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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of New Method of Horsemanship, by F. Baucher
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: New Method of Horsemanship
+       Including the Breaking and Training of Horses, with
+       Instructions for Obtaining a Good Seat.
+
+Author: F. Baucher
+
+Release Date: December 1, 2011 [EBook #38184]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NEW METHOD OF HORSEMANSHIP ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Eric Skeet and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's notes :
+(1) Typos, spelling mistakes and punctuation errors have been corrected.
+(2) Italic text is marked with _underlining_; bold text is marked with
+=equals signs=.
+(3) Footnotes are marked as [A], [B] and so on, placed at the end of the
+relevant paragraph.
+
+[Illustration: MR. BAUCHER, upon Partisan.]
+
+
+
+
+                NEW METHOD
+
+                   OF
+
+               HORSEMANSHIP,
+
+               INCLUDING THE
+
+      BREAKING AND TRAINING OF HORSES,
+
+                   WITH
+
+    INSTRUCTIONS FOR OBTAINING A GOOD SEAT.
+
+
+                 ILLUSTRATED.
+
+
+                By F. BAUCHER.
+
+  _Translated from the Ninth Paris Edition._
+
+                  NEW YORK:
+        ALBERT COGSWELL, PUBLISHER,
+          NO. 139 EIGHTH STREET.
+
+
+
+
+             TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.
+
+
+The author's introduction to his "Method of Horsemanship" is omitted in
+this edition, because containing much that would be uninteresting to the
+American reader. It mentions the great difficulties he had in attracting
+the attention of the public to his system, and the complete success with
+which it was crowned when once this attention was attracted. One
+paragraph from it, which contains the principle upon which his whole
+method is founded, is here given:
+
+"However favored by nature the horse may be, he requires a preparatory
+exercise to enable his forces to afford each other mutual assistance;
+without this everything becomes mechanical and hazardous, as well on his
+part as on that of the rider.
+
+"What musician could draw melodious sounds from an instrument without
+having exercised his fingers in handling it? He would certainly, if he
+attempted such a thing, produce only false discordant sounds; and the
+same thing occurs in horsemanship when we undertake to make a horse
+execute movements for which he has not been prepared."
+
+M. Baucher presents the official documents upon the subject of the
+introduction of his method into the French army with the following
+introductory remarks:
+
+"Since the first publication of my method, indisputable facts have
+attested the truth of the principles therein contained. Field-Marshal
+the Minister of War has appointed a commission, presided over by
+Lieutenant-General the Marquis Oudinot, to examine into its
+advantages.[A]
+
+"Fifty horses, some from the troop, and others belonging to officers,
+which had not yet commenced their education, or which were considered
+difficult to manage, or vicious, were subjected to the experiment, which
+commenced on the 21st March, 1842. The demands of the service of the
+garrison of Paris permitting only a small number of cuirassiers,
+municipal guards, and first-class lancers to be put at the disposition
+of the commission, nearly all the horses were intrusted to riders who
+were by no means intelligent, or else whose education was not very much
+advanced. The riders themselves exercised their horses. On the 9th of
+April--that is to say, after fifteen lessons--Field-Marshal the Minister
+of War wished to witness the results of the system he had ordered to be
+tried. His Excellency was accompanied by the members of the committee of
+cavalry, and many other general officers. The men being completely armed
+and equipped, and the horses caparisoned, they executed, individually
+and in troop, at all the paces, movements that, up to this time, had
+only been required of horses that had been exercised for five or six
+months under experienced riders. The Minister of War followed all the
+trials with the greatest interest, and before retiring expressed his
+complete satisfaction, and announced his intention of having a general
+application of it made in the army."
+
+    [A] "The commission was composed of Lieutenant-General Oudinot,
+        Col. Carrelet, Commander of the Municipal Guard, the Chef
+        d'Escadrons De Novital, commanding the Cavalry Riding-School,
+        and the Captain-instructors deGues, of the 5th Cuirassiers,
+        and De Mesanges, of the 3d Lancers."
+
+Among the official documents in favor of Baucher's method is a letter
+from M. Champmontant, Lieutenant-Colonel of the Staff, Secretary of the
+Committee of Cavalry, in which he requests M. Baucher to fix a
+convenient time to appear before the committee and explain his system
+more completely, that they may consider its adoption in the army;
+another from Lieutenant-General Marquis Oudinot to M. Baucher. In this
+letter the General informs M. Baucher that the Minister of War has
+decided that a series of experiments shall be made upon his method of
+breaking new horses and such as were considered difficult to manage.
+
+Then follows the report upon the trials of Baucher's method, and a
+recapitulation of the daily operations by the _Chef d'Escadrons_ de
+Novital, commanding the Royal School at Saumur. The complete success of
+the trial is mentioned above, and an extract only from the report will
+be here given:
+
+"But, it may be objected, will not this species of captivity to which
+the new method will subject the horse, prevent his lasting? Will it not
+be the source of his premature decay? To this it is easy to answer by a
+comparison, which to us appears conclusive. When all the wheel work of a
+machine fits well together, so that each part furnishes its share of
+action, there is harmony, and consequently need of a less force; so
+when, in an organized body, we are enabled to obtain suppleness and
+pliability in all the parts, the equilibrium becomes easy, there is
+suppleness and lightness, and in consequence, a diminution of fatigue.
+
+"Far from injuring the horse, the new method has the advantage of being
+a great auxiliary in developing the muscles, particularly in a young
+subject."
+
+Extract from the report to Lieutenant-General Oudinot, by M. Carrelet,
+Colonel of the Municipal Guard of Paris:
+
+"To shorten this narration, I would say that the officers of the
+Municipal Guard are unanimous in their approval of M. Baucher's
+proceedings, applied to the breaking of young horses.
+
+"We have assisted at the education of forty troop horses, all more or
+less difficult to manage; and we are convinced that, by Baucher's
+system, they have been more advanced in fifteen days than they would
+have been in six months, by the proceedings we have been accustomed to
+follow.
+
+"I am so convinced of the efficiency of the means practised by M.
+Baucher, that I am going to subject to them all the horses of my five
+squadrons."
+
+Extract from the report of Lieutenant-General Marquis Oudinot to his
+Excellency the Marshal the Minister of War:
+
+"That the system of M. Baucher may produce in the army all the
+advantages expected from it, it would be necessary to have a certain
+number of instructors initiated in it as completely as possible, that
+they may be able to teach it afterwards.
+
+"In consequence of which, I have the honor to propose to you to order:
+
+"1st. That upon the return to Saumur of the commanding officer of the
+riding-school, the young horses be broken after Baucher's method, and
+observations made upon the advantages or disadvantages that it presents.
+
+"2d. That in the Fifth Cuirassiers and the Third Lancers, the
+application of this method be continued.
+
+"3d. That the different bodies of cavalry within a circle of twenty-five
+leagues around Paris detach, for about two months, their
+captain-instructor and one officer, who should come to study the system
+of M. Baucher."
+
+The Minister of War immediately issued these three orders, and also
+three additional ones:
+
+"4th. M. Baucher, Jr., will repair to the camp at Luneville and
+sojourn there during the months of June, July and August. The
+captain-instructors and one lieutenant from the troops of horse
+stationed in the neighborhood of Paris will be ordered to Luneville
+during those months to study the Baucher system.
+
+"5th. M. Baucher, Jr., will receive an indemnity of five hundred francs
+a month.
+
+"6th. Each of the bodies of troops of horse and establishments of
+unbroken horses will receive two copies of the work entitled 'A New
+Method of Horsemanship, by M. Baucher.'"
+
+Extract from the report of the Chef d'Escadrons Grenier, appointed to
+the command of the officers detached to Paris, by ministerial decision
+of the 20th of May, 1842, to study the method of horsemanship of M.
+Baucher:
+
+"The officers detached to Paris were of the number of twenty-two, the
+captain-instructor and a lieutenant from each regiment. * * * They
+exercised for thirty-nine days. * * * These officers did not all arrive
+at Paris with the belief that they could be taught anything. One-half
+were captain-instructors, the rest, lieutenants, intended to become the
+same. Thus, in the beginning, there was very little confidence, on the
+part of the officers, in their new professor, sometimes even opposition,
+but always zeal and good will.
+
+"Little by little, confidence came, opposition disappeared; but only at
+the end of the first month, after about twenty-five lessons, did all the
+officers, without exception, understand the method and recognize the
+superiority of M. Baucher's principles over those previously known.
+
+"Before leaving, they all approved of the new method, and desired its
+application in their regiments.
+
+"The method of horsemanship of M. Baucher is positive and rational; it
+is easy to understand, especially when studied under the direction of
+some one who knows it. It is attractive to the rider, gives him a taste
+for horses and horsemanship, tends to develop the horse's qualities,
+especially that of lightness, which is so delightful to discover in a
+saddle-horse. * * Applied to the breaking of young horses, it develops
+their instinct, makes them find the domination of the rider easy and
+pleasant; it preserves them from the premature ruin that an improper
+breaking often brings with it; it may shorten the time devoted to the
+education of the horse; and it interests the riders employed in it."
+
+M. Desondes, Lieutenant of the Ninth Cuirassiers, winds up a long and
+highly favorable report upon the breaking of young horses for the army
+with the words, "To Baucher the cavalry is grateful."
+
+Extracts from the sixth and last report upon the trials of the new
+method of horsemanship of M. Baucher:
+
+"The first trials are concluded. The principal movements of the
+platoon-drill on horseback, the running at the head and charging, have
+completed the exercises. Thus, thirty-five lessons have sufficed to
+perfect the instruction of the tractable as well as the intractable
+horses confided to me. The first rough work with the horse--that is to
+say, the exercises with the snaffle prescribed by the orders--used to
+take up as much time as this, and then we scarcely dared to touch the
+curb-rein. In this view, the new system is of great utility for
+cavalry.
+
+"But the promptness with which we can put new horses in the ranks is not
+the only advantage the new method presents; it guarantees, besides, the
+preservation of the horse; it develops his faculties and his powers;
+these increase by the harmony and proper application of the forces among
+themselves and by their rational and opportune use. It is not the
+immoderate employment of force which conquers a rebellious horse, but
+the well-combined use of an ordinary force. The Baucher system ought to
+be considered eminently preservative, since the breaking, being well
+graduated and well combined, cannot have an injurious influence upon the
+horse's _physique_; and his forces being at the disposition of the
+rider, it is he, the absolute dispenser of these forces, who is
+responsible for their duration or premature destruction. * * * I repeat
+it, that the new method would be a great benefit, an indisputable
+improvement for cavalry. * * * I pray then for its adoption, and
+ardently desire its prompt introduction into the cavalry.
+(Signed)                           DE NOVITAL."
+
+Extract from the _Spectateur Militaire_:
+
+"Passionately fond of a science that, from his childhood, has been the
+object of studies as productive as they were persevering, M. Baucher,
+after having obtained from the horse a submission almost magical, has
+not been willing to be the only one to profit by his meditations; he has
+put them cleverly together, and his written method is now in the hands
+of all those who occupy themselves with horsemanship. * * * The division
+of dragoons, and the instructors of the different bodies of troops of
+horse that composed a part of the camp of Luneville, intended to
+execute, after the principles of the new method, and in the presence of
+their royal highnesses, the Dukes of Orleans and Nemours, equestrian
+exercises that would have had thousands of spectators. The mournful
+event that deprived France of the prince royal did not allow of this
+performance having the _eclat_ that was intended. Nevertheless, M. the
+Duke de Nemours, wishing to judge for himself of the results, has had
+part of these exercises performed in his presence."
+
+The death of the Duke of Orleans, and the indifference and afterwards
+opposition of the Duke de Nemours, were the principal causes of the
+system of M. Baucher not being adopted for the whole cavalry of the
+French army. The former was an ardent admirer of the system, while the
+latter was an equally ardent admirer of a rival professor of
+horsemanship.
+
+Extract from a letter of M. de Gouy, Colonel of the First Hussars, to M.
+Baucher:
+
+"So far from the muscular power being lessened by the repetition of the
+flexions, is it not increased by having all the advantage of exercise
+over repose, of work over indolence? Does not the muscular system, in
+reason, develop itself, physiologically speaking, in proportion to these
+conditions? Will not address and vigor be the result of these
+gymnastics? Has the habitual difference between the forces of the right
+and left arm any other cause than the difference in the daily use of the
+one to the prejudice of the other?"
+
+Baucher says: "To prove the complete success of my mission to Saumur, I
+will back, according to my custom, my assertions by positive facts. The
+officers present at my course of instruction were of the number of
+seventy-two; of this number sixty-nine have sent in reports favorable to
+my method. There were but _three dissenting voices_."
+
+This statement is followed by letters from General Prevost, De Novital,
+etc., all highly commending the system.
+
+Baucher's method has been reprinted in Belgium and translated into
+Dutch and German. In the latter language, several different translations
+have been written, one by M. Ritgen, Lieutenant of the Fourth Regiment
+of _Houlans_ (Prussian), and the other by M. de Willisen,
+Lieutenant-Colonel of the Seventh Cuirassiers (Prussian).
+
+The translator will give some extracts from the preface to M. de
+Willisen's translation, as it shows that some of the difficulties met
+with by the former were not altogether escaped by his German _confrere_.
+
+"After the most positive results had proved to me most convincingly
+that, of all existing methods, that of M. Baucher was the best, I
+thought that it would be useful to translate it. This translation seemed
+at first much easier than it proved in the sequel; above all, it was
+actually impossible for me to render in German, as I wished, such
+technical French expressions as _attaques_, _acculement_,
+_assouplissement_, _ramener_, _rassembler_, etc., retaining their
+clearness and conciseness. In German I could only find expressions that
+were incomplete. On this account I have put all the words for which I
+could not find a clear equivalent in German in the original French.
+
+"Horses may be broken with much success upon other principles--they have
+been broken before M. Baucher's time--but no work has thrown so much
+light upon horse education; no other method has taught such simple and
+sure means, nor presented a like result with certainty. He who would
+ride with safety and satisfaction, ought to be completely master of an
+obedient and correct horse. To obtain this result, M. Baucher gives the
+surest means and points out the shortest road:
+
+"The exact knowledge of the obstacles that the horse presents to dispose
+him to obey easily; the simple manner, easy to understand and easy to
+execute, of making these obstacles disappear, distinguish this method
+from all preceding ones, and render it of the greatest importance to all
+riders.
+
+"The close relations that are established between rider and horse give
+the former such a certainty of hand and legs, and the latter such
+suppleness and obedience, that a like result has never previously been
+obtained.
+
+"Until now, no horseman has ever had such clear and sure means for
+breaking a horse given him, even approximatively, as are contained in
+this book. The trial will give the most convincing proofs of this when
+we undertake to apply the principles therein contained; but that can
+only be considered a trial when made by following strictly what is
+prescribed in the method. There is no other method that can put the
+horse so certainly in the hand and in the legs of the rider; no other
+method succeeds in developing so much address and assurance in horse or
+rider: the horse feels at his ease, the rider is absolute master of him,
+and both are at their ease. * * * This new method teaches, further, what
+is of very great importance, the most certain means of making the rider
+perfectly in harmony with his horse, so that they can understand and
+mutually trust one another, in such a way that the horse obeys as
+punctually as the rider guides him skilfully. In place of being obliged
+to break every horse after our own particular fashion, we will only,
+thanks to this method, have to occupy ourselves with one horse, for it
+teaches us that the same means are applicable to all horses. It is
+unnecessary to enumerate the advantages the instruction of the rider
+gains from it, for he escapes the martyrdom of the lessons being given
+him on awkward, badly-broken horses. Riders will sooner become masters
+of these managed horses, and will acquire in six weeks a seat that will
+come of itself, and their touch will be developed much more quickly.
+
+"Finally, men learn very quickly to put in practice means that are
+applied on foot, and there is a great advantage in it; it is that they
+can see better the moment that the neck becomes flexible and the jaw
+without contraction; besides this, their hand becomes much more delicate
+than it would have become in a much greater space of time, if the
+application took place in the saddle.
+
+"Until now, only men of great talent were able to break horses; now, by
+practising this new method, which demonstrates clearly the means of
+breaking, every rider, in a very short time, can acquire the knowledge
+necessary to render a horse fit for use. * * * A person commencing to
+learn this method, and who is obliged to work from the book, ought to
+proceed slowly and cautiously in the application of principles that are
+not familiar to him. He ought first to endeavor to perfect his seat, his
+position, his touch, the obedience of his horse, and his paces; he will
+thus make great progress in the breaking, and be enabled to undertake
+the application of the new method.
+                                               "DE WILLISEN,
+                         "_Lieut.-Col. of the Seventh Cuirassiers_."
+
+
+M. Baucher received from the King of Prussia a magnificent snuff-box of
+elegantly carved gold, as a token of the satisfaction of his majesty
+with our author's system.
+
+If anybody has read all this, they will be pleased to hear that there
+will be no more proofs of the excellence of the system brought from
+across the Atlantic. In consequence of the opposition mentioned above,
+Baucher's system was discontinued in the French army, in spite of the
+almost unanimous wish of the officers. But he has gained a name as the
+first horseman of this or any other age--the first who could not only
+manage horses himself, but teach others to do so equally well. This has
+been proved under the translator's own eyes.
+
+A gentleman of Philadelphia purchased a horse, four years old, long,
+_gangling_, ewe-necked; such a brute as no one but a confident disciple
+of Baucher would have had anything to do with. Had he hunted the country
+for a horse with but one merit, that of soundness, and possessing that
+only because nothing had ever been done to injure it, he could not have
+been better suited. Mounted upon this animal, it was painful to see a
+good rider in such a quandary; but a quiet, confident smile showed what
+was intended to come of it.
+
+In six weeks from that time, without the horse ever having crossed the
+threshold of the stable-yard, the writer saw him splendid, with his neck
+arched like the steed in Holy Writ, his haunches well under him,
+obedient to the lightest touch of hand or heel, ready to do anything
+that was demanded of him, because he had been put in a position that
+enabled him to do it.
+
+Since that, the same person has broken two other horses of greater
+natural capabilities, and the success was proportionately greater.
+
+Every one who takes any interest in horses recollects the horse May-fly,
+when first introduced to an American audience, by Sands, of Welsh's
+circus. This horse, a thoroughbred, belonging to the racing stud of
+Baron Rothschild, was so vicious that he had to be brought upon the
+race-course in a van, so that he could see nothing till the moment to
+start arrived. With even this and similar precautions, he was considered
+dangerous and unmanageable. The master hand was required, and, under
+its influence, all such things as vice and being unmanageable
+disappeared. Instead of violent force on the part of man, which would
+only have produced more violent force on the part of the brute, Baucher
+sought out the sources of these resistances, and conquered them in
+detail.
+
+Is it not worth a few weeks' pleasant labor with your horse to be able
+to make him move with the grace, elegance and majesty of this one, or of
+those we have since seen ridden by Derious, and that French Amazon,
+Caroline Loyo? It is within the power of every one to do this to a
+certain extent; and as the education of the man as a rider advances
+progressively with that of the horse, there are, as Baucher himself
+says, no limits to the progress of horsemanship, and no performance,
+_equestrianly_ possible, that a horseman, who will properly apply his
+principles, cannot make his horse execute.
+
+
+         __________________________
+
+
+
+
+                   BAUCHER'S
+
+         NEW METHOD OF HORSEMANSHIP.
+
+
+         ---------------------------
+
+
+
+
+                   CHAPTER I.
+
+       NEW MEANS OF OBTAINING A GOOD SEAT
+
+
+It may undoubtedly be thought astonishing that, in the first editions of
+this work, having for its object the horse's education, I should not
+have commenced by speaking of the rider's seat. In fact, this, so
+important a part of horsemanship, has always been the basis of classical
+works on this subject. Nevertheless, it is not without a motive that I
+have deferred treating of this question until now. Had I had nothing new
+to say on this subject, I might very easily have managed, by consulting
+old authors, by transposing a sentence here and changing a word there,
+to have sent forth into the equestrian world another inutility. But I
+had other ideas; I wished to make a thorough reform. My system for
+giving a good seat to the rider, being also an innovation, I feared lest
+so many new things at one time should alarm even the best intentioned
+amateurs, and give a hold to my adversaries. They would not have failed
+to say that my means of managing a horse were impracticable, or that
+they could not be applied without recourse to a seat still more
+impracticable. But now I have proved the contrary--that, upon my plan,
+horses have been broken by troops without regard to the men's seat. To
+give more force to my method, and render it more easily comprehensible,
+I have divested it of all accessories, and said nothing about those new
+principles that concern the rider's seat. I reserved these last until
+after the indisputable success of the official trials. By means of these
+principles, added to those I have published upon the art of
+horse-breaking, I both shorten the man's work, and establish a system
+not only precise, but complete in these two important parts of
+horsemanship, hitherto so confused.
+
+By following my new instructions relating to the man's seat on
+horseback, we will promptly arrive at a certain result; they are as easy
+to understand as to demonstrate. Two sentences are sufficient to explain
+all to the rider, and he will get a good seat by the simple advice of
+the instructor.
+
+_The seat of the rider._--The rider will expand his chest as much as
+possible, so that each part of his body rests upon that next below it,
+for the purpose of increasing the adhesion of his buttocks to the
+saddle; the arms will fall easily by the sides. The thighs and legs
+must, by their own strength, find as many points of contact as possible
+with the saddle and the horse's sides; the feet will naturally follow
+the motion of the legs.
+
+You see by these few lines how simple the rider's seat is.
+
+The means which I point out for quickly obtaining a good seat, remove
+all the difficulties which the plan pursued by our predecessors
+presented. The pupil used to understand nothing of the long catechism,
+recited in a loud voice by the instructor, from the first word to the
+last, consequently he could not execute it. Here one word replaces all
+those sentences; but we previously go through a course of supplings.
+This course will make the rider expert, and consequently intelligent.
+One month will not elapse without the most stupid and awkward recruit
+being able to seat himself properly without the aid of the word of
+command.
+
+_Preparatory lesson (the lesson to last an hour, two lessons a day for a
+month)._--The horse is led upon the ground, saddled and bridled. The
+instructor must take two pupils; one will hold the horse by the bridle,
+all the while watching what the other does, that he may be able to
+perform in his turn. The pupil will approach the horse's shoulder and
+prepare to mount; for this purpose he will lay hold of and separate,
+with the right hand, a handful of mane, and pass it into the left hand,
+taking hold as near the roots as possible, without twisting them; he
+will seize the pommel of the saddle with the right hand, the four
+fingers in, and the thumb outside; then springing lightly, will raise
+himself upon his wrists. As soon as his middle is the height of the
+horse's withers, he will pass the right leg over the croup, without
+touching it, and place himself lightly in the saddle. This vaulting
+being very useful in making the man active, he should be made to repeat
+it eight or ten times, before letting him finally seat himself. The
+repetition of this will soon teach him what he is able to do, using the
+powers of his arms and loins.
