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diff --git a/38173-h/38173-h.htm b/38173-h/38173-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0f450f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/38173-h/38173-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,18499 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The American Indian as Slaveholder and Secessionist, by Annie Heloise Abel—A Project Gutenberg eBook + </title> + + <style type="text/css"> + + p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;} + + body {margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 12%;} + + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; font-style: normal;} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center; clear: both;} + + hr {width: 33%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;} + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + .bt {border-top: solid 1px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;} + .btr {border-top: solid 1px; border-right: solid 1px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;} + .br {border-right: solid 1px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;} + .bbr {border-bottom: solid 1px; border-right: solid 1px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;} + .bbtr {border-bottom: solid 1px; border-top: solid 1px; border-right: solid 1px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;} + .bbt {border-bottom: solid 1px; border-top: solid 1px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;} + .btdoubr {border-top: double; border-right: solid 1px; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;} + .btdoub {border-top: double; padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;} + .dent {padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 0.5em;} + .botbor {border-bottom: solid 1px;} + + .giant {font-size: 200%} + .huge {font-size: 150%} + + .blockquot {margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + .poem {margin-left: 15%;} + .hang {margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;} + .title {text-align: center; font-size: 150%;} + .tablenote {margin-left: 30%} + + .right {text-align: right;} + .center {text-align: center;} + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .smcaplc {text-transform: lowercase; font-variant: small-caps;} + .strike {text-decoration: line-through} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + a:link {color:#0000ff; text-decoration:none} + a:visited {color:#6633cc; text-decoration:none} + + .spacer {padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;} + .spacer2 {padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;} + .spacersig {padding-left: 2em; padding-right: 2em;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Indian as Slaveholder and +Seccessionist, by Annie Heloise Abel + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The American Indian as Slaveholder and Seccessionist + An Omitted Chapter in the Diplomatic History of the Southern Confederacy + +Author: Annie Heloise Abel + +Release Date: November 30, 2011 [EBook #38173] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN INDIAN AS SLAVEHOLDER *** + + + + +Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<p class="title">The Slaveholding Indians</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table"> +<tr><td>(1) As Slaveholder and Secessionist</td></tr> +<tr><td>(2) As Participants in the Civil War</td></tr> +<tr><td>(3) Under Reconstruction</td></tr></table> + +<p class="title">Vol. I</p> + + +<p> <a name="front" id="front"></a></p><p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/frontistmb.jpg" alt="" /><br /> +<a href="images/frontis.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Indian Territory</span>, 1861<br />[<i>From General Land Office</i>]</p> +<p> </p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="center"><span class="giant">The American Indian as<br /> +Slaveholder and Secessionist</span></p> +<p> </p> +<p class="center">AN OMITTED CHAPTER IN<br /> +THE DIPLOMATIC HISTORY OF THE<br /> +SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY</p> +<p> </p> +<p class="center"><small>BY</small><br /> +<span class="huge">ANNIE HELOISE ABEL, <span class="smcap">Ph.D.</span></span></p> +<p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/printer.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p> </p> +<p class="center">THE ARTHUR H. CLARK COMPANY<br /> +CLEVELAND: 1915</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="center">COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY<br /> +ANNIE HELOISE ABEL</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="title">TO MY FATHER AND MOTHER</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> +<tr><td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Preface</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_I">I</a></td> + <td><span class="smcap">General Situation in the Indian Country, 1830-1860</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_II">II</a></td> + <td><span class="smcap">Indian Territory in its Relations with Texas and Arkansas</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_III">III</a></td> + <td><span class="smcap">The Confederacy in Negotiation with the Indian Tribes</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">IV</a></td> + <td><span class="smcap">The Indian Nations in Alliance With the Confederacy</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Appendix A—Fort Smith Papers</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Appendix B—The Leeper or Wichita Agency Papers</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_329">329</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Selected Bibliography</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_359">359</a></td></tr> +<tr><td> </td> + <td><span class="smcap">Index</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_371">369</a></td></tr></table> + + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Indian Territory</span>, 1861</td> + <td align="right"><a href="#front"><i>Frontispiece</i></a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Map showing free Negro Settlements in the Creek Country</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Portrait of Colonel Downing, Cherokee</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Portrait of John Ross, Principal Chief of the Cherokees</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_113">112</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Portrait of Colonel Adair, Cherokee</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Map showing the Retreat of the loyal Indians</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="smcap">Fort McCulloch</span></td> + <td align="right"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td></tr></table> + + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> +<h2>PREFACE</h2> + + +<p>This volume is the first of a series of three dealing with the +slaveholding Indians as secessionists, as participants in the Civil War, +and as victims under reconstruction. The series deals with a phase of +American Civil War history which has heretofore been almost entirely +neglected or, where dealt with, either misunderstood or misinterpreted. +Perhaps the third and last volume will to many people be the most +interesting because it will show, in great detail, the enormous price that +the unfortunate Indian had to pay for having allowed himself to become a +secessionist and a soldier. Yet the suggestiveness of this first volume is +considerably larger than would appear at first glance. It has been +purposely given a sub-title, in order that the peculiar position of the +Indian, in 1861, may be brought out in strong relief. He was enough inside +the American Union to have something to say about secession and enough +outside of it to be approached diplomatically. It is well to note, indeed, +that Albert Pike negotiated the several Indian treaties that bound the +Indian nations in an alliance with the seceded states, under the authority +of the Confederate State Department, which was a decided advance upon +United States practice—an innovation, in fact, that marked the tremendous +importance that the Confederate government attached to the Indian +friendship. It was something that stood out in marked contrast to the +indifference manifested at the moment by the authorities at Washington; +for, while<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> they were neglecting the Indian even to an extent that +amounted to actual dishonor, the Confederacy was offering him political +integrity and political equality and was establishing over his country, +not simply an empty wardship, but a bona fide protectorate.</p> + +<p>Granting then that the negotiations of 1861 with the Indian nations +constitute a phase of southern diplomatic history, it may be well to +consider to what Indian participation in the Civil War amounted. It was a +circumstance that was interesting rather than significant; and the +majority will have to admit that it was a circumstance that could not +possibly have materially affected the ultimate situation. It was the +Indian country, rather than the Indian owner, that the Confederacy wanted +to be sure of possessing; for Indian Territory occupied a position of +strategic importance, from both the economic and the military point of +view. The possession of it was absolutely necessary for the political and +the institutional consolidation of the South. Texas might well think of +going her own way and of forming an independent republic once again, when +between her and Arkansas lay the immense reservations of the great tribes. +They were slaveholding tribes, too, yet were supposed by the United States +government to have no interest whatsoever in a sectional conflict that +involved the very existence of the “peculiar institution.” Thus the +federal government left them to themselves at the critical moment and left +them, moreover, at the mercy of the South, and then was indignant that +they betrayed a sectional affiliation.