatest persecutor that ever was."[159] It was
+suggested that his friendly attitude to the Papacy was only a ruse to
+secure the restoration of the Palatinate to his sister's husband. Even the
+Queen was not regarded with great favour. It was believed in certain
+quarters that she was rather indifferent to Catholic interests, an
+impression which may have arisen partly from the favour which she showed to
+a Puritan clique, of which the Earl of Holland was the principal
+member,[160] and partly from her acquiescence in her husband's wish that
+their children should receive Anglican baptism.[161] Perhaps the Pope and
+Cardinal Barberini did not share this view, as they had read with great
+interest an account of the laying of the foundation-stone of the new chapel
+at Somerset House, which the judicious Du Perron had written to a
+compatriot in Rome, who with equal tact passed it on to the Holy
+Father.[162]
+
+But there is no doubt that the Queen's insistent requests for the creation
+of a Cardinal did her no service, either now or later, with Urban VIII and
+his nephews. Many surmises were rife in Rome as to Douglas and his mission.
+He might be an agent of the secular clergy. The whole thing might be a
+deep-laid plan of Richelieu to secure the Cardinalate for his creature the
+Bishop of Chalcedon, who was certainly an English subject, and on whose
+behalf the Queen of England had written only a year earlier. There seems to
+have been no intention of granting Henrietta's request, and the kind
+letters which the Pope wrote to her and to Father Philip, saying how
+pleased he was to hear of their piety and virtue, were more lavish of
+compliments than of promises.
+
+Nevertheless Douglas' mission was not unsuccessful. The Pope talked over
+English affairs with him freely, and the result was that in the spring of
+1634 Gregorio Panzani set out for England.
+
+Panzani was a priest of the Italian Oratory, and his ostensible mission in
+England was to heal the long-standing feud between the secular clergy and
+the religious Orders, and to remedy certain irregularities of morals and
+discipline which specially affected the younger religious and the London
+clergy who were unable to resist the seductions of heretical society. It is
+probable that the Pope and Cardinal Barberini desired these ends. It is
+certain that they saw in the state of affairs a convenient cloak to cover
+different and more important designs.
+
+For Panzani was not in London without the connivance of the King and the
+express desire of the Queen, who had arranged the matter with her husband.
+"I have no objection," said Charles, "as long as things are done quietly
+and matters of State are not meddled with; but I do not wish it said that
+the Pope has sent an agent to the King of England."[163]
+
+This was said, of course, and perhaps not altogether to the dissatisfaction
+of Panzani and those who sent him. Nevertheless he behaved with great
+discretion, and was liked by everybody, except the Jesuits, to whose
+pretensions he was greatly opposed, and whose ill opinion was an advantage
+to him rather than otherwise in dealing with the King and the people. On
+the advice of the sage Father Philip he refused to express any opinion on
+the thorny question of the lawfulness of taking the oath of allegiance[164]
+to the King, thus following the example of the Capuchin Fathers, who were
+wont to tell inquirers that they knew nothing of the matter, and that it
+would be well to seek other advisers; altogether so judicious was his
+conduct that he was described as "a person greatly to be esteemed for his
+many vertues and religious life and great zeale and industry for the
+advancem^t of the Catholick cause in this Country."[165] He was able,
+towards the end of his stay, to do the Catholics a notable service by
+persuading the King to dismiss the pursuivants, the most odious instruments
+of the recusancy laws, comparable to the familiars of the Spanish
+Inquisition, and to leave the prosecution of recusants in the hands of the
+justices of the peace.
+
+About this time the hopes of the Catholics were rising high, both at home
+and in the Eternal City. They believed, with touching simplicity, that the
+wise policy of the King had almost destroyed the hated sect of the
+Puritans, "which formerly was stronger."[166] The centenary of the schism
+was not allowed to pass without meaning allusions. From the pulpit of the
+Queen's chapel at Somerset House, Du Perron commented on the occasion with
+even more than his wonted suavity. Continual accounts were sent to Rome of
+the mildness of the King, of the changing character of the Church of
+England, and, above all, of the piety and zeal of the Queen. She was
+described as "a Princess on whom God and nature have bestowed most rare
+gifts," whose "sweete and vertuous carriage, her religious zeale and
+constant devotions have purchased unto herselfe love and admiration from
+all the Court and Kingdome, and unto the Catholique Religion (which she
+piously pfesseth) great respect and honor. She is," added the writer in a
+glow of enthusiasm, "Una beata de Casa, for whose sake Heaven, I hope, doth
+intend many blessings towards our Country."[167] Cardinal Barberini
+rewarded these shining qualities by writing flattering letters to
+Henrietta, and by sending to her some relics of an obscure Roman lady named
+Martina, whose martyred body had recently been dug up in an ancient church
+dedicated to her memory.
+
+Nor were Panzani's accounts less satisfactory; the King received him with
+great kindness, and openly expressed his regret for the schism between the
+Churches. "I would rather have lost my hand than it had happened," he said
+on one occasion. He showed an unexpected reverence for relics, and much
+interest in a remarkable book[168] written by a liberal-minded Catholic,
+Father Santa Clara, of the Order of S. Francis, which foreshadowed the
+famous "Tract 90" of later days. "The book pleases the King and some of the
+nobles of this Kingdom very much,"[169] wrote the envoy, and he begged on
+this ground that it might not be condemned at Rome, where (as well as in
+certain Catholic circles in England) its liberality had given offence. Nor
+were others more backward than the King. These were the days of the hopes
+of reunion, at which Santa Clara's book had not obscurely glanced; the days
+in which the appeal to the Pope, described above, was drawn up. Panzani was
+less sanguine than some of the English Catholics, and, in particular, seems
+to have appreciated Laud's real attitude towards the Church of Rome.[170]
+But he had much to tell of interesting conversations on religious subjects
+with Windbank, who assured him that the Jesuits and the Puritans were the
+only real obstacle in the path of unity, and with Anglican clergy of
+advanced views such as Bishop Montagu, who appeared a little surprised that
+the Roman ecclesiastic did not agree very warmly to his assertion that
+there could be no doubt of the validity of his Orders.
+
+And the Holy See was to have another proof of Henrietta's zeal and of her
+husband's compliance. It was not enough that an agent of the Pope should
+dwell in London; an agent of the Queen of England was to go to Rome, and in
+dispatching him she was to realize a long-cherished wish.
+
+The first person selected for this delicate post was a gentleman named
+Brett, who died on his journey to Italy. He was succeeded by a Scotchman,
+Sir William Hamilton, brother of the Earl of Abercorn, who arrived in Rome
+in the early summer of 1636. The Queen had given him a letter of
+introduction to Barberini, which ensured him a good reception at the Papal
+Court, thus described in a private letter:--
+
+"Last Monday Sir William Hamilton had his first audience of his Holiness
+who receaved him with very greate signes of joy, he is exceeding well liked
+of here by all and indeed I think he will give as good satisfaction as any
+that could have been sent from England. Cardl. Barberini hath presented him
+with tow very faire horses for his coache. He keeps correspondence with the
+Secretarye of State Winebanck ... and useth F. Jhon the Benedictine his
+meanes to conveye these letters, but this must be kept secrett to yourself
+only."[171]
+
+It appears that the Queen was obliged to exercise a good deal of pressure
+before her husband would consent to the establishment of this agency. Blind
+as Charles was to the dangers surrounding him on all sides, he may well
+have been aware of some of the difficulties attendant on a course of action
+which led to such communication between an English Secretary of State and
+an agent accredited to the Court of Rome.
+
+The success which attended these first bold attempts to establish relations
+between the Holy See and the Court of England encouraged further efforts.
+It was felt that Panzani, after all, had obvious disadvantages for the post
+which, nevertheless, he had filled with such promising results. He was an
+Italian, and foreigners were not liked in the British Isles. He could talk
+no English, and this was a drawback to one whose work was, in a sense,
+missionary. He had done his part in spying out the land. He must now yield
+his place to a successor, who, not handicapped by race and language, would
+be able to reap the fields already ripe to harvest.
+
+That successor was none other than the candidate of the King and the Queen
+for the Cardinalate, George Con, the Scot, Canon of S. John Lateran in
+Rome, who arrived in England in the early part of 1636.
+
+In a sense, no better appointment could have been made. The new envoy was a
+singularly fascinating person, whose long residence in the country which
+was still the intellectual and artistic centre of Europe had added an
+urbane culture to the prudence and moderation which were the gifts of his
+Scottish birth. Less opposed to the Jesuits than Panzani, he was better
+able to deal with the pro-Spanish English Catholics, who still had a
+lurking distrust of the Queen, while he was too wise to be drawn into their
+schemes. A scholar and a courtier, he knew how to commend himself to the
+Protestants of the Court, and, above all, to the King, who evinced a real
+liking for him. "I hope," said the envoy to him upon one occasion, "that my
+being a good servant to the Pope and to Cardinal Barberini will not
+prejudice me with your Majesty." Charles quickly gave him his hand, and
+said earnestly, "No, Giorgio, no, always be assured of this."[172] The
+Queen's feeling to him was even warmer. Indeed, it may be said that George
+Con took his place among the little group of her personal friends. His
+Scotch birth was no less a recommendation to her than to Charles himself,
+for she so well remembered the ancient tie between her own land and the
+northern kingdom that she was wont to show an injudicious partiality, which
+did not tend to her popularity in England, for those who came from beyond
+the Tweed. She was prejudiced in his favour before his arrival, and she
+found him even more pious and charming than she had anticipated, so that
+both she and the King gradually received him to such intimacy and
+confidence that he seemed almost like one of the royal household.
+
+It is not surprising that, under the spell of this fascinating personality,
+Henrietta's Catholic zeal should have attained to a fervour unknown before,
+which annoyed and alarmed even her own Protestant servants, such as Sir
+Theodore Mayerne, who expressed his views on the matter to Con himself. The
+envoy, indeed, had come at a fortunate moment. Already Portland was dead,
+and the Queen was beginning to tread the path of influence and intrigue.
+She found in him not only a friend who warmly encouraged her efforts, but
+an efficient helper in her schemes, for what had become, in her own words,
+her "strongest passion, the advancement of the Catholic religion in this
+country."[173] Moreover, he showed himself a true friend by attempting to
+correct the opinion which was rife in Rome as well as in France, that the
+quiet enjoyed by the Catholics was due rather to political reasons than to
+her influence.[174] Perhaps he had some success; certainly prayers were
+offered for her in Rome, and a beautiful golden heart studded with gems,
+which she sent by the hands of one of her Capuchin Fathers to the Holy
+House of Loretto, was looked upon in papal circles "as the pledge of the
+greatness of the devout and pious heart"[175] that was doing so much for
+the Catholics of England.
+
+Con's dispatches are written in much the same strain as those of Panzani.
+They tell of kindness, of religious sympathy, of even greater royal favour,
+of the King's evident sympathy with Catholicism--how on one occasion he
+said, "I, too, am a Catholic," how on another his talk with the Queen on
+religious subjects was such that it would hardly be credited at Rome; of
+the success which attended the distribution among the ladies of the Court
+of the pretty religious trifles such as rosaries and pictures, which the
+care of Cardinal Barberini had sent over; of the Queen's delight in a cross
+sent to her by the Pope--how she always wore it, and how she said that it
+was the most precious thing she possessed; of the favour shown to Father
+Sancta Clara at Court, and by Windbank--how it had even been proposed that
+he should preach a sermon in the Queen's chapel about the anniversary of
+the Powder Plot, "to exculpate the Catholics from treason against Princes";
+how even the Jesuits acknowledged that never since the days of the
+negotiation for the Spanish match had the Catholics enjoyed such peace.
+Nevertheless, Con was too sagacious not to be able to read in some measure
+the signs of the times. "God only knows how long this calm will last," he
+wrote.[176]
+
+It was unfortunate that a person who seemed so admirably fitted for his
+post should have been obliged to relinquish his task half done. But the
+rigours of the northern climate told so severely on a constitution long
+accustomed to the suns of Italy that in 1639 Con was obliged to think of
+turning his steps southward, for not even the distinguished attentions he
+received in his sickness from the King, the Queen, and the nobility availed
+to cure him. He reached Rome, but he only recrossed the Alps to die before
+he could place on his head the Cardinal's hat, which had been so much
+striven for. On his death-bed he thought of Henrietta, and begged Cardinal
+Barberini, who was by his side, to send her a little picture of the Virgin
+as a recognition of his gratitude for her kindness, and as a memorial of
+their friendship.
+
+But already the shadows of the Civil War were beginning to close about the
+Queen. The bright hopes which had marked the days of Con's sojourn in
+England were becoming haunting fears, which, in their turn, were to give
+place to feelings as like despair as such natures as Henrietta's can know.
+
+It was probably a sad surprise to the Queen when, on the eve of the war,
+she discovered the intensity of the hatred with which her faith was
+regarded by a large section of her husband's subjects. Sagacious foreigners
+knew something of it. "The Puritans hate the Catholics as much as the
+Devil,"[177] wrote Tillieres frankly as early as 1624. But in the Queen's
+Court all mention of such ill-bred persons and factions was avoided, unless
+some wit cracked a joke at their expense. It is true that a few of the
+great nobles were Puritans, but during the years of Charles' triumph their
+opinions were expressed with moderation, and most of the courtiers appeared
+rather inclined to the fashionable Protestant variety of faith which the
+King, the Ministers, and the higher clergy professed. The real strength of
+Puritanism was in the lower middle-class, a section of the community with
+which the Queen was not likely to come in personal contact, and which,
+partly perhaps for this very reason, she was never able to conquer. Her
+refusal to be crowned with her husband gave bitter offence, and was to cost
+her dear in the future. Discontented spirits muttered to themselves that
+the King might be murdered as Henry IV had been, "and then the Queen might
+mar all."[178] When in 1629 prayers were offered in the Church for the
+birth of an heir to the throne, scarcely a man could be found to answer
+Amen; and even after the birth of a Prince there were mutterings that God
+had already provided for the nation in the hopeful issue of the Queen of
+Bohemia. Ill-bred Puritan ministers, in the outspoken theological language
+of the day, prayed for the conversion of the Popish Queen; and as the
+Catholic revival developed, to dislike and disapproval was added the more
+potent force of fear.
+
+The language of the _Grand Remonstrance_ and of many other contemporary
+documents leaves no doubt that there was a widespread belief in the
+existence of a plot managed by the "engineers and factors of Rome," of whom
+the Queen was one of the chief,[179] to capture the country and the Church
+of England. The signs in the national establishment which raised the hopes
+of the Catholics became a terror to the Puritans. It was no wonder. As Du
+Perron said from the other point of view, it was but a century since the
+schism, and the Anglican Church had not yet the stability which comes from
+time, so that the idea of its reconciliation to Rome was less chimerical
+than in later times. Nor had the attempts to make Protestantism
+co-extensive with the nation been altogether successful. It is probable
+that Richelieu overrated the importance of the English Catholics, but,
+nevertheless, the trouble he took to conciliate them bears witness to the
+light in which they were regarded in the best-informed circles on the
+Continent. Not a few of them were men of position and wealth, and their
+number was certainly considerable; it probably reached at least
+150,000,[180] or three in every hundred,[181] and one Catholic reporter
+says that in Lancashire and Yorkshire as many as a third of the population
+adhered to the old faith.[182] The Archbishop of Embrun, who was in England
+in the latter days of James, is said to have confirmed in London as many as
+10,000 persons. Another witness,[183] who had some opportunities for
+forming a judgment, believed that a third of the nation was either openly
+or secretly Catholic, and that another third, the Protestant part of the
+Church of England, only remained in schism from fear of the recusancy laws,
+and though this estimate is of course grossly exaggerated, it is
+significant as showing the opinions which were prevalent. The loudly
+expressed hopes of the Catholics reacted upon the fears of the Puritans,
+who saw in them not only the proof of the power of their open foes, but a
+confirmation of their worst suspicions regarding their more secret enemies
+in the Church of England. Laud, the most loyal of Anglican Churchmen, did
+not recognize his mistake until it was too late. Charles, who was always a
+good Protestant, or in modern parlance a High Churchman, perhaps never
+recognized his even when it led him to the scaffold.
+
+The recklessness with which the King gave colour to the suspicions of the
+Puritans is indeed remarkable. The husband of a Catholic Queen, the son of
+a lady whose Protestantism was far from unimpeachable, he had recognized in
+early life the necessity of caution; he had no belief in the claims of the
+Church of Rome, and probably felt its attraction less strongly than his
+father, whose grandiose imagination was struck by its great claims and long
+history. Yet he showed marked favour to Roman ecclesiastics such as Du
+Perron, he allowed the triumphant ceremonies of Somerset House, and he
+sanctioned the almost open exercise of Catholic worship, only from time to
+time showing a feeble concession to the feeling of the country by such
+measures as forbidding the English Catholics to frequent the chapels of the
+ambassadors, and by issuing a proclamation which at the Queen's prayers he
+deprived of most of its force. There is, of course, only one sufficient
+explanation of his conduct. He was, it is true, like others of his family,
+a believer in a certain kind of toleration. He thought it a base thing for
+a man to change his religion, and he considered that any Christian might be
+saved. He was also, except when actuated by feelings of revenge, a merciful
+man to whom persecution was distasteful, and there were probably moods in
+which he imagined himself a second Henry IV, under whose paternal sway the
+rival religions could live at peace; but the real reason of his tenderness
+to the Catholics was his love for his wife. As in the old days Buckingham
+could make him do anything, so in later times could Henrietta Maria. Her
+tears, her smiles, her caresses won boon after boon for her
+co-religionists, until she wrung from him the last, the most disastrous
+concession of all. No single act was more fatal to his throne or more
+prejudicial to the ultimate interests of the Catholics than the
+establishment of the agency which brought into England Panzani, Con, and
+later Rosetti; as these worthy men rolled about London in their fine
+carriages, secure in the royal favour, and none daring to make them afraid,
+they believed that they were helping forward the conversion of England. In
+reality, they were riveting for more than a century longer the chains of
+the English Catholics.
+
+As for Henrietta herself, she was unfortunate in religious as in other
+matters. It is hardly too much to say that she pulled down her husband's
+throne to help her co-religionists, and yet in the light of future events
+it must be gravely questioned whether the progress of Catholicism under her
+protection was not too dearly bought by the terror and hatred which it
+inspired in the English mind, and whether in the end the Church was
+advanced by her coming into England. On the other hand, she had just
+sufficient moderation (which showed itself particularly in her recognition
+of the impossibility of bringing up her children in her own faith) to
+render her slightly suspect to the more fanatical Catholics in Rome and
+elsewhere. When the hour of need came the English Catholics, recalling her
+benefits and dreading above all things the domination of the Puritans, did
+indeed for the most part rally loyally round her; but on the Continent it
+was chiefly remembered that she was the devoted wife of a heretic King,
+whose qualified mercy so prized at home seemed abroad but a mockery of the
+hopes of the royal marriage.[184]
+
+[Footnote 104: _Continuation of Weekly Newes_, No. 43, 1624.]
+
+[Footnote 105: The following extract from J. Evelyn's _State of France_
+(1652) shows the opinion which cultivated Protestants held of French
+Catholics:--
+
+"The Roman Catholicks of France are nothing so precise, secret and bigotish
+as are either the Recusants of England, Spain and Italy, but are for the
+most part an indifferent sort of Christian, naturally not so superstitious
+and devout, nor in such Vassallage to his Holinesse as in other parts of
+Europe where the same opinions are professed: which indifferency, whether I
+may approve of or condemn, I need not declare here."]
+
+[Footnote 106: See Avenel: _Lettres de Richelieu, passim._ The importance
+of winning over the English Catholics is dwelt upon in the instructions
+given to ambassadors; see also the memorial on the state of England drawn
+up by Fontenay-Mareuil, in 1634, which dwells upon the pro-Spanish
+tendencies of the English Catholics and the means of overcoming them: those
+English Catholics who desired benefits from France were wont to consider,
+"that whereas the Catholics of England have been traduced to be all of the
+Spanish faction, that is a mere calumny."--Archives of the See of
+Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 107: The original of this letter is preserved among the Archives
+of the See of Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 108: During the singing of the hymns and psalms he knelt down,
+and during the prayers he said his rosary: "Cela edifia fort les
+Catholiques Anglais qui ne manquoient pas d'epier les actions des ministres
+de France, pour les rapporter aux Espagnols avec lesquels ils etoient fort
+unis."--_Memoires de Brienne (Ville-aux-clercs), Petitot_ (1824), p. 391.]
+
+[Footnote 109: Bib. Nat., MS. Dupuy, 144.]
+
+[Footnote 110: Bib. Ste Genevieve, Paris, MS. 820. Tillieres to Puisieux,
+January 9th, 1624.]
+
+[Footnote 111: He seems to have been much liked by the English Catholics;
+he is said to have held a special commission to advance their interests.
+P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 112: Arch. Nat., M. 232.]
+
+[Footnote 113: Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 44. This document goes on to say that
+the request of the Parliament for the execution of the recusancy laws was
+founded "sur la crainte des Espagnols desquels les Catholiques sont tenus
+pour fauteurs et pensionnaires," and also in the fear that the liberty
+promised at the time of the marriage would enable the Catholics "de faire
+quelque entreprise contre le bien de l'Estat." Dod, in his _Church
+History_, gives the names of only two priests who suffered the death
+penalty during the years of Charles' power.]
+
+[Footnote 114: See the letters which, just before her marriage, she wrote
+to her brother the King of France and to the Pope on this subject. Green:
+_Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, pp. 8, 9.]
+
+[Footnote 115: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 116: Charles wished Father Philip to be consecrated Bishop, but
+this suggestion did not meet with the approval of the French Government.
+Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 43.]
+
+[Footnote 117: P.R.O. French Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 118: "Je ne dis rien de l'assiduite de ces peres a ouir les
+confessions depuis six heures du matin iusques a midi et demy, l'assistance
+qu'ils rendoyent aux malades et aux prisonniers. . . ."--Henrietta Maria to
+Card. Barberini, 1658. P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 119: A translation of these memoirs is published at the end of
+the _Court and Times of Charles I_; they are inaccurate in detail, and
+though amusing reading, do not give a high opinion of the intellect of the
+writer.]
+
+[Footnote 120: Panzani: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 121: Salvetti: Add. MS., 27,962, I, f. 263.]
+
+[Footnote 122: Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 47.]
+
+[Footnote 123: A chapel had been built at St. James's at an earlier date;
+the "new chapel at St. James's" is mentioned in 1630.]
+
+[Footnote 124: "Les royales ceremonies faites en l'edification d'une
+chapelle de Capucins a Londres en Angleterre dans le Palais de la Roine;
+faite par son commandement et par la permission du Roy; en laquelle
+chapelle elle a pose la premiere pierre."--Paris, 1632.]
+
+[Footnote 125: "Si cette genereuse Princesse, soeur du plus juste et du
+plus vaillant de tous les roys . . . s'est ainsi acquise ceste liberte de
+conscience chez elle, pensez-vous qu'elle en demeure la? et qu'elle ne
+l'acquiere pas bien tost en faveur de tous les Catholiques qui sont en
+Angleterre."--_Ibid._]
+
+[Footnote 126: The French were inclined from experience in their own land
+to believe that Protestants and Catholics could live peaceably together.
+See _Remonstrance au roy d'Angleterre sur la miserable condition des
+Catholiques ses subjects en comparaison du favorable traictement que
+Huguenots recoivent en France_. MDCXXVIII.]
+
+[Footnote 127: Arch. Nat., M. 232. The letter is endorsed "coppie d'une
+lettre dressee par le R. P. General pour la Reyne Mere a la Reyne
+d'Angleterre."]
+
+[Footnote 128: Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 44.]
+
+[Footnote 129: The Queen's attempts to soften her husband's heart towards
+the Scotch Catholics are mentioned in _Memoirs of Scottish Catholics during
+Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries_, by W. Forbes Leith, S.J.]
+
+[Footnote 130: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 131: The French translation of this petition is entitled:
+"Remonstrance et Declaration des Catholiques Anglais faites au roi
+d'Angleterre a son Couronnement du royaume d'Escosse."
+
+"Pour obtenir de sa Majeste la Liberte de la Religion Catholique dans
+l'estendue de ses royaumes" (1633).]
+
+[Footnote 132: Tillieres (see his _Memoires_) believed that the Queen,
+during the years of Weston's power, could have obtained much more liberty
+for the Catholics than she did had she been willing to work with him: he
+dwells, as do Salvetti (Add. MS., 27,962) and Fontenay-Mareuil
+(_Memoires_), upon the favour she showed to Puritans; the latter says that
+the peace of the Catholics came from their insignificance between the
+nearly equal parties of the Protestants and the Puritans, but his personal
+hostility to Henrietta may have made him unwilling to give her the credit
+which in this matter she certainly deserved.]
+
+[Footnote 133: Archives of See of Westminster: _Summarium de rebus
+religionis in Anglia_, 1632.]
+
+[Footnote 134: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. As early as 1629 a letter from
+London speaks of the confidence of the Catholics in the protection of the
+Queen--"gia piu volte isperimentata" (_ibid_).]
+
+[Footnote 135: "Elle [Henrietta Maria] edifia ce Temple magnifique dans son
+Palais de Somerset ou les Peres Capucins qu'elle y logea chanterent en
+toute liberte les louanges de Dieu. La s'assembloient comme dans le Temple
+de Jerusalem, tous les fideles d'Angleterre: la Jesus-Christ etoit offert a
+Dieu son pere dans le tres auguste Sacrifice: la se preschoient hautement
+les veritez Catholiques: la les Sacremens s'administroient: la se
+vendroient a la porte les livres saints: la tous les jours le pave s'etoit
+baigne de larmes de joye et de douleur des justes et pecheurs penitents: la
+les enfans venoient adorer le Dieu de leurs Peres: la s'abjuroit
+publiquement le schisme et le heresie: la le Pape etoit honore comme le
+Vicaire de Jesus-Christ: la les Images, les Huiles saintes, les prieres
+pour les Morts estoient en usage et en respect: la en un mot l'Arche
+Vivante renversoit Dagon sur terre: la elle exercoit ses jugements sur les
+Philistines: la elle triomphoit des faux Dieux de Samarie."--Francois
+Faure, Oraison Funebre de Henriette Marie de France, Reyne de la Grande
+Bretagne (1670).]
+
+[Footnote 136: Henrietta Maria speaks of nine hundred persons converted by
+the Capuchins, besides some ministers. P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. Henrietta
+Maria to Cardinal Barberini, 1658. Du Perron says that every year between
+two and three hundred persons were converted by means of the Capuchins and
+the Oratorians, and that besides a large number were converted by English
+priests working under the protection of the toleration.]
+
+[Footnote 137: See Memoirs of Pere Cyprien de Gamache.]
+
+[Footnote 138: Prynne, _Popish Royal Favourite_.]
+
+[Footnote 139: The King contented himself with taking one-third instead of
+two-thirds of the property of recusants.]
+
+[Footnote 140: Archives of See of Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 141: Bishop Hacket: _Memoirs of the Life of Archbishop Williams_
+(1715), p. 87.]
+
+[Footnote 142: Madame de Motteville, in the account of the troubles of
+England, which she heard from Henrietta Maria, says, "l'Archeveque de
+Cantorberi qui dans son coeur etant tres bon Catholique...."--_Memoires
+de Mme. de Motteville_ (1783), t. 1, p. 242.
+
+Heylin, who knew a good deal of Laud's mind, says: "I hold it probable
+enough that the better to oblige the Queen unto him (of whose prevailing in
+the King's affections he [Laud] could not be ignorant), he might consent to
+Con's coming hither over from the Pope."--_Cyprianus Anglicans_, IV, p.
+411.]
+
+[Footnote 143: Archives of See of Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 144: Quod non fecerunt barbari, fecerunt Barberini.]
+
+[Footnote 145: Panzani: _Memoirs_, ed. Berington (1793), p. 191.]
+
+[Footnote 146: Archives of See of Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 147: This statement rests on the authority of Panzani, who had a
+considerable prejudice against the Jesuits.]
+
+[Footnote 148: Pere Suffren, the confessor of Mary de' Medici, seems to
+have been the only Jesuit whom he ever regarded with favour.]
+
+[Footnote 149: Jean Jaubert de Barrault, Bishop of Bazas.]
+
+[Footnote 150: "Les religieux et particulierement les Jesuites sont estimes
+en Angleterre broullons, aux affaires destat et les Prestres seculiers
+n'ont iammais estes soubsones de ceste faulte."--Archives of See of
+Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 151: The Proclamation against the Bishop dates from 1628, but it
+seems only to have been intended to frighten him; he did not leave England
+until 1631.]
+
+[Footnote 152: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 153: Archives of See of Westminster. Bishop Smith had compromised
+his position at Rome by expressing himself willing to resign his See and
+afterwards refusing to do so.]
+
+[Footnote 154: The details of Douglas' mission are to be found in papers
+among the Roman Transcripts P.R.O.]
+
+[Footnote 155: Archives of See of Westminster. This unfavourable
+description occurs in a curious paper, drawn up in 1625, headed: "Que les
+ecclesiastiques qui seront aupres de la Royne d'Angleterre doivent etre
+natives d'Angleterre mesme." A later section of the same paper is headed:
+"Que les ecclesiastiques qui seront aupres de la Royne d'Angleterre doivent
+plustost estre Prestres seculiers que Religieux." See note 1 on p. 113,
+which contains an extract from the same paper.]
+
+[Footnote 156: _Vita Mariae Stuartae Scotiae Reginae Dotariae Galliae,
+Angliae et Hibernis Heredis, scriptore Georgia Conaeo._ MDCXXIV.]
+
+[Footnote 157: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. Henrietta Maria to Urban VIII,
+163-8/9.]
+
+[Footnote 158: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 159: Archives of See of Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 160: See chapter III.]
+
+[Footnote 161: She never made any great effort to bring up her children as
+Catholics. She took Prince Charles to Mass sometimes, but desisted at her
+husband's request. In the marriage contract all that was said about the
+religion of the children of the marriage was, that they were to have free
+exercise of the Catholic religion, but it was provided that they were to be
+brought up by their mother until they reached the age of thirteen years.]
+
+[Footnote 162: Bib. Nat., Paris, MS. Cinq Cents de Colbert, 356. Greffier
+to Du Perron, December 9th, 1632.]
+
+[Footnote 163: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 164: There were two oaths which troubled the Catholics, that of
+supremacy and that of allegiance; the first declared the King "supremo Capo
+della Chiesa Anglicana," the second was aimed at the deposing power of the
+Pope, and was drawn up in 1606. A good many Catholics, particularly the
+Benedictines, believed that the second, or oath of allegiance, could
+lawfully be taken by Catholics (who suffered commercially from their
+refusal) notwithstanding its condemnation by Paul V. Panzani's Relazione,
+Add. MS., 15,389.]
+
+[Footnote 165: Archives of See of Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 166: _Ibid._]
+
+[Footnote 167: _Ibid._]
+
+[Footnote 168: _Deus, Natura, Gratia_ (1635). The real name of the author
+was Christopher Davenport; he died in 1680.]
+
+[Footnote 169: Archives of See of Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 170: "Il Laboru sacerdote secolare m'ha detto che pochi giorni
+sono il Cantuarieuse diose alia Duchessa di Buchingam che presto questo
+Regno sara reconciliata alia Chiesa Romana. Io non volevo credere questo ma
+detto Laboru me l'ha giurato. Io manco lo credo e se l'ha detto havra
+burlato."--Panzani to Barberini, April 9th, 1636. Add. MS., 15,389.]
+
+[Footnote 171: Archives of See of Westminster. Letter of Peter Fitton,
+agent of English secular clergy in Rome, July, 1636.]
+
+[Footnote 172: Add. MS., 15,389.]
+
+[Footnote 173: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. Henrietta Maria to Cardinal
+Barberini, October, 1637.]
+
+[Footnote 174: "Da questo e da altri motivi puotiamo vedere che la quiete
+che godiamo per la gratia di Dio non e per ragione del Stato come alcuni
+politici a Roma discorrono, perche tal quiete non e giudicata a proposito
+da questi ministri di Stato ma piu presto il contrario accio che tanto piu
+apparisca il zelo constante della Regina alla quale sola in terra si deve
+tutto."--June, 1639. Add. MS., 15,392, f. 64.]
+
+[Footnote 175: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. In 1629 she had accepted the
+dedication of the English translation of Richeome's _Pilgrime of Loretto_.]
+
+[Footnote 176: Add. MS., 15,389.]
+
+[Footnote 177: MS. Francais, 23,597.]
+
+[Footnote 178: Rous: _Diary_, Camden Soc. (1856), p. 12.]
+
+[Footnote 179: Cf. Prynne: _Popish Royal Favourite_ (1643). "By all these
+our whole 3 Kingdomes ... must of necessity now see and acknowledge that
+there is and hath bin all his Majesties Reigne till this instant a most
+strong cunning desperate confederacie prosecuted (wherein the Queens
+Majestie hath been chiefe) to set up Popery in perfection and extirpate the
+Protestant party and religion in all his Majesties dominions" (p. 35).]
+
+[Footnote 180: 150,000 is the number given by a Catholic reporter in 1635
+(Westminster Archives), and Panzani gives the same number. Add. MS.,
+15,389.]
+
+[Footnote 181: The population of England and Wales was probably about
+5,000,000.]
+
+[Footnote 182: Archives of See of Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 183: Du Perron: _Proces Verbal de l'assemblee du clerge_, 1645.]
+
+[Footnote 184: It can hardly be doubted that when the marriage dispensation
+was given it was hoped that Charles' successor would be a Catholic. The
+English Catholics resident abroad shared to some extent the continental
+opinion of the King and Queen of England.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+THE QUEEN'S CONVERTS
+
+  Now for my converts who, you say, unfed,
+  Have follow'd me for miracles of bread,
+  Judge not by hearsay, but observe at least,
+  If since their change their loaves have been increas'd.
+
+                                                      J. DRYDEN
+
+
+Considering the activity of the Catholics at the Court of Charles I and his
+Queen, it is not surprising that from time to time some one, man or woman,
+abjured the national faith to enter what it was so confidently asserted was
+the one true fold. When this occurred Protestant feeling was apt to run
+high, and the King, to whose indulgence the trouble was certainly in some
+measure due, usually expressed himself greatly shocked and indignant, and
+for a time, at least, withdrew his favour from the offender.
+
+Perhaps the most remarkable of these cases was that of the Queen's friend,
+Walter Montagu. This gentleman, who had improved his natural talents by
+travels which led him to Madrid, to Paris and to Rome, was also much
+noticed by the King, to whom he was recommended by the fact that he had
+been a friend of Buckingham, and had actually been with the Duke when he
+was assassinated at Portsmouth. He was employed a good deal on secret
+service, and once he was able to render an important service, destined to
+influence both their lives, to Queen Anne of Austria. He had been sent by
+his own sovereign to stir up Savoy and Lorraine against France, and not
+even his position as envoy of England could save him or his dispatches from
+the emissaries of Richelieu or from the Bastille. Anne was implicated in
+these intrigues against her husband's country, and in an agony of terror,
+haunted by visions of the ignominious return to Spain with which she had
+several times been threatened, she sent to Montagu to learn the extent of
+her danger. The young Englishman, who had long worshipped the beautiful
+Queen,[185] gladly seized the opportunity of proving his devotion. Let the
+Queen have no fear, came back his chivalrous answer; she was not mentioned
+in the dispatches, and rather than that she should come to harm he would
+lay down his life. This sacrifice was not required, but Anne escaped
+detection and Montagu earned her lifelong gratitude. On his return to
+England after his enlargement, he made rapid progress in the favour of
+Henrietta Maria in spite of the connection with Buckingham, which can
+hardly have been a recommendation to her. So great was the kindness with
+which she regarded him, that no courtier seemed to have before him a more
+prosperous career, when towards the end of 1635 the Court was startled by
+the news that he had joined the Church of Rome. "Sure the Devil rides
+him,"[186] was the pithy comment of one of his acquaintance, John
+Ashburnham.
+
+Walter, who at this time was living in Paris, defended his action in a
+highly argumentative letter which he addressed to his father, but which he
+took care to have distributed among his friends in many copies. The Earl of
+Manchester, who was said to be the best-tempered man in England, does not
+seem to have been able to support this vexation with equanimity, and he
+sent a somewhat acrid reply to his son, whose apologetics were also refuted
+by Lucius, Lord Falkland. Montagu had often enjoyed the intellectual
+hospitality of Great Tew, where men of wit and learning were accustomed to
+gather round this accomplished young nobleman, who was the more fitted for
+his task of controversy, inasmuch as his mother, his brothers and his
+sisters were among the "revolters to Rome," while his own fidelity to the
+Church of England had been for a while gravely in question.
+
+But before Montagu received the remonstrances and arguments of his friends
+(which, as usually happens in such cases, proved quite unavailing), he had
+met with an adventure which connects his change of faith with one of the
+most curious episodes in the religious history of the period.
+
+At this time all France was talking of the terrible fate of the Ursuline
+nuns at Loudun, who were manifestly possessed by the devil, and of the
+wonderful exorcisms whereby certain holy men were able to overcome his
+wiles and machinations. It was quite a fashionable amusement to ride out to
+Loudun, visit the "possessed," and witness the ceremonies of exorcism; and
+one day at the end of November, 1635, Montagu, accompanied by Thomas
+Killigrew, a literary friend whom he had met in Paris, set off and arrived
+in due course at the convent of which Satan had made his stronghold. There
+the two Englishmen, who were provided with a letter of introduction from
+the Archbishop of Tours, saw some of the marvels which are recorded in the
+_Histoire des Diables de Loudun_. The poor possessed nuns crawled about
+before them gnawing and bellowing like wild beasts and uttering fearful
+blasphemies, until the devil was forced to relinquish his prey by the
+application of various relics and the recitation of appropriate prayers.
+Strangers were always welcome at these spectacles, though sometimes they
+came away calling the poor nuns "impostorious," an epithet applied to them
+by honest John Evelyn, who knew them but by repute; but Montagu, as an
+Englishman of noble birth high in the favour of the Queen of France, was
+treated with special distinction, Father Surin, the exorcist, who had been
+told by the Archbishop of Tours "so to manage matters that the English lord
+might receive edification,"[187] even permitting him to hold the hand of
+one of the most distinguished of the patients, Mother des Anges, from whom
+eventually four demons were chased. On this occasion she was possessed by
+an evil spirit named Balaam, who had boasted that on his exit he would
+print his name upon his victim's hand. But the good Father, "judging it
+more proper that a religious person should bear on her hand the name of a
+saint than that of a devil,"[188] forced him to another course of action.
+As Montagu gazed upon the poor struggling woman, who required several
+persons to hold her in her paroxysm, he beheld, as he had been led to
+expect, the name of Joseph write itself on the back of her hand in small
+red dots. This strange occurrence, which seemed to him explicable on no
+natural ground, impressed his mind as much as it was intended that it
+should,[189] and he convert returned to Paris with an increased
+appreciation of the advantages of belonging to a Church which held in her
+hand the power of such marvels. He hastened to communicate his impressions
+to Richelieu, who took an interest in the nuns, and who was wont to extend
+a condescending patronage to the Englishman, whom in his heart he despised
+and distrusted. "I have seen at Loudun," wrote the new convert after
+relating his experiences, "proofs so miraculous of the power of the Church
+that above my belief I owe to God perpetual gratitude"; nor, he added, was
+he alone in his admiration. Several Englishmen "who were possessed by a
+spirit of falsehood and contradiction"[190] had come away confessing with
+him that the matter was miraculous. His friend Killigrew was not, it seems,
+one of these convicted gainsayers. The poet left Loudun quite unconvinced
+and rather sceptical about the whole affair, though he confessed that he
+could not account for the print on the nun's hand.[191]
+
+Montagu's prospects of a great career in the service of the King were over.
+He loudly asserted his loyalty, but probably he hardly needed his father's
+stern reminder that though "the King's benignitie and goodnesse is always
+to interpret the best," yet "his Majestie hath a better opinion of those
+that are bred such [i.e. Catholics] than of those who become such by
+relapse."[192]
+
+In effect, the King from that moment turned his back upon his servant,
+whom, it seems, he had never personally much liked. Not even the memory of
+Buckingham could cover such a failure of loyalty and patriotism.
+
+But Walter was not to suffer by a change of faith, which some people, and
+among them Cardinal Richelieu (whom the convert's account of his
+experiences left untouched), were not slow to attribute to self-interest
+rather than to religious feeling. The Queen had always been fond of him on
+account of his singular charm of manner, which often fascinated even his
+enemies, and after his conversion she admitted him to a degree of intimacy
+and confidence which more than made up for the coldness of the King. It was
+felt, indeed, that for a while he had better remain upon the Continent, and
+he spent a pleasant time in Paris, where he showed his zeal for his
+new-found faith by professing himself ready to die for it, and by
+accompanying the King of France to Mass with a rosary hung round his neck.
+Thence he passed on to Turin, where he met with a warm reception from
+Henrietta's sister Christine, whose acquaintance he had made some years
+earlier when he was in Savoy as secret agent for the King of England. Now
+he was able to present to the Duchess a warm letter of introduction from
+her sister, and it appears that he did her some trifling service which led
+to a pleasant correspondence between the Courts of England and Savoy.
+
+"Pardon me," wrote Henrietta, "that I have not written to you earlier ...
+to thank you ... for the favours which you have shown to Wat Montague. I
+know that you have done it for my sake, though truly he merits them for his
+own. He does nothing but praise the honours which you have done him, and I
+believe that he for his part would gladly lose his life for your
+service.... I am very glad that Wat has been able to do you some service. I
+am sure that he has done it with all his heart. As for his melancholy
+humour, that is perhaps some scruple of conscience which he will lose at
+Rome. Besides, he is not naturally very gay."[193]
+
+He went to Rome, and whether he lost his scruples there or not he enjoyed
+himself very much, keeping a household of seven servants, dining at the
+English College with the prestige of a recent convert, and cultivating the
+further acquaintance of the Barberini who, when he was in the city before,
+had shown him distinguished attentions, which they now felt had not been
+thrown away. The Pope, who "was as much a pretender to be oecumenical
+patron of poets as Head of the Church,"[194] liked a convert who was also a
+wit, while Cardinal Francesco honoured his visitor with so warm a
+friendship that henceforth the two men carried on a frequent
+correspondence.[195] Still, despite these distractions, Montagu's eyes all
+the time were fixed upon England. His return thither was much desired by
+the papal party, and particularly by Con, who was aware of his influence
+over the Queen. She, for her part, used all her power with her husband to
+win his recall; but Charles, who never got over an affront, was not easily
+to be persuaded, and it was not until 1636 that the offender was allowed to
+return to take his place among Henrietta's servants and friends.
+
+At the Court of the Queen he found plenty to occupy him. He was, above all
+things, a ladies' man--_un petit fou_, only fit to amuse ladies[196]--as
+Richelieu rudely wrote of him; and it was to be expected that in the
+religious struggles of the Court women should take a considerable part.
+Such a war always appeals to feminine feelings and logic, and in this case
+the leader of the army was a woman, and one who, though clever and
+energetic, was essentially feminine both in heart and mind. The agents of
+the Papacy were far too acute to neglect so obvious a source of influence.
+Not only was the Queen flattered in every way, but skilful efforts were
+made to win the noble ladies who surrounded her. The Anglicans were not
+blind to the danger, as appears from the fact that John Cosin, who spent
+most of his life in fighting the Catholics and in being accused of Popery
+by the Puritans, published a little book of Hours of Prayer, which the
+latter called by the pretty name of "Mr. Cozens his cozening devotions," to
+counteract the influence of the _Horae_, used by Henrietta's Catholic
+ladies. But the attacking party had certain advantages to which those of
+the defence could not aspire. The pictures, the relics, the medals, which
+Panzani and Con took care to distribute, were greatly valued by their
+recipients, and pleased even such great ladies as the Marchioness of
+Hamilton and the Countess of Denbigh. The latter of these ladies had long
+been unsettled in the established religion. It was indeed for her guidance
+and at her request that Cosin had written his _Book of Hours_. Many years
+were to elapse before she finally abandoned the Church of England, but no
+doubt these fascinating trifles played their part in preparing her spirit
+for the eventual change.
+
+But there were women at the Court who were not to be won by such methods,
+but who entered into the thorny path of controversy. Such an one was Lady
+Newport, a relative of the late Duke of Buckingham. She had Catholic
+relatives, and, thinking perhaps to reclaim them, she attempted argument
+with no less a person than Con himself. The result was not very surprising.
+Lady Newport was no match for the subtle and insinuating envoy, and the
+upshot of her discussions with him was that one night, as she was returning
+home from the play in Drury Lane, she turned aside to Somerset House, where
+one of the Capuchin Fathers quietly reconciled her to the Church of Rome.
+Her feet were caught in the snare from which she had hoped to rescue
+others.
+
+A storm of indignation arose. The irate husband hurried off to Lambeth to
+enlist the sympathy of Laud, who, nothing loath, laid the matter before the
+King and the Council. "I did my duty to the King and State openly in
+Council,"[197] wrote the Archbishop complacently to Wentworth. The names of
+Sir Toby Matthew and of Walter Montagu were freely mentioned in connection
+with the conversion, and though well-informed persons believed that Con
+alone was to blame, these two gentlemen did not escape a considerable
+measure of unpopularity. Laud, who, though he was anxious not to offend the
+Queen, was becoming alarmed at the boldness of the Catholics, went down on
+his knees to the King, praying for the banishment of Montagu, and for leave
+to proceed against Sir Toby in the High Commission Court. As for Con, he
+said bitterly, he knew neither how he came to Court nor what he was doing
+there, and therefore he would say nothing of him.
+
+The King did not grant the Archbishop's modest request, but at the Council
+table he spoke so bitterly of both the culprits that "the fright made Wat
+keep his chamber longer than his sickness would have detained him, and Don
+Tobiah was in such perplexity that I find he will make a very ill man to be
+a martyr, by now the dog doth again wag his tail."[198]
+
+The storm, indeed, quickly blew over. Lord Newport forgave his wife, who
+discreetly retired to France for a time. Even the Queen, who had been
+greatly angered at the treatment of the Catholics, particularly of Montagu,
+forgave the Archbishop and received him with the modified favour which was
+all she ever had to bestow upon him. Everything seemed to be as before,
+only perhaps Laud kept a more watchful eye upon the recusants, and two
+years later he was able to take a revenge at once upon the Queen and upon
+her priests by causing "two great Trusses of Popish books,"[199] coming
+from France for the use of the Capuchins, to be seized by the officers of
+the Court of High Commission.
+
+But unfortunately the troubles which had been occasioned by the conversion
+of the Countess of Newport did not deter other susceptible ladies from
+following in her steps. "The great women fall away every day,"[200] sighed
+a good Protestant, writing to a friend in May, 1638. That his plaint was
+not without cause is evident from the following portion of a letter which
+was written by a foreigner who was then resident in England:--
+
+"The Queen's Majesty has frequented her chapel of Somerset House all Holy
+Week with great concourse and rejoicing of these Catholics, to the great
+chagrin of the Puritans. Besides the accustomed ceremonies and devotions of
+this week, on Holy Saturday a score of ladies of the Court, of whom the
+chief was the Duchess of Buckingham, were seen to receive all the
+ceremonies of baptism (except the water) at the hands of a Capuchin Father,
+and afterwards the sacrament of confirmation at those of the Bishop of
+Angouleme, the Grand Almoner of the Queen. All was done within the chapel
+in the tribune of Her Majesty ... and in her presence. These ladies desired
+this kind of second baptism because they received the first at the hands of
+Protestant ministers, which they hold to be valid in a certain sense, and
+yet nevertheless mutilated."
+
+The narrator goes on to speak of the anger of the Puritans, who complained
+bitterly of such proceedings and of the indifference of Charles to their
+clamour. "They will have to calm themselves," he adds, for "to-day the
+Queen has greater authority with the King than any one else."[201]
+
+This was in the spring of the year 1638, a few months after the beginning
+of the Scotch troubles and two years and a half before the meeting of the
+Long Parliament.
+
+[Footnote 185: "My sute is that if ever you have occasion to speak to the
+Blessed Queene (Anne) of any ill thing that you express it by naming me,
+for that's the only way I can hope she should ever heare of me
+againe."--Walter Montagu to Earl of Carlisle. Egerton MS., 2596.]
+
+[Footnote 186: _Cal. S.P. Dom._, 1635, p. 512.]
+
+[Footnote 187: "Le Pere Surin de la compagnie de Jesus aiant recu une
+lettre de Mgr. l'archeveque de Tours par laquelle il lui reccommandoit de
+faire en sorte que le Sieur de Montagu recut edification aux
+exorcisms."--_Proces-verbal_ of exorcisms printed in _Histoire des Diables
+de Loudun_, 1693.]
+
+[Footnote 188: _Ibid._]
+
+[Footnote 189: The following is Montagu's own account: "Nous estions ...
+presents au sortir du diable qui avoit commandment de tracer le nom de
+Joseph sur la main pour marque de la sortie. Je tenois la fille par la main
+quand elle fit le grand cris [sic] et quand le prestre nous nous dit qu'il
+falloit chercher le signe et ie vis escrire peu a peu les lettres de Joseph
+sur le dos de la main en petites pointes de sang ou elles demeurent
+gravees."--Montagu to Richelieu, November 30th, 1635. Aff. Etran. Ang., t.
+45.