+
+_Exercise in the saddle._--(This is a stationary exercise on horseback;
+an old, quiet horse to be chosen in preference; the reins are knotted,
+and hang on his neck.) The pupil being on horseback, the instructor will
+examine his natural position, in order to exercise more frequently those
+parts which have a tendency to give way or stiffen. The lesson will
+commence with the chest. The instructor will make use of the flexions of
+the loins, which expand the chest, to straighten the upper part of the
+pupil's body; he whose loins are slack will be made to hold himself in
+this position for some time, without regard to the stiffness which this
+will bring along with it the first few times. It is by the exertion of
+force that the pupil will become supple, and not by the _abandon_ so
+much and so uselessly recommended. A movement at first obtained by great
+effort, will, after a while, not require so much, for he will then have
+gained skill, and skill, in this case, is but the result of exertions
+combined and employed properly. What is first done with twenty pounds of
+force, reduces itself afterwards to fourteen, to ten, to four. Skill
+will be the exertion reduced to four pounds. If we commenced by a less,
+we would not attain this result. The flexions of the loins will be often
+renewed, allowing the pupil often to let himself down into his natural
+relaxed position, in order to make him properly employ the force that
+quickly gives a good position to the chest. The body being well placed,
+the instructor will pass: 1st. To the lesson of the arm, which consists
+in moving it in every direction, first bent, and afterwards extended;
+2d. To that of the head; this must be turned right and left without its
+motions reacting on the shoulders.
+
+When the lessons of the chest, arms, and head give a satisfactory
+result, which ought to be at the end of four days (eight lessons), they
+will pass to that of the legs.
+
+The pupil will remove one of his thighs as far as possible from the
+quarters of the saddle; and afterwards replace it with a rotatory
+movement from without inwards, in order to make it adhere to the saddle
+by as many points of contact as possible. The instructor will watch
+that the thigh does not fall back heavily; it should resume its position
+by a slowly progressive motion, and without a jerk. He ought, moreover,
+during the first lesson, to take hold of the pupil's leg and direct it,
+in order to make him understand the proper way of performing this
+displacement. He will thus save him fatigue, and obtain the result more
+quickly.
+
+This kind of exercise, very fatiguing at first, requires frequent rests;
+it would be wrong to prolong the exercise beyond the powers of the
+pupil. The motions of drawing in (_adduction_, which makes the thigh
+adhere to the saddle), and putting out (_abduction_, which separates it
+from the saddle), becoming more easy, the thighs will have acquired a
+suppleness which will admit of their adherence to the saddle in a good
+position. Then comes the flexion of the legs.
+
+_Flexion of the legs._--The instructor will watch that the knees always
+preserve their perfect adherence to the saddle. The legs will be swung
+backward and forward like the pendulum of a clock; that is, the pupil
+will raise them so as to touch the cantle of the saddle with his heels.
+The repetition of these flexions will soon render the legs supple,
+pliable and independent of the thighs. The flexions of the legs and
+thighs will be continued for four days (eight lessons). To make each of
+these movements more correct and easier, eight days (or sixteen
+lessons), will be devoted to it. The fifteen days (thirty lessons),
+which remain to complete the month, will continue to be occupied by the
+exercise of stationary supplings; but, in order that the pupil may learn
+to combine the strength of his arms, and that of his loins, he will be
+made to hold at arm's length, progressively, weights of from ten to
+forty pounds. This exercise will be commenced in the least fatiguing
+position, the arm being bent, and the hand near the shoulder, and this
+flexion will be continued to the full extent of the arm. The chest
+should not be affected by this exercise, but be kept steady in the same
+position.
+
+_Of the knees._--The strength of pressure of the knees will be judged
+of, and even obtained, by the aid of the following method: this, which
+at first sight will perhaps appear of slight importance, will,
+nevertheless, bring about great results. The instructor will take a
+narrow piece of leather about twenty inches long; he will place one end
+of this strap between the pupil's knee and the side of the saddle. The
+pupil will make use of the force of his knees to prevent its slipping,
+while the instructor will draw it towards him slowly and progressively.
+This process will serve as a dynamometer to judge of the increase of
+power.
+
+The strictest watch must be kept that each force which acts separately
+does not put other forces in action; that is to say, that the movement
+of the arms does not influence the shoulders; it should be the same with
+the thighs, with respect to the body; the legs, with respect to the
+thighs, etc., etc. The displacement and suppling of each part
+separately, being obtained, the chest and seat will be temporarily
+displaced, in order to teach the rider to recover his proper position
+without assistance. This will be done as follows: the instructor being
+placed on one side, will push the pupil's hip, so that his seat will be
+moved out of the seat of the saddle. The instructor will then allow him
+to get back into the saddle, being careful to watch that, in regaining
+his seat, he makes use of his hips and knees only, in order to make him
+use only those parts nearest to his seat. In fact, the aid of the
+shoulders would soon affect the hand, and this the horse; the assistance
+of the legs would have still worse results. In a word, in all the
+displacements, the pupil must be taught not to have recourse in order to
+direct the horse, to the means which keep him in his seat, and, _vice
+versa_, not to employ, in order to keep his seat, those which direct the
+horse.
+
+Here, but a month has elapsed, and these equestrian gymnastics have made
+a rider of a person, who at first may have appeared the most unfit for
+it. Having mastered the preliminary trials, he will impatiently await
+the first movements of the horse, to give himself up to them with the
+ease of an experienced rider.
+
+Fifteen days (thirty lessons) will be devoted to the walk, trot and
+gallop. Here the pupil should solely endeavor to follow the movements of
+the horse; therefore, the instructor will oblige him to occupy himself
+only with his seat, and not attempt to guide the horse. He will only
+exact that the pupil ride, at first, straight before him, then in every
+direction, one rein of the snaffle in each hand. At the end of four days
+(eight lessons), he may be made to take the curb-rein in his left hand.
+
+The right hand, which is now free, must be held alongside of the left,
+that he may early get the habit of sitting square (with his shoulders on
+a level); the horse will trot equally to the right and to the left. When
+the seat is firmly settled at all the paces, the instructor will explain
+simply, the connection between the wrist and the legs, as well as their
+separate effects.
+
+_Education of the horse._--Here the rider will commence the horse's
+education, by following the progression I have pointed out, and which
+will be found farther on. The pupil will be made to understand all that
+there is rational in it, and what an intimate connection exists between
+the education of the man and that of the horse.
+
+_Recapitulation and progression._--
+
+                                            Days. Lessons.
+
+    1. Flexion of the loins to expand the
+    chest                                      4     8
+
+    2. Extending and replacing of the
+    thighs, and flexion of the legs            4     8
+
+    3. General exercise of all the parts in
+    succession                                 8    16
+
+    4. Displacement of the man's body,
+    exercise of the knees and arms with
+    weights in the hands                      15    30
+
+    5. Position of the rider, the horse being
+    at a walk, trot and gallop, in order
+    to fashion and settle the seat at these
+    different paces                           15    30
+
+    6. Education of the horse by the rider    75   150
+
+                                            ----  ----
+
+    Total                                    121   242
+
+
+
+
+                CHAPTER II.
+
+      OF THE FORCES OF THE HORSE.
+
+
+_Of their causes and effects._--The horse, like all organized beings, is
+possessed of a weight and a force peculiar to himself. The weight
+inherent to the material of which the animal is composed, renders the
+mass inert, and tends to fix it to the ground. The force, on the
+contrary, by the faculty it gives him of moving this weight, of dividing
+it, of transferring it from one of his parts to another, communicates
+movement to his whole being, determines his equilibrium, speed and
+direction. To make this truth more evident, let us suppose a horse in
+repose. His body will be in perfect equilibrium, if each of its members
+supports exactly that part of the weight which devolves upon it in this
+position. If he wishes to move forward at a walk, he must first transfer
+that part of the weight resting on the leg he moves first to those that
+will remain fixed to the ground. It will be the same thing in other
+paces, the transfer acting from one diagonal to the other in the trot,
+from the front to the rear, and reciprocally in the gallop. We must not
+then confound the weight with the force; the latter determines, the
+former is subordinate to it. It is by carrying the weight from one
+extremity to the other that the force puts them in motion, or makes them
+stationary. The slowness or quickness of the transfers fixes the
+different paces, which are correct or false, even or uneven, according
+as these transfers are executed with correctness or irregularity.
+
+It is understood that this motive power is subdivided _ad infinitum_,
+since it is spread over all the muscles of the animal. When the latter
+himself determines the use of them, the forces are instinctive; I call
+them transmitted when they emanate from the rider. In the first case,
+the man governed by his horse remains the plaything of his caprices; in
+the second, on the contrary, he makes him a docile instrument,
+submissive to all the impulses of his will. The horse, then, from the
+moment he is mounted, should only act by transmitted forces. The
+invariable application of this principle constitutes the true talent of
+the horseman.
+
+But such a result cannot be attained instantaneously. The young horse,
+in freedom, having been accustomed to regulate his own movements, will,
+at first, submit with difficulty to the strange influence which comes to
+take the entire control of them. A struggle necessarily ensues between
+the horse and his rider, who will be overcome unless he is possessed of
+energy, patience, and, above all, the knowledge necessary to gain his
+point. The forces of the animal being the element upon which the rider
+must principally work, first to conquer, and finally to direct them, it
+is necessary he should fix his attention upon these before anything
+else. He will study what they are, whence they spring, the parts where
+they contract the most for resistance, the physical causes which
+occasion these contractions. When this is discovered, he will proceed
+with his pupil by means in accordance with his nature, and his progress
+will then be rapid.
+
+Unfortunately, we search in vain in ancient or modern authors, on
+horsemanship, I will not say for rational principles, but even for any
+data in connection with the forces of the horse. All speak very prettily
+about resistances, oppositions, lightness and equilibrium; but none of
+them have known how to tell us what causes these resistances, how we can
+combat them, destroy them, and obtain this lightness and equilibrium
+they so earnestly recommend. It is this gap that has caused the great
+doubts and obscurity about the principles of horsemanship; it is this
+that has made the art stationary so long a time; it is this gap that, I
+think, I am able to fill up.
+
+And first, I lay down the principle that all the resistances of young
+horses spring, in the first place, from a physical cause, and that this
+cause only becomes a moral one by the awkwardness, ignorance and
+brutality of the rider. In fact, besides the natural stiffness peculiar
+to all these animals, each of them has a peculiar conformation, the more
+or less of perfection in which constitutes the degree of harmony that
+exists between the forces and the weight. The want of this harmony
+occasions the ungracefulness of their paces, the difficulty of their
+movements; in a word, all the obstacles to a good education. In a state
+of freedom, whatever may be the bad structure of the horse, instinct is
+sufficient to enable him to make such a use of his forces as to maintain
+his equilibrium; but there are movements it is impossible for him to
+make until a preparatory exercise shall have put him in the way of
+supplying the defects of his organization by a better combined use of
+his motive power. A horse puts himself in motion only in consequence of
+a given position; if his forces are such as to oppose themselves to this
+position, they must first be annulled, in order to replace them by the
+only ones which can lead to it.
+
+Now, I ask, if before overcoming these first obstacles, the rider adds
+to them the weight of his own body, and his unreasonable demands, will
+not the animal experience still greater difficulty in executing certain
+movements? The efforts we make to compel him to submission, being
+contrary to his nature, will they not find in it an insurmountable
+obstacle? He will naturally resist, and with so much the more advantage,
+that the bad distribution of his forces will of itself be sufficient to
+paralyze those of the rider. The resistance then emanates, in this case,
+from a physical cause: which becomes a moral one from the moment when,
+the struggle going on with the same processes, the horse begins of his
+own accord to combine means of resisting the torture imposed on him,
+when we undertake to force into operation parts which have not
+previously been supplied.
+
+When things get into this state, they can only grow worse. The rider,
+soon disgusted with the impotence of his efforts, will cast back upon
+the horse the responsibility of his own ignorance; he will brand as a
+jade an animal possessing the most brilliant resources, and of whom,
+with more discernment and tact, he could have made a hackney as docile
+in character, as graceful and agreeable in his paces. I have often
+remarked that horses considered indomitable are those which develop the
+most energy and vigor, when we know how to remedy those physical defects
+which prevent their making use of them. As to those which, in spite of
+their bad formation, are by a similar system made to show a semblance of
+obedience, we need thank nothing but the softness of their nature; if
+they can be made to submit to the simplest exercises, it is only on
+condition that we do not demand anything more of them, for they would
+soon find their energy again to resist any further attempts. The rider
+can then make them go along at different paces to be sure; but how
+disconnected, how stiff, how ungraceful in their movements, and how
+ridiculous such steeds make their unfortunate riders look, as they toss
+them about at will, instead of being guided by them! This state of
+things is all perfectly natural, unless we destroy the first cause of
+it: _the bad distribution of their forces, and the stiffness caused by a
+bad conformation_.
+
+But, it is objected, since, you allow that these difficulties are caused
+by the formation of the horse, how is it possible to remedy them? You do
+not possibly pretend to change the structure of the animal and reform
+the work of nature? Undoubtedly not; but while I confess that it is
+impossible to give more breadth to a narrow chest, to lengthen too short
+a neck, to lower too high a croup, to shorten and fill out long, weak,
+narrow loins, I do not the less insist that if I prevent the different
+contractions occasioned by these physical defects, if I supply the
+muscles, if I make myself master of the forces so as to use them at
+will, it will be easy for me to prevent these resistances, to give more
+action to the weak parts, and to moderate those that are too vigorous,
+and thus make up for the deficiencies of nature.
+
+Such results, I do not hesitate to say, were and still are forever
+denied to the old methods. But if the science of those who follow the
+old beaten track finds so constant an obstacle in the great number of
+horses of defective formation, there are, unfortunately, some horses
+who, by the perfection of their organization, and the consequent
+facility of their education, contribute greatly to perpetuate the
+impotent routines that have been so unfavorable to the progress of
+horsemanship. A well constituted horse is one, all of whose parts being
+regularly harmonized, induce the perfect equilibrium of the whole. It
+would be as difficult for such a subject to leave this natural
+equilibrium, and take up an improper position for the purpose of
+resistance, as it is at first painful for the badly formed horse to come
+into that just distribution of forces, without which no regularity of
+movement can be hoped for.
+
+It is then only in the education of these last that the real
+difficulties of horsemanship consist. With the others the breaking ought
+to be, so to say, instantaneous, since all the springs being in their
+places, there is nothing to be done but to put them in motion; this
+result is always obtained by my method. Yet the old principles demand
+two or three years to reach this point, and when by feeling your way
+without any certainty of success, the horseman gifted with some tact and
+experience, ends by accustoming the horse to obey the impressions
+communicated to him, he imagines that he has surmounted great
+difficulties, and attributes to his skill a state so near that of nature
+that correct principles would have obtained it in a few days. Then as
+the animal continues to display in all his movements the grace and
+lightness natural to his beautiful formation, the rider does not scruple
+to take all the merit to himself, thus showing himself as presumptuous
+in this case as he was unjust when he would make the badly formed horse
+responsible for the failure of his attempts.
+
+If we once admit these truths:
+
+That the education of the horse consists in the complete subjection of
+his powers;
+
+That we can only make use of his powers at will by annulling all
+resistances;
+
+And that these resistances have their source in the contractions
+occasioned by physical defects;
+
+The only thing will be to seek out the parts where these contractions
+operate, in order to endeavor to oppose and destroy them.
+
+Long and conscientious observations have shown me that, whatever be the
+fault of formation that in the horse prevents a just distribution of his
+forces, it is always in the neck that the most immediate effect is felt.
+There is no improper movement, no resistance that is not preceded by the
+contraction of this part of the animal; and as the jaw is intimately
+connected with the neck, the stiffness of the one is instantly
+communicated to the other. These two points are the prop upon which the
+horse rests, in order to annul all the rider's efforts. We can easily
+conceive the immense obstacle they must present to the impulsions of the
+latter, since the neck and head, being the two principal levers by which
+we direct the animal, it is impossible to obtain anything from him until
+we are master of these first and indispensable means of action. Behind,
+the parts where the forces contract the most for resistance, are the
+loins and the croup (the haunches).
+
+The contractions of these two opposite extremities are, mutually the one
+to the other, causes and effects, that is to say, the stiffness of the
+neck induces that of the haunches, and reciprocally. We can combat the
+one by the other; and as soon as we have succeeded in annulling them, as
+soon as we have re-established the equilibrium and harmony that they
+prevented between the fore and hind-parts, the education of the horse
+will be half finished. I will now point out the means of infallibly
+arriving at this result.
+
+
+
+
+                CHAPTER III.
+
+               THE SUPPLINGS.
+
+
+This work being an exposition of a method which upsets most of the old
+principles of horsemanship, it is understood that I only address men
+already conversant with the art, and who join to an assured seat a
+sufficiently great familiarity with the horse, to understand all that
+concerns his mechanism. I will not, then, revert to the elementary
+processes; it is for the instructor to judge if his pupil possesses a
+proper degree of solidity of seat, and is sufficiently a part of the
+horse; for at the same time that a good seat produces this
+identification, it favors the easy and regular play of the rider's
+extremities.
+
+My present object is to treat principally of the education of the horse;
+but this education is too intimately bound up in that of the rider, for
+him to make much progress in one without the other. In explaining the
+processes which should produce perfection in the animal, I will
+necessarily teach the horseman to apply them himself; he will only have
+to practise tomorrow what I teach him today. Nevertheless, there is one
+thing that no precept can give; that is, a fineness of touch, a delicacy
+of equestrian feeling that belongs only to certain privileged
+organizations, and without which, we seek in vain to pass certain
+limits. Having said this, we will return to our subject.
+
+We now know which are the parts of the horse that contract the most in
+resistances, and we feel the necessity of suppling them. Shall we then
+seek to attack, exercise and conquer them all at once? No; this would be
+to fall back into the old error, of the inefficiency of which we are
+convinced. The animal's muscular power is infinitely superior to ours;
+his instinctive forces, moreover, being able to sustain themselves the
+one by the others, we will inevitably be conquered if we set them in
+motion all at once. Since the contractions have their seat in separate
+parts, let us profit by this division to combat them separately, as a
+skillful general destroys, in detail, forces which, when together, he
+would be unable to resist.
+
+For the rest, whatever the age, the disposition, and the structure of my
+pupil, my course of proceeding at the start will be always the same. The
+results will only be more or less prompt and easy, according to the
+degree of perfection in his nature, and the influence of the hand to
+which he has been previously subjected. The suppling, which will have no
+other object in the case of a well-made horse than that of preparing his
+forces to yield to our impulsions, will re-establish calm and confidence
+in a horse that has been badly handled, and in a defective formation
+will make those contractions disappear, which are the causes of
+resistances, and the only obstacles to a perfect equilibrium. The
+difficulties to be surmounted will be in proportion to this complication
+of obstacles, and will quickly disappear with a little perseverance on
+our part. In the progression we are about to pursue in order to subject
+the different parts of the animal to suppling, we will naturally
+commence with the most important parts, that is to say, with the jaw and
+neck.
+
+The head and neck of the horse are at once the rudder and compass of the
+rider. By them he directs the animal; by them, also, he can judge of
+the regularity and precision of his movements. The equilibrium of the
+whole body is perfect, its lightness complete, when the head and neck
+remain of themselves easy, pliable and graceful. On the contrary, there
+can be no elegance, no ease of the whole, when these two parts are
+stiff. Preceding the body of the horse in all its impulsions, they ought
+to give warning, and show by their attitude the positions to be taken,
+and the movements to be executed. The rider has no power so long as they
+remain contracted and rebellious; he disposes of the animal at will,
+when once they are flexible and easily handled. If the head and neck do
+not first commence the changes of direction, if in circular movements
+they are not inclined in a curved line, if in backing they do not bend
+back upon themselves, and if their lightness is not always in harmony
+with the different paces at which we wish to go, the horse will be free
+to execute these movements or not, since he will remain master of the
+employment of his own forces.
+
+From the time I first noticed the powerful influence that the stiffness
+of the neck exercises on the whole mechanism of the horse, I attentively
+sought the means to remedy it. The resistances to the hand are always
+either sideways, upward or downward. I at first considered the neck
+alone as the source of these resistances, and exercised myself in
+suppling the animal by flexions, repeated in every direction. The result
+was immense; but, although, at the end of a certain time, the supplings
+of the neck rendered me perfectly master of the forces of the fore-parts
+of the horse, I still felt a slight resistance which I could not at
+first account for. At last I discovered that it proceeded from the jaw.
+The flexibility I had communicated to the neck even aided this
+stiffness of the muscles of the lower jaw, by permitting the horse in
+certain cases to escape the action of the bit. I then bethought me of
+the means of combating these resistances in this, their last stronghold;
+and, from that time, it is there I always commence my work of suppling.
+
+_First exercise on foot._--Means of making the horse come to the man, of
+making him steady to mount, etc., etc.
+
+Before commencing the exercises of flexions, it is essential to give the
+horse a first lesson of subjection, and teach him to recognize the power
+of man. This first act of submission, which might appear unimportant,
+will have the effect of quickly rendering him calm, of giving him
+confidence, and of repressing all those movements which might distract
+his attention, and mar the success of the commencement of his education.
+
+Two lessons, of a half hour each, will suffice to obtain the preparatory
+obedience of every horse. The pleasure we experience in thus playing
+with him will naturally lead the rider to continue this exercise for a
+few moments each day, and make it both instructive to the horse and
+useful to himself. The mode of proceeding is as follows: the rider will
+approach the horse, his whip under his arm, without roughness or
+timidity; he will speak to him without raising the voice too much, and
+will pat him on the face and neck; then with the left hand will lay hold
+of the curb-reins, about six or seven inches from the branches of the
+bit, keeping his wrist stiff, so as to present as much force as possible
+when the horse resists. The whip will be held firmly in the right hand,
+the point towards the ground, then slowly raised as high as his chest,
+in order to tap it at intervals of a second. The first natural movement
+of the horse will be to withdraw from the direction in which the pain
+comes; it is by backing that he will endeavor to do this. The rider will
+follow this backward movement without discontinuing the firm tension of
+the reins, nor the little taps with the whip on the breast, applying
+them all the time with the same degree of intensity. The rider should be
+perfectly self-possessed, that there may be no indication of anger or
+weakness in his motions or looks. Becoming tired of this constraint, the
+horse will soon seek by another movement to avoid the infliction, and it
+is by coming forward that he will arrive at it; the rider will seize
+this second instinctive movement to stop and caress the animal with his
+hand and voice. The repetition of this exercise will give the most
+surprising results, even in the first lesson. The horse having
+discovered and understood the means by which he can avoid the pain, will
+not wait till the whip touches him, he will anticipate it by rushing
+forward at the least gesture. The rider will take advantage of this to
+effect, by a downward force of the bridle hand, the depression of the
+neck, and the getting him in hand; he will thus early dispose the horse
+for the exercises that are to follow.