</p> + +<p>The author deems it of no slight advantage, in undertaking a work of this +sort, that she is of British birth and antecedents and that her +educational training, so largely American as it is, has been gained +without <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>respect to a particular locality. She belongs to no section of +the Union, has lived, for longer or shorter periods in all sections, and +has developed no local bias. It is her sincere wish that no charge of +prejudice can, in ever so small a degree, be substantiated by the +evidence, presented here or elsewhere.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Annie Heloise Abel.</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Baltimore, September, 1914</span></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> + + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a>I. THE GENERAL SITUATION IN THE INDIAN COUNTRY, 1830-1860</h2> + + +<p>Veterans of the Confederate service who saw action along the +Missouri-Arkansas frontier have frequently complained, in recent years, +that military operations in and around Virginia during the War between the +States receive historically so much attention that, as a consequence, the +steady, stubborn fighting west of the Mississippi River is either totally +ignored or, at best, cast into dim obscurity. There is much of truth in +the criticism but it applies in fullest measure only when the Indians are +taken into account; for no accredited history of the American Civil War +that has yet appeared has adequately recognized certain rather interesting +facts connected with that period of frontier development; viz., that +Indians fought on both sides in the great sectional struggle, that they +were moved to fight, not by instincts of savagery, but by identically the +same motives and impulses as the white men, and that, in the final +outcome, they suffered even more terribly than did the whites. Moreover, +the Indians fought as solicited allies, some as nations, diplomatically +approached. Treaties were made with them as with foreign powers and not in +the farcical, fraudulent way that had been customary in times past. They +promised alliance and were given in return political position—a fair +exchange. The southern white man, embarrassed, conceded much, far more +than he really believed in, more than he ever could or would have +conceded, had he not himself been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> so fearfully hard pressed. His own +predicament, the exigencies of the moment, made him give to the Indian a +justice, the like of which neither one of them had dared even to dream. It +was quite otherwise with the northern white man, however; for he, +self-confident and self-reliant, negotiated with the Indian in the +traditional way, took base advantage of the straits in which he found him, +asked him to help him fight his battles, and, in the selfsame moment, +plotted to dispossess him of his lands, the very lands that had, less than +five and twenty years before, been pledged as an Indian possession “as +long as the grass should grow and the waters run.”</p> + +<p>From what has just been said, it can be easily inferred that two distinct +groups of Indians will have to be dealt with, a northern and a southern; +but, for the present, it will be best to take them all together. +Collectively, they occupied a vast extent of country in the so-called +great American desert. Their situation was peculiar. Their participation +in the war, in some capacity, was absolutely inevitable; but, preparatory +to any right understanding of the reasons, geographical, institutional, +political, financial, and military, that made it so, a rapid survey of +conditions ante-dating the war must be considered.</p> + +<p>It will be remembered that for some time prior to 1860 the policy<a name='fna_1' id='fna_1' href='#f_1'><small>[1]</small></a> of +the United States government had been to relieve the eastern states of +their Indian inhabitants and that this it had done, since the first years +of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> Andrew Jackson’s presidency, by a more or less compulsory removal to +the country lying immediately west of Arkansas and Missouri. As a result, +the situation there created was as follows: In the territory comprehended +in the present state of Kansas, alongside of indigenous tribes, like the +Kansa and the Osage,<a name='fna_2' id='fna_2' href='#f_2'><small>[2]</small></a> had been placed various tribes or portions of +tribes from the old Northwest<a name='fna_3' id='fna_3' href='#f_3'><small>[3]</small></a>—the Shawnees and Munsees from Ohio,<a name='fna_4' id='fna_4' href='#f_4'><small>[4]</small></a> +the Delawares, Kickapoos, Potawatomies, and Miamies from Indiana, the +Ottawas and Chippewas from Michigan, the Wyandots from Ohio and Michigan, +the Weas, Peorias, Kaskaskias, and Piankashaws from Illinois, and a few +New York Indians from Wisconsin. To the southward of all of those northern +tribal immigrants and chiefly beyond the later Kansas boundary, or in the +present state of Oklahoma, had been similarly placed the great<a name='fna_5' id='fna_5' href='#f_5'><small>[5]</small></a> tribes +from the South<a name='fna_6' id='fna_6' href='#f_6'><small>[6]</small></a>—the Creeks from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> Georgia and Alabama, the Cherokees +from Tennessee and Georgia, the Seminoles from Florida, and the Choctaws +and Chickasaws from Alabama and Mississippi.<a name='fna_7' id='fna_7' href='#f_7'><small>[7]</small></a> The population of the +whole country thus colonized<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> and, in a sense, reduced to the reservation +system, amounted approximately to seventy-four thousand souls, less than +seven thousand of whom were north of the Missouri-Compromise line. The +others were all south of it and, therefore, within a possible slave belt.</p> + +<p>This circumstance is not without significance; for it is the colonized, or +reservation, Indians<a name='fna_8' id='fna_8' href='#f_8'><small>[8]</small></a> exclusively that are to figure in these pages and, +since this story is a chapter in the struggle between the North and the +South, the proportion of southerners to northerners among the Indian +immigrants must, in the very nature of things, have weight. The relative +location of northern and southern tribes seems to have been determined +with a very careful regard to the restrictions of the Missouri Compromise +and the interdicted line of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes was +pretty nearly the boundary between them.<a name='fna_9' id='fna_9' href='#f_9'><small>[9]</small></a> That it was so by accident may +or may not be subject for conjecture. Fortunately for the disinterested +motives of politicians but most unfortunately for the defenceless Indians, +the Cherokee land obtruded itself just a little above the thirty-seventh +parallel and formed a “Cherokee Strip” eagerly coveted by Kansans in later +days. One objection, be it remembered, that had been offered to the +original plan of removal was that, unless the slaveholding southern +Indians were moved directly westward along parallel<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> lines of latitude, +northern rights under the Missouri Compromise would be encroached upon. +Yet slavery was not conscientiously excluded from Kansas in the days +antecedent to its organization as a territory. Within the Indian country, +and it was all Indian country then, slavery was allowed, at least on +sufferance, both north and south of the interdicted line. It was even +encouraged by many white men who made their homes or their living there, +by interlopers, licensed traders, and missionaries;<a name='fna_10' id='fna_10' href='#f_10'><small>[10]</small></a> but it flourished +as a legitimate institution only among the great tribes planted south of +the line. With them it had been a familiar institution long before the +time of their exile. In their native haunts they had had negro slaves as +had had the whites and removal had made no difference to them in that +particular. Since the beginning of the century refuge to fugitives and +confusion of ownership had been occasions for frequent quarrel between +them and the citizens of the Southern States. Later, when questions came +up touching the status of slavery on strictly federal soil, the Indian +country and the District of Columbia often found themselves listed +together.<a name='fna_11' id='fna_11' href='#f_11'><small>[11]</small></a> Moreover, after 1850, it became a matter of serious import +whether or no the Fugitive Slave Law was operative within the Indian +country; and, when influenced apparently by Jefferson Davis, +Attorney-general Cushing gave as his opinion that it was, new +controversies arose. Slaves belonging<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> to the Indians were often enticed +away by the abolitionists<a name='fna_12' id='fna_12' href='#f_12'><small>[12]</small></a> and still more often were seized by southern +men under pretense of their being fugitives.<a name='fna_13' id='fna_13' href='#f_13'><small>[13]</small></a> In cases of the latter +sort, the Indian owners had little or no redress in the federal courts of +law.