+
+The case of the nuns of Loudun has never been satisfactorily explained; the
+"possessions" and exorcisms were witnessed by a large number of persons,
+none of whom were able to convict the nuns of fraud. Urbain Grandier, the
+priest who was believed to have bewitched them, was burned in 1634. The
+following account of Mother des Anges is taken from a biography, written
+towards the end of the seventeenth century, of Mother Louise Eugenie de la
+Fontaine of the Order of the Visitation: "Mere des Anges etoit une ame dont
+les conduites extraordinaires de Dieu sur elle donnoient beaucoup
+d'admiration. Chacun scait que dans les fameuses possessions de Loudun ces
+saintes filles eprouverent cet effroyable fleau. La mere des Anges (que le
+feu Pere Surin conduisit et admiroit) en etoit une; il chassa de son corps
+quatre demons dont le premier ecrivit en sortant en gros ses lettres sur la
+main droite Jesus, le second en moindre caractere Marie, et le troisieme
+Joseph en plus petit, et le quatrieme encore moindre Francois de Sales; ces
+noms etoient gravez sous le peau, ils paroissoient comme de coleur de rose
+seches mais ils prenoient un vermeil miraculeux au moment de la sainte
+communion."]
+
+[Footnote 190: Montagu to Richelieu, November 30th, 1635. Aff. Etran. Ang.,
+t. 45.]
+
+[Footnote 191: See Killigrew's own account of the _affaire_ printed in
+_European Magazine_, 1803, Vol. 43, p. 102.]
+
+[Footnote 192: "The coppy of a letter sent from France by Mr. Walter
+Montagu to his father the Lord Privie Seale with his answere thereunto.
+Also a second answer to the same letter by the Lord Falkland" (1641), p.
+20.]
+
+[Footnote 193: Ferrero: _Lettres de Henriette Marie de France reine
+d'Angleterre a sa soeur Christine duchesse de Savoie_ (1881), p. 45.]
+
+[Footnote 194: _Lignea Ligenda_ (1653), p. 169.]
+
+[Footnote 195: Copies of Montagu's letters to Barberini, extending over
+many years, are among the Roman Transcripts in the P.R.O.]
+
+[Footnote 196: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 197: Laud wrote to Wentworth November 1st, 1637. Laud's Works,
+Vol. VII, p. 379. See the account of the matter from Laud's point of view
+in Heylin: _Cyprians Anglians_, Bk. IV, p. 359 (1668).]
+
+[Footnote 198: Conway to Strafford. _The Earl of Stafford's Letters and
+Dispatches_, II, 125.]
+
+[Footnote 199: Turner MS., LXVII.]
+
+[Footnote 200: _The Earl of Stafford's Letters and Dispatches_, II, 165.]
+
+[Footnote 201: Salvetti. Add. MS., 27,962, H., f. 125.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE EVE OF THE WAR
+
+I
+
+  Some happy wind over the ocean blow
+  This tempest yet, which frights our island so.
+
+                                        EDMUND WALLER
+
+
+On July 23rd, 1637, the new liturgy, which the care of Archbishop Laud had
+provided for the Scottish Church, was to be read for the first time in the
+Church of St. Giles in Edinburgh. The clergyman entered the reading-desk
+and the service began. But before he had read many words a tumult, in which
+a crowd of women of the lower class took a prominent part, arose. National
+feeling and religious feeling were alike outraged by the introduction of
+the new Mass-book from England,[202] and the assembly, which had been
+called together for public worship, broke up in wild confusion. That local
+riot, which seemed but an ebullition of temporary fanaticism and
+discontent, was in reality the symptom of a grave disease in the body
+politic. It meant for Scotland the beginning of a civil war, which soon was
+to cross the border and to break up in the sister kingdom the long internal
+peace which had made her the envied of Europe. It meant for Henrietta Maria
+and her husband the end of their happy, careless years, and the entering
+upon a series of misfortunes, the number and bitterness of which are almost
+unparalleled even in the annals of the House of Stuart.
+
+After the riot events moved quickly, for behind the rioters was the virile
+force of the Scottish nation. Charles was unwilling to give way, and by
+November his northern subjects were almost in open revolt.
+
+It was an unfortunate moment. The English Puritans, who were irritated by
+their own grievances, showed an indecorous satisfaction in the Scottish
+events, as shrewd observers, such as Salvetti, the Florentine envoy in
+London, were not slow to observe. The King had no money to meet expenses,
+and no means of getting any, except the objectionable one of calling a
+Parliament. Abroad the outlook was no better, and Charles and Henrietta
+ought to have known, if they did not, that they had no friend upon whom
+they could rely in such a strait.
+
+They were to find that it was not for nothing that they had scouted the
+threats and warnings of Richelieu. That old man, sitting in his study in
+the Palais Cardinal in Paris, held in his frail hands the threads of all
+the diplomacy of Europe. He had long looked with no favourable eye upon
+England, for the alliance which he had himself brought about had proved one
+of his greatest disappointments. The union of the crowns of England and
+Scotland had deprived France of a warm and constant ally,[203] and it was
+to counterbalance this loss that Henry IV had planned, and Richelieu had
+carried out, Henrietta's marriage. The Cardinal had not reckoned upon the
+indeed somewhat unlikely contingency that a royal marriage should also
+become a marriage of affection and community of interest. The first step in
+his defeat was the dismission of the French in 1626, and this insult, which
+circumstances did not permit him to avenge at once, was never forgiven to
+its author the King of England, whom he also hated, because, in the words
+of Madame de Motteville, he believed him to have a Spanish heart, and
+because Queen Anne was allowed to carry on her Spanish correspondence by
+way of England. Of Henrietta he had hardly a better opinion. She had
+fulfilled none of the purposes for which he had sent her into England, and
+though originally she had unwillingly submitted to her husband's will in
+the matter of her servants, in later days she had made no great effort to
+recall them. She had done little to cement an alliance between the two
+kingdoms, and the English Catholics, whom she had been specially
+commissioned to win over, remained, for the most part, obstinately attached
+to the interests of Spain. Their relations had been, moreover, severely
+strained by the Chateauneuf episode, and they were further embittered by
+the disgrace and exile of Mary de' Medici, which her daughter rightly
+attributed to Richelieu, whose conduct in the matter she considered an act
+of the blackest ingratitude towards the woman who had made his fortune.
+
+Nevertheless, about this time Richelieu made a final attempt to win the
+personal favour of the Queen of England. He dispatched the Count of
+Estrades on a special mission to England, of which no inconsiderable part
+was to discover the sentiments of the Queen, and he told Bellievre, the
+French ambassador in London, that he believed her to be friendly towards
+France, and requested him to treat her with kindness and sympathy. Neither
+of the envoys met with much success. Estrades found Henrietta so forbidding
+that he did not dare to deliver the letter which Richelieu had confided to
+him, and which he had charged him to give or retain, according to the
+disposition of the royal lady to whom it was addressed.[204] Bellievre was
+rather better received, but though the Queen showed herself willing to talk
+with him and expressed general goodwill towards the Cardinal, the
+diplomatist soon discovered that all she desired was help in a private
+matter which he waived aside, but in which Richelieu determined to gratify
+her, as he saw in it a means of ingratiating himself with her at small
+cost.
+
+The Chevalier de Jars, since his dramatic reprieve on the scaffold, had
+languished in the Bastille. He had good friends both in England and in
+France, but none more persevering and faithful than the Queen of England,
+who never forgot a friend in trouble. Over and over again she pleaded with
+Richelieu on his behalf, but for a long while he turned a deaf ear to her
+appeals, answering her letters on the subject almost rudely. But in the
+beginning of 1638 his attitude changed, and he intimated that a little more
+persuasion on the part of Henrietta would result in the fulfilment of her
+desire.
+
+The matter was conducted with a studied picturesqueness of detail which was
+carefully arranged by Richelieu to gratify the vanity of the woman he
+wished to please. It was taken out of the hands of the English ambassador,
+the Earl of Leicester, and arranged by Walter Montagu, who was at the
+Queen's side in London, and by his personal friend Sir Kenelm Digby, who
+was staying in Paris, in a private capacity, enjoying the society of his
+many learned and scientific friends who resided there. Montagu and Digby
+exchanged many letters, and the latter had several interviews with
+Richelieu. During one of these he presented to the Cardinal a letter which
+the Queen had requested him to deliver. The old man read it with great
+satisfaction, though he had to request Sir Kenelm to help him in
+deciphering several words, for Henrietta's writing was always very
+illegible. When he had finished he laid it down, and looking hard at his
+visitor, said in a meaning tone, "I am much pleased with the Queen's
+letter, and you may assure her that she shall soon have cause to be pleased
+with me."[205]
+
+A few days later, about eight o'clock in the morning, a coach stopped at
+the door of Sir Kenelm's lodgings, from which descended Chavigny, the
+Secretary of State, and the Chevalier de Jars. Chavigny, after he had
+greeted the astonished knight, waved his hand towards his charge and said,
+in the courtly accents of a French diplomatist, "Monsieur, I have the
+orders of the King and of M. le Cardinal to place this gentleman in your
+hands. He is no longer the prisoner of the King of France, but of the Queen
+of England."[206]
+
+"It is to be hoped," Montagu had written a few weeks earlier to a member of
+the French Government, "that the end of this affair will be the beginning
+of that end to which we have always looked, namely, a good understanding
+between the Queen and M. le Cardinal."[207] This hope was not fulfilled.
+Henrietta was indeed greatly pleased at her friend's release, and she
+cannot have failed to admire the graceful manner in which the great man had
+granted his favour, but a single act of kindness on the one hand and a
+single sentiment of gratitude on the other could not overcome the mutual
+distrust of years. Moreover, events were even then occurring which were
+destroying any good feeling of which the incident may have been productive.
+
+For some years Mary de' Medici had been casting her eyes upon England as a
+possible refuge. She disliked the Low Countries, where she was living, and
+as she felt no desire to return to her native Florence, which was the place
+of retirement selected for her by Louis XIII, or rather by Richelieu, she
+thought that it might be wise to take advantage of the kindness which her
+son-in-law, the King of England, had always felt for her. Her presence was
+not desired in England; she was considered, with some justice, a
+quarrelsome and mischief-making old lady, and her bigoted religious
+attitude, joined with the favours which she showed to Spain, were
+sufficient to make her unpopular among the people. Charles, however much he
+might pity her as the victim of Richelieu, dreaded, short of money as he
+was, so expensive and inconvenient a guest. Even Henrietta, with the
+thought of her childhood in her mind, was afraid of her mother's arbitrary
+interference. "_Adieu ma liberte_," she sighed. Perhaps the Queen-Mother
+gathered that she would not be welcome, for the project seems to have been
+in abeyance when England was startled by the arrival of another exiled lady
+whose character and career presented even more of excitement and variety.
+
+[Illustration: THE DUCHESS OF CHEVREUSE
+
+AFTER THE PICTURE BY MOREELSE ONCE IN THE POSSESSION OF CHARLES I]
+
+Madame de Chevreuse, on arriving in Madrid, had been received with great
+kindness, as was only to be expected, for she had been a good friend to
+Spain. But after some years of residence in the Spanish capital she found
+that, owing to the war between the two countries, communication with France
+was extremely difficult. She also began to think of England, where she had
+spent some happy days of her earlier life. She felt sure of a good
+reception, for she was united to the King by their common political
+sympathy with the Spanish, and the Queen, in the past, had regarded her
+with much affection. Her intention was quickly acted upon. She set sail
+from Corunna in May, 1638, and after a successful voyage landed in England.
+She had not deceived herself. The reception given to her by her royal hosts
+was worthy of her rank as the wife of a kinsman of the King of England and
+of her position as a personal friend of his Queen. Charles and Henrietta,
+who were never wanting in hospitality, bade her heartily welcome, and even
+invited her to be present at Windsor on the occasion of the little Prince
+of Wales' investiture with the insignia of the Order of the Garter, an
+attention which was due to the fact that her husband was himself a knight
+of that noble order.[208] Nevertheless, the arrival of this factious lady
+at so critical a moment was part of that tragic ill-luck of the King and
+Queen of England on which their contemporaries remarked.
+
+In London Madame de Chevreuse found many friends, among whom were her
+former lover, the Earl of Holland, and Walter Montagu, whose early devotion
+to her time had not destroyed. With the latter she at once began to scheme
+for the coming of Mary de' Medici, and though for a while it seemed
+unlikely that her plans would succeed, owing to the opposition of the King
+and the whole nation, yet such was the effect of her skill and persistency
+that, a few months after her own arrival, she witnessed the entry into
+London of that unfortunate royal lady, in whose sojourn in England must be
+sought one of the immediate contributory causes of the Civil War. Well
+might Richelieu write on this occasion, with even more truth than he knew,
+that "there is nothing so capable of destroying a state as evil minds
+protected by their sex."[209]
+
+Mary de' Medici arrived in the end unexpectedly. One Sunday afternoon a
+gentleman of her suite arrived at the Court and announced that she had
+already put to sea, and would land at Harwich that same evening if she were
+assured of a welcome. Neither the King nor the Queen was pleased, but
+Charles was too true a gentleman and Henrietta too affectionate a daughter
+not to receive her with all honour. The King rode out into the country to
+meet her, and escorted her through London amid official rejoicings,
+described by a French gentleman in an elaborate account which reflects his
+satisfaction.[210] Henrietta awaited her mother at St. James's Palace,
+where she received her affectionately, settling her in the pleasant rooms
+which had been there prepared, whence the old lady could look out upon the
+deer park, and upon the beautiful terrace, which formed the favourite
+promenade of the Court.
+
+Meanwhile, Scottish affairs were going from bad to worse. "They growl, but
+I hope they will not bite,"[211] wrote a courtier. They were to bite only
+too soon. In February, 1638, thousands of Scots were signing the National
+Covenant. A few months later the General Assembly of the Kirk sitting at
+Glasgow abolished episcopacy, and followed up this act of defiance by
+refusing to dissolve at the command of the King's commissioner. Charles
+began to appreciate that his northern subjects were in open rebellion,
+whose due chastisement was the sword.
+
+But then, as ever, he was crippled by lack of money, and one of the means
+which was taken to procure it was another of those acts by which he and his
+wife set themselves against the will and sentiment of their people, and
+thus prepared the way for their own final ruin, though, in this case, the
+blame fell chiefly upon Henrietta, and it is doubtful whether Charles'
+share in the transaction was known to the Puritans.[212]
+
+The English Catholics had enjoyed for many years an unprecedented peace and
+liberty, which now, owing to the kindness of the King and the Court for the
+fascinating Con, had reached such a pitch that England appeared to
+foreigners almost like a Catholic country. The recusancy fines, which were
+still exacted in a modified form, kept up a certain feeling of irritation,
+but on the whole the Catholics were loyal. They felt much gratitude towards
+the Queen, on whom their prosperity depended, and when the Scotch rebellion
+broke out they would have liked to bear arms in the King's service. Con,
+who believed that Charles would willingly have employed them, assured him
+that few of his subjects would fight for him as loyally as those of the
+ancient faith. The King possibly believed him, but true to his cautious
+nature he preferred to ask for a present of money, which the envoy, who,
+notwithstanding his short sojourn in England, had a minute acquaintance
+with the persons and circumstances of the English Catholics, set himself to
+procure. As a first step he called together representatives both of the
+clergy and of the laity, and laid before them the royal request.
+
+He had undertaken no easy task. Some of the Catholics, to whom sad
+experience had taught prudence, were alarmed at the idea of helping the
+King to rule without the need of calling Parliament. Others, going to the
+opposite extreme, offered their contributions separately, hoping thus to
+gain the royal favour. Worst of all, the ill-feeling between the secular
+and regular clergy made any cooperation between the two bodies a matter of
+great difficulty. From meetings lasting many hours, at which he had
+attempted to weld together these discordant elements, and from still more
+fatiguing private audiences, Con, ill and suffering as he then was, came
+away weary and dispirited, complaining bitterly of the "obstinate prudence"
+of the Jesuits and of the self-seeking of all. "This kingdom," he wrote on
+one of these occasions to Cardinal Barberini, "has no men who are moved by
+the common good, but each one thinks only of his private interest."[213]
+
+At first the Queen's name appears little, but she watched the negotiations
+carefully, and in their latter stages she sent Montagu and Father Philip to
+attend the meetings on her behalf, and to bring her news of an undertaking
+in whose success she was deeply interested, and in which, for
+constitutional reasons, she was now actively to intervene.
+
+The fears of the more timid Catholics were not idle, but showed a truer
+political insight than either Charles or Henrietta possessed. It was
+necessary to reassure them without allowing the King's name to appear. The
+best expedient which could be devised was to make the contribution appear
+as a gift, which at the Queen's instigation was offered to her by her
+co-religionists. Henrietta had at her side the ingenious Montagu and the
+fantastic Sir Kenelm Digby, who was always pleased to adventure himself in
+any new enterprise. These two gentlemen now issued a joint appeal to the
+Catholics of England, asking, in the Queen's name, for liberal
+contributions, and to this appeal she herself prefixed a dignified letter
+urging her co-religionists to contribute liberally to the King's expenses
+in the northern expedition, "for we believed that it became us who have
+been so often interested in the solicitation of their benefits, to show
+ourselves now in the persuasion of their gratitudes."[214] These letters,
+together with one from the ecclesiastical authorities, were circulated
+throughout the land; for each shire of England and Wales one or more
+collectors was appointed from among the Catholic gentry.[215]
+
+The Queen had already asked the Catholics to fast every Saturday "for the
+King's happy progression in his designs, and for his safe return," and
+special services were held in her chapel for the same intention. This was
+very well, but it was a different matter when money was asked for from
+those who for years had borne more than their share of taxation. In spite
+of the zeal of the promoters of the scheme, the money came in but slowly.
+The difficulties of collection were great, and though individuals, such as
+the Dowager Countess of Rutland, who cheerfully gave L500, were generous,
+the general response was not hearty. The Queen, whose sanguine disposition
+often caused her to be disappointed, was distressed at the smallness of the
+sum which she would be able to offer to the King, and her fertile brain
+devised another expedient by which she hoped to increase the L30,000[216]
+she had received from the Catholics to L50,000; L10,000 she laid aside out
+of her own revenue, and the remainder she hoped to raise among the ladies
+of England, "as well widows as wives." Her own friends, the great ladies of
+the Court, offered each her L100 with due _empressement_, but outside that
+circle the project was not a success, and Henrietta and her advisers were
+left to lament once more the lack of loyalty in those whose pleasure they
+considered it should have been to contribute to their sovereign's need.
+
+In April Charles set out for Scotland. He left his wife almost regent in
+his absence, for he had ordered the Council to defer to her advice.
+Henrietta was thus in a position of greater importance and authority than
+ever before, and she had the satisfaction of feeling that her influence
+over her husband was steadily increasing. The difficult circumstances, now
+beginning to entangle her as in a net, were developing that love of
+intrigue which had already shown itself in happier times. She had,
+moreover, no mean instructors in the art of diplomatic chicanery in two
+women who at this time were together at her side exercising a considerable
+influence over her. Madame de Chevreuse and Lady Carlisle, since the
+arrival of the former in England, had joined hands in a friendship which
+had its origin, perhaps, in a common hatred of Richelieu, but which might
+be easily accounted for by similarity of character and aims. Madame de
+Chevreuse could, indeed, boast a wider experience, for she had taken all
+Europe for her stage, while Lady Carlisle was content to play her part in
+the comparative obscurity of the British Isles; but a restless love of
+power and domination, which expressed itself in a determined effort to
+influence by womanly charms those who by force of intellect or by accident
+of birth were making the history of the time, was common to both, as also
+was a real talent for intrigue, which enabled these society ladies so far
+to conquer the disadvantages of their sex as to become of considerable
+importance in affairs. Of such teachers Henrietta was a willing learner and
+in some sense an apt pupil. She, too, learned to plot and to scheme, to
+play off enemy against enemy, and to attempt to win over a chivalrous foe
+by honeyed words. But she never became in any real sense a diplomatist. Her
+brain, quick to seize a point of detail and sometimes sagacious in weighing
+the claims of alternate courses of action, had not sufficient grasp to take
+in the broad outlines of a complicated situation, nor the judicial faculty
+which can calmly appraise even values which are personal. It is the
+misfortune of the great that they breathe an atmosphere of fictitious
+importance which induces a mental malady, whose taint infects all but the
+strongest intellects and the largest hearts. From the worst forms of this
+disease, as it appears, for instance, in Louis XIV, who at the end of his
+life believed himself to be almost superhuman, Henrietta escaped, by the
+strong sense of humour which was her father's best legacy to her. However
+obsequious her attendance and however regal her robes, she knew at heart
+that she was but a woman of flesh and blood as the rest; but the more
+subtle workings of the poison of flattery she could not escape, and the
+great weakness of her diplomacy--a weakness which that of her husband
+shared to the full--was her inability to appreciate that things precious to
+her were not necessarily so to other people, and that her friends and her
+foes were likely to be influenced by self-interest not largely coloured by
+a romantic sympathy with her misfortunes.
+
+Henrietta's regency came to an end before she had much opportunity for
+action, for by July her husband was back in London. This is not the place
+to tell the story of the disastrous Scotch expedition; it suffices to say
+that Charles returned nominally a conqueror,[217] but in reality defeated,
+and with the bitter knowledge that he could only overcome his rebellious
+subjects in Scotland by asking the help of his discontented people in
+England.
+
+Nevertheless, there was an interval of a few months before the next act of
+the tragedy was played, and during it were celebrated some of the last of
+those splendid festivities for which the Court of the Queen of England was
+renowned. A particularly splendid masque, which was played at Whitehall on
+January 21st, 16-39/40, deserves mention on account of the tragic
+discrepancy between the spirit of triumphant rejoicing and secure
+prosperity breathed by it, and on the one hand the discontent which,
+outside the brilliantly lighted rooms, was surging through the winter
+darkness of the city, and on the other the anxiety which was gnawing at the
+heart of some of those who appeared among the gayest and most careless of
+the revellers. The masque was got up by the Queen, whose fondness for such
+amusements did not decrease with age, and who found in the hard work which
+such a task involved a welcome diversion from her anxieties. It bore the
+name of _Salmacida Spolia_,[218] and was written by Sir William D'Avenant,
+the reputed son of Shakespeare, who had succeeded Ben Jonson as laureate,
+and who was specially devoted to Henrietta's service. The scenery and
+decorations, so important to the success of a masque, were supplied by
+Inigo Jones, who had before now co-operated with D'Avenant, while for the
+musical part of the entertainment Lewis Richard, Master of His Majesty's
+Musick, was responsible. Henrietta had considerable difficulty with her
+troupe,[219] which included not only the King but a number of ladies and
+gentlemen of the Court, and great annoyance was caused by Lady Carnarvon,
+who showed symptoms of the invading Puritan spirit in refusing to take part
+in the masque unless she were assured that the representation would not
+take place on a Sunday. However, all difficulties were smoothed over by the
+Queen, who was usually compliant in small matters, and the play was a
+notable success, though the Earl of Northumberland, who was not acting,
+wrote to his sister that "a company of worse faces was never assembled than
+the Queen had got together."[220] The royal pair alone might have given the
+lie to the Earl's ungallant words. King Charles, whose splendid looks have
+entered, through the genius of Van Dyck, into the heritage of the nation,
+played his part with the external dignity in which he was never lacking;
+while his wife displayed her still abundant charms to great advantage in an
+"Amazonian habit of carnation, embroidered with silver, with a plumed Helme
+and a Bandricke with an antique Sword hanging by her side, all as rich as
+might be." Her attendant ladies were similarly dressed, and it is perhaps
+not surprising that the strangeness of these habits was even more admired
+than their beauty.
+
+The theme was designed, in reference to recent public events, to flatter
+the King, who played the part of Philogenes triumphing over Discord, which,
+"a malicious Fury, appears in a storme, and by the Invocation of malignant
+spirits proper to her evill use, having already put most of the world into
+discord, endeavours to disturb these parts, envying the blessings and
+Tranquillity we have long enjoyed."
+
+  "How am I griev'd,"
+
+she cries out,
+
+  "The world should everywhere
+  Be vext into a storme save only here,
+  Thou over-lucky, too much happy Ile!
+  Grow more desirous of this flatt'ring style
+  In thy long health can never alter'd be
+  But by thy surfets on Felicitie."[221]
+
+After these words, which surely might have been spoken by the lying spirit
+in the mouth of the prophets of Ahab, the Queen came forward to be greeted
+by an outburst of triumphant loyalty:--
+
+  "But what is she that rules the night
+  That kindles Ladies with her light
+  And gives to Men the power of sight?
+  All those that can her Virtue doubt
+  Her mind will in her face advise,
+  For through the Casements of her Eyes
+    Her Soule is ever looking out.
+
+  "And with its beames, she doth survay
+  Our growth in Virtue or decay,
+  Still lighting us in Honours way!
+  All that are good she did inspire!
+  Lovers are chaste, because they know
+  It is her will they should be so,
+    The valiant take from her their Fire!"
+
+The masque "was generally approved of, specially by all strangers that were
+present, to be the noblest and most ingenious that hath been done heere in
+that kind." When, in future days, some of the company looked back upon that
+evening, its festivities must have seemed to them as one of the jests of
+him whom Heine called the Aristophanes of Heaven.
+
+But these revels were only an interlude; Charles was not a man to fiddle
+while Rome was burning, and he turned to grapple as best he could with the
+problem before him. The country was rushing on to meet its fate: the topic
+of the hour was that of the Parliament, to the holding of which the King
+was finally persuaded by a new counsellor; Strafford[222] had crossed St.
+George's Channel and had entered on the last and most remarkable stage of
+his career.
+
+It is thought that when years later Milton drew his portrait of the great
+apostate of heaven, he had in his mind this man who was to many the great
+apostate of earth: that character of inevitable greatness which is in the
+Miltonic Satan is also in the royalist statesman, who scorned the weaker
+spirits of his time, much as the fiend despised the weaker spirits of
+heaven and hell. Neither Charles nor Henrietta had ever truly loved him.
+Greatness disturbs and frightens smaller minds, and the Queen had other
+reasons to regard him coldly. He was not handsome (though she noted and
+remembered years after his death that he had the most beautiful hands in
+the world), he was unversed in the courtier-like arts which she loved, he
+was the friend of Spain rather than of France, and above all his policy in
+Ireland was strongly anti-Catholic. Nevertheless, experience and trouble
+were opening her eyes. Lady Carlisle, Strafford's close friend, had done
+something to prepare his way with the Queen, and the sense of common danger
+was coming to complete her work.
+
+On April 13th, 1640, the Short Parliament met. Charles, for the first time
+for eleven years, stood face to face with the representatives of his
+people, representatives for the most part hostile, for the elections had
+gone badly, and few of his or the Queen's friends had been returned.
+Nevertheless, he was hopeful, for he held what he and perhaps what his
+advisers believed to be a trump card. He had probably throughout his reign
+been aware that France had not forgotten her ancient alliance with
+Scotland. He had recently been reminded in a sufficiently startling manner
+that Scotland on her side had an equally long memory. He possessed evidence
+of a letter written by the rebellious Scots to the King of France, evidence
+on which he acted while Parliament was sitting by sending Lord Loudon and
+others of the Scotch Commissioners to the Tower. It was not yet forty years
+since the union of the two Crowns. The Scotch were unpopular in England,
+and the favour shown to them by the King and Queen was resented. Scotland
+and France, whose alliance had more than once embarrassed England, were
+both old enemies. It argues no special lack of insight in either Charles or
+his wife that they thought the discovery of these practices would lead to a
+great revulsion of feeling against the Scots in the minds of the English
+Puritans. That it did not do so is a remarkable proof of the enlightened
+self-interest of the latter, and of their power of setting a religious and
+political bond of union above an antiquated national prejudice.
+
+Meanwhile, in this moment of crisis, what were the special interests and
+influences surrounding the Queen? It is hardly too much to say that not one
+of them did not contribute in some measure to the final catastrophe.
+Henrietta had not desired the presence of Mary de' Medici, but when the
+poor old lady arrived, wearied by troubles and journeyings, her filial
+heart could not refuse her a warm welcome, and, little by little, the sense
+of home and kindred, to which she had been a stranger for so many years,
+overcame the reluctancy of independence and expediency. Some of her
+happiest hours in these troubled days were spent in her mother's pleasant
+rooms at St. James's, chatting about her children and her domestic
+concerns. It would have been well had this been all, but the exiled Queen
+was not a lady to content herself with the role of a devoted grandmother.
+She felt that she had an opportunity of recapturing the daughter who had
+escaped from her influence, and she used it to the full. Henrietta came to
+her for advice in many matters, specially those which concerned religion,
+and she even allowed herself to be weaned from the fascinating Madame de
+Chevreuse.
+
+That restless lady began to feel herself less comfortable in England soon
+after the arrival of the Queen-Mother, for whose coming she had wished, but
+who, indeed, had never liked the confidante of Anne of Austria. She tried
+her hand first at one scheme then at another, now intriguing for Montagu at
+Rome, now aiming higher and attempting to render a striking service to
+Spain by bringing about an alliance between Strafford and the Marquis of
+Velada; but all the while she had an uncomfortable conviction that her
+power over the Queen of England, which at the beginning of her visit had
+been considerable, was decreasing. Perhaps Henrietta discovered the
+duplicity of the woman "who said much good of Spain, and yet to the Queen
+called herself a good Frenchwoman."[223] Certainly she was not very sorry
+when, in May, 1640, a rumour that the Duke of Chevreuse was coming to
+England frightened his wife, who had no wish to meet him, across the
+Channel to Flanders. The Duchess, at her departure, still boasted of the
+favour of the English Court, and assured her friends that the Queen had
+pressed her to return whenever she felt inclined to do so, an invitation
+which Henrietta, who had marked her attitude by giving her a costly jewel
+as the pledge of a long farewell, somewhat warmly denied. With more truth
+she might have boasted of the brilliancy of the escort which set out with
+her from London. At her side were the Marquis of Velada, the Duke of
+Valette, another victim of Richelieu, whom Charles, against his better
+judgment, had been persuaded to receive at his Court, and, as might have
+been expected, the faithful Montagu. These gentlemen left her when eight
+miles of the road was traversed, but, by the orders of the King himself,
+she was accompanied to the shores of Flanders by the Earl of Newport to
+ensure her against any annoyance.
+
+Madame de Chevreuse was gone, and at an opportune moment; but the evil
+effects of her sojourn remained, and manifested themselves specially in a
+matter to which the Queen gave considerable attention, and which, like
+everything else she touched at this moment, turned to her misfortune.
+
+When death had settled the question of Con's candidature she was not
+diverted from her attempt to procure a cardinal's hat for one of her
+husband's subjects. Her choice was not a happy one. Walter Montagu, since
+his conversion to the Catholic Church, may, as Henrietta claimed, have
+lived an exemplary life; but he could hardly be considered suitable for
+high ecclesiastical preferment. He was, moreover, a man of many enemies.
+Charles disliked him so much that, when Sir Robert Ayton died in 1638, he
+told his wife that she might have a Catholic for her secretary provided she
+did not choose Walter Montagu.[224] Richelieu's opinion of him was such
+that he made him the text of his sweeping generalization: "all Englishmen
+are untrustworthy." The Cardinal, indeed, wished to see no subject of the
+King of England attain to the coveted honour, and he suggested that the
+Bishop of Angouleme, who had the supreme merit of being a subject of the
+King of France, was the only suitable candidate; but he would have
+preferred almost any one to Montagu, for did he not know that that shifty
+person, through the mouth of Madame Chevreuse, was promising complete
+devotion to the King of Spain in return for support at Rome? The Queen's
+persistence in this matter annoyed the Roman authorities. Cardinal
+Barberini, in spite of his personal liking for Montagu, never entertained
+for a moment the idea of acceding to her request; indeed, he instructed
+Rosetti, who had replaced Con as envoy in England, to tell her frankly that
+the thing was impossible. It was an unfortunate moment for the question to
+have arisen, for not only was it of great importance to avoid friction with
+Richelieu, but the time was coming when Henrietta would have other and more
+important requests to make to Cardinal Barberini. That observant politician
+had his eyes attentively fixed upon the English troubles, as to whose
+progress he was kept well informed by Rosetti. The courtly young envoy--he
+was barely thirty and of a noble Ferrarese family--had been charmed on his
+arrival not only by the kindness of the King and Queen, but by the liberty
+which the Catholics enjoyed. It seemed that permanent communications
+between the Court of Rome and the Court of England had been established,
+"the King approving and the heretics themselves not objecting";[225] but
+stern facts soon forced him to correct his first impressions. The feeling
+of the nation was rising against the Catholics, and the flame was fanned by
+the injudicious conduct of the Queen-Mother, who greatly patronized Rosetti
+as she had Con before him. When, in the Short Parliament, Pym voiced the
+religious indignation of the people, the "divinity which hedges a King" was
+still strong enough to restrain him in some measure when referring to the
+Queen of England. No such scruple deterred him in speaking of a foreign
+ecclesiastic and of a foreign Queen, the latter of whom was hated, not only
+on religious grounds, but as the recipient of large sums of money--as much
+L100 per day--which the country could ill afford.
+
+Henrietta was becoming more and more busy with matters of high politics. It
+was evident that the Parliament was a failure, but one gleam of brightness
+cheered the darkness of its last days. Strafford, exerting to the utmost
+his unrivalled powers, was able to win over in some degree the Upper House,
+and the Lords by a considerable majority voted that the relief of the
+King's necessities should have precedence of the redress of grievances. It
+seemed a great victory, and Henrietta, dazzled by this unexpected success,
+recognized at last what the man was whom she had slighted. "My Lord
+Strafford is the most faithful and capable of my husband's servants,"[226]
+she said publicly, with the generosity of praise from which she never
+shrank. Nevertheless, there were those, justified by the event, who doubted
+the real value of such a service; the spirit of the Commons was not thus to
+be broken, and on May 5th the King dissolved the assembly which is known,
+from its twenty-three days of existence, as the Short Parliament.
+
+After the breaking of Parliament the deep discontent of the nation burst
+forth in riots and in a flood of scandalous pamphlets directed against
+unpopular characters. Henrietta, who was believed to have counselled the
+dissolution, lost much of the limited popularity she had hitherto enjoyed,
+and behind her again the populace saw the sinister figure of her mother
+stirring up strife in England as she had in France. Rosetti, who, as the
+symbol of the dreaded approximation to popery, was particularly odious, was
+thought to be in such danger of personal violence that Mary de' Medici
+offered him the shelter of her apartments. He refused, perhaps wisely; for
+a few days later a letter was brought to the King threatening to "chase the
+Pope and the Devil from St. James, where is lodged the Queene, Mother of
+the Queene." Mary, when she heard of this letter, was so frightened that
+she refused to go to bed at all the following night, though she was
+protected by a guard, captained by the Earl of Holland and Lord Goring,
+which had nothing to do, as the threat proved to be one of those empty
+insults of which the times were prolific.
+
+Henrietta, who was not by nature easily alarmed, began to appreciate the
+seriousness of the pass to which her husband's affairs had come. She was in
+bad health, and she seems already to have thought of retiring to her native
+land for her confinement, which was imminent;[227] but weakness of body
+could not impair the activity of her brain, and at this time she definitely
+entered upon that course of action which, perhaps more than any other, has
+brought upon her the adverse judgment of posterity, and which, though its
+details were unknown to her enemies, injured the very cause which it was
+designed to aid. In an evil hour she opened negotiations with the Papacy,
+with a view to obtaining money to be used against her husband's subjects.
+
+Since her marriage she had carried on a somewhat frequent correspondence
+with the Pope and with Cardinal Barberini, whose kind letters led her to
+believe that she was an object of greater importance in their eyes than was
+actually the case. She was further drawn to them by the kindness they had
+shown to Montagu, who himself was a little led astray by flattering words.
+It is significant that he appears at this time as the Queen's chief
+adviser. He executed many of the duties of the secretaryship he was not
+allowed to hold, and he was delaying a long-meditated journey to Rome,
+where he intended to become a Father of the Oratory, to help his royal
+mistress in her troubles and perplexities. Even the fidelity of her
+servants turned to the Queen's destruction, for a more injudicious adviser
+than Montagu could hardly have been found.
+
+There is another actor whose part is more remarkable: Francis Windbank, who
+began his career as a disciple of Laud and was to end it a few years later
+in the bosom of the Catholic Church, was no free-lance like Montagu, but a
+responsible Secretary of State. His personal relations with the Queen do
+not seem to have been very close, but he was in constant communication with
+her agent in Rome, Sir William Hamilton. As early as the end of 1638 the
+latter wrote to one of the Secretaries of State, who may almost certainly
+be identified with Windbank, assuring him that the Pope had expressed
+himself anxious to contribute money for the Scotch war if there were need
+of it. Charles, to whose knowledge this letter came, was exceedingly angry,
+as well he may have been, and threatened to remove Hamilton from his post
+if he ever lent ear again to such discourse.[228] But Windbank was no whit
+abashed. A few months later he held a remarkable conversation with Con,
+who, of course, at once reported it to his superiors in Rome. The
+level-headed Scotchman, hardly able to believe his ears, listened to the
+Secretary of State propounding his views as to the help which the Pope
+ought to send to the King of England. "And what is the smallest sum which
+would be accepted?" he asked jokingly, wishing to pass the matter off
+lightly. "Well," replied Windbank in deadly earnest, "one hundred thousand
+pounds is the least that I should call handsome."[229]
+
+It was not until the spring of 1640, when Con had been replaced by Rosetti,
+that a further appeal was made to the Pope for assistance. Windbank again
+was the intermediary, but the reply of Cardinal Barberini, which was sent
+to Rosetti, was communicated not only to him but to the Queen. Henrietta
+was a little out of favour in Rome. Not only had her persistence in the
+matter of Montagu's promotion caused annoyance, but her intention of
+sending Sir Kenelm Digby, who (not unjustly in the light of future events)
+was considered an indifferent Catholic, to take the place of Sir William
+Hamilton, was a further disservice both to her and to Montagu, who
+supported Digby's candidature, and who had written warmly in his favour to
+the Roman authorities; but of the Cardinal's feeling towards her Henrietta
+was probably quite unaware. It is not known what part, if any, she took in
+Windbank's application, but it is likely that she was both grieved and
+surprised when she was informed that Cardinal Barberini, in spite of the
+sympathy which he felt with the King and Queen of England in their
+troubles, could not hold out the hope of any substantial assistance from
+the Holy Father unless Charles became a Catholic. None knew better than she
+the improbability of such an event. Nevertheless, she only laid aside for a
+while the scheme of papal aid, to take it up again at what she considered a
+more favourable moment.[230]
+
+She had much to occupy her mind. The summer of 1640 witnessed the
+futilities of the second war against the Scots, to which, in foreboding of
+spirit, she saw her husband depart. The state of public feeling was growing
+worse and worse, and the King's own servants were not faithful to him, so
+that one of the most acute observers then in England wrote that affairs had
+come to such a pass that "if God does not lend His help we shall see great
+confusion and distraction in this kingdom."[231]
+
+When even the captaincy of Strafford had failed to give victory to the
+royal armies, there was a general conviction that another Parliament would
+be necessary. Charles, following an archaic precedent, summoned a council
+of peers to meet him at York, and some of these noblemen, before setting
+out from London, paid a visit to Henrietta. They knew well her power, and
+they begged that her influence with her husband might be used for the
+calling together of the estates of the realm. Mary de' Medici was present
+at this interview, and it is said that she put into her daughter's mouth
+the words of conciliation which the latter used. The noble visitors
+departed, and then the Queen of England went out and selecting a messenger
+to whose fidelity she could trust, she bade him bear to the King her
+persuasions for the holding of a Parliament.
+
+Her motive for what is in some respects a strange act is clear. Even now
+she did not gauge the depths of the discontent of the nation, and with that
+hopefulness which was part of her nature she believed that a Parliament,
+without imposing intolerable conditions, would vote sufficient money to
+enable the King to deal with the menacing Scots. She was mistaken, as she
+so often was. If the English Puritans had not called the ancient enemy into
+the land, they had at any rate no desire to see the Scotch army go thence
+until it had done its part in putting pressure on a King whom they regarded
+with a distrust which was becoming hatred.
+
+But there were those to whom Henrietta's act must have seemed, if they were
+aware of it, almost an act of desertion. The Catholics, to whom her love
+and honour were pledged, dreaded, and with good cause, nothing so much as a
+Parliament. Already their condition was deplorable. They suffered not only
+from the hatred of the Puritans, but from the terror of the Protestants,
+who attempted to propitiate the people by persecution of the common enemy.
+Several priests were thrown into prison, and even the courtier Sir Tobie
+Matthew, who, though he posed as a layman, was generally believed to be in
+holy orders,[232] was arrested on suspicion. The houses of Catholics were
+searched, and on one occasion three cart-loads of Catholic books were
+publicly burned. "Nevertheless," wrote Montreuil, the French agent in
+London, with an acumen revealed by the event, "it is thought that all the
+advantage which the Archbishop will get from this is to set the Catholics
+against him without improving his position with the Puritans."[233]
+
+In October Charles returned to London, leaving the Scotch army still in the
+land, and with a pledge that its expenses should be paid. On November 3rd
+he opened at Westminster that historic assembly which is known as the Long
+Parliament.
+
+[Footnote 202: Mme de Motteville records how Henrietta told her that
+Charles brought the new Scotch liturgy to her, asking her to read it, that
+she might see how similar were their religious beliefs.]
+
+[Footnote 203: Among the archives of the Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres
+is a document dated 1629 enumerating the reasons why it was desirable to
+have an agent in Scotland; one reason given is "to keep the Scotch nobility
+in their devotion towards the cause of France."--Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 43.
+The great importance the French attached to preserving the good-will of the
+Scotch is apparent in the French diplomatic literature concerning the Civil
+War.]
+
+[Footnote 204: "L'annee ne se passera pas que le roi et la reine
+d'Angleterre ne se repentent d'avoir refuse les offres que vous leur aves
+faites de la part du roy."--Richelieu to Estrades, December, 1637.
+Estrades: _Ambassades et Negotiations_ (1718), p. 13.]
+
+[Footnote 205: Digby to Montagu, March 5th, 1638. Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 47.]
+
+[Footnote 206: _Ibid._, March 19th, 1638.]
+
+[Footnote 207: Montagu to Chavigny, February 14th, 1638. Aff. Etran. Ang.,
+t. 4.]
+
+[Footnote 208: The Duke of Chevreuse had been made a Knight of the Garter
+at the time of the marriage of Charles and Henrietta.]
+
+[Footnote 209: Avenel: _Lettres de Richelieu_, VI, p. 122.]
+
+[Footnote 210: _Histoire de l'entree de la reyne mere du roy tres-chrestien
+dans la Grande Bretaigne._ Par le S^r de la Serre, Historiographe de France
+(1639).]
+
+[Footnote 211: Montagu to Digby, June, 1638. Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 47.]
+
+[Footnote 212: Con gives the details, Add. MS., 15,391: Salvetti (Add. MS.,
+27,962) says that the King asked for the money, but did not formally
+authorize the contribution.]
+
+[Footnote 213: Add. MS., 15,392, f. 75.]
+
+[Footnote 214: Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 25.]
+
+[Footnote 215: Except for Herefordshire, the Isle of Wight, Anglesea, and
+Merionethshire, among the collectors' names appear those of members of such
+well-known Catholic families as the Englefields, the Howards, and the
+Chichesters.]
+
+[Footnote 216: The sum is given as L40,000 in _The Life and Death of that
+matchless mirror of Magnanimity and Heroick Vertue, Henrietta Maria de
+Bourbon_ (1669).]
+
+[Footnote 217: Mme de Motteville says that Henrietta was averse from making
+peace with the Scotch, but whether now or after the second Bishops' War
+does not appear.]
+
+[Footnote 218: "Salmacida Spolia, a Masque, Presented by the King and
+Queenes Majesties, at Whitehall, on Tuesday, January 21st, 1639."]
+
+[Footnote 219: The names of the masquers:--
+
+  The King's Majesty
+  Duke of Lennox
+  Earle of Carlisle
+  Earle of Newport
+  Earle of Leimricke
+  Lord Russell
+  Lord Herbert
+  Lord Paget
+  Lord Feilding
+  Master Russell
+  Master Thomas Howard
+  The Queenes Majesty
+  Dutchesse of Lennox
+  Countesse of Carnarvon
+  Countesse of Newport
+  Countesse of Portland
+  Lady Andrew
+  Lady Margaret Howard
+  Lady Kellymekin
+  Lady Francis Howard
+  Mistress Carig
+  Mistress Nevill]
+
+[Footnote 220: Hist. MSS. Con. Rep. III, p. 79.]
+
+[Footnote 221: Cf. an extract from a letter of M. de Balzac to "M. de
+Corznet, gentleman-in-ordinary to the most illustrious Queen of Great
+Britain": "If the tempests which threaten the frontiers of Bayou arrive at
+us we must think of another way of safetie and resolve (in any case) to
+passe the sea and go and dwell in that region of peace and that happie
+climate where your divine Princesse reigns."--September 20th, 1636.
+_Letters of M. de Balzac_, translated into English by Sir Richard Bahn and
+others (1654): a collection of some modern epistles of M. de Balzac, p.
+16.]
+
+[Footnote 222: He was made Earl of Strafford January 12th, 1640.]
+
+[Footnote 223: Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 47.]
+
+[Footnote 224: The name of Sir Kenelm Digby was mentioned in connection
+with the post, but the Queen's choice fell upon Sir John Winter, a Catholic
+gentleman, who was cousin to the Marquis of Worcester.]
+
+[Footnote 225: Father Philip to Barberini: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 226: MS. Francais, 15,995, f. 85.]
+
+[Footnote 227: Her son Henry was born July 6th, 1640.]
+
+[Footnote 228: Salvetti. October 22nd, 1638. Add. MS., 27,962.]
+
+[Footnote 229: Add. MS., 15,392, f. 162.]
+
+[Footnote 230: See Rosetti correspondence, P.R.O. Roman Transcripts,
+specially Barberini to Rosetti, June 30th, 1640, and Rosetti's answer,
+August l0th, 1640. "... de pero quando S. M^{ta} dichiaresse tale
+[Catholic] di qua non si guaderebbe a mandarli denari."--Barberini to
+Rosetti, June 30th 1640.]
+
+[Footnote 231: Salvetti. September, 1640. Add. MS., 27,962, I, f. 109.]
+
+[Footnote 232: Perhaps justly; among the archives of the See of Westminster
+is a certificate of his saying Mass 1630-1; he was thought to be a Jesuit.]
+
+[Footnote 233: Bib. Nat., MS. Francais, 15,995.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+THE EVE OF THE WAR
+
+II
+
+  My eyes with tears did uncommanded flow,
+  And on my soul hung the dull weight
+  Of some intolerable fate.
+
+                              ABRAHAM COWLEY
+
+
+When the Long Parliament met the eyes of Europe were fixed upon England;
+the foreign agents who were resident in London had recognized, almost
+before the English themselves, the gravity of the crisis.[234] Such a
+crisis could not fail to be of European consequence, for though England had
+decayed from the great glory of Elizabeth's reign, and during the last few
+years particularly had lost much esteem, yet she was of great importance in
+the struggle between France and Spain, each party of which had striven for
+so long, and neither quite successfully, to win her as an ally.
+
+It was confidently believed at the time, and on both sides of the Channel,
+that the troubles of England and Scotland were fomented by Richelieu. "The
+Cardinal de Richelieu," wrote Madame de Motteville, whose account, no
+doubt, owed something to Henrietta herself, "had great fear of a
+neighbouring King who was powerful and at peace in his dominions, and
+following the maxims of a policy which consults self-interest rather than
+justice and charity to one's neighbour, he thought it necessary that this
+Prince [the King of England] should have trouble in his kingdom."[235]
+
+It is now known that if Richelieu stirred up Charles' rebellious subjects,
+it was only in the most secret and indirect way; but certainly he was not
+sorry for the Scotch troubles, and his attitude both now and later was a
+serious addition to the difficulties of the King of England and his wife,
+who were reaping the results of their long and reckless defiance of the
+all-powerful Cardinal. As early as 1638 Windbank believed that French
+influence was working in Scotland, where, on account of the old alliance
+between the two countries, it would have a specially favourable field; but
+when he wrote for information to the Earl of Leicester, at that time
+ambassador in Paris, he received an indecisive and somewhat petulant reply.
+"It would be very difficult to give you my opinion about the Scotch
+affair," so ran the letter; "for I am as ignorant about it as if I lived in
+Tartary. If it is fomented by France it is by means so secret that it will
+only be discovered, with difficulty, by the results."[236]
+
+[Illustration: CARDINAL DE RICHELIEU
+
+FROM A PORTRAIT BY PHILLIPPE DE CHAMPAIGNE]
+
+As time went on, and the troubles developed, these suspicions became more
+widespread and vivid, until just before the opening of the Long Parliament
+there were imaginative people who believed that an army of thirty thousand
+Frenchmen was ready to land in England in favour of the Scotch, while the
+more sober-minded contented themselves with the old story of help secretly
+given to the rebels. Montreuil saw in all this only machinations of the
+Spaniards industriously sowing false reports, that thereby they might
+render their enemy odious in the eyes of the English Court.[237]
+
+Henrietta's own relations with Richelieu had not improved,[238] though she
+still continued to talk of a journey to France, as, after the birth of
+Prince Henry, her health continued very delicate. The residence of the
+Queen-Mother in England annoyed the Cardinal as much as had that of Madame
+de Chevreuse, and Mary de' Medici's conduct was not such as to propitiate
+him. Once, for instance, she allowed a priest connected with the Spanish
+Embassy to preach before her, and he improved the occasion by comparing her
+sufferings to those of Christ, and by eulogizing Cardinal Berulle, whose
+praise was not likely to be agreeable to Richelieu. Moreover, at this time
+Charles was more than usually inclined to the Spanish alliance. He had
+thoughts of a Spanish marriage both for his son and his daughter, and
+rumours were abroad that if France was supplying money to the rebels, Spain
+was doing the same by the Court. It was remarked that when the news came of
+the taking of Arras by the armies of France, the King could not bring
+himself to receive it warmly, though his wife, who was always a good
+Frenchwoman, in spite of Richelieu, expressed lively joy.