+
+This training, besides being a great recreation, will serve to make the
+horse steady to mount, will greatly abridge his education and accelerate
+the development of his intelligence. Should the horse, by reason of his
+restless or wild nature, become very unruly, we should have recourse to
+the cavesson, as a means of repressing his disorderly movements, and use
+it with little jerks. I would add that it requires great prudence and
+discernment to use it with tact and moderation.
+
+_Flexion of the jaw._--The flexions of the jaw, as well as the two
+flexions of the neck which follow, are executed standing still, the man
+on foot. The horse will be led on the ground saddled and bridled, the
+reins on his neck. The man will first see that the bit is properly
+placed in the horse's mouth, and that the curb-chain is fastened so that
+he can introduce his finger between the links and the horse's chin. Then
+looking the animal good-naturedly in the eyes, he will place himself
+before him near his head, holding his body straight and firm, his feet a
+little apart to steady himself, and dispose himself to struggle with
+advantage against all resistances.[B]
+
+    [B] I have divided all the flexions into two parts, and, in
+        order to facilitate the understanding of the text, I have added
+        to it plates representing the position of the horse at the
+        moment the flexion is about to commence, and at the moment it
+        is terminated.
+
+1st. In order to execute the flexion to the right, the man will take
+hold of the right curb-rein with the right hand, at about six inches
+from the branch of the bit, and the left rein with the left hand, at
+only three inches from the left branch. He will then draw his right hand
+towards his body, pushing out his left hand so as to turn the bit in the
+horse's mouth. The force employed ought to be entirely determined by and
+proportioned to the resistance of the jaw and neck only, in order not to
+affect the _aplomb_, which keeps his body still. If the horse backs to
+avoid the flexion, the opposition of the hands should still be
+continued. If the preceding exercise has been completely and carefully
+practised, it will be easy by the aid of the whip to prevent this
+retrograde movement, which is a great obstacle to all kinds of flexions
+of the jaw and neck. (Plate I.)
+
+2d. As soon as the flexion is obtained, the left hand will let the left
+rein slip to the same length as the right, then drawing the two reins
+equally will bring the head near to the breast, in order to hold it
+there oblique and perpendicular, until it sustains itself without
+assistance in this position. The horse by champing the bit will show his
+being in hand as well as his perfect submission. The man, to reward him,
+will cease drawing on the reins immediately, and after some seconds will
+allow him to resume his natural position. (Plate II.)
+
+[Illustration: Plates I. and II.]
+
+The flexion of the jaw to the left is executed upon the same principles
+and by inverse means to the flexion to the right, the man being careful
+to pass alternately from one to the other.
+
+The importance of these flexions of the jaw is easily understood. The
+result of them is to prepare the horse to yield instantly to the
+lightest pressure of the bit, and to supple directly the muscles that
+join the head to the neck. As the head ought to precede and determine
+the different attitudes of the neck, it is indispensable that the latter
+part be always in subjection to the other, and respond to its
+impulsions. That would be only partially the case with the flexibility
+of the neck alone, which would then make the head obey it, by drawing it
+along in its movements. You see, then, why at first I experienced
+resistances, in spite of the pliability of the neck, of which I could
+not imagine the cause. The followers of my method to whom I have not yet
+had an opportunity of making known the new means just explained, will
+learn with pleasure that this process not only brings the flexibility of
+the neck to a greater degree of perfection, but saves much time in
+finishing the suppling. The exercise of the jaw, while fashioning the
+mouth and head, brings along with it the flexion of the neck, and
+accelerates the getting the horse in hand.
+
+This exercise is the first of our attempts to accustom the forces of the
+horse to yield to ours. It is necessary, then, to manage it very nicely,
+so as not to discourage him at first. To enter on the flexion roughly
+would be to shock the animal's intelligence, who would not have had time
+to comprehend what was required of him. The opposition of the hands will
+be commenced gently but firmly, not to cease until perfect obedience is
+obtained, except, indeed, the horse backs against a wall, or into a
+corner; but it will diminish or increase its effect in proportion to the
+resistance, in a way always to govern it, but not with too great
+violence. The horse that at first will, perhaps, submit with difficulty,
+will end by regarding the man's hand as an irresistible regulator, and
+will become so used to obeying it, that he will soon obtain, by a simple
+pressure of the rein, what at first required the whole strength of our
+arms.
+
+At each renewal of the lateral flexions some progress will be made in
+the obedience of the horse. As soon as his first resistances are a
+little diminished, we will pass to the perpendicular flexions or
+depression of the neck.
+
+_Depression of the neck by the direct flexion of the jaw._--
+
+1. The man will place himself as for the lateral flexions of the jaw; he
+will take hold of the reins of the snaffle with the left hand, at six
+inches from the rings, and the curb-reins at about two inches from the
+bit. He will oppose the two hands by effecting the depression with the
+left and the proper position with the right. (Plate III.)
+
+2. As soon as the horse's head shall fall of its own accord and by its
+own weight, the man will instantly cease all kind of force, and allow
+the animal to resume his natural position. (Plate IV.)
+
+[Illustration: Plates III. and IV.]
+
+This exercise being often repeated, will soon bring about the suppling
+of the elevating muscles of the neck, which play a prominent part in the
+resistances of the horse, and will besides facilitate the direct
+flexions and the getting the head in position, which should follow the
+lateral flexions. The man can execute this, as well as the preceding
+exercise, by himself; yet it would be well to put a second person in the
+saddle, in order to accustom the horse to the exercise of the supplings
+with a rider. This rider should just hold the snaffle-reins, without
+drawing on them, in his right hand, the nails downward.
+
+The flexions of the jaw have already communicated suppleness to the
+upper part of the neck, but we have obtained it by means of a powerful
+and direct motive power, and we must accustom the horse to yield to a
+less direct regulating force. Besides, it is important that the
+pliability and flexibility, especially necessary in the upper part of
+the neck, should be transmitted throughout its whole extent, so as to
+destroy its stiffness entirely.
+
+The force from above downward, practised with the snaffle, acting only
+by the headstall on the top of the head, often takes too long to make
+the horse lower his head. In this case, we must cross the two
+snaffle-reins by taking the left rein in the right, and the right rein
+in the left hand, about six or seven inches from the horse's mouth, in
+such a way as to cause a pretty strong pressure upon the chin. This
+force, like all the others, must be continued until the horse yields.
+The flexions being repeated with this more powerful agent, will put him
+in a condition to respond to the means previously indicated. If the
+horse responded to the first flexions represented by Plate IV., it would
+be unnecessary to make use of this one. (Plate V.)
+
+[Illustration: Plate V.]
+
+We can act directly on the jaw so as to render it prompt in moving. To
+do this, we take the left curb-rein about six inches from the horse's
+mouth and draw it straight towards the left shoulder; at the same
+time draw the left rein of the snaffle forward, in such a way that
+the wrists of the person holding the two reins shall be opposite and on
+a level with each other. The two opposed forces will soon cause a
+separation of the jaws and end all resistance. The force ought to be
+always proportioned to that of the horse, whether in his resistance, or
+in his lightness. Thus, by means of this direct force a few lessons will
+be sufficient to give a pliability to the part in question that could
+not have been obtained by any other means. (Plate VI.)
+
+[Illustration: Plate VI.]
+
+_Lateral flexions of the neck._--
+
+1. The man will place himself near the horse's shoulder as for the
+flexions of the jaw; he will take hold of the right snaffle-rein, which
+he will draw upon across the neck, in order to establish an intermediate
+point between the impulsion that comes from him and the resistance the
+horse presents; he will hold up the left rein with the left hand about a
+foot from the bit. As soon as the horse endeavors to avoid the constant
+tension of the right rein by inclining his head to the right, he will
+let the left rein slip so as to offer no opposition to the flexion of
+the neck. Whenever the horse endeavors to escape the constraint of the
+right rein by bringing his croup around, he will be brought into place
+again by slight pulls of the left rein. (Plate VII.)
+
+2. When the head and neck have entirely yielded to the right, the man
+will draw equally on both reins to place the head perpendicularly.
+Suppleness and lightness will soon follow this position, and as soon as
+the horse evinces, by champing the bit, entire freedom from stiffness,
+the man will cease the tension of the reins, being careful that the head
+does not take advantage of this moment of freedom to displace itself
+suddenly. In this case, it will be sufficient to restrain it by a slight
+support of the right rein. After having kept the horse in this
+position for some seconds, he will make him resume his former position
+by drawing on the left rein. It is most important that the animal in all
+his movements should do nothing of his own accord. (Plate VIII.)
+
+[Illustration: Plates VII. and VIII.]
+
+The flexion of the neck to the left is executed after the same
+principles, but by inverse means. The man can repeat with the curb what
+he has previously done with the snaffle-reins; but the snaffle should
+always be employed first, its effect being less powerful and more
+direct.
+
+When the horse submits without resistance to the preceding exercises, it
+will prove that the suppling of the neck has already made a great step.
+The rider can, henceforward, continue his work by operating with a less
+direct motive power, and without the animal's being impressed by the
+sight of him. He will place himself in the saddle, and commence by
+repeating with the full length of the reins, the lateral flexions, in
+which he has already exercised his horse.
+
+_Lateral flexions of the neck, the man on horseback._--
+
+1. To execute the flexion to the right, the rider will take one
+snaffle-rein in each hand, the left scarcely feeling the bit; the right,
+on the contrary, giving a moderate impression at first, but which will
+increase in proportion to the resistance of the horse, and in a way
+always to govern him. The animal, soon tired of a struggle which, being
+prolonged, only makes the pain proceeding from the bit more acute, will
+understand that the only way to avoid it is to incline the head in the
+direction the pressure is felt. (Plate IX.)
+
+2. As soon as the horse's head is brought round to the right, the left
+rein will form opposition, to prevent the nose from passing beyond the
+perpendicular. Great stress should be laid on the head's remaining
+always in this position, without which the flexion would be imperfect
+and the suppleness incomplete. The movement being regularly
+accomplished, the horse will be made to resume his natural position by a
+slight tension of the left rein. (Plate X.)
+
+[Illustration: Plates IX. and X.]
+
+The flexion to the left is executed in the same way, the rider employing
+alternately the snaffle and curb-reins.
+
+I have already mentioned that it is of great importance to supple the
+upper part of the neck. After mounting, and having obtained the lateral
+flexions without resistance, the rider will often content himself with
+executing them half-way, the head and upper part of the neck pivoting
+upon the lower part, which will serve as a base or axis. This exercise
+must be frequently repeated, even after the horse's education is
+completed, in order to keep up the pliability, and facilitate the
+getting him in hand.
+
+It now remains for us, in order to complete the suppling of the head and
+neck, to combat the contractions which occasion the direct resistances,
+and prevent your getting the horse's head in a perpendicular position.
+
+_Direct flexions of the head and neck, or ramener.[C]_--
+
+    [C] _Ramener_ means to place the horse's head in a
+         perpendicular position.--TRANSLATOR.
+
+1. The rider will first use the snaffle-reins, which he will hold
+together in the left hand as he would the curb-reins. He will rest the
+outer edge of the right hand (see Plate XI.) on the reins in front of
+the left hand in order to increase the power of the right hand; after
+which he will gradually bear on the snaffle-bit. As soon as the horse
+yields, it would suffice to raise the right hand to diminish the tension
+of the reins and reward the animal. As the hand must only present a
+force proportioned to the resistance of the neck, it will only be
+necessary to hold the legs rather close to prevent backing. When the
+horse obeys the action of the snaffle, he will yield much more quickly
+to that of the curb, the effect of which is so much more powerful. The
+curb, of course, needs more care in the use of it than the snaffle.
+(Plate XI.)
+
+2. The horse will have completely yielded to the action of the hand,
+when his head is carried in a position perfectly perpendicular to the
+ground; from that time the contraction will cease, which the animal will
+show, as in every other case, by champing his bit. The rider must be
+careful not to be deceived by the feints of the horse--feints which
+consist in yielding one-fourth or one-third of the way, and then
+hesitating. If, for example, the nose of the horse having to pass over a
+curve of ten degrees to attain the perpendicular position (Plate XI.),
+should stop at the fourth or sixth and again resist, the hand should
+follow the movement and then remain firm and immovable, for a concession
+on its part would encourage resistance and increase the difficulties.
+When the nose shall descend to No. 10, the perpendicular position will
+be complete and the lightness perfect. The rider can then cease the
+tension of the reins, but so as to keep the head in this position, if it
+should offer to leave it. If he lets it return at all to its natural
+situation, it should be to draw it in over again, and to make the animal
+understand that the perpendicular position of the head is the only one
+allowed when under the rider's hand. He should, at the outset, accustom
+the horse to cease backing at the pressure of the legs, as all backward
+movements would enable him to avoid the effects of the hand or create
+new means of resistance. (Plate XII.)
+
+[Illustration: Plates XI. and XII.]
+
+This is the most important flexion of all; the others tended principally
+to pave the way for it. As soon as it is executed with ease and
+promptness, as soon as a slight touch is sufficient to place and keep
+the head in a perpendicular position, it will prove that the suppling is
+complete, contraction destroyed, lightness and equilibrium established
+in the fore-hand. The direction of this part of the animal will,
+henceforward, be as easy as it is natural, since we have put it in a
+condition to receive all our impressions, and instantly to yield to them
+without effort.
+
+As to the functions of the legs, they must support the hind-parts of the
+horse, in order to obtain the _ramener_, in such a way that he may not
+be able to avoid the effect of the hand by a retrograde movement of his
+body. This complete getting in hand is necessary to drive the hind-legs
+under the centre. In the first case, we act upon the fore-hand; in the
+second, upon the hind-parts; the first serves for the _ramener_, the
+second for the _rassembler_, or gathering the horse.[D]
+
+    [D] The full meaning of the word _rassembler_ will be
+        understood after reading the chapter, further on in this work,
+        under that head. With regard to the other word, _ramener_,
+        to avoid the constant circumlocution of saying, "placing the
+        horse's head in a perpendicular position," it will be used in
+        future wherever it occurs.--TRANSLATOR.
+
+_Combination of effects._--I published four editions of my Method,
+without devoting a special article to the combination of effects.
+Although I myself made a very frequent use of it, I had not attached
+sufficient importance to the great necessity of this principle in the
+case of teaching; later experiments have taught me to consider it of
+more consequence.
+
+The combination of effects means the continued and exactly opposed force
+of the hand and legs. Its object should be to bring back again into a
+position of equilibrium all the parts of the horse which leave it, in
+order to prevent him from going ahead, without backing him, and _vice
+versa_: finally, it serves to stop any movement from the right to the
+left, or the left to the right. By this means, also, we distribute the
+weight of the mass equally on the four legs, and produce temporary
+immobility. This combination of effects ought to precede and follow each
+exercise within the graduated limit assigned to it. It is essential when
+we employ the aids (i.e. the hand and legs), in this, that the action of
+the legs should precede the other, in order to prevent the horse from
+backing against any place, for he might find, in this movement, points
+of support that would enable him to increase his resistance. Thus, all
+motion of the extremities, proceeding from the horse himself, should be
+stopped by a combination of effects; finally, whenever his forces get
+scattered, and act inharmoniously, the rider will find in this a
+powerful and infallible corrective.
+
+It is by disposing all the parts of the horse in the most exact order,
+that we will easily transmit to him the impulsion that should cause the
+regular movements of his extremities; it is then also that we will
+address his comprehension, and that he will appreciate what we demand of
+him; then will follow caresses of the hand and voice as a moral effect;
+they should not be used, though, until after he has done what is
+demanded of him by the rider's hand and legs.
+
+_The horse's resting his chin on his breast._--Although few horses are
+disposed by nature to do this, it is not the less necessary, when it
+does occur, to practise on them all the flexions, even the one which
+bends down the neck. In this position, the horse's chin comes back near
+the breast and rests in contact with the lower part of the neck; too
+high a croup, joined to a permanent contraction of the muscles that
+lower the neck, is generally the cause of it. These muscles must then be
+suppled in order to destroy their intensity, and thereby give to the
+muscles that raise the neck, their antagonists, the predominance which
+will make the neck rest in a graceful and useful position. This first
+accomplished, the horse will be accustomed to go forward freely at the
+pressure of the legs, and to respond, without abruptness or excitement,
+to the touch of the spurs (_attaques_); the object of these last is to
+bring the hind legs near the centre, and to lower the croup. The rider
+will then endeavor to raise the horse's head by the aid of the
+curb-reins; in this case, the hand will be held some distance above the
+saddle, and far from the body[E]; the force it transmits to the horse
+ought to be continued until he yields by elevating his head. As these
+sorts of horses have generally little action, we must take care to avoid
+letting the hand produce an effect from the front to the rear, in which
+case it would take away from the impulse necessary for movement. The
+pace commencing with the walk, must be kept up at the same rate, while
+the hand is producing an elevating effect upon the neck. This precept is
+applicable to all the changes of position that the hand makes in the
+head and neck; but is particularly essential in the case of a horse
+disposed to depress his neck.
+
+    [E] This position of the hand at a distance from the saddle and
+        the body will be criticised; but let the rider be reassured,
+        eight or ten lessons will suffice to make the horse change the
+        position of his head, and allow the hand to resume its normal
+        position.
+
+It should be remembered that the horse has two ways of responding to the
+pressure of the bit; by one, he yields but withdraws himself at the same
+time by shrinking and coming back to his former position; this kind of
+yielding is only injurious to his education, for if the hand is held too
+forcibly, if he does not wait till the horse changes of his own accord
+the position of his head, the backward movement of his body would
+precede and be accompanied by a shifting of the weight backwards. In
+this case, the contraction of his neck remains all the while the same.
+The second kind of yielding, which contributes so greatly to the rapid
+and certain education of the horse, consists in giving a half or
+three-quarter tension to the reins, then to sustain the hand as forcibly
+as possible without bringing it near the body. In a short time the force
+of the hand, seconded by the continued pressure of the legs, will make
+the horse avoid this slight but constant pressure of the bit, but by
+means of his head and neck only. Then the rider will only make use of
+the force necessary to displace the head. It is by this means that he
+will be able to place the horse's body on a level, and will obtain that
+equilibrium,[F] the perfect balance of which has not hitherto been
+appreciated.
+
+    [F] The word equilibrium, so often repeated in the course of this
+        work, must be categorically explained. People have never rightly
+        understood what it means, this true equilibrium of a horse,
+        which serves as the basis of his education, and by which he
+        takes instantly, at the rider's will, such a pace, or such a
+        change or direction.
+
+        It is not here a question of the equilibrium which prevents the
+        horse from falling down, but of that upon which depends his
+        performance, when it is prompt, graceful and regular, and by
+        means of which his paces are either measured or extended at
+        will.
+
+                          _Equilibrium of Baucher._
+        _Croup_------------------------------------------------_Head._
+
+        Here the weight and the forces are equally distributed. By means
+        of this just distribution the different positions, the different
+        paces, and the equilibriums that belong to them, are obtained
+        without effort on the part of man or horse.
+
+Resuming what we have just explained in the case of a horse who rests
+his chin on his breast, we repeat that it is by producing one force from
+the rear to the front with the legs, and another from below upwards with
+the hand, that we will soon be enabled to improve the position and
+movements of the horse. So that whatever may be his disposition at
+first, it is by first causing the depression of the neck that we will
+quickly gain a masterly and perfect elevation of it.
+
+I will close this chapter by some reflections on the supposed difference
+of sensibility in horses' mouths, and the kind of bit which ought to be
+used.
+
+_Of the horse's mouth and the bit._--I have already treated this subject
+at length in my Comprehensive Dictionary of Equitation; but as in this
+work I make a complete exposition of my method, I think it necessary to
+repeat it in a few words.
+
+I cannot imagine how people have been able so long to attribute to the
+mere difference of formation of the bars,[G] those contrary dispositions
+of horses which render them so light or so hard to the hand. How can we
+believe that, according as a horse has one or two lines of flesh, more
+or less, between the bit and the bone of the lower jaw, he should yield
+to the lightest impulse of the hand, or become unmanageable in spite of
+all the efforts of two vigorous arms? Nevertheless, it is from remaining
+in this inconceiveable error, that people have forged bits of so strange
+and various forms, real instruments of torture, the effect of which is
+to increase the difficulties they sought to remove.
+
+    [G] The bars are the continuations of the two bones of the
+        lower jaw between the masticating and the front teeth. It is on
+        these that the bit rests.
+
+Had they gone back a little further to the source of the resistances,
+they would have discovered that this one, like all the rest, does not
+proceed from the difference of formation of a feeble organ, like the
+bars, but from a contraction communicated to the different parts of the
+body, and, above all, to the neck, by some serious fault of
+constitution. It is, then, in vain that we attach to the reins, and
+place in the horse's mouth a more or less murderous instrument; he will
+remain insensible to our efforts as long as we do not communicate
+suppleness to him, which alone can enable him to yield.
+
+In the first place, then, I lay down as a fact, that there is no
+difference of sensibility in the mouths of horses; that all present the
+same lightness when in the position called _ramener_, and the same
+resistances in proportion as they recede from this position. There are
+horses hard to the hand; but this hardness proceeds from the length or
+weakness of their loins, from a narrow croup, from short haunches, thin
+thighs, straight hocks, or (a most important point) from a croup too
+high or too low in proportion to the withers; such are the true causes
+of resistances; the contractions of the neck, the closing of the jaws
+are only the effects; as to the bars, they are only there to show the
+ignorance of self-styled equestrian theoricians. By suppling the neck
+and the jaw, this hardness completely disappears. Experiments a hundred
+times repeated give me the right to advance this principle boldly;
+perhaps it may, at first, appear too arbitrary, but it is none the less
+true.
+
+Consequently, I only allow one kind of bit, and this is the form and the
+dimensions I give it, to make it as simple as it is easy.
+
+The branches straight and six inches long, measuring from the eye of the
+bit to the extremity of the branch; circumference of the canon,[H] two
+inches and a half; port, about two inches wide at the bottom, and one
+inch at the top. The only variation to be in the width of the bit,
+according to the horse's mouth.