<a name='fna_14' id='fna_14' href='#f_14'><small>[14]</small></a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>In point of fact, during all the years between the various dates of Indian +removal and the breaking out of the Civil War, the Indian country was +constantly beset by difficulties. Some of the difficulties were +incident to removal or to disturbances within the tribes but most of them +were incident to changes and to political complications in the white man’s +country. Scarcely had the removal project been fairly launched and the +first Indian emigrants started upon their journey westward than events +were in train for the overthrow of the whole scheme.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img01tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br /> +<a href="images/img01.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Map showing free Negro Settlements in the Creek country</span><br />[<i>From Office of Indian Affairs</i>]</p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>When Calhoun mapped out the Indian country in his elaborate report of +1825, the selection of the trans-Missouri region might well have been +regarded as judicious. Had the plan of general removal been adopted then, +before sectional interests had wholly vitiated it, the United States +government might have gained and, in a measure, would have richly deserved +the credit of doing at least one thing for the protection and preservation +of the aborigines from motives, not self-interested, but purely +humanitarian. The moment was opportune. The territory of the United States +was then limited by the confines of the Louisiana Purchase and its +settlements by the great American desert. Traders only had penetrated to +any considerable extent to the base of the Rockies; but experience already +gained might have taught that their presence was portentous and +significant of the need of haste; that is, if Calhoun’s selection were to +continue judicious; for traders, as has been amply proved in both British +and American history, have ever been but the advance agents of settlers.</p> + +<p>Unfortunately for the cause of pure philanthropy, the United States +government was exceedingly slow in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> adopting the plan of Indian removal; +but its citizens were by no means equally slow in developing the spirit of +territorial expansion. Their successful seizure of West Florida had fired +their ambition and their cupidity. With Texas annexed and lower Oregon +occupied, the selection of the trans-Missouri region had ceased to be +judicious. How could the Indians expect to be secure in a country that was +the natural highway to a magnificent country beyond, invitingly open to +settlement! But this very pertinent and patent fact the officials at +Washington singularly failed to realize and they went on calmly assuring +the Indians that they should never be disturbed again, that the federal +government would protect them in their rights and against all enemies, +that no white man should be allowed to intrude upon them, that they should +hold their lands undiminished forever, and that no state or territorial +lines should ever again circumscribe them. Such promises were decidedly +fatuous, dead letters long before the ink that recorded them had had time +to dry. The Mexican War followed the annexation of Texas and its conquests +necessitated a further use of the Indian highway. Soldiers that fought in +that war saw the Indian land and straightway coveted it. Forty-niners saw +it and coveted it also. Prospectors and adventurers of all sorts laid +plans for exploiting it. It entered as a determining factor into Benton’s +great scheme for building a national road that should connect the Atlantic +and Pacific shores and with the inception of that came a very sudden and a +very real danger; for the same great scheme precipitated, although in an +indirect sort of way, the agitation for the opening up of Kansas and +Nebraska to white settlement, which, of course, meant that the recent +Indian colonists, in spite of all the solemn<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> governmental guaranties that +had been given to them, would have to be ousted, for would not the +“sovereign” people of America demand it? Then, too, the Dred Scott +decision, the result of a dishonorable political collusion as it was,<a name='fna_15' id='fna_15' href='#f_15'><small>[15]</small></a> +militated indirectly against Indian interests. It is true that it was only +in its extra-legal aspect that it did this but it did it none the less; +for, if the authority of the federal government was not supreme in the +territories and not supreme in any part of the country not yet organized +into states, then the Indian landed property rights in the West that +rested exclusively upon federal grant, under the Removal Act of 1830, were +virtually nil. It is rather interesting to observe, in this connection, +how inconsistent human nature is when political expediency is the thing at +stake; for it happened that the same people and the same party, +identically, that, in the second and third decades of the nineteenth +century, had tried to convince the Indians, and against their better +judgment too, that the red man would be forever unmolested in the western +country because the federal government owned it absolutely and could give +a title in perpetuity, argued, in the fourth and fifth decades, that the +states were the sole proprietors, that they were, in fact, the joint +owners of everything heretofore considered as national. Inferentially, +therefore, Indians, like negroes, had no rights that white men were bound +to respect.</p> + +<p>The crucial point has now been reached in this discussion. From the date +of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, the sectional affiliation of the Indian +country became a thing of more than passing moment. Whatever may have been +John C. Calhoun’s ulterior and real motive<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> in urging that the +trans-Missouri region be closed to white settlement forever, whether he +did, as some of his abolitionist enemies have charged, plan thus to block +free-state expansion and so frustrate the natural operations of the +Missouri Compromise, certain it is, that southern politicians, after his +time, became the chief advocates of Indian territorial integrity, the ones +that pleaded most often and most noisily that guaranties to Indians be +faithfully respected. They had in mind the northern part of the Indian +country and that alone; but, no doubt, the circumstance was purely +accidental, since at that time, the early fifties, the northern<a name='fna_16' id='fna_16' href='#f_16'><small>[16]</small></a> was +the only part likely to be encroached upon.<a name='fna_17' id='fna_17' href='#f_17'><small>[17]</small></a> Their interest in the +southern part took an entirely different direction<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> and that also may have +been accidental or occasioned by conditions quite local and present. For +this southern part, by the way, they recommended American citizenship and +the creation of American states<a name='fna_18' id='fna_18' href='#f_18'><small>[18]</small></a> in the Union,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> also a territorial +organization immediately that should look towards that end. Such advice +came as early as 1853, at least, and was more natural than would at first +glance appear; for the southern tribes were huge in population, in land, +and in resources. They were civilized, had governments and laws modelled +upon the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> American, and more than all else, they were southern in origin, +in characteristics, and in institutions.</p> + +<p>The project for organizing<a name='fna_19' id='fna_19' href='#f_19'><small>[19]</small></a> the territories of Kansas and Nebraska +caused much excitement, as well it might,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> among the Indian immigrants, +even though the Wyandots, in 1852, had, in a measure, anticipated it by +initiating a somewhat similar movement in their own restricted +locality.<a name='fna_20' id='fna_20' href='#f_20'><small>[20]</small></a> Most of the tribes comprehended to the full the ominous +import of territorial organization; for, obviously, it could not be +undertaken except at a sacrifice of Indian guaranties. At the moment some +of the tribes, notably the Choctaw and Chickasaw,<a name='fna_21' id='fna_21' href='#f_21'><small>[21]</small></a> were having domestic +troubles that threatened a neighborhood war and the new fear of the white +man’s further aggrandizement threw them into despair. The southern +Indians, generally, were much more exercised and much more alarmed than +were the northern.<a name='fna_22' id='fna_22' href='#f_22'><small>[22]</small></a> Being more highly civilized, they were better able +to comprehend the drift of events. Experience had made them unduly +sagacious where their territorial and treaty rights were concerned, and +well they knew that, although the Douglas measure did not in itself +directly affect them or their country, it might easily become the +forerunner of one that would.