+
+She had little in England to cheer her. Not only were her husband's affairs
+becoming a nightmare to her, but the looks of hatred which she encountered
+as she went abroad in her capital, and the vile calumnies which her enemies
+were not ashamed to publish and to scatter broadcast among her people were
+the beginning of a martyrdom such as only a woman can know. Added to all
+this was the growing conviction that her power was insufficient to protect
+those who had no other protection. It must have wrung her heart (though she
+knew it to be necessary) to see her mother, who had come to England to be
+at peace, deprived of half her allowance, and later reduced to such poverty
+as forced her to lessen her establishment and to sell her jewels. She
+feared increasingly that she would be obliged to send Rosetti away, and she
+felt bitterly the scant respect shown to him when, in the cold of the small
+hours of a November morning, he was roused to witness the searching of his
+house for proofs of his diplomatic status. It did not make it easier to her
+that the leading spirit in this matter, as in a general search of the
+houses of Catholics which took place about this time, was Sir Henry Vane,
+who owed to her favour his promotion to the position of Secretary of State.
+She was learning some early lessons in the world's ingratitude. She knew
+that even her personal servants, such as the Capuchin Fathers, were
+threatened, and that the English Catholics, who had long looked to her "as
+the eyes of a handmaiden look to her mistress," were finding her help of no
+avail. Most poignant of all was the knowledge that the strong arm which had
+upheld her for so long was failing, and that her husband, with all his
+love, was obliged to leave her naked to her enemies. She was yet
+unpractised in suffering, and it is no wonder that, despite her high
+spirit, her misery was apparent to all.
+
+Parliament had hardly met before Windbank was called up before the House of
+Commons, and questioned as to the number of priests and Jesuits in London.
+That assembly further brought pressure to bear upon the King, which
+resulted in a proclamation banishing Catholics to a certain distance from
+London. It was even suggested that new and stricter laws should be made
+against the recusants, and thorough-going people recommended that all
+Catholics found in a chapel, either that of the Queen or anybody else,
+should be immediately seized and hanged. The hatred of the country, and
+particularly of the city of London, for anything savouring of Popery was
+further shown by the presentation of the Root and Branch petition, which
+asked for nothing less than the abolition of Episcopacy in the National
+Church. But these vexations, distressing as they were, sank into
+insignificance before the new blow which threatened the royal power. On
+November 11th Strafford was impeached by Pym of high treason and committed
+to the Tower, whence he was only to come out to his death. It was a poor
+consolation to the Queen that her old enemy, Laud, the persecutor of the
+Catholics, was also thrown into prison, for she had learned to see in him,
+if not a friend, at least a political ally.
+
+No blow could have been more crushing than that which at this critical
+moment deprived the King and Queen of the services and counsels of their
+best friend; but Henrietta was to find herself attacked in more personal
+matters, matters which a few months earlier would have seemed to her of
+more consequence than any misfortune which could happen to the Viceroy of
+Ireland. Experience, however, was teaching her to measure men and things by
+another standard than that of personal feeling, though to the end the
+lesson would be imperfectly learned. Indeed, in the very next trial she
+failed again.
+
+The contribution of the Catholics in 1639 was a matter of common knowledge.
+Parliament, which was already exasperated by the Queen's intervention on
+behalf of a priest named Goodman who had been condemned to die, and who was
+particularly odious to the Puritans as the brother of the Romanizing Bishop
+of Gloucester, determined to strike at those through whom it knew that it
+could wound Henrietta. No one at this time was nearer to the Queen than
+Walter Montagu, who was her confidant and helper in the correspondence
+which she was carrying on with the Court of Rome on the subject of
+communications between herself and the Pope. Closely associated with him
+was Sir Kenelm Digby, whose departure for Rome was rendered impossible
+owing to the rancour of the Puritans. Sir John Winter was the Queen's own
+private secretary. These three gentlemen were called to the bar of the
+House of Commons to answer for their share in the contribution of 1639, and
+it was significantly remarked that the two latter were the sons of "Powder
+Plotters," who had lost their lives for complicity in that famous treason.
+
+On Montagu and Digby fell the brunt of the attack;[239] the former appeared
+rather frightened and said little, but Sir Kenelm, who was gifted with an
+amazing flow of speech on every occasion, answered copiously and apparently
+candidly. The scene, though in one respect it was tragical enough, was not
+without humour. The eloquent knight began by eulogizing his audience, with
+some irony, perhaps, as "the gravest and wisest assembly in the whole
+world, whose Majesty is so great that it might well disorder his thoughts
+and impede his expressions"; nothing of this awe appears, however, in his
+speech. He assured the House that the contribution had a very simple
+origin, namely, the wish of the Catholics to follow the example of other
+loyal subjects who were helping the King in his necessity, that Con was the
+chief agent in the matter, on account of his unrivalled acquaintance among
+the English Catholics, persons of whom it was a mistake to suppose that he,
+Sir Kenelm, had any particular knowledge, and that the chief motive
+appealed to was that of gratitude for the partial suspension of the penal
+laws. As to the amount collected, he had no precise information. Sir Basil
+Brook was the treasurer, and L10,000 had been paid in at one time and L2000
+at another.
+
+Sir Kenelm had played his part well. He had said a very little in a great
+many words, and he had kept the real originator of the scheme, the King
+himself (who must have been a little nervous of the possible revelations of
+the garrulous knight), well hidden. Indeed, the principal point upon which
+the Commons fixed was the status of Con, as to whom they may well have been
+curious, since their imagination had endowed him with alarming powers, and
+with three wives all living at the same time. Montagu was closely
+cross-questioned on the matter, but all that he would say was that he
+believed Con to be a private envoy to the Queen, in spite of the fact that
+he was sometimes called a nuncio. Digby airily asserted that he had no
+accurate knowledge of the question under discussion, as he had taken pains
+to remain ignorant of these dangerous matters. He added, almost as an
+afterthought, that once at Whitehall he had heard Rosetti say that he
+renounced any jurisdiction of which he might be possessed.
+
+The Queen was in great anxiety. Not only had her name been brought forward
+in this affair, but she was being attacked in other ways. It was suggested
+that her beautiful chapel at Somerset House should be closed, and that she
+should only be permitted the little chapel at Whitehall, which was more
+like a private oratory. Wild stories were abroad as to a great design among
+the Roman Catholics of the three kingdoms to subvert the Protestant
+religion by force, and the terror was so great that some fanatical spirits
+proposed that Catholics should be forced to wear a distinctive badge
+whenever they left their houses. This absurd proposition was rejected by
+the good sense of the many, but even so it was an ominous token of hatred.
+
+The Queen was new to danger, either for herself or for her friends. She
+cared a great deal more to avert the wrath of the House of Commons from
+herself and from Montagu than for the welfare of the English Catholics, or
+even of Rosetti, who, at this time, was not on good terms with Montagu. She
+could think of nothing better to do than to send a message to her enemies,
+humble in tone and dwelling on the great desire which she had "to employ
+her own power to unite the King and the people"; she apologized for the
+"great resort to her Chappell at Denmark House," and promised that in the
+future she would "be carefull not to exceed that which is convenient and
+necessary for the exercise of her religion." She took upon herself the
+responsibility of the Catholic contribution, justifying and explaining it
+by "her dear and tender affection to the King and the example of other of
+His Majesty's subjects," and pleading her ignorance of the law if
+inadvertently anything illegal had been done. She completed her submission
+by promising to remove Rosetti out of the kingdom "within convenient
+time."[240]
+
+The wrath of the English Catholics, who already looked upon the Queen's
+proposed journey to France as a threat of desertion, blazed forth at this
+surrender. They remembered, no doubt, that their mistress was a princess of
+France, the daughter of the heretic Henry of Navarre. Had she merely
+permitted the Parliament to wreak its evil will upon the Church of God, it
+would have been bad enough; but had she not gone far beyond this, showing
+herself ready to execute its persecuting edicts even before they were
+promulgated? The House of Commons, on the other hand, was greatly pleased
+at the Queen's submission, and her gracious message was "very well taken."
+But had that assembly known the hopes with which the discomfited lady was
+consoling herself, its satisfaction would hardly have been greater than
+that of the Catholics.
+
+One day some weeks earlier Henrietta, in the quiet of her own apartments,
+had taken up her pen and, without the knowledge of husband or friend, had
+written one of the most remarkable letters ever indited by a Queen of
+England.
+
+It was addressed to Cardinal Barberini, and it bore neither date nor name
+of the place whence it was written. In it Henrietta poured out her whole
+heart. She dwelt upon the sad state of the Catholics, their banishment, the
+peril of the priests, the fear lest the harshness of the penal laws, "which
+reach even to blood," should be put in force against them. She emphasized
+the desperate condition of her husband, which obliged him, who since his
+accession had shown his goodwill to the Catholics, and who, indeed, was now
+suffering on account of his tenderness to them, to consent to persecution.
+After this introduction she came to the gist of her letter, which was
+nothing less than a request for a sum of 500,000 crowns, to be used in
+winning over the chiefs of the Puritan faction. It was, she said, the only
+hope of salvation, "for when the Catholics have once escaped from the
+present Parliament, there is everything to hope and nothing to fear in the
+future, and the only means to bring this about is that which I
+propose."[241] But the greatest secrecy and the greatest promptitude were
+necessary. "I ask you very humbly to communicate this to His Holiness, whom
+I entreat to consult with you alone; for if the matter became known I
+should be lost. I pray him also to send me a reply as quickly as
+possible."[242] She did not doubt, she added, that if the response were
+favourable the King, her husband, would show his gratitude by favouring the
+Catholics even more than he had done in the past. At any rate, whatever the
+upshot of the affair, she would have shown her zeal for the good of her
+religion.
+
+The letter was finished; but Henrietta, who knew to some extent with what
+edged tools she was playing, took up her pen again to add a brief
+postscript. "There is no one knows of this yet but His Holiness, you, and
+I." After writing this final warning she sealed up the missive and sent it
+to the Papal Nuncio in Paris, through whom it reached Rome.
+
+Cardinal Barberini was surprised and somewhat annoyed when he received this
+letter. He was already a little displeased with Henrietta, and the simple
+arguments which she used had not the influence which she imagined over the
+mind of the Protector of England. Moreover, the method of her request was
+unfortunate. The Cardinal thought it strange that she should have written
+on her own responsibility, without consulting either the accredited agent
+of the Papacy, who was at her side, or her own confessor. At first he was
+almost inclined to consider the letter a forgery, but he dismissed this
+idea in favour of the supposition that the Queen had been persuaded to this
+action by some person who sought perhaps to deceive her. He seems to have
+suspected that Richelieu had some hand in the matter,[243] and he remarked
+significantly in writing to Rosetti that the Queen's letter had been
+carried to Paris "by one Forster," an English Catholic believed to be in
+the pay of the French Government, who, he doubted not, had given his
+employers an opportunity of reading it. Henrietta meanwhile was awaiting in
+great anxiety the reply of Barberini, which, when it came at last, was a
+disappointment. Again it was intimated that only the conversion of the King
+of England would loosen the purse-strings of the Pope and justify the Holy
+Father in breaking in on the treasure of the Church stored up in the Castle
+of S. Angelo. The promise of toleration for the Catholics which would, it
+seems, have been given,[244] was not enough, for, as the Cardinal justly
+remarked to Rosetti, that promise had already been made in the secret
+articles of the Queen's marriage treaty. Moreover, what security could be
+offered that toleration, even if granted, would be permanent in the face of
+Parliamentary opposition? Barberini, however, did not wish to be unkind,
+and he hoped to soften the hard refusal by instructing Rosetti to tell the
+Queen of England that if matters came to the worst he would be willing to
+help her to the extent of 15,000 crowns.[245] But neither this promise nor
+the many pleasing words which accompanied it availed to save Henrietta from
+bitter disappointment, only less bitter, perhaps, than that which she would
+have felt had she received the money for which she asked, and had attempted
+therewith to bribe John Pym.
+
+But this was not the only negotiation which she was carrying on with the
+Holy See. It will be remembered that in her message to the Commons she
+promised to remove Rosetti, understanding that his presence was
+"distasteful to the kingdom." She was afraid that most unwillingly she
+would be obliged to keep her promise. "I cannot sufficiently lament the
+pass to which we are come," she wrote to Cardinal Barberini. "I have long
+hoped to be able to keep Count Rosetti here, and I have used all sorts of
+artifice to do so ... but, at last, there was such an outburst of violence
+that there was no means of keeping up our communications except by
+promising to remove him."[246] She referred her correspondent to an
+accompanying letter written by Montagu to learn the details of a scheme by
+which she hoped to make of no effect her promises of submission, and in
+spite of her enemies to keep open the communications between England and
+Rome.[247] Montagu's letter, which is long and interesting, is less
+melancholy in tone than that of the Queen, and shows less of the gnawing
+anxiety which was invading her spirit. He even explained cheerfully that
+the anti-Catholic promises of the King and Queen had had so good an effect
+that affairs seemed in train for "an accommodation to get rid of the Scots,
+which is the principal thing that the King ought to regard."[248] As to the
+method to be employed for assuring communications, it was similar to that
+already practised in Rome, where, in place of Sir Kenelm Digby, a private
+Scotchman, by name Robert Pendrick, formerly Hamilton's secretary and a
+friend of Con, had been installed as agent. Montagu, however, hoped that,
+pending the arrival of an humble substitute, the Queen might be able to
+keep Rosetti in England, and, indeed, that the Count might stay "until the
+time of her journey to France."
+
+For on this journey she was at last resolved. Her health had not improved,
+and it was thought that she was suffering from the common English
+complaint, and was going into a decline. Probably she did not fear a rebuff
+from France, but she knew that she would have to fight for her departure
+with the House of Commons. Another, and perhaps an unexpected, obstacle
+presented itself. Mayerne vindicated his Puritanism by certifying that his
+royal patient was in no need of change of air, and that her malady was as
+much of the mind as of the body--a diagnosis which was probably correct but
+highly inconvenient. In this moment of almost universal reprobation, when
+even her co-religionists for whom she had done so much looked coldly on
+her, Henrietta may have found some consolation in the kindness of a number
+of women of London and Westminster, who, in a petition to Parliament
+against the proposed journey, not only dwelt upon the loss to commerce
+which would follow the removal of the Queen's Court, but added kind words
+of her, praising the encouragement she had given to the calling of
+Parliament, and saying, with much truth, that since her coming to England
+"she hath been an instrument of many acts of mercy and grace to multitudes
+of distressed people."
+
+Richelieu's answer to Henrietta's request for the hospitality of France was
+another grave disappointment. Never for one moment had the French
+Cardinal's vigilant eye been turned from England or its Queen. Madame de
+Chevreuse, Mary de' Medici, the Duke of Valette, the inclinations towards a
+Spanish alliance, all he had noted, and now was the day of reckoning. Not
+even in these closing years of triumph would he admit into France one who
+might scheme against his interests. The refusal was absolute, and in vain
+did Henrietta send a special agent to press her claims. The Cardinal was
+inexorable, and the excellent reasons which he gave for his decision--such
+as the certain ruin of the Catholics by the Queen's absence, and the danger
+in such desperate circumstances of leaving the country--failed to convince
+his correspondent that her request was refused solely for her own sake. So
+great was her mortification that she was unable to hide from her servants
+the chagrin which she felt that she, a daughter of France, the child of the
+great Henry, was refused in her sickness and sorrow the shelter of her
+native land.
+
+But there was no time to grieve long over any single annoyance, for trouble
+succeeded trouble, one treading fast on the heels of another. Moreover, as
+the spring wore on lesser sorrows tended to become swallowed up in the
+terrible anxiety as to Strafford's fate. On March 16th it was decided that
+he should be tried for high treason; and it struck like an evil omen on the
+Queen's heart that on that very day the Lords and Commons agreed to
+petition the King for the removal from Court of all Papists, and
+particularly of her four chief friends, Sir Kenelm Digby, Sir Tobie
+Matthew, Walter Montagu, and Sir John Winter. A few days later the trial
+began. It dragged along while, day after day, its course was watched by the
+King and Queen of England, who sat in a gallery, closely screened from
+curious eyes, looking down on the stern faces below them, and on the
+majestic figure of the man who was there to answer for his life. Not all
+the persuasions of the Commons could keep the royal couple away. It was the
+only thing they could do to encourage their faithful servant. With them sat
+their eldest son, the boy of whom it was said that he had been found
+weeping because the father who had received three kingdoms as his heritage
+would leave him never an one.
+
+It is needless to repeat the story of Strafford's trial: how all turned
+upon an alleged plot to bring over Irish troops to subdue England; how it
+was found to be impossible to convict him of conduct which could be brought
+within the scope of the Treason Act; how his enemies, determined that he
+should not escape, turned the impeachment into an attainder. All that is
+necessary is to indicate the Queen's action through these weeks of terror
+and struggle.
+
+Everything that she could she did to save the man whom once she had
+regarded almost as an enemy. Day after day she found opportunity for secret
+interviews with the Puritan leaders, in which she offered all (and perhaps
+more than all) that it was in her power to give in exchange for Strafford's
+life. Evening after evening, when the dusk had fallen, she sallied forth
+alone, lighting her steps with a single taper, to seek her foes in their
+own quarters.[249] Such efforts deserved success, and she at least believed
+that to them was due the remarkable conversion of Lord Denbigh, the husband
+of her dear and faithful lady-in-waiting, who, after being one of
+Strafford's bitterest opponents, turned round and defended him with all his
+ability in the House of Lords.
+
+Nor were these exertions the sum of Henrietta's activities. The marriage
+between little Princess Mary and the Prince of Orange, which took place in
+the middle of May, bringing as it did the hope of help in money and perhaps
+in soldiers, cheered her spirits and roused her to fresh efforts. It was
+now that the army plot was formed, the main object of which was to bring up
+to London the army which had been raised against the Scots, and by means of
+it to overpower Parliament and to release Strafford.
+
+The plot seems to have originated with two soldiers, the younger Goring and
+an officer named Wilmot. These two separately conceived the idea of turning
+the discontent of the army, whose wages had not been paid, to the profit of
+the King. Charles and Henrietta, who were consulted, thought that the best
+plan would be to endeavour to bring about an understanding between the two
+officers, each of whom wished to be commander-in-chief. The difficult task
+was assigned to Henry Jermyn, whose gentle manners made him specially
+suited to such a mission. But then the Queen's heart began to fail her. She
+knew only too well the danger of meddling with such matters, and she was
+greatly attached to Jermyn, who was, besides, one of the last of her
+faithful servants left to her; for Windbank, Montagu, and many another had
+been forced to find safety in flight. "If Jermyn too is lost, we shall be
+left without friends," she said piteously to her husband. Charles
+considered deeply for some time, for he was struck by this argument; but in
+the end he said that he thought the risk worth running, and Jermyn, whose
+fidelity was unimpeachable, was asked to undertake the dangerous mission.
+
+Henrietta's courage was indeed giving way. The insults of the mob, the
+undisguised hatred of the Puritans whom she believed about to impeach her
+of high treason, the wild rumours afloat which culminated in the report of
+an imminent French invasion (this time in the royal interest), terrified
+her so much that, in spite of her proud boasts of a few days earlier that
+she was the daughter of a father who had never learned to run away, she
+determined to leave London for Portsmouth. She was only stayed by the
+entreaties of the French agent in London, of the Bishop of Angouleme, and
+of Father Philip. At Portsmouth was not only the governor, the younger
+Goring, but Henry Jermyn, and the Queen's precipitate flight would have
+given colour to the scandals which her enemies were industriously
+spreading, and to gain evidence for which they did not scruple to
+cross-question even her ladies of the bedchamber.
+
+In London, therefore, Henrietta remained to hear that same day that the
+army plot, which was already suspected by Pym, had been betrayed by Goring,
+whom she trusted almost beyond any of her servants.[250] Neither he nor
+Wilmot could reconcile himself to giving up the first place, and the
+former, goaded by ambition, opened the whole matter to Parliament. Henry
+Percy, who was also concerned in the affair, fled, leaving a letter for his
+brother, the Earl of Northumberland, which was read before Parliament. In
+spite of the closure of the ports, he managed, after considerable
+difficulty, to reach France, while others of the conspirators, among whom
+were two poets, D'Avenant and Suckling, made good their escape. Henry
+Jermyn ran perhaps the greatest risk. He had set off for Portsmouth at the
+Queen's request, knowing that the plot was betrayed, but unwitting that
+Goring was the traitor. When he reached his destination he was asked
+wonderingly why he had come.
+
+"In obedience to His Majesty's commands," he replied. Goring looked sadly
+at his friend. "You have nothing to fear," he said at last, "either for
+yourself or for me, for I have sufficient credit to save you. I am sorry to
+have done wrong, but I will atone for it with regard to you, and I will die
+rather than fail you."
+
+Jermyn perhaps distrusted the man who had already betrayed so grave a
+trust; but in this case Goring was as good as his word. He put the orders
+sent down by Parliament into his pocket, and helped his friend to escape in
+a small boat which took him to join the other exiles in France.
+
+That which the Queen had feared had come upon her, and she was left almost
+without friends. Besides, she winced as at the lash of a whip when she
+heard the vile attacks upon her honour.[251] But again bad griefs were to
+be swallowed up by worse.
+
+For the army plot sealed Strafford's fate. The misgivings of the Puritans
+were becoming terror as they appreciated that the King of England would
+shrink from no means which might make him supreme. The more well-informed
+among them knew that Richelieu wished them well, but there were those who
+saw in the welcome which the Cardinal extended to the English exiles an
+indication that the influence of France would be thrown on the side of the
+King, and there were rumours abroad that Strafford, once rescued from
+prison, would find a refuge across the Channel. The Earl's position was
+rendered still worse when the Lieutenant of the Tower declared that he had
+been offered a large bribe to favour his prisoner's escape. There was now
+no room for compromise. Strafford had to pay the penalty of the greatness
+which made him feared, and on May 8th, the very day on which the army plot
+became known, the Bill of Attainder passed both Houses of Parliament.
+
+Then followed four agonizing days. The King, who had given Strafford a
+solemn promise that he should not be harmed, became more and more terrified
+(not so much for himself as for those whom he loved, for he was no coward)
+as he realized the implacability of those who sought his faithful servant's
+life. On the other hand, he felt the shame of the descendant of a long line
+of kings at the very thought of breaking his royal pledge. In his struggle
+he knew not where to turn for help or comfort. Strafford himself, imitating
+the heroic conduct of the simple priest John Goodman, wrote to Charles,
+begging to die rather than that his safety should prejudice the King's
+interests. As for Henrietta, at this crisis she had no strength to
+supplement her husband's weakness. She sat shivering at Whitehall, feeling
+around her the atmosphere of hatred, and hearing at last that most terrible
+of all sounds, the howling of an infuriated mob. Long Charles hesitated,
+but at last he dared do so no longer, for he believed that his wife and his
+children would pay the ransom of Strafford. Impelled by fear, justified by
+subtle counsellors, he seized his pen and signed the fatal death-warrant;
+"and in signing it he signed his own,"[252] commented a Frenchman many
+years later.
+
+Strafford did not fear death. His state of health was such that probably in
+any case his remaining days would have been few. With one bitter comment,
+"Put not your trust in princes," he turned resolutely to the regulation of
+his temporal affairs and to preparation for death. His last day on earth
+was troubled by the well-meant solicitude of certain Catholics who, by some
+means, gained access to him, but when they found their efforts unavailing
+they departed, and he was left in peace. The fatal twelfth of May dawned.
+He was led out to meet first the blessing of his fellow-prisoner,
+Archbishop Laud, and then the angry faces of the populace, which he
+despised to the end, but to which was passing the power he was unable to
+hold. There were a few moments of tension, of waiting for death; then the
+axe fell, and the one man who might have saved Charles' throne was for ever
+beyond the reach of warring factions. "They have committed murder with the
+sword of justice,"[253] cried out one Englishman, expressing the silent
+thoughts of others less courageous than himself.
+
+"The people," commented Salvetti, who was not unworthy to be the countryman
+of Machiavelli, "now that it knows its own strength, and that nothing is
+denied to it, will not stop here, but will claim more."[254] Indeed, the
+revolution came on apace. The power was in the hands of Pym and his
+friends, and behind them were the London mob and the Scotch army. The
+abolition of the Star Chamber and High Commission Courts was only one among
+the many blows which were shattering Charles' throne.
+
+These were some of the darkest days of Henrietta's life. She was fully
+aroused from the levity of her youth, but at this first touch of adversity
+she had not learned the courage and resignation of later times. Strafford
+had no truer mourner than she, unless, indeed, it were her husband. Then
+there were griefs more personal to herself. Some of those whom she had most
+trusted, such as Lady Carlisle and the Earl of Holland, turned against her,
+and she still believed that her enemies meant to humiliate her by an
+impeachment. She had to see the Catholics hated and persecuted as they had
+not been since the days of the Powder Plot, finding only a sorry
+consolation in the heroism which kept most of the priests at their post of
+danger. It added to her misery that she had to bear it alone. Even the
+Bishop of Angouleme left his royal mistress, for somewhat
+characteristically he discovered the urgent need of his presence in Paris.
+One of a braver spirit remained as ever faithful, but Father Philip, who
+was specially obnoxious to the Puritans, because being a subject of the
+King of England he came within the scope of the recusancy laws, found his
+constancy rewarded by a severe interrogation before the House of Commons
+and a short sojourn in the Tower. It was, however, no doubt a satisfaction,
+both to him and to the Queen, that Richelieu, whose name had been freely
+mentioned in the examination, expressed himself much annoyed at the liberty
+which the leaders of Parliament had taken.[255]
+
+And in July Henrietta lost another friend. Rosetti had stayed, with
+admirable courage and almost beyond the limit of safety, but now the
+condition of affairs was such that the Queen would not even permit
+Piombini, the humble agent who had been sent to replace him, to remain in
+England. She and her husband, with desperation in their hearts, held a last
+interview with the papal envoy. Charles, who in Rosetti's words spoke of
+the injuries which religion was receiving, "not as a heretic king, but as a
+Catholic,"[256] was by this time ready to promise, in return for help from
+the Pope, even liberty of conscience in the three kingdoms, together with
+the extirpation of Puritanism, thus leaving the field to the Catholics and
+the Protestants. He was, moreover, willing to forgo any help from Rome
+until the free exercise of the Catholic religion had been granted in
+Ireland. These terms, countersigned by his own royal hand, were to be
+carried across the sea by Mary de' Medici, who was on the point of leaving
+England, and delivered to Rosetti, who, by that time, would be on the way
+to Rome.
+
+But the King of England humiliated himself in vain. Rosetti and those who
+directed him were aware of both the circumstances and the character of the
+man with whom they had to deal. They knew that only one thing could
+irrevocably bind Charles to the Catholic cause, and to the performance of
+his difficult promise. "The true way of getting help from the Holy See,"
+said Rosetti severely, "is the conversion of the King." It was of no avail
+that Henrietta hastily asserted that such a step was impossible, not from
+any dislike on her husband's part to their holy religion, but because it
+would cost him his crown. The King's acts, and not his motives, were the
+envoy's concern, and he offered no comment on this wifely explanation, but
+hastened to bid the Queen farewell. He left England immediately, and
+Henrietta never saw him again.
+
+A month later, in the August of this sad summer, Henrietta wrote a letter
+to her sister Christine, which is the best description of the despair which
+was taking possession of her. "I swear to you," so it runs, "that I am
+almost mad with the sudden change in my fortunes. From the highest pitch of
+contentment I am fallen into every kind of misery which affects not only me
+but others. The sufferings of the poor Catholics and of others who are the
+servants of my lord the King touch me as sensibly as can any personal
+sorrow. Imagine what I feel to see the King's power taken from him, the
+Catholics persecuted, the priests hanged, the persons devoted to us removed
+and pursued for their lives because they served the King. As for myself, I
+am kept as a prisoner, so that they will not even permit me to follow the
+King, who is going to Scotland." She goes on to speak of one of the chief
+aggravations of her misery, the utter helplessness which she felt. "You
+have had troubles enough," she exclaims to her sister, "but at least you
+were able to do something to escape them; while we, we have to sit with our
+arms folded, quite unable to help ourselves. I know well," she adds sadly,
+commenting on her little daughter's marriage, which might have seemed
+rather beneath the dignity of the eldest daughter of England, "I know well
+that it is not kingdoms that give contentment, and that kings are as
+unhappy and sometimes more so than other people."[257]
+
+During the King's absence in Scotland Henrietta retired to her country
+house at Oatlands, to find what consolation she could in the society of her
+children. Even there she was not at peace. The leaders of the Parliamentary
+party, wishing to gain possession of the young Princes, requested that they
+might be placed in their hands, for the benefit of their education, and
+because they feared that the Queen, their mother, would make them Papists.
+"You are mistaken," replied Henrietta proudly. "The Princes have their
+tutors and governors to teach them all that is proper, and I shall not make
+them Papists, for I know that that is not the wish of the King."
+Nevertheless she was so alarmed at this request that she sent the children
+to another country house, whence they came to visit her but occasionally.
+She believed that she herself was in some danger of being carried off by
+her enemies; at least, that they wished her to think so, in order to drive
+her from the kingdom. After a while she left Oatlands and went to Hampton
+Court, where she was in greater safety, and where she was able to work for
+her husband by winning over some doubtful spirits, of whom the chief was
+the Lord Mayor of London.
+
+Thus the summer wore on, and with the autumn came another blow. In the
+early days of November, while Charles was still in Scotland, London was
+startled by the news of the sudden and horrible rebellion of the
+long-oppressed Irish Catholics, who rose to avenge upon their Protestant
+neighbours the wrongs of generations. Stories, not unfounded, of the
+reckless barbarity of the rebels were in the mouth of every Englishman, and
+the victorious Puritans found in them an easy means of fanning the popular
+hatred of the Catholics, which was already at white heat. "This is what
+they have done in Ireland, this is what they would do, if they had the
+chance, in England," was a ready and convincing argument. This rebellion
+added another difficulty to those which were overwhelming the King and
+Queen; for not only did it thus give a handle to their enemies, but there
+were those who did not scruple to insinuate that the Queen was concerned in
+it.
+
+Later in the same month Charles came home, and he had one day of pleasure
+and triumph, for the city of London, partly through the exertions of the
+Queen, gave him a royal welcome, which seemed like the beginning of better
+things. It was, however, but a passing gleam of hope. The presentation on
+December 1st of the Grand Remonstrance, with its sombre catalogue of
+grievances, with its acrid religious and political tone, marked another act
+of the tragedy. Then at the beginning of the New Year (1642) came the
+King's fatal attempt to arrest five members[258] of the House of Commons
+and one member of the House of Lords, whom he knew to have been in
+communication with the Scots, and whom on this ground he wished to impeach
+for the crime of high treason.
+
+The House of Commons showed a disposition to resist, and on January 4th
+Charles went down himself to seize the offending members. He had concerted
+his plan overnight with his wife and with George Digby,[259] a cousin of
+Sir Kenelm, one of those who had rallied to the royal cause at the time of
+Strafford's trial, and who henceforward appears among the Queen's special
+friends. With morning the King's spirit quailed before the task he had
+undertaken, but Henrietta, whose anger was roused because she believed that
+these ringleaders of the Commons intended to impeach her, would allow no
+shrinking. "Go, poltroon, pull the ears of these rogues, or never see me
+again," she cried, with that touch of insolent scorn into which her
+husband's weakness or scruples sometimes betrayed her. As ever, Charles was
+unable to stand against her stronger will. He took her in his arms,
+assuring her that in an hour's time he would come back master of his foes;
+and so he left her and went to his destruction. She awaited his return in
+the highest spirits, thinking that now, at last, by one brilliant _coup_
+her troubles would be ended. She continually consulted her watch, as she
+listened eagerly for the footsteps of a messenger. At last she could
+contain herself no longer. Lady Carlisle, who probably gathered that some
+great matter was stirring, came into the Queen's private room to be greeted
+with an excited exclamation, "Rejoice, for now I hope the King is master in
+his kingdom," and to be told the very names of the intended victims. Lady
+Carlisle showed no surprise or annoyance. She quietly left the room and
+wrote a note to Pym, with the consequence that Charles, who had been
+delayed, entered the House of Commons to find, in his own words, "the birds
+flown." Henrietta, when she discovered the Countess' treachery, reproached
+herself most bitterly for her failure to keep silence, and confessed her
+fault freely to her husband, who as freely forgave it. But, culpable as she
+was, it is probable that her indiscretion did little harm. Her real fault
+she could not appreciate. It was Charles' attempt to seize the leaders of
+Parliament, not his failure in so doing, which precipitated the revolution.
+
+Henceforward there was no hope of averting the revolution. Charles and
+Henrietta had to face the wrath of their people, and they knew that they
+were alone. The Pope, from whom they had hoped so much, left them to their
+fate, and Richelieu, though his attitude had been sometimes a little
+ambiguous, was the friend of their foes, and felt towards them an hostility
+the result of the history of the last fifteen years, which was a continual
+encouragement to those who were arrayed against them. It is true that many
+Englishmen, terrified at the extremes to which the Puritans were rushing,
+rallied round the King,[260] seeing in him, as he ever saw in himself, the
+defender of the ancient constitution; but even so the horizon was dark, and
+it was to grow darker to the end. "A northern King shall reign," ran the
+prophecy of Paul Grebner, who was in England in the great days of
+Elizabeth, "Charles by name, who shall take to wife Mary of the Popish
+religion, whereupon he shall be a most unfortunate Prince."[261]
+
+[Footnote 234: See particularly the dispatches of Montreuil (MS. Francais,
+15,995) and Salvetti (Add. MS., 27,962), and Rosetti's remark in a letter
+to Cardinal Barberini (August 10th, 1640) that if something were not done
+the Puritans would so increase "che metteranno un giorno in pericolo di
+distruggere la monarchia di Inghilterra!"--Roman Transcripts P.R.O.]
+
+[Footnote 235: Mme de Motteville: _Memoires_ (1783), I, 244. Cf. Montglas:
+_Memoires_ (1727), t. II, p. 67. "Il [Richelieu] avoit toujours des sommes
+d'argent entre les mains pour distribuer a l'insu de tout le monde a gens
+inconnus qui faisoient ensuite des effets mervellieux qui surprenoient tout
+le monde: comme depuis par la guerre civile d'Angleterre dont il etoit
+auteur et qu'il fomentoit pour empecher les Anglois jaloux de la prosperite
+de la France de traverser ses desseins."]
+
+[Footnote 236: Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 47.]
+
+[Footnote 237: MS. Francais, 15,995.]
+
+[Footnote 238: Bellievre, the French ambassador in England, wrote, in
+August, 1639, of a _femme de chambre_ of the Queen who was going to France,
+that she was "tres bien sans l'esprit de la Reine sa maitresse."--Aff.
+Etran. Ang., t. 47.]
+
+[Footnote 239: The following account is from a private letter written by a
+Catholic: "Mr. Montague and Sir Kenelme appeared, the former said little
+but what was barely necessary to answer their interrogations which were
+about superiours of orders engaged in that business and his answers were
+soe sparing and wary that they told him he squiborated with them and
+co[~m]anded him next day to attend again. The latter spake soe home and soe
+frankly as he left them little to saye against him but to co[~m]and his
+attendance the next daye: the su[~m]e of what he said was being the Scotts
+were declared rebells by the Kinge and Counsell his Ma^{tie} actively in
+the field against them, that all the Nobility, Counsell, Bishops, Judges
+and Innes of Court having contributed voluntarily to the warre, he could
+make noe doubt but hee and all Catholickes were obliged to followe their
+examples, and this the rather because her Ma^{tie} was pleased to aske
+parte of all that his Ma^{tie} might have taken without askinge such being
+the condition of Catholickes in England whereof he confessed himselfe to be
+one."--Archives of See of Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 240: The Queen's message to the House of Commons is printed in
+Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 36.]
+
+[Footnote 241: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. See Appendix, No. II.]
+
+[Footnote 242: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. See Appendix No. II.]
+
+[Footnote 243: Barberini also refers to the reports which were about
+concerning the complicity of France in the Scotch rebellion.]
+
+[Footnote 244: It is probable that the offer was made by the Queen alone at
+this time, as Barberini says that security from the Parliament or in some
+other way would be necessary. "Non parendo bastante la promessa della
+Regina."--Barberini to Rosetti, February l6th, 1641. P.R.O. Roman
+Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 245: The tenor of the Cardinal's answer is gathered from his
+letter to Rosetti. P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 246: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. Henrietta Maria to Barberini,
+February 6th, 1641.]
+
+[Footnote 247: "Je vous remest a Montagu pour faire savoir le particulier
+de tout et les moyens que je propose pour continuer l'intelligence ce que
+je desire passionement."--Henrietta Maria to Barberini, February 6th, 1641.
+P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 248: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts. Walter Montagu to Barberini,
+February 6th, 1641.]
+
+[Footnote 249: This statement rests on the authority of Mme de Motteville.
+It seems incredible that the Queen went out alone into the street; it is
+probable that she went to the apartments of noblemen living in the palace.]
+
+[Footnote 250: "Cette princesse dict a plusieurs personnes qu'elle n'avoit
+que Mr. Goring et son fils en qui elle se put asseurer si les Escossais
+continuent leur manche en Angleterre." April 18th, 1641. MS. Francais,
+15,995, f. 226.]
+
+[Footnote 251: "Che la ferisce al vivo."--Salvetti. Add. MS., 27,962, I, f.
+232.]
+
+[Footnote 252: Francois Faure, in his funeral sermon on Henrietta Maria.
+Mme de Motteville in her memoirs makes almost the same remark (ed. 1783).
+I, 261.]
+
+[Footnote 253: Diurnall Occurrences, May, 1641.]
+
+[Footnote 254: Add. MS., 27,962, I, f. 233. Cf. the remark of Giustiani,
+May 24th, 1641: "Li piu savii pero pronosticano a piena bocca che l'habbi
+ben tosto a reduirsi questa monarchia a governo interamente
+democratica."--P.R.O. Venetian Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 255: A little later (October 30th, 1641) the French ambassador in
+England, remembering that Father Philip belonged to the anti-Richelieu
+party, wrote asking if he should work for his "l'esloignement." Aff. Etran.
+Ang., t. 48.]
+
+[Footnote 256: Charles left the room after a few words with Rosetti,
+leaving his wife to make the offers described above, but there is no reason
+to doubt that she had his authority.]
+
+[Footnote 257: _Lettres de Henriette Marie a sa soeur Christine_, August
+8th, 1641, pp. 57-9.]
+
+[Footnote 258: Pym, Hampden, Haselrig, Holles, Strode, in the Commons; in
+the Lords, Lord Kimbolton, the brother of Walter Montagu, who had been the
+King's personal friend and had accompanied him to Spain in 1624.]
+
+[Footnote 259: George Lord Digby, eldest son of the Earl of Bristol.]
+
+[Footnote 260: The narrow majority by which the Grand Remonstrance passed
+the House of Commons marked the formation of the constitutional Royalist
+party.]
+
+[Footnote 261: This version is a corruption of the real prophecy of
+Grebner, which was contained in a book given by him to Elizabeth and by
+Elizabeth to Trinity College, Cambridge. See "Monarchy or no Monarchy in
+England: Grebner his prophecy by William Lilly, student in Astrology"
+(1651).]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE QUEEN AND THE WAR
+
+I
+
+  'Tis time to leave the books in dust,
+  And oil the unused armour's rust,
+      Removing from the wall
+      The corselet of the hall.
+
+                               ANDREW MARVELL
+
+
+It would be impossible, within the limits of these studies, to give even a
+brief outline of the events of that momentous period of our history known
+as the Civil War. All that can be attempted is to indicate the various
+activities of Henrietta Maria in connection with it.
+
+With the knowledge that a struggle was inevitable a change came over the
+Queen's spirit. As long as an accommodation seemed possible she had shown,
+certainly from time to time, some moderation and some desire to propitiate
+her enemies, but it seemed to her that the demands of Parliament were
+unreasonable, and that, in fact, when she spoke of peace her foes made them
+ready for battle. There was no way through the impasse, for they, on their
+side, were of just the same opinion. Thenceforward her tactics were
+different. As she had opposed an ignominious peace with the Scotch rebels,
+so now she was an advocate of no compromise. Throwing herself with all the
+energy of her nature--she could never do anything by halves, said one who
+knew her well[262]--into her husband's cause, she took her place among the
+most active members of the royalist party. Gone was the Queen of love and
+beauty, the gentle lady whose interests were those of the drawing-room, the
+nursery, and the chapel. Gone even was the Queen of tears, who sat cowering
+in London on the eve of the war. Instead is seen a woman stern and
+determined, brushing aside concessions and half-measures with undisguised
+scorn, leaving without a sigh the luxuries in which from her cradle she had
+been lapped, and in which she had shown an artistic and sensuous delight,
+posting over land and sea, regardless of comfort, of health, of life
+itself, to bring succour to her husband. The daughter of Henry IV had risen
+to the measure of her likeness to her great father.
+
+Henrietta set out for Holland in February, 1642. The ostensible reason of
+her journey was to escort her daughter Mary, who was only ten years old, to
+her husband, the Prince of Orange. The real reason was to raise such sums
+of money and to collect such quantities of arms and ammunition as she could
+obtain on the security of the treasures which she took with her, her own
+jewels and those of the Crown of England.
+
+After a stormy crossing, which resulted in the loss of the chapel vessels
+and of the servants' clothes, Henrietta was able to gather round her on the
+soil of Holland her small household. It included Lord Goring, Lady Denbigh,
+Lady Roxburgh, who had been the little princesses' governess, and Father
+Philip, who was accompanied by one of his old rivals of the Capuchin Order.
+The storm-tossed exiles were met at the coast by Henry, Prince of Orange,
+who, anxious to give due honour to his son's bride and mother-in-law,
+welcomed the sorrowful Queen with a "brief and succinct speech," running to
+a length of three and a half closely printed quarto pages, and couched in a
+style of inflated flattery[263] which, sad as she was, must have taxed
+Henrietta's gravity to listen to. She replied, however, with great decorum
+that the Prince appeared to her "the god of eloquence," after which she and
+her little daughter were royally feasted in the palace at The Hague.
+
+Nevertheless, a welcome which savoured of absurdity was better than
+"greetings where no kindness is." In the Dutch capital Henrietta found her
+husband's sister, Elizabeth, Queen of Bohemia, who was living there in
+exile. This lady, who had taken an accurate measure of her sister-in-law's
+influence over her brother, held her in the cool esteem with which
+relatives by marriage are frequently regarded, and had no real cordiality
+to show to the woman who was beginning to tread the Via Dolorosa her own
+feet had trodden so long. It happened, besides, that just at this time
+parties in Holland reproduced in miniature those of England. The House of
+Orange clung to the alliance with the House of Stuart, but the wealthy
+burgesses of Amsterdam and The Hague, who were democratic and republican in
+their views, had more sympathy with those who were fighting the battle of
+liberty across the waters of the North Sea. They showed Henrietta little
+kindness and scant courtesy. They gave her hints, which she refused to
+take, that they would be glad to see the last of her. They treated her with
+none of the deference due to her rank. A sturdy Dutch burgher would stride
+into her presence without removing his hat, sit down beside her and enter
+into conversation with her as if she were a fellow-townsman whom he had met
+in the street; or, perhaps, if he could not think of anything to say, would
+turn on his heel and go away without stopping to salute the Queen of
+England, all which amazing manners Henrietta, whose sense of humour never
+deserted her, carefully noted and described years afterward to Madame de
+Motteville.[264]
+
+But in spite of hostility the Queen's work prospered. She kept her daughter
+with her, while the boy-husband pursued the studies suitable to his age and
+rank; but she devoted her chief energies to raising money, a task in which
+she experienced some difficulty, as reports were circulated that she had
+carried off the crown jewels without the King's consent. She was, moreover,
+carefully watched, both by her unwilling hosts and by spies of the
+Parliament; but, nevertheless, she managed to sell or pawn some of her
+store, though at exorbitant rates, for, as she wrote to her husband, no
+sooner was it known that the King of England was in need of money than the
+usurers and merchants "keep their foot on our throat." Parliament issued a
+proclamation forbidding any of the "traitors" to approach the person of the
+Queen; but, nevertheless, her friends came not without the connivance of
+the Prince of Orange, who allowed two of them to lie at his own lodgings.
+George Digby and Henry Jermyn hastened to her side, and she was cheered by
+the arrival from France of another old friend from whom she had parted the
+year before in fear and distress.
+
+Walter Montagu, after his hasty flight from England, had been received with
+rather unexpected kindness by Richelieu. He spent, however, most of his
+exile at Pontoise, where he made friends with Mother Jeanne Seguier,[265] a
+lady who combined the professions of a Carmelite nun and of a political
+intriguer, and to whom he probably owed an acquaintance with the rising
+Mazarin, which was rapidly ripening into friendship. But, in spite of the
+seduction of French affairs, he did not forget the lady to whom his
+allegiance was pledged; and in the late spring of 1642 he hurried to
+Holland to give advice in matters where his intimate knowledge of the
+French Court was invaluable.
+
+For Henrietta's eyes were turning to her native land as a possible refuge
+in case of the worst. She had wished to go to Cologne, where her poor old
+mother lay sick to death; but her masters in Holland forbade her. Ireland,
+which had been suggested, seemed "a strange place"; so sometimes she
+thought she would go to her beloved nuns in the Faubourg S. Jacques, and
+there, where she had been so happy, hide her humiliated head in case of her
+husband's discomfiture. She knew that Richelieu hated her, and she deeply
+resented the attitude taken up by the French ambassador in London; but she
+thought, and thought justly, that Louis XIII, or rather the Cardinal, would
+not, for very shame, refuse her, a daughter of France, an asylum in the
+extremity to which her affairs had come. Her Grand Almoner, Du Perron, who
+had not felt it necessary to risk himself in England again, wrote from
+Paris that she would be given entertainment in France in case of need. He
+also gave the welcome news that he was coming to see her on behalf of her
+brother the King, on receiving which intelligence her elastic spirits rose
+high with hope, so that she wrote friendly letters both to the great
+Cardinal himself and to Mazarin, with whom Montagu had smoothed her way.
+
+It was a comfort to feel that she had an assured retreat, for the news from
+England became more and more exciting. The setting up of the King's
+standard at Nottingham on August 22nd, 1642, made the war a reality. The
+first blood shed in civil strife since the battle of Bosworth was drawn at
+Powick Bridge on September 23rd, 1642. On October 23rd the first regular
+engagement between the rival armies took place at Edgehill.
+
+The Queen watched the course of events with painful and unremitting
+anxiety. Nor was she a mere spectator. There yet exists the remarkable
+series of letters[266] which she addressed from Holland, some written by
+her own hand, some by that of a secretary, probably Henry Jermyn, to her
+husband. In them, more clearly than anywhere else, we see the working of
+Henrietta's fierce and determined mind at this crisis. How she urged
+Charles on, against the advice of more moderate counsellors, to take Hull
+by force, though Parliament had not begun hostilities. "Is it not beginning
+to put persons into it against your will?"[267] How she wished she were in
+the place of her son James, who was in that town. "I would have flung the
+rascal over the walls, or he should have done the same thing to me."[268]
+How she entreated and almost commanded the King to make no accommodation
+which would abate by one jot or tittle his royal power,[269] and how she
+threatened, in case he did not take her advice, to go to France instead of
+returning to England, "for to die of consumption of royalty is a death
+which I cannot endure, having found by experience the malady to be too
+insupportable."[270] How she exhorted him to take good heed that their
+children did not fall into the hands of the enemy, and to be faithful to
+the few friends whom she really trusted. It is evident that she was no wise
+guide for her unhappy husband, whose vacillations, born of a glimmering
+perception of the position of a constitutional King, roused her to scorn
+and almost to fury. She cannot be acquitted of having done all that lay in
+her power (which was much) to widen the breach between the King and his
+subjects in these early and critical days. Hers was the stronger spirit,
+and she knew it. The tone of her letters to "le roy monseigneur," if always
+loving is often peremptory, and sometimes even dictatorial, while she does
+not hesitate to show her contempt for his lack of decision and promptitude.
+She is ever exhorting him to courage, to energy, to vengeance. The day of
+mercy is gone, and it is time to give place to justice. Even her
+benedictions end in curses such as the Puritans excelled in heaping on the
+heads of their enemies and those of the Lord.[271] She had not for nothing
+sat at the feet of Richelieu. "Charles, be a King," is the burden of all
+her advice.