+
+    [H] The mouth-piece of the bit consists of three parts: the port, to
+        give freedom to the tongue, and the two canons, which are the
+        parts that come in contact with the bars.--TRANSLATOR.
+
+I insist that such a bit is sufficient to render passively obedient all
+horses that have been prepared by supplings; and I need not add that, as
+I deny the utility of severe bits, I reject all means not coming
+directly from the rider, such as martingales, piliers, etc.
+
+
+
+
+                 CHAPTER IV.
+
+        CONTINUATION OF SUPPLINGS.
+
+
+_The hind-parts._--In order to guide the horse, the rider acts directly
+on two of his parts: the fore-parts and the hind-parts. To effect this,
+he employs two motive powers: the legs, which give the impulse by the
+croup; and the hand, which directs and modifies this impulse by the head
+and neck. A perfect harmony of forces ought then to exist always between
+these two motive powers; but the same harmony is equally necessary
+between the parts of the animal they are intended particularly to
+impress. In vain would be our labor to render the head and neck
+flexible, light, obedient to the touch of the hand; incomplete would be
+the results, the equilibrium of the whole imperfect, as long as the
+croup remained dull, contracted and rebellious to the direct governing
+agent.
+
+I have just explained the simple and easy means of giving to the
+fore-parts the qualities indispensable to a good management thereof: it
+remains to tell how we will fashion, in the same way, the hind-parts, in
+order to complete the suppling of the horse, and bring about a uniform
+harmony in the development of all his moving parts. The resistances of
+the neck and croup mutually aiding one another, our labor will be more
+easy, as we have already destroyed the former.
+
+_The flexions of the croup, and making it movable._--
+
+1. The rider will hold the curb-reins in the left hand, and those of the
+snaffle, crossed, in the right, the nails of the right hand held
+downward; he will first bring the horse's head into a perpendicular
+position, by drawing lightly on the bit; after that, if he wishes to
+execute the movement to the right, he will carry the left leg back
+behind the girths and fix it near the flanks of the animal, until the
+croup yields to this pressure. The rider will at the same time make the
+left snaffle-rein felt, proportioning the effect of the rein to the
+resistance which is opposed to it. Of these two forces transmitted thus
+by the left leg and the rein of the same side, the first is intended to
+combat the resistance, and the second, to determine the movement. The
+rider should content himself in the beginning with making the croup
+execute one or two steps only sideways. (Plate XIII.)
+
+2. The croup having acquired more facility in moving, we can continue
+the movement so as to complete to the right and the left reversed
+pirouettes.[I] As soon as the haunches yield to the pressure of the leg,
+the rider, to cause the perfect equilibrium of the horse, will
+immediately draw upon the rein opposite to this leg. The motion of this,
+slight at first, will be progressively increased until the head is
+inclined to the side towards which the croup is moving, as if to look at
+it coming. (Plate XIV.)
+
+    [I] See note, page 63.
+
+[Illustration: Plates XIII. and XIV.]
+
+To make this movement understood, I will add some explanations, the more
+important as they are applicable to all the exercises of horsemanship.
+
+The horse, in all his movements, cannot preserve a perfect and constant
+equilibrium, without a combination of opposite forces, skillfully
+managed by the rider. In the reversed pirouette, for example, if when
+the horse has yielded to the pressure of the leg, we continue to oppose
+the rein on the same side as this leg, it is evident that we will shoot
+beyond the mark, since we will be employing a force which has become
+useless. We must then establish two motive powers, the effect of which
+balances, without interfering; this, the tension of the rein on the
+opposite side from the leg will produce in the pirouette. So, we will
+commence with the rein and the leg of the same side, until it is time to
+pass to the second part of the work, then with the curb-rein in the left
+hand, and finally, with the snaffle-rein opposite to the leg. The forces
+will then be kept in a diagonal position, and in consequence, the
+equilibrium natural, and the execution of the movement easy. The horse's
+head being turned to the side where the croup is moving, adds much to
+the gracefulness of the performance, and aids the rider in regulating
+the activity of the haunches, and keeping the shoulders in place. For
+the rest, tact alone will be able to show him how to use the leg and the
+rein, in such a way that their motions will mutually sustain, without at
+any time counteracting one another.
+
+I need not remind you that during the whole of this exercise, as on all
+occasions, the neck should remain supple and light; the head in position
+(perpendicular) and the jaw movable. While the bridle hand keeps them in
+this proper position, the right hand, with the aid of the snaffle, is
+combating the lateral resistances, and determining the different
+inclinations, until the horse is sufficiently well broken to obey a
+simple pressure of the bit. If, when combating the contraction of the
+croup, we permitted the horse to throw its stiffness into the
+fore-parts, our efforts would be vain, and the fruit of our first labors
+lost. On the contrary, we will facilitate the subjection of the
+hind-parts, by preserving the advantages we have already acquired over
+the fore-parts, and by keeping separated those contractions we have yet
+to combat.
+
+The leg of the rider opposite to that which determines the rotation of
+the croup, must not be kept off during the movement, but remain close to
+the horse and keep him in place, while giving from the rear forward an
+impulse which the other leg communicates from right to left, or from
+left to right. There will thus be one force which keeps the horse in
+position, and another which determines the rotation. In order that the
+pressure of the two legs should not counteract one another, and in order
+to be able to use them both together, the leg intended to move the croup
+will be placed farther behind the girths than the other, which will
+remain held with a force equal to that of the leg that determines the
+movement. Then the action of the legs will be distinct, the one bearing
+from right to left, the other from the rear forwards. It is by the aid
+of the latter that the hand places and fixes the fore legs.
+
+To accelerate these results, at first, a second person may be employed
+who will place himself at the height of the horse's head, holding the
+curb-reins in the right hand, and on the side opposite to which we wish
+the croup to go. He will lay hold of the reins at six inches from the
+branches of the bit, so as to be in a good position to combat the
+instinctive resistances of the animal. The one in the saddle will
+content himself with holding lightly the snaffle-reins, acting with his
+legs as I have already shown. The second person is only useful when we
+have to deal with a horse of an intractable disposition, or to aid the
+inexperience of the one in the saddle; but, as much should be done
+without assistance as possible, in order that the practitioner may judge
+by himself of the progress of his horse, seeking all the while for
+means to increase the effects of his touch.
+
+Even while this work is in an elementary state, he will make the horse
+execute easily all the figures of the _manege de deux pistes_.[J] After
+eight days of moderate exercise, he will have accomplished, without
+effort, a performance that the old school did not dare to undertake
+until after two or three years' studying and working at the horse.
+
+    [J] "_La piste_ is an imaginary line upon which the horse is
+        made to walk. When the hind legs follow the same line as the
+        fore ones, the horse is said to go _d'une piste_, or on one
+        line. He goes _de deux pistes_, or on two lines, when his hind
+        legs pass along a line parallel to that traced by the fore
+        legs."--_Baucher's Dictionnaire d'Equitation._
+
+When the rider has accustomed the croup of the horse to yield promptly
+to the pressure of the legs, he will be able to put it in motion, or fix
+it motionless at will, and can, consequently, execute ordinary
+pirouettes.[K] For this purpose he will take a snaffle-rein in each
+hand, one to direct the neck and shoulders towards the side to which we
+wish to wheel, the other to second the opposite leg, if it is not
+sufficient to keep the croup still. At the beginning, this leg should be
+placed as far back as possible, and not be used until the haunches bear
+against it. By careful and progressive management the results will soon
+be attained; at the start, the horse should be allowed to rest after
+executing two or three steps well, which will give five or six halts in
+the complete rotation of the shoulders around the croup.
+    [K] "The _pirouette_ is executed on the fore or hind legs, by making
+        the horse turn round upon himself, in such a way, that the leg
+        on the side he is going, acts as a pivot, and is the principal
+        support around which the other three legs move."--_Baucher's
+        Dictionnaire d'Equitation._
+
+       _Pirouettes_ are either _ordinary_ or _reversed_. In the ordinary
+       _pirouette_, one of the hind legs is the pivot on which the horse
+        moves; in the reversed, one of the fore legs.--TRANSLATOR.]
+
+Here the stationary exercises cease. I will now explain how the suppling
+of the hind-parts will be completed, by commencing to combine the play
+of its springs with those of the fore-parts.
+
+_Backing._--The retrograde movement, otherwise called backing, is an
+exercise, the importance of which has not been sufficiently appreciated,
+and which yet ought to have a very great influence upon his education.
+When practised after the old erroneous methods, it would have been
+without success, since the thread of exercises that ought to precede it
+were unknown. Backing properly differs essentially from that incorrect
+backward movement which carries the horse to the rear with his croup
+contracted and his neck stiff; that is, backing away from and avoiding
+the effect of the reins. Backing correctly supples the horse, and adds
+grace and precision to his natural motions. The first of the conditions
+upon which it is to be obtained, is to keep the horse in hand; that is
+to say, supple, light in the mouth, steady on his legs, and perfectly
+balanced in all his parts. Thus disposed, the animal will be able with
+ease to move and elevate equally his fore and hind legs.
+
+It is here that we will be enabled to appreciate the good effects and
+the indispensable necessity of suppling the neck and haunches. Backing,
+which at first is tolerably painful to the horse, will always lead him
+to combat the motions of our hand, by stiffening his neck, and those of
+our legs, by contracting his croup; these are the instinctive
+resistances. If we cannot obviate the bad disposition of them, how will
+we be able to obtain that shifting and re-shifting of weight, which
+alone ought to make the execution of this movement perfect? If the
+impulsion which, to back him, ought to come from the fore-parts, should
+pass over its proper limits, the movement would become painful,
+impossible in fact, and occasion, on the part of the animal, sudden,
+violent movements which are always injurious to his organization.
+
+On the other hand, the displacements[L] of the croup, by destroying the
+harmony which should exist between the relative forces of fore and
+hind-parts, would also hinder the proper execution of the backing. The
+previous exercise to which we have subjected the croup will aid us in
+keeping it in a straight line with the shoulders, in order to preserve
+the necessary transferring of the forces and weight.
+
+    [L] These displacements of the croup mean sideway
+        displacements, or the horse's croup not being in a line with the
+        shoulders.--TRANSLATOR.
+
+To commence the movement, the rider ought first to assure himself that
+the haunches are on a line with the shoulders, and the horse light in
+hand; then he will slowly close his legs, in order that the action they
+will communicate to the hind-parts of the horse may make him lift one of
+his hind legs, and prevent the body from yielding before the neck. It is
+then that the immediate pressure of the bit, forcing the horse to regain
+his equilibrium behind, will produce the first part of the backing. As
+soon as the horse obeys, the rider will instantly give the hand to
+reward the animal, and not to force the play of his fore-parts. If his
+croup is displaced, the rider will bring it back by means of his leg,
+and if necessary, use for this purpose the snaffle-rein on that side.
+
+After having defined what I call the proper backing (_reculer_), I ought
+to explain what I understand by backing so as to avoid the bit
+(_l'acculement_). This movement is too painful to the horse, too
+ungraceful, and too much opposed to the right development of his
+mechanism, not to have struck any one who has occupied himself at all
+with horsemanship. We force a horse backwards in this way, whenever we
+crowd too much his forces and weight upon his hind-parts; by so doing we
+destroy his equilibrium, and render grace, measure and correctness
+impossible. Lightness, always lightness! this is the basis, the
+touchstone of all beautiful execution. With this, all is easy, as much
+for the horse as the rider. That being the case, it is understood that
+the difficulty of horsemanship does not consist in the direction to give
+the horse, but in the position to make him assume--a position which
+alone can smooth all obstacles. Indeed, if the horse executes, it is the
+rider who makes him do so; upon him then rests the responsibility of
+every false movement.
+
+It will suffice to exercise the horse for eight days (for five minutes
+each lesson), in backing, to make him execute it with facility. The
+rider will content himself the first few times with one or two steps to
+the rear, followed by the combined effect of the legs and hand,
+increasing in proportion to the progress he makes, until he finds no
+more difficulty in a backward than in a forward movement.
+
+What an immense step we will then have made in the education of our
+pupil! At the start, the defective formation of the animal, his natural
+contractions, the resistances we encountered everywhere, seemed as if
+they might defy our efforts forever. Without doubt they would have been
+vain, had we made use of a bad course of proceeding, but the wise system
+of progression that we have introduced into our work, the destruction of
+the instinctive forces of the horse, the suppling, the separate
+subjection of all the rebellious parts, have soon placed in our power
+the whole of the mechanism to such a degree as to enable us to govern it
+completely, and to restore that pliability, ease, and harmony of the
+parts, which their bad arrangement appeared as if it would always
+prevent. As I shall point out hereafter in classing the general division
+of the labor, it will be seen that eight or ten days will be sufficient
+to obtain these important results.
+
+Was I not right then in saying that if it is not in my power to change
+the defective formation of a horse, I can yet prevent the evil effect of
+his physical defects, so as to render him as fit to do everything with
+grace and natural ease, as the better formed horse? In suppling the
+parts of the animal upon which the rider acts directly, in order to
+govern and guide him, in accustoming them to yield without difficulty or
+hesitation to the different impressions which are communicated to them,
+I have, by so doing, destroyed their stiffness and restored the centre
+of gravity to its true place, namely, to the middle of the body. I have,
+besides, settled the greatest difficulty of horsemanship: that of
+subjecting, before everything else, the parts upon which the rider acts
+directly, in order to prepare for him infallible means of acting upon
+the horse.
+
+It is only by destroying the instinctive forces, and by suppling the
+different parts of the horse, that we will obtain this. All the springs
+of the animal's body are thus yielded up to the discretion of the rider.
+But this first advantage will not be enough to make him a complete
+horseman. The employment of these forces thus abandoned to him, demand,
+in order to execute the different paces, much study and skill. I will
+show in the subsequent chapters the rules to be observed. I will
+conclude this one by a rapid recapitulation of the progression to be
+followed in the supplings.
+
+_Stationary exercise, the rider on foot. Fore-parts._--
+
+1. Flexions of the jaw to the right and left, using the curb-bit.
+
+2. Direct flexions of the jaw, and depression of the neck.
+
+3. Lateral flexions of the neck with the snaffle-reins and with the
+curb.
+
+_Stationary exercise, the rider on horseback._--
+
+1. Lateral flexions of the neck with the snaffle-reins, and with the
+curb-reins.
+
+2. Direct flexions of the head or placing it in a perpendicular position
+with the snaffle, and with the curb-reins.
+
+_Hind-parts._--
+
+3. Lateral flexions, and moving the croup around the shoulders.
+
+4. Rotation of the shoulders around the haunches.
+
+5. Combining the play of the fore and hind legs of the horse, or
+backing.
+
+I have placed the rotation of the shoulders around the haunches in the
+nomenclatere of stationary exercise. But the ordinary pivoting, or
+_pirouettes_, being a pretty complicated movement, and one difficult for
+the horse, he should not be completely exercised in it until he has
+acquired the measured time of the walk, and of the trot, and will easily
+execute the changes of direction.
+
+
+
+
+                       CHAPTER V.
+
+      OF THE EMPLOYMENT OF THE FORCES OF THE HORSE
+                      BY THE RIDER.
+
+
+When the supplings have subjected the instinctive forces of the horse,
+and given them up completely into our power, the animal will be nothing
+more in our hand than a passive, expectant machine, ready to act upon
+the impulsion we choose to communicate to him. It will be for us, then,
+as sovereign disposers of all his forces, to combine the employment of
+them in correct proportion to the movements we wish to execute.
+
+The young horse, at first stiff and awkward in the use of his members,
+will need a certain degree of management in developing them. In this, as
+in every other case, we will follow that rational progression which
+tells us to commence with the simple, before passing to the complicated.
+By the preceding exercise, we have made our means of acting upon the
+horse sure. We must now attend to facilitating his means of execution,
+by exercising all his forces together. If the animal responds to the
+aids of the rider by the jaw, the neck and the haunches; if he yields by
+the general disposition of his body to the impulses communicated to him,
+it is by the play of his extremities that he executes the movement. The
+mechanism of these parts ought then to be easy, prompt and regular;
+their application, well directed in the different paces, will alone be
+able to give them these qualities, indispensable to a good education.[M]
+
+    [M] It must not be forgotten that the hand and legs have their
+        vocabulary also; and a very concise one. This mute, laconic
+        language consists of these few words. _You are doing badly; this
+        is what you should do; you do well now._ It is sufficient for
+        the rider to be able to translate, by his mechanism, the meaning
+        of these three remarks, to possess all the equestrian erudition,
+        and share his intelligence with his horse.
+
+_The walk._--This pace is the mother of all the other paces; by it we
+will obtain the cadence, the regularity, the extension of the others.
+But to obtain these brilliant results, the rider must display as much
+knowledge as tact. The preceding exercises have led the horse to bear
+the combined effect of hand and legs, which could not have been done
+previously to the destruction of the instinctive resistances; we have
+now only to act on the inert resistances which appertain to the animal's
+weight; upon the forces which only move when an impulse is communicated
+to them.
+
+Before making the horse go forward, we should first assure ourselves of
+his lightness; that is to say, of his head being perpendicular, his neck
+flexible, his hind-part straight and plumb. The legs will then be closed
+lightly, to give the body the impulse necessary to move it. But we
+should not, in accordance with the precepts of the old method, give the
+bridle hand at the same time; for then the neck, being free from all
+restraint, would lose its lightness; would contract, and render the
+motion of the hand powerless. The rider will remember that his hand
+ought to be to the horse an insurmountable barrier, whenever he would
+leave the position of _ramener_. The animal will never attempt it,
+without pain; and only within this limit will he find ease and comfort.
+By the application of my method, the rider will be led to guide his
+horse all the time with the reins half tight, except when he wishes to
+correct a false movement, or determine a new one.
+
+The walk, I have said, ought to precede the other paces, because the
+horse having three supports upon the ground, his action is less, and
+consequently easier to regulate than in the trot and gallop. The first
+exercises of the supplings will be followed by some turns in the
+riding-house at a walk, but only as a relaxation, the rider attending
+less to animating his horse than to making him keep his head, while
+walking in a perpendicular position. Little by little he will complicate
+his work, so as to join to the lightness of the horse that precision of
+movement indispensable to the beauty of all his paces.
+
+He will commence light oppositions of the hand and legs to make the
+forces of the fore and hind-parts work together in harmony. This
+exercise, by accustoming the horse always to yield the use of his forces
+to the direction of the rider, will be also useful in forming his
+intelligence, as well as in developing his powers. What delights the
+expert horseman will experience in the progressive application of his
+art! His pupil at first rebellious will insensibly yield himself to his
+every wish; will adopt his character, and end by becoming the living
+personification of him. Take care, then, rider! If your horse is
+capricious, violent, fantastic, we will have the right to say that you
+yourself do not shine by the amenity of your disposition, and the
+propriety of your proceedings.
+
+In order to keep the measure and quickness of the walk equal and
+regular, it is indispensable that the impulsive and governing forces
+which come from the rider, should themselves be perfectly in harmony. We
+will suppose, for example, that the rider to move his horse forward,
+should make use of a force equal to twenty pounds, fifteen for the
+impulse forward, and five to bring his head into position. If the legs
+increase their motion without the hands increasing theirs in the same
+proportion, it is evident that the surplus of communicated force will be
+thrown into the neck, cause it to contract, and destroy all lightness.
+If, on the contrary, it is the hand which acts with too much violence,
+it will be at the expense of the impulsive force necessary to move the
+horse forward; on this account, his forward movement will be slackened
+and counteracted, at the same time that his position will lose its
+gracefulness and power.
+
+This short explanation will suffice to show the harmony that should
+exist between the legs and hands. It is understood that their motion
+should vary according as the formation of the horse renders it necessary
+to support him more or less before or behind; but the rule is the same,
+only the proportions are different.
+
+As long as the horse will not keep himself supple and light in his walk,
+we will continue to exercise him in a straight line; but as soon as he
+acquires more ease and steadiness, we will commence to make him execute
+changes of direction to the right and left, while walking.
+
+_Changes of direction._--The use of the wrists, in the changes of
+direction, is so simple that it is unnecessary to speak of it here. I
+will only call attention to the fact, that the resistances of the horse
+ought always to be anticipated by disposing his forces in such a manner
+that they all concur in putting him in the way of moving. The head will
+be inclined in the direction we wish to go by means of the snaffle-rein
+of that side, the curb will then complete the movement. General rule:
+the lateral resistances of the neck are always to be opposed by the aid
+of the snaffle, being very careful not to commence to wheel until after
+destroying the obstacle that opposed it. If the use of the wrists
+remains very nearly the same as formerly, it is not so with the legs;
+their motion will be diametrically opposite to that given them in the
+old style of horsemanship. This innovation is so natural a one, that I
+cannot conceive why some one never applied it before me.
+
+It is by bearing the hand to the right, and making the right leg felt,
+people have told me, and I have myself at first repeated it, that the
+horse is made to turn to the right. With me, practice has always taken
+the precedence of reasoning; and this is the way I first perceived the
+incorrectness of this principle.
+
+Whatever lightness my horse had in a straight line, I remarked that this
+lightness always lost some of its delicacy when moving in small circles,
+although my outside leg came to the assistance of the inside one. As
+soon as the hind leg put itself in motion to follow the shoulders in the
+circle, I immediately felt a slight resistance. I then thought of
+changing the use of my aids, and of pressing the leg on the side
+opposite to the direction of wheeling. At the same time, in place of
+bearing the hand immediately to the right, to determine the shoulders in
+that direction, I first, by the aid of this hand, made the opposition
+necessary to render the haunches motionless, and to dispose the forces
+in such a way as to maintain the equilibrium during the execution of the
+movement. This proceeding was completely successful; and in explaining
+what ought to be the function of the different extremities, I recognize
+this as the only rational way of using them in wheeling.
+
+In fact, in wheeling to the right, for example, it is the right hind leg
+which serves as pivot and supports the whole weight of the mass, while
+the left hind leg and the fore legs describe a circle more or less
+extended. In order that the movement should be correct and free, it is
+necessary that this pivot upon which the whole turns be not interfered
+with in its action; the simultaneous action of the right hand and the
+right leg must necessarily produce this effect. The equilibrium is thus
+destroyed, and the regularity of the wheeling rendered impossible.
+
+As soon as the horse executes easily the changes of direction at a walk,
+and keeps himself perfectly light, we can commence exercising at a trot.
+
+_The trot._--The rider will commence this pace at a very moderate rate
+of speed, following exactly the same principles as for the walk. He will
+keep his horse perfectly light, not forgetting that the faster the pace,
+the more disposition there will be on the part of the animal to fall
+back again into his natural contractions. The hand should then be used
+with redoubled nicety, in order to keep the head and neck always
+pliable, without affecting the impulse necessary to the movement. The
+legs will lightly second the hands, and the horse between these two
+barriers, which are obstacles only to his improper movements, will soon
+develop all his best faculties, and with precision of movement, will
+acquire grace, extension, and the steadiness inherent to the lightness
+of the whole.