</p> + +<p>The border strife, following upon the passage of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> Kansas-Nebraska +Bill, disturbed in no slight degree the Indians on the Kansas +reservations, which, by-the-by, had been very greatly reduced in area by +the Manypenny treaties of 1853-1854. Some of the reserves lay right in the +heart of the contested territory, free-state men intrenching themselves +among the Delawares and pro-slavery men among the Shawnees,<a name='fna_23' id='fna_23' href='#f_23'><small>[23]</small></a> the former +north and the latter south of the Kansas River. But even remoteness of +situation constituted no safeguard against encroachment. All along the +Missouri line the squatters took possession. The distant Cherokee Neutral +Lands<a name='fna_24' id='fna_24' href='#f_24'><small>[24]</small></a> and the Osage and New York Indian reservations<a name='fna_25' id='fna_25' href='#f_25'><small>[25]</small></a> were all +invaded.<a name='fna_26' id='fna_26' href='#f_26'><small>[26]</small></a> The Territorial Act had expressly excluded Indian land from +local governmental control; but the Kansas authorities of both parties +utterly ignored, in their administration of affairs, this provision. The +first districting of the territory for election purposes comprehended, for +instance, the Indian lands, yet little criticism has ever been passed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> +upon that grossly illegal act. Needless to say, the controversy between +slavocracy and freedom obscured and obliterated, in those years, all other +considerations.</p> + +<p>As the year 1860 approached, appearances assumed an even more serious +aspect. Kansas settlers and would-be settlers demanded that the Indians, +so recently the only legal occupants of the territory, vacate it +altogether. So soon had the policy of granting them peace and undisturbed +repose on diminished reserves proved futile. The only place for the Indian +to go, were he indeed to be driven out of Kansas, was present Oklahoma; +but his going there would, perforce, mean an invasion of the property +rights of the southern tribes, a matter of great moment to them but +seemingly of no moment whatsoever to the white man. Some of the Kansas +Indians saw in removal southward a temporary refuge—they surely could not +have supposed it would be other than temporary—and were glad to go, +making their arrangements accordingly.<a name='fna_27' id='fna_27' href='#f_27'><small>[27]</small></a> Some, however, had to be +cajoled into promising to go and some had to be forced. A few held out +determinedly against all thought of going. Among the especially obstinate +ones were the Osages,<a name='fna_28' id='fna_28' href='#f_28'><small>[28]</small></a> natives of the soil. The Buchanan<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> government +failed utterly to convince them of the wisdom of going and was, thereupon, +charged by the free-state Kansans with bad faith, with not being sincere +and sufficiently persistent in its endeavors to treat, its secret purpose +being to keep the free-state line as far north as possible. The breaking +out of the Civil War prevented the immediate removal of any of the tribes +but did not put a stop to negotiations looking towards that end.</p> + +<p>All this time there was another influence within the Indian country, north +and south, that boded good or ill as the case might be. This influence +emanated from the religious denominations represented on the various +reserves. Nowhere in the United States, perhaps, was the rivalry among +churches that had divided along sectional lines in the forties and fifties +stronger than within the Indian country. There the churches contended with +each other at close range. The Indian country was free and open to all +faiths, while, in the states, the different churches kept strictly to +their own sections, the southern contingent of each denomination staying +close to the institution it supported. Of course the United States +government, through its civilization fund, was in a position to show very +pointedly its sectional predilections. It will probably never be known, +because so difficult of determination, just how much the churches aided or +retarded the spread of slavery.<a name='fna_29' id='fna_29' href='#f_29'><small>[29]</small></a></p> + +<p>Among the tribes of Kansas, denominational strength was distributed as +follows: The Kickapoos<a name='fna_30' id='fna_30' href='#f_30'><small>[30]</small></a> and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> Wyandots<a name='fna_31' id='fna_31' href='#f_31'><small>[31]</small></a> were Methodists; but, while +the former were a unit in their adherence to the Methodist Episcopal +Church South, the latter were divided and among them the older church +continued strong. The American Baptist Missionary Union had a school on +the Delaware reservation and, previous to 1855, had had one also on the +Shawnee, which the political uproar in Kansas had obliged to close its +doors. These same Northern Baptists were established also among the +Ottawas, as the Moravians were among the Munsees and the Roman +Catholics<a name='fna_32' id='fna_32' href='#f_32'><small>[32]</small></a> among the Osages and the Potawatomies. The Southern Baptists +were likewise to be found among the Potawatomies<a name='fna_33' id='fna_33' href='#f_33'><small>[33]</small></a> and the Southern +Methodists among the Shawnees. The Shawnee Manual Labor School, under the +Southern Methodists, was, however, only very grudgingly patronized by the +Indians. Its situation near the Missouri border was partly accountable for +this as it was for the selection of the school as the meeting-place of the +pro-slavery legislature in 1855. The management of the institution was +from time to time severely criticized and the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>superintendent, the +Reverend Thomas Johnson, an intense pro-slavery agitator,<a name='fna_34' id='fna_34' href='#f_34'><small>[34]</small></a> was strongly +suspected of malfeasance,<a name='fna_35' id='fna_35' href='#f_35'><small>[35]</small></a> of enriching himself, forsooth, at the +expense of the Indians. The school found a formidable rival, from this and +many another cause, in a Quaker establishment, which likewise existed on +the Shawnee Reserve but independently of either tribal or governmental +aid.</p> + +<p>If church influences and church quarrels were discernible among the +northern tribes, they were certainly very much more so among the southern. +The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (Congregational) +that had labored so zealously for the Cherokees, when they were east of +the Mississippi, extended its interest to them undiminished in the west; +and, in the period just before the Civil War,<a name='fna_36' id='fna_36' href='#f_36'><small>[36]</small></a> was the strongest +religious force in their country. There it had no less than four mission +stations<a name='fna_37' id='fna_37' href='#f_37'><small>[37]</small></a> and a flourishing school in connection with each. The same +organization was similarly influential among the Choctaws<a name='fna_38' id='fna_38' href='#f_38'><small>[38]</small></a> or, in the +light of what eventually happened, it might better be said its +missionaries were. Both Southern and Northern Baptists and Southern +Methodists likewise were to be found among the Cherokees;<a name='fna_39' id='fna_39' href='#f_39'><small>[39]</small></a> +Presbyterians<a name='fna_40' id='fna_40' href='#f_40'><small>[40]</small></a> and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> Southern Methodists among the Chickasaws and +Choctaws; and Presbyterians only among the Creeks and Seminoles. In every +Indian nation south, except the Creek and Seminole,<a name='fna_41' id='fna_41' href='#f_41'><small>[41]</small></a> the work of +denominational schools was supplemented, or maybe neutralized, by that of +public and neighborhood schools.</p> + +<p>True to the traditions and to the practices of the old Puritans and of the +Plymouth church, the missionaries of the American Board,<a name='fna_42' id='fna_42' href='#f_42'><small>[42]</small></a> so strongly +installed among the Choctaws and the Cherokees, took an active interest in +passing political affairs, particularly in connection with the slavery +agitation. On that question, they early divided themselves into two camps; +those among the Choctaws, led by the Reverend Cyrus Kingsbury,<a name='fna_43' id='fna_43' href='#f_43'><small>[43]</small></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> +supporting slavery; and those among the Cherokees, led by the Reverend S. +A. Worcester,<a name='fna_44' id='fna_44' href='#f_44'><small>[44]</small></a> opposing it. The actions of the former led to a +controversy with the American Board and, in 1855, the malcontents, or +pro-slavery sympathizers, expressed a desire to separate themselves and +their charges from its patronage.<a name='fna_45' id='fna_45' href='#f_45'><small>[45]</small></a> When, eventually, this separation +did occur, 1859-1860, the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions (Old +School) stepped into the breach.<a name='fna_46' id='fna_46' href='#f_46'><small>[46]</small></a></p> + +<p>The rebellious conduct of the Congregational missionaries met with the +undisguised approval of the Choctaw agent, Douglas H. Cooper,<a name='fna_47' id='fna_47' href='#f_47'><small>[47]</small></a> formerly +of Mississippi. It was he who had already voiced a nervous apprehension, +as exhibited in the following document,<a name='fna_48' id='fna_48' href='#f_48'><small>[48]</small></a> that the Indian country was in +grave danger of being abolitionized:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="huge">☞</span> If things go on as they are now doing, in 5 years +slavery will be abolished in the whole of your superintendency.</p> + +<p>(<i>Private</i>) I am convinced that something must be done speedily to +arrest the systematic efforts of the Missionaries to abolitionize the +Indian Country.