+
+In these letters to her struggling husband Henrietta seldom allows herself
+to give way; but the softer side of her nature, though often obscured by
+sterner elements, never wholly disappeared. "Pray to God for me," she wrote
+in her pain to Madame S. Georges; "for be assured there is not a more
+wretched creature in this world than I, separated from the King my lord,
+from my children, out of my country, and without hope of returning thence,
+except at imminent peril, abandoned by all the world, unless God assist me,
+and the good prayers of my friends, among whom I number you."[272]
+
+But such temporary despondency was drowned in work. Henrietta had too much
+to do, raising money, not only in Holland but in Denmark, sending arms and
+accoutrements into England, and keeping the Prince of Orange in a good
+temper, to have much time for low spirits. Towards the end of 1642 she had
+raised such sums of money as the amount of her resources and the caution of
+her customers permitted.[273] The state of affairs in England was not very
+promising, but nothing could keep her from her husband when she could be at
+his side with honour to herself and advantage to him. For danger she cared
+little, but various delays occurred, and it was not until the end of the
+following January, when she had been almost a year in the land where she
+had intended but a short stay, that she set sail for England.
+
+[Illustration: THE QUEEN'S DEPARTURE FROM HOLLAND
+
+FROM AN ENGRAVING]
+
+This attempted journey was one of the stormiest incidents of Henrietta's
+stormy career. Hardly had she set sail, accompanied by eleven vessels, when
+(by the agency of the devil, as some thought)[274] "the wind turned
+contrary, and the greatest storme that hath been seene this many a
+yeere"[275] arose. Nine days the Queen tossed upon the waves of the North
+Sea, lashed, as were all her ladies, into a narrow berth. The misery of the
+small, stuffy cabin was indescribable, and worse than bodily discomfort was
+the continual fear of death, which was so menacing that the Queen and the
+other Catholics on board, throwing aside their natural reticence on such
+matters, confessed their sins in a loud voice, which, perhaps, in the din
+of the storm, was necessary to the priest's hearing. It is said that the
+horror of the scene was so great that some of the sailors threw themselves
+into the sea. Henrietta believed that her last hour was come, and, as she
+confessed later, "a storm of nine days is a very frightful thing."[276] But
+the first alarm over, she reflected that after all there was little at
+present to make her cling to life, and she rallied her courage so
+effectually as to be able to derive amusement from the ridiculous incidents
+which never fail to occur on a storm-tossed vessel, while she reassured her
+terrified ladies by telling them that queens were never drowned.
+
+At last, after getting tantalizingly near to Newcastle-on-Tyne, the boat
+was tossed back on to the shores of Holland, where Montagu was waiting in
+great anxiety. The weary voyagers landed from a small fishing-smack in a
+state of filth and exhaustion, for which their delicate lives had little
+prepared them, and which shocked the Prince of Orange, who, together with
+his son and daughter-in-law, came down to the seashore to meet the Queen.
+Henrietta and her ladies were so feeble that they could hardly stand, while
+one of the Capuchin Fathers required the support of two men to help him to
+say Mass. The Queen lost in this tempest a precious ship laden with the
+stuff of war, but "she gained in the opinion of all the witnesses what she
+can never lose,"[277] for indeed her courage, which seemed above that of
+her sex, won an admiration which was still further increased when it was
+found that she meant, against the advice of her friends, to put to sea
+again as soon as the weather permitted and her several ships which had been
+dispersed in the storm came up. "They that are delivered from shipwrack,
+bid an eternall adieu to the sea, and to the shipps; nay, they are not able
+to endure the sight thereof. These are Tertullian's words. Yet within
+eleauen days after, O admirable resolution! the Queen, being scarce yet
+escaped from a dreadfull storme, spurred on by the desire of seeing the
+King and of coming in to his ayde, adventures againe to trust herself to
+the furie of the ocean and to the winters rigour."[278] So, recalling this
+incident, cried her eloquent panegyrist at her funeral service a quarter of
+a century later. Perhaps Henrietta felt that she feared the dangers of the
+deep less than the tongues and the acts of the enemies she was leaving
+behind. The Hollanders dared to detain a ship which she had caused to be
+loaded with ammunition, so that she was obliged to address to them an angry
+protest, while the preachers in their pulpits began to rail against the
+Prince of Orange and his son's English match, affirming that he wished to
+make himself King, and saying that if they must have a tyrant they would
+prefer their old master the Spaniard.
+
+Thus Henrietta, bidding a long farewell to Montagu, who set out almost
+immediately for France, embarked once more. This time the sea was kinder to
+her, but the land proved her enemy. She intended landing at
+Newcastle-on-Tyne, but a change in the wind, which until the English coast
+was near had been very light, drove the vessel into Burlington Bay in
+Yorkshire. The Queen at once sent to inform the Earl of Newcastle, who was
+commanding the royalist forces in the neighbourhood. She had not long to
+wait before she received his answer in the shape of a body of cavalry,
+whose arrival enabled her to land. But, weary as she was, there was no rest
+for her. She brought with her a thousand old soldiers from the Low
+Countries, for she had heard rumours of a plot to seize her on landing.
+They, as well as the escort sent by her husband, were needed, for at four
+o'clock on the dark February morning she was roused by the sound of firing.
+Four of the Parliament ships had arrived in the bay, and they were shelling
+the village, with special attention, it appeared, to the Queen's
+lodgings.[279] In a few moments Jermyn appeared and told her to flee for
+her life. She jumped up, and having hastily flung on some clothing was
+hurrying to a place of refuge when suddenly she stopped, remembering that
+lying asleep on her bed was her pet dog, Mitte--an ugly beast, says Madame
+de Motteville, who was evidently no lover of the canine race, in recounting
+the story. Henrietta could not bear to leave her pet to death, or possibly
+to ill-treatment;[280] so, notwithstanding the entreaties of her friends
+and the rain of bullets that was falling, she insisted on retracing her
+steps to the house she had just left. It was the work of a few minutes to
+rush to her room and pick up Mitte. Then with all speed she sought an
+uncomfortable safety in a ditch outside the village, where for two hours
+the balls played over the heads of the Queen and her suite, until at last
+the Admiral of Holland sent to tell the rebels that unless they desisted he
+would fire on them in return. "That was done a little late,"[281] was
+Henrietta's caustic and characteristic comment.
+
+No less characteristic was her high-spirited return to the village the next
+morning, "not choosing that they should have the vanity to say they made me
+quit."[282] In spite of all her spirits rose at finding herself again in
+England, and she had the satisfaction of knowing that she brought with her
+substantial help in the way of arms, ammunition, and money, which her
+gallant soldiers had guarded through that night of battle. Her great wish
+was to rejoin her husband as soon as possible, and setting herself at the
+head of her army she started to march towards Oxford, where Charles was
+keeping his Court.
+
+But five months were to elapse before the royal pair were united, and this
+five months forms one of the most curious episodes of Henrietta's career.
+She became for the time being a military captain, "her she majesty
+generalissima," as she calls herself. She played her part right well, as if
+she remembered that in her veins flowed not only the blood of her father,
+but of her heroic Medici ancestor, Giovanni delle Bande Nere.[283] This
+delicately nurtured woman, who was, moreover, in bad health, lived among
+her soldiers, says the admiring Madame de Motteville, almost as imagination
+may picture Alexander living among his. Forgetting feebleness and fatigue,
+she was constantly in the saddle; setting aside all etiquette, she dined in
+the open air with her followers, each of whom she treated as a brother. It
+was no wonder that the Popish army of the Queen, as it was angrily called
+by its enemies, adored its royal mistress. Few probably thought of
+Alexander, but some--old soldiers from the Continent, perhaps--may have
+remembered the stories of Henry of Navarre among his companions-in-arms.
+
+The military details of the campaign cannot be entered into here. The Queen
+was much in the hands of military specialists, a position she did not love,
+and which elicited some complaints that she could not rule the army which
+bore her name. There were jealousies and differences of opinion, such as on
+the question of attacking Leeds, in which matter both she and the Earl of
+Newcastle, her general, followed a course which drew upon them a mild
+censure from the King. Perhaps the most notable success was the gain of
+Scarborough, which was delivered up by its Parliamentary governor, Sir Hugh
+Cholmondley, who came to kiss the Queen's hand at York. In that ancient
+city she made a considerable stay, which was further enlivened by the
+reception of some of the northern loyalist nobility, among whom was the
+Marquis of Montrose.
+
+In July Henrietta at last reached her husband. They met in Kineton Vale,
+below Edgehill, and at the same time she was able to embrace her two eldest
+sons, who were with their father. A few days later she entered Oxford, and
+for a moment the welcome of the faithful city diverted her from her woes.
+Crowds of spectators lined the streets or peeped out from the
+house-windows, and as the procession went by they cheered and blessed the
+Queen as the pledge and harbinger of peace.[284] At Carfax "the Major[285]
+and his brethren entertained Her Majesty with an English speech, delivered
+by Master Carter, the Town Clerk, in the name of the city, and presented
+her with a purse of gold."[286] She went on to Christ Church, where she was
+received by the Vice-Chancellor and the Heads of Houses, and thence to the
+Warden's lodgings[287] at Merton, which had been prepared for her
+reception, and where on her arrival she was offered by the University
+authorities books of verses and pairs of gloves. This college, which was
+probably chosen on account of its proximity to Christ Church, where the
+King kept his Court, possessed a secret passage which led into the gardens
+of the neighbouring foundation of Corpus Christi, so that Charles could
+visit his wife without going into the public street.
+
+There was, indeed, much for the royal pair to discuss, for since their
+parting neither had been idle for a moment, and each had to recount to the
+other the results of their labours, while the changing circumstances of the
+Continent called for careful consideration.
+
+In December, 1642, before Henrietta left Holland, Cardinal Richelieu died
+in Paris. The passing away of this great man, who, knowing how to bend men
+and circumstances to his will, had built up France as two hundred years
+later Bismarck was to build up Germany, was a severe blow to the
+Parliamentary party, which knew him to be their friend;[288] but to the
+Queen it appeared the removal of the chief obstacle in the way of obtaining
+that help from her native country of which she was already beginning to
+think. It was believed that now her enemy was gone she would hasten to
+Paris herself, but she judged otherwise, and contented herself with
+carrying on negotiations by means of Walter Montagu, on whose friendship
+with Mazarin she counted. That gentleman supplied the French Government
+with a curious paper on English affairs,[289] which he probably drew up at
+The Hague under the Queen's direction. It set forth the miserable plight of
+Catholicism in that country, and urged the King of France to give help,
+which, in the event of his brother of England's success, would be well
+repaid, while his failure could bring no prejudice to an ally. These cogent
+reasonings were not disregarded, but they did not make as much impression
+on the minds of those to whom they were addressed as Henrietta and Montagu
+perhaps expected.
+
+All France hoped that the death of the Cardinal would mean a reversal of
+his policy, for the nobles were discontented, while the people were
+overtaxed and miserable. Already the faint grumblings of discontent could
+be heard, which became articulate a few years later in the rebellions of
+the Fronde. Such hopes were strengthened by the fact that Louis XIII was
+evidently following to the grave the minister who had made him, almost
+against his will, a great and victorious monarch. But France was not to
+escape so easily the influence of the mighty personality which had
+dominated her for so long.
+
+Louis XIII died in May, 1643, and Anne of Austria, after a lifetime of
+neglect, found herself at the head of affairs as regent for her little son
+Louis XIV. The past career of this lady, her affection for Spain, her not
+uncalled for hatred of Richelieu, pointed to a complete reversal of the
+Cardinal's policy. His enemies began to come back to Court, and Madame de
+Chevreuse herself left her retreat in Flanders, and was seen at the side of
+the Queen-Regent.
+
+But Anne soon found out the difficulties of her position. She was an idle
+woman who had never been accustomed to use her mind, and she craved
+instinctively for a stronger arm and brain on which to lean. She found them
+in the low-born Italian adventurer Jules Mazarin, whom Richelieu had
+trained to be his successor. Mazarin had not his master's dislike to the
+English nation or its Queen. Moreover, he owed much to Walter Montagu,
+whose influence with Queen Anne was greater than ever, and who had been
+instrumental in introducing the Cardinal to her favour. It is probable that
+when Henrietta heard the turn which affairs had taken in France she
+rejoiced. She had some cause to do so, but yet in the years that were
+coming she was to learn that Mazarin, like Richelieu, only cared, in his
+heart, for the interests of France, and that his desire was so to hold the
+balance of power between her and her enemies that he might be able to
+pursue unmolested the task of humbling the House of Austria, which had been
+bequeathed to him by his great predecessor.
+
+In the autumn of 1643 an event occurred which caused much annoyance to
+Henrietta, and resulted in the removal from the French Court of the man
+most able and willing to advance her interests there.
+
+It is probable that the Queen-Regent was really anxious to succour the King
+and Queen of England. She was grateful to them for the kindness which they
+had shown to Madame de Chevreuse, and she remembered their common hatred of
+Richelieu. Mazarin did not fail in polite condolences, and he thought that
+it would be a good thing to send over an ambassador to England, to see at
+least that Henrietta was properly treated, and that the interests of France
+were duly considered. To this post the Count of Harcourt was appointed,
+whose way was to be prepared by an agent of inferior rank, M. de Gressy.
+
+Under cover of this embassy Walter Montagu thought that he would be able to
+reach Oxford unobserved. He did not travel with the ambassador, but joined
+himself to Gressy's company in England in a disguised dress and a large
+wig, which he hoped would be sufficient to conceal the identity of a person
+better known in France than in England; but either he overdid his disguise,
+or else he went about with injudicious openness in search of amusement, for
+at Rochester he was recognized. The sharp eyes of a Parliamentary officer
+spied him out, took him in charge and carried him off to London, where he
+was put in the Tower and there kept, in spite of the remonstrances of the
+French ambassador, the entreaties of the Queen-Regent of France, and the
+somewhat lukewarm representations of Mazarin, who perhaps saw in him a
+possible rival.[290] All that the two Houses of Parliament would do was to
+deliver up to Harcourt the letters of Queen Anne, which were found on the
+prisoner. They regarded him as a "grand Jesuiticall English Papist," and
+they urged "that he hath been a great incendiary of this unnatural war
+against the Parliament, was formerly banished by Act of Parliament, and no
+letter from a foreign Prince can defend him."[291]
+
+Henrietta was deeply chagrined, the more so as this vexation came upon the
+top of others.
+
+She was not unaware of the feelings with which her husband's enemies
+regarded her. The comments and slanders with which she had been pursued in
+Holland would have been sufficient to enlighten her, without the reception
+which met her at Burlington Bay. The proposal of her enemies, couched in
+specious language, to escort her to London, where she should be "lovingly
+entertained," roused her to fury, for she who did not fear the bullets or
+the waves shrank with a feeling of almost physical repulsion from falling
+into the hands of her foes. But a further insult was to come. In May, 1643,
+she was impeached of high treason as the greatest papist in the land, and
+that her cup of humiliation might be full she was not allowed the title of
+Queen of England, on the pretext that, as she had never been crowned, she
+had no legal right to it. Truly the mistakes of her youth were returning
+upon her head. "You will give a share of all these news to all our friends,
+if any dare own themselves such after the House of Commons hath declared me
+traitor, and carried up their charge against me to the Lords,"[292] she
+wrote sadly to the Duke of Hamilton. It was indeed no advantage to be known
+as her friend, specially in London, where the Puritan hatred, of which she
+was the chief object, was beginning to attack the priceless memorials of
+the past. Stained-glass windows were smashed in the churches, and
+"Cheapside Crosse, which at her Majestie's first coming into England was
+beautified in a glorious and splendid manner ... as it dazzlled a many eyes
+to behold the gods, Popes, and saints thereon,"[293] and which was boasted
+of by the Catholics even in Rome as one of the chief relics of the ancient
+religion, was torn down, and it was decided that "the Lead about the
+Crosse" should "be cast into Bullets, and bestowed on the Papists in
+armes."[294] This was bad enough, but even more trying to the Queen's
+feelings were the piteous accounts which came of the sufferings of her poor
+Capuchins, who, after more than a year of terrified waiting, saw themselves
+and their property in the hands of a ruthless mob, which was none the
+better because it acted in the name of the House of Commons, and which was
+led by Henry Martin, a man of unusually violent character, who was
+afterwards one of the regicides. All the remonstrances of the French agent
+and the House of Lords, "whose members have learned by their travels that
+there are other countries besides England,"[295] were brushed aside.
+Hideous orgies and blasphemous revels were witnessed, testifying to the
+anti-Catholic hatred of the populace. The beautiful chapel which had been
+built with such high hopes only a few years earlier was sacked, and the
+ornaments, pictures, and vestments destroyed, except such of the latter as
+Martin carried off for his mistress. The picture by the brush of Rubens
+which adorned the High Altar was wantonly spoiled; the seat of the Queen
+was broken up with peculiar violence. Outside in the garden some of the
+rough soldiers played at ball with the heads of a Christ and of a St.
+Francis, while others indoors trod underfoot the escutcheons of Henry IV
+and his wife, which were kept for use on their anniversaries. Only one
+consolation had the unhappy Fathers. Such a scene would not have been
+complete without its miracle, and they had the satisfaction of tracing the
+hand of Providence in the blindness of their spoilers to a small box of
+consecrated hosts hidden away in a cupboard, whose contents were turned
+upside down by rough hands of the mob.
+
+Henrietta's wrath may be imagined when she heard of this fresh insult
+offered, not only to her but to her parents and to her country under whose
+protection the Capuchins lived. It probably outweighed the grief she felt
+for the destruction of her beautiful chapel. As for her husband, he was so
+incensed that he is said to have specially excluded from pardon all those
+concerned in the riot. Again, just as the Queen entered Oxford, another
+trouble fell upon her, which was another proof of the remorseless hatred of
+the Puritans. Edmund Waller, who in happier days had made verses to her
+charms, raised a plot in London in the King's interest. It was discovered,
+and among its victims was a faithful servant of Henrietta, Master Tomkins,
+who, condemned by "a new counsell of war (consisting of Kimbolton,
+Mainwaring, Venn, the Devill, and a few others),"[296] was executed outside
+his own door in Holborn by the common hangman.
+
+Nor even within the walls of Oxford was there freedom from jealousy and
+strife. Henrietta could not bring herself to look cordially upon
+Holland[297] when he came to ask pardon of the King for his rebellion, even
+though he used Jermyn as his intermediary, and there were others who,
+though faithful to the cause, stood between her and that complete
+ascendancy over her husband at which she aimed. Perhaps it was hardly to be
+expected that she should like Rupert of the Rhine, the son of the Queen of
+Bohemia, who had great influence over his uncle in military matters. Never
+at any time during the war did the affairs of the King promise better than
+during Henrietta's stay at Oxford. She and her advisers, among whom were
+prominent the Earl of Bristol and his son, that same George Digby who had
+been with her in Holland, with their usual leaning to the bold and
+enterprising course, wished Charles to march on London, and end the war by
+a grand _coup_. It was a sore disappointment to her when, on the advice of
+Rupert, he turned aside to the siege of Gloucester. She believed (and she
+kept the belief to the end of her days[298]) that had he pushed on to the
+capital at this favourable moment, he would have been able to overcome his
+enemies.
+
+But, in spite of all these accumulated worries, Henrietta's stay in Oxford
+was probably the happiest time she had known since the opening of the Long
+Parliament. After her long absence she was restored to "the dearest thing
+in the world to her, after God, the presence of the King her husband and
+the Princes her children."[299] After the troubles and dangers of her
+sojourn in Holland and her campaign in the north she was in peace and
+safety, though the city was strongly fortified and cannon were to be seen
+both at "Newparkes and S. Giles his fields." Nor, in spite of these warlike
+preparations, was the mimic Court without its diversions, for each college
+and hall was turned into a dwelling for gay royalist ladies and gentlemen,
+so that as Henrietta took her airing in Trinity Grove, the Hyde Park of
+Oxford, she saw many of the faces she had been accustomed to see in the
+real Hyde Park in London.
+
+Absurd reports were rife among the enemy of the condition of the city; how
+it swarmed with Irish rebels, how Mass was said in every street; while the
+more sober-minded descanted upon the condition of the colleges, which "look
+as they did in Queen Elizabeth's daies on the street side, but if you go in
+you will find Henry the 8 his reformation in the Chappell."[300] It is
+probable that the Queen paid little attention to the flights of the Puritan
+fancy, but she took some pains to conciliate her husband's Protestant
+friends; and when a sermon which was used to be preached in Merton College
+chapel on Sundays was discontinued as a compliment to her, she was much
+annoyed, and gave orders that it should be resumed.
+
+But even Oxford could be no permanent resting-place for the Queen. Her foes
+were gathering round it, and unless she wished to run the risk of seeing
+the horrors of a siege, it was time to be gone. She had, moreover, to care
+for another life, for she was about again to become a mother. The King
+could not, of course, leave his headquarters, and the husband and wife
+prepared to part once more, and this time for ever.
+
+Henrietta left Oxford on April 17th, 1644. The parting between her and her
+husband, which took place at Abingdon, was sufficiently sad, even though
+the knowledge that it was final was hidden from her. Then, escorted by
+Jermyn, whose loyalty had been rewarded by a barony, and whose presence at
+her side excited scurrilous comments which she scornfully ignored, she
+turned to the south-west. By the 21st of April she was in Bath. She pushed
+on by the great city of Bristol, which formed part of her dowry, and thence
+to Exeter, where she arrived in a condition so serious that it seemed
+likely her troubles would soon find their surest consolation. "Mayerne, for
+the love of me, go to my wife,"[301] wrote Charles, and Henrietta herself
+penned a short, piteous note to her old physician. "My disease will invite
+you more strongly, I hope, than many lines would do."[302] The faithful
+Swiss needed no further summons. He was at the Queen's side when, on June
+16th, the child, whose short life and tragic death were to be in keeping
+with the circumstances of her birth, was born at Bedford House, in the city
+of Exeter. The little princess was an unusually pretty baby, and the father
+she was never to see wrote expressing great pleasure at the reports of her
+beauty, and requesting that she might be christened in the cathedral of her
+birthplace, an injunction which aroused the wrath of the Puritans all the
+more because Charles had just attempted to silence the unpleasant rumours
+current on the subject of his religion by issuing a declaration of his
+unalterable attachment to the Protestant faith.[303]
+
+Henrietta, who was always brave in illness, had hoped that the physical
+miseries from which she suffered would disappear with her confinement.
+Instead, she found herself rather worse than better. "The most miserable
+creature in the world, who can write no more"[304]--thus she describes
+herself in a letter to her husband written from her bed, and containing an
+account of her ailments. To crown all, she found that it was impossible for
+her to remain at Exeter. Essex was on her track, and to all the entreaties
+for a safe conduct to Bath, which she addressed to him by means of a French
+agent named Sabran who happened to be with her, he returned answers which
+in the circumstances were brutal. The Queen was no concern of his, he said.
+Henrietta, fearing above all things in her weak state the noise of firing
+which a siege would involve, dragged herself from her bed a few days after
+the birth of her baby, whose helpless life she confided to one of her
+attendants, the Countess of Morton. Accompanied by Jermyn and by her
+devoted confessor, Father Philip, she fled still farther into the western
+peninsula, down to that strange land beyond Truro which was then hardly
+considered a part of England, and where still lingered the accents of the
+Cornish tongue. There in the castle of Pendennis, which guarded the village
+of Penycomequick,[305] she found a refuge. She was indeed in a sad plight.
+Mayerne himself believed "that her days would not be many," and a
+compassionate Cornish gentleman wrote to his wife that "here is the
+woefullest spectacle my eyes yet ever looked on, the most worne and weake
+pitifull creature in ye world, the poore Queen shifting for an hour's liffe
+longer."[306]
+
+From Pendennis Henrietta found means to put to sea; but not even when she
+left English soil did the hatred of her enemies leave her. Ships of the
+Parliament were on the watch, and the boat which she was aboard was not
+only chased, but pursued by rounds of shot, as the Roundheads wished her to
+have "no other courtesy from England, but cannon balls to convey her into
+France."[307] Then at last the Queen's brave spirit, which had not faltered
+in sorrow, danger, or pain, gave way. She did not fear death, but she
+shuddered at the idea of falling into the hands of her foes, and it seemed
+as if capture were to be her fate. In her agony she called upon the captain
+to fire the powder on board, and to let her die with her friends, rather
+than that those impious hands should touch her. When the danger was passed
+she reproached herself for having thought of suicide, and happily so
+desperate a remedy was not needed. She escaped her enemies once more, and
+after a long tossing on the Channel the travellers saw with joy the rocky
+coast of Brittany. At the little village of Conquest, near Brest, the
+landing was effected, and the daughter of France, returning to her native
+land, retired to a whitewashed cottage to rest from her fatigues. But the
+news soon spread that the daughter of Henry IV had arrived, and the
+nobility of the country-side, who, like all good Frenchmen, honoured the
+memory of the great King, flocked to do her service, and to make up by
+their generosity the deficiencies of her poverty. Her first care was to
+dispatch Jermyn to announce her arrival to the Court of France and to
+Mazarin, and to beg the medical assistance which her condition so urgently
+required. Meanwhile she was content. The country in which she found herself
+was indeed wild and rough as the Cornwall she had left, but at least she
+was safe and among friends. In later days she retained no unpleasant memory
+of the rocky coast, the desolate moorland, and the brave, simple-hearted
+folk of La Basse Bretagne.
+
+[Footnote 262: Walter Montagu. Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 47.]
+
+[Footnote 263: The following is a specimen of it: "You are the abstracted
+Quintessence of artificiall Nature: your glorious countenance is crowned
+with Majestie, your brow interwoven with occasionall Lenity and discreet
+austerity, your eye (like mounted Phoebus in his meridian pride) shoots
+such reflective beams of radiant brightnesse that it captivates the dazled
+beholder; your Cupidinean cheeks are clothed with intermixed Lillies and
+Roses; your purpureous lips (like a Nectarean current) do redound with
+expressed Oratory; your Murcurian tongue is gilded with such admirable
+Rhetorick that the Muses themselves seem to inhabit there and make it their
+Helicon: your Aromatick smelling-breath is so oderiferous that it exceeds
+the Arabian Odours, and seems rather celestial than breathed from a mortal
+creature, your melodious voice is so harmonious that Apollo may lay down
+his Harpe, and the Sphears themselves become astonished."--_The Prince of
+Orange, his Royall Entertainment to the Queen of England_ (1641).]
+
+[Footnote 264: Mme de Motteville: _Memoires_ (1783), I, 270.]
+
+[Footnote 265: Sister of Seguier the Chancellor: she was a great friend of
+Mazarin.]
+
+[Footnote 266: Printed in Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria._]
+
+[Footnote 267: Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 60.]
+
+[Footnote 268: _Ibid._, p. 70.]
+
+[Footnote 269: "I send you this man express, hoping that you will not have
+passed the militia bill. If you have, I must think about retiring for the
+present, into a convent, for you are no longer capable of protecting any
+one, not even yourself."--_Ibid._, p. 69.]
+
+[Footnote 270: _Ibid._, p. 117.]
+
+[Footnote 271: "May Heaven load you with as many benedictions as you have
+had afflictions, and may those who are the cause of your misfortunes, and
+those of your Kingdom, perish under the load of their damnable
+intentions."--Henrietta Maria to Charles. _Ibid._, p. 71.]
+
+[Footnote 272: Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 72.]
+
+[Footnote 273: "The Puritan imagination saw the Queen gathering in
+contributions from the religious houses of the Low Countries, many of which
+were English. The pamphlet which describes these contributions is marked by
+just the slight inaccuracies of a forgery, and if any money came from this
+source it was probably a very small sum."--_Queen's Proceedings in Holland_
+(1642). See Appendix III.]
+
+[Footnote 274: "... others thought that some witches were made use of to
+raise these winds. But all saw that if any such villainy came from Hell it
+was curb'd by Heaven in the merciful preservation of the Quene, and that
+when God will help the Devill cannot hurt us."--_A true relation of the
+Queens Maiesties returne out of Holland, etc. Written by me in the same
+storme and ship with her Majesty._ Printed at York and reprinted at Oxford
+(1643).]
+
+[Footnote 275: Letter of Lady Denbigh. Hist. MSS. Cam. Ap. to 4th Rep.]
+
+[Footnote 276: Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 161.]
+
+[Footnote 277: Montagu to Mazarin (apparently), February 9th, 1642. Aff.
+Etran. Ang., t. 49. See Appendix IV.]
+
+[Footnote 278: _The Funerall Sermon of the Queen of Great Britain_
+(Bossuet), translated by Thomas Carre. Paris, 1670.]
+
+[Footnote 279: It is said that Charles did not believe this.]
+
+[Footnote 280: Henrietta was always fond of animals. Evelyn records how in
+August, 1662, he went to visit her, and she told him "many observable
+stories of the sagacity of some dogs she formerly had."--Evelyn: _Diary_.
+Under date August 22nd, 1662.]
+
+[Footnote 281: Green: _Letters of Henrietta Maria_, p. 167.]
+
+[Footnote 282: Green: _Letters of Henrietta Maria_, p. 167.]
+
+[Footnote 283: He was her great-great-grandfather.]
+
+[Footnote 284: See _l'Angleterre Paisible_ (1644).]
+
+[Footnote 285: A man named Dennys. See Anthony Wood's account in his Life.]
+
+[Footnote 286: _Mercurius Aulicus_, July 14th, 1643.]
+
+[Footnote 287: Now part of the general college buildings.]
+
+[Footnote 288: Salvetti says the Parliamentary party regretted him "come
+quello che aveva sempre assicurato detto Parlamento per bocca dell'
+Ambasciatore di Francia che era qui, che da quella banda haverebbe havuto
+ogni assistenza per mantenimento della sua liberta e privilegii: certo e
+che l'Ambasciatore fece la parte sua et causo in buona parte la divisione
+et cattiva intelligenza che passa fra il re e il Parlamento!"--Add. MS.,
+27,962, K., f. 32_b._]
+
+[Footnote 289: This document, which is among the Archives of the Ministere
+des Affaires Etrangeres Ang., t. 48, is unsigned and without date, but it
+is in the handwriting of Montagu, and is among the documents of 1641; it
+speaks of "la rebellion presente d'Angleterre," which points to its having
+been drawn up after the final rupture in 1642.]
+
+[Footnote 290: Montagu had a good many enemies in France among the
+Importants, who disliked him as a friend of Mazarin and as a foreigner who
+had great influence with the Queen-Regent.]
+
+[Footnote 291: _Perfect Diurnall_, October, 1643.]
+
+[Footnote 292: Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 215.]
+
+[Footnote 293: Kingdom's _Weekly Intelligencer_, May, 1643.]
+
+[Footnote 294: _Ibid._]
+
+[Footnote 295: Sieur de Marsys: _Histoire de la Persecution Presente des
+Catholiques en Angleterre_ (1646), from which the above account is chiefly
+taken. The Capuchins were sent back to France by Parliament, April, 1643.]
+
+[Footnote 296: _Mercurius Aulicus_, July, 1643.]
+
+[Footnote 297: "De l'entretient que j'ay eu avec le Reyne d'Angleterre j'ay
+bien compris qu'elle mesprise autant qu'elle peut hayr le Comte de
+Hollande."--Brienne to Sabran, December 21st, 1644. Add. MS., 5460.]
+
+[Footnote 298: The opinion of Bossuet was probably derived from the Queen
+through Mme de Motteville: "... si la reine en eut ete crue, si au lieu de
+diviser les armees royales et de les amener contre son avis aux sieges
+infortunes de Hull et de Gloucester, on eut marche a Londres, l'affaire
+etait decidee, et cette campagne eut fini la guerre."--_Oraison funebra de
+la reine d'Angleterre._]
+
+[Footnote 299: Du Perron: _Proces verbal de l'assemblie du Clerge_, 1645.]
+
+[Footnote 300: _The Spie_ (1643).]
+
+[Footnote 301: Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 243.]
+
+[Footnote 302: _Ibid._]
+
+[Footnote 303: "Declaratio servenissimi potentissimique principis Caroli
+magnae Britanniae, etc., regis Ultramarinis Protestantium Ecclesiis
+transmissa."--Dupuy MS., 642.]
+
+[Footnote 304: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 243.]
+
+[Footnote 305: Now Falmouth.]
+
+[Footnote 306: Francis Basset to his wife. Polwhele: _Traditions and
+Recollections_, Vol. I, p. 17.]
+
+[Footnote 307: _Mercurius Pragmaticus_, October, 1644.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+THE QUEEN AND THE WAR
+
+II
+
+  The darksome statesman, hung with weights and woe
+  Like a thick midnight fog mov'd there so slow
+      He did not stay, nor go;
+  Condemning thoughts--like sad eclipses--scowl
+          Upon his soul,
+  And clouds of crying witnesses without
+      Pursued him with one shout.
+  Yet digg'd the mole, and lest his ways be found
+      Work'd underground
+  Where he did clutch his prey.
+
+                                HENRY VAUGHAN
+
+
+If, at the time of her departure from England, Queen Henrietta Maria had
+been able to make choice of a book for her private reading and meditation,
+and if in that choice she had been guided by the most enlightened
+self-interest, she would perhaps have chosen a little pamphlet published in
+London in 1642. It was entitled _A collection of Records of the great
+Misfortunes that hath hapned unto Kings that hath joyned themselves in a
+near allyance with forrein Princes with the happy successe of those that
+have only held correspondency at home_.
+
+Henrietta landed in France in the spring of 1644, and from that time until
+her husband's death her life was a continuation of that which she had led
+in Holland, namely, a perpetual struggle to gather together men and
+money--particularly the latter--to help on the cause of the King of
+England. For this she intrigued now with one foreign Prince, now with
+another, with the King of Denmark, with the Prince of Orange, with the Duke
+of Lorraine, the admirer of Madame de Chevreuse, the old enemy of
+Richelieu, with the Pope himself. The result was the undying hatred of a
+large section of the English people towards both her and her husband, and a
+growing distrust which had much to do with the King's final overthrow.
+
+It is idle to blame her overmuch. It cannot be denied that hers were the
+mind and the will which impelled her husband along this fatal road; but he
+fell in gladly with her suggestions, and he was almost as eager as she for
+help from any quarter. She believed, moreover, that the Scotch rebels had
+set the example by intriguing with Richelieu, and she knew that the English
+Puritans had made it possible for an army of Scots, who at that time were
+looked upon almost as foreigners, to enter into England and to remain upon
+its soil. It would have required the brain of an Elizabeth to perceive that
+a king, by following such precedents, was courting disaster. Henrietta's
+brain, acute, lively, but never profound, was incapable of perceiving this.
+Besides, she was a Bourbon, and her simple political creed was identical
+with that of her husband: a King should be no tyrant, he should rule his
+people with justice and mercy; but it was his to command and theirs to
+obey, without asking questions as to matters with which they had no
+concern.
+
+The exiled Queen spent some weeks at
+
+              "ces admirables Fontaines
+  Ou par douzaines et centaines
+  Pluzieurs gens vont pour etre sain
+  Et qu'on nomme Bourbon-les-Bains."[308]
+
+Their healing influence, together with the care of some of the most
+distinguished physicians of France,[309] restored her to such a small
+measure of health as enabled her to turn her steps towards Paris. The
+kindness she had received since her arrival in her native land was a
+preparation for the magnificent reception which awaited her at the capital.
+Her brother, the Duke of Orleans, came out as far as Bourg la Reine to meet
+her, and was quickly followed by his daughter, Mademoiselle de Montpensier,
+the richly dowered girl of whom Henrietta was already beginning to think as
+a possible bride for her eldest son. At Montrouge, on the southern
+outskirts of the city, the Queen of England received an even more
+distinguished attention, for there the Queen of France, accompanied by her
+two little sons, met her. Anne's kind heart was touched when she saw the
+sister-in-law from whom she had parted nearly twenty years earlier as a
+bride returning sad, sick almost to death, and bereft by ill-health and
+sorrow of the brilliant beauty which had then been hers. Forgetting the
+girlish unkindness which Henrietta had shown her in the past, remembering
+nothing but their common friends and enemies--Richelieu, Madame de
+Chevreuse, Jars, Montagu--the Queen of France took the Queen of England
+into her arms, and the two women clung together weeping and embracing. Then
+they climbed up into the royal coach, and Henrietta made the acquaintance
+of the little King, whose unexpected appearance in the world six years
+earlier had caused so much excitement, and of the still younger Duke of
+Anjou, "the real Monsieur" (as he was called in contradistinction to his
+uncle), who was one day to be her son-in-law. In such company there can
+have been no tedium in the long drive through the Rue S. Jacques, over the
+Pont Neuf, and through the Rue S. Honore to the Louvre, where the kindness
+of Queen Anne had caused apartments to be prepared for the royal guest.
+That afternoon deputations from the city of Paris and from the various
+sovereign bodies waited upon Henrietta, and the ceremonies of reception
+were concluded a few days later by a State visit to Notre-Dame, where the
+Queen of England gave thanks to Heaven for her safe return to France
+through the ministry of the young Coadjutor Bishop of Paris, the witty and
+dissolute churchman who afterwards became famous as Cardinal de Retz, and
+who always retained a kindness for the exiled royal family of England.
+
+Nothing could exceed the kindness and sympathy which were shown to the
+Queen, kindness all the more welcome because she was aware of the annoyance
+it would cause to her enemies. "I am so well treated everywhere that if my
+lords of London saw it, I think it would make them uneasy,"[310] she had
+written to her husband shortly after her landing in France. She was
+assigned a pension of 10,000 crowns a month, which enabled her to keep up a
+fitting establishment, and in addition to her lodgings at the Louvre she
+was given the Chateau of S. Germain-en-Laye, where she had played as a
+child, and where, half a century later, her son was to wear out a more
+desolate exile. Her own affairs prospered. Her health improved surely if
+slowly. She had the comfort of the presence of faithful servants--Jermyn,
+who acted as her secretary, Henry Percy and Lady Denbigh, who herself had
+tasted the full bitterness of civil strife in the death of her husband, who
+fell fighting for the King, and in the defection of her eldest son to the
+rebels, which sorrows bound her all the more closely to the Queen, who had
+shown the tenderest sympathy with her bereavement. Moreover, in Paris
+Henrietta found many friends. Familiar faces, indeed, were missed. The
+Bishop of Mende had not been given time to learn wisdom by experience, but
+had "made an angelical end" at the siege of Rochelle, dying in the same
+year as his enemy Buckingham. Madame S. Georges, who had found an
+honourable position as governess to the heiress of Montpensier, had passed
+away in 1643, and Louis XIII was gone, so that all his sister could do for
+him was to journey to S. Denys and to sprinkle his tomb with holy water.
+But old servants, such as the Bishop of Angouleme, were there to welcome
+her; and in the brilliant Paris of the day she came across not only friends
+of the past--M. de Chateauneuf, the Chevalier de Jars, and others--but new
+acquaintances, who soon became friends, of whom perhaps the most
+interesting was the accomplished Madame de Motteville, herself one of the
+band of exiles whom the death of Richelieu had brought back in triumph to
+the Court of France.
+
+Nor did she fail to attract the exiles of England to her own Court, where
+she gathered round her some of the men of wit and learning whom the evil
+times had forced to quit their native land. Thither came "Master Richard
+Crashaw, Master of Arts of Peterhouse, Cambridge, well known for his
+excellent poems,"[311] who was introduced to the Queen's notice by a
+brother poet, Abraham Cowley, at this time Jermyn's secretary. It can
+hardly be supposed that Henrietta understood the highly difficult poems of
+the Cambridge mystic, but perhaps she talked with him of S. Teresa,[312]
+whose praise inspired some of his choicest work, and whom she herself had
+learned to love as a child among the Carmelites in Paris. Moreover, Crashaw
+was interesting as a recent convert to Catholicism. "Being a meer scholar
+and very shiftless,"[313] he was quite destitute in the French capital when
+he was found by Cowley, and he was delighted to accept Henrietta's
+hospitality. He dwelt nearly a year at her Court, making many friends by
+his talents and virtues, of whom the chief was Lady Denbigh. Her he
+exhorted, not without success, to follow his religious example, and to her
+he dedicated his book of poems, _Carmen Deo Nostro_, which was published
+after he had passed on to the Court of Rome, bearing a letter of
+introduction written to Innocent X by the Queen's own hand.[314] To the
+exiled Court of England came also another poet, Sir William D'Avenant,
+whose welcome was the warmer because he had been concerned in the army
+plot. At the Louvre he wrote the dreary verses of _Gondibert_, and
+dedicated them to Thomas Hobbes, that daring philosopher who had likewise
+found a refuge in Paris, where, apart from the turmoils of England, he was
+able to reflect upon those principles of government wherewith he startled
+the world a few years later on the publication of _The Leviathan_. To these
+literary refugees must be added English Catholic nobles, such as Lord
+Montagu, and ladies of the same persuasion, among whom was prominent the
+Dowager Countess of Banbury, a lady who, after a not irreproachable career
+in England, had settled down in Paris to enjoy the reputation of a rich
+_devote_.
+
+But no social pleasures and attentions could satisfy Henrietta, whose heart
+was with her struggling husband. "There is nothing so certain as that I do
+take all pains I can imaginable to procure you assistance, and am as
+incapable of taking any delight or being pleased with my being here, though
+I have all kinds of contentments, but as I hope it may enable me to send
+you help."[315] These words, written to the King on November 18th, 1644,
+were no idle sentiment; they are the truest epitome of her life in Paris.
+
+The royal cause was balancing between hope and fear. The defeat of Marston
+Moor, on July 2nd, 1644, had been indeed a terrible blow, but new hope was
+infused into the party by the surrender of Essex in Cornwall, a victory
+peculiarly grateful to the Queen, who could not forget the Earl's ungallant
+conduct to her. The great need was men and money, and to procure these was
+the end of Henrietta's unremitting efforts. For this she carried on
+negotiations with the Prince of Orange, by means of an English Catholic
+named Stephen Goffe, for the marriage of Prince Charles with his daughter;
+for this she attempted to mortgage the tin mines of Cornwall; for this,
+above all, she carried on personally and through Jermyn long and weary
+negotiations with the Court of France.
+
+France had not been unmindful of the difficulties of the King of England,
+or of the troubles which threatened the Queen; but great caution was used,
+and Gressy, who had shown too openly his partiality for the royal cause,
+was replaced by Sabran, who knew better how to trim between the two
+parties. It is probable that at the beginning of the struggle Mazarin
+desired the victory of the King, and it is said that up to 1644 the French
+Government gave as much as 300,000 crowns in money and munitions to aid
+him.[316] A letter of Goring,[317] Henrietta's agent in France, dated at
+the beginning of that year, which unfortunately fell into the hands of her
+enemies, spoke of the dispatch of a considerable quantity of arms, and gave
+a cheerful account of the kind words of the Queen-Regent and of Mazarin.
+Charles himself thought that a little French money and a little French
+influence would settle everything. His enemies were manifestly cast down,
+not only by the death of Richelieu, but by the accounts which reached
+London of the kind reception which had been given to the Queen. But,
+nevertheless, Henrietta was to find disappointment here as elsewhere.
+France was in no condition to give such help as would have sufficed for her
+needs. The country was overtaxed, and though the new reign was brightened
+by the eclat of the victory of Recroy, at which the young Duke of Enghien,
+afterwards the great Conde, won his reputation, yet the war with Spain was
+a terrible burden. Moreover, in spite of the assertions of the Queen-Regent
+and her advisers that it was the means and not the will that was lacking,
+there is little doubt that the French Government was beginning to see in
+the English troubles a state of affairs highly satisfactory to itself.
+Besides, Mazarin certainly inherited from Richelieu a distrust of Charles
+and Henrietta. The Queen was specially distrusted. The English Catholics
+had not quite forgotten her French birth, but it was believed in France
+that they had inclined her to Spain, an opinion which was strengthened by
+the fact that up to the time of her leaving England two of her principal
+advisers were the Digbys, father and son,[318] who were well known to be
+pro-Spanish in their sympathies. Mazarin was quite aware of Henrietta's
+influence over her husband, and he hoped that her removal from his side
+would help to turn Charles' eyes from Spain.
+
+And there were other and more personal reasons for Mazarin's distrust of
+the Queen of England. Henrietta, who was always too prone to believe that
+good diplomacy consisted in cultivating relations with all parties at once,
+allowed her ambassador Goring to meddle in the intrigues which grew up
+round Mazarin as they had round Richelieu, a fact of which the Cardinal,
+who had inherited a perfect system of espionage, was quite aware. By the
+time Henrietta reached France the power of the Importants was broken, and
+Madame de Chevreuse had again left the Court. The exiled Queen desired
+greatly to see her old friend, and without pausing to consider how
+imprudent was the appearance of any connection between herself and that
+factious lady, she asked her sister-in-law's permission to have an
+interview with the Duchess, permission which with all courtesy was refused,
+at the instance of Mazarin. The Cardinal, moreover, caused the Queen of
+England to be warned against others of her old friends, among whom may be
+mentioned M. de Chateauneuf, who had indeed escaped public disgrace, but
+who was known to be as inimical to Mazarin as ever he had been to
+Richelieu.[319]
+
+Thus it came about that, in spite of the kind words and occasional
+assistance of the Queen-Regent and of Cardinal Mazarin,[320] Henrietta was
+less successful than she had hoped to be, and could by no means persuade
+Mazarin to an open breach with the Parliamentary party, whose strength he
+was beginning to appreciate. "I have not found the means of engaging France
+as forwardly in your interest as I expected," she wrote sadly to Charles.
+In 1645 she was informed that all the French Government could do for her
+was to permit her to make levies in the country (and she was so poor that
+it was thought she would not take advantage of the permission), and to make
+an appeal to the clergy of France on behalf of the necessities of the King
+of England.
+
+Of this last grace Henrietta availed herself eagerly; but of all the many
+injudicious acts which she committed at this period of her life, this
+appeal to the clergy of a race and of a faith alien to those of her
+subjects was one of the most injudicious. The outburst of anti-Catholic
+rage which she had witnessed in England ought to have taught her prudence;
+but hers was not a mind to learn by experience. Moreover, she seems from
+the outbreak of the war to have looked upon the Puritans as irreconcilables
+who could only be subdued by force, and whom it was useless to attempt to
+propitiate. She thought also, and most erroneously, that they were but a
+small minority of the nation.
+
+The Queen had recovered her spirits. Not only had Mazarin, in spite of his
+official refusals, sent her secretly a sum of money sufficient to raise her
+ever-ready hopes, but she expected great things from a growing friendship
+with Emery, the Deputy Treasurer and one of the richest men in France. To
+complete her satisfaction the clergy showed great sympathy with her, and
+sent her, on their first assembling, a sum of money as an earnest of more
+to come[321]; which money was immediately laid out in raising levies for
+England.
+
+The assembly of the French clergy, which was presided over by the
+Cardinal-Archbishop of Lyons, the brother of the great Richelieu, met in
+May, 1645, but it was not until the February of the following year that the
+case of the Queen of England was seriously considered. Henrietta's advocate
+on this occasion was probably the best that could have been chosen. The
+Bishop of Angouleme during his sojourn in England had resisted in a really
+praiseworthy manner those foreign influences which had corrupted some of
+his fellow-countrymen who resided there, and he was perhaps regarded in
+Paris with greater favour than any other of the Queen's servants. He was,
+moreover, a speaker and preacher of repute, and the oration which he
+delivered before the Fathers of the Church was not only a fine piece of
+oratory, but was skilfully constructed to work as much as possible upon the
+feelings of his audience.[322]
+
+He dwelt upon the miserable condition of the Catholic Church in England,
+which, before these troubles, had begun, after a century of persecution, to
+raise its head under the protection of the Queen. He asserted (what was
+true) that were the King forced to make terms with his foes, the Catholics
+would be the scapegoat. He drew lurid word-pictures of the terrible
+consequences to the Church throughout Europe should the impious rebels
+succeed in their object of setting up a Puritan republic in England. Then
+he turned to the even more powerful argument of self-interest. The
+Huguenots, he said, who were beaten down but not destroyed, were looking
+across the Channel to the Puritans of England, whose real design was the
+destruction of the Catholic Church as well in France as in their own land.
+To help forward this project of the Evil One large sums of money were being
+dispatched by the French Protestants to aid the armies of rebellion in
+England.[323]
+
+  "Res tua tunc agitur, paries cum proximus ardet,"
+
+cried the good Bishop, hoping, not without reason, to arouse the fears of
+his audience; for it was only twenty years since the fall of Rochelle, and
+the revival of the power of the Huguenots, which it had required the strong
+hand of Richelieu to repress, was an ever-present terror to the French
+Catholics. But Du Perron was not content with such arguments. He was able
+to make a statement which he hoped would tell much in favour of the cause
+he was advocating. He declared that the King of England had promised in
+writing to his wife that if he were restored by Catholic help he would
+repeal every law against the Catholics on the statute book,[324] and the
+Bishop added that he was at liberty to make this statement, as its purport
+was already known to the Puritans through the interception of the King's
+letter. That Charles made this promise there is no reason to doubt; that
+had cause arisen he would have broken it, as he broke others, is in the
+highest degree probable.[325] Perhaps the French bishops knew the man with
+whom they had to deal, perhaps they were instructed by Mazarin, whom they
+were too well trained not to consult. Be this as it may, the results of the
+eloquence of the Bishop of Angouleme were disappointing, even though he
+enforced his arguments by descriptions of the piteous condition of
+Henrietta and of her children, "the grandsons, the nephews, and the cousins
+of three of our Kings." The clergy of France did not feel able to offer to
+the Queen of England more than a few thousand crowns, "a somme fitter to
+buy hangings for a chamber than prosecute a war,"[326] as a newswriter of
+the day said.
+
+But disappointed as the Queen was, she quickly turned to other hopes and
+schemes.