+
+Although many persons who would not take the trouble to examine
+thoroughly my method, have pretended that it is opposed to great speed
+in trotting, it is not the less proved that the well-balanced horse can
+trot faster than the one destitute of this advantage. I have given
+proofs of this whenever they have been demanded of me; but it is in vain
+that I have tried to make people understand what constitutes the motions
+of the trot, and what are the conditions indispensable for regularity in
+executing it. So, I was obliged in a race of which I was judge, to make
+the bets void, and to prove that the pretended trotters were not
+trotting really, but were ambling.
+
+The condition indispensable to a good trotter, is perfect equilibrium of
+the body. Equilibrium which keeps up a regular movement of the diagonal
+fore and hind feet, gives them an equal elevation and extension, with
+such lightness that the animal can easily execute all changes of
+direction, moderate his speed, halt, or increase his speed without
+effort. The fore-parts have not, then, the appearance of towing after
+them the hind-parts, which keep as far off as possible; everything
+becomes easy and graceful for the horse, because his forces being in
+perfect harmony, permit the rider to dispose of them in such a way that
+they mutually and constantly assist each other.
+
+It would be impossible for me to count up the number of horses that have
+been sent me to break, and whose paces have been so spoiled that it was
+impossible for them to trot a single step. A few lessons have always
+been sufficient for me to get them back into regular paces, and these
+are the means I employed.
+
+The difficulty which the horse experiences in keeping himself square in
+his trot, almost always proceeds from the hind-parts. Whether these be
+of a feeble construction, or be rendered useless by the superior vigor
+of the fore-parts, the motions of these parts, which receive the shock
+and give the bound, in each case become powerless, and in consequence,
+render the movement irregular.[N] There is, then, weakness in one
+extremity, or excess of force in the other. The remedy in each case will
+be the same, viz: the depression of the neck, which by diminishing the
+power of the fore-parts, restores the equilibrium between the two parts.
+We have practised this suppling on foot, it will be easy to obtain it on
+horseback. We here see the usefulness of this perpendicular flexion,
+which allows us to place on a level the forces of the two opposite
+extremities of the horse, in order to make them harmonious, and induce
+regularity in their working. The horse being thus placed, can bend and
+extend his fore and hind legs, before the weight of the body forces them
+to resume their support.
+
+    [N] I am not of the opinion of those connoisseurs who imagine
+        that the qualities of the horse, as well as his speed in
+        trotting, depend principally on the height of his withers. I
+        think, that for the horse to be stylish and regular in his
+        movements, the croup should be on a level with the withers;
+        such was the construction of the old English horses. A certain
+        kind of horses, very much _a la mode_, called steppers, are
+        constructed after an entirely different fashion; they strike out
+        with their fore legs, and drag their hind-parts after them.
+        Horses with a low croup, or withers very high in proportion to
+        their croup, were preferred by horsemen of the old school, and
+        are still in favor now-a-days among amateur horsemen. The German
+        horsemen have an equally marked predilection for this sort of
+        formation, although it is contrary to strength of the croup, to
+        the equilibrium of the horse, and to the regular play of his
+        feet and legs. This fault of construction (for it is one) has
+        been scarcely noticed till now; nevertheless, it is a great one,
+        and really retards the horse's education. In fact, we are
+        obliged, in order to render his movements uniform, to lower his
+        neck, so that the kind of lever it represents, may serve to
+        lighten his hind-parts of the weight with which they are
+        overburdened. I ought also to say, that this change of position,
+        or of equilibrium, is only obtained by the aid of my principles.
+        I explain the cause and effect, and I point out the remedies. Is
+        this not the proper way for an author to proceed?
+
+The practice of this and some other principles that I explain in this
+work, will place in the rank of choice horses, animals whose inferiority
+caused them to be considered jades, and that the old method would never
+have raised from their degradation. It will suffice to accustom the
+horse to trot well, to exercise him at this pace only five minutes in
+each lesson. When he acquires the necessary ease and lightness, he can
+be made to execute ordinary _pirouettes_, as well as the exercise on two
+lines, at a walk and a trot. I have said that five minutes of trotting
+were enough at first, because it is less the continuance of an exercise
+than its being properly done that perfects the execution of it. Besides,
+as this pace requires a considerable displacement of forces, and as the
+animal will have been already subjected to a rather painful exercise, it
+would be dangerous to prolong it beyond the time I mention. The horse
+will lend himself more willingly to your efforts when nicely managed,
+and of short duration; his intelligence, becoming familiar with this
+efficient progression, will hasten success. He will submit himself
+calmly and without repugnance to work in which there will be nothing
+painful to him, and we will be able thus to push his education to the
+farthest limits, not only without injury to his physical organization,
+but in restoring to their normal state organs that a forced exercise
+might have weakened. This regular development of all the organs of the
+horse will not only give him grace, but also strength and health, and
+will thus prolong his existence, while increasing a hundredfold the
+delights of the true horseman.
+
+
+
+
+                       CHAPTER VI.
+
+     OF THE CONCENTRATION OF THE FORCES OF THE HORSE
+                      BY THE RIDER.
+
+
+The rider now understands that the only means of obtaining precision and
+regularity of movement in the walk and trot is to keep the horse
+perfectly light while he is exercised at these paces. As soon as we are
+sure of this lightness while going in a straight line, in changes of
+direction, and in circular movements it will be easy to preserve it
+while exercising on two lines.[O]
+
+    [O] Previously explained.
+
+I would here treat immediately of the gallop; but this pace, more
+complicated than the two others, demands an arrangement on the part of
+the horse, and a power on the part of the rider, that the preceding
+exercises have not yet been able to give. The proper placing of the
+horse's head spreads his forces over the whole of his body; it is
+necessary, in order to perform correctly the different exercises at a
+gallop, and to enable yourself properly to direct the forces in
+energetic movements, to bring them into a common focus--that is, to the
+centre of gravity of the animal. I am about to explain how this is to be
+done.
+
+_The use of the spurs._--Professors of equitation and authors upon this
+subject have said that the spurs are to punish the horse when he does
+not respond to the legs, or when he refuses to approach an object that
+frightens him. With them, the spur is not an aid, but a means of
+chastisement. With me it is, on the contrary, a powerful auxiliary,
+without which it would be impossible to break any horse perfectly. How!
+you exclaim, you attack with the spur, horses that are sensitive,
+excitable, full of fire and action--horses whose powerful make leads
+them to become unmanageable, in spite of the hardest bits and the most
+vigorous arms! Yes, and it is with the spur that I will moderate the
+fury of these too fiery animals, and stop them short in their most
+impetuous bounds. It is with the spur, aided of course by the hand, that
+I will make the most stubborn natures kind, and perfectly educate the
+most intractable animal.
+
+Long before publishing my "_Comprehensive Dictionary of Equitation_," I
+was aware of the excellent effects of the spur; but I abstained from
+developing my principles, being prevented by an expression of one of my
+friends, whom I had shown how to obtain results, which to him appeared
+miraculous. "It is extraordinary! It is wonderful!" he exclaimed; "but
+it is a razor in the hands of a monkey." It is true that the use of the
+spurs requires prudence, tact, and gradation; but the effects of it are
+precious. Now that I have proved the efficacy of my method; now that I
+see my most violent adversaries become warm partisans of my principles,
+I no longer fear to develop a process that I consider one of the most
+beautiful results of my long researches in horsemanship.
+
+There is no more difference in sensibility of different horses' flanks
+than in their sensibility of mouth--that is to say, that the direct
+effect of the spur is nearly the same in them all. I have already shown
+that the organization of the bars of the mouth goes for nothing in the
+resistances to the hand. It is clear enough that if the nose being
+thrown up in the air gives the horse a force of resistance equal to two
+hundred pounds, this force will be reduced to one hundred pounds, when
+we bring the horse's head half-way towards a perpendicular position; to
+fifty pounds when brought still nearer that position, and to nothing
+when perfectly placed. The pretended hardness of mouth proceeds in this
+case from the bad position of the head caused by the stiffness of the
+neck and the faulty construction of the loins and haunches of the horse.
+If we carefully examine the causes that produce what is called
+sensibility of the flanks, we will discover that they have very much the
+same kind of source.
+
+The innumerable conjectures to which people have devoted themselves, in
+attributing to the horse's flanks a local sensibility that had no
+existence, have necessarily injured the progress of his education,
+because it was based upon false data. The greater or less sensibility of
+the animal proceeds from his action, from his faulty formation, and bad
+position resulting therefrom. To a horse of natural action, but with
+long weak loins, and bad action behind, every motion backward is
+painful, and the very disposition that leads him to rush ahead, serves
+him to avoid the pain of the spur. He returns to this movement whenever
+he feels the rider's legs touch him; and far from being a spirited
+horse, he is only scared and crazy. The more he feels the spur, the more
+he plunges out of hand, and baffles the means intended to make him
+obedient. There is everything to fear from such a horse; he will scare
+at objects from the very ease he possesses of avoiding them. Now since
+his fright proceeds, so to say, from the bad position we allow him to
+take, this inconvenience will disappear from the moment we remedy the
+first cause of it. We must confine the forces in order to prevent every
+displacement. We must separate the _physical_ from the _moral_ horse,
+and force these impressions to concentrate in the brain. He will then
+be a furious madman whose limbs we have bound to prevent him from
+carrying his frenzied thoughts into execution.
+
+The best proof we have that the promptness of a horse in responding to
+the effect of the legs and spurs, is not caused by a sensibility of the
+flanks, but rather by great action joined to bad formation, is that the
+same action is not so manifest in a well-formed horse, and that the
+latter bears the spur much better than one whose equilibrium and
+organization are inferior.
+
+But the spur is not useful only in moderating the too great energy of
+horses of much action; its effect being equally good in combating the
+dispositions which lead the animal to throw its centre of gravity too
+much forward, or back. I would also use it to stir up those that are
+wanting in ardor and vivacity. In horses of action, the forces of the
+hind-parts surpass those of the fore-parts. It is the opposite in dull
+horses. We can thus account for the quickness of the former; the
+slowness and sluggishness of the latter.
+
+By the exercise of suppling, we have completely annulled the instinctive
+forces of the horse. We must now reunite these forces in their true
+centre of gravity, that is, the middle of the animal's body; it is by
+the properly combined opposition of the legs and hands that we will
+succeed in this. The advantages we possess already over the horse, will
+enable us to combat from their very birth, all the resistances which
+tend to make him leave the proper position, the only one in which we can
+successfully practice these oppositions. It is also of the first
+importance to put into our proceedings tact and gradation, so that, for
+example, the legs never give an impulse that the hand is not able to
+take hold of and govern at the same moment. I will make this principle
+more clear by a short explanation.
+
+We will suppose a horse at a walk, employing a force of forty pounds,
+necessary to keep the pace regular till the moment of the opposition of
+the hands and legs which follow. By and by comes a slow and gradual
+pressure of the legs, which adds ten pounds to the impulse of the pace.
+As the horse is supposed to be perfectly in hand, the hand will
+immediately feel this passage of forces, and must then make itself
+master of them to transfer them to the centre. Meanwhile the legs will
+continue their pressure, to the end that these forces thus driven back
+may not return to the focus they had left, which would be but a useless
+ebbing and flowing of forces. This succession of oppositions well
+combined will bring together a great quantity of forces in the centre of
+the horse's body, and the more these are increased, the more the animal
+will lose its instinctive energy. When the pressure of the legs becomes
+insufficient to entirely collect the forces, more energetic means must
+be employed, viz.: the touches of the spur.
+
+The spurring ought to be done, not violently, and with much movement of
+the legs, but with delicacy and management. The rider ought to close his
+legs so gradually, that before coming in actual contact with the horse's
+flanks, the spur will not be more than a hair's breadth off, if
+possible. The hand should ever be the echo to the light touches with
+which we commence; it should then be firmly held, so as to present an
+opposition equal to the force communicated by the spur. If by the time
+being badly chosen, the hand does not exactly intercept the impulse
+given, and the general commotion resulting therefrom, we should, before
+recommencing, gather the horse together, and re-establish calm in his
+motions. The force of the spurring will be progressively increased until
+the horse bears it, when as vigorously applied as possible, without
+presenting the least resistance to the hand, without increasing the
+speed of his pace, or without displacing himself as long as we operate
+with a firm foot.
+
+A horse brought thus to bear spurring, is three-fourths broken, since we
+have the free disposition of all his forces. Besides, his centre of
+gravity being where his forces are all united, we have brought it to its
+proper place, viz.: the middle of the body. All the oscillations of the
+animal will then be subordinate to us, and we will be able to transfer
+the weight with ease, when necessary.
+
+It is easy now to understand where the resistances have their origin;
+whether the horse kicks up behind, rears, or runs away, the cause is
+always the centre of gravity being in the wrong place. This very cause
+belongs to a defective formation that we cannot change, it is true, but
+the effects of which we can always modify. If the horse kicks up, the
+centre of gravity is in the shoulders; in his croup when the animal
+rears, and too far forward when he runs away. The principal thought of
+the rider, then, ought to be to keep the centre of gravity in the middle
+of the horse's body, since he will thereby prevent him defending
+himself, and bring back the forces of the badly formed horse to their
+true place, which they occupy in the finest organizations. It is this
+that makes me assert that a well-formed horse will not make resistance
+nor move irregularly, for to do so requires supernatural efforts on his
+part to destroy the harmony of his moving parts, and so greatly displace
+his centre of gravity. So, when I speak of the necessity of giving the
+horse a new equilibrium, in order to prevent his defending himself, and
+also to remedy the ungracefulness of his form, I allude to the
+combination of forces of which I have been treating, or, rather, of the
+removal of the centre of gravity from one place to another. This result
+obtained, the education of the horse is complete. When the horseman
+succeeds in obtaining it, his talent becomes a truth, since it
+transforms ugliness into grace, and gives elegance and lightness to
+movements which were before heavy and confused.[P]
+
+    [P] I have often proved that horses that were considered dull, or
+        unable to move their shoulders freely, have not the defect that
+        is supposed; in other words, that it is very rare that they are
+        paralyzed in their shoulders so as to injure the regularity and
+        speed of their paces, principally as regards trotting. The
+        shoulders of the horse, if I may use the comparison, resemble
+        the wings of a wind-mill; the impulse given by the hocks
+        replaces the motive force. There undoubtedly exist some local
+        complaints that affect the shoulders; but this is very rare;
+        the defect, if there is one, has its origin in the hind-parts.
+        For my part, I have been able to make all such horses very free
+        in their movements, and that after fifteen days of exercise,
+        half an hour a day.
+        The means, like all I employ, are very simple. They consist in
+        suppling the neck to get the horse in hand, and then, by the aid
+        of the legs, and afterwards slight use of the spurs, in bringing
+        his haunches nearer the centre. Then the hocks will obtain a
+        leverage, by which they can propel the mass forward, and give
+        the shoulders a freedom that people would not expect.
+
+The rider's employment of force, when properly applied, has a moral
+effect also on the horse, that accelerates the results. If the impulse
+given by the legs finds in the hand the energy and _apropos_ necessary
+to regulate its effects, the pain the animal sustains will be always
+proportioned to his resistances, and his instinct will soon make him
+understand how he can diminish, and even avoid altogether this
+constraint, by promptly yielding to what we demand of him. He will
+hasten then to submit, and will even anticipate our desires. But, I
+repeat, it is only by means of tact and delicate management that we will
+gain this important point. If the legs give too vigorous an impulse,
+the horse will quickly overcome the motion of the hands, and resume with
+his natural position all the advantages it gives him to foil the efforts
+of the rider. If, on the contrary, the hand presents too great a
+resistance, the horse will soon overcome the legs, and find a means of
+defending himself by backing. Yet these difficulties must not be allowed
+to frighten us; they were only serious ones when no rational principle
+gave the means of surmounting them. The application of my method will
+enable ordinary horsemen to obtain results that otherwise could be
+obtained only by the most favored equestrian organizations.
+
+When the animal becomes accustomed by means of the spur to such
+oppositions, it will become easy enough to combat with the spur all the
+resistances that may afterwards manifest themselves. Since the
+resistances are always caused by moving the croup sideways, or getting
+it too far back, the spur, by immediately bringing the hind legs towards
+the centre of the body, prevents the support of the hocks, which were
+able to oppose the proper harmony of forces, and prevent the right
+distribution of the weight.
+
+This is the means I always employ to make the horse pass from a swift
+gallop to a halt, without straining his hocks, or injuring any of the
+joints of his hind-parts. In fact, since it is the hocks which propel
+the mass forward, it suffices to destroy their motion to stop the bound.
+The spur, by instantly bringing the hind legs under the horse's belly,
+destroys their power from the moment the hand comes in the nick of time
+to fix them in that position. Then the haunches bend, the croup is
+lowered; the weight and forces arrange themselves in the order most
+favorable to the free and combined play of each part, and the violence
+of the shock, infinitely decomposed, is scarce perceptible to either
+horse or rider.
+
+If, on the contrary, we stop the horse by making the hand move first,
+the hocks remain far in the rear of the plumb-line; the shock is
+violent, painful for the animal, and especially injurious to his
+physical organization. Horses that are thus stopped, set themselves
+against the bit, extending their neck, and require an arm of iron and a
+most violent opposing force. Such is the custom of the Arabs, for
+example, in halting suddenly their horses, by making use of murderous
+bits that break the bars of their horses' mouths. Thus, notwithstanding
+the wonderful powers with which nature has gifted them, are these
+excellent animals injured. The use of the spur must not be commenced
+till by gathering him we get the horse well in hand; then the first
+touch of the spur should be made felt. We will continue to make use of
+it, at long intervals, until the horse, after his bound forward,
+presents no resistance to the hand, and avoids the pressure of the bit,
+by bringing in his chin towards his chest, of his own accord. This
+submission once obtained, we can undertake the use of the spurs with
+oppositions, but we must be careful to discontinue them when the horse
+is in hand. This means has the double advantage of acting morally and
+physically. The first attacks will be made with a single spur, and by
+bearing on the opposite rein; these transverse oppositions will have a
+better effect and give more prompt results. When the horse begins to
+contain himself, the two spurs being used separately, we can make them
+felt together and with an equal gradation.[Q]
+
+    [Q] I would never have thought that this means, which serves as
+        a corrective to the processes used by all horsemen, would have
+        aroused the sensibility of some amateurs. These latter have
+        preferred to be affected by exaggerated or erroneous reports,
+        rather than satisfy themselves by observation, that this
+        pretended cruelty is in fact the most innocent thing in the
+        world. Must we not teach the horse to respond to the spur as
+        well as to the legs and the hand? Is it not by this spurring,
+        judiciously applied, that we bring in at will the hind legs more
+        or less near the centre of gravity? Is not this the only way of
+        increasing or diminishing the leverage of the hocks, whether for
+        extending or raising them in motion, or for the purpose of
+        halting?
+
+To the work, then, cavaliers! If you will follow my principles, I can
+promise you that your purse will be less often emptied into the hands of
+horse-dealers, and that you will render the meanest of your hacks
+agreeable. You will charm our breeders of horses, who will attribute to
+their efforts of regeneration that elegance and grace that your art
+alone could have given to your chargers.
+
+_Lowering the hand._--The lowering the hand consists in confirming the
+horse in all his lightness--that is, in making him preserve his
+equilibrium without the aid of the reins. The suppleness given to all
+parts of the horse, the just oppositions of hands and legs, lead him to
+keep himself in the best possible position. To find out exactly whether
+we are obtaining this result, we must have recourse to frequent lowering
+of the hand. It is done in this way: After having slipped the right hand
+to the buckle, and having assured yourself that the reins are even, you
+will let go of them with the left hand, and lower the right slowly to
+the pommel of the saddle. To do this regularly, the horse must neither
+increase nor diminish the speed of his pace, and his head and neck
+continue to preserve their proper position. The first few times that the
+horse is thus given up to himself, he will perhaps only take a few steps
+while keeping in position, and at the same rate of speed; the rider
+ought then to make his legs felt first, and the hand afterwards, to
+bring him into his previous position. The frequent repetition of this
+lowering of the hand, after a complete placing of the horse's head in a
+perpendicular position, will give him a most exquisite mouth, and the
+rider a still greater delicacy of touch. The means of guiding employed
+by the latter will immediately be answered by the horse, if his forces
+have been previously disposed in a perfectly harmonious state.
+
+The lowerings of the hand ought to be practised first at a walk, then at
+a trot, afterwards at a gallop. This semblance of liberty gives such
+confidence to the horse that he gives up without knowing it; he becomes
+our submissive slave, while supposing that he is preserving an entire
+independence.
+
+_Of gathering the horse, or rassembler._--The preceding exercise will
+render easy to the rider that important part of horsemanship called
+_rassembler_. This has been a great deal talked about by people, as they
+have talked about Providence, and all the mysteries that are
+impenetrable to human perception. If it were allowable for us to compare
+small things to great, we might say that the more or less absurd
+theories that have been put forward upon the subject of divine power
+have not, fortunately, hindered in any way the unchangeable march of
+nature; but with regard to the progress of horsemanship, the case is not
+the same as to what has been said and written on the subject of the
+_rassembler_. The false principles propagated on this subject have made
+the horse the plaything and the victim of the rider's ignorance.
+
+I proclaim it, the gathering a horse has never been understood or
+defined before me, for it cannot be perfectly executed without the
+regular application of the principles that I have developed for the
+first time. You will be convinced of this truth when you know that the
+_rassembler_ demands:
+
+1. The suppling, partial and general, of the neck and haunches.
+
+2. The perfect position that results from this suppling.
+
+3. The entire absorption of the forces of the horse by the rider.
+
+Now, as the means of obtaining these different results have never been
+pointed out in any treatise on horsemanship, am I not justified in
+saying that the true _rassembler_ has never been practised until now? It
+is, nevertheless, one of the indispensable conditions of the horse's
+education; consequently I think I am right in saying that before my
+method, horses of defective formation have never been properly broken.
+
+How is the _rassembler_ defined in the schools of horsemanship? _You
+gather your horse by raising the hand and closing the legs._ I ask, what
+good can this movement of the rider do upon an animal badly formed,
+contracted, and that remains under the influence of all the evil
+propensities of its nature? This mechanical support of the hands and
+legs, far from preparing the horse for obedience, will only make him
+redouble his means of resistance, since, while giving him notice that we
+are about to demand a movement on his part, we remain unable to dispose
+his forces in such a way as to force him to it.