</p> + +<p>Otherwise we shall have a great run-away harbor, a sort of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> +Canada—with “underground rail-roads” leading to & through +it—adjoining Arkansas and Texas.</p> + +<p>It is of no use to look to the General Government—its arm is +paralized by the abolition strength of the North.</p> + +<p>I see no way except secretly to induce the Choctaws & Cherokees & +Creeks to allow slave-holders to settle among their people & control +the movement now going on to abolish slavery among them.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">C—</span></p></div> + +<p>Cooper sent this note, in 1854, as a private memorandum to the southern +superintendent, who at the time was Charles W. Dean. In 1859, it was +possible for him to write to Dean’s successor, Elias Rector, in a very +different tone. The missionaries had then taken the stand he himself +advocated and there was reason for congratulation. Under such +circumstances, Cooper wrote,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I cannot close this report without calling your attention to the +admirable tone and feeling pervading the reports of superintendents of +schools and missionaries among the Choctaws, and particularly to that +of the Rev. Ebenezer Hotchkin, one of the oldest missionaries among +the Choctaws, who, in referring to past political disturbances, says: +“We have looked upon our rulers as the ‘powers that be, are ordained +of God,’ and have respected them for this reason. ‘Whomsoever, +therefore, resisteth the power resisteth the ordinance of God’ +(Romans, xiii, 2). This has been our rule of action during the +political excitement. We believe that the Bible is the best guide for +us to follow. Our best citizens are those most influenced by Bible +truth.”</p> + +<p>I rejoice to believe the above sentiments are entertained by most, if +not all, the missionaries now among the Choctaws and Chickasaws, and +that they entirely repudiate the higher-law doctrine<a name='fna_49' id='fna_49' href='#f_49'><small>[49]</small></a> of northern +and religious fanatics. It is but lately, as I learn, that the Choctaw +mission, for many years under the control of the American Board of +Commissioners for Foreign Missions (whose headquarters are at Boston) +has been cut off, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span>because they preferred to follow the teachings of +the Bible, as understood by them, rather than obey the dogmas +contained in Dr. Treat’s letter and the edicts of the parent board.</p> + +<p>It is a matter of congratulation among the friends of the old Choctaw +missionaries, who have labored for thirty years among them, and intend +to die with armor on, that all connection with the Boston board has +been dissolved. If it had been done years ago, when their freedom of +conscience and of missionary action was attempted to be controlled by +the parent board, much of suspicion, of ill-feeling, and diminished +usefulness, which attached to the Choctaw missionaries in consequence +of their connection with and sustenance by a board avowedly and openly +hostile to southern institutions, would have been prevented.<a name='fna_50' id='fna_50' href='#f_50'><small>[50]</small></a></p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44 & 45]</a></span>In the next year, 1860, Cooper was still sanguine as to affairs among the +Indians of his agency and he could report to Rector, unhesitatingly, as +if confident of official endorsement both at Forth Smith and at +Washington,<a name='fna_51' id='fna_51' href='#f_51'><small>[51]</small></a></p> + +<p class="blockquot">Great excitement has prevailed along the Texas border, in consequence +of the incendiary course pursued in that State by horse thieves and +religious fanatics; but I am glad to say, as yet, so far as I am +informed, no necessity has existed in this agency for the organization +of “vigilance committees” ... No doubt we have among us <i>free-soilers</i>; +perhaps abolitionists in sentiment; but, so far as I am informed, +persons from the North, residing among the Choctaws and Chickasaws, +who entertain opinions unfriendly to our system of domestic slavery, +keep their opinions to themselves and attend to their legitimate +business.<a name='fna_52' id='fna_52' href='#f_52'><small>[52]</small></a></p> + +<p>George Butler, the United States agent for the Cherokees, seems to have +been, no less than Cooper, an adherent of the State Rights Party and an +upholder of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> institution of slavery. In 1859, he ascribed the very +great material progress of the Cherokees to the fact that they were +slaveholders.<a name='fna_53' id='fna_53' href='#f_53'><small>[53]</small></a> Slavery, in Butler’s opinion, had operated as an +incentive to all industrial pursuits. To an extent this may have been +true, since all Indians, no matter how high their type, have an aversion +for work. As Professor Shaler once said, they are the truest aristocrats +the world has ever known. But the slaveholders among the great tribes of +the South were, for the most part, the half-breeds, the cleverest and +often, much as we may regret to have to admit it, the most unscrupulous +men of the community.</p> + +<p>Butler’s commission as Indian agent expired in March, 1860, and he was not +reappointed, Robert J. Cowart of Georgia<a name='fna_54' id='fna_54' href='#f_54'><small>[54]</small></a> being preferred. This man, +illiterate and unprincipled, immediately set to work to perform a task to +which his predecessor had proved unequal. The task was the removal of +white intruders from the Cherokee country. For some time past, the +southern superintendent and the agents under him, to say nothing of +Commissioner Greenwood and Secretary Thompson, the one a citizen of +Arkansas and the other of Mississippi, had resented most bitterly the +invasion of the Cherokee Neutral Lands by Kansas free-soilers and the +division of it into counties by the unlawfully assumed authority of the +Kansas legislature. The resentment was thoroughly justifiable; for the +whole proceeding of the legislature was contrary to the express enactment +of Congress; but no doubt, enthusiasm for the strict enforcement of the +federal law came largely from political predilections, precisely as the +Kansan’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> outrageous defiance of it came from a deep-rooted distrust of +the Buchanan administration.</p> + +<p>There were, however, other intruders that Cowart and Rector and Greenwood +designed to remove and they wanted to remove them on the ground that they +were making mischief within the tribe and interfering with its +institutions, or, more specifically, with slavery. The intruders meant +were principally the missionaries against whom Greenwood had even the +audacity to lay the charge of inciting to murder. Newspapers of bordering +slave states were full of criticism,<a name='fna_55' id='fna_55' href='#f_55'><small>[55]</small></a> just before the war, of these +same men and, notably, of the Reverend Evan<a name='fna_56' id='fna_56' href='#f_56'><small>[56]</small></a> and John Jones, the +reputed ringleaders.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> The official excuse for removing them is rather +interesting because it is so similar to that given, some thirty years +earlier, in connection with the removal from Georgia. Ulterior motives can +so easily be hidden under cold official phrase.</p> + +<p>That the cause of slavery within the Cherokee country was in jeopardy in +the spring and summer of 1860 can not well be denied. To the men of the +time the evidence was easily obtainable. Almost as if by magic, a “search +organization” started up among the full-bloods, an organization profoundly +secret in its membership and in its purposes, but believed to be for no +other object than the overthrow of the “peculiar institution.” Its +existence was promptly reported to the United States government and, as +was to be expected, the missionaries were held responsible for both its +inception and its continuance. It was then that Greenwood made<a name='fna_57' id='fna_57' href='#f_57'><small>[57]</small></a> his +most serious charge against these men and prepared, under color of law, to +have them removed. Later, in this same year of 1860, Quantrill, the +Hagerstown, Maryland man of Pennsylvania Dutch origin, who afterwards +became such a notorious frontier guerrilla in the interests of the +Confederate cause, leagued himself with some abolitionists for the sake +of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> making an expedition to the Cherokee country and rescuing negroes, +there held in bondage.<a name='fna_58' id='fna_58' href='#f_58'><small>[58]</small></a> The timely distrust of Quantrill, however, +caused the enterprise to be abandoned even before its preliminaries had +been thoroughly well arranged; yet, had the rescue been carried to +completion, it would not have been entirely without precedent<a name='fna_59' id='fna_59' href='#f_59'><small>[59]</small></a> and its +very contrivance indicated an uncertainty and a precariousness of +situation south of the Kansas line.</p> + +<p>Ever since their compulsory removal from Georgia under circumstances truly +tragic, the Cherokees had been much given to factional strife. This was +largely in consequence of the underhand means taken by the state and +federal authorities to accomplish removal. The Cherokees had, under the +necessities of the situation, divided themselves into the Ross, or +Anti-removal Party, and the Ridge, or Treaty Party.