+
+Ever since the Irish rebellion of 1641 Puritan scandal had linked
+Henrietta's name with that of the rebels. The accusation as it stood was
+ridiculous, but the Confederate Catholics,[327] as the Irish in arms called
+themselves, certainly hoped something from the Catholic Queen, and in 1642
+they presented to her a petition, in which they begged her "Hester-like
+intercession to our most gracious Prince." They heard with sympathy of her
+arrival in Paris, and again dispatched a letter to congratulate her on that
+event.
+
+She, on her side, regarded the Confederate Catholics as rebels in arms
+against their lawful King; but she had a certain sympathy with them as the
+victims of Puritan intolerance, and she thought, like her husband, that it
+might be possible to turn their arms against worse enemies. With this end
+in view she carried on negotiations with a certain Colonel FitzWilliams,
+whom she found in Paris, and for the same purpose she cultivated the
+acquaintance of the agent of the Confederate Catholics in that city, Father
+O'Hartegan, the Jesuit.
+
+This patriot, who was of a type not uncommon in his native land, was
+greatly pleased at the notice of the Queen of England, whom he believed to
+be on the point of starting for Ireland. He also thought, on account of
+some slight attention shown to him by Mazarin,[328] that France, which up
+till now had shown herself very cool to the necessities of the persecuted
+Irish Catholics, and had even, by the mouth of the Cardinal, lectured them
+on their lack of loyalty to their sovereign, was about to do her duty by
+them. "What is needed," remarked the Jesuit modestly, "is 200,000 crowns
+out of hand, with a good store of arms and ammunition, and promise of
+yearly favour."
+
+O'Hartegan had reason for his good spirits. His glib tongue recommended him
+where he was not too well known, and he was caressed by the English
+Catholics in Paris and by Jermyn, who was the more entirely satisfactory to
+deal with, inasmuch as he had no religious scruples of any kind. Moreover,
+the affairs of the Confederate Catholics were going very well in Rome.
+
+When Henrietta had been but a short time in France, the news of two deaths
+arrived, that of Elizabeth, Queen of Spain, and that of Maffeo Barberini,
+Pope Urban VIII.
+
+The Queen of England had long ceased to be in close touch with her
+sister,[329] but it was thought that she would be greatly distressed at the
+death of the Pope, for the Barberini had always been considered her
+friends. But it may be that she was not altogether displeased. Any change
+in the personnel of the European Courts meant a fresh chance for her
+schemes; and though Urban had been kind enough to send her 25,000 crowns,
+which she, or perhaps her husband, acknowledged from Oxford in 1643,[330]
+yet he had shown himself somewhat callous to her larger claims, and it was
+perhaps not unknown to her that Cardinal Francesco, in spite of his
+often-repeated professions of friendship, had been the first foreign prince
+to contribute to the necessities of the rebellious Confederate Catholics.
+The new Pope, Innocent X, was believed to favour Spain as his predecessor
+had favoured France, but Henrietta had not lived for nearly twenty years
+among the English Catholics without having learned to consider this an
+advantage rather than otherwise in religious negotiations. She determined
+to send an envoy to Rome, ostensibly to congratulate the Pope upon his
+accession, and O'Hartegan learned that her choice had fallen upon her old
+friend Sir Kenelm Digby.
+
+There are few more picturesque figures in the history of the time than that
+of this gentleman: a scholar who was welcome among the learned of all
+nations, a chemist who was half scientist, half charlatan, a naval
+commander who had brought home stories even more remarkable than the
+majority of travellers' tales, it is not surprising that he should have
+attracted the attention of the Queen, who liked brilliant people. She may
+perhaps also have been touched by the strange story of his love, which had
+bound him in affectionate marriage to a woman who had been the acknowledged
+mistress of another man. But she ought to have known better than to send
+him to Rome. Not only was he a vain and undependable person--a teller of
+strange tales, as even the courteous Evelyn described him--but the
+religious vacillations and experiments which had made him unwelcome a few
+years earlier to Urban VIII were not likely to commend him to Innocent X,
+who would be less attracted by his learning and accomplishments than his
+scholarly predecessor. The English Catholics in Paris who opposed the
+appointment were wiser than could be understood by Henrietta; she added to
+her mistake by permitting the envoy who was going to Rome on an
+international mission, and who above all should have shown himself strictly
+impartial between the rival factions of English Catholicism, to take upon
+him before leaving Paris the charge of advancing at the Papal Court the
+interests of the Chapter, which, after the banishment of the Bishop of
+Chalcedon, claimed ecclesiastical authority in England, whose pretensions
+were resolutely opposed by the regular and some even of the secular
+clergy.[331]
+
+And Sir Kenelm had hardly reached Rome when the need for help became more
+pressing than ever, for the 14th of June of that same year was the day of
+Naseby.
+
+It was a crushing defeat, and after it the royal party never really
+rallied. Henrietta, in her unconquerable hopefulness, thought that now, at
+her extremity, France would come effectually to her aid; but Mazarin feared
+to offend the Puritans more than he feared their dominance, and the old
+weary round of intrigue was pursued with the same lack of result. Even an
+offer from which the Queen hoped much, made to her by the Duke of Bouillon,
+of raising troops for England round Cologne, came to nothing, because the
+Cardinal believed that the real intention of Bouillon was to use these men
+in the interests of Spain.
+
+[Illustration: SIR KENELM DIGBY
+
+FROM AN ENGRAVING AFTER THE PAINTING BY VAN DYCK]
+
+And Naseby was more than a military defeat. On that fatal field, through
+some misfortune or negligence, fell into the enemy's hand the papers of the
+King.[332] Nothing more unfortunate could have occurred. The secrecy of
+these letters, which were shortly published in London with choice comments,
+was worth more to Charles and Henrietta than men or money. Their
+publication betrayed the schemes in which the Queen had been spending her
+strength for winning back England by foreign troops or by foreign gold. It
+revealed how greatly the King was under the influence of his wife, and how
+deeply she was compromised with the hated Irish. Most disastrous of all, it
+showed how at the very time that he was promising to support the Protestant
+religion and never to permit Catholicism, he was secretly giving her
+authority to pledge his word for the complete toleration of the hated
+religion. He stood revealed as what he was, a shifty and untrustworthy man.
+After Naseby Charles was never trusted again.
+
+Henrietta probably did not appreciate the magnitude of the disaster, and
+she turned again cheerfully to the tortuous intrigues from which she hoped
+so much.
+
+At first it seemed as if Sir Kenelm Digby's mission would be successful.
+The smaller Italian princes to whom he appealed he found indeed "a frugal
+generation," but the Pope received him with great kindness, and appeared
+charmed by his flow of persuasive eloquence and by the piety and
+fascination of his manners. He even gave him an order for 20,000 crowns, to
+be used in arms and munitions of war, which the Queen of England gratefully
+acknowledged from S. Germain in September, 1645.[333] So far so good, but
+neither she nor her agent knew the odds against which they were fighting.
+Henrietta always believed that her husband's leniency to the Catholics
+during his years of power had given him a claim upon the gratitude of the
+whole Catholic world. She also knew better than any one else what the
+hatred of the Puritans to her co-religionists really was, and what their
+domination might mean. But at Rome matters were looked at in another light.
+A certain interest was taken in Charles, and considerable sympathy was felt
+for his unhappy wife; but neither were trusted. Henrietta was believed to
+be guided by heretics, and even, through their influence, to have been in
+the past "a powerful instrument for the destruction of the Catholics and of
+the Catholic religion";[334] while Charles was disliked as a heretic, and
+his failures to keep his word--his persecution of the Catholics in 1626,
+his desertion of Strafford and the like--were reckoned up against him with
+pitiless accuracy. As he had been in the past so no doubt would he be in
+the future. It cannot be said that it was a misreading of Charles'
+character which led the Pope and his advisers to think that he would have
+taken the money of the Church and then thrown over the Catholics, if by
+doing so he could further his own interests. And there were other and
+better claimants in the case. Hopes at Rome were rising high with regard to
+Ireland. Urban VIII, in 1628, had thought it would be a nice arrangement
+for all concerned if that island were handed over to the Holy See. Innocent
+X's designs were not quite so far-reaching, and he recommended loyalty to
+the King of England; but he thought that it might be possible to coerce a
+faithless and heretic Prince by means of the Confederate Catholics.
+Moreover, that body, which had agents all over Europe, was fortunate enough
+to have in Rome a representative as able and effective as Sir Kenelm Digby
+was the reverse, in the person of Father Luke Wadding, of the Order of St.
+Francis. This friar left Ireland when he was a boy of fifteen, and he never
+saw again his native land; but throughout a long life which he spent
+roaming about the Continent he preserved a fervid Hibernian patriotism, of
+which the effects are felt to the present day.[335] At this time he was
+living in Rome, and any slight feeling of loyalty to the King of England
+which he may have once possessed had long ago been lost in the desire to
+see his faith and his race triumph over the hated oppressor. It was he who
+had prevailed upon Cardinal Francesco Barberini to send money to Ireland,
+and though he had not been able to rouse the cautious Urban VIII to any
+considerable effort,[336] he prepared with undiminished hope to use all his
+influence to win over Innocent X, from whose Spanish sympathies he augured
+the happiest results.
+
+And indeed it was largely owing to the representations of this Irish friar
+that, in the summer of 1645, while Sir Kenelm Digby was still feted in
+Rome, an envoy on his way from the Pope to the Confederate Catholics
+appeared in Paris bearing a large sum of money, which the indefatigable
+Wadding had amassed for the use of the faithful in his native land.
+
+Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, Archbishop of Fermo, was a worthy ecclesiastic
+of middle age. It is said that he was appointed to this delicate mission to
+pleasure the Grand Duke of Tuscany, whose subject he was. He had, however,
+a certain interest in the British Isles, because as a young man he had been
+associated with a Scotch Capuchin, by name George Leslie, of whom he wrote
+an edifying biography, which may be considered an early example of
+religious romance.[337] Clarendon stigmatizes him as a "light-headed
+envoy," but the epithet is hardly happy as applied to this stern, unbending
+Churchman, whose unalterable determination it was that the money of the
+Church should not be squandered to further the interests of a heretic
+sovereign. In this respect, indeed, he followed with fidelity the
+instructions given to him which dwelt upon the necessity of the strongest
+guarantees of real benefit to the Catholics before money was advanced to
+the King of England, and which altogether would have been instructive, if
+not pleasant, reading for Charles and Henrietta.
+
+The Queen was indeed already beginning to repent of her overtures to the
+Confederate Catholics,[338] for in the early part of the year some letters
+of O'Hartegan had fallen into the hands of the Roundheads, who caused them
+to be printed. These letters spoke disrespectfully of her, and showed how
+cheaply the Jesuit held the advantage of the King, so that Charles, who was
+wont to feel great indignation at every one's self-seeking and shiftiness
+except his own, wrote to his wife that the agent was "an arrant
+knave."[339] Rinuccini's arrival in Paris made matters worse. Henrietta was
+a Catholic, but she was a queen also, and it was an insult to which she
+could not tamely submit that the Pope should send an envoy to those who,
+after all, were rebels in arms against her husband. She wrote a dignified
+letter of remonstrance to Innocent, and she refused to receive Rinuccini
+except as a private person, a condition which the ambassador, one of whose
+strongest characteristics was his personal vanity, declined to accept.
+
+The poor Queen was indeed in a mesh from which there was no escape, and she
+knew not how to carry out the task of so settling the affairs of Ireland
+that the King might be able to draw troops therefrom. She desired to make
+peace between Ormonde, her husband's Viceroy, and the Catholics, and her
+difficulties were such as attend all persons who, being in authority, are
+obliged to seek at one and the same time the help of representatives of
+opposing interests. Rinuccini, seeing her under the influence of
+Protestants, concluded, not unjustly on his own premises, that the duty of
+the Holy Father was to turn a deaf ear to her entreaties for aid, and to
+send such moneys as he could afford to the Confederate Catholics, whose
+loyalty to the Holy See was not compromised by any inconvenient devotion to
+a heretic Prince. Out in Rome Sir Kenelm was begging and praying for help,
+unconscious of the fact that the envoy was warning the Pope against him,
+and asserting, probably with some truth, that the rosy pictures which he
+drew of the intentions of the King of England with regard to the Catholics
+were greatly over-coloured. The Confederate Catholics in Ireland were
+waiting eagerly for the coming of Rinuccini, and had little desire to help
+the King of England, except in so far as such help would conduce to the
+realization of their chief object, the emancipation of Ireland from the
+hated foreigner.
+
+Rinuccini, after a considerable delay in Paris, whence he wrote many
+letters to Rome expressing his views with great frankness upon the Queen of
+England and her advisers, pushed on to Ireland, where, far from making
+peace with Ormonde or with any one else, he set everybody by the ears--not
+a difficult task, it is true, in that island--and ended by excommunicating
+most of the Confederate Catholics themselves. Steps were taken by some of
+the victims to find out the opinion of the Sorbonne as to the validity of
+this sweeping ecclesiastical censure.
+
+Meanwhile, in Paris, Henrietta was dragging on her old life of intrigue and
+disappointment. The presence at her side of Jermyn, whose great influence
+over her was generally remarked,[340] was not in her favour, either with
+the extreme Catholics, who disliked him as a heretic, or with the French,
+who considered him, with justice, to be a man of mediocre ability, and who
+were pleased to see that the Queen, in spite of her subservience, could
+sometimes assert her will against his. The French Government was becoming
+more and more afraid to provoke the Puritans, whom Mazarin feared to throw
+into the arms of Spain. The defeat of Naseby, whose importance the Queen
+and her friends vainly endeavoured to minimize, was followed by the hardly
+less disastrous day of Philiphaugh, when Montrose was overwhelmed by an
+army of the Covenant. Thus the year 1646 broke in gloom and despondency,
+which were not lightened when a scheme of the Queen's for the invasion of
+England by French troops was discovered by the interception of her
+letters.[341] In the spring affairs had so far advanced that Charles, with
+a confidence rendered pathetic by the event, gave himself up into the hands
+of the Scots, the true compatriots of a Stuart King.
+
+For a moment there seemed to be hope, and it is possible that Charles might
+have recovered his crown had he been able to accept unreservedly the
+Covenant. His refusal to give up the Church of England, which was one of
+the most respectable acts of his life, brought upon him remonstrances,
+entreaties, and almost anger from his wife, to whom all Protestants were
+heretics alike. She even sent D'Avenant to him to represent her wishes on
+the subject; but Charles, with a violence he did not often show, drove the
+hapless poet from his presence with an intimation that he was never to
+enter it again. Mazarin at this time seems to have desired the King's
+restoration by means of an accommodation, though, owing to the ever-present
+fear of Spain, he would not openly assist him. He could not repress his
+scorn for the man who could throw away his crown for such a bagatelle as
+the Church of England. In fact, he frankly owned that he could not
+understand Charles. The latter had granted concessions which compromised
+his kingly dignity; why make a fuss about a trifle which, nevertheless, if
+conceded, might restore him to power? The Cardinal urged the French
+ambassador in England to do all he could to bring the King to reason; but
+the latter, who was becoming very sceptical as to the friendship of the
+French,[342] was not likely to listen. The chance was lost, and Charles
+soon found himself a prisoner in the hands of the English Presbyterians.
+His countrymen, to whom in the days of his power he had shown favour not
+always in accordance with his own interests, had sold him to his enemies.
+
+Once again, a year later, there was a lifting of the clouds. In 1647 it
+became evident that the Puritan party was growing weary of the Presbyterian
+tyranny. As is commonly the case in revolutions, wilder and stronger
+spirits were crowding out the more moderate reformers who had begun the
+battle. The Independents, to whom in large measure the victories of Marston
+Moor and Naseby were due, had control of the army, and the great figure of
+Cromwell, which soon was to bestride England like a Colossus, was coming to
+the front. In the late spring it seemed as if Charles and the Presbyterians
+might come to terms. On June 4th a deputation from the army waited on the
+King at Holmby House, where he was imprisoned, took possession of his
+person, and carried him off to Newmarket.
+
+The Independents showed great respect for their royal prisoner, and it
+seemed as if they would be willing to make an accommodation with him.
+Henrietta, in Paris, whither all news was quickly carried, thought with her
+usual hopefulness that at last, at the darkest hour, the day was dawning.
+There happened to be at her Court two gentlemen who seemed well fitted to
+act as intermediaries between Charles and the Independents; one of them,
+Sir John Denham, the bearer of a name which is still remembered in English
+literature, had improved a sojourn in prison by making friends with that
+worthy army chaplain Hugh Peters, who was closely connected with the
+Independent leaders; the other, Sir Edward Ford, was Ireton's
+brother-in-law. These two slipped across the Channel, and they were
+permitted to see the King; but whether the Queen did not feel much
+confidence in her envoys (and, indeed, Denham was a rash and headstrong man
+who died insane), or whether her restlessness would not permit her to cease
+from fresh attempts to improve her husband's position, she determined to
+send another emissary of higher standing to intermeddle in this delicate
+negotiation.
+
+Just at this time Sir John Berkeley, who had distinguished himself during
+the war as Governor of Exeter, was returning from Holland, whither he had
+been to express the Queen's condolences on the death of the Prince of
+Orange. He was almost unknown to Henrietta personally, but she was aware of
+his reputation for loyalty and good sense, and she knew also perhaps that
+he was regarded with respect by the enemy; he had hardly arrived at S.
+Germain-en-Laye, where she was keeping her Court, when he accidentally fell
+in with one of her servants, Lord Culpepper.
+
+"You must prepare for another journey, Sir John," said the latter; "the
+Queen designs to send you into England."
+
+Berkeley, as is not surprising, was rather taken aback. England was the
+last place to which he desired to go; he knew none of the Independent
+leaders, and, as he justly remarked, it was a pity to send over too many of
+the King's servants to share in the places and preferments which those
+worthies hoped to keep for themselves; but Culpepper waived these
+objections aside. "If you are afraid, Sir John," he said contemptuously,
+"the Queen can easily find some one else to do her business."
+
+No man of spirit could bear such an imputation. Berkeley, against his
+better judgment, set off to add another to the long list of the Queen's
+diplomatic failures.[343]
+
+Another failure more personal and even more bitter was awaiting her.
+
+In the first days of 1646 Sir Kenelm Digby appeared in Paris; he was
+immediately received by the Queen, and "he got three hours' conference with
+her and in end she seemed to be verie well pleased."[344] It appears that
+he brought with him for the Queen's consideration and the King's
+confirmation a document which he had drawn up in Rome and which had been
+provisionally accepted by the Pope, though a copy had been sent to
+Rinuccini for such emendations as he might think fit. By these articles
+Innocent agreed, in return for the abolition of the Penal Laws in England
+and the public establishment of Catholicism in Ireland, to make a grant,
+100,000 crowns; but in his distrust of Charles he provided that the money
+should not be paid to the Queen until the King had carried out the
+provisions with regard to Ireland. It was further agreed that Irish troops
+under Catholic leaders should be taken into the King's service in
+England.[345]
+
+It is hardly likely that either Charles or Henrietta relished these
+articles, which showed plainly enough how deeply they were distrusted at
+Rome, and which required so much before they could touch a penny of the
+coveted money. Perhaps the King was indignant with Sir Kenelm for
+suggesting such terms, for it was probably against his wishes that the
+knight, after the failure of his negotiations, was again dispatched to Rome
+in the autumn. He carried with him, however, the undiminished confidence of
+the Queen,[346] and by October he was fixed at the Papal Court waiting for
+the help which never came.
+
+And, indeed, his chances of success were even slighter than before; he was,
+it is true, the most accomplished cavalier of his time--"the Magazine of
+all arts," as he was called. Distinguished foreigners who visited the
+Eternal City came to see him, and went away quite fascinated by his stores
+of learning and by his agreeable conversation; had he been dropped from the
+clouds on to any part of the world he would have made himself respected,
+said his admirers. Yes, retorted the Jesuits, who did not love him, but
+then he must not remain above six weeks; the trouble was that he had been
+in Rome a good deal more than six weeks. The Pope was tired of his endless
+talk and was beginning to think that he was mad, which perhaps was not far
+from the truth; his folly in mixing up matters of high policy concerning
+the King and Queen of England with an affair of purely ecclesiastical
+interest, such as the recognition of the Chapter, was commented on, and the
+extraordinary bitterness which both he and his friends displayed towards
+their opponents, among whom were the powerful religious Orders, was not in
+his favour; his position was further injured by his intimacy with Thomas
+White, a learned but eccentric priest then in Rome, who, afterward the
+elaborator of a theory of government which, like that of Hobbes, was
+believed to be a bid for the favour of Cromwell,[347] was already regarded
+with suspicion by the orthodox as unsound both in theology and philosophy;
+finally, the envoy suffered by the absence of Francesco Barberini, who had
+withdrawn from Rome. The Cardinal had not, it is true, been a very faithful
+friend[348] to the Queen of England, but in spite of occasional lapses he
+felt a certain interest in English affairs which might have counteracted in
+some measure the Irish influence brought to bear upon the Pope. Nor was it
+only Sir Kenelm who was out of favour; his cousin George Digby, through
+whose hands passed the negotiations of the King and Queen with the Irish,
+was industriously misrepresented by Rinuccini, while there were those who
+did not scruple to insinuate that the Queen required money for her private
+purposes, and that Jermyn, the heretic Jermyn, would have the spending of
+it. So greatly was the Pope influenced by these scandals that even those
+who favoured Henrietta and who would gladly have seen the Holy See unite
+with France to restore the King of England thought that Digby's best policy
+would be to plead for a grant of money for Ireland; but this course was
+prevented by the extraordinary conduct of Rinuccini, which has been already
+referred to, and which caused great wrath in the school of Catholics to
+which Digby belonged. It would be well, wrote White bitterly to Sir Kenelm,
+if the Pope could send into Ireland "such orders, or rather such a man,
+that may conserve the peace and seek more after the substance than after
+the outside of religion."[349]
+
+Thus affairs stood in Rome at the crisis of 1647.
+
+As early as 1645 it was believed that the Queen was inclined towards the
+Independents through the influence of Henry Percy and of Father Philip, who
+were suspected of communication with the leaders of that party;[350] in
+matters of religion they were less rigid than the Presbyterians; they
+possessed some glimmering of the idea of toleration, and they even showed
+some disposition to favour the Catholics. When in 1647 they gained the
+upper hand, Henrietta believed that the moment had come at last when the
+Catholics would be able to hold the balance between the King, the
+Presbyterians, and the Independents, and with the favour of the latter to
+win the long-hoped-for liberty of conscience, carrying with it the repeal
+of the penal laws. Never, it was thought, had the Catholics had such a
+chance since the days of Mary. Charles, characteristically, wished to keep
+out of sight in the negotiations. "You must know," wrote an English
+Catholic to Sir Kenelm Digby in August, 1647, "at last not only the
+Independents, but the King himself do give us solid hopes of a liberty of
+conscience for Catholics in England in case we can but gain security that
+our subjection to the Pope shall bring no prejudice to our allegiance
+towards his Majesty or that state; it is true the King will not appear in
+it, but would have the army make it their request unto him; and so I
+understand he hath advised the Catholics to treat with the army about it,
+and the business will be to frame an oath of allegiance."[351]
+
+The Catholics carried on negotiations with Sir Thomas Fairfax;[352] the
+rationale of the penal laws had always been the suspicion that the
+recusants held opinions subversive of the State and indeed of all social
+life, and it was to overcome this difficulty that Three Propositions were
+drawn up by the Catholics "importing that the Pope and Church had no power
+to absolve from obedience to civil government or dispense with word or oath
+made to heretics or authorize to injure other men upon pretence of them
+being excommunicated."[353] It was intimated that if the Catholics, by
+subscribing these opinions, could "vindicate these principles from
+inconsistency with civil government,"[354] the penal laws would be repealed
+and liberty of conscience granted.[355]
+
+It is no wonder that the English Catholics were in high spirits. The more
+moderate of them who were weary of being considered bad subjects for
+principles which they did not hold were glad to testify their loyalty not
+only to the Independents, but to the King, who had always been suspicious
+of it; a large number of Catholics came forward to sign the negative of the
+Three Propositions,[356] among whom were members of the religious Orders,
+even of the Society of Jesus, and well-known laymen, such as the Marquis of
+Winchester, whose defence of Basing House had won the admiration of the
+whole Royalist party, and Walter Montagu, who, though he was still in
+prison, was allowed to intermix in the negotiation.
+
+Out in Paris the Queen, who had spent her life trying to persuade her
+husband of the unimpeachable loyalty of her co-religionists, was doing her
+part. In July, even before the Three Propositions were drawn up, she put
+further pressure upon Rome for aid; there were men, there were munitions,
+all that was needed was money; surely in such a crisis to gain all that was
+at stake the Holy Father would supply it. She sent her instructions to
+Digby and waited in hope.
+
+Sir Kenelm pressed with all his eloquence the needs of the Catholics and
+their great opportunity. Perhaps the Pope was a little overwhelmed by his
+flow of words, for he requested him to put his arguments on paper; Digby,
+nothing loath, drew up memorials, of which the burden was always the need
+of money to enable the Catholics to take an influential part in the
+settlement which was believed to be pending. He descanted upon the hopes
+raised by the unexpected revolt of the Independents, who wished to destroy
+the Presbyterians and to favour the Catholics. The latter were exhausted by
+years of war and persecution, but if the Holy Father would only show a
+timely liberality they could so intervene as to bring about not only their
+own salvation, but that of their co-religionists in Ireland, thus saving
+the Pope the great expenses he was incurring on behalf of the Confederate
+Catholics. Moreover, by such conduct he would give proof that by sending
+Rinuccini to Ireland he had had no desire but the good of religion; if he
+refused the Queen's request, added Digby impressively, it would mean the
+ruin of religion, both in England and Ireland.
+
+Innocent may have given some attention to Digby's arguments, but probably
+at no time did he think of acting upon them. The reputation of the envoy,
+which was not improved by his disrespectful, if just, criticisms of the
+methods of the Papal Court, told heavily against his requests. Moreover,
+the Queen herself was little trusted, particularly in Irish affairs, for
+she was believed to put the interests of her husband above those of
+religion, and to favour unduly Lord Ormonde, to whom (in the vain hope of
+bringing about an accommodation between him and the Confederates) she had
+recently sent an agent, by name George Leybourn,[357] who, though a
+Catholic priest, belonged to a very different school of thought from that
+of the fierce Rinuccini. Besides, the recent events in England were
+prejudicial to Henrietta's interests in Rome.
+
+The negotiation of the Three Propositions was considered a private matter,
+but it came to the ears of the Pope. Innocent probably was aware that it
+was to a great extent managed by a section of the secular clergy, who,
+perhaps from their close connection with the intellectual society of Paris,
+held Gallican views of so extreme a type that they would gladly have
+settled the matter without reference to Rome, and who saw in the whole
+affair a nice opportunity of getting rid of their enemies the Jesuits, whom
+they thoughtfully suggested should be excluded from the general toleration;
+indeed, one of the chief supporters of the scheme was a priest named
+Holden, who was a great friend of Sir Kenelm Digby and Thomas White, and
+who had long been noted for the extravagance of his opinions.[358] This
+gentleman, now resident in Paris, wrote encouraging letters to his
+co-religionists in England, assuring them that their attitude on the
+questions raised by the Three Propositions was that of all the learned and
+judicious men of France. It is true that some of the more timid English
+Catholics, notwithstanding such encouragement, became alarmed, and wrote an
+exculpatory letter to the Holy Father, in which they informed him that the
+denial they had given to the Three Propositions was "in, the negative to
+theyr affirmative who presented them unto us, not absolutely in theyr
+negative, for that had indeed intruded further upon the Pope's authority
+than the subscribers were willing to doe."[359] But even such refinements
+could not save the conduct of the English Catholics from condemnation at
+Rome, where the deposing power was not so lightly to be parted with. Thus
+it is not surprising that Henrietta waited for a reply from the Pope with
+the heart-sickness of hope deferred. She did not know, what had long been
+confessed among the initiated, that the Holy Father's chief object was the
+success of the Confederate Catholics,[360] to whom in the spring of that
+same year he had sent, together with his paternal benediction, the sum of
+50,000 crowns. In September she took up her ever-ready pen and wrote
+herself to Innocent, a sad letter, in which she speaks of her devotion to
+the Catholic faith, and of the good intentions which had not been seconded
+as they should have been. It is not known whether the Pope replied to these
+reproaches, but a month later he received Sir Kenelm Digby once again,
+though he was probably aware of the fact that that gentleman was
+hand-in-glove with those whom he had censured in England.
+
+That gentleman's temper had not been improved by his long trials; the last
+memorial[361] which he drew up, which was to a great length, is extremely
+acrid in tone. It dwells with justice upon the services which the Queen had
+rendered to the Catholic Church, upon the fair hopes which had been
+blighted by the war. It speaks of the ill reception accorded to her
+friends--among whom are mentioned Richard Crashaw and Patrick Cary, the
+brother of Lord Falkland--at the Papal Court. Finally, it dwells with
+particular and not unmerited bitterness upon the conduct of Rinuccini, who,
+it was believed, had a secret commission to separate Ireland from England.
+It happened that just about the time of the presentation of this memorial
+the hopes of toleration for the Catholics in England disappeared as
+suddenly as they had arisen, for the two Houses of Parliament voted that
+religious liberty should not extend to the toleration of Papists;[362] but
+even had this untoward incident not occurred, Digby can hardly have
+expected much from the Pope. The answer came at last in March, 1648, and it
+was cold and decisive. The Holy Father would have liked to help the Queen
+of England, but seeing no hope of the success of the Catholics, he felt
+that he could not indulge his inclination.[363] Sir Kenelm shook the dust
+of Rome off his feet and left it more convinced than ever of what he had
+written a year previously, that no one could succeed at the Papal Court
+without money and influence, and that "piety, honour, generosity, devotion,
+zeal for the Catholic faith and for the service of God, with all other
+vertues, heroic and theological,"[364] were banished thence. Henrietta
+would perhaps hardly have endorsed this comprehensive indictment; but she
+was bitterly disappointed, and she was incapable of perceiving that from
+his own point of view Innocent was right in refusing money, of which such
+Catholics as Sir Kenelm Digby[365] and his friends would have had the
+spending. On larger principles also the papal policy was justified. The
+idea of founding a solid toleration for Catholics upon the basis of a union
+of the King and the Independents was chimerical, for those among the
+Puritans who favoured the scheme were but a small minority of advanced
+views, and even they, it seems, soon repented of their liberality. Even had
+Charles been trustworthy (and in this, as in other cases, he paid the
+penalty of his incurable shiftiness), the anti-Catholic feeling of the
+nation, which had been one of the chief causes of the war, would never have
+permitted the antedating by more than a century of the repeal of the penal
+laws, and had the guarantees been given they would assuredly have been
+broken. With regard to Ireland, the Queen is perhaps less to be blamed. She
+knew that the Confederate Catholics hoped much from her, and she could not
+know that Rinuccini, the envoy of the Holy Father, was using all his
+influence against her, or fathom the depth of the malice which led him to
+write that "from the Queen of England we must hope nothing except
+propositions hurtful to religion, since she is entirely in the hands of
+Jermyn, Digby, and other heretics."[366]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"He perished for lack of knowing the truth," said Henrietta once of her
+husband, with a flash of insight not often given to her. That which was
+true of Charles was true of her also; she was her father's daughter, and
+she desired to know the truth, and she was accustomed to say that the chief
+need of princes was faithful counsellors who would declare it to them; but
+to such knowledge she could not reach. Her schemes, with all their
+ingenuity, failed one after another because she was unable to grasp the
+conditions in which she worked, or to read the motives and characters of
+the people with whom she had to deal. She lived in a world of unreality
+built up of the love which she bore to her husband, which made her as
+unable to understand that the restoration of Charles Stuart to the throne
+he had lost was not the main object of the diplomacy of Europe, as she was
+to appreciate the fact that such negotiations as those which she, the Queen
+of a Protestant country, carried on with the Pope and the Catholics of
+Europe were more fatal to him than the swords or the malice of his enemies.
+
+[Footnote 308: Loret: _La Muse Historique_ (1859), t. II, p. 393.]
+
+[Footnote 309: One of them was Rene Chartier, an elderly man, who had
+attended several members of the royal family; he was the translator of
+Galen and Hippocrates. G. Patin: _Lettres._]
+
+[Footnote 310: Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 253.]
+
+[Footnote 311: Birchley: _Christian Moderator_ (1652), p. 20.]
+
+[Footnote 312: In 1642 the Queen accepted the dedication of _The Flaming
+Heart, or the Life of the Glorious S. Teresa_, published at Antwerp; it is
+a translation of the saint's autobiography.]
+
+[Footnote 313: A. a Wood: _Fasti Oxonienses_ (1691), II, p. 688.]
+
+[Footnote 314: See Appendix VII.]
+
+[Footnote 315: Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 264.]
+
+[Footnote 316: Sabran Negotiations, Add. MS., 5460.]
+
+[Footnote 317: This letter is found _in extenso_. MS. Dupuy, 642.]
+
+[Footnote 318: The Earl of Bristol and George, Lord Digby.]
+
+[Footnote 319: The relations between Henrietta and Goring, on the one hand,
+and the discontented French on the other, are mentioned in the _Carnets de
+Mazarin_, published in V. Cousin: _Mme de Chevreuse._]
+
+[Footnote 320: Mazarin, in a letter of 1651, speaks of "plus de trois mille
+livres prestees a la reyne d'Angleterre des occasions ou elle etoit reduite
+en grandes necessitez."--Cheruel: _Lettres de Mazarin_, IV, p. 221.]
+
+[Footnote 321: 1,500,000 francs is the sum named in the letter from Paris
+read in the English Parliament in January, 1646 (Tanner MS., LX); this
+present is not mentioned in the official account of the assembly of clergy,
+and it is possible that the writer of the above letter listened to a
+baseless rumour and that no such gift was made at the time.]
+
+[Footnote 322: The official report of this speech is in the "Proces Verbal
+de l'assemblee du clerge, 1645"; the only copy which the present writer has
+seen is in the _Bibliotheque Magasin_ in Paris. The Roundheads printed a
+translation of the speech (with comments) in pamphlet form, entitled: "A
+warning to the Parliament of England. A discovery of the ends and designs
+of the Popish party both abroad and at home in the raising and fomenting
+our late war and still continuing troubles. In an oration made to the
+general assembly of the French clergy in Paris by Mons. Jacques du Perron,
+Bishop of Angoulesme and Grand Almoner to the Queen of England. Translated
+out of an MS. copy obtained from a good hand in France. 1647."]
+
+[Footnote 323: This was denied by the Roundheads. See "A warning to the
+Parliament of England," etc.; but it was apparently generally believed in
+France. See Sabran Neg., Add. MS., 5460.]
+
+[Footnote 324: Document VI in the Appendix seems to refer to the
+negotiations between the King and the Catholics at this time.]
+
+[Footnote 325: The King's letter to the Queen was one of those taken at
+Naseby and published in _The King's Cabinet Opened_. The passage runs thus:
+"I have thought of one means more to furnish thee with for my assistance
+than hitherto thou hast had. It is that I give thee power to promise in my
+name to whom thou thinkest most fit that I will take away all the penal
+laws against the Roman Catholics in England as soon as God shall enable me
+to do it, so as by their means, or in their favours, I may have so powerful
+assistance as may deserve so great a favour and enable me to do it." Du
+Perron's reference to this letter proves that it was not a forgery of the
+Puritans.
+
+In a letter from Paris "presented by Mr. Speaker," January 29th, 164-5/6,
+is the following passage: "For these causes and further help (iff need
+shall be) the queene has obliged herselff solemnlie that the King shall
+establishe frie liberty of conscience in all his three kingdomes, and shall
+abolishe utterlie all penal statutes made by Queene Elizabeth and King
+James of glorious memorie against Poperie and papists."--Tanner MS., LX.]
+
+[Footnote 326: _Moderate Intelligencer_, July, 1646. "The clergy conveaned
+in favour of her Majesty of England's designs finding that there was little
+hopes to bring about at present either the recovery or increase of the
+Catholic religion and so to no end to advance monies unless to exasperate
+and bring ruin upon those of the Roman religion there, have agreed to give
+and directed to be presented unto her some few thousands of crowns, a somme
+fitter to buy hangings for a chamber than prosecute a war: are risen and
+have dismissed this assembly."]
+
+[Footnote 327: The Confederate Catholics were a body formed after the Irish
+rebellion of 1641; there were at this time (1645) three parties in Ireland,
+the Confederate Catholics, the Protestants--whose army was commanded by
+Ormonde, the King's Viceroy--and the Puritans: the two former, though
+nominally enemies, had a common ground in their hatred of the latter.]
+
+[Footnote 328: O'Hartegan records with great glee that while he was
+received in audience by Mazarin and even invited to dine in his palace,
+Jermyn, "His Holiness, His Nuntius," and other ambassadors, were unable to
+obtain an audience even after many days' solicitation. Mazarin's real
+object was to prevent the Confederate Catholics from "casting themselves
+wholly into the armes of the King of Spain." Tanner MS., LX.]
+
+[Footnote 329: As early as 1635 she said that she had not corresponded with
+Elizabeth for ten years, as the latter said she could not write freely.
+Aff. Etran. Ang., t. 45.]
+
+[Footnote 330: See Appendix V.]
+
+[Footnote 331: It is said that Bishop Smith, who was still alive, was
+opposed to Sir Kenelm Digby's undertaking this mission, but was overborne.]
+
+[Footnote 332: The same misfortune occurred a few months later when George
+Digby was defeated at Sherborne (October, 1645) and his correspondence,
+much of which concerned the intrigues of the King and Queen, fell into the
+hands of the enemy, and was afterwards read in Parliament; and again at
+Sligo (October, 1645), when the Glamorgan Treaty was found in the coach of
+the Archbishop of Tuam.]
+
+[Footnote 333: In this letter the Queen thanks the Pope for "des armes et
+munitions de guerre qu'elle a fourni, de la promesse qu'elle m'a donne
+d'une nouvelle assistance d'argent et de la restitution des pensions a ceux
+de la nation ecossaise tant a Rome qu'a Avignon."--P.R.O. Roman
+Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 334: Rinuccini: _Embassy in Ireland_, p. lviii.]
+
+[Footnote 335: He was the founder of S. Isidore's College in Rome.]
+
+[Footnote 336: Nevertheless in 1642 Urban sent an agent by name Scarampi to
+Ireland at the request of Cardinal Francesco Barberini.]
+
+[Footnote 337: _Il Cappuccino Scozzese_ (1644). Before the end of the
+seventeenth century it was translated into French, Spanish, and Portuguese,
+during the eighteenth century into English.]
+
+[Footnote 338: Her husband warned her in January, 1645, not to give "much
+countenance to the Irish agents in Paris."--_King's Cabinet Opened_. She
+replied, "That troubles me much, for I fear that you have no intention of
+making a peace with them [the Irish] which is ruinous for you and for
+me."--Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 290. February 28th,
+164-4/5.]
+
+[Footnote 339: _King's Cabinet Opened._]
+
+[Footnote 340: "... D. Baro Germanus qui in maxima apud Reginam Angliae
+gratia nec minore quam Cardinalis Mazarinus apud Reginam
+Galliae."--Grotius: _Epistolae ineditae_ (1806), p. 71.]
+
+[Footnote 341: There is little doubt that Henrietta would have been willing
+to cede to France the Channel Islands, the last remains of the great
+heritage of the Conqueror, in return for help.]
+
+[Footnote 342: See _Letters of Charles I to Henrietta Maria in 1646_, ed.
+Bruce. Camden Society.]
+
+[Footnote 343: This is Berkeley's own account taken from his memoirs.
+Clarendon's is very different, and says that Berkeley was a vain man who
+was delighted to undertake the mission.]
+
+[Footnote 344: Tanner MS., LX.]
+
+[Footnote 345: These articles are published among the documents at the end
+of Rinuccini's _Embassy in Ireland_, p. 573; among the Roman Transcripts
+P.R.O. are very similar articles endorsed "in the handwriting of Sir Kenelm
+Digby." They are among the papers of 1647, and very possibly belong to the
+later date.]
+
+[Footnote 346: In May, 1647, the Queen wrote to the Pope asking him not to
+receive communications from unauthorized persons who approached him in her
+name, but only from Digby. P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 347: "The grounds of obedience and government by Thomas White,
+gentleman (1635), dedicated 'to my most honoured and best friend Sir Kenelm
+Digby.'" White knew Hobbes, but his political theory is rather an
+anticipation of that of Locke and the eighteenth-century Whigs.]
+
+[Footnote 348: Later it was even believed that he was favourable to the
+Roundheads. An English gentleman who was in Rome in 1650 complained of his
+discourtesy, "who was the English (I say rebels') Protector."--John
+Bargrave: _Pope Alexander VII and the College of Cardinals_.]
+
+[Footnote 349: _Blacklo's Cabal Discovered_, p. 6. This curious book, which
+was published in 1679, consists of a collection of letters which throws
+much light upon Sir Kenelm Digby's mission and the events of 1647.]
+
+[Footnote 350: The writer of an unsigned letter in the Bibliotheque
+Nationale in Paris says that he was charged "de representer a la serieuse
+consideration de la Reyne et de Mgr. le Cardinal le trois que prennent les
+Independants qui va a la ruine totale du Roy et des siens et directement a
+charger le gouvernement et combien cela regarde la France; que les chefs de
+cette faction sont le Comte de Northumberland My lord Saye et les deux
+Vaines qui font agir aupres de notre Roy et au dela aupres de notre Reyne
+par My lord Percy et autres qui ont toutes leurs confidence au Pere
+Philipes; ceux la ont contre eux tous les Escossais et les meuilleurs
+Anglois si bien que si notre Reyne ne veut recevoir et assister ces bons
+Anglois et les Escossais il se trouvera quelle fera bien de ne penser plus
+a repasser en Angleterre."--MS. Francais, 15,994.]
+
+[Footnote 351: _Blacklo's Cabal Discovered_, p. 21; the suggested oath is
+printed, p. 49.]
+
+[Footnote 352: These negotiations were of the nature of a private
+understanding based on the twelfth article of the Heads of the Proposals
+offered by the army, which provided for "the repeal of all Acts or clauses
+in any Act enjoining the use of the Book of Common Prayer, and imposing any
+penalties for neglect thereof; as also of all Acts or clauses of any Act
+imposing any penalty for not coming to Church or for meetings elsewhere for
+prayer or other religious duties, exercises or ordinances and some other
+provision to be made for discovery of Papists and Popish recusants and for
+disabling of them and of all Jesuits or Priests found disturbing the
+State."--Gardiner: _Constitutional Documents of the Puritan Revolution_, p.
+321.]
+
+[Footnote 353: "The controversial Letter on the great controversie
+concerning the pretended temporal authority of Popes over the whole earth.
+1673."]
+
+[Footnote 354: _Ibid._]
+
+[Footnote 355: The Three Propositions were printed several times in the
+latter half of the seventeenth century, among other places (together with
+the suggested oath of allegiance) in _Blacklo's Cabal Discovered_. There
+are several MS. copies among the archives of the See of Westminster, at the
+end of one of which it is said that it was signed by fifty Catholic nobles,
+but was condemned by the Congregation at Rome. See Appendix VIII.]
+
+[Footnote 356: The Three Propositions are statements of the opinions
+objected to, and which the Catholics were required to subscribe in the
+negative.]
+
+[Footnote 357: He travelled under the pseudonym of Winter Grant. He was an
+old friend of the Queen, having been her chaplain before the war; he had
+been a friend of Father Philip. His own memoirs give the best account of
+his unsuccessful mission.]
+
+[Footnote 358: Con, years earlier, in one of his letters from England,
+writes of Holden's extravagant opinions.]
+
+[Footnote 359: Archives of the See of Westminster. It seems that the
+censure was of a private nature; it is printed in Jouvency: "Receuil de
+pieces touchant l'histoire de la Compagnie de Jesus" (1713), where it is
+ascribed to the influence of the Jesuits.]
+
+[Footnote 360: Those less sanguine than Henrietta had long known this; "the
+Pope cannot doe much, all he can is promised for Ireland," occurs in a
+letter of the beginning of 1646 from Robert Wright to "Mr. Jones of the
+Commons." Tanner MS., LX.]
+
+[Footnote 361: Among the Roman Transcripts in the P.R.O. are five memorials
+drawn up by Sir Kenelm Digby, dated respectively July 14th, July 26th,
+August 3rd, August 12th, and October 20th, 1647. Of the latter there is a
+duplicate dated 1648 among the Chigi Transcripts (P.R.O.), and there is an
+old English translation among the archives of the See of Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 362: Whitelocke: _Memorials of English Affairs_, p. 274.]
+
+[Footnote 363: P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 364: Digby to Barberini, April 28th, 1647. P.R.O. Roman
+Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 365: Sir Kenelm Digby somewhat later entered into negotiations
+with Cromwell in the hope of obtaining toleration for the Catholics.
+Henrietta Maria (if a story, which on the authority of Cosin found its way
+into a letter written from Paris, may be believed) grew suspicious at last
+of the man she had trusted so long; one of his friends was telling her of
+his arrival in Paris, "but she suddenly interrupted him as he was
+commending the knight and said openly in the hall, 'Mr. K. Digby, c'est un
+grand cochin [knave].'" Tanner MS., 149. George Davenport to W. Sancroft,
+Paris, January 15th, 165-6/7. Sir Kenelm died in 1665.]
+
+[Footnote 366: Rinuccini: _Embassy in Ireland_, p. 367. Digby is George
+Digby, afterwards the second Earl of Bristol; he became a Catholic in later
+days, but Rinuccini seems to have disliked him rather more after his
+conversion than before.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+THE QUEEN OF THE EXILES
+
+  Rememberance sat as portress of this gate.
+
+                                     WILLIAM BROWNE
+
+
+It was the beginning of the year 1649. France, which four years earlier had
+seemed so secure a refuge, was itself torn by civil war. The day of
+Barricades had come and gone; Paris was in the hands of the Frondeurs,
+deserted by Queen Anne and by the little King who had retired for safety to
+S. Germain-en-Laye: Mazarin seemed to the full as unpopular as even
+Strafford had been.
+
+Within the city, in the palace of the Louvre, the Queen of England yet
+lingered; she would gladly have escaped to her relatives at S. Germain, but
+when she attempted to do so she was stopped at the end of the Tuileries
+Gardens. However, she had little fear; she knew that she was popular with
+the people, who preferred her sprightly ways to those of the _devote_
+Spanish Queen, who thought of nothing but convents and monks, and she was
+content to wait upon events. It is true she was exceedingly uncomfortable;
+little by little the seemly establishment she had kept up in the early days
+of the exile had dwindled as she strained every nerve to send supplies to
+her husband, but she had never known need until now, when for six months
+her allowance from the King of France had not been paid. However, one day,
+when in the bitter cold of January she could not even afford a fire, she
+received a visit from the Coadjutor Bishop, who was a man of great
+importance among the Frondeurs. Little Princess Henrietta, who had been
+smuggled over to France in 1646 and who was now about four years old, was
+lying in bed. "You see," said the Queen, indicating the little girl and
+speaking with her usual cheerfulness, "the poor child cannot get up, as I
+have no means of keeping her warm." De Retz, in spite of his leanings to
+liberalism, was so shocked that a daughter of England and still more a
+granddaughter of Henry the Great should be in such a plight, that he
+prevailed upon the Parliament to send a considerable sum of money to the
+Queen of England.
+
+It was never the physical accidents of life that weighed upon
+Henrietta--these she could bear so lightly as to shame her attendants into
+a like courage; but there was worse than cold or privation, worse even than
+the fear lest her native land might be rushing to the same fate as had
+overwhelmed the land of her adoption.[367] The real misery was the anxiety
+which was gnawing at her heart for her children, and above all for her
+husband. During the day she was able in some degree to divert her mind from
+it, but in the silent watches of the night it overwhelmed her.
+
+She had begged and entreated the French Government to intervene between
+Charles and the foes in whose hands he was; but after her long experience
+of Mazarin she was not surprised at the ineffectual character of such
+intervention as the French ambassador gave. In Paris people were too much
+taken up with their own troubles "to take much notice" or to "care much of
+what may happen to the King of England."[368] Lower and lower sank the
+Queen's hopes, until at last all that she desired was to be at her
+husband's side to uphold him in his trouble. Laying aside in her great love
+the pride which prompted her to ask nothing from her enemies, she wrote to
+both Houses of Parliament asking for a safe conduct to England. Even this
+sorry comfort was denied her: her letters, the purport of which was known,
+were left unopened, to be found in that condition more than thirty years
+later among the State Papers.
+
+In Paris the days dragged on. The city was so blockaded it was almost
+impossible for letters to enter it. There was great uncertainty as to the
+fate of the King of England, but sinister rumours, which probably came by
+way of Holland, began to be rife. One day Lord Jermyn presented himself
+before Henrietta and told her that her husband had been condemned to death
+and taken out to execution, but that the people had risen and saved him.
+Thus did the faithful servant attempt to prepare the Queen; and even over
+this shadow of the merciless truth she wept in recounting it to her
+friends.
+
+But at last concealment was impossible. Father Cyprien was at this time in
+attendance on the Queen, and one evening as he was leaving her dining-room
+at the supper hour he was stopped at the door and asked to remain, as she
+would have need of his consolation and support. His wondering looks were
+answered by a brief statement of the fate of the King of England, at which
+the old man shuddered all over as the messenger passed on. Henrietta was
+talking cheerfully with such friends as the state of Paris permitted to
+gather round her, but she was awaiting anxiously the return of a gentleman
+whom she had sent to S. Germain-en-Laye. Jermyn (for it was he who had
+taken upon himself the task of breaking the hard news) said a few words
+intended to prepare her; she, with her usual quickness of perception, soon
+saw that something was wrong, and preferring certainty to suspense begged
+him to tell her plainly what had happened. With many circumlocutions he
+replied, until at last the fatal news was told.