+
+The real _rassembler_ consists in collecting the forces of the horse in
+his centre in order to ease his extremities, and give them up completely
+to the disposition of the rider. The animal thus finds himself
+transformed into a kind of balance, of which the rider is the
+centre-piece. The least touch upon one or other of the extremities,
+which represent the scales, will immediately send them in the direction
+we wish. The rider will know that his horse is completely gathered when
+he feels him ready, as it were, to rise from all four of his legs. The
+proper position first, and then the use of the spurs, will make this
+beautiful execution of the gathering easy to both horse and rider; and
+what splendor, grace and majesty it gives the animal! If we have been
+obliged at first to use the spurs in pushing this concentration of
+forces to its farthest limits, the legs will afterwards be sufficient to
+obtain the gathering necessary for the precision and elevation required
+in all complicated movements.
+
+Need I recommend discretion in your demands? I think not. If the rider,
+having reached this stage of his horse's education, cannot comprehend
+and seize that fineness of touch, that delicacy of process indispensable
+to the right application of my principles, it will prove him devoid of
+every feeling of a horseman; nothing I can say can remedy this
+imperfection of his nature.
+
+
+
+
+                      CHAPTER VII.
+
+      OF THE EMPLOYMENT OF THE FORCES OF THE HORSE
+                      BY THE RIDER.
+
+                    (_Continuation._)
+
+
+_Of the gallop._--I have said that, until now, the greater part of the
+resources of horsemanship have not been understood, and had I need of
+another proof to support my opinion, I would draw it from the error, the
+suppositions, the innumerable contradictions that have been heaped
+together in order to explain so simple a movement as the gallop. What
+contrary opinions upon the means to employ to make the horse go off with
+his right foot? It is the support of the rider's right leg which
+determines the movement, one pretends; it is that of the left leg, says
+another; it is the equal touch of the two legs, affirms a third; no,
+some others remark, very seriously, you must let the horse act
+naturally.
+
+How can the truth be made out in the midst of this conflict of such
+contrary principles? Besides, they come from such respectable sources;
+the most of their authors were possessed of titles and dignities which
+are generally only granted to merit. Have they all been deceived for a
+hundred and fifty years? This is not possible; for many of them joined
+to long practice a perfect knowledge of physics, anatomy, mathematics,
+etc., etc. To doubt such authorities would be as presumptuous as
+imprudent; it would have been considered a crime of high treason
+against horsemanship. So the riders kept their ignorance and the horses
+their bad equilibrium; and if any one succeeded, after two or three
+years of routine labor, in making certain horses of a privileged
+organization start with the desired foot, and in making them change feet
+finally, at a fixed point, the difficulty then was to prevent them from
+always repeating this movement at the same place.
+
+Thus it is that the most palpable errors gain credit, and often are
+perpetuated, until there comes a practical mind, gifted with some amount
+of common sense, who contradicts by practice all the learned theories of
+its predecessors. They try hard at first to deny the knowledge of the
+innovator; but the masses who instinctively know the true, and judge
+from what they see, soon range themselves on his side, turn their backs
+upon his detractors, and leave them to their solitude and vain
+pretensions.
+
+To the mass of horsemen I address myself, when I say, either the horse
+is under the influence of your forces, and entirely submissive to your
+power, or you are struggling with him. If he gallops off with you,
+without your being able to modify or direct with certainty his course,
+it proves that, although subject to a certain extent to your power in
+thus consenting to carry you about, he, nevertheless, uses his
+instinctive forces. In this case, there is a perpetual fight going on
+between you and him, the chances of which depend on the temperament and
+caprice of the animal, upon the good or bad state of his digestion.
+Changes of foot, in such a state, can only be obtained by inclining the
+horse very much to one side, which makes the movement both difficult and
+ungraceful.
+
+If, on the contrary, the animal is made submissive to a degree that he
+cannot contract any one of his parts without the intervention and aid
+of the rider, the latter can direct at his pleasure the whole of his
+moving parts, and, consequently, can easily and promptly execute changes
+of feet.
+
+We know the contraction of any one part of the horse reacts on the neck,
+and that the stiffness of this part prevents the proper execution of
+every movement. If, then, at the moment of setting off on a gallop, the
+horse stiffens one of his extremities, and consequently his neck, of
+what use in determining him in starting with the right foot can be the
+support of one or the other leg of the rider, or even of that of both at
+once? These means will evidently be ineffectual until we go back to the
+source of the resistance, for the purpose of combating and destroying
+it. Here, as in every other case, we see that suppleness and lightness
+alone can make the execution of the work easy.
+
+If, when we wish to make the horse start with the right foot, a slight
+contraction of one part of the animal disposes him to start with the
+left foot, and we persist in inducing the pace, we must employ two
+forces on the same side, viz.: the left leg and the left hand; the first
+to determine the movement, the second to combat the contrary disposition
+of the horse.
+
+But when the horse, perfectly supple and gathered, only brings his parts
+into play after the impression given them by the rider, the latter, in
+order to start with the right foot, ought to combine an opposition of
+forces proper for keeping the horse in equilibrium, while placing him in
+the position required for the movement. He will then bear the hand to
+the left, and press his right leg. Here we see that the means mentioned
+above, necessary when the horse is not properly placed, would be wrong
+when the animal is properly placed, since it would destroy the harmony
+then existing between his forces.
+
+This short explanation will, I hope, suffice to make it understood that
+things should be studied thoroughly before laying down any principles of
+action. Let us have no more systems, then, upon the exclusive use of
+such or such leg to determine the gallop; but a settled conviction that
+the first condition of this or any other performance is to keep the
+horse supple and light--that is _rassemble_; then, after this, to make
+use of one or the other motive power, according as the animal, at the
+start, preserves a proper position, or seeks to leave it. It must also
+be understood that, while it is the force that gives the position to the
+horse, it is position alone upon which the regularity of movement
+depends.
+
+Passing frequently from the gallop with the right foot to that with the
+left, in a straight line, and with halts, will soon bring the horse to
+make these changes of feet by the touch without halting. Violent effects
+of force should be avoided, which would bewilder the horse and destroy
+his lightness. We must remember that this lightness which should precede
+all changes of pace and direction, and make every movement easy,
+graceful and inevitable, is the important condition we should seek
+before everything else.
+
+It is because they have not understood this principle, and have not felt
+that the first condition to dispose a horse for the gallop is to destroy
+all the instinctive forces of the animal (forces that oppose the
+position the movement demands), that horsemen have laid down so many
+erroneous principles, and have all remained unable to show us the proper
+means to be employed.
+
+_Of leaping the ditch and the bar._--Although the combinations of
+equestrian science alone cannot give to every horse the energy and
+vigor necessary to clear a ditch or a bar, there are, nevertheless,
+principles by the aid of which we will succeed in partly supplying the
+deficiencies in the natural formation of the animal. By giving a good
+direction to the forces, we will facilitate the rise and freedom of the
+bound. I do not pretend by this, to say, that a horse of ordinary
+capabilities will attain the same height and elegance in this movement
+as one that is well constituted, but he will, at least, be able to
+display in it all the resources of his organization to more purpose.
+
+The great thing is to bring the horse to attempt this performance with
+good will. If all the processes prescribed by me for mastering the
+instinctive forces of the animal, and putting him under the influence of
+ours, have been punctually followed, the utility of this progression
+will be recognized by the facility we have of making the horse clear all
+the objects that are encountered in his way. For the rest, recourse must
+never be had, in case of a contest, to violent means, such as a whip in
+the hands of a second person; nor should we seek to excite the animal by
+cries; this could only produce a moral effect calculated to frighten
+him. It is by physical means that we should before all bring him to
+obedience, since they alone will enable him to understand and execute.
+We should then carry on the contest calmly, and seek to surmount the
+forces that lead him to refuse, by acting directly on them. To make the
+horse leap, we will wait till he responds freely to the legs and spur,
+in order to have always a sure means of government.
+
+The bar will remain on the ground until the horse goes over it without
+hesitation; it will then be raised some inches, progressively increasing
+the height until the animal will be just able to clear it without too
+violent an effort. To exceed this proper limit would be to risk causing
+a disgust on the part of the horse that should be most carefully
+avoided. The bar having been thus gradually raised, ought to be made
+fast, in order that the horse, disposed to be indolent, should not make
+sport of an obstacle which would be no longer serious, when the touch of
+his feet sufficed to overturn it. The bar ought not to be wrapped in any
+covering that would lessen its hardness; we should be severe when we
+demand possibilities, and avoid the abuses that always result from an
+ill-devised complaisance.
+
+Before preparing to take the leap, the rider should hold himself
+sufficiently firm to prevent his body preceding the motion of the horse.
+His loins should be supple, his buttocks well fixed to the saddle, so
+that he may experience no shock nor violent reaction. His thighs and
+legs exactly enveloping the body and sides of the horse will give him a
+power always opportune and infallible. The hand in its natural position
+will feel the horse's mouth in order to judge of the effects of
+impulsion. It is in this position that the rider should conduct the
+horse towards the obstacle; if he comes up to it with the same freedom
+of pace, a light opposition of the legs and hand will facilitate the
+elevation of the fore-hand, and the bound of the posterior extremity. As
+soon as the horse is raised, the hand ceases its effect, to be again
+sustained when the fore legs touch the ground, and to prevent them
+giving way under the weight of the body.
+
+We should content ourselves with executing a few leaps in accordance
+with the horse's powers, and, above all, avoid pushing bravado to the
+point of wishing to force the animal to clear obstacles that are beyond
+his powers. I have known very good leapers that people have succeeded in
+thus disgusting forever, so that no efforts could induce them to clear
+things only half the height of those that at first they leaped with
+ease.
+
+_Of the piaffer._[R]--Until now, horsemen have maintained that the
+nature of each horse permits of only a limited number of movements, and
+that if there are some that can be brought to execute a _piaffer_ high
+and elegant, or low and precipitate, there are a great number of them to
+whom this exercise is for ever interdicted. Their construction, they
+say, is opposed to it; it is then nature that has so willed it; ought we
+not to bow before this supreme arbiter, and respect its decrees?
+
+    [R] "The _piaffer_ is the horse's raising his legs diagonally,
+        as in the trot, but without advancing or receding."--_Baucher's_
+        "_Dictionnaire d'Equitation._"
+
+This opinion is undoubtedly convenient for justifying its own ignorance,
+but it is none the less false. _We can bring all horses to piaffer_, and
+I will prove that in this particularly, without reforming the work of
+nature, without deranging the formation of the bones, or that of the
+muscles of the animal, we can remedy the consequences of its physical
+imperfections, and change the vicious disposition occasioned by faulty
+construction. There is no doubt that the horse whose forces and weight
+are collected in one of his extremities will be unfit to execute the
+elegant cadence of the _piaffer_. But a graduated exercise, the
+completion of which is the _rassembler_, soon allows us to remedy such
+an inconvenience. We can now reunite all these forces in their true
+centre of gravity, and the horse that bears the _rassembler_ perfectly
+has all the necessary qualifications for the _piaffer_.
+
+For the _piaffer_ to be regular and graceful, it is necessary that the
+horse's legs, moved diagonally, rise together and fall in the same way
+upon the ground at as long intervals as possible. The animal ought not
+to bear more upon the hand than upon the legs of the rider, that his
+equilibrium may present the perfection of that balance of which I have
+spoken in another place. When the centre of the forces is thus disposed
+in the middle of the body, and when the _rassembler_ is perfect, it is
+sufficient, in order to induce a commencement of _piaffer_, to
+communicate to the horse with the legs a vibration at first slight, but
+often repeated. By vibration I mean an invigoration of forces, of which
+the rider ought always to be the agent.
+
+After this first result, the horse will be put at a walk, and the
+rider's legs gradually brought close, will give the animal a slight
+increase of action. Then, but only then, the hand will sustain itself in
+time with the legs, and at the same intervals, in order that these two
+motive powers, acting conjointly, may keep up a succession of
+imperceptible movements, and produce a slight contraction which will
+spread itself over the whole body of the horse. This reiterated activity
+will give the extremities a first mobility, which at the beginning will
+be far from regular, since the increase of action that this new exercise
+makes necessary will for the moment break the harmonious uniformity of
+the forces. But this general action is necessary in order to obtain even
+an irregular mobility, for without it the movement would be disorderly,
+and there would be a want of harmony among the different springs. We
+will content ourselves, for the first few days, with a commencement of
+mobility of the extremities, being careful to stop each time that the
+horse raises or puts down his feet, without advancing them too much, in
+order to caress him, and speak to him, and thus calm the invigoration
+that a demand, the object of which he does not understand, must cause in
+him. Nevertheless, these caresses should be employed with discernment,
+and when the horse has done well, for if badly applied they would be
+rather injurious than useful. The fit time for ceasing with the hands
+and legs is more important still; it demands all the rider's attention.
+
+The mobility of the legs once obtained, we can commence to regulate it,
+and fix the intervals of the cadence. Here again, I seek in vain to
+indicate with the pen the degree of delicacy necessary in the rider's
+proceedings, since his motions ought to be answered by the horse with an
+exactness and _a propos_ that is unequaled. It is by the alternated
+support of the two legs that he will succeed in prolonging the lateral
+balancings of the horse's body, in such way as to keep him longer on one
+side or the other. He will seize the moment when the horse prepares to
+rest his fore leg on the ground, to make the pressure of his own leg
+felt on the same side, and add to the inclination of the animal in the
+same direction. If this time is well seized, the horse will balance
+himself slowly, and the cadence will acquire that elevation so fit to
+bring out all its elegance and all its majesty. These times of the legs
+are difficult, and require great practice; but their results are too
+splendid for the rider not to strive to seize the light variations of
+them.
+
+The precipitate movement of the rider's legs accelerates also the
+_piaffer_. It is he, then, who regulates at will the greater or less
+degree of quickness of the cadence. The performance of the _piaffer_ is
+not elegant and perfect until the horse performs it without repugnance,
+which will always be the case when the forces are kept together, and the
+position is suitable to the demands of the movement. It is urgent, then,
+to be well acquainted with the amount of force necessary for the
+performance of the _piaffer_, so as not to overdo it. We should, above
+all, be careful to keep the horse _rassemble_, which, of itself, will
+induce the movement without effort.
+
+
+
+
+                CHAPTER VIII.
+
+            DIVISION OF THE WORK.
+
+
+I have developed all the means to be employed in completing the horse's
+education; it remains for me to say how the horseman ought to divide his
+work, in order to connect the different exercises and pass by degrees
+from the simple to the complicated.
+
+Two months of work, consisting of two lessons a day of a half hour
+each--that is to say, one hundred and twenty lessons--will be amply
+sufficient to bring the greenest horse to perform regularly all the
+preceding exercises. I hold to two short lessons a day, one in the
+morning, the other in the afternoon; they are necessary to obtain good
+results.
+
+We disgust a young horse by keeping him too long at exercises that
+fatigue him, the more so as his intelligence is less prepared to
+understand what we wish to demand of him. On the other hand, an interval
+of twenty-four hours is too long, in my opinion, for the animal to
+remember the next day what he had comprehended the day before.
+
+The general work will be divided into five series or lessons,
+distributed in the following order:
+
+_First lesson. Eight days of work._--The first twenty minutes of this
+lesson will be devoted to the stationary exercise for the flexions of
+the jaw and neck; the rider first on foot, and then on horseback, will
+follow the progression I have previously indicated. During the last ten
+minutes, he will make the horse go forward at a walk without trying to
+animate him, but applying himself all the while to keeping his head in
+the position of _ramener_. He will content himself with executing a
+single change of hand, in order to go as well to the right hand as to
+the left. The fourth or fifth day, the rider, before putting his horse
+in motion, will make him commence some slight flexions of the croup.
+
+_Second lesson. Ten days of work._--The first fifteen minutes will be
+occupied in the stationary supplings, comprising the flexions of the
+croup performed more completely than in the preceding lesson; then will
+begin the backing. We will devote the other half of the lesson to the
+moving straight ahead, once or twice taking the trot at a very moderate
+pace. The rider during this second part of the work, without ceasing to
+pay attention to the _ramener_, will yet commence light oppositions of
+hands and legs, in order to prepare the horse to bear the combined
+effects, and to give regularity to his paces. We will also commence the
+changes of direction at a walk, while preserving the _ramener_, and
+being careful to make the head and neck always go first.
+
+_Third lesson. Twelve days of work._--Six or eight minutes only will at
+first be occupied in the stationary flexions; those of the hind-parts
+should be pushed to the completion of the reversed _pirouettes_. We will
+continue by the backing; then all the rest of the lesson will be devoted
+to perfecting the walk and the trot, commencing at this latter pace the
+changes of direction. The rider will often stop the horse, and continue
+to watch attentively the _ramener_ during the changes of pace or
+direction. He will also commence the exercise _de deux pistes_ at a
+walk, as well as the rotation of the shoulders around the haunches.
+
+_Fourth lesson. Fifteen days of work._--After five minutes being devoted
+to the stationary supplings, the rider will first repeat all the work of
+the preceding lessons; he will commence, with a steady foot, the
+_attaques_,[S] in order to confirm the _ramener_ and prepare the
+_rassembler_. He will renew the _attaques_ while in motion, and when the
+horse bears them patiently, he will commence the gallop. He will content
+himself in the commencement with executing four or five lopes only
+before resuming the walk, and then start again with a different foot,
+unless the horse requires being exercised more often on one foot than
+the other. In passing from the gallop to the walk, we should watch with
+care that the horse resumes this latter pace as quickly as possible
+without taking short steps on a trot, all the while keeping the head and
+neck light. He will only be exercised at the gallop at the end of each
+lesson.
+
+    [S] The use of the spurs.
+
+_Fifth lesson. Fifteen days of work._--These last fifteen days will be
+occupied in assuring the perfect execution of all the preceding work,
+and in perfecting the pace of the gallop until we can execute easily
+changes of direction, changes of feet at every step, and passaging. We
+can then exercise the horse at leaping the bar and at the _piaffer_.
+Thus in two months, and upon any horse, we will have accomplished a work
+that formerly required years, and then often gave incomplete results.
+And I repeat, however insufficient so short a space of time may appear,
+it will produce the effect I promise, if you follow exactly all my
+directions. I have demonstrated this upon a hundred different occasions,
+and many of my pupils are able to prove it as well as myself.
+
+In establishing the above order of work, be it well understood that I
+found myself on the dispositions of horses in general. A horseman of any
+tact will soon understand the modifications that he ought to make in
+their application, according to the particular nature of his pupil. Such
+a horse, for example, will require more or less persistence in the
+flexions; another one in the backing; this one, dull and apathetic, will
+require the use of the spurs before the time I have indicated. All this
+is an affair of intelligence; it would be to insult my readers not to
+suppose them capable of supplying to the details what it is elsewhere
+impossible to particularize. You can readily understand that there are
+irritable, ill-disposed horses, whose defective dispositions have been
+made worse by previous bad management. With such subjects it is
+necessary to put more persistence into the supplings and the walk. In
+every case, whatever the slight modifications that the difference in the
+dispositions of the subjects render necessary, I persist in saying that
+there are no horses whose education ought not to be completed by my
+method in the space I designate. I mean here, that this time is
+sufficient to give the forces of the horse the fitness necessary for
+executing all the movements; the finish of education depends finally on
+the nicety of touch of the rider. In fact, my method has the advantages
+of recognizing no limits to the progress of equitation, and there is no
+performance _equestrianly_ possible that a horseman who understands
+properly applying my principles cannot make his horse execute. I am
+about to give a convincing proof in support of this assertion, by
+explaining the sixteen new figures of the _manege_ that I have added to
+the collection of the old masters.
+
+
+
+
+                            CHAPTER IX.
+
+    APPLICATION OF THE PRECEDING PRINCIPLES TO THE PERFORMANCE
+     OF THE HORSES, PARTISAN, CAPITAINE, NEPTUNE, AND BURIDAN.
+
+
+The persons who systematically denied the efficacy of my method ought,
+necessarily, also to deny the results shown to them. They were forced to
+acknowledge that my performance at the _Cirque-Olympique_ was new and
+extraordinary, but attributed it to causes, some more strange than
+others; all the while insisting that the equestrian talent of the rider
+did not go for nothing in the expertness of the horse. According to
+some, I was a second Carter, accustoming my horses to obedience by
+depriving them of sleep and food; according to others, I bound their
+legs with cords, and thus held them suspended to prepare them for a kind
+of puppet-show; some were not far from believing that I fascinated them
+by the power of my looks. Finally, a certain portion of the public,
+seeing these animals perform in time to the sound of the charming music
+of one of my friends, M. Paul Cuzent, insisted seriously that they
+undoubtedly possessed, in a very great degree, the instinct of melody,
+and that they would stop short with the clarionets and trombones. So,
+the sound of the music was more powerful over my horse than I was
+myself! The animal obeyed a _do_ or a _sol_ nicely touched; but my legs
+and hands went for nothing in their effects. Would it be believed that
+such nonsense was uttered by people that passed for riders? I can
+comprehend their not having understood my means at first, since my
+method was new; but before judging it in so strange a manner, they
+ought, at least, it seems to me, to have sought to understand it.
+
+I had found the round of ordinary feats of horsemanship too limited,
+since it was sufficient to execute one movement well to immediately
+practise the others with the same facility. So, it was proved to me that
+the rider who passed with precision along a straight line sideways (_de
+deux pistes_) at a walk, trot and gallop, could go in the same way with
+the head or the croup to the wall, with the shoulder in, perform the
+ordinary or reversed volts, the changes and counterchanges of hands,
+etc., etc. As to the _piaffer_, it was, as I have said, nature alone
+that settled this. This long and fastidious performance had no other
+variations than the different titles of the movements, since it was
+sufficient to vanquish one difficulty to be able to surmount all the
+others. I then created new figures of the _manege_, the execution of
+which rendered necessary more suppleness, more _ensemble_, more finish
+in the education of the horse. This was easy to me with my system; and
+to convince my adversaries that there was neither magic nor mystery in
+my performance at the _Cirque_, I am going to explain by what processes
+purely equestrian, and even without having recourse to _piliers_,
+cavessons or horse-whips, I have brought my horses to execute the
+sixteen figures of the _manege_ that appear so extraordinary.
+
+1. Instantaneous flexion and support in the air of either one of the
+fore legs, while the other three legs remain fixed to the ground.