<a name='fna_60' id='fna_60' href='#f_60'><small>[60]</small></a> Removal took place +in spite of the steady opposition of the Rossites and the Cherokees went +west, piloted by the United States army. Once in the west a new division +arose in their ranks; for, as newcomers, they came into jealous contact +with members of their tribe who had emigrated many years previously and +who came to figure, in subsequent Cherokee history, as the Old Settlers’ +Party.<a name='fna_61' id='fna_61' href='#f_61'><small>[61]</small></a> In 1846, the United States government attempted to assume the +role of mediator in a settlement of Cherokee tribal differences but +without much success.<a name='fna_62' id='fna_62' href='#f_62'><small>[62]</small></a> The old wrongs were unredressed, so the old +divisions remained<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> and formed nuclei for new disintegrating issues. Thus, +in 1857, there were no less than three factions created in consequence of +a project for selling the Cherokee Neutral Lands<a name='fna_63' id='fna_63' href='#f_63'><small>[63]</small></a>. Each faction had its +own opinion how best to dispose of the proceeds, should a sale take place. +In 1860, there were two factions, the selling and the non-selling<a name='fna_64' id='fna_64' href='#f_64'><small>[64]</small></a>. +This tendency of the Cherokees perpetually to quarrel among themselves and +to bear long-standing grudges against each other is most important; +inasmuch as that marked peculiarity of internal politics very largely +determined the unique position of the tribe with reference to the Civil +War.</p> + +<p>The other great tribes had also occasions for quarrel in these same +critical years. The disgraceful circumstances of their removal had widened +the gulf, once simply geographical, between the Upper and the Lower +Creeks. They were now almost two distinct political entities, in each of +which there were a principal and a second chief. In 1833, provision had +been made for the accommodation of the Seminoles within a certain definite +part of the Creek country<a name='fna_65' id='fna_65' href='#f_65'><small>[65]</small></a>—just such an arrangement, forsooth, as +worked so ill when applied to the Choctaws and Chickasaws; but it took +several years for the Seminoles to be suited. At length, when their +numbers had been considerably augmented by the coming of the new +immigrants from Florida, they took up<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> their position, for good and all, +in the southwestern corner of the Creek Reserve, a politically distinct +community. By that time, the Creeks seem to have repented of their +generosity,<a name='fna_66' id='fna_66' href='#f_66'><small>[66]</small></a> so, perhaps, it was well that the United States government +had not yielded to their importunity and consented to a like settlement of +the southern Comanches.<a name='fna_67' id='fna_67' href='#f_67'><small>[67]</small></a> It had taken the Chickasaws a long time to +reconstruct their government after the political separation from the +Choctaws; but now they had a constitution,<a name='fna_68' id='fna_68' href='#f_68'><small>[68]</small></a> all their own, a +legislature, and a governor. The Choctaws had attempted a constitution, +likewise, first the Scullyville, then the Doaksville, set up by a minority +party; but they had retained some semblance of the old order of things in +the persons of their chiefs.<a name='fna_69' id='fna_69' href='#f_69'><small>[69]</small></a></p> + +<p>There were other Indians within the southern division of the Indian +country that were to have their part in the Civil War and in events +leading up to it or resulting from it. In the extreme northeastern corner, +were the Quapaws, the Senecas, and the confederated Senecas and Shawnees, +all members, with the Osages and the New York Indians of Kansas, of the +Neosho River Agency which was under the care of Andrew J. Dorn. In the far +western part, at the base of the Wichita Mountains, were the Indians of +the Leased District,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> Wichitas, Tonkawas,<a name='fna_70' id='fna_70' href='#f_70'><small>[70]</small></a> Euchees, and others, +collectively called the “Reserve Indians.” Most of them had been brought +from Texas,<a name='fna_71' id='fna_71' href='#f_71'><small>[71]</small></a> because of Texan intolerance of their presence, and placed +within the Leased District, a tract of land west of the ninety-eighth +meridian, which, under the treaty of 1855, the United States had rented +from the Choctaws and Chickasaws. It was a part of the old Chickasaw +District of the Choctaw Nation. Outside of the Wichita Reserve and still +wandering at large over the plains were the hostile Kiowas and Comanches, +against whom and the inoffensive Reserve Indians, the Texans nourished a +bitter, undying hatred. They charged them with crimes that were never +committed and with some crimes that white men, disguised as Indians, had +committed. They were also suspected of manufacturing evidence that would +incriminate the red men and of plotting, in regularly-organized meetings, +their overthrow.<a name='fna_72' id='fna_72' href='#f_72'><small>[72]</small></a></p> + +<p>Although the plan for colonizing some of the Texas Indians had been +completed in 1855, the Indian Office found it impossible to execute it +until the summer of 1859. This was principally because the War Department +could not be induced to make the necessary military arrangements.<a name='fna_73' id='fna_73' href='#f_73'><small>[73]</small></a> In +point of fact, the southern <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>Indian country was, at the time, practically +without a force of United States troops, quite regardless of the promise +that had been made to all the tribes upon the occasion of their removal +that they should <i>always be protected</i> in their new quarters and, +inferentially, by the regular army. Even Fort Gibson had been virtually +abandoned as a military post on the plea that its site was unhealthful; +and all of Superintendent Rector’s recommendations that Frozen Rock, on +the south side of the Arkansas a few miles away, be substituted<a name='fna_74' id='fna_74' href='#f_74'><small>[74]</small></a> had +been ignored, not so much by the Interior Department, as by the War. +Secretary Thompson thought that enough troops should be at his disposal to +enable him to carry out the United States Indian policy, but Secretary +Floyd demurred. He was rather disposed to dismantle such forts as there +were and to withdraw all troops from the Indian frontier,<a name='fna_75' id='fna_75' href='#f_75'><small>[75]</small></a> a course of +action that would leave it exposed, so the dissenting Thompson +prognosticated, to “the most unhappy results.”<a name='fna_76' id='fna_76' href='#f_76'><small>[76]</small></a></p> + +<p>It happened thus that, when the United States surveyors started in 1858 to +establish the line of the ninety-eighth meridian west longitude and to run +other boundary lines under the treaty of 1855,<a name='fna_77' id='fna_77' href='#f_77'><small>[77]</small></a> they found the country +entirely unpatrolled. Troops had been ordered from Texas to protect the +surveyors; but, pending their arrival, Agent Cooper, who had gone out to +witness the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> determination of the initial point on the line between his +agency and the Leased District, himself took post at Fort Arbuckle and +called upon the Indians for patrol and garrison duty.<a name='fna_78' id='fna_78' href='#f_78'><small>[78]</small></a> It would seem +that Secretary Thompson had verbally authorized<a name='fna_79' id='fna_79' href='#f_79'><small>[79]</small></a> Cooper to make this +use of the Indians; but they proved in the sequel very inefficient as +garrison troops. On the thirtieth of June, Lieutenant Powell, commanding +Company E, First United States Infantry, arrived at Fort Arbuckle from +Texas and relieved Cooper of his self-imposed task. The day following, +Cooper set out upon a sixteen day scout of the Washita country, taking +with him his Indian volunteers, Chickasaws<a name='fna_80' id='fna_80' href='#f_80'><small>[80]</small></a> and a few Cherokees;<a name='fna_81' id='fna_81' href='#f_81'><small>[81]</small></a> +and for this act of using Indian after the arrival of white troops, he was +severely criticized by the department. One thing he accomplished: he +selected a site for the prospective Wichita Agency with the recommendation +that it be also made the site<a name='fna_82' id='fna_82' href='#f_82'><small>[82]</small></a> of the much-needed military post on the +Leased District. The site had originally been occupied by a Kechie village +and was admirably well adapted for the double purpose Cooper intended. It +lay near the center of the Leased<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> District and near the sources of Cache +and Beaver Creeks. It was also, so reported Cooper, “not very distant from +the Washita, & Canadian” (and commanded) “the Mountain passes through the +Wichita Mountains to the Antelope Hills—to the North branch of Red River +and also the road on the South side of the Wichita Mountains up Red +River.”