+
+"Curae leves loquuntur, graves stupent," is the comment of Father Cyprien,
+the spectator of this scene. Henrietta was utterly crushed by so awful a
+blow, which deprived her, by no ordinary visitation, but in so unheard-of
+and terrible manner, of him who had been at once "a husband, a friend, and
+a king"; she sank down in what was not so much a faint as a paralysis of
+all power and of all sensation except that of grief; she neither moved nor
+spoke nor wept, and so long did this unnatural state continue that her
+attendants became alarmed, and, in their fear, sent for the Duchess of
+Vendome,[369] a sweet and charitable lady whose whole life was devoted to
+doing good and of whom the Queen was particularly fond; she, by her tears
+and her gentle sympathy, was able to bring Henrietta to a more normal
+condition in which tears relieved her overcharged heart. All the next day
+she remained invisible, weeping over the horror which to her at least was
+unexpected, for she had never believed until the last that the English
+people would permit such an outrage, and recalling, with bursts of
+uncontrollable grief, the happy days she had spent with the husband who had
+been her lover to the end. "I wonder I did not die of grief," she said
+afterwards, and indeed, at first, death seemed the only thing left to be
+desired, but
+
+  "Jamas muere un triste
+  Quando convienne que muera."[370]
+
+On the following day, however, she was sufficiently recovered to receive
+Madame de Motteville, who was setting out for S. Germain-en-Laye. The Queen
+asked her friend to come and kneel beside the bed on which she was lying,
+and then taking her hand she begged of her to carry a message to the
+Queen-Regent. "Tell my sister," said Henrietta, "to beware of irritating
+her people, unless" (with a flash of the Bourbon spirit) "she has the means
+of crushing them utterly." Then she turned her face to the wall and gave
+way once more to her uncontrollable sorrow. Only one thing could have
+increased her grief, and that was the knowledge, mercifully hidden from
+her, of the part which she had played in bringing her husband to his
+terrible doom.
+
+It was but a few days later that she roused herself to go for a short visit
+to her friends, the Carmelite nuns in the Faubourg S. Jacques;[371] but
+there fresh agitation awaited her, for thither was brought the last tender
+letter which her husband had written for her consolation when he knew that
+he must die. As she read it grief once more overcame her and she sank
+fainting into the arms of two of the nuns who stood near; but she was
+stronger now than when she had met the first shock. Flinging herself on her
+knees before the crucifix which hung on the wall and raising her eyes and
+hands to heaven, she cried, "Lord, I will not complain, for it is Thou who
+hast permitted it." A similar courage upheld her in receiving indifferent
+acquaintance and uncongenial relatives who came to pay visits of
+condolence. Mademoiselle de Montpensier, indeed, considered that her aunt
+was less affected by her husband's death than she should have been, though
+she had the grace to add that it was probably self-respect and pride which
+forbade the widow to show the depth of her sorrow; this was undoubtedly the
+case. Henrietta might open her heart to dear friends such as Madame de
+Motteville or the Duchess of Vendome, but she could not expose the
+sacredness of grief to the curious eyes of her niece, who not only had
+shown herself very indifferent to the charms of the Prince of Wales, on
+which, perhaps, Henrietta had descanted rather too frequently, but was
+inclined to regard the Queen of England's tales of the happiness and
+prosperity of her married life as somewhat highly coloured.
+
+The execution of Charles I caused an unparalleled sensation throughout
+Europe, and indeed the world. Kings shivered on their thrones and despotic
+governments trembled. Sovereigns had indeed been murdered with a frequency
+which made such tragedies almost commonplace, but it was without precedent
+that a king should be put to death after a judicial trial by the hands of
+his own subjects. Even in far-away India a king who heard the news from the
+crew of an English ship replied that "if any man mentioned such a thing he
+should be put to death, or if he could not be found out, they should all dy
+for it."[372] In France the horror was specially felt, both on account of
+the close ties which bound together the two royal houses and because, owing
+to the unforgotten murder of Henry IV, regicide was a crime particularly
+odious to all good Frenchmen, who abhorred the views held on this subject
+by an advanced school of Catholicism. Moreover, the state of the country
+was such as to cause apprehension of a civil war similar to that which had
+caused the tragedy. "It is a blow which should make all kings tremble,"
+said Queen Anne. Even the rebellious Frondeurs were shocked at the news.
+Many a gallant Frenchman would gladly have unsheathed the sword to avenge
+the murder of Charles Stuart, and many did take up the pen to exhort
+Christian princes to lay aside their differences and to turn their arms
+against the English murderers, which, of course, those potentates were not
+prepared to do, though they had a just appreciation of the offence offered
+to all kingship in this audacious act. Even the name of the much-loved
+Pucelle d'Orleans[373] was invoked in the cause, while a living lady, Dame
+Isabeau Bernard de Laynes, was so overcome by her feelings that she broke
+into verse, beginning--
+
+  "Hereux celui qui sur la terre
+  Vengera du roi d'Angleterre
+  La mort donnee injustement
+  Par ses subjects, chose inouye,
+  De lui avoir oste la vie
+  Quel horrible dereglement."[374]
+
+Zealous Catholics shook their heads and said that now the real tendencies
+of the impious Reformation were appearing, which theme Bossuet developed
+with great effect when he came to preach Henrietta's funeral sermon;[375]
+others, more liberal-minded, contended that the two great religions of Rome
+and Geneva could live together very well, as was proved in France, but that
+the King of England had allowed all kinds of sects and sectaries, a course
+which clearly could only lead to disaster; the Sieur de Marsys, the French
+tutor of the young Princes of England, translated the story of the trial
+into French that all Frenchmen might read and ponder the monstrous
+document.[376] It was even said that the little Louis XIV, who was not yet
+eleven years old, took to heart in a way hardly to be expected the murder
+of his uncle, as if the child saw through the mists of the future another
+royal scaffold and the horrors of 1793.
+
+Henrietta received plenty of sympathetic words and visits of condolence,
+but she received little else. It was believed that the condition to which
+Mazarin was reduced by the Frondeurs had emboldened the rebels in England
+to commit their last desperate act, but the instructions which the Cardinal
+penned to the French ambassador in London, before the fatal January 30th,
+show that his fear of the Spanish was a good deal stronger than his desire
+to help the King of England, and after the tragedy he only expressed polite
+regrets that France had not been able to follow the good example of
+Holland, which had protested against the regicide, and made a great favour
+of recalling the ambassador and refusing to recognize the republican agents
+in Paris. It was reserved for an old servant of Henrietta to show sympathy
+in a more practical manner. Du Perron, who at the request of the Queen of
+England had been translated to the See of Evreux, found himself detained by
+the Frondeurs, sorely against his will, in his own cathedral city. Ill, and
+wounded in his tenderest feelings by a compulsory semblance of disloyalty,
+he so took to heart the news of the terrible death of King Charles, to whom
+he was greatly attached, that he became rapidly worse and died in a few
+days.
+
+The story of the heroic manner in which Charles met his terrible death
+wrung tears from many an eye in Paris. Henrietta, who had lived with him
+for twenty years, must have known that he would not fail in personal
+courage. After all, misfortune was no novelty to the House of Stuart.
+Charles' own grandmother had mounted the scaffold of Elizabeth, and of his
+remoter ancestors who sat upon the throne of Scotland few had escaped a
+violent death; when the moment came he was ready to fulfil the tragic
+destiny of his race. To his widow his royal courage was so much a matter of
+course that it brought her little consolation; but some real comfort she
+might have known could she have foreseen that such ready acceptance of his
+fate would not only blot out in the mind of his people the memory of his
+many failings, but would throw a glory over his name and career which has
+not completely faded even to the present day.
+
+[Illustration: HENRY JERMYN, EARL OF ST. ALBANS
+
+FROM AN ENGRAVING]
+
+No one felt more than Henrietta that the King of England's fate was a
+warning to those in authority. She watched with painful interest the course
+of rebellion in France, and when at last she was able to see the
+Queen-Regent,[377] she gave that obstinate lady some excellent advice,
+dwelling particularly on the goodwill of the Parisians to their little
+King, and the general dislike which was felt for Cardinal Mazarin. In 1649
+the rebellion was repressed, but only that it might break out anew two
+years later. During the second war of the Fronde, Henrietta, who thought
+that English history was repeating itself in France,[378] sought Queen Anne
+at S. Germain-en-Laye. There in an assembly, composed of both Frenchmen and
+Englishmen, she pressed upon her sister-in-law counsels of wisdom and
+moderation which it had been well had she herself followed in the past. "My
+sister," said the haughty Spanish lady, who was weary of advice, specially
+perhaps from one who had known so little how to manage her own concerns,
+"do you wish to be Queen of France as well as of England?"
+
+Henrietta's reply came promptly, but with a world of sadness in it, "I am
+nothing, do you be something!"[379]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Queen Henrietta Maria's position was considerably altered by her husband's
+death; on the one hand she became a person of greater importance as the
+adviser of her young son, who was hardly of an age to manage his own
+affairs; on the other, she was deprived of Charles' powerful support, and
+laid more open to the attacks of her opponents, whose fear it was to see
+her two sons, Charles and James, who arrived in Paris shortly after their
+father's death, fall under her influence.
+
+Party feeling ran high at the exiled Court, which, with the suppression of
+the first rebellion of the Fronde, took shape again. Henrietta was
+respected by all--"our good Queen," she was affectionately called--but her
+religion and her politics were disliked by the Church of England
+constitutional party, which was strongly represented in Paris. Sir Edward
+Hyde, Sir Edward Nicholas, and their friends, considered with some justice
+that her counsels had been fatal to the master whose death had placed him
+on a pinnacle, where assuredly he had never been in his lifetime. They
+particularly disliked Jermyn, whose great influence with the Queen exposed
+him to jealousy, and Lord Culpepper[380] and Henry Percy, his intimate
+friends, were little less obnoxious to them. "I may tell you freely," wrote
+Ormonde, the late Viceroy of Ireland, who arrived in Paris at the end of
+1651, "I believe all these lords go upon as ill principles as may be; for I
+doubt there is few of them that would not do anything almost, or advise the
+King to do anything, that may probably recover his or their estates."[381]
+
+Shortly after the King's death the Queen's party (or that of the Louvre, as
+its enemies called it) was strengthened by the arrival of a recruit of
+great importance, Henrietta's old friend Walter Montagu, whom she had never
+seen since they parted in Holland in 1643. This gentleman, since his
+apprehension at Rochester, had been in the hands of the Roundheads; he had
+spent most of his time in the Tower of London, where he varied the monotony
+of prison life by a spirited controversy with a fellow-prisoner, Dr. John
+Bastwick, of pillory fame, who expressed himself greatly pleased with his
+nimble-witted adversary. He also became very devout, and in proof thereof
+wrote a volume of spiritual essays, which he published in 1647 with a
+charming dedication to the Queen of England, wherein piety and flattery
+were delicately blended. In spite of the dislike with which he was
+regarded,[382] he was treated with consideration, partly no doubt through
+the influence of his brother, the Earl of Manchester, with whom he was
+always on good terms and who even supplied him with money, but partly also,
+probably, because it was felt that the Queen of France, who pleaded over
+and over again for his enlargement, must not be irritated beyond measure.
+He was permitted to go to Tunbridge Wells on account of his health, which
+suffered from his long confinement, and he was finally released on the
+ground that he had never borne arms against the Parliament, which was true
+enough, as he had been in prison almost since the beginning of the war.
+Nevertheless, together with his friend Sir Kenelm Digby, who had reappeared
+in England, he was banished the country under pain of death.[383] He
+quickly repaired to Spa to drink the waters there, and thence passed to
+Paris, where he was warmly welcomed by the Queens, both of England and
+France.
+
+The appearance of Walter Montagu--a frail worldling, as he calls
+himself--in the role of a spiritual writer probably caused much the same
+sort of amusement in Parisian circles as was caused in later days in those
+of London by the publication of Richard Steel's _Christian Hero_. But it
+was soon found that the long years of prison and danger had wrought a real
+change in the whilom courtier, who now became a _devot_ of the fashionable
+Parisian type. He lost no time in putting into execution his former project
+of embracing the ecclesiastical state. "Your old friend, Wat Montagu,"
+wrote Lord Hatton in February, 1650-1, "hath already taken upon him the
+_robe longue_ and received the first orders and intends before Easter (as I
+am credibly assured) to take the order of Priesthood."[384] He sang his
+first Mass at Pontoise in the following April, and in the autumn of the
+same year received by the favour of Queen Anne the Abbey of Nanteuil, which
+gave him the title of Abbe and a sufficient income. A few years later the
+same royal patroness bestowed upon him the richer and more important Abbey
+of S. Martin at Pontoise,[385] whose ample revenues he expended with such
+liberality and tact as to win the gratitude of his less fortunate
+compatriots, Catholics and Protestants alike.
+
+One of the earliest questions which the Queen had to settle after her
+husband's execution was that of her eldest son's plans. At first a journey
+to Ireland was contemplated, but finally it was decided that the young King
+should go to Scotland and try his fortune among those who had betrayed his
+father. Henrietta herself was inclined to the Presbyterian alliance, in
+which opinion she was encouraged by the Louvre party. English and French
+Catholics alike believed that the silly Anglican compromise had met with
+the fate it deserved, and that henceforward the spoils would be divided
+between themselves and the Presbyterians. The remnant of Anglicans who
+showed a gallant faith in their position which later events justified
+distrusted these latter so deeply that they would almost have preferred the
+King to remain an exile for ever to seeing him restored by their means, who
+had sold the Blessed Martyr. As for the Presbyterian alliance with the
+Catholics, that they considered the most natural thing in the world;[386]
+for in their opinion both schools of thought aimed at an undue
+subordination of the civil to the religious power, or as a Royalist
+rhymester put it:--
+
+  "A Scot and Jesuit, join'd in hand,
+  First taught the world to say
+  That subjects ought to have command
+  And princes to obey."[387]
+
+Nevertheless, in spite of opposition, Charles went off to Scotland, and
+there, to the deep disgust of his Anglican friends, who had to learn that
+he was a very different man from his father, he was persuaded to take the
+Covenant, a step which they believed would not only alienate his best
+friends, but prejudice his chances with Providence.[388] Even the Queen was
+annoyed, unless, as her opponents hinted, she feigned her chagrin. But
+annoyance soon gave place to anxiety. First came the news of the defeat of
+Dunbar, then of the "crowning mercy" of Worcester; at last, after weeks of
+suspense, Henrietta was able to welcome her son once more, safe indeed, but
+worn out by almost incredible adventures and escapes, and cured for life by
+his sojourn among them of any liking for the Presbyterians. It was no
+wonder that the lad was depressed and irritable and unwilling to talk to
+his mother or any one else, though she had still considerable influence
+over him, so that it was complained that the King's secret council were his
+mother, "Lord Jermyn, and Watt. Montagu, for that of greatest business he
+consults with them only, without the knowledge of Marquis of Ormonde or Sir
+Ed. Hyde."[389] She was able to persuade him (the more easily, no doubt,
+from his Scotch experiences) to refrain from attending the Huguenot worship
+at Charenton, which she thought might compromise him with his relatives of
+France.
+
+And, indeed, under the pressure of her many misfortunes, Henrietta was
+becoming more of a bigot than she had ever been before.[390] In 1647 Father
+Philip died.[391] The loss of this worthy old man, who was well aware of
+the caution necessary to a Catholic queen living among heretics, exposed
+her to the influence of other and less judicious counsellors, specially
+after the death of her Grand Almoner,[392] which deprived her of another
+moderating influence. When in 1650 the Anglican service, which had been
+held at the Louvre since the first days of the exile, was suppressed,
+Protestant gossip pointed out Walter Montagu as the author of this deed;
+but that gentleman would reply nothing, even to so weighty an interrogator
+as Sir Edward Hyde, except that the Queen of France was at liberty to give
+what orders she pleased in her own house. Henrietta may have regretted this
+sudden outburst of zeal on the part of her sister-in-law, but she found no
+answer to make when that lady came to visit her and told her, with the
+solemnity of a Spaniard and a _devote_, that she thought the recent
+troubles of her son the King of France must have been due to his mother's
+weak toleration of heretical worship at the Louvre. History does not record
+whether she changed her mind when this act of reparation was not followed
+by an abatement of the rebellion; but henceforth the Anglican service was
+held nowhere but in the chapel of Sir Richard Browne, the father-in-law of
+John Evelyn, whose house was protected by his position as resident of the
+King of England. There John Cosin, the exiled Dean of Durham, who still
+kept up his impartial warfare against Rome on the one side and Geneva on
+the other, struck heavy blows in the cause of the Church of England, not,
+it was reported, without success. Religious feeling ran as high as ever it
+had years before in London,[393] and the good Dean's controversial acerbity
+was not sweetened when his only son went over to the enemy, by the
+instrumentality, it was said, of Walter Montagu. Nor did the alert Abbe's
+victories end there. Thomas Hobbes was still living among his learned
+friends in the French capital. His religion, or lack of it, made him
+suspect to Catholics and Protestants alike, and the Anglicans were
+considerably chagrined when they heard that this dangerous person, on the
+recommendation of Montagu, had been removed from the English Court, where
+the young King had shown an unfortunate liking for his company. They would
+fain have had the credit themselves of this judicious act, though perhaps
+in later days, when they saw the "father of atheists" a welcome guest at
+Whitehall, some of them may have been glad to be able to say that they had
+had nothing to do with the odious persecution which he had suffered from
+the bigots in Paris.
+
+Three years after the suppression of the Anglican service at the Louvre,
+other events occurred which did not tend to Henrietta's popularity with
+some of her son's best friends. Henry, Duke of Gloucester, the youngest son
+of Charles I, is now chiefly remembered as an actor in that most pathetic
+of all farewell scenes, when he and his sister Elizabeth took leave of
+their dying father. The little girl never recovered the shock of her
+father's death, and died without seeing again the mother who longed for
+her. Henry was too young to suffer thus, and at one time a rumour was about
+which reached the ears of Sir Edward Nicholas that Cromwell intended to
+make the child king; but in 1653 the authorities in England, touched by
+compassion for his youth, or perhaps finding him more trouble than he was
+worth, sent him over to his sister in Holland, whence, much against that
+lady's will, he was fetched to Paris to his mother's side. Henrietta was
+charmed with the little fellow, whom she had not seen since he was quite a
+child. Though small and thin he was "beautiful as a little angel" and,
+while resembling his aunt Christine in face, possessed the fascinating
+manners of his father's family and was remarkably forward in book-learning.
+The boy was made much of, not only by his mother, but by the whole French
+Court. "You know they always like anything new,"[394] wrote the Queen of
+England to her sister, and she goes on to relate with some amusement the
+innumerable visits she received on account of this _petit chevalier_. She
+was, no doubt, glad that he had made so good an impression upon his French
+relatives, for she had schemes for his advancement which depended largely
+on their favour.
+
+The only one of her children whom Henrietta had been able to bring up in
+her own faith was the dearest of all, the youngest little daughter, whom
+she was wont to call her child of benediction. It is probable that during
+her husband's lifetime she felt a scruple in trying to turn his children
+from the religion which their father professed, particularly as he showed a
+generous confidence in her in the matter; but now that he was gone she felt
+her obligation to be over, and she gave much time and attention to
+influencing the minds of her two elder sons, of whom she had good hopes.
+She even, unmindful of the lessons of the past, entered anew into
+negotiations with the Pope and, by means of the Duchess of Aiguillon, a
+niece of Richelieu, held out, in the name of her son, hopes of untold
+benefits to the Catholics of the British Isles if the Holy Father would
+only assist the young and importunate monarch, who would certainly repay
+his paternal kindness with interest.[395] But, nevertheless, the Queen knew
+well enough the grave difficulties in the way of Charles' profession of the
+Catholic faith, and she turned with relief to the little Henry in whose
+youth she saw an easy prey. She had other arguments than those of religion
+to bring forward. All sensible people, she told the boy, were now agreed
+that the King, his brother, would not regain his throne. He knew the
+extreme poverty to which the revolution had reduced his family; how as a
+Protestant did he propose to live in a manner suitable to his rank as a
+Prince of England? Whereas, if he would become a Catholic and take orders,
+his aunt, the Queen of France, would make everything easy by procuring for
+him a cardinal's hat, and by bestowing upon him such rich benefices as
+would afford him a fitting provision.
+
+Henry was a boy, little more than a child, but the circumstances of his
+life had been such as early to teach him the necessity of self-interest.
+His father's last counsels, given at a supreme moment, may have weighed
+with him, for his well-known answer, "I will be torn to pieces ere they
+make me a king while my brothers live," prove him to have been, at that
+time, an unusually precocious child. Be this as it may, he showed an
+unexpected reluctance to follow his mother's advice and an unaccountable
+dislike of the Abbe Montagu, whom she appointed to be his governor. Perhaps
+he remembered his father's distrust of that fascinating person; certainly
+he knew that by following his teaching he would offend irrevocably the
+brother on whom, in case of a restoration to their native land, his future
+must depend. Henrietta herself was not blind to this aspect of the case,
+and she tried to propitiate her eldest son, to whom she had given a promise
+that she would not tamper with his brother's religion. "Henry has too many
+acquaintances among the idle little boys of Paris," she wrote to Charles,
+who was away from the city, "so I am sending him to Pontoise with the Abbe
+Montagu, where he will have more quiet to mind his book."
+
+To Pontoise accordingly Henry went, where Montagu attempted in vain to win
+his confidence. After a while the boy was allowed to return to Paris, but
+he showed himself so obstinately indocile that at night-time he and his
+page (a lad who had been in the service of the Earl of Manchester, and who
+doubtless enjoyed thwarting the renegade Abbe), "like Penelope's web ...
+unspun" (as well as they two little young things, some few years above
+thirty between them) whatever had passed in public.[396] The poor little
+Prince owned, indeed, that he was called upon to deal with matters above
+his years. His relatives at the French Court assured him that his first
+duty was to his mother now that his father was dead. His Anglican friends
+told him that a sovereign came before a mother, and that his obedience was
+due to his eldest brother. That brother, moreover, took this view strongly
+and wrote to him, saying in brief and pithy terms that, should he become a
+Catholic, he would never see him again. It is not surprising that between
+all these conflicting opinions Henry's young head was a little confused. He
+was further perplexed when to other arguments in his mother's favour was
+added the curious one that his conversion would make amends to her for the
+breach of her marriage contract, by which she should have had control of
+her children up to the age of twelve.
+
+Henrietta was, indeed, steeling her heart to greater sternness than she had
+ever used to any of her children, to whom she had always shown herself an
+indulgent mother. It may be that, as men said, she was under the influence
+of Montagu, who, however, was not wont to be very severe, and who did his
+best to win over his pupil by kindness and by pointing out to him the
+worldly advantages which a change of faith would bring--a lesson which the
+luxuries of Pontoise, contrasting as they did with the poverty in which
+many of Henry's Anglican friends were obliged to live, illustrated in a
+practical manner. It may be that the Queen thought that a boy of her son's
+age could not resist severity, and that she was determined to hold out
+until she conquered the child for what she believed to be his good in this
+world and the next; but she was to be defeated. While reports were being
+industriously circulated through the city that Henry was on the point of
+coming to a better mind, while in some churches thanksgivings were even
+being offered for his conversion, his continued obstinacy was in reality
+wearing out his mother's patience. She sent for her son, and after
+receiving him with her usual affection she said that she required him to
+hear the Abbe Montagu once again, and that then he must give her his final
+answer. Montagu pleaded for an hour, expending upon this lad of fourteen
+all those powers of persuasion and eloquence which enabled him to excel as
+a popular preacher. But Henry's mind was made up, he was determined to cast
+in his lot with his brother and England rather than with his mother and
+France. He communicated his decision to the Queen, and at the fatal words
+she turned away, saying that she wished to see his face no more. She left
+the room without any sign of relenting, and her son discovered a little
+later that her anger even cast his horses out of her stable. He was sobered
+by the depth of her displeasure, but he reserved his chief wrath for
+Montagu, to whom he attributed a harshness very far indeed from his
+mother's natural character. Turning on his late tutor, he upbraided him
+angrily: "Such as it is I may thank you for it, sir; and 'tis but reason
+what my mother sayes to me I say to you: I pray be sure I see you no
+more."[397] Then, turning on his heel, he showed his independence by
+marching on to the English chapel at Sir Richard Browne's house (for it was
+a Sunday morning), where he was received with such rejoicings as befitted
+so signal a triumph over the rival religion. He could not, of course,
+return to the Palais Royal, and he asked the hospitality of Lord Hatton,
+who, both as Royalist and Anglican, was delighted to welcome his "little
+great guest." His satisfaction was the greater because of the piquant
+circumstance that he was himself a relative by marriage of the discomfited
+Abbe. Henry, who was considered to have "most heroically runne through this
+great worke beyond his yeres,"[398] made further proof of his unflinching
+Protestantism by receiving a distinguished minister of Charenton, to whom
+he gravely discoursed of his father's religious views. But he did not
+remain long in Paris. Lord Ormonde arrived with letters and messages from
+the King of England and bore the lad off to Cologne, where his eldest
+brother was at that time keeping his Court.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The years of the exile wore on not too cheerfully. Little by little
+Henrietta lost the influence she had had over her eldest son, who came to
+distrust Jermyn, perhaps because he saw the favourite rich and prosperous,
+while others of his faithful servants were almost in need. Probably the
+Queen was annoyed at the ill success of Charles in her own country, for it
+is remarkable that the young man who possessed the French temperament, and
+who was, in many respects, like his grandfather Henry IV, was never popular
+in Paris, while James was greatly liked and admired. It is true that the
+latter was a singularly gallant youth, and that he spoke the French
+language much better than his brother, which accomplishment was in itself
+enough to win Parisian hearts. "There is nothing, in my opinion, that
+disfigures a person so much as not being able to speak," said that true
+Frenchwoman Mademoiselle de Montpensier. As for Princess Henrietta, she was
+looked upon quite as a French girl, and she was admired, not only for her
+beauty, but for her exquisite dancing, a talent which she inherited from
+her mother. It was on account of this beloved child that the widowed Queen
+of England, in the last years of the exile, came out again a little into
+the world and held receptions at the Palais Royal, which proved so
+fascinating as to be serious rivals to those of the grave Spanish Queen of
+France. At them she was always pleased to welcome Englishmen, for she loved
+the land of her happy married life in spite of the treatment she had
+received there. "The English were led away by fanatics," she was wont to
+say; "the real genius of the nation is very different." So jealous was she
+of the good name of her son's subjects in critical Paris that once when an
+English gentleman came to her Court in a smart dress, tied up with red and
+yellow ribbons, she begged the friend who had introduced him to advise him
+"to mend his fancy," lest he should be ridiculed by the French.
+
+But ere this another blow had fallen upon Henrietta, and this time she was
+wounded, indeed, in the house of her friends. As early as 1652 France
+recognized the Government of the Commonwealth, but in 1657 the Queen
+learned that her nephew, acting under the advice of Cardinal Mazarin, who
+was impelled by his usual dread of Spain, had even made a treaty with
+Cromwell, "_ce scelerat_," as she was accustomed to call him. By the terms
+of this treaty her three sons were banished from France, and she herself
+was only permitted to remain with her young daughter because public opinion
+would not have tolerated the expulsion of a daughter of Henry IV. The
+Princes went off to Bruges, where Charles fixed his Court, and to mark
+their displeasure they took service under the Spaniard. Henrietta had to
+bear the insults as best she could. She had nowhere to go; for when a year
+earlier she had thought of a journey to Spain, it had been intimated to her
+that his Catholic Majesty would prefer her to remain on the French side of
+the Pyrenees.
+
+The only satisfactory aspect of the matter was that now the Queen felt it
+possible to press for the payment of her dowry. Her relatives of France,
+particularly Queen Anne, were liberal, but Henrietta was made to feel now
+and then
+
+              "how salt his food who fares
+  Upon another's bread--how steep his path
+  Who treadeth up and down another's stairs,"[399]
+
+and, besides, hers was too proud a nature to relish dependence. She knew
+that any scheme likely to spare the coffers of France would be grateful to
+Mazarin, whose immense riches, splendid palace, and magnificent collection
+of pictures and curios, the fruit of an unbounded avarice, were the talk of
+Paris. The request was proffered. The reply came, and Mazarin carried it
+himself to the Queen. Speaking with the Italian accent, which his long
+years of residence in France had not been able to eradicate, he explained
+to her that the Protector refused to give her that for which she asked,
+because, as he alleged, she had never been recognized as Queen of England.
+The refusal was bad enough, but the gross insult with which it was
+accompanied could not fail to cut Henrietta to the heart, but she did not
+love Mazarin and she had too much spirit to betray her chagrin. "This
+outrage does not reflect on me," she said proudly, "but on the King, my
+nephew, who ought not to permit a daughter of France to be treated _de
+concubine_. I was abundantly satisfied with the late King, my lord, and
+with all England; these affronts are more shameful to France than to me."
+
+This episode did not decrease Henrietta's hatred for Cromwell. It was even
+said by one of her women, who played the part of spy, that she was
+overheard plotting his murder with Lord Jermyn. But she had not long to
+endure his usurpation of the seat of her husband, whose regal title she
+believed him to have refused solely from fear of the army. On September
+3rd, 1658, the anniversary of Dunbar and Worcester, Oliver Cromwell died
+amid a tumult of storm, sympathetic with the passing of that mighty spirit.
+"It is the Devil come to carry old Noll off to Hell" was the comment of the
+Royalists, who kept high revel in Paris and elsewhere at the news of his
+death, though the Queen, whom long sorrow was at last making slow to hope,
+did not join in the jubilation. "Whether it be because my heart is so
+wrapped up in melancholy as to be incapable of receiving any [joy]," she
+wrote to Madame de Motteville, "or that I do not as yet perceive any good
+advantages likely to accrue to us from it, I will confess to you that I
+have not felt myself any very great rejoicing, my greatest being to witness
+that of my friends."[400]
+
+It was not, indeed, until the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659 that there
+seemed to be solid hope for the King of England. Then Charles left his
+Court at Bruges, and traversing all France, had an interview with Don Louis
+de Haro, the powerful minister of Spain, who received him with all ceremony
+as a sovereign prince. Mazarin still obstinately refused to receive him,
+but he had an interview with his uncle, the Duke of Orleans, at Blois, and
+afterwards passed a few days with his mother at Colombes, on the outskirts
+of Paris, where she had a small country house. Both mother and son may have
+been to some extent hopeful, but neither knew how near the day was when the
+prophecy of a French rhymester after Worcester would be fulfilled, and
+
+          "la fortune
+  N'ayant plus pour luy de rancune
+  Le mettra plus haut qu'il n'est bas."[401]
+
+[Footnote 367: "Amyd the Arrests lately made one is for the seazure of the
+King's revenue to the use of the Parliament and in other things they doe
+soe imitate the late proceedings of England that it plainly appears in what
+schoole some of their members have been bred who make them believe they are
+able to instruct them how to make a rebellion w^{th} out breaking their
+allegiance."--Dispatch of Sir R. Browne, January 22nd, 1649. Add. MS.,
+12,186, f. 9.]
+
+[Footnote 368: "Letters from Paris received January 15th, 1648," p. 6.]
+
+[Footnote 369: "Une sainte et la mere des pauvres."--Mme de Motteville.]
+
+[Footnote 370: Quoted by Mme. de Motteville with reference to this
+occasion.]
+
+[Footnote 371: The Chaillot tradition, which is found in the MS. _Histoire
+chronologique de tout l'ordre de la Visitation_, 1693 (Bib. Mazarine, MS.
+2436), and in _La Vie de la tres haute et tres puissante Princesse
+Henrietta Marie de France, reine de la Grande Bretagne_, of Cotolendi, who
+derived much of his information from the Chaillot nuns, places the scene of
+Henrietta's reception of the news of her husband's death in the Carmelite
+convent, and Cotolendi represents the King's letter as delivered on that
+occasion; but, Father Cyprien, in his account, says that the Queen was at
+the Louvre when she heard of her husband's fate, and though he is not
+always accurate, it seems probable that the scene of such an event would
+remain in his mind. Moreover, Madame de Motteville says no word of the
+Carmelite convent in this connection. It seems likely that the nuns of
+Chaillot confused the Queen's account of the reception of the news of her
+husband's death with that of his last letter. The above account has been
+written on this hypothesis; the letter which Cotolendi quotes was no doubt
+preserved with other memorials of the Queen among the Chaillot archives.]
+
+[Footnote 372: John Ward: _Diary_, 1648-79 (1839), p. 161.]
+
+[Footnote 373: "Exhortation de la Pucelle d'Orleans a tous les princes de
+la terre de faire une Paix generale tous ensemble pour venger la mort du
+roy d'Angleterre par une guerre toute particuliere. A Paris. MDCXLIX."]
+
+[Footnote 374: Fonds Francais MS., 12,159. _Remonstrances aux
+Parlementaires de la mort ignominieuse de leur roy dediees a la Reyne
+d'Angleterre._]
+
+[Footnote 375: The same argument is developed in a curious tract, which
+shows the rather cool attitude of some of the English Catholics to Charles,
+entitled, _Nuntius a Mortuis, hoc est, stupendum ... ac tremendum
+colloquium inter Manes Henrici VIII et Caroli I Angliae Regum_ (1649).]
+
+[Footnote 376: MS. Francais, 12,159.]
+
+[Footnote 377: Henrietta, even before the lesson of her husband's death,
+urged the Queen-Regent to show moderation. She prevailed upon her to
+receive the members of the rebellious Parliament on the day of Barricades.]
+
+[Footnote 378: "Vous diries que Dieu veut humilier les Roys et les princes.
+Il a commence par nous en Engleterre; je le prie que la France ne nous
+suive pas, les affairs ysy alant tout le mesme chemin que les
+nostres."--_Lettres de Henriette Marie a sa soeur Christine_, p. 100.]
+
+[Footnote 379: "Le veritable entretien de la Reyne d'Angleterre avec le roy
+et la Reyne a S. Germain-en-Laye en presence de plusieurs Seigneurs de la
+Cour et autres personnes de consideration (1652)."]
+
+[Footnote 380: It was this nobleman of whom Charles I said that he had no
+religion at all.]
+
+[Footnote 381: _Nicholas Papers_, I, 293.]
+
+[Footnote 382: To which the following extract from a Roundhead newspaper
+bears witness: "Onely one thing we have notice of that she [the Queen] hath
+begged of his Holiness a Cardinalls Hat for Wat Montaue. Then (boyes) for
+sixpence a peece you may see a fine sight in the Tower if the Axe prevent
+not and send him after the Cardinall (would have been) of Canterbury, who
+went before to take up lodging for the rest of the Queen's favourites in
+Purgatory."--_Mercurius Britannicus_, February, 1645.]
+
+[Footnote 383: In March, 1649, he was given permission to go abroad. The
+sentence of banishment is dated August 31st, 1649; he was on the Continent
+considerably before the latter date.]
+
+[Footnote 384: _Nicholas Papers_, I, 220.]
+
+[Footnote 385: He was appointed Abbot Commendatory in 1654, succeeding
+Gondi, the first Archbishop of Paris, but "sur certaines difficultes
+survenues sur ses Bulles en leur fulmination," he did not take possession
+of the Abbey until 1657. See _Histoire de l'Abbaye de S. Martin de Pontoise
+Bibliotheque Mazarine_. MS. 3368. Pontoise ... Auttore, D. Roberto Racine
+(1769).]
+
+[Footnote 386: "I do not at all marvel that any man who can side with the
+Presbyterians, or that is Presbyterian cloth, turn Papist, I would as soon
+be the one as the other."--Sir E. Nicholas to Lord Hatton, _Nicholas
+Papers_, I, 297.]
+
+[Footnote 387: _Mercurius Pragmaticus_, October 12-20, 1647. This newspaper
+(a feature of which was four topical verses prefixed to each number) was
+written by Nedham, a journalist who had formerly written the parliamentary
+newspaper _Mercurius Britannicus_, and who afterwards returned to the
+Roundheads. He was pardoned after the Restoration. In 1661 he collected and
+published the verses of _Mercurius Pragmaticus_ under the title of _A Short
+History of the English Rebellion_.]
+
+[Footnote 388: "If the King ... take the covenant, God will never prosper
+him nor the world value him."--_Nicholas Papers_, I, 165.]
+
+[Footnote 389: _Nicholas Papers_, I, p. 298.]
+
+[Footnote 390: In 1651 she dismissed her servants "that will not turn
+papists, or cannot live of themselves without wages."--_Nicholas Papers_,
+I, p. 237.]
+
+[Footnote 391: Henrietta was so much attached to him that she went to see
+him in his sickness at the Oratorians' House in the Rue S. Honore. See
+_Histoire des troubles de la Grande Bretagne_, by Robert Monteith
+(Salmonet), 1659.]
+
+[Footnote 392: Walter Montagu became Henrietta's Grand Almoner about this
+time; probably he succeeded Du Perron.]
+
+[Footnote 393: The Church of England party was extremely annoyed at the
+publication of a book entitled _La Chaine du Hercule Gaulois_, in which it
+was asserted that Charles I died a Catholic. Add. MS., 12,186.]
+
+[Footnote 394: _Lettres de Henriette Marie a sa soeur Christine_, p. 104.]
+
+[Footnote 395: The letter of the Duchess is among the Roman Transcripts
+P.R.O.]
+
+[Footnote 396: _An exact narrative of the attempts made upon the Duke of
+Gloucester_ (1654), p. 15.]
+
+[Footnote 397: _An exact narrative of the attempts made upon the Duke of
+Gloucester_ (1654), p. 13.]
+
+[Footnote 398: Lord Hatton. _Nicholas Papers_, II, p. 143.]
+
+[Footnote 399: Dante: _Paradiso_, XVII.]
+
+[Footnote 400: Green: _Letters of Queen Henrietta Maria_, p. 388. Madame de
+Motteville: _Memoires_ (1783), V, p. 276.]
+
+[Footnote 401: Lovel: _La Muse Historique_ (1857), t. I, p. 174.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+THE FOUNDRESS OF CHAILLOT
+
+  No cruell guard of diligent cares, that keep
+  Crown'd woes awake; as things too wise for sleep.
+  But reverent discipline, and religious fear,
+  And soft obedience, find sweet biding here;
+  Silence, and sacred rest; peace and pure joyes;
+  Kind loves keep house, ly close, make no noise,
+  And room enough for Monarchs, where none swells
+  Beyond the kingdomes of contentfull Cells.
+
+                            R. CRASHAW (out of Barclay)
+
+
+There is a portion of Henrietta's life which stands apart from its general
+current, which seems, indeed, rather an acted commentary on her career than
+an integral portion of it: when she retires from the schemes, the passions,
+the loves, and the hates of the world, and, laying aside the trappings of
+her rank, appears as a humble and sorrowful woman, striving to read, by the
+light of prayer and meditation, the lesson of her stormy days. The Queen of
+England is gone, and in her stead is seen the foundress of Chaillot.
+
+The temper which produced this fruit must long have been growing up, but it
+became active and apparent when the great blow of her life came upon her.
+While she was a wife, even a wife separated by evil fortune from her
+husband, she continued to live, as far as her straitened means permitted,
+in a manner suitable to her rank, and she did not refuse to take part in
+the splendid amusements of Paris, which were congenial to her gay
+disposition. She was seen at lotteries and dances; she accepted the feasts
+and dinners which the French royal family offered in her honour. Her
+attendance was as brilliant as her fallen fortunes would allow of, and her
+faded beauty was set off to the best advantage by the beautiful dress which
+was then worn by ladies of rank.
+
+But with the death of Charles all this was changed. She ceased to accept
+invitations, and she rarely went abroad into the streets of Paris, except
+to visit some religious house. In her own house the strictest simplicity
+was used. Most of the maids of honour were dismissed, and the Queen
+exchanged her silks and jewels for a mourning robe, which she wore to the
+end of her life.
+
+Her love of dress had been as great as might have been expected of a woman
+of her beauty, her rank, and, above all, her nationality. Once in her early
+married life she expressed great pleasure in a magnificent gown studded
+with jewels which she was wearing. Her confessor, the stern Berulle, who
+was present, reproved her somewhat sharply for her vanity and frivolity.
+"Ah, mon pere, do not be angry with me," pleaded the young Queen, half
+laughing and half penitent. "I am young now, but when I am forty I will
+change all this, and become quite good and serious." Her light words were
+prophetic, for she was in her fortieth year when she became a widow.
+
+Contemporary prints show of what fashion was her widow's dress. It was of
+some black stuff made quite plainly, except that the bodice was shaped to a
+point in front, and it was almost high at the neck; the only relief was a
+white linen collar, falling down over the shoulders, and matching the
+cuffs, which turned back over the wide sleeves. From the head fell a long,
+heavy black veil.
+
+This sorrowful garb was the outward expression of a grief which, like most
+deep grief, craved the consolation of quiet and retirement. And where, in
+the Paris of that day, could quiet be found, except within the protecting
+walls of a religious house?
+
+Henrietta, since her return to Paris in 1644, had frequented the Carmelite
+convent which her childhood loved, and in her first sorrow she would gladly
+have forsaken the world altogether, and remained there among the nuns;[402]
+but her duties were incompatible with this step. Her young sons required
+her help to restore their shattered fortunes, and, above all, her youngest
+daughter needed a mother's care; after her husband's death her worldly
+occupations increased rather than diminished, and it was these occupations
+which cost her the loss of her calm retreat among the Carmelite nuns.
+
+The daughters of S. Teresa are vowed to an austere separation from all
+things worldly, and their rule could not brook the constant coming and
+going, the noise and the disturbance which waited upon a Queen who was also
+a politician. They were obliged to request the Queen of England to forgo
+her visits, and she, however sorrowfully, recognized the justice of their
+desire and withdrew, to seek another retirement more suited to the
+conditions of her case.
+
+A hasty glance at a map of seventeenth-century Paris will show the great
+number of religious houses which then existed, and it might be surmised
+that to make a choice among them would be no easy matter; but Henrietta's
+circumstances were peculiar, and she had little difficulty in selecting the
+one most fitted to them.
+
+[Illustration: HENRIETTA MARIA
+
+FROM AN ENGRAVING]
+
+Some forty years earlier the wise and gentle spirit of S. Francis de Sales
+had conceived the idea of a religious foundation in which women, delicately
+nurtured and well educated, might live in greater freedom of spirit and
+less austerity of body than in the older Orders. He was fortunate enough to
+find a woman[403] capable of translating his ideas into fact, and the Order
+of the Visitation flourished exceedingly, and by the middle of the
+seventeenth century had spread all over France.
+
+Paris was naturally one of the first places to which the new Order came.
+The community, which boasted that it had once been ruled over by Mother
+Chantal herself, after some wanderings finally settled down in the Rue S.
+Antoine, within a stone's-throw of the grim fortress of the Bastille.
+Though the tide of fashion had set definitely westward since the final
+abandonment of the Place Royal by Louis XIII, the position was still a good
+one. Next door was the fine Hotel de Mayence, which still stands as a
+witness of departed glories, but of the convent nothing remains except the
+church, which, though but small, was considered in the seventeenth century
+"one of the neatest in all Paris."[404] Madame de Motteville was the means
+of introducing this convent to Henrietta's notice. Her own young sister, to
+whom she was tenderly attached, had lately entered the house as a novice,
+greatly against her wishes; but in her visits to the girl she had been so
+won by the piety and kindness of the nuns that she begged the Queen of
+England to make their acquaintance.
+
+Henrietta was not without solicitation to go elsewhere. "Messieurs de Port
+Royal," those remarkable men whose doings were causing such a stir in the
+religious world of France, were anxious that she should come to Port Royal,
+thinking perhaps to strengthen their position by so direct a connection
+with royalty. They offered her apartments, and, what must have been more
+tempting, some much-needed money. But the invitation was not accepted,
+though the reasons for its refusal are unknown. They may, however, be
+conjectured, for it is difficult to imagine Henrietta, the true daughter of
+Henry IV, in the repressive atmosphere of Jansenism, and it may be surmised
+that had she entered Port Royal she would not have remained there long.
+
+The Rue S. Antoine was more attractive.[405] Henrietta retained a childish
+and pleasing memory of S. Francis himself, who, at the marriage of
+Christine of France, had come up to the little Princess, then aged about
+ten, and, according to his wont, "blending piety and politeness," had
+assured her that one day she should receive even greater honours than those
+now offered to her sister, honours which perhaps his experienced eye could
+see from her expression she was envying with all her childish heart. She
+recalled his words when she became Queen of England, and later still she
+read into them a deeper meaning when she felt herself to be the recipient
+of the honours of unusual suffering. But this link with the remote past was
+probably of less interest to her than the presence in the convent of a
+lady, destined to become her dearest personal friend, whose romantic story
+must be told if one of the strongest influences on Henrietta's later years
+is to be appreciated.
+
+Louise de la Fayette was the daughter of one of the noblest houses of
+Auvergne, and she bore a name which was to be renowned in the history of
+France. She had a childish taste for the cloister, but when she was about
+fourteen years of age, her uncle, who was then Bishop of Limoges, presented
+her to Queen Anne, who received her as one of her maids of honour.
+
+Louise was a beautiful girl, and she possessed besides many charms and
+accomplishments, of which a sweet singing voice was not the least. She
+quickly made her mark at Court; but, if her biographers are to be believed,
+she retained her simple, pious spirit, and preferred remaining quietly in
+her room to direct attendance upon her royal mistress, whose jealousy,
+indeed, was soon aroused by the unusual interest shown in the girl by her
+husband.
+
+The relations between Louis XIII and his wife were, as is well known, most
+unsatisfactory; but at the same time the King was a man of slow passions
+and of a certain dull virtue. He liked the society of pretty women, but
+while he loaded his favourites with honours and confidences, which must
+have cut Anne's proud spirit to the quick, he was usually strictly Platonic
+in his intercourse with them. To this position he elected Louise de la
+Fayette. She danced for him, sang for him, talked to him, and every day
+seemed to increase the spell which her vivacity cast over his slow spirit.
+But other eyes were watching her. In the French Court of that time all
+depended upon the frown or smile of Richelieu, who himself was ever on the
+watch to gain valuable allies. He marked Louise de la Fayette, and
+determined to enlist her in his army of spies.
+
+But in this case the Cardinal had reckoned without his host. Louise was
+only a young girl, but she had a spirit capable even of resisting
+Richelieu. "She had more courage than all the men of the Court,"[406] wrote
+Madame de Motteville. She refused to pass on the secrets of the King, or to
+play in any way into the hands of his minister, whose jealous anger was
+aroused and who determined to part her from her royal friend.
+
+It is not surprising that in these circumstances the girl's mind should
+have reverted to her old wishes for a conventual life, but there was
+another reason, which, long after, in the safe retreat of Chaillot, she
+confessed to her friend Madame de Motteville. Louis was a virtuous man, but
+he was an unloved and unloving husband, and she was young and beautiful.
+There were signs that the Platonic friendship was ripening into something
+stronger and warmer. Louise became alarmed. That which to many women was an
+honour, to her pure and upright soul was disgrace unspeakable, and she
+determined to fly to the only refuge which the times and the circumstances
+permitted her, and to bury her sorrows and her temptations within the walls
+of the cloister.
+
+It was hard to persuade the King to part with her, but she had a powerful
+ally. Richelieu sent for the royal confessor, Father Caussin, the Jesuit,
+and in the bland tones which he knew so well how to use, he gravely
+discussed with him the moral dangers of such a friendship as that which
+existed between Louis and his wife's maid of honour. Not, he hastened to
+add, that he believed that any harm was done, but such things were always
+dangerous. The Cardinal thought that he was exactly adapting his remarks to
+his audience; but Caussin, who hated and distrusted him, was too acute to
+be taken in, and had events gone no farther Louise de la Fayette might have
+remained in the world for Father Caussin. But the girl herself, who had
+better reason than any one to know the truth of Richelieu's words, and
+whose own heart was beginning to betray her, sought the Jesuit's advice. At
+first he was a little rough with her. He did not believe that a girl of
+seventeen, luxuriously brought up and petted like "a bird of the Indies,"
+could really desire to embrace the austerities and abnegations of a
+conventual life. He hinted that she was piqued by the refusal of the King
+to grant her some request, or that her self-love had been wounded in one of
+the little contretemps of Court life. Louise answered gently and quietly.
+Nothing had occurred to distress or alarm her in any way. The King's
+kindness was unchanged, and so great that at any time he would enable her
+to make a splendid marriage; but she had only one desire, and that was to
+leave the world. Caussin then pointed out to her the hardness of the
+cloister for a girl brought up as she had been, but her answer again was
+ready. She was not thinking of a stern Order, for which she knew her health
+to be unequal; she wished to enter among the Visitandines, or Filles de
+Sainte Marie, as they were more commonly called, whose rule was expressly
+framed for gently nurtured and delicate women. The only regret she would
+carry away with her, she added, with an irresistible touch of human nature,
+was the knowledge that her retirement from the Court would give pleasure to
+Cardinal Richelieu.