+
+The means of making the horse raise one of his fore legs is very simple,
+as soon as the animal is perfectly supple and _rassemble_. To make him
+raise, for example, the right leg, it is sufficient to incline his head
+slightly to the right, while making the weight of his body fall upon the
+left side. The rider's legs will be sustained firmly (the left a little
+more than the right), that the effect of the hand which brings the head
+to the right should not react upon the weight, and that the forces which
+serve to fasten to the ground the over-weighted part may give the
+horse's right leg enough action to make it rise from the ground. By a
+repetition of this exercise a few times, you will succeed in keeping
+this leg in the air as long a time as you wish.
+
+2. Mobility of the haunches, the horse resting on his fore legs, while
+his hind legs balance themselves alternately the one over the other;
+when the hind leg which is raised from left to right is moved, and is
+placed on the ground to become pivot in its turn, the other to be
+instantly raised and to execute the same movement.
+
+The simple mobility of the haunches is one of the exercises that I have
+pointed out for the elementary education of the horse. We can complicate
+this performance by multiplying the alternate contact of the legs, until
+we succeed in easily carrying the horse's croup, one leg over the other,
+in such a way that the movement from left to right and from right to
+left cannot exceed one step. This exercise is good to give great nicety
+of touch to the rider, and to prepare the horse to respond to the
+lightest effects.
+
+3. Passing instantly from the slow _piaffer_ to the precipitate
+_piaffer_, and _vice versa_.
+
+After having brought the horse to display great mobility of the legs, we
+ought to regulate the movement of them. It is by the slow and alternated
+pressure of his legs that the rider will obtain the slow _piaffer_. He
+will make it precipitate by multiplying the contact. Both these
+_piaffers_ can be obtained from all horses; but as this is among the
+great difficulties, perfect tact is indispensable.
+
+4. To back with an equal elevation of the transverse legs, which leave
+the ground and are placed again on it at the same time, the horse
+executing the movement with as much freedom and facility as if he were
+going forward, and without apparent aid from the rider.
+
+Backing is not new, but it certainly is new upon the conditions that I
+lay down. It is only by the aid of a complete suppling and _ramener_
+that we succeed in so suspending the horse's body that the distribution
+of the weight is perfectly regular and the extremities acquire energy
+and activity alike. This movement then becomes as easy and graceful as
+it is painful and devoid of elegance when it is changed into
+_acculement_.[T]
+
+    [T] _Acculement_ and _reculer_ have been previously explained;
+        one is the horse backing falsely, the other backing correctly.
+        --TRANSLATOR.
+
+5. Simultaneous mobility of the two diagonal legs, the horse stationary.
+After having raised the two opposite legs, he carries them to the rear
+to bring them back again to the place they first occupied, and
+recommences the same movement with the other diagonal.
+
+The suppling, and having got the horse in hand, make this movement easy.
+When he no longer presents any resistance, he appreciates the lightest
+effects of the rider, intended in this case to displace only the least
+possible quantity of forces and weight necessary to set in motion the
+opposite extremities. By repeating this exercise, it will in a little
+while be rendered familiar to the horse. The finish of the mechanism
+will soon give the finish of intelligence.
+
+6. Trot with a sustained extension; the horse, after having raised his
+legs, carries them forward, sustaining them an instant in the air before
+replacing them on the ground.
+
+The processes that form the basis of my method reproduce themselves in
+each simple movement, and with still more reason in the complicated
+ones. If equilibrium is only obtained by lightness, in return there is
+no lightness without equilibrium; it is by the union of these two
+conditions that the horse will acquire the facility of extending his
+trot to the farthest possible limits, and will completely change his
+original gait.
+
+7. Serpentine trot, the horse turning to the right and to the left, to
+return nearly to his starting point, after having made five or six steps
+in each direction.
+
+This movement will present no difficulty if we keep the horse in hand
+while executing the flexions of the neck at the walk and trot; you can
+readily see that such a performance is impossible without this
+condition. The leg opposite to the side towards which the neck turns
+ought always to be pressed.
+
+8. Instant halt by the aid of the spurs, the horse being at a gallop.
+
+When the horse, being perfectly suppled, will properly bear the
+_attaques_ and the _rassembler_, he will be fit to execute the halt upon
+the above conditions. In the application of this we will start with a
+slow gallop, in order to go on successively to the greatest speed. The
+legs preceding the hand, will bring the horse's hind legs under the
+middle of his body, then a prompt effect of the hand, by fixing them in
+this position, will immediately stop the bound. By this means we spare
+the horse's organization, which can thus be always kept free from
+blemish.
+
+9. Continued mobility or pawing, while stationary, of one of the horse's
+fore legs; the horse, at the rider's will, executing the movement by
+which he, of his own accord, often manifests his impatience.
+
+This movement will be obtained by the same process that serves to keep
+the horse's leg in the air. In the latter case, the rider's legs must
+impress a continued support, in order that the force which holds the
+horse's leg raised keep up its effect; while, for the movement now in
+question, we must renew the action by a quantity of slight pressures, in
+order to cause the motion of the leg held up in the air. This extremity
+of the horse will soon acquire a movement subordinate to that of the
+rider's legs, and if the time is well seized, it will seem, so to say,
+that we make the animal move by the aid of mechanical means.
+
+10. To trot backwards, the horse preserving the same cadence and the
+same step as in the trot forwards.
+
+The first condition, in order to obtain the trot backwards, is to keep
+the horse in a perfect cadence and as _rassemble_ as possible. The
+second is all in the proceedings of the rider. He ought to seek
+insensibly by the combined effects to make the forces of the fore-hand
+exceed those of the hind-parts, without affecting the harmony of the
+movement. Thus we see that by the _rassembler_ we will successively
+obtain the _piaffer_ stationary, and the _piaffer_ backwards, even
+without the aid of the reins.
+
+11. To gallop backwards, the time being the same as in the ordinary
+gallop; but the fore legs once raised, in place of coming to the ground,
+are carried backwards, that the hind-parts may execute the same backward
+movement as soon as the fore-feet are placed on the ground.
+
+The principle is the same as for the preceding performance; with a
+perfect _rassembler_, the hind legs will find themselves so brought
+under the centre, that by raising the fore-hand, the movement of the
+hocks can only be an upward one. This performance, though easily
+executed with a powerful horse, ought not to be attempted with one not
+possessing this quality.
+
+12. Changing feet every step, each time of the gallop being done on a
+different leg.
+
+In order to practise this difficult performance, the horse ought to be
+accustomed to execute perfectly, and as frequently as possible, changing
+feet at the touch. Before attempting these changes of feet every step,
+we ought to have brought him to execute this movement at every other
+step. Everything depends upon his aptness, and above all, on the
+intelligence of the rider; with this latter quality, there is no
+obstacle that is not to be surmounted. To execute this performance with
+the desirable degree of precision, the horse should remain light, and
+preserve the same degree of action; the rider, on his part, should also
+avoid roughly inclining the horse's fore-hand to one side or the other.
+
+13. Ordinary _pirouettes_ on three legs, the fore leg on the side
+towards which we are turning: remaining in the air during the whole time
+of the movement.
+
+Ordinary _pirouettes_ should be familiar to a horse broken after my
+method, and I have above shown the means to make him hold up one of his
+fore feet. If these two movements are well executed separately, it will
+be easy to connect them in a single performance. After having disposed
+the horse for the _pirouette_, we will prepare the mass in such a way as
+to raise the fore leg; this once in the air, we will throw the weight on
+the part opposite to the side towards which we wish to turn, by bearing
+upon this part with the hand and leg. The leg of the rider placed on the
+converging side, will only act daring this time so as to carry the
+forces forward, in order to prevent the hand producing a retrograde
+effect.
+
+14. To back with a halt at each step, the right leg of the horse
+remaining in front motionless and held out at the full distance that the
+left leg has passed over, and _vice versa_.
+
+This movement depends upon the nicety of touch of the rider, as it
+results from an effect of forces impossible to specify. Though this
+performance is not very graceful, the experienced rider will do well to
+often practise it, in order to learn to modify the effects of forces,
+and acquire all the niceties of his art in perfection.
+
+15. Regular _piaffer_ with an instant halt on three legs, the fourth
+remaining in the air.
+
+Here, also, as for the ordinary _pirouettes_ upon three legs, it is by
+exercising the _piaffer_ and the flexion of one leg separately, that we
+will succeed in uniting the two movements in one. We will interrupt the
+_piaffer_ by arresting the contraction of three of the legs so as to
+leave it in one only. It is sufficient, then, in order to accustom the
+horse to this performance, to stop him while he is _piaffing_, by
+forcing him to contract one of his legs.
+
+16. Change of feet every time at equal intervals, the horse remaining in
+the same place.
+
+This movement is obtained by the same proceedings as are employed for
+changing feet every time while advancing; only it is much more
+complicated, since we must give an exact impulsion sufficiently strong
+to determine the movement of the legs without the body advancing. This
+movement consequently demands a great deal of tact on the rider's part,
+and cannot be practised except on a perfectly broken horse, but broken
+as I understand it.
+
+Such is the vocabulary of the new figures of the _manege_ that I have
+created, and so often executed before the public. As you see, this
+performance, which appeared so extraordinary that people would not
+believe it belonged to equestrianism, becomes very simple and
+comprehensible as soon as you have studied the principles of my method.
+There is not one of these movements in which is not discovered the
+application of the precepts I have developed in this book.
+
+But, I repeat, if I have enriched equitation with a new and interesting
+work, I do not pretend to have attained the farthest limits of the art;
+and one may come after me, who, if he will study my system and practise
+it with intelligence, will be able to pass me on the course, and add
+something yet to the results I have obtained.
+
+
+
+                           CHAPTER X.
+
+        SUCCINCT EXPOSITION OF THE METHOD BY QUESTIONS
+                          AND ANSWERS.
+
+
+_Question._ What do you understand by force?
+
+_Answer._ The motive power which results from muscular contraction.
+
+_Q._ What do you understand by _instinctive_ forces?
+
+_A._ Those which come from the horse--that is to say, of which he
+himself determines the employment.
+
+_Q._ What do you understand by _transmitted_ forces?
+
+_A._ Those which emanate from the rider, and are immediately appreciated
+by the horse.
+
+_Q._ What do you understand by resistances?
+
+_A._ The force which the horse presents, and with which he seeks to
+establish a struggle to his advantage.
+
+_Q._ Ought we first to set to work to annul the forces the horse
+presents for resistance, before demanding any other movements of him?
+
+_A._ Without doubt, as then the force of the rider, which should
+displace the weight of the mass, finding itself absorbed by an
+equivalent resistance, every movement becomes impossible.
+
+_Q._ By what means can we combat the resistances?
+
+_A._ By the methodical and separate suppling of the jaw, the neck, the
+haunches, and the loins.
+
+_Q._ What is the use of the flexions of the jaw?
+
+_A._ As it is upon the lower jaw that the effects of the rider's hand
+are first felt, these will be null or incomplete if the jaw is
+contracted or closed against the upper one. Besides, as in this case the
+displacing of the horse's body is only obtained with difficulty, the
+movements resulting therefrom will also be painful.
+
+_Q._ Is it enough that the horse _champ his bit_ for the flexion of his
+jaw to leave nothing more to wish for?
+
+_A._ No, it is also necessary that the horse _let go of the bit_--that
+is to say, that he should separate (at our will) his jaws as much as
+possible.
+
+_Q._ Can all horses have this mobility of jaw?
+
+_A._ All without exception, if we follow the gradation pointed out, and
+if the rider does not allow himself to be deceived by the flexion of the
+neck. Useful as this is, it would be insufficient without the play of
+the jaw.
+
+_Q._ In the direct flexion of the jaw, ought we to give a tension to the
+curb-reins and those of the snaffle at the same time?
+
+_A._ No, we must make the snaffle precede (the hand being placed as
+indicated in Plate No. III.), until the head and neck are lowered;
+afterwards the pressure of the bit, in time with the snaffle, will
+promptly make the jaws open.
+
+_Q._ Ought we often to repeat this exercise?
+
+_A._ It should be continued until the jaws separate by a light pressure
+of the bit or snaffle.
+
+_Q._ Why is the stiffness of the neck so powerful an obstacle to the
+education of the horse?
+
+_A._ Because it absorbs to its profit the force which the rider seeks in
+vain to transmit throughout the whole mass.
+
+_Q._ Can the haunches be suppled separately?
+
+_A._ Certainly they can; and this exercise is comprised in what is
+called stationary exercise.
+
+_Q._ What is its useful object?
+
+_A._ To prevent the bad effects resulting from the instinctive forces of
+the horse, and to make him appreciate the forces transmitted by the
+rider without opposing them.
+
+_Q._ Can the horse execute a movement without a shifting of weight?
+
+_A._ It is impossible. We must first seek to make the horse take a
+position which causes such a variation in his equilibrium that the
+movement may be a natural consequence of it.
+
+_Q._ What do you understand by position?
+
+_A._ An arrangement of the head, neck and body, previously disposed
+according to the movements of the horse.
+
+_Q._ In what consists the _ramener_?
+
+_A._ In the perpendicular position of the head, and the lightness that
+accompanies it.
+
+_Q._ What is the distribution of the forces and weight in the _ramener_?
+
+_A._ The forces and weight are equally distributed through all the mass.
+
+_Q._ How do we address the intelligence of the horse?
+
+_A._ By the position, because it is that which makes the horse know the
+rider's intentions.
+
+_Q._ Why is it necessary that in the backward movements of the horse,
+the legs of the rider precede the hand?
+
+_A._ Because we must displace the points of support before placing upon
+them the mass that they must sustain.
+
+_Q._ Is it the rider that determines his horse?
+
+_A._ No. The rider gives action and position, which are the language;
+the horse answers this demand by the change of pace or direction that
+the rider had intended.
+
+_Q._ Is it to the rider or to the horse that we ought to impute the
+fault of bad execution?
+
+_A._ To the rider, and always to the rider. As it depends upon him to
+supple and place the horse in the way of the movement, and as with these
+two conditions faithfully fulfilled, everything becomes regular, it is
+then to the rider that the merit or blame ought to belong.
+
+_Q._ What kind of bit is suitable for a horse?
+
+_A._ An easy bit.
+
+_Q._ Why is an easy bit necessary for all horses, whatever may be their
+resistance?
+
+_A._ Because the effect of a severe bit is to constrain and surprise a
+horse, while it ought to prevent him from doing wrong and enable him to
+do well. Now, we cannot obtain these results except by the aid of an
+easy bit, and above all, of a skillful hand; for the bit is the hand,
+and a good hand is the whole of the rider.
+
+_Q._ Are there any other inconveniences connected with the instruments
+of torture called severe bits?
+
+_A._ Certainly there are, for the horse soon learns to avoid the painful
+infliction of them by forcing the rider's legs, the power of which can
+never be equal to that of this barbarous bit. He succeeds in this by
+yielding with his body, and resisting with his neck and jaw, which
+misses altogether the aim proposed.
+
+_Q._ How is it that nearly all the horsemen of renown have invented a
+particular kind of bit?
+
+_A._ Because being wanting in personal science, they sought to replace
+their own insufficiency by aids or strange machines.
+
+_Q._ Can the horse, perfectly in hand, defend himself?
+
+_A._ No; for the just distribution of weight that this position gives
+supposes a great regularity of movement, and it would be necessary to
+overturn this order that any act of rebellion on the part of the horse
+should take place.
+
+_Q._ What is the use of the snaffle?
+
+_A._ The snaffle serves to combat the opposing forces (lateral) of the
+neck, to make the head precede in all the changes of direction, while
+the horse is not yet familiarized with the effects of the bit; it serves
+also to arrange the head and neck in a perfectly straight line.
+
+_Q._ In order to obtain the _ramener_, should we make the legs precede
+the hand or the hand the legs?
+
+_A._ The hands ought to precede until they have produced the effect of
+giving great suppleness to the neck (this ought to be practised in the
+stationary exercises); then come the legs in their turn to combine the
+hind and fore-parts in the movement. The continual lightness of the
+horse at all paces will be the result of it.
+
+_Q._ Ought the legs and the hands to aid one another or act separately?
+
+_A._ One of these extremities ought always to have the other for
+auxiliary.
+
+_Q._ Ought we to leave the horse a long time at the same pace in order
+to develop his powers?
+
+_A._ It is useless, since the regularity of movements results from the
+regularity of the positions; the horse that makes fifty steps at a trot
+regularly is much further advanced in his education than if he made a
+thousand in a bad position. We must then attend to his position, that is
+to say, his lightness.
+
+_Q._ In what proportions ought we to use the force of the horse?
+
+_A._ This cannot be defined, since these forces vary in different
+subjects; but we should be sparing of them, and not expend them without
+circumspection, particularly during the course of his education. It is
+on this account that we must, so to say, create for them a reservoir
+that the horse may not absorb them uselessly, and that the rider may
+make a profitable and more lasting use of them.
+
+_Q._ What good will there result to the horse from this judicious
+employment of his forces?
+
+_A._ As we will only make use of forces useful for certain movements,
+fatigue or exhaustion can only result from the length of time during
+which the animal will remain at an accelerated pace, and will not be the
+effect of an excessive muscular contraction which would preserve its
+intensity, even at a moderate pace.
+
+_Q._ When should we first undertake to make the horse back?
+
+_A._ After the suppling of the neck and haunches.
+
+_Q._ Why should the suppling of the haunches precede that of the loins
+(the _reculer_)?
+
+_A._ To keep the horse more easily in a straight line and to render the
+flowing back and forward of the weight more easy.
+
+_Q._ Ought these first retrograde movements of the horse to be prolonged
+during the first lessons?
+
+_A._ No. As their only object is to annul the instinctive forces of the
+horse, we must wait till he is perfectly in hand to obtain a backward
+movement, a true _reculer_.
+
+_Q._ What constitutes a true _reculer_?
+
+_A._ The lightness of the horse (head perpendicular), the exact balance
+of his body, and the elevation to the same height of the legs
+diagonally.
+
+_Q._ At what distance ought the spur to be placed from the horse's
+flanks before the _attaque_ commences?
+
+_A._ The rowel should not be farther than two inches from the horse's
+flanks.
+
+_Q._ How ought the _attaques_ to be practised?
+
+_A._ They ought to reach the flanks by a movement like the stroke of a
+lancet, and be taken away as quickly.
+
+_Q._ Are there circumstances where the _attaque_ ought to be practised
+without the aid of the hand?
+
+_A._ Never; since its only object should be to give the impulsion which
+serves for the hand to contain (_renfermer_) the horse.
+
+_Q._ Is it the _attaques_ themselves that chastise the horse?
+
+_A._ No. The chastisement is in the contained position that the
+_attaques_ and the hand make the horse assume. As the latter then finds
+himself in a position where it is impossible to make use of any of his
+forces, the chastisement has all its efficiency.
+
+_Q._ In what consists the difference between the _attaques_ practised
+after the old principles, and those which the new method prescribed?
+
+_A._ Our predecessors (that we should venerate) practised spurring in
+order to throw the horse out of himself; the new method makes use of it
+to contain him; that is, to give him that first position which is the
+mother of all the others.
+
+_Q._ What are the functions of the legs during the _attaques_?
+
+_A._ The legs ought to remain adherent to the horse's flanks and in no
+respect to partake of the movements of the feet.
+
+_Q._ At what moment ought we to commence the _attaques_?
+
+_A._ When the horse supports peaceably a strong pressure of the legs
+without getting out of hand.
+
+_Q._ Why does a horse, perfectly in hand, bear the spur without becoming
+excited, and even without sudden movement?
+
+_A._ Because the skillful hand of the rider, having prevented all
+displacings of the head, never lets the forces escape outwards; it
+concentrates them by fixing them. The equal struggle of the forces, or
+if you prefer it, their _ensemble_, sufficiently explains the apparent
+dullness of the horse in this case.
+
+_Q._ Is it not to be feared that the horse may become insensible to the
+legs and lose all that activity necessary for accelerated movements?
+
+_A._ Although this is the opinion of nearly all the people who talk of
+this method without understanding it, there is nothing in it. Since all
+these means serve only to keep the horse in the most perfect
+equilibrium, promptness of movement ought necessarily to be the result
+of it, and, consequently, the horse will be disposed to respond to the
+progressive contact of the legs, when the hand does not oppose it.
+
+_Q._ How can we judge whether an _attaque_ is regular?
+
+_A._ When, far from making the horse get out of hand, it makes him come
+into it.
+
+_Q._ How ought the hand to be supported at the moments of resistance on
+the part of the horse?
+
+_A._ The hand ought to stop, fix itself, and only be drawn sufficiently
+towards the body to give the reins a three-quarter tension. In the
+contrary case, we must wait till the horse bears upon the hand to
+present this insurmountable barrier to him.
+
+_Q._ What would be the inconvenience of increasing the pressure of the
+bit by drawing the hand towards the body in order to slacken the horse
+in his paces by getting him in hand?
+
+_A._ It would not produce an effect upon a particular part, but would
+act generally upon all the forces, in displacing the weight instead of
+annulling the force of impulsion. We should not wish to incline to one
+side what we cannot stop.
+
+_Q._ In what case ought we to make use of the cavesson, and what is its
+use?
+
+_A._ We should make use of it when the faulty construction of the horse
+leads him to defend himself, when only simple movements are demanded of
+him. It is also useful to use the cavesson with restive horses, as its
+object is to act upon the moral, while the rider acts upon the physical.
+
+_Q._ How ought we to make use of the cavesson?
+
+_A._ At first, the longe of the cavesson should be held at from fifteen
+or twenty inches from the horse's head, held out and supported with a
+stiff wrist. We must watch the proper times to diminish or increase the
+bearing of the cavesson upon the horse's nose, so as to use it as an
+aid. All viciousness that leads him to act badly is to be repressed by
+little jerks, which should be given at the very moment of defense. As
+soon as the rider's movements begin to be appreciated by the horse, the
+longe of the cavesson ought no longer to act; at the end of a few days
+the horse will only need the bit, to which he will respond without
+hesitation.
+
+_Q._ In what case is the rider less intelligent than the horse?
+
+_A._ When the latter subjects him to his caprices, and does what he
+wishes with him.
+
+_Q._ Are the defenses of the horse physical or moral?
+
+_A._ At first they are physical, but afterwards become moral; the rider
+ought then to seek out the causes that produce them, and endeavor, by a
+preparatory exercise, to re-establish the correct equilibrium that a bad
+natural formation prevented.
+
+_Q._ Can the naturally well-balanced horse defend himself?
+
+_A._ It would be as difficult for a subject uniting all that constitutes
+a good horse to give himself up to disorderly movements, as it is
+impossible for the one that has not received the like gifts from nature,
+to have regular movements, if art did not lend him its aid.
+
+_Q._ What do you mean by _rassembler_?
+
+_A._ The reunion of forces at the centre of gravity.
+
+_Q._ Can we _rassembler_ the horse that does not contain himself under
+the _attaques_?