</p> + +<p>The colonization of the Wichitas and other Indians took place in the +summer of 1859 under the excitement of new disputes with Texas, largely +growing out of an unwarranted and brutal attack<a name='fna_83' id='fna_83' href='#f_83'><small>[83]</small></a> by white men upon +Indians of the Brazos Agency. That event following so closely upon the +heels of Van Dorn’s<a name='fna_84' id='fna_84' href='#f_84'><small>[84]</small></a> equally brutal attack upon a defenceless Comanche +camp brought matters to a crisis and the government was forced to be +expeditious where it had previously been dilatory. The Comanches had come +in, under a flag of truce, to confer in a friendly way with the Wichitas. +Van Dorn, ignorant of their purpose but supposing it hostile, made a +forced march, surprised them, and mercilessly took summary vengeance for +all the Comanches had been charged with, whether justly or unjustly, for +some time past. After it was all over, the Comanches, with about sixty of +their number slain, accused the Wichitas of having betrayed them. +Frightened, yet innocent, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> Wichitas begged that there be no further +delay in their removal, so the order was given and arrangements made. +Unfortunately, by the time everything was ready, the season was pretty far +advanced and the Indians reached their new home to find it too late to put +in crops for that year’s harvest. Subsistence rations had, therefore, to +be doled out to them, the occasion affording, as always, a rare +opportunity for graft. Instead of calling for bids, as was customary, +Superintendent Rector entered into a private contract<a name='fna_85' id='fna_85' href='#f_85'><small>[85]</small></a> with a friend +and relative of his own, the consequence being that the government was +charged an exorbitant price for the rations. Soon other troubles<a name='fna_86' id='fna_86' href='#f_86'><small>[86]</small></a> came. +The Leased District proved to be already occupied by some northern Indian +refugees<a name='fna_87' id='fna_87' href='#f_87'><small>[87]</small></a> and became, as time went on, a handy <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>rendezvous for free +negroes; but, as soon as Matthew Leeper<a name='fna_88' id='fna_88' href='#f_88'><small>[88]</small></a> of Texas became agent, the +stay of such was extremely short.<a name='fna_89' id='fna_89' href='#f_89'><small>[89]</small></a></p> + +<p>Such were the conditions obtaining among the Indians west of Missouri and +Arkansas in the years immediately antedating the American Civil War; and, +from such conditions, it may readily be inferred that the Indians were +anything but satisfied with the treatment that had been and was being +accorded them. They owed no great debt of gratitude to anybody. They were +restless and unhappy among themselves. Their old way of living had been +completely disorganized. They had nothing to go upon, so far as their +relations with the white men were concerned, to make them hopeful of +anything better in the future, rather the reverse. Indeed at the very +opening of the year 1860, a year so full of distress to them because of +the great drouth<a name='fna_90' id='fna_90' href='#f_90'><small>[90]</small></a> that ravaged <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma, the +worst that had been known in thirty years, there came occasion for a new +distrust. Proposals were made to the Creeks,<a name='fna_91' id='fna_91' href='#f_91'><small>[91]</small></a> to the Choctaws,<a name='fna_92' id='fna_92' href='#f_92'><small>[92]</small></a> and +to the Chickasaws to allot their lands in severalty, notwithstanding the +fact that one of the inducements offered by President Jackson to get them +originally to remove had been, that they should be permitted to hold their +land, as they had always held it, in common, forever. The Creeks now +replied to the proposals of the Indian Office that they had had experience +with individual reservations in their old eastern homes and had good +reason to be prejudiced against them. The Indians, one and all, met the +proposals with a downright refusal but they did not forget that they had +been made, particularly when there came additional cause for apprehension.</p> + +<p>The cause for apprehension came with the presidential campaign of 1860 and +from a passage in Seward’s Chicago speech,<a name='fna_93' id='fna_93' href='#f_93'><small>[93]</small></a> “The National Idea; Its +Perils and Triumphs,” expressive of opinions, false to the national trust +but favorable to expansion in the direction of the Indian territory, most +inopportune, to say the least, and foolish. Seward probably spoke in the +enthusiasm of a heated moment; for the obnoxious sentiment, “The Indian +territory, also, south of Kansas, must be vacated by the Indians,” was +very different in its tenor from equally strong expressions in his great +Senate speech<a name='fna_94' id='fna_94' href='#f_94'><small>[94]</small></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> on the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, February 17, 1854. It soon +proved, however, easy of quotation by the secessionists in their arguments +with the Indians, it being offered by them as incontestable proof that the +designs of the incoming administration were, in the highest degree, +inimical to Indian treaty rights. At the time of its utterance, the +Indians were intensely excited. The poor things had had so many and such +bitter experiences with the bad faith of the white people that it took +very little to arouse their suspicion. They had been told to contract +their domain or to move on so often that they had become quite +super-sensitive on the subject of land cessions and removals. Seward’s +speech was but another instance of idle words proving exceedingly fateful.</p> + +<p>Two facts thus far omitted from the general survey and reserved for +special emphasis may now be remarked upon. They will show conclusively +that there were personal and economic reasons why the Indians, some of +them at least, were drawn irresistibly towards the South. The patronage of +the Indian Office has always been more or less of a local thing. +Communities adjoining Indian reservations usually consider, and with just +cause because of long-established practice, that all positions in the +field service, as for example, agencies and traderships, are the +perquisites, so to speak, of the locality. It was certainly true before +the war that Texas and Arkansas had some such understanding as to Indian +Territory, for only southerners held office there and, from among the +southerners, Texans and Arkansans received the preference always. It +happened too that the higher officials in Washington were almost +invariably southern men.</p> + +<p>The granting of licenses to traders rested with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> superintendent and +everything goes to show that, in the fifties and sixties, applications for +license were scrutinized very closely by the southern superintendents with +a view to letting no objectionable person, from the standpoint of southern +rights, get into the territory. The Holy See itself could never have been +more vigilant in protecting colonial domains against the introduction of +heresy. The same vigilance was exercised in the hiring of agency +employees, blacksmiths, wheelwrights, and the like. Having full +discretionary power in the premises, the superintendents could easily +interpret the law to suit themselves. They could also evade it in their +own interests and frequently did so. One notorious case<a name='fna_95' id='fna_95' href='#f_95'><small>[95]</small></a> of this sort +came up in connection with Superintendent Drew, who gave permits to his +friends to “peddle” in the Indian country without requiring of them the +necessary preliminary of a bond. Traders once in the country had +tremendous influence with the Indians, especially with those of a certain +class whom ordinarily the missionaries could not reach. Then, as before +and since, Indian traders were not men of the highest moral character by +any means. Too often, on the contrary, they were of degraded character, +thoroughly unscrupulous, proverbial for their defiance of the law, general +illiteracy, and corrupt business practices. It stands to reason that such +men, if they had themselves been selected with an eye single to the cause +of a particular section and knew that solicitude in its interests would +mean great latitude to themselves and favorable reports of themselves to +the department at Washington, would spare no efforts and hesitate at no +means to make it their first concern, provided, of course, that it did not +interfere with their own monetary schemes.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>To cap the climax, the last and greatest circumstance to be noted, if only +because of the great weight it carried with the Indians when it was +brought into the argument by the secessionists, is that practically all of +the Indian money held in trust for the individual tribes by the United +States government was invested in southern stocks;<a name='fna_96' id='fna_96' href='#f_96'><small>[96]</small></a> in Florida 7’s, in +Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, South Carolina, Missouri, +Virginia, and Tennessee 6’s, in North Carolina and Tennessee 5’s, and the +like. To tell the truth, only the merest minimum of it was secured by +northern bonds. The southerners asserted for the Indians’ benefit, that +all these securities would be forfeited<a name='fna_97' id='fna_97' href='#f_97'><small>[97]</small></a> by the war. Sufficient<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> is the +fact, that the position of the Indians<a name='fna_98' id='fna_98' href='#f_98'><small>[98]</small></a> was unquestionably difficult. +With so much to draw them southward, our only wonder is, that so many of +them stayed with the North.