+
+By these arguments Caussin was won over, but the King still had to be
+reckoned with. Louis, however, was superstitiously religious, and pressed
+at the same time by his confessor, by the Cardinal, and by Louise, he was
+unable to resist. The day of departure arrived; the girl went off gay and
+smiling, though her heart was sinking, so that when she thought no one was
+looking she crept aside to catch a last glimpse of the man she loved; but
+many of the bystanders were in tears, and even Queen Anne was grave and
+sympathetic. As for the King, his voice was so broken by grief that he
+could scarcely whisper the words of farewell, and afterwards his misery was
+so excessive and so prolonged as to give colour to the suspicions that had
+been abroad. He could not bear to remain in the place which had witnessed
+his idol's departure, and he fled to Versailles, at that time a small
+hunting-box, where he remained for some time plunged in the deepest
+melancholy.[407]
+
+Louise de la Fayette's retirement from the world caused a great sensation
+in Paris, and the convent in the Rue S. Antoine became a place of
+fashionable resort, so that Richelieu began to fear that the nun's
+influence might be as dangerous as that of the maid of honour. He remarked
+with great unction that he thought it a pity that the religious life should
+be thus broken in upon; and as the nuns and the young novice were of the
+same opinion, the number of visitors decreased. But the King could not be
+refused. He was anxious to see Louise once more before her bright beauty
+was shrouded by the religious habit; and in this wish he was supported by
+Caussin, who still hoped to use her as a political ally. One day Louis
+arrived quite unexpectedly in the Rue S. Antoine and knocked at the door of
+the convent. He refused to avail himself of an invitation to enter the
+enclosure, but across the dividing grill he held a long and eager
+conversation with the young girl, feasting his eyes the while upon the face
+which there is reason to think he never saw again. Meanwhile, the Mother
+Superior, with commendable discretion, retired to as great a distance as
+conventual propriety would permit, and the King's attendants on the other
+side did the like. Shortly after this visit Louise put on the religious
+habit, and when the necessary interval had elapsed the irrevocable vows
+were taken. The King refused to be present at the profession, but a large
+company of the Court attended the ceremony, including Queen Anne, who
+witnessed, doubtless with triumph in her heart, the self-immolation of her
+innocent rival.
+
+Louise de la Fayette had spent many quiet years in her convent when
+Henrietta first visited it in 1651.[408] She had won the respect of all the
+community, and she had been honoured by the special notice of Mother
+Chantal. "This girl will be one of the great superiors of our Order," said
+the aged saint. It is not probable that she and the Queen of England had
+met in the past, but her story cannot have been unknown to the sister of
+Louis XIII, and when the introduction was made by Madame de Motteville,
+acquaintance ripened at once into friendship. There was much in the nun's
+story to arouse the Queen's sympathy, for was not Louise de la Fayette one
+more of the victims of Richelieu?
+
+Henrietta was received in the Rue S. Antoine with the respect due to the
+blood of Henry IV, and with the affectionate sympathy which her sorrows
+called forth, particularly from the superior,[409] a wide-minded woman who
+had been educated as a Protestant, and who perhaps in consequence had
+followed with special interest the course of events in England. But though
+such difficulties as had arisen among the Carmelites were not likely to
+occur in a convent of the Visitation, yet, from the scantiness of the
+accommodation, it was difficult to receive a royal lady for more than very
+short visits, and the position of the house in the centre of Paris rendered
+it rather unsuitable for such retirement as the Queen sought. Besides, her
+heart yearned for something that would be more truly her own. Other royal
+ladies had made religious foundations. Her mother had had her Carmelites,
+her sister-in-law had her beautiful Val de Grace. Might not she also become
+the foundress of a house which should shelter her while living, and cherish
+her memory and pray for her soul after her death? It happened that just at
+this time one of the principal nuns had the similar desire to extend the
+Order by the foundation of a daughter house. Helene Angelique Lhulier was
+no ordinary woman. In the heyday of her youth and beauty, "when she was the
+most attached to the world, and the most sought by several persons of the
+first quality," she left all at the bidding of S. Francis de Sales, who
+wrote her the following short and pithy note: "My daughter, enter religion
+immediately, notwithstanding all the oppositions of nature." Her force of
+character was remarkable, and particularly her strength of will, which, it
+was said, enabled her to do things which appeared impossible. All her
+courage and tenacity were called forth by this new enterprise, to which,
+learning of Henrietta's desire, she determined to devote herself. Indeed,
+the obstacles in the way seemed insurmountable. The house in the Rue S.
+Antoine was far from rich, and it had recently made a settlement in the
+Faubourg S. Jacques, which had exhausted its resources. The Queen of
+England was known to be in no position to give monetary help, and to
+complete the difficulties the Archbishop of Paris looked very coldly upon
+the scheme.
+
+But Henrietta's friends were determined that she should have the interest
+and consolation on which she had set her heart. Mother Lhulier and Mother
+de la Fayette, whom the Queen hoped to see the true foundation-stones of
+the new edifice, were untiring in their efforts, and Queen Anne showed
+herself on this, as on many other occasions, a real friend to her widowed
+sister-in-law. The decision was so far made that Henrietta, though she had
+no money, and no prospect of money, set about the agreeable task of finding
+a home for the new community.
+
+The Queen went hither and thither looking at properties which were in the
+market, but none pleased her so much as that which had belonged to her old
+friend the Marshal de Bassompierre, who was recently dead. This beautiful
+mansion, which had been built by Catherine de' Medici and honoured more
+than once by the presence of Richelieu, stood in one of the best positions
+in the immediate environs of the city, on rising ground overlooking the
+Seine, and commanding magnificent views of the surrounding country. It was
+approached by the leafy Cours la Reine, the most fashionable promenade in
+Paris, where on summer evenings as many as eight hundred coaches might be
+counted, and though the house and grounds were in the village of Chaillot,
+the Faubourg de la Conference had crept up so that the two almost joined.
+To the charms of nature were added those of art. Bassompierre was one of
+the most accomplished men of his time, and he so lavished the resources of
+his ample means and of his refined taste upon his favourite residence, that
+it became one of the sights of Paris, and as such was visited by John
+Evelyn, who came away delighted with the "gardens, terraces, and rare
+prospects,"[410] which he beheld there. Since the death of the owner the
+house had fallen on evil days. Bassompierre's heir, the Count de Tillieres,
+was unable to take possession of the property, and it became a place of
+very evil fame, the resort of lewd persons, who defiled its stately halls
+and fair walks with scenes of shameless revelry.
+
+Henrietta was always rapid in her decisions, and she speedily made up her
+mind that here and nowhere else was the dwelling-place which would at once
+furnish an ideal convent for the religious and a pleasant retirement for
+herself. She hurried back to the Rue S. Antoine and carried off two of the
+nuns to inspect the house. They found it indeed most beautiful, and their
+only scruple was that it was too fine and inconsistent with their vow of
+poverty; but they waived this objection, not quite unwillingly perhaps,
+when they saw how the Queen's heart was set upon Chaillot, and how she was
+diverted from her sorrows by the pleasure which she took in her plans for
+installing her friends and herself in this charming retreat.
+
+Mother Lhulier took legal steps to gain possession of the property, but
+grave difficulties, which perhaps had not been foreseen, arose. Tillieres
+and the other heirs of Bassompierre claimed the property, but they had
+never been in possession of it, and their rights seem to have been ignored
+in the transaction with the nuns, whose purchase-money was to be applied to
+the liquidation of the late owner's debts. The Count, though he saved his
+reputation as a courtier by behaving with great civility to Henrietta, and
+assuring her that she was welcome to live in the house as long as she
+pleased, provided she did not turn it into a convent, determined to fight
+the matter in the law courts. He was supported by the magistrates of
+Chaillot, who probably did not wish to see a profitable place of pleasure
+closed, and by a large number of persons, some of high quality, who were in
+the habit of frequenting it. The pious chronicler of the Order of the
+Visitation[411] sees behind these human figures that of the arch-fiend
+himself, who was interested in preventing a piece of territory which was
+specially his from lapsing to the service of God. But good, as we know, is
+stronger than evil. The judges of the case, almost against their will, and
+certainly under the direct inspiration of Providence, gave the decision in
+favour of the nuns, whose joy was only dashed by the hard condition that a
+large sum of money must be forthcoming in twenty-four hours.
+
+The case appeared hopeless. Neither Henrietta nor the nuns had a tenth of
+the sum required, and money was just then very scarce; but Mother Lhulier
+was a woman to whom seeming impossibilities were only opportunities. She
+made the need known to all whom she knew, and then waited in quiet
+assurance for the result of her appeal. Her faith was rewarded. Just before
+the close of the specified time of grace, a rich gentleman, who was a great
+friend of hers, came to say that he was willing to guarantee the whole
+amount.
+
+But even now the troubles were not at an end. Tillieres was determined to
+fight to the last, and he enlisted on his side the ecclesiastical
+authorities, who from the first had not looked very kindly upon the project
+of the new foundation. The Archbishop of Paris was still that same Jean
+Francois de Gondi who had been so deeply affronted by the refusal to allow
+him to officiate at Henrietta's wedding. He was now a very old man, but he
+was none the less willing to avenge an ancient slight. He pointed out
+petulantly that there were already two houses of the Visitation in Paris
+and another in the neighbourhood of S. Denys. That the charge of the new
+convent would certainly come upon the public, and that a household of
+fifteen persons, however pious, could not be supported for nothing. He
+ended up by remarking with great acerbity that exiled queens with political
+business in their hands should not choose religious houses as their place
+of retirement.
+
+"However," we are told, "God who holds the hearts of the great in His hand,
+soon changed that of the Prelate," and the instrument of this happy
+conversion was Queen Anne. Attempts were made to play on her cupidity and
+that of her young son by pointing out that Chaillot had originally been a
+royal residence, and would make again another nice country house for the
+King; but she refused to listen, and devoted herself to winning over the
+Archbishop, who was far too good a courtier not to yield quickly to such
+persuasion. His views changed with a wonderful rapidity, and very soon
+Henrietta had the happiness of knowing that the last obstacle was removed,
+and that nothing stood in the way of the realization of her wish.
+
+She herself undertook the work of preparing the house for the reception of
+the nuns. Hers was a busy, active nature, and she was never happier than
+when spending herself for those she loved. Some of the furniture she
+supplied herself and some was sent from the Rue S. Antoine, where the
+little band of women under the guidance of Mother Lhulier and Mother de la
+Fayette was ready to set out. The removal took place upon the 21st of June,
+1651. The nuns were seen off from their old home by Vincent de Paul,[412]
+that strange figure of seventeenth-century Paris, whose shabby _soutane_
+was found in the _salon_ of the noble as in the hovel of the poor, and
+whose advice was sought at the council table of the King as in the home of
+the meanest of his subjects. He was at this time director of the mother
+house, and though he is not known ever to have set foot within the convent
+of Chaillot, his memory is linked with it by the blessing which he bestowed
+upon its beginning.
+
+At Chaillot Henrietta was waiting, radiant and expectant. She greeted her
+guests with delight, giving perhaps a specially warm welcome to two of the
+younger members of the little band of nine or ten--one, the only novice of
+the house, Eugenie Madeline Berthaud, the sister of her dear friend Madame
+de Motteville; the other a Scotch girl, Mary Hamilton[413] by name, whom in
+earlier days she had welcomed at her Court in London, but whose desire for
+a conventual life was such that leaving home and country she had set out
+for Paris, where she entered the convent in the Rue S. Antoine, without
+knowing a single word of the French tongue.
+
+Henrietta led the nuns all over the house, discoursing upon its charms and
+conveniences, and dwelling specially upon the beauties of the situation.
+She had arranged that her own rooms should be in the front, overlooking the
+public road, while the nuns were to take the quieter apartments which faced
+the garden. She was surprised and disconcerted when these ladies, who were
+less used to palaces than she was, objected to the splendour of the lodging
+provided for them, and insisted upon retiring to the garrets, which they
+said were more suitable to their vow of poverty, and whence they were only
+induced to descend some days later, at the Queen's special request, and
+when she had carefully removed from the downstairs rooms all that
+savoured of worldly vanity; but neither this little difficulty nor the more
+serious trouble that, owing to the continued opposition of Tillieres, it
+was necessary to defend the house with a guard of archers, could damp
+Henrietta's joy on such a day. She spent several hours with the nuns in
+happy talk and plans, and then drove back to the Palais Royal, where she
+was living at this time, happier perhaps than she had ever been since her
+husband's death.
+
+Chaillot was honoured by letters patent from the Crown of France, which
+gave it the status of a royal foundation and Henrietta the title of
+foundress. When the enclosure was set up about a week after the arrival of
+the nuns, a number of distinguished persons assisted at the ceremony,
+though it had to be done quickly for fear of disturbance from those who had
+struggled so hard to keep this fair property out of the hands of the
+Church. Henrietta heard the first Mass which was sung in the chapel with a
+triumph which was all the sweeter to her bold and enterprising nature from
+the many difficulties which had beset the undertaking.
+
+Congratulations were not lacking. Among the most graceful were those which
+Walter Montagu made public two years later in a dedication to the Queen of
+a volume of religious essays. "Under that notion, Madam," he wrote, "of an
+aspirer to a more transcendent Majestie I present your Religious Mind these
+entertainments: which will be the less unmannerly the greater privacie and
+retreat they intrude themselves upon; and truly, as your life stands now
+dispos'd the greater part of your time is favourable for such admissions.
+Since you pass the most of it in that holy retirement, whither you have
+carry'd up the Cross in triumph; having set That over your Head and the
+most tempting part (perhaps) of the whole world, as it were, under your
+feet.
+
+"And, methinks, Madam, this remark may not a little indear to you the seat
+of your pious retirement; viz. That you, who have been dispossess'd of so
+many noble houses and pleasant scituations, by the worlds violence and
+injustice, and have had many religious receptacles (by your means
+consecrated) taken from you by the Prince of this world, transferring them
+to his profane uses: That your vertue yet should have made so eminent a
+reprizal upon the world's possessions in your retreat out of it. And what a
+comfort may it be to you to think that God has made use of you, to take
+from this Prince one of the chiefest holds; and convert it, as it were,
+into a Religious Citadel, furnish'd with such a Garrison as professing
+irreconcileable enmitie to him and all his partie, bears away as many
+conquests as it has combatants, daily singing Te Deum for their continual
+victories."[414]
+
+Henrietta, as is hinted in the above passage, was not slow to take
+advantage of the retreat which she had won with so much difficulty. "Our
+good Queen," wrote Sir Richard Browne in August, 1651, "spends much of her
+time of late in a new monastery ... of which she is the titular
+foundress."[415] The more she saw of her new friends the more she loved
+them, and her affection was warmly returned. It became an understood thing
+that year by year she should pass at Chaillot the seasons of the great
+festivals of the Church, and her visits, which were usually for ten days or
+a fortnight, sometimes extended to several months. She came to look upon
+the convent as the best substitute for the home she had lost. There she
+passed the happiest days of her latter years, and there, had not a sudden
+death surprised her, she would have died.
+
+Nor was her retirement without agreeable society from outside, for Chaillot
+was the resort of some who were among the ornaments of the Parisian world.
+There might often have been seen the Queen-Regent, whose visits at the time
+of the foundation were continued to the day when, on her dying journey to
+S. Germain-en-Laye, she was carried "to see this poor convent once
+more,"[416] and who in that holy retreat was able at last to forget the
+jealousies of bygone days, and to hold out the hand of cordial friendship
+to Louise de la Fayette. Sometimes an even greater honour was bestowed on
+the religious when the lad who was afterwards "le grand Monarque" appeared
+at the door, to be welcomed with all the ceremony due to the God-given hope
+of France. Not infrequently the bright and gifted Madame de la Fayette, who
+was winning a literary reputation, to be crowned later by the publication
+of _La Princesse de Cleves_, came to chat with her husband's sister, or to
+lay the foundation of that intimacy with Henrietta of England which fitted
+her to be the biographer of her short life. Most constant visitor of all,
+Madame de Motteville brought her wit, her accomplishments, and her long
+experience of Court life to enliven the dullness of the cloister. When the
+death of Queen Anne released her from the faithful attendance of years she
+spent a great part of her time at Chaillot, where she was the frequent
+companion of the Queen of England, who beguiled the long, quiet hours by
+recounting her past experiences, particularly her adventures during the
+Civil War, all of which her listener carefully wrote down and finally
+incorporated in the charming memoirs which were the principal occupation of
+her later days, and which contain many details of Henrietta's character and
+career lost but for her in the silence of time.
+
+But perhaps the most romantic visitor who ever appeared at Chaillot was a
+runaway Princess, who found there an asylum after her conversion from the
+Protestant to the Catholic religion. Louise of the Palatine was a
+connection of the Queen of England, for she was the daughter of Elizabeth
+of Bohemia, the Winter Queen, whose beauty had turned so many men's heads
+and hearts. Louise lived with her unfortunate family at The Hague, and she
+solaced the weary days of an exiled Princess by the study of
+accomplishments, especially of painting, for which she had real talent. The
+attractions of the Church of Rome were represented to her by a priest, who
+gained her ear and her confidence as an instructor in her favourite art.
+She determined to abandon the religion of her family; and, as she knew that
+her position in her mother's house would be intolerable, she sought refuge
+in flight, and threw herself upon the protection of her aunt by marriage,
+whose devotion to the Church of Rome was a matter of common knowledge.
+Louise was not disappointed. Henrietta, to whom the conversion of any
+Protestant was a matter of real interest, and who must have felt a certain
+satisfaction in the secession to the enemy's camp of one of the children of
+the Queen of Bohemia, whose Protestantism had often in the past been
+unfavourably compared with her Catholicism, received the girl with motherly
+kindness, and bestowed her at Chaillot under the care of Mother de la
+Fayette. Louise soon expressed a desire to enter the religious life, and it
+was thought that she would take the veil in the convent which sheltered
+her; but Mother de la Fayette, with the good sense which distinguished her,
+objected to the profession of a Princess, whose birth would necessitate her
+election to a high office, to which perhaps her personal qualities would
+not entitle her. So the royal lady went on to the Cistercians, who had no
+such scruples, and who made her Abbess of Maubuisson, near Pontoise, where
+she lived in much repute to a green old age, and famed perhaps as well as
+her younger sister Sophia, whose steadfast Protestantism was rewarded by
+the reversion of the crown of the Three Kingdoms, and whose descendants sit
+to this day upon the throne which she missed by a few weeks.
+
+In 1654 Mother Lhulier died. She was succeeded[417] in the office of
+Superior, as might have been expected, by Mother de la Fayette, whose
+election was much desired by the Queens of both England and France. These
+royal ladies considerately abstained, from expressing any opinion on the
+subject that the nuns' choice might be free, but their wishes must have
+been well known, and they no doubt fell in with those of the religious.
+Louise de la Fayette fully justified the prophecy of Mother Chantal, and if
+Chaillot owed much to the force of character and strength of will of the
+first Superior, it owed even more to the sagacious rule of the second, who
+endeared herself to all, whether religious or visitors. The house was
+already sufficiently established, but the financial condition gave great
+cause for anxiety, and almost justified the ungracious forebodings of the
+Archbishop of Paris, though kind friends, among whom Madame de Motteville
+was one of the most generous, gave considerable gifts, and some of the
+religious, such as her sister, the first professed nun of the house, were
+able to bring dowries. Queen Henrietta, who had no money to give, exerted
+herself to procure high-born little pupils for the convent school, whose
+liberal pensions were indeed for some time the chief support of the house.
+She set the example by placing her own little daughter, Princess Henrietta,
+under the care of Mother de la Fayette, and, as was hoped, her presence
+attracted other children of equal rank, among whom was the daughter of the
+Duchess of Nemours, who was afterwards Queen of Portugal. No children could
+have had a more beautiful home or a more apt instructress; for the nun, in
+her long years of conventual life, had lost no whit of the graces and
+accomplishments of her courtly youth or of her natural kindliness of heart.
+Her charity, indeed, rose superior even to the acerbities of theological
+passion. To her care was confided one of the exiled nuns of Port Royal, and
+it is recorded that, in honourable contrast to the Superiors of other
+religious houses charged with a like burden, she treated her unwelcome
+guest with constant courtesy and kindness.
+
+Chaillot was to Henrietta a peaceful retreat after all her sorrows, for the
+world was strictly excluded, and the convent never became, like Val de
+Grace, a centre of political intrigue. There, removed from the troubles of
+dangerous schemes, of jarring religions, and of perpetual disappointments,
+the Queen regained something of the brightness and more than the
+tranquillity of her earlier years. The quiet days, passed in a round of
+prayer, of conversation, and of reading, flowed on undisturbed; and as she
+grew older she pleased herself by talking of the time when she should take
+up her abode permanently with her dear nuns, only, she said, she feared the
+damp of the river-side house a little. The kindness of the nuns, who saw in
+her not only a royal foundress, but a much-tried and suffering woman, was
+very great. At one time they even permitted her to join them at their
+recreation; and when this was found to be undesirable, her particular
+friends among the community were still ready to cheer and amuse her by
+their agreeable conversation, while they in their turn were often much
+diverted by her witty talk and stories of the surprising adventures which
+had befallen her, and which assuredly lost nothing in the telling. She was
+too clear-sighted and humorous not to appreciate that a queen was of
+necessity a troublesome member of a religious household, and she set
+herself to mitigate the annoyance as far as possible. She kept a very small
+household, only one lady-in-waiting, two or three other attendants, and as
+many girls to do the cooking, and she was careful to select only such women
+as would conduct themselves with quietness and decorum. One of her chief
+objects in choosing a situation on the outskirts of Paris had been to avoid
+the flow of idle visitors who in the city itself were a real annoyance to
+religious houses, and she refused to receive those who came on idle and
+frivolous pretexts. No one, however high his rank or pressing his business,
+was permitted to enter the enclosure without the leave of the Superior; and
+once, when Henrietta herself was unable to walk and was carried out from
+Paris in a chair, she insisted upon waiting at the gate of the convent
+until permission for her bearers to enter had been obtained. On all
+ordinary occasions she came down to the parlour and interviewed her
+visitors through the grill, even when the matter in hand was so intimate as
+that of trying on new clothes. She was equally considerate in any question
+which might disturb the religious routine of the house; and this delicate
+woman of over fifty, a princess by birth and a queen by marriage, whose
+health had been ruined by her troubles and privations, dragged herself from
+her bed at an early hour in the cold winter mornings that the community
+Mass, at which she liked to assist, might not be delayed.
+
+Perhaps the greatest pleasure of Henrietta's life at Chaillot was the long
+conversations which she held with Mother de la Fayette, whose attraction
+was as great for her as years before it had been for her brother. Into the
+nun's sympathizing ear she poured the tale of her sorrows, her fears, and
+her aspirations, and from her she received those instructions and counsels
+which made her in her latter years, in the words of Madame de Motteville, a
+_devote_ without the pretensions of one. Mother de la Fayette taught her
+the art of meditation, an art which must have been difficult to the Queen's
+vivacious and easily distracted mind, and it was probably under her advice,
+as well as that of her confessor, that she refused to interest herself in
+the various theories of grace which the controversies of Port Royal were
+making a fashionable subject of conversation, and confined her spiritual
+reading to a perusal and reperusal of a book which has brought consolation
+to thousands of weary spirits, the _De Imitatione Christi_. Her confidence
+in Mother de la Fayette, which probably was due in some measure to the
+isolation and independence which her position as a nun gave her, was very
+great. It extended even to her worldly affairs, which she would hardly have
+discussed with an ordinary friend. It was still more marked with regard to
+those inner matters of the spirit in which heart speaks to heart. It was to
+this chosen friend that Henrietta made the touching confession, which
+Bossuet, through Madame de Motteville, was able to proclaim to the world
+after her death, that every day on her knees she thanked God that He had
+made her two things, a Christian and an unhappy Queen (_une reine
+malheureuse_). But the pleasure of this friendship was not to be
+Henrietta's to the end. In 1664 the Queen was in England. She kept up a
+constant communication with the nuns at Chaillot, and she was much
+gratified to receive a letter telling her of the return of Mother de la
+Fayette to the convent, from which she had been absent on a reforming
+mission to another religious house, and of her re-election as Superior.
+Very shortly another letter followed telling of the nun's sudden and
+serious illness, and hardly had the Queen grasped this intelligence when
+the news came that Louise de la Fayette was dead. Though she had spent
+twenty-seven years in religion she was even now only forty-six years old,
+and the community mourned her as one who had been taken away in the midst
+of her age. It is not likely that she ever regretted her early decision,
+for the position of a highly born nun in those days, particularly if she
+resided in the capital, was dignified and important, and compared
+favourably with that of the worldly woman in all but variety and
+excitement. A convent parlour might be, and often was, the scene of
+conversations as interesting and influential as any held in a _salon_ or
+boudoir; and if Louise de la Fayette did not wield a distinctly political
+influence, it was rather from choice than from inability. Her early and
+tragic experience had taught her a real contempt for the fleeting glitter
+of Court life, and she never lost the spirit which, in her early convent
+days, led her, when one of her former friends reproached her for the change
+which had come over her, and hinted that she was mad, to reply gently: "No,
+I think I have left you the madness in leaving you the world."
+
+She had no truer mourner than the Queen of England, who hastened to
+associate herself with the sorrowing community. "One day you tell me," she
+wrote, "of the serious condition of Mother de la Fayette, and the next you
+announce to me her death, which grieves me deeply. It is a loss for the
+whole Order, and particularly for our house. I cannot express to you the
+grief which I feel; it is too great. I pray you to tell all our daughters
+that I sympathize with their sorrow, and to assure them that they will
+always find me ready to make proof of the friendship which I have for them,
+and which I had for the Mother they are mourning."[418]
+
+The picture which is presented of Henrietta through the medium of the
+Chaillot Papers, though in no sense false, is necessarily one-sided. All
+persons are influenced by the surroundings in which they find themselves,
+and if the Queen of England appeared to the nuns as a woman of almost
+saintly piety, whose every thought was given to heaven, and whose sorrows
+had completely detached her from the world, it is because thus she really
+was in their gentle society within the charmed walls of their convent. They
+did not see her in the outside world, where thorny problems again beset
+her, and where her old faults of temper and judgment tended to reappear.
+She had ever been not only a woman of strong religious and moral principle,
+but one whose qualities of heart and head had gained her more affection
+than often falls to the lot of a royal lady, and the effect of Chaillot was
+to emphasize and develop every virtue and charm she possessed, and to throw
+completely into the background all that was harsh and discordant and
+unlovely. Among the many portraits which remain to show her "in her habit
+as she lived" is one which represents her as the recluse of Chaillot, and
+which brings strong corroboration to the loving pen-and-ink sketches of the
+good nuns. A woman, still comely and showing the remains of great beauty,
+looks out upon us from the canvas; the heavy mourning dress corresponds
+with the deep melancholy of the face, and if there are no tears in the
+eyes, it is only because the painter has caught that saddest of all
+moments, when
+
+  "The eyes are weary and give o'er,
+  But still the soul weeps as before."[419]
+
+Thus she must often have appeared as she sat in her quiet room at Chaillot,
+or knelt in the convent chapel; and if in later years she was able to take
+up life again with something of her old courage and cheerfulness, it was
+because her wounded spirit had met healing and peace in this beloved home,
+which had been founded, as the archives of the Order recorded, for the
+consolation of a suffering woman, and which, after sheltering the sorrows
+of one exiled Queen of England, was to extend a like welcome to another
+hardly less unfortunate, Mary Beatrice d'Este, the wife of Henrietta's
+second son, James II.[420]
+
+[Footnote 402: "Mon inclination est de me retirir dans les Carmelites ...
+car apres ma perte je ne puis avoir un moment de aucune joye."--_Lettres de
+Henriette Marie a sa soeur Christine_, p. 71.]
+
+[Footnote 403: Jeanne Chantal.]
+
+[Footnote 404: _A New Description of Paris_ (1887), p. 121. The chapel is
+now a church of the _eglise reformee_.]
+
+[Footnote 405: Queen Anne of Austria was very fond of this convent.
+Mazarin, in the early days of his power, believed that the nuns tried to
+influence her against him.]
+
+[Footnote 406: Mme de Motteville: _Memoires_ (1783), I, 72.]
+
+[Footnote 407: This account is taken from that written by Caussin, an old
+copy of which is preserved in the Bibliotheque S. Genevieve, in Paris.
+Caussin's manuscript was only seen by Mother de la Fayette shortly before
+her death.]
+
+[Footnote 408: Her profession took place in July, 1637.]
+
+[Footnote 409: Louise Eugenie de la Fontaine. During the second war of the
+Fronde this lady received into the convent a number of religious (among
+them the Chaillot nuns) who were afraid to remain outside Paris. "Il
+sembloit que cette maison etoit un petit Paradis Terrestre ou une arche qui
+vaguoit en assurance dans un repos admirable pendant que tout etoit dans
+une confusion epouvantable et qu'on entendoit de tous cotez les canons et
+les mosquets qui se tiroient a la batail de la porte S. Antoine."--_Vie de
+la Ven. Mere Louise Eugenie de la Fontaine._]
+
+[Footnote 410: Evelyn: _Diary_. December 5th, 1643.]
+
+[Footnote 411: MS. 2436, Bibliotheque Mazarine, Paris. From this history
+many of the details of this chapter are taken.]
+
+[Footnote 412: He was an old friend and disciple of Berulle.]
+
+[Footnote 413: She was apparently a sister of Sir William Hamilton, the
+Queen's late agent in Rome.]
+
+[Footnote 414: _Miscellanea Spiritualia_, Pt. II (1653).]
+
+[Footnote 415: _Diary and Correspondence of John Evelyn_ (1859), Vol. IV,
+p. 352.]
+
+[Footnote 416: Madame de Motteville: _Memoires_, VI, p. 212 (1783).]
+
+[Footnote 417: The Superiors of the Order of the Visitation are chosen for
+three years. Mother de la Fayette held office three times, from 1654-7,
+from 1657-60, and from 1663 until her death in the following year.]
+
+[Footnote 418: C[arlo] C[otolendi]: _Vie de la tres haute et tres puissante
+Princesse Henriette Marie de France Reyne de la Grande Bretagne_, p. 311.]
+
+[Footnote 419: D. G. Rossetti.]
+
+[Footnote 420: Of Chaillot literally not one stone remains upon another.
+The convent was destroyed in the Revolution, and its site is occupied by
+the Trocadero.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+THE END
+
+  La mort a des rigueurs a nulle autre pareilles;
+      Ou a beau la prier,
+  La cruelle qu'elle est, se bouche les oreilles,
+      Et nous laisse crier.
+
+  Le pauvre en sa cabine, ou le chaume le couvre,
+      Est sujet a ses lois;
+  Et la garde qui veille aux barrieres du Louvre,
+      N'en defend point nos rois.
+
+                                FRANCOIS DE MALHERBE
+
+
+In the end the Restoration came as a joyful surprise to Queen Henrietta and
+her sons. After all the struggles, after all the intrigues, after all the
+schemes, Charles Stuart returned to the throne of his father by the free
+choice of a people afraid of a military despotism, weary of the disorders
+which had followed the death of Cromwell, and remembering that, after all,
+the exiled King had had little or no complicity in the deeds which brought
+his father to the scaffold. England was tired of Puritanism, and was
+preparing with all eagerness to welcome the Merry Monarch.
+
+France, which had shown herself decidedly tepid in helping the King of
+England in his adversities, and had, even at the nod of the usurper, driven
+him beyond her borders, was quite ready to rejoice at his good luck. Even
+Mazarin offered the most gratifying sympathy, while Queen Anne and the
+common people manifested a more real gladness. The English colony in Paris
+was naturally almost beside itself with joy and triumph, which burst forth
+in noisy rejoicings, wherein music, drinking, and fireworks played about
+equal parts.
+
+As for Henrietta, her joy was too deep for words. The small but pretty
+house at Colombes, where she now spent much of her time, was the scene of
+suitable festivity, but she was probably glad when she could retire to
+Chaillot to receive the sympathy of Mother de la Fayette, and to assist at
+a solemn Te Deum of thanksgiving, which was sung in the chapel of the
+convent. When the news came that her son, on his landing in England, had
+almost been torn to pieces in the delight of his subjects, her joy was
+complete. "At last," she wrote in a happy letter to her sister Christine,
+"at last the good God has looked upon us in His mercy, and has worked, so
+to speak, a miracle in this re-establishment, having in an instant changed
+the hearts of a people which has passed from the greatest hatred to
+expressions of the greatest possible kindness and submission, marked,
+moreover, by expressions of unparalleled joy."[421] The King, her son, she
+added, would, she believed, be more powerful than any of his predecessors,
+a forecast in which she showed her usual lack of political penetration, for
+the English people, even in the delirium of loyalty of the Restoration, did
+not throw away the fruits of the long struggle.
+
+Charles wrote most kindly to his mother, begging her to come to England to
+share his triumph, and she confessed, in a letter to her sister Christine,
+that she should like before she died to see her family reunited after their
+long wanderings, and "vagabonds no more." But she delayed several months,
+during the course of which her nephew, Louis XIV, whom she had once hoped
+to see her son-in-law, married the bride of his mother's choosing, the
+Infanta of Spain. The Queen of England, in company with her sister of
+France, repaired to the house of Madame de Beauvais,[422] whence, from a
+balcony overlooking the Rue S. Antoine, the royal ladies witnessed the
+entry into Paris of the King of France and his wife, Louis riding on
+horseback, and the bride sitting in a car drawn by six splendid horses.
+Only a few weeks after this day of rejoicing Henrietta's joy was turned to
+grief, and even her pleasure in her son's restoration was dashed by the sad
+news of the death of her youngest son Henry, who had grown into a tall,
+fine young man, whose gallant bearing was much admired when he rode into
+London at the left hand of his brother the King, on the happy 29th of May.
+The poor lad was smitten by the scourge of smallpox, and in a few days he
+was laid in the grave.
+
+It was not until October that the Queen turned her steps towards England,
+accompanied by her youngest daughter, who was now a girl of sixteen, the
+beautiful
+
+  "Princesse blanche comme albatre,"[423]
+
+who was soon to be the bride of her cousin Philip, the brother of Louis
+XIV. In spite of the happy occasion, it was sad to Henrietta to retrace the
+wedding journey of her youth, and to have to take part in festivities which
+recalled those of that long-passed time. On this occasion she set sail from
+Calais, but it was again at Dover that she set foot upon the soil of her
+adopted country, which she had not seen for sixteen years, and which her
+daughter had left as a child too young for memory.
+
+[Illustration: THE RUE ST. ANTOINE, PARIS (SHOWING THE CHAPEL OF THE
+
+VISITANDINES)
+
+FROM AN ENGRAVING BY IVAN MERLEN]
+
+Nor were the sad associations of the past the Queen's only cause for
+sorrow. Her grief was still fresh for her dead son, and for her two living
+ones her mind was full of anxiety. "I am going to England to marry one and
+to unmarry the other," she had said on leaving Paris. She was revolving
+schemes in her head for a marriage between the King and a niece of Cardinal
+Mazarin, whose large dowry, it was thought, would be useful in paying off
+the army of Cromwell and in settling the discontent which surely must be
+still lurking in the newly converted country. But more painful thoughts
+were given to her second son. This young man, whose exploits, together with
+those of his younger brother, at the battle of the Dunes, had won the
+admiration of the French against whom they were fighting, and whose fame
+was so great that his praises were sung in the coffee-houses of distant
+Constantinople, had so far forgotten his high lineage as to contract an
+alliance with a young woman of low rank, of no compensating beauty and of
+somewhat doubtful character. It was small consolation to Henrietta that the
+lady she was called upon to welcome as Duchess of York was the daughter of
+Sir Edward Hyde. At first she sternly refused to recognize the marriage,
+and it was only the entreaties of her two most intimate friends and
+counsellors, Lord Jermyn and the Abbe Montagu, that induced her to be
+reconciled to her son and to receive his wife. Perhaps she was also
+influenced by the knowledge that her eldest son, who at this time was much
+under the power of Hyde, wished her to show mercy. Still, it was with an
+aching heart that she saw her gallant young son mated with a woman in every
+way inferior to him; and her chagrin would not have been decreased could
+she have looked into the future and seen the two daughters of Anne Hyde
+sitting, in succession, upon the throne from which they had thrust their
+father.
+
+Queen Henrietta Maria was received with all kindness in England, which she
+found in such a fever of loyalty as to make it quite needless to think of
+the dowry of Mazarin's niece. The ever-fickle populace welcomed her with
+joy which made it difficult to believe that she had even been unpopular.
+Her dowry was restored to her, and her son rewarded his mother's faithful
+servants. Jermyn, whose advocacy of the Duchess of York had not perhaps
+been quite disinterested, received the title of Earl of St. Albans; and
+Montagu no doubt might also have obtained the recompense of his fidelity
+had he not by now regarded France and the Church as a truer _patria_ than
+his own country. As Grand Almoner to the Queen he presided over her
+ecclesiastical establishment, which was again settled at Somerset House,
+whither the Capuchin Fathers had returned to carry on a vigorous religious
+campaign, in which their superior, Father Cyprien,[424] who preached
+sermons "to touch the heart of demons," took an active part. The palace had
+been much knocked about during the war, and it was one of Henrietta's
+pleasures to restore it to its former beauty, an achievement which her old
+admirer, Sir William Waller, celebrated in smooth, polished verses of the
+type which was rapidly ousting the literary fashions of an earlier day. The
+Queen showed a surprising memory for the persons and things of the past,
+and delighted her son's courtiers by the graceful tact with which she
+recalled their circumstances and asked after their wives and families. But
+she was not very happy. Probably she felt the loss of her former political
+influence. Certainly she felt all the bitterness of returning a lonely and
+widowed old woman to the scenes of her happy married life. Sometimes, when
+all was bright around her, she would be found in some retired corner,
+where, with eyes full of tears, she was dwelling in thought upon the happy
+days of the past, and thinking of him to whom her will had been law.
+
+Thus by December, 1660, she had made up her mind to return to France; and
+after a parting saddened by the recent death of her eldest daughter, the
+Princess of Orange, who died of smallpox in London, she set out. Her
+journey was delayed by the serious illness of Princess Henrietta at
+Portsmouth, so that she did not reach Paris until the February of the next
+year. She was welcomed with much affection by her many friends, but perhaps
+the marriage of her daughter Henrietta, the daily companion of fifteen
+years, which took place with great eclat at the Palais Royal, made her life
+too lonely; for after the birth of the young wife's first child, a little
+girl to whom she was godmother, she determined to set out again for
+England, and report had it that there she meant to live and die. Her eldest
+son had just married a princess of Portugal, whose acquaintance she was
+anxious to make, and royal tact led her to add that she also wished to see
+the little daughter who had recently been born to the Duke and Duchess of
+York.
+
+There was no lack of heartiness in the welcome of her sons. Both Charles
+and James put to sea to meet her; but, owing to stormy weather, their boat
+was driven back, and the Queen's first welcome was the joyous salvos of
+Dover which answered the thunder of the guns of Calais.
+
+None but the most formal accounts remain to tell of Henrietta's impressions
+of her daughter-in-law, Catherine of Braganza. She can hardly have been
+pleased with the insipid girl whose bigoted piety and dull precision of
+character were not calculated to win the heart of an intellectual roue such
+as Charles II, who in women preferred a sparkling wit even to beauty. His
+mother, whose happy married life had made her shudder at the very name of
+illicit love, was no doubt judiciously blind where her sons were concerned;
+but she must have felt for this poor child whose chances of happiness were
+from the beginning very small. The two queens found a common interest in
+religion. Catherine was indeed _devote_ as Henrietta had never been; but
+the elder woman had throughout her life given sufficient proof of zeal, and
+she had recently written a letter to the Pope, informing him that the chief
+reason of her return to England was her desire to advance the Catholic
+religion in that land. The Court of Rome was getting weary of the
+ungrateful island on which "missioners, seminaires, regulars, seculars,
+archpriests, interposition of Princes, and what not,"[425] had all been
+thrown away. But Henrietta, true to her sanguine nature, still hoped to be
+the saviour of the English Catholics. Her chapel at Somerset House was once
+more the resort of the faithful, where hundreds abjured the heresy of their
+birth, some of which conversions were so amazing as to merit a place in the
+memoirs of Father Cyprien. Above all, the Queen knew that her eldest son,
+whose private opinions varied between the tenets of Hobbes and those of the
+Church of Rome, would have liked to be tolerant. What she failed to
+appreciate was that his wandering exiled life had taught him to sacrifice
+any private fancy or liking rather than go on his travels again.
+
+Somerset House was not only a religious centre. Wherever Henrietta was
+there were laughter, wit, and cheerfulness. Even in the darkest days of the
+past she would dry her tears to laugh at anything which struck her as
+droll, and now, in her old age, though sorrow and self-discipline had
+softened the sharpness of her tongue, her conversation had the charm of
+that of a witty woman who had mixed with famous people, and who had borne a
+principal part in the events of the age which was just passing away. Life
+had been to her what books are to more studious people; for, like the
+father whose wit she had inherited, she did not care for reading, and this,
+in her later life, she frankly regretted. She was now a "little, plain old
+woman,"[426] always quietly dressed, and worn out by trouble and
+ill-health; but the charm which was her cradle gift had not left her, and
+her Court proved much more attractive than that of her daughter-in-law, to
+whom nature had been less bountiful, and whose prim youth was no match for
+the sprightly age of the daughter of Henry IV.
+
+But the rivalry was not to be a long one. It seems that the air of England
+had not agreed with Henrietta, even when she was young and happy; and now
+her health daily became worse, until at last her physicians told her
+plainly that if she remained in England she would die. Perhaps she was not
+altogether sorry for this decision. She loved her sunny native land, and
+her heart yearned for her youngest and dearest child and for her nuns at
+Chaillot. Moreover, the troubles of her previous visit had not passed away.
+She bade a loving farewell to the two sons whose faces she knew she would
+never see again, and then made for the last time the familiar journey to
+Paris, where she was received with the customary kindness of the French
+royal family.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The last years of Henrietta Maria's life were calm and peaceful, except for
+her ill-health. "I have never had a day free from pain for twenty years,"
+she said shortly before her death to her friends at Chaillot. She had
+little to trouble her beyond the gentle sorrow of seeing those with whom
+she had been associated pass, one by one, to the silence of the grave. Her
+brother, the Duke of Orleans, ended his restless life in the year of the
+Restoration, leaving his title to his nephew, Henrietta's son-in-law.
+Cardinal Mazarin passed away in 1661, avaricious to the last, and counting
+with dying fingers the treasures to which his heart still clung. Four years
+later Queen Anne of Austria followed him, after an illness the infinitely
+pathetic record of which is to be found in the pages of Madame de
+Motteville. She was a great loss to her sister-in-law, the more so as
+Henrietta's faithful friend, the Abbe Montagu, was so high in her favour
+that it was feared he would succeed to the influence and position of
+Mazarin, and thus France be under a foreigner once more. The tie between
+these two was of no ordinary strength. Not only had Montagu been a friend
+and companion of the unforgotten Buckingham, but Anne never ceased to
+remember the service which he had rendered to her in the past. When he
+returned to France, after his long imprisonment, sobered by trouble, and so
+far from desiring the ecclesiastical honours on which his heart had once
+been set that he turned from them when offered, he became in some measure
+her spiritual adviser, a role for which he was well suited, as he knew
+probably better than any one else the secrets of the past. From his lips,
+at her own request, the dying Queen received the solemn intimation of the
+approach of death, and almost her last conscious words were addressed to
+him. "M. de Montagu knows how much I have to thank God for," she said,
+fixing her eyes on the Abbe as he knelt weeping beside her, words which
+both Madame de Motteville, who was present, and Montagu himself interpreted
+as bearing witness to Anne's innocence in the days when she compromised her
+reputation by vanity and coquetting.[427]
+
+Henrietta's health, which had never recovered from the strain of the Civil
+War and the terrible experiences of her last confinement, became worse and
+worse; so that in December, 1668, she wrote to her son Charles that her
+remaining days would not be many. She suffered much from sleeplessness and
+fainting fits, and even the waters of Bourbon, which she had long been
+accustomed to drink every year, afforded her little relief. The thought of
+death had ever been to her, as to her accomplished friend Madame de
+Motteville, one of terror. She did not like even to speak of it. "It is
+better," she was wont to say, "to give one's attention to living well, and
+to hope for God's mercy in the last hour." But now that death was drawing
+near it lost something of its terror, and she said quite openly that she
+was going to Chaillot to die. "I shall think no more of doctors or
+medicine," she added, "but only of my soul." In this spirit she went out to
+her house at Colombes to spend there the golden days of a French autumn,
+until the feast of All Saints should call her to her convent. "The
+Queen-Mother is extreme ill, and seems to apprehend herself
+extremely,"[428] wrote Ralph Montagu, the English ambassador in Paris, on
+September 7th, 1669.
+
+A few days later the end came. To the Queen's sleeplessness was added an
+aversion from all food, and at the request of the King of France, who was
+much attached to his aunt, a consultation of doctors was held, among whom
+the principal place was taken by Vallot, a man of great experience, who was
+first physician to the Crown of France, but who, nevertheless, was believed
+by some to have been negligent in his care of Queen Anne. He, thinking that
+Henrietta's great weakness came from her distressing insomnia, advised that
+she should take a grain of some sedative at night. The Queen, who had
+explained her symptoms with great clearness, objected the opinion of Sir
+Theodore Mayerne that such remedies were dangerous to her constitution,
+adding, laughing, that an old gipsy woman in England had once told her that
+she would never die except of a grain. Vallot listened respectfully, but he
+was unconvinced, so that his patient, feeling her reluctance to be foolish,
+agreed to follow his advice. The day wore on, and after a quiet evening
+with her ladies, Henrietta retired to bed as usual; but she did not feel
+very well, and it was suggested that she should not take the opiate.
+However, she could not sleep, and when her physician was called to her
+bedside she asked with some eagerness for the drug. He administered it in
+an egg, after which the Queen lay down again, to fall into a sleep which
+became deeper and deeper, until it passed into the last sleep of
+death.[429]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+With daybreak all was confusion at Colombes. Messengers hurried off to
+Paris to acquaint the King of France with the news of his aunt's death, and
+to S. Cloud to break the sad tidings to the Duchess of Orleans, who would
+be her mother's truest mourner. By some strange oversight or malice the
+English ambassador was left to hear the intelligence by chance. Ralph
+Montagu, who had a very poor opinion of the Earl of St. Albans, whose
+position as Lord Chamberlain to the late Queen gave him considerable power,
+believed that that nobleman had purposely kept him in ignorance, so that
+there should not be "left a silver spoon in the house."[430] In the
+interests of the King of England he hurried off to the King of France, who,
+in spite of the protests of the Earl, caused seals to be placed upon his
+aunt's property until it could be properly disposed of.
+
+There was great mourning for Henrietta in France, not only because she was
+personally beloved, but because the King and the people saw in her not so
+much the widow of the King of England as the last surviving child of the
+much-loved Henry the Great. High and low vied with each other in their
+desire to do her honour, and Louis XIV expressed his wish that she should
+lie by her father in the royal Abbey of S. Denys, where he ordered that a
+splendid funeral service, following the precedent of that of his mother,
+should be celebrated at his expense. He immediately dispatched a _lettre de
+cachet_[431] to the Prior and monks of the house, ordering them to receive
+with all honour the body of the Queen of England.
+
+Meanwhile at Colombes on a bed of state lay the corpse.[432] But that same
+evening, following the custom of the times, the heart was taken out,
+enclosed in a silver casket, and carried to its last resting-place at
+Chaillot. A sorrowful company escorted the precious relic, which was met at
+the door of the convent by the religious, each of whom held in her hand a
+lighted taper. Then in a set little speech the Abbe Montagu, as Grand
+Almoner to the late Queen, delivered it over to the Superior, commending it
+to the pious care of the community.
+
+Two days after this mournful little ceremony the body was carried through
+the Porte S. Denys, along the road which Henrietta had traversed as a
+bride, to the royal abbey, where it was to rest. There, watched by faithful
+guardians, it lay in a chapel behind the choir for more than a month, until
+the 20th of November, when the funeral service was celebrated. The
+obsequies were a magnificent affair, comparable with the splendours of the
+long-ago wedding. In the great church hung with black, on a magnificent
+mausoleum supported by eight marble pillars and blazing with a quantity of
+lighted tapers, Henrietta, who, living, had known what it was to lack the
+necessaries of life, lay as a King's daughter in her death, and that the
+contrast might be the more complete, her body, which had long laid aside
+the trappings of royalty, was covered by a gorgeous pall "of gold brocade
+covered by silver brocade and edged with ermine." By the will of the King
+representatives of the sovereign bodies were present, while the mourners
+included princes and princesses and even one of higher rank, for Casimir,
+the ex-King of Poland, who had exchanged his crown for a monk's frock, had
+journeyed to do honour to the Queen of England from the great Abbey of S.
+Germain des Pres, where he was spending a peaceful old age, and where his
+tomb may be seen to this day. The attendance of clergy indeed was not
+large, but that was only because orders had been issued that the sovereign
+bodies should be saluted before the prelates, an insult which the pride of
+the Church could not stomach.