+
+_A._ This is altogether impossible; the legs would be insufficient to
+counterbalance the effects of the hand.
+
+_Q._ At what time ought we to _rassembler_ the horse?
+
+_A._ When the _ramener_ is complete.
+
+_Q._ Of what service is the _rassembler?_
+
+_A._ To obtain without difficulty everything of a complicated nature in
+horsemanship.
+
+_Q._ In what does the _piaffer_ consist?
+
+_A._ In the graceful position of the body and the harmonized precision
+of movement of the legs and feet.
+
+_Q._ Is there more than one kind of _piaffer?_
+
+_A._ Two; the slow and the precipitate.
+
+_Q._ Which is to be preferred of these two?
+
+_A._ The slow _piaffer_, since it is only when this is obtained that the
+equilibrium is perfect.
+
+_Q._ Ought we to make a horse _piaffe_ who will not bear the
+_rassembler?_
+
+_A._ No; for that would be to step out of the logical gradation that
+alone can give certain results. Besides, the horse that has not been
+brought forward by this chain of principles would only execute with
+trouble and ungracefully what he ought to accomplish with pleasure and
+nobly.
+
+_Q._ Are all riders alike suited to conquer all the difficulties and
+seize all the effects of touch?
+
+_A._ As in horsemanship, intelligence is the starting point for
+obtaining every result, everything is subordinate to this innate
+disposition; but every rider will have the power to break his horse to
+an extent commensurate with his own abilities to instruct.
+
+
+
+
+                       CONCLUSION.
+
+
+Everybody complains now-a-days of the degeneration of our breeds of
+horses. Apprehensive too late of a state of things which threatens even
+the national independence,[U] patriotic spirits are seeking to go back
+to the source of the evil, and are arranging divers systems for
+remedying it as soon as possible. Among the causes which have
+contributed the most to the loss of our old breeds, they forget, it
+seems to me, to mention the decline of horsemanship, nor do they
+consider that the revival of this art is indispensable in bringing about
+the regeneration of the horse.
+
+    [U] Much in this chapter, though written for France, applies
+        with great appropriateness to our own country.
+
+The difficulties of horsemanship have long been the same, but formerly
+constant practice, if not taste, kept it up; these stimulants exist no
+longer. Fifty years ago, every man of rank was expected to be able to
+handle a horse with skill, and break one if necessary. This study was an
+indispensable part of the education of young people of family; and as it
+obliged them to devote two or three years to the rough exercises of the
+_manege_, in the end they all became horsemen, some by taste, the rest
+by habit. These habits once acquired were preserved throughout life;
+they then felt the necessity of possessing good horses, and men of
+fortune spared nothing in getting them. The sale of fine horses thus
+became easy; all gained by it, the breeder as well as the horse. It is
+not so now; the aristocracy of fortune, succeeding to that of birth, is
+very willing to possess the advantages of the latter, but would dispense
+with the onerous obligations which appertained to an elevated rank. The
+desire of showing off in public places, or motives still more frivolous,
+sometimes lead gentlemen of our times to commence the study of
+horsemanship, but, soon wearied of a work without satisfactory results,
+they find only a monotonous fatigue where they sought a pleasure, and
+are satisfied they know enough as soon as they can stick passably well
+in the saddle. So insufficient a knowledge of horsemanship, as dangerous
+as it is thoughtless, must necessarily occasion sad accidents. They then
+become disgusted with horsemanship and horses, and as nothing obliges
+them to continue the exercise, they give it up nearly altogether, and so
+much the more easily as they naturally care very little about the breeds
+of horses and their perfection. We must then, as a preliminary measure
+in the improvement of horses, raise up horsemanship from the low state
+into which it has fallen. The government can undoubtedly do much here;
+but it is for the masters of the art to supply, if necessary, what it
+leaves undone. Let them render attractive and to the purpose studies
+which have hitherto been too monotonous and often barren; let rational
+and true principles make the scholar see a real progress, that each of
+his efforts brings a success with it; and we will soon see young persons
+of fortune become passionately fond of an exercise which has been
+rendered as interesting to them as it is noble, and discover, with their
+love for horses, a lively solicitude for all that concerns their
+qualities and education.
+
+But horsemen can aim at still more brilliant results. If they succeed in
+rendering easy the education of common horses, they will make the study
+of horsemanship popular among the masses; they will put within reach of
+moderate fortunes, so numerous in our land of equality, the practice of
+an art that has hitherto been confined to the rich. Such has been the
+aim of the labors of my whole life. It is in the hope of attaining this
+end that I give to the public the fruit of my long researches.
+
+But I should say, however, that if I was upheld by the hope of being one
+day useful to my country, it was the army above all that occupied my
+thoughts. Though counting many skillful horsemen in its ranks, the
+system they are made to follow, impotent in my eyes, is the true cause
+of the equestrian inferiority of so many, as well as of their horses
+being so awkward and badly broken. I might add that to the same motive
+is to be attributed the little taste for horsemanship felt by the
+officers and soldiers. How can it be otherwise? The low price allowed by
+government for horses of remount, causes few horses of good shape to be
+met with in the army, and it is only of these that the education is
+easy. The officers themselves, mounted upon a very common sort of
+horses, strive in vain to render them docile and agreeable. After two or
+three years of fatiguing exercise, they end by gaining a mechanical
+obedience, but the same resistances and the same faults of construction
+are perpetually recurring. Disgusted by difficulties that appear
+insurmountable, they trouble themselves no more about horses and
+horsemanship than the demands of the service actually require.
+
+Yet it is indispensable that a cavalry officer be always master of his
+horse, so much so as to be able, so to say, to communicate his own
+thoughts to him; the uniformity of manoeres, the necessities of command,
+the perils of the battle-field, all demand it imperatively. The life of
+the rider, every one knows, often depends upon the good or bad
+disposition of his steed; in the same way the loss or the gain of a
+battle often hangs on the degree of precision in manoeuvring a squadron.
+My method will give military men a taste for horsemanship, a taste which
+is indispensable in the profession they practise. The nature of
+officers' horses, considered as so defective, is exactly the one upon
+which the most satisfactory results may be obtained. These animals
+generally possess a certain degree of energy, and as soon as we know how
+rightly to use their powers by remedying the physical faults that
+paralyze them, we will be astonished at the resources they will exhibit.
+The rider fashioning the steed by degrees will regard him as the work of
+his hand, will become sincerely attached to him, and will find as much
+charm in horsemanship as he previously felt _ennui_ and disgust. My
+principles are simple, easy in their application, and within the reach
+of every mind. They can everywhere make (what is now so rare) skillful
+horsemen. I am sure that if my method is adopted and well understood in
+the army, where the daily exercise of the horse is a necessary duty, we
+will see equestrian capacities spring up among the officers and
+sub-officers by thousands. There is not one among them who, with an hour
+a day of study would not soon be able to give any horse in less than
+three months the following qualities and education:
+
+1. General suppling.
+
+2. Perfect lightness.
+
+3. Graceful position.
+
+4. A steady walk.
+
+5. Trot steady, measured, extended.
+
+6. Backing as easily and freely as going forward.
+
+7. Gallop easy with either foot, and change of foot by the touch.
+
+8. Easy and regular movement of the haunches, comprising ordinary and
+reversed _pirouettes_.
+
+9. Leaping the ditch and the bar.
+
+10. _Piaffer._
+
+11. Halt from the gallop, by the aid of first, the pressure of the legs,
+and then a light support of the hand. I ask all conscientious men: have
+they seen many horsemen of renown obtain similar results in so short a
+time?
+
+The education of the men's horses, being less complicated than that of
+those intended for officers, would on that account be more rapid. The
+principal things will be the supplings and the backing, followed by the
+walk, the trot and the gallop, while keeping the horse perfectly in
+hand. The colonels will soon appreciate the excellent results of this
+exercise, in consequence of the precision with which all the movements
+are made. The important flexions of the fore-hand can be executed
+without leaving the stables, each rider turning his horse around in the
+stall. It is not for me to point out to the colonels of regiments the
+exact way of putting my method in practice; it is enough for me to lay
+down my principles and to explain them. The instructors will themselves
+supply the details of application too long to enumerate here.
+
+I must again repeat, this book is the fruit of twenty years of
+observation constantly verified by practice. A long and painful work
+without doubt, but what compensation I have found in the results I have
+been happy enough to obtain. In order to let the public judge of the
+importance of my discoveries, it is sufficient here to give their
+nomenclature, and I present these processes as new ones, because I can
+conscientiously say that they never were practised before me. I have
+added then successively to the manual of the horseman the following
+principles and innovations:
+
+1. New means of obtaining a good seat.
+
+2. Means of making the horse come to the man, and rendering him steady
+to mount.
+
+3. Distinction between the instinctive forces of the horse and the
+communicated forces.
+
+4. Explanation of the influence of a bad formation upon the horse's
+resistances.
+
+5. Effect of bad formations on the neck and croup, the principal focuses
+of resistance.
+
+6. Means of remedying the faults, or supplings of the two extremities,
+and the whole of the horse's body.
+
+7. Annihilation of the instinctive forces of the horse, in order to
+substitute for them forces transmitted by the rider, and to give ease
+and beauty of motion to the ungraceful animal.
+
+8. Equality of sensibility of mouth in all horses; adoption of a uniform
+bit.
+
+9. Equality of sensibility of flanks in all horses; means of accustoming
+them all to bear the spur alike.
+
+10. All horses can place their heads in the position of _ramener_ and
+acquire the same lightness.
+
+11. Means of bringing the centre of gravity in a badly-formed horse to
+the place it occupies in a well-formed one.
+
+12. The rider disposes his horse for a moment, but he does not determine
+the movement.
+
+13. Why sound horses often are faulty in their paces. Means of remedying
+this in a few lessons.
+
+14. For changes of direction, use of the leg opposite to the side
+towards which we turn, so that it may precede the other one.
+
+15. In all backward movements of the horse the rider's legs ought to
+precede the hands.
+
+16. Distinction between the _reculer_ and the _acculement_; the good
+effect of the former in the horse's education; the bad effect of the
+latter.
+
+17. The use of the spurs as a means of education.
+
+18. All horses can _piaffer_; means of rendering this movement slow or
+precipitate.
+
+19. Definition of the true _rassembler_; means of obtaining it; of its
+usefulness to produce grace and regularity in complicated movements.
+
+20. Means of bringing all horses to step out freely at a trot.
+
+21. Rational means of putting a horse at a gallop.
+
+22. Halt at a gallop, the legs or the spur preceding the hand.
+
+23. Force continued in proportion to the forces of the horse; the rider
+should never yield until after having _annulled_ the horse's
+resistances.
+
+24. Education of the horse in parts, or means of exercising his forces
+separately.
+
+25. Complete education of horses of ordinary formation in less than
+three months.
+
+26. Sixteen new figures of the _manege_ proper for giving the finishing
+touch to the horse's education, and for perfecting the rider's touch.
+
+It is understood that all the details of application appertaining to
+these innovations are new also, and likewise belong to me.
+
+                       THE END.
+
+
+
+
+                        INDEX.
+
+
+  Backing, 64-107
+
+  Back to, with a halt, 111
+
+  Bit, false and true, yielding to the, 55
+    "   form of, 57
+    "   pressure of the, 54
+
+  Breaking, succinct exposition of the method of, 113
+
+  Croup, flexions of the, 59
+
+ Gallop, of the, 91
+
+  Horse, concentration by the rider of the forces of the, 78
+    "    education of the, 23
+    "        "       "    first lesson, 100
+    "        "       "    second lesson, 101
+    "        "       "    third    "   , 101
+    "        "       "    fourth   "   , 102
+    "        "       "    fifth    "   , 102
+    "    employment of the forces of the, by the rider, 69
+    "    gathering the, 88
+    "    how to make him come to you, 35
+    "    of the forces of the, 35
+    "    resting his chin on his breast, 53
+    "    education of Partisan, Capitaine, Neptune and Buridan, 104
+
+  Jaw, flexion of the, 36
+
+  Knees, flexions of the, 22
+
+  Leaping, 94
+
+  Legs, flexions of the, 21
+
+  Neck, depression of the, 40
+    "   direct flexions of the head and, 48
+    "   lateral    "      "    on foot, 45
+    "      "       "      "     " horseback, 47
+
+  Piaffer, the, 94
+
+  Riding, preparatory lessons for, 19
+
+  Saddles, exercises in the, 19
+
+  Seat, new means for obtaining a good, 17
+    "   of the rider, 18
+
+  Spurs, the use of the, 78
+
+  Supplings, the head and neck, 32-58
+    "       Recapitulations, 67
+
+  Trot, the, 74
+    "    "  backward, 109
+
+_______________________________________________________
+
+
+           JUST WHAT EVERY HOUSEKEEPER WANTS
+                ----------------------
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+      NEARLY FIVE HUNDRED CAREFULLY TRIED RECIPES
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+          BREAKFAST CAKES, Etc.; PUDDINGS,
+                 PIES, PRESERVES,
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+
+      Also, a Chapter on Cookery for Invalids.
+
+The whole compiled and arranged by a practical housekeeper.
+   Neatly bound Price, post-paid, by mail, =30= cents.
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+Business Letters; Business Letters of Introduction; Letters of Credit;
+ Letters of Application for Employment; Letters of Application for
+      Increase of Salary; Copies of Testimonials or Letters of
+         Recommendation; Familiar and Social Correspondence;
+           Social Letters of Introduction, Congratulation
+                 and Condolence; Notes of
+                 Ceremony and Compliment.
+
+      Ceremonial, Visiting, Official & Professional Cards.
+
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+         Rates and Regulations; Business Law and Business
+             Maxims; Interest Tables; Titles and Forms
+                   of Address, etc., etc.
+
+                PRICE, 30 CENTS, POST-PAID.
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+                          ADDRESS,
+               ALBERT COGSWELL, Publisher,
+                139 EIGHTH STREET, N. Y.
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+
+                      PERFECT ETIQUETTE;
+
+                             OR,
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+                        HOW TO BEHAVE
+
+                         IN SOCIETY.
+
+         A Complete Manual for Ladies and Gentlemen,
+
+                          EMBRACING
+      Hints on Introduction, Salutation, Conversation,
+       Friendly Visits, Social Parties, On the Street,
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+        Riding, Letter Writing, At the Table, Making
+             and Receiving Presents, Courtship,
+         Wedding Etiquette, Christening, Funerals,
+               Etc., with Suggestions How
+                   to Dress Tastefully.
+
+                         THE TOILETTE,
+
+     With Simple Recipes for Improving the Complexion, Etc.
+
+          Price, Illuminated Paper Cover, 30 Cents.
+             "       "       Board   "    50   "
+
+           SENT FREE BY MAIL ON RECEIPT OF PRICE.
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+                            ADDRESS,
+                ALBERT COGSWELL, Publisher,
+                 139 EIGHTH ST., NEW YORK.
+
+             ----------------------------------
+
+
+                      HINTS AND HELPS
+
+                        TO HORSEMEN
+
+             A Handy Manual for Horsekeepers,
+
+               WITH CONCISE INSTRUCTIONS.
+
+      BREEDING,
+           BREAKING,
+               TRAINING,
+                    DRIVING,
+                        GROOMING,
+                            DOCTORING,
+                                BUYING,
+                                    FEEDING,
+                                        SHOEING.
+
+                       WITH ESSAYS ON
+
+                      MULES AND PONIES,
+
+            AND RACING AND BETTING RULES OF THE
+
+                    _AMERICAN JOCKEY CLUB_.
+
+Practical, Instructive, and adapted to the daily use of Breeders and
+Owners of Horses. Neatly bound in flexible cloth. =Price, 50 Cents.=
+Sent by mail on receipt of price. Address,
+
+                  ALBERT COGSWELL, Publisher,
+                  _139 EIGHTH ST., NEW YORK_.
+
+              ------------------------------------
+
+
+                   Famous American Race Horses
+
+                           CONTAINING
+
+                 THIRTY FULL PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS,
+
+                               BY
+
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+           C. LLOYD, W. F. ATTWOOD, and other Artists.
+
+          Beautifully Printed on the Finest Toned Paper
+                    QUARTO PAPER, 75 CENTS.
+
+                       -------------
+
+                FAMOUS AMERICAN TROTTING HORSES
+
+           Containing Thirty Full Page Illustrations
+
+                          OF THE
+
+               CELEBRITIES OF THE TROTTING TURF
+
+                     FROM DRAWINGS BY
+           T. C. CARPENDALE, H. C. BISPHAM, HENRY
+                     STULL AND OTHERS.
+
+        _Beautifully Printed on the Finest Toned Paper_
+                   QUARTO PAPER, 75 CENTS.
+
+                      -----------------
+
+                  FAMOUS HORSES OF AMERICA
+
+                       CONTAINING
+
+            _The above Two Volumes bound in one_.
+
+                 QUARTO CLOTH, Extra, $1.50.
+           SENT FREE BY MAIL ON RECEIPT OF PRICE
+
+                         ADDRESS,
+
+               ALBERT COGSWELL, Publisher,
+                139 EIGHTH ST., NEW YORK.
+
+              -------------------------------
+
+
+                    EVERY HORSE OWNER'S
+
+                        CYCLOPEDIA.
+
+           The Anatomy and Physiology of a Horse.
+
+                  GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.
+
+                  THE POINTS OF THE HORSE,
+
+             WITH DIRECTIONS HOW TO CHOOSE HIM.
+
+  =The Principles of Breeding, and the Best Kind to Breed From.
+    The Treatment of the Brood Mare and Foal. Raising and
+      Breaking the Colt. Stables and Stable Management.
+              Riding, Driving, Etc., Etc.=
+
+              _DISEASES AND HOW TO CURE THEM._
+
+  The Principal Medicines, and the Doses in which they can be Safely
+     Administered; Accidents, Fractures, and the Operations
+           Necessary in each Case; Shoeing, Etc.
+
+         =By J. H. WALSH, F.R.C.S. (Stonehenge.)=
+
+                       ----------
+
+        The American Trotting Horse, and Suggestions on the
+               Breeding and Training of Trotters.
+
+                   =By ELLWOOD HARVEY.=
+
+                       ----------
+
+           THE TURF AND TROTTING HORSES OF AMERICA.
+
+                   =By JOHN ELDERKIN.=
+
+                       ----------
+  The Percheron Horse, Tables of Pedigrees of Celebrated Trotters.
+
+    With Three Fine Engravings on Steel, and Eight Woodcuts. 8vo.
+
+      =Cloth extra, black and gold,=                 =$3.75.=
+      =Sheep, sprinkled edges,=                       =4.50.=
+      =Half morocco, gilt,=                           =5.50.=
+
+  Sent free by mail on receipt of price. Address,
+
+               ALBERT COGSWELL, Publisher,
+                139 EIGHTH ST., NEW YORK.
+
+             --------------------------------
+
+                        STONEHENGE.
+
+           THE HORSE in the STABLE and the FIELD
+
+            HIS MANAGEMENT IN HEALTH AND DISEASE.
+                By J. H. WALSH, F. R. C. S.
+
+                       (STONEHENGE.)
+
+  =From the Last London Edition, with an Essay on the AMERICAN
+         TROTTING HORSE, and suggestions on the Breeding
+                  and Training of Trotters=,
+
+                   By ELWOOD HARVEY M. D.
+
+          Illustrated with over 80 Engravings,
+       =and full-page Engravings from Photographs=.
+
+    =12mo., Cloth extra, bev. bds., black and gold,=    =$2.=
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+                        ----------
+
+                          WOODRUFF.
+
+              The Trotting Horse of America.
+               HOW TO TRAIN AND DRIVE HIM,
+
+        WITH REMINISCENCES OF THE TROTTING TURF.
+
+                   =By HIRAM WOODRUFF.=
+
+            =Edited by CHARLES J. FOSTER.=
+
+  =Including an Introductory Notice, by GEORGE WILKES,
+       and a Biographical Sketch by the Editor.=
+
+19th edition, revised and enlarged, with an Appendix and a copious Index,
+
+           _WITH A STEEL PORTRAIT OF THE AUTHOR_,
+       and six engravings on wood of celebrated trotters.
+
+    12mo., Cloth extra, black and gold,                =$2.50=
+
+    Sent free by mail on receipt of price. Address,
+
+                       ALBERT COGSWELL,
+                                139 EIGHTH ST., NEW YORK.
+
+                ---------------------------
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+
+                            DOGS.
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+           Their Management in Health & Disease,
+
+                             BY
+
+              EDWARD MAYHEW, M. R. C. V. S.
+
+             Containing full instructions for
+
+            =BREEDING, REARING, and KENNELLING
+                         DOGS=.
+
+            Their different diseases, embracing
+
+          DISTEMPER, MOUTH, TEETH, TONGUE, GULLET,
+               RESPIRATORY ORGANS, HEPATITIS,
+             INDIGESTION, GASTRITIS, ST. VITUS'
+             DANCE, BOWEL DISEASES, PARALYSIS,
+                 RHEUMATISM, FITS, RABIES,
+             SKIN DISEASES, CANKER, DISEASES
+                OF THE LIMBS, FRACTURES,
+                      OPERATIONS,
+                       ETC., ETC.
+
+         =_HOW TO DETECT AND HOW TO CURE THEM._=
+
+Their medicines, and the doses in which they can be safely administered.
+
+     _12mo., Cloth extra, fully Illustrated, Price, $1._
+
+         =SENT FREE BY MAIL ON RECEIPT OF PRICE=,
+
+                        =ADDRESS,
+             ALBERT COGSWELL, Publisher,
+            139 EIGHTH STREET, NEW YORK=.
+
+           -------------------------------
+
+  [Illustration: HUNTING THE BUFFALO.--From "How to Hunt and Trap."]
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+   The most complete work on Hunting & Trapping ever published.
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+                   HOW TO HUNT AND TRAP,
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+         By J. H. BATTY, Hunter & Taxidermist.
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+        Deer, Antelope, Bear, Fox, Grouse, Quail,
+          Geese, Ducks, Woodcock, Snipe, etc.,
+            etc.; also, the localities where
+                      game abound.
+
+                      IN TRAPPING:
+
+  Tells you all about Steel Traps; how to make home-made
+    traps, and how to trap the Bear, Wolf, Wolverine,
+        Fox, Lynx, Badger, Otter, Beaver, Fisher,
+  Martin, Mink, etc.; Birds of Prey; Poisoning Carnivorous
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+       Sent free by mail on receipt of price.
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+
+                       ADDRESS,
+            =ALBERT COGSWELL, Publisher=,
+              139 EIGHTH STREET, N. Y.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's New Method of Horsemanship, by F. Baucher
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