+
+After a new and delightful rendering by the choir of the _Dies Irae_, the
+Bishop of Amiens ascended the pulpit. Francis Faure was probably selected
+for this office partly because he had been a servant of the dead Queen in
+her early married life, and partly because she had taken pleasure in
+hearing him deliver the panegyric of S. Francis de Sales in the chapel of
+the convent of Chaillot on the occasion of the saint's canonization. It
+seems, however, that this "_cordelier mitre_", as Gui Patin calls him, was
+not very popular with Parisian audiences, for the discourse which he
+delivered at the funeral of Queen Anne was severely criticized, and his
+sermon on the Queen of England had no better reception. Nevertheless, it
+reads as the work of an honest and affectionate man earnestly striving, not
+always indeed with success, to avoid that flattery of the great of which
+the times were so tolerant, but which is peculiarly vain in connection with
+death, the great leveller. His text was, "Watch and pray"; and he dwelt
+with some sternness upon the awful suddenness of the Queen's end, of which
+the Chaillot nuns said sweetly that it was the mercy of God to save her
+from the apprehension of the death which she feared so much. The
+discourse[433] was long, and it was nearly four o'clock in the afternoon
+before the body of Henrietta Maria was lowered into the royal vault, to lie
+beside that of her father.
+
+But the pious care of Louis did not end at S. Denys. Nearly a week later
+(November 25th) another service was celebrated in Paris itself, at the
+Cathedral of Notre-Dame, as an additional mark of the King's respect for
+his aunt. The Duke and Duchess of Orleans were again the chief mourners,
+while this time the preacher was Father Senault, Superior of that
+Congregation of the Oratory from which the Queen, ever since her marriage,
+had chosen her confessors.[434] He was a preacher of repute, as well as a
+writer of distinction, and his discourse on this occasion met with the
+"marvellous success which attends all his actions."[435]
+
+But before this, before even the service at S. Denys, the most famous of
+Henrietta Maria's funeral sermons had been preached. The filial piety of
+the Duchess of Orleans could not permit that her cousin the King of France
+should be the only person to do honour to her mother's memory. Her thoughts
+naturally turned to the convent at Chaillot, which her mother had loved so
+dearly, and where so much of her own youth had been spent. There the Queen
+had already been mourned by the good nuns; there Masses were offered for
+her soul. It was but fitting that there also should be celebrated the
+solemn service offered by her daughter's devotion.
+
+On November 12th the chapel of the convent, which the care of the religious
+had caused to be hung with mourning, was crowded by those who had come at
+the invitation of the Duchess of Orleans to do honour to her mother's
+memory. These were no royal obsequies due to Henrietta's quality as a
+daughter of France, but an offering of domestic love, and, as was
+befitting, the celebrant of the Mass was the late Queen's faithful,
+lifelong friend, Walter Montagu. But for the preacher was found one who has
+caused this simple service to be remembered while S. Denys and Notre-Dame
+are forgotten. The Abbe Bossuet was already Bishop-elect of Condom, but
+when he stood in the pulpit of Chaillot he still wore the dress of a simple
+priest. The discourse was pronounced "with much applause of the
+audience,"[436] wrote dryly the official chronicler of these events. It
+will be remembered as long as the French tongue. To one heart it spoke with
+something more than the charms of oratory, for from this day Henrietta of
+Orleans dated her friendship with the good Bishop. She did not know that in
+less than a year the same eloquent voice would be raised over her own dead
+body, and that her young life would have become, like her mother's, nothing
+but a text for a sermon.[437]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There was some difficulty about the Queen's property, as she died
+intestate. By the law of England everything she died possessed of passed to
+her eldest son; by the law of France her property would be equally divided
+among her children or their representatives. The property was not large,
+and Ralph Montagu believed that when the debts were paid there would be
+little left "but her two houses at Colombes, which would sell for ten or
+twelve thousand pistols, and were always, if she had made a will, intended
+to be given Madame." The person most inclined to dispute the claim of the
+King of England was the Duke of Orleans, who, perhaps knowing his
+mother-in-law's intentions, proposed that his wife should take the property
+in France as her share, leaving to her two brothers their mother's
+jointure, which had been granted for two further years. But another
+claimant appeared in the person of Henrietta's grandson, the Prince of
+Orange, who said that if Monsieur took a share he should advance a claim,
+otherwise he would submit to the pleasure of the King of England. Madame
+finally persuaded her husband to desist, which was esteemed a great service
+to her brother, as by the terms of the late Queen's marriage contract it
+would have been very difficult to parry his claims. Thus the whole of
+Henrietta's slender fortune fell to her son Charles II of England. But
+since he had always had a kindness for the nuns of Chaillot, he gave to
+them the furniture of his mother's apartments there. Some of it was too
+fine for them, and this portion they sold for the benefit of the house.
+They had no use for Flanders tapestry, for state beds or arm-chairs; but
+they kept, among other things, two feather beds, all the linen and pottery,
+and three very beautiful pictures. The proceeds of the sale enabled the
+nuns to build ten new cells, as well as to lay aside a sum of money for the
+expenses of the yearly commemoration of their royal foundress.[438]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Of those who mourned for Henrietta Maria it remains to say a few words. The
+future history of her two sons and of her nephew, Louis XIV, is too well
+known to need remark, except that it may be mentioned that James, in the
+tardy repentance of exile, found much comfort and edification among the
+nuns of Chaillot. The tragic fate of her daughter has already been referred
+to. Henrietta of Orleans, in the bloom of a beauty which recalled that of
+her mother, died at S. Cloud in the autumn of 1670, not without suspicion
+of poison. The Earl of St. Albans[439] returned to London, where he spent a
+drinking and card-playing old age, of which the most notable achievement
+was the foundation of St. James's Square, by which means he may almost
+claim the title of founder of modern West London, where Jermyn Street yet
+preserves his name. Walter Montagu, his friend of many years, had a very
+different fate. After the death of his three patronesses, the Queen of
+France, the Queen of England, and the Duchess of Orleans, he was made to
+resign the Abbey of S. Martin's, Pontoise. He returned to Paris and entered
+the Hospital of the Incurables in the Rue de Seve.[440] "My lord," said an
+English priest[441] of remarkable piety, who was waiting there for death,
+as he saw the Abbe enter, "you are come to teach me how to die." "No, Mr.
+Clifford," replied Montagu, "I have come to learn from you how to live."
+
+In this calm retreat his last years flowed quietly away. He "only occupied
+himself with the eternal years and with the practice of all the
+vertues,"[442] said the chronicler of S. Martin's; but incidentally he was
+able to render many services to the English colony in Paris, though his
+cousin Ralph complained that he had grown "very ignorant and out of
+fashion."[443] He died peacefully at the Incurables in February, 1677, and
+his body was carried to S. Martin's, at Pontoise, of which he had been a
+princely benefactor, to be buried in the chapel[444] of S. Walter, the
+first Abbot of the house and his patron saint, which he had beautified at
+great expense. Mother Jeanne, who still ruled over the Carmelites of
+Pontoise, caused a Mass to be sung for his soul, and equal honour was paid
+to his memory by the English Benedictine nuns of the same town. In Paris
+another old friend was doubtless thinking of him, for in a retirement
+almost monastical Madame de Chevreuse yet lived, one of the last of those
+who had gathered at the brilliant Court of Charles I and Henrietta Maria.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Thus Henrietta Maria, Queen of England,
+
+  "Left love and life and slept in endless rest."[445]
+
+As she was unfortunate in life, so she has been unfortunate in death; for a
+people whose historical judgments were stereotyped by the revolution of
+1688 has remembered her failings and forgotten her charms. It is only
+within recent years that the justice of history, working on the materials
+which are slowly unfolding the secrets of time, has been able to redress
+the balance and to reveal the personality of the woman who, amid all her
+misfortunes and all her faults, never lacked while living the devotion of
+love and friendship.
+
+[Footnote 421: _Lettres de Henriette Marie a sa soeur Christine_, p. 121.]
+
+[Footnote 422: This fine old house is still standing in the Rue Francois
+Mirron.]
+
+[Footnote 423: Loret: _La Muse Historique_, t. 3, p. 252.]
+
+[Footnote 424: This friar seems to have been more highly esteemed than, to
+judge by his memoirs, he quite deserved. _La Muse Historique_ has a long
+panegyric of him beginning--
+
+  Ce pere a beaucoup de science
+  De vertue d'esprit d'eloquence
+  Faizans quelque fois des Sermons
+  A pouvoir toucher des Demons.--T. IV, p. 116.]
+
+[Footnote 425: Archives of See of Westminster.]
+
+[Footnote 426: Pepys: _Diary_, November 22nd, 1660.]
+
+[Footnote 427: Mme de Motteville: _Memoires_ (1783), VI, pp. 307, 308.]
+
+[Footnote 428: Hist. MSS. Com. MSS. of Duke of Buccleuch at Montagu House.
+Vol. I, p. 438.]
+
+[Footnote 429: There are several accounts of Henrietta's death differing
+considerably in detail, especially as to the time when the opiate was
+given. Vallot was much blamed for the advice he had given.]
+
+[Footnote 430: Hist. MSS. Com. MSS. of Duke of Buccleuch at Montagu House.
+Vol. I, p. 440.]
+
+[Footnote 431: "A nos chers et bien aimez le grand Prieur et Religieux de
+l'Abbaye Royalle de S. Denis en France" (September 12th, 1669).--Arch.
+Nat., K. 119, No. 7.]
+
+[Footnote 432: The official account of the Queen's death and of the three
+funeral services is contained in MS. Cinqants de Colbert, p. 142.]
+
+[Footnote 433: "Oraison funebre de Henriette Marie de France Reyne de la
+Grande Bretagne prononcee dans l'Eglise de Saint Denys en France par
+Monseigneur l'Evesque d'Amiens" (1670).]
+
+[Footnote 434: Her confessor at the time of her death was Father Lambert,
+who succeeded Father Viette.]
+
+[Footnote 435: MS. Cinq cents de Colbert, p. 142.]
+
+[Footnote 436: Cinq cents de Colbert, p. 142.]
+
+[Footnote 437: On the first day of the year 1670 Walter Montagu "Voulant
+temoyner sa reconnaissance envers la Reine d'Angleterre ... indiqua dans
+son eglise [S. Martin's, Pontoise] un service solemnel par le repos de son
+ame."--Histoire de l'Abbaye de S. Martin de Pontoise, 1769. Bibliotheque
+Mazarine, MS. 3368.]
+
+[Footnote 438: Arch. Nat., K. 1303, No. 6. The portion sold realized
+L4143.]
+
+[Footnote 439: It is necessary to say a few words as to the alleged
+marriage between Henrietta Maria and Jermyn. It was believed by some
+contemporaries (e.g. Pepys and Reresby) that they were married, but it is
+very unlikely that this was the case. In a note to Smeaton's reprint (1820)
+to _The Life and Death of that matchless mirror of Magnanimity and Heroick
+Vertue Henrietta Maria de Bourbon_, it is asserted that a document was in
+existence in which Jermyn settled property on Henrietta Maria at the time
+of his marriage with her. This statement is absolutely unsupported, and
+even if the document ever existed it may have been a forgery. Henrietta as
+a Catholic could not have married Jermyn, a Protestant, without a
+dispensation from the Pope, which it would have been very difficult to
+obtain without the transaction becoming known. No trace of a dispensation
+has ever been found. The Queen's closest friends, Mme de Motteville and the
+Chaillot nuns, give no hint of such marriage, of which, had it existed,
+they must have been aware.]
+
+[Footnote 440: Now the Hopital Laennec in the Rue de Sevres.]
+
+[Footnote 441: William Clifford, whom Henrietta Maria recommended to the
+Pope in 1656 as a suitable bishop for England. P.R.O. Roman Transcripts.]
+
+[Footnote 442: Bib. Mazarin, MS. 3368.]
+
+[Footnote 443: Hist. MSS. Com. MSS. of Duke of Buccleuch at Montagu House.
+Vol. I, p. 423.]
+
+[Footnote 444: It is usually said that he was buried at the Incurables, but
+both the contemporary Gazette and Abbess Neville's Annals (of the English
+Benedictines at Pontoise) say that he was buried at S. Martin's, and the
+latter authority, which gives many details of his later life, adds that the
+interment took place in the chapel of S. Walter, and there is no doubt that
+their statement is correct. How the mistake arose is seen from a document
+preserved in the Archives de l'Assistance Publique, fonds des Incurables,
+carton 22, which speaks of a monument "posee, sur les entrailles de M. de
+Montagu en la nef de l'eglise dud" hospital [des Incurables].]
+
+[Footnote 445: William Browne.]
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX
+
+I
+
+ARCHIVES OF THE SEE OF WESTMINSTER
+
+_The answer given by the Commissioners of the Counsell to the French
+Embassadour Mareshall Bassompiere_
+
+
+The French were sent away as delinquents, having by their ill-carriage
+troubled the affaires of the kingdome, the domesticall government of his
+Ma:ties house, and the sacred union betwixt his Ma:tie and the Queene. The
+French Bishop and Blainvill endeavoured to make factione betwyeen the
+subiectes and the King stirring up men of ill affections in the Parliament
+against that which was for the service of the King and the tranquillity of
+the State. Some French officers suffered others to take houses in their
+names, where priestes might retire and there they brought up young weemen
+and children to be sent to the Spanish seminaries. They made the Queene's
+house a Rande-vous for Jesuits and fugitives. They subtly discovered what
+passed in privat betweene the K. and the Queene. They obliged her to take
+their opinion and allowance upon everything wh. the K. propounded and
+required of her. They endeavoured to frame a repugnance in the Queene to
+all wh. the King desired and ordained and they professed to foment discord
+betweene their Ma:ties as a thing importing the good of the Churche. They
+endeavoured to imprint in our Queene contempt of our nation, customes, and
+language. They had wrought the Qu.'s person, as it were to a kinde of rule
+of monasticall obedience, so farr as to make her doe things base and
+servil. They led her a foote a long waye to make her goe in devotion to the
+place where they are wont to execute infamous malefactours; which acte did
+turne not only to the shame of the Queene, but to the infamie of the K's
+predecessours for having put innocent persons to death, whom these fellows
+count martyrs, whereas not one was executed for Religion, but for crime of
+treason in the highest degree....
+
+
+II
+
+P.R.O. ROMAN TRANSCRIPTS
+
+(_To Cardinal Barberini_)
+
+Le grand zele qui a tourjours paru en sa Saintete pour procurer ladvantage
+de la religion catolique en ce peis et la passion que jay par tout les
+moyens possibles de contribuer, moblige a communi que a sa saintete a quoy
+la conjonction presante menase de la reduire; et de proposer a Sa Satete
+les melieurs expedients que je puis trouuer pour y remidier a fin de voir
+sette descharge de mestre aquitee de tout ce qui despandoit de moy tout le
+monde a ases de congnoisance de v[~re] piete et moy ases de preuues de
+v[~re] affection pour massurer que vous contribures de bon coeur a se
+deseing: en quoy le secret est sy important que je nay pas trouue apropos
+de vous envoyer une personne expres de peur de donner ombrage ysy qui
+pouroit fort nuir aux affaires du Roy Monseigneur et des catoliques: la
+Violence avec quoy le parlement a commance contre les catoliques a oblige
+le Roy Monseigneur a leur accorder la demande quils ont faite de banir les
+catoliques a dix milles de Londre, ils commansent a faire une riguoreuse
+recherche contre touts les prestres et menasent de mestre toute les loix
+les plus severes en execution contre eux qui vont jusques au sang, et moy
+mesme suis menacee de avoir mon contract de marriage rompu: et
+particulierement en se qui est des prestres; et la misere est que les
+affaires du Roy Monseigneur ne luy permette pas de soposer a toute sette
+violance a quoy il a bien paru depuis son avenemant a la couronne que son
+naturel ne a pas estte porte car au contaire il soufre maintenant pour sa
+bonte envers seux de [~nr]e religion; jay songe a un moyen et le seull que
+se tamps sy permet pour prevenir une grande partie de ses violances qui est
+pour employer de largent pour gagner les principaux de sette faction
+puritaine, et je croye avoir tellemant dispoise mon deseing quil ne me
+manquera que argent pour en venir about: les desordres de se peis sy
+randent impossible de trouuer ysy une telle somme dargent quil faudroit a
+cause _de lesclat que sela feroit_, se qui pouroit aussy frustrer le
+sucses: sest pour quoy jay cru en premier lieu estre obligee davoir recours
+a sa Saintete pour luy demander son assistance en une occasion sy presante
+et le danger sy ineuitable sans se remede a fin quil voye quil nia rien que
+je ne desire exposer en sette cause je mofre a donner telle caution qui
+sera valable pour la somme de cinc cent mil escus; car les catoliques
+estant une fois eschapes de se parlement present il ne oroit que a esperer
+et rien a craindre dhors en avant et le seul moyent est seluy que je
+propose: sest pourquoy je vous prie de communiquer sesy a Sa Saintete, a
+qui je suplie tres humblement de ne le consulter quavec vous car sy sela
+venoit a estre seu je serois perduee; et de me faire responce la plus
+prompte que sera possible, et selon v[~re] resolution, vous pouues envoyer
+les lettres de change a Paris pour me les faire tenir ysy et le plus
+secretement que faire se peut. Je ne doute pas que si il plaist a sa Stete
+de masister en ce deseing de remestre les catoliques en repos et de porter
+le Roy Monseigneur a leur faire plus de grases que jamais. En tout cas
+joray le temognage de sa Stete et le v[~re] davoir fait de mon coste tout
+mon possible pour faire reusir se deseing sy bon et utille a la religion;
+je nay que faire a vous presser de contribuer a sesy v[~re] piete vous
+porte ases a le faire seullemant une prompte responce la queue jatans par
+le mesme porteur le quel jay envoye a Paris pour vous faire tenir selle sy
+par Mr. le nonce la faire demandant rien plus que la diligence et le secret
+je me remest a la prudence de Sa Stete. et a la vostre et demeureray.
+
+  Mon cousin,
+             V[~re] bien affectionne cousine,
+
+                HENRIETTE MARIE R.
+
+  Il nia personne que sa Stete.
+       vous et moy qui sache se sy encore.
+
+
+III
+
+THOMASOM TRACTS
+
+The Queene's Proceedings in Holland. Being the copie of a letter from the
+Staple at Middleborough to Mr. Vanrode a Dutch Marchant in London. (19 Dec.
+1642.).... Colonel Goring is travelled into Ortoys and Flanders to raise
+forces of Men and Armour, he having a Commission from the King of France to
+take a certaine number from each Garrison, for the Queene and present
+supply for England. Colonel Gage who is Colonell over the English in
+Flanders, gave Colonel Goring a Challenge for presuming to beat up his
+Drums to flock away his Officers and Souldiers, nevertheless the souldiers
+being poore and long behind of their contribution mony agreed, and five or
+600 English followed Colonel Goring to Dunkirke, Newport, Ostend, and
+Graveling, where they now remaine till they be Shipt for England, there
+hath bin great meanes to the States that these Souldiers might bee
+permitted to passe through their Country and so take shipping for England,
+but the Queene nor the Ambassador can prevaile with the States for their
+consents therein. I have also here set you downe the summes of money raised
+amongst the Priests, Jesuites, Seminaries, Friers, Nuns, and holy Sisters
+through the land, and paid in to the Jesuites of St. Omers his Colledge
+towards the maintenance of his Majesties warres. And first as in order the
+English Cloyster at St. Omers,[446] the Jesuits have raised 3000 pounds,
+besides the Taxes they have imposed upon every Scholler 5_l._ a man being
+about 400, and that if any shall refuse the payment thereof to lose their
+Degrees in the House, and be for ever discharged for having any future
+benefit therein: in which Colledge the sum collected amounts about 3500_l_,
+Secondly at Ayres, the summe collected amounts unto 500_l_, Thirdly, at
+Beteone, the summe collected amounts unto 500_l_, Fourthly at Arras, the
+some of 2000_l_, Fifthly at the University of Doway 1000_l_, Sixtly at
+Gaunt, betweene the Colledge of English and Irish Priests, and the Matron
+of the Nunnes there, was Collected 500_l_, Seventhly at Durmount, 50_l_,
+eightly at Bruzels, from the Countesse of Westmoreland, and the Lady
+Babthorpe, Matrons of the holy Nuns, and the three Cloysters English,
+Irish, and Walloons, 3000_l_, Ninthly at Lovain, 1000_l_, Tenthly at
+Bridges, 300_l_, Eleventhly at Casteele, 200_l_, Twelfely at Newport
+200_l_, Thirteenth at Ostend 100_l_, Fourteenth at Graveling, 100_l_,
+Fifteenth at Dunkerke, 500_l_, all which summes amounteth about 15000_l_,
+have bin Collected and in the hands of Father Browne the Head of St. Omers
+Colledges, besides 5000_l_ more gathered from the Governours of every Towne
+Village or petty Dorpe, which makes the sum of 20 thousand pounds, all
+which is intended to be transported to his Majesty from Dunkirke, besides
+the weekely allowance the Colledges will disburse towards the maintenance
+of the five hundred Souldiers under the command of Colonell Goring during
+his Majesties warres with the Parliament....
+
+[Footnote 446: The inaccuracies with regard to St. Omers are probably
+typical of those with regard to the other places. St. Omers was at this
+time very poor. The pupils numbered 60, not 400; the Superior's name was
+Port, not Browne.
+
+There is no trace of such a collection in the records of Les Dames
+Anglaises at Bruges.]
+
+
+IV
+
+AFFAIRES ETRANGERES ANG., T. 49
+
+_Walter Montague to Cardinal Mazarin_ (_apparently_)
+
+La Haye 9 February 1642 [O.S.].
+
+Les mesmes tempestes qu'ont rejette la Reyne en Hollande m'ont retenu icy
+car d'abord quelle fut partye le mauvais temps ne nous pouvoit rien
+promestre de meilleur sur son renvoy icy ce qua este le 9 iour apres son
+embarquement ayant endure le peril sept iours de tempeste continuelle
+n'ayant ramene que trois de ses vaisslaux en ayant perdu un avec tout son
+equipage descuyrie et les autres encore sont demeures en doute de leur
+salut: le peril ou elle a este, a este si grand quelle eut bien pu
+iustifier sa mort de peur mais Dieu luy a donne un soutien par sa grace:
+... elle na iamais tesmoigne aprehension dans les preparatifs de la mort
+que pour les affaires de Dieu et du Roy son mary: les relations que les
+peres en font sont si extraordinaires quelle ont besoin dune telle
+authorite pour les faire croyables. Le iour apres quelle debarqua (ce
+quelle fit dans un petit bateau de pescheur trouve a la mer) elle receut
+nouvelle dune trahison decouverte dans son armee pour la livrer entre les
+mains des rebelles mais aussi beaucoup des instances de la part du Roy et
+du pays pour sa venue avec grand apparence de surete pour sa persone et
+grande aprehension de confusion dans les affaires sans l'assistance de sa
+presence tellement quelle se resoult contre tous les sentiments de son sexe
+et de sa sante mesme de se rambarquer au plus tost ... elle a fait grande
+perte dans ce naufrage mais elle a gagne dans l'opinion de tous les temoins
+ce quelle ne scauroit iamais perdre....
+
+
+V
+
+P.R.O. ROMAN TRANSCRIPTS
+
+(_To Cardinal Barberini_)
+
+  Mon cousin,
+
+Les bons effets que vous m'aues rendu de v[~re] amitie et particulierement
+en les vingt et cinque mille escus, que vous m'auez fourny par le Baron
+Herbert filtz du Marquis Wostre ont bien fait voyr le sentiment que vous
+auez des nos souffrances et de l'estat de nos affayres icy. Je vous supplye
+de croyre que comme j'embrasse auec une singuliere affection cette v[~re]
+bonne volonte envers nous, aussy vous fairray je paroystre la gratitude que
+j'en ay en toute occasion qui se presentera a ce fayre estant.
+
+                        Mon cousin,
+                            vostre affectionnee cousine,
+
+                                    HENRIETTE MARIE R.
+
+  D'Oxford ce 20^{me} de Septembre 1643.
+
+(The transcriber notes that the hand is like that of the King and that the
+signature is "Vostre affectionnee cousine," instead of the Queen's usual
+"Vostre tres affectionnee cousine"; he also notes the use of the pronoun
+"nous.")
+
+
+VI
+
+ARCHIVES OF THE SEE OF WESTMINSTER
+
+_Endorsed_ Securitus in jurando. 1645.
+
+Si ex una parte dignabitur regia Maiestus liberare Catholicus suos subditos
+a timore legum poenalium edictarum contra Recusantes ob causam Reliquiis
+eis que certo et constanter concedere liberum usum Catholicae Religionis
+intra privatos parietes.
+
+Dicti Subditi ex altera parte exhibent se parotos ex hac hora ad fidem et
+obedientiam suae maiestati perpetuo ac firmiter servandam sub solemni
+juramento; quantum libet augeatur Catholicorum numerus in posterum vel
+conspirent ullo tempore inter se quincunque Principes esterii ad
+restituendum, sen stabiliendum vi et armis publicum usum Catholicae
+religionis in hoc Regno.
+
+Ad maius robur (si expedire videbitur) addi potest Breve pontificum, quod
+sine dubio sua S^{tas} facile concedet, pro ratificatione seu confirmatione
+dicti juramenti.
+
+
+VII
+
+P.R.O. ROMAN TRANSCRIPTS
+
+(_To Innocent X_)
+
+  Tressaint Pere,
+
+Le sieur Crashau ayant este Ministre en Angleterre et nourri dans les
+Universites de ce pais parmy des gens tres esloignes des sentiments de
+nostre Sainte Religion sest toutes fois par sa lecture et son estude rendu
+Catholique et pour en jouir plus paisiblement l'exercise, s'est transporte
+en deca et vescu pres d'un an aupres de moy, ou par le bon example de sa
+vie il a beaucoup edifie tous ceux qui ont, converse avec luy. Ce qui m'a
+convie s'en allant presentem a Rome d'escrire ce mot a vostre Ste pour la
+prier de le considerer comme une personne de qui les Catholique Anglois ont
+conceu de grandes esperances, et que j'estime beaucoup, et de luy departir
+ses graces, et faveurs aux occasions qui se presenteront. Ce que
+j'estim[~ea]y parmy les autres obligations particulieres que jay a V.S. Et
+sur ce je prie Dieu Tressaint Pere quil conserve V.S. longues annees pour
+le bien et utilite de son Esglise.
+
+De S. Germain-en-Laye ce 7 Septembre 1646.
+
+                   V[~re] tres devotte fille
+
+                                 HENRIETTE MARIE R.
+
+
+VIII
+
+ARCHIVES OF THE SEE OF WESTMINSTER
+
+Upon the Ground given in the 12th Proposall, printed August the first 1647,
+by authoritie from his Excellence Sir Thomas Fayrfax, that All the Penall
+statutes in force against Roman Catholickes shall be repealed.
+
+And further that they shall enjoy the liberty of theyr consciences, by
+Grant from the Parliament; It may bee enacted that it shall not be lawfull
+for any person or persons beeinge subiects to the Crowne of England to
+professe or acknowledge for truth, or perswade others to beeleive these
+ensuinge Propositions.
+
+1
+
+That the Pope or church, hath powre to absolve any person or persons
+whatsoeuer, from his or theyr obedience to the Civill Government
+established in this Nation.
+
+2
+
+That it is lawfull in it selfe or by the Popes dispensation to break eyther
+word or oath with any Heretickes.
+
+3
+
+That it is lawfull by the Pope, or churches command or dispensation to
+kill, destroy, or otherwise to iniure or offende any person or persons
+whatsoever because hee or they are accused, or condemned, censured, or
+exco[~m]unicated for Error, Schisme or Heresy.
+
+The premises considered wee on the other side sett our hands that every one
+of these three propositions may bee lawfully answered unto in the Negative.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+  Abercorn, James Hamilton, Earl of, 121
+
+  Aiguillon, Duchess of, 268
+
+  Alexander, Sir William, Earl of Stirling, 116
+
+  Andrewes, Lancelot, Bishop of Winchester, 109
+
+  Angus, William Douglas, Earl of, 114
+
+  Anne of Austria, Queen of France--
+    Wife of Louis XIII, 3;
+    disliked by Richelieu, 15;
+    relations with Buckingham, 15, 16, 22-4, 66-8;
+    intrigues against France, 131;
+    falls under Mazarin's influence, 207;
+    receives Henrietta in Paris, 219;
+    death of, 309, 310;
+    mentioned, 12, 34, 49, 208, 220, 225, 252, 260, 266, 273, 280, 283,
+    284, 286, 289, 293, 314
+
+  Ashburnham, John, 131
+
+  Aubert, Maurice, 56 _n._
+
+  Ayton, Sir Robert, 69, 160
+
+
+  Banbury, Elizabeth, Countess of, 222
+
+  Barberini, Cardinal Francesco--
+    His interest in England, 110, 118;
+    Henrietta's letters to, 175-7;
+    policy with regard to Ireland, 231;
+    men., 121, 122, 124, 125, 136, 160, 163, 164, 178, 231, 243
+
+  Bassompierre, Marshal de--
+    His mission to England, 57-60;
+    men., 286, 287
+
+  Bellievre, M. de, 143
+
+  Berkeley, Sir John, 240, 241
+
+  Bernini, 111
+
+  Berthaud, Eugenie Madeline, 290
+
+  Berulle, Cardinal--
+    Sent to Rome to procure dispensation, 6;
+    friend of Mary de' Medici, 169;
+    Henrietta's confessor, 23;
+    character of, 21-2;
+    death of, 81;
+    men., 11, 23, 34, 38, 40, 45, 60, 76, 95, 96, 98, 103, 109, 110, 112,
+    169, 277
+
+  Blainville, Marquis de, 39-46
+
+  Bossuet, Jacques Benigne--
+    Preaches Henrietta's funeral sermon at Chaillot, 316;
+    men., 31, 202
+
+  Bouillon, Duke of, 232
+
+  Bristol, John Digby, 1st Earl of, 212
+
+  Bristol, George Digby, 2nd Earl of, 190, 196, 212, 224, 251
+
+  Brook, Sir Basil, 173
+
+  Browne, Sir Richard, 266, 292
+
+  Buckingham, George Villiers, Duke of--
+    Relations with Anne of Austria, 15, 16, 22, 23, 66-8;
+    his conduct to Henrietta and her household, 35 _sqq._;
+    death of, 62;
+    men., 5, 7, 67, 130, 135, 137, 221, 310
+
+  Buckingham, Mary, Countess of, 25, 42, 79
+
+  Buckingham, Katherine, Duchess of, 139
+
+
+  Cary, Patrick, 249
+
+  Carlisle, James Hay, Earl of--
+    Ambassador at Henrietta's marriage, 5 _sqq._;
+    men., 46, 50, 51, 57, 66
+
+  Carlisle, Lucy, Countess of, 66-8, 152, 157, 186, 191
+
+  Carter, Master, 205
+
+  Casimir, King of Poland, 314
+
+  Catherine of Braganza, wife of Charles II, 307-9
+
+  Caussin, Father, 282, 283
+
+  Chantal, Jeanne, Mother, 279, 285
+
+  Charles I, King of England--
+    His marriage, 4 _sqq._;
+    harshness of, to his wife, 28 _sqq._;
+    subserviency of, to Buckingham, 5, 38 _sqq._;
+    gentleness of, to Catholics, 107 _sqq._;
+    signs Strafford's death-warrant, 185;
+    final parting of, from his wife, 213;
+    takes refuge with Scotch, 238;
+    sold to English, 239;
+    in hands of Independents, 240;
+    execution of, 254;
+    men., _passim_
+
+  Charles II, King of England--
+    Birth of, 64, 65;
+    men., 147, 180, 219, 257, 261, 264, 265, 268, 269, 270, 272, 275, 302,
+    303, 304, 307, 308, 316, 317
+
+  Chateauneuf, Marquis of--
+    His mission to England, 78 _sqq._;
+    enemy of Richelieu, 80; men., 84, 85, 89, 99, 221, 225
+
+  Chaulnes, Duchess of, 22
+
+  Chaulnes, Duke of, 19
+
+  Chevreuse, Mme de, 5, 16, 18, 21, 22, 30, 36, 49, 66, 80, 82, 85, 146,
+  147, 152, 158-60, 218, 219, 224, 225, 319
+
+  Chevreuse, Duke of--
+    Proxy for Charles at his marriage, 8 _sqq._;
+    men., 159
+
+  Christine, of France, Duchess of Savoy, 2, 3, 135, 188, 267, 280, 303
+
+  Cholmondley, Sir Hugh, 205
+
+  Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of, 235, 261, 265, 305
+
+  Clifford, William, 318
+
+  Con, George--
+    Arrives at Court, 122;
+    death of, 125;
+    men., 114-16, 123, 124, 129, 136-8, 149, 150, 160, 161, 164, 173
+
+  Cosin, John, Bishop of Durham, 137, 266
+
+  Cowley, Abraham, 221, 222
+
+  Crashaw, Richard, 221, 222, 249
+
+  Cromwell, Oliver, 239, 273-5
+
+  Culpepper, John Culpepper, Lord, 240, 241, 261
+
+  Cyprien de Gamache, Father, 100, 107, 254, 255, 306, 308
+
+
+  D'Avenant, Sir William, 154, 222, 238
+
+  Denbigh, Susan, Countess of, 68, 137, 181, 194, 200, 220, 222
+
+  Denbigh, William Fielding, Earl of, 181, 220
+
+  Denham, Sir John, 240
+
+  Des Anges, Mother, 133
+
+  D'Ewes, Sir Simonds, 74
+
+  Digby, Sir Kenelm--
+    Goes to Rome as Henrietta's ambassador, 231;
+    his conduct there, 233 _sqq._;
+    men., 144, 145, 150, 164, 172, 173, 178, 180, 250 _n._
+
+  Dorset, Frances, Countess of, 65
+
+  Douglas, Sir Robert, 114-17
+
+  Du Perron, Jacques Nowell--
+    Arrives in England, 100;
+    death of, 259;
+    men., 101, 128, 136, 197, 226-8, 266
+
+
+  Elizabeth of England, daughter of Charles I, 267
+
+  Elizabeth of England, Queen of Bohemia, 195, 212
+
+  Elizabeth of France, Queen of Spain, 2, 3, 230
+
+  Estrades, Count of, 143
+
+  Evelyn, John, 132, 266, 287
+
+
+  Fairfax, Sir Thomas, 245
+
+  Falkland, Lucius Cary, Viscount, 132, 249
+
+  Faure, Francis, Bishop of Amiens, 314
+
+  Fayette, Louise de la--
+    Relations with Louis XIII, 280-5;
+    Superior of Chaillot, 295, 296;
+    friendship with Henrietta, 297;
+    death of, 299;
+    men., 286, 290, 293, 294, 298, 303
+
+  Fayette, Mme de la, 293
+
+  Felton, John, 62
+
+  FitzWilliams, Colonel, 229
+
+  Fontenay-Mareuil, Marquis of, 83, 84, 102
+
+  Ford, Sir Edward, 240
+
+
+  Gaston of France, Duke of Orleans, 8, 12, 17, 24-6, 49, 51, 81, 82, 219,
+  309
+
+  Goffe, Stephen, 223
+
+  Gondi, Jean Francois de, Archbishop of Paris, 9, 10, 286, 289, 295
+
+  Goodman, Godfrey, Bishop of Gloucester, 109, 171
+
+  Goring, George Goring, Lord, 181-3
+
+  Grebner, Paul, 192
+
+  Gressy, M. de, 208, 223
+
+
+  Habington, William, 63
+
+  Hamilton, James Hamilton, Duke of, 64
+
+  Hamilton, Anne, Marchioness of, 137
+
+  Hamilton, Mary, 290
+
+  Hamilton, Sir William, 121, 163, 164
+
+  Hatton, of Kirby--
+    Christopher Hatton, Baron, 263, 271
+
+  Harcourt, Count of, 208, 209
+
+  Hobbes, Thomas, 222, 267
+
+  Holden, Henry, 248
+
+  Holland, Henry Rich, Earl of, 5, 6, 9 _sqq._, 61, 73, 83, 85-7, 117, 147,
+  162, 186, 212
+
+  Henrietta Maria, Queen of England--
+    Birth and early years, 1 _sqq._;
+    her personal appearance, 4, 5, 74;
+    betrothal, 8;
+    marriage, 9 _sqq_;
+    departure for England, 17;
+    at Amiens, 19-23;
+    at Boulogne, 23-5;
+    sails for England, 26;
+    early relations with her husband, 28 _sqq._;
+    her household, 30-3;
+    conduct of Buckingham to, 35 _sqq._;
+    Charles' unkindness to, 41-5;
+    goes to Tyburn, 47;
+    her household expelled, 51-5;
+    her letter to Bishop of Mende, 53, 54;
+    her married happiness, 60-2, 91;
+    her children, 63, 65;
+    her friendships, 65, 66, 73;
+    her theatricals, 69-72;
+    her wardrobe, 74-6;
+    intrigues with Jars and Chateauneuf against Richelieu and Portland, 88;
+    development of her character, 88, 89;
+    her relations with English Catholics, 95 _sqq._;
+    receives Capuchins, 99;
+    builds chapel at Somerset House, 101-3;
+    pleads with Charles for Catholics, 105;
+    sends Douglas to Rome, 114-17;
+    receives Panzani, 118;
+    sends Hamilton to Rome, 121;
+    her affection for Con, 123;
+    writes to Christine on Montagu's behalf, 135;
+    scene in her chapel, 140;
+    procures Jars' release, 144, 145;
+    writes urging Catholics to contribute to expenses of Scotch war, 150;
+    further development of her character, 152;
+    acts in _Salmacida Spolia_: relations with her mother, 158;
+    attempts to gain Cardinal's hat for Montagu, 160;
+    counsels calling of Parliament, 165;
+    relations with Richelieu, 169;
+    submits to Parliament, 174;
+    her letter to Barberini, 175-7;
+    efforts to keep open communications with Rome, 178;
+    refused a refuge in France, 180;
+    efforts to save Strafford, 181;
+    her share in army plot, 182;
+    last interview with Rosetti, 187;
+    accused of complicity in Irish rebellion, 190;
+    urges Charles to arrest five members, 191;
+    change in her character, 193;
+    goes to Holland, 194;
+    her activity there, 196;
+    letters to Charles, 198, 199;
+    shipwrecked, 200, 201;
+    reception at Burlington Bay, 203;
+    her military career, 204;
+    at Oxford, 205-13;
+    at Exeter, 214;
+    escapes to France, 215;
+    reception of, in Paris, 219;
+    asks for money from French clergy, 226;
+    intrigues with Confederate Catholics, 229 _sqq._;
+    sends Digby to Rome, 231;
+    refuses to receive Rinuccini, 236;
+    weakness of her policy, 251;
+    grief on Charles' death, 255-7;
+    counsels Anne of Austria, 260;
+    head of "Louvre party," 261, 262;
+    attempts to convert Gloucester, 267-72;
+    claims her dowry, 273;
+    goes to convent in Rue S. Antoine, 279;
+    founds Chaillot, 286 _sqq._;
+    her life there, 292, 296, 297;
+    her letter to nuns on death of Mother de la Fayette, 299;
+    her joy at the Restoration, 303;
+    returns to England, 305;
+    returns again to France, 306;
+    her last visit to England, 307;
+    last journey to France, 309;
+    her last years, 309;
+    death of, 311;
+    funeral of, 313-16;
+    her estate, 316, 317;
+    supposed marriage with Jermyn, 317 _n._
+
+  Henrietta of England, Duchess of Orleans--
+    Birth of, 214;
+    marriage of, 307;
+    death of, 317;
+    men., 215, 253, 268, 272, 293, 296, 304, 309, 312, 315, 316
+
+  Henry IV, King of France, 1-3, 65, 92, 96, 105, 126, 128, 142, 174, 180,
+  194, 204, 211, 216, 253, 257, 272, 273, 280, 285, 308, 309, 312, 315
+
+  Henry of England, Duke of Gloucester--
+    Henrietta's attempt to convert him, 267-72;
+    death of, 304;
+    men., 169
+
+
+  Innocent X--
+    His refusal to help Henrietta, 249, 250;
+    men., 222, 231, 234, 235, 241, 248
+
+
+  James I, King of England, 6, 7, 48, 108, 127, 128
+
+  James, Duke of York (James II), 198, 261, 272, 301, 305, 307, 317
+
+  Jars, Chevalier de, 78, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90, 144, 145, 219
+
+  Jones, Inigo, 154
+
+  Jonson, Ben, 69, 154
+
+
+  Killigrew, Thomas, 132, 134
+
+
+  Lambert, Father, 315 _n._
+
+  Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, 69, 88, 108-10, 127, 138, 139,
+  141, 166, 171
+
+  Leander de S. Martino, Father, 33 _n._
+
+  Leicester, Robert Sidney, Earl of, 168
+
+  Lennox, James Stuart, Duke of, 64
+
+  Lewknor, Sir Lewis, 34 _n._
+
+  Leybourn, George, 247
+
+  Lhulier, Mother, 286, 288, 290, 295
+
+  Lilly, William, 106, 192 _n._
+
+  Louis XIII, King of France--
+    At Henrietta's wedding, 8 _sqq._;
+    relations with his wife, 15;
+    death of, 207;
+    relations with Louise de la Fayette, 281-5;
+    men., 3, 16, 17, 19, 27, 38, 45, 49, 50, 54, 55, 60, 67, 95, 102, 145,
+    157, 197, 221
+
+  Louis XIV, King of France, 153, 219, 252, 259, 266, 274, 293, 303, 304,
+  311, 312, 315-17
+
+  Louise of the Palatine, 294, 295
+
+
+  Magdeleine of S. Joseph, Mother, 11
+
+  Manchester, Edward Montagu, Baron Montagu of Kimbolton, afterwards 2nd
+  Earl of, 190, 211, 262
+
+  Manchester, Henry Montagu, 1st Earl of, 72, 131
+
+  Mary of England, daughter of Charles I, 181, 194-6
+
+  Mary de' Medici, Queen of France--
+    Satisfaction of, at Henrietta's marriage, 6;
+    anger at dismissal of her household, 56;
+    takes refuge in England, 145-8;
+    death of, 197;
+    men., 1, 2, 4, 12, 16, 17, 22, 23, 31, 40, 48, 75, 79, 80, 98, 103,
+    143, 158, 161, 162
+
+  Mary, Queen of Scotland, 10, 26, 115, 260
+
+  Matthew, Sir Tobie--
+    His character of Henrietta, 25;
+    men., 24, 138, 166, 180
+
+  Mayerne, Sir Theodore, 63, 104, 123, 179, 214, 215, 311
+
+  Mazarin, Cardinal--
+    His friendship with Montagu, 197, 206;
+    successor of Richelieu, 207;
+    his policy, 208;
+    his distrust of Henrietta, 224, 225;
+    his alliance with Cromwell, 273;
+    death of, 309;
+    men., 206, 209, 216, 223, 224, 228, 230, 232, 238, 239, 252, 253, 259,
+    260, 274, 275, 302, 305, 309
+
+  Mende, Daniel du Plessis, Bishop of, 31-4, 36, 37, 40, 41, 46-8, 50, 51,
+  53, 54, 59-61, 96, 101, 220, 221
+
+  Montagu, Ralph Montagu, Duke of, 311, 312
+
+  Montagu, Viscount, Francis Brown, 222
+
+  Montagu, Walter--
+    Friendship of, with Henrietta, 7 and _passim_;
+    with Anne of Austria, 49, 131, 207, 209, 262, 263, 310;
+    with Mazarin, 197;
+    conversion of, 130-6;
+    imprisonment of, 209;
+    takes orders, 263;
+    death of, 318;
+    men., 48, 71, 72, 82, 83, 85, 138, 144, 145, 148, 150, 159, 160, 163,
+    164, 172, 173, 178, 180, 182, 197, 201, 219, 246, 262, 265-7, 269-72,
+    291, 292, 305, 306, 313
+
+  Montague, Richard, Bishop of Chichester, 109
+
+  Montglas, Mme de, 331
+
+  Montpensier, Mlle de (later Duchess of Orleans), 12, 51, 221, 272
+
+  Montpensier, Mlle de (daughter of Gaston, Duke of Orleans), 219, 257
+
+  Montreuil, Jean de, 166, 169
+
+  Montrose, James Graham, Marquis of, 205, 238
+
+  Motteville, Mme de, 28, 35, 61, 196, 143, 203, 221, 279, 281, 285, 293,
+  294, 298, 309, 310
+
+
+  Newcastle, William Cavendish, Earl of (later Marquis and Duke), 202, 205
+
+  Newport, Anne, Countess of, 137, 138
+
+  Newport, Mountjoy Blount, Earl of, 138, 159
+
+  Nicholas, Sir Edward, 261, 238
+
+  Northumberland, Algernon Percy, Earl of, 154
+
+  Norwich, George Goring, Earl of, 13, 162, 194, 223, 224
+
+
+  Orange, Frederick Henry, Prince of, 194, 201, 218, 223
+
+  Orange, William, Prince of, 181, 196
+
+  Orange, William, Prince of (William III), 317
+
+  O'Hartegan, Father, 229-31, 236
+
+  Ormonde, James Butler, Marquis of, 237, 247, 261, 265
+
+
+  Panzani, Gregorio, 120, 129, 137, 188, 189
+
+  Patin, Gui, 314
+
+  Pendrick, Robert, 178
+
+  Percy, Henry, 73, 183, 220, 244
+
+  Peters, Hugh, 240
+
+  Philip of France, Duke of Anjou, later of Orleans, 219, 304, 315, 317
+
+  Philip, Father Robert--
+    Henrietta's confessor, 55;
+    enemy of Richelieu, 82, 99;
+    sent to Tower, 186;
+    death of, 265;
+    men., 113, 117, 150, 182, 194, 215, 244
+
+  Portland, Richard Weston, Earl of, 81, 85, 87, 88, 123
+
+  Prynne, William, 72
+
+  Pym, John, 66, 161, 171, 177, 183, 186, 191
+
+
+  Retz, Cardinal de, 9, 220, 252
+
+  Richelieu, Cardinal--
+    Arranges Henrietta's marriage, 4 _sqq._;
+    his spies, 33;
+    intrigues against him, 80 _sqq._;
+    relations of, with English Catholics, 94, 95;
+    dislike of, to Henrietta, 142, 143;
+    releases Jars, 144, 145;
+    relations of, with England, 167, 168;
+    refuses to receive Henrietta in France, 179;
+    friend of Puritans, 191;
+    death of, 206;
+    relations of, with Louise de la Fayette, 181-3;
+    men., 1, 30, 33, 34, 40, 49, 56, 59, 67, 78, 80, 85, 86, 88, 89, 104,
+    113, 117, 127, 134, 135, 152, 160, 169, 191, 197, 218
+
+  Richmond, Frances, Duchess of, 64
+
+  Rinuccini, Giovanni Battista--
+    His embassy in Ireland, 255 _sqq._
+
+  Rochefoucault, Cardinal de, 9, 13
+
+  Rosetti, Count--
+    His first impressions of England, 161;
+    leaves England, 187, 188;
+    men., 129, 162, 164, 170, 173, 174, 176-8
+
+  Roxburgh, Jane, Countess of, 65, 194
+
+  Rubens, Peter Paul, 70, 103, 111, 211
+
+  Rupert, Prince, 212
+
+  Rutland, Cecily, dowager Countess of, 151
+
+
+  Sabran, M. de, 215, 223
+
+  St. Albans, Henry Jermyn, Earl of--
+    His friendship with Henrietta, 73;
+    concerned in army plot, 182 _sqq._;
+    with Henrietta in France, 220;
+    his influence over her, 238; reported
+    marriage with, 317 _n._;
+    death of, 318;
+    men., 82, 86, 87, 196, 198, 203, 214-16, 230, 237, 243, 251, 254, 261,
+    265, 274, 305, 306, 312
+
+  S. Georges, Mme, 9, 31, 38, 44, 52, 53, 54, 58, 60, 61, 65, 80, 199, 221
+
+  Sancta Clara, Father, 120, 124
+
+  Sales, S. Francis de, 280, 286, 314
+
+  Salvetti, 142, 185
+
+  Saucy, Father, 39, 58
+
+  Scarampi, 235 _n._
+
+  Seguier, Mother Jeanne, 197, 319
+
+  Senault, Father, 315
+
+  Smith, William, Bishop of Chalcedon, 95, 112-14, 117, 232
+
+  Soissons, Count of, 3, 12
+
+  Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of--
+    Thrown into prison, 171;
+    his trial, 180;
+    execution, 185;
+    men., 66, 88, 138, 156, 157, 159, 161, 162, 184, 190, 252
+
+  Suckling, Sir John, 72, 183
+
+  Surin, Father, 133
+
+
+  Tillieres, Count Leveneur de, 29, 30, 35, 38, 39, 51, 57, 125, 287, 288
+
+  Tillieres, Mme de, 31, 52
+
+  Tomkins, Master, 211
+
+
+  Urban VIII, 6, 14, 33, 57, 110, 113-18, 121-4, 136, 172, 175-7, 187, 230,
+  231, 235
+
+
+  Valette, Duke of, 159, 179
+
+  Vane, Sir Henry, 170
+
+  Vantelet, Mme de, 55, 57, 82, 87
+
+  Van Dyck, Anthony, 25, 62, 111, 155
+
+  Velada, Marquis of, 159
+
+  Vendome, Duchess of, 255
+
+  Viette, Father, 55 _n._, 315 _n._
+
+  Ville-aux-clercs, M. de (Comte du Brienne), 6 _n._, 27, 39, 64
+
+
+  Wadding, Father Luke, 234, 235
+
+  Waller, Edmund, 69, 211, 306
+
+  White, Thomas, 243, 244, 248
+
+  Williams, John, Bishop of Lincoln, later Archbishop of York, 32
+
+  Winchester, William Paulet, Marquis of, 97, 246
+
+  Windbank, Francis, 90, 120, 121, 163, 164, 168, 170, 182
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HENRIETTA MARIA***
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