</p> + + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a>II. INDIAN TERRITORY IN ITS RELATIONS WITH TEXAS AND ARKANSAS</h2> + + +<p>For the participation of the southern Indians in the American Civil War, +the states of Texas and Arkansas were more than measurably responsible. +Indian Territory, or that part of the Indian country that was historically +known as such, lay between them. Its southern frontage was along the Red +River; and that stream, flowing with only slight sinuosity downward to its +junction with the Mississippi, gave to Indian Territory a long diagonal, +controlled, as far as situation went, entirely by Texas. Texas lay on the +other side of the river and she lay also on almost the whole western +border of Indian Territory.<a name='fna_99' id='fna_99' href='#f_99'><small>[99]</small></a> She was, consequently, in possession of a +rare opportunity, geographically, for exercising influence, should need +for such ever arise. Running parallel with the Red River and northward +about one hundred miles, was the Canadian. Between the two rivers were +three huge Indian reservations, the most western was the Leased District +of the Wichitas and allied bands, the middle one was the Chickasaw, and +the eastern, the Choctaw.<a name='fna_100' id='fna_100' href='#f_100'><small>[100]</small></a> The Indian occupants of these three +reservations were, therefore, and sometimes to their sorrow, be it said, +the very next door neighbors<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> of the Texans. The Choctaws were, likewise, +the next door neighbors of the Arkansans who joined them on the east; but +the relations between Arkansans and Choctaws seem not to have been so +close or so constant during the period before the war as were the +relations between the Choctaws and the Texans on the one hand and the +Cherokees and the Arkansans on the other.</p> + +<p>The Cherokees dwelt, like the Choctaws, over against Arkansas but north of +the Canadian River and in close proximity to Fort Smith, the headquarters +of the Southern Superintendency.<a name='fna_101' id='fna_101' href='#f_101'><small>[101]</small></a> Their territory was not so compactly +placed as was the territory of the other tribes; and, in its various +parts, it passes, necessarily, under various designations. There was the +“Cherokee Outlet,” a narrow tract south of Kansas that had no definite +western limit. It was supposed to be a passage way to the hunting grounds +of the great plains beyond. Then there was the “Cherokee Strip,” the +Kansas extension of the outlet, and for most of its extent originally and +legally a part of it. The territorial organization of Kansas had made the +two distinct. Finally, as respects the more insignificant portions of the +Cherokee domain, there were the “Cherokee Neutral Lands,” already +sufficiently well commented upon. They were insignificant, not in point of +acreage but of tribal authority operating within them. They lay in the +southeastern corner of Kansas and constituted, against their will and +against the law, her southeastern counties. They were separated, to their +own discomfiture and disadvantage, from the Cherokee Nation proper by the +reservation of the Quapaws, of the Senecas, and of the confederated +Senecas and Shawnees. This Cherokee Nation lay, as has already been +indicated, over against Arkansas and north of the northeastern section of +the Choctaw country. The Arkansas River formed part of the boundary +between the two tribal domains. So much then for the location of the +really great tribes, but where were the lesser?</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img02.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Colonel Downing, Cherokee</span><br />[<i>From Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology</i>]</p> + +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>The Quapaws, the Senecas, and the confederated Senecas and Shawnees, the +most insignificant of the lesser, occupied the extreme northeastern corner +of Indian Territory and, therefore, bordered upon the southwestern corner +of Missouri. The Creeks lived between the Arkansas River, inclusive of its +Red Fork, and the Canadian River, having the Cherokees to the east and +north of them, the Choctaws and Chickasaws to the south, and the Seminoles +to the southwest, between the Canadian and its North Fork. The Indians of +the Leased District have already been located.</p> + +<p>In the years preceding the Civil War, the interest of Texas and of +Arkansas in Indian Territory manifested itself, not in a covetous desire +to dispossess the Indians of their lands, as was, unfortunately for +national honor, the case in Kansas, but in an effort to keep the actual +country true to the South, settled by slaveholders, Indian or white, as +occasion required or opportunity offered. When sectional affairs became +really tense after the formation of the Republican Party, they redoubled +their energies in that direction, working always through the rich, +influential, and intelligent half-breeds, some of whom had property +interests and family connections in the states operating upon them.<a name='fna_102' id='fna_102' href='#f_102'><small>[102]</small></a> +The half-breeds were essentially a planter class, institutionally more<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> +truly so than were the inhabitants of the border slave states. It is +therefore not surprising that, during the excitement following Abraham +Lincoln’s nomination and election, identically the same political agencies +worked among them as among their white neighbors and events in Indian +Territory kept perfect pace with events in adjoining states.</p> + +<p>The first of these that showed strong sectional tendencies came in +January, 1861, when the Chickasaws, quite on their own initiative +apparently, met in a called session of their legislature to consider how +best the great tribes might conduct themselves with reference to the +serious political situation then shaping itself in the United States. +There is some evidence that the Knights of the Golden Circle had been +active among the Indians as they had been in Arkansas<a name='fna_103' id='fna_103' href='#f_103'><small>[103]</small></a> during the +course of the late presidential campaign. At all events, the red men knew +full well of passing occurrences among their neighbors and they certainly +knew how matters were progressing in Texas. There the State Rights Party +was asserting itself in no doubtful terms. For the time being, however, +the Chickasaws contented themselves with simply passing an act,<a name='fna_104' id='fna_104' href='#f_104'><small>[104]</small></a> +January 5, suggesting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69 & 70]</a></span> an inter-tribal conference and arranging for the +executive appointment of a Chickasaw delegation to it. The authorities of +the other tribes were duly notified<a name='fna_105' id='fna_105' href='#f_105'><small>[105]</small></a> and to the Creek was given the +privilege of naming time and place.</p> + +<p>The Inter-tribal Council assembled at the Creek<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> Agency,<a name='fna_106' id='fna_106' href='#f_106'><small>[106]</small></a> February 17, +but comparatively few delegates were in attendance. William P. Ross, a +graduate<a name='fna_107' id='fna_107' href='#f_107'><small>[107]</small></a> of Princeton and a nephew of John Ross, the principal chief +of the Cherokees, went as the head of the Cherokee delegation. It was he +who reported the scanty attendance,<a name='fna_108' id='fna_108' href='#f_108'><small>[108]</small></a> saying that there were no +Chickasaws present, no Choctaws, but only Creeks, Seminoles, and +Cherokees. Why it happened so can not now be exactly determined but to it +may undoubtedly be ascribed the outcome; for the council did nothing that +was not perfectly compatible with existing friendly relations between the +great tribes and the United States government. John Ross, in instructing +his delegates, had strictly enjoined caution and discretion<a name='fna_109' id='fna_109' href='#f_109'><small>[109]</small></a>. William +P. Ross and his associates seem to have managed to secure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> the observance +of both. Perchance it was Chief Ross’s<a name='fna_110' id='fna_110' href='#f_110'><small>[110]</small></a> known aversion to an +interference in matters that did not concern the Indians, except very +indirectly, and the consciousness that his influence in the council would +be immense, probably all-powerful, that caused the Chickasaws to draw back +from a thing they had themselves so ill-advisedly planned. It is, however, +just possible that, between the time of issuing the call and of assembling +the council, they crossed on their own responsibility the boundary of +indecision and resolved, as most certainly had the Choctaws, that their +sympathies and their interests were with the South. It might well be +supposed that in this perilous hour their thoughts would have travelled +back some thirty years and they would have remembered what havoc the same +state-rights doctrine, now presented so earnestly for their acceptance, +although it scarcely fitted their case, had then wrought in their +concerns. Strangely enough none of the tribes seems to have charged the +gross injustice of the thirties exclusively to the account of the South. +On the contrary, they one and all charged it against the federal +government, against the states as a whole, and so, rightly or wrongly, the +nation had to pay for the inconsistency of Jackson’s procedure, a +procedure that could so illogically recognize the supremacy of federal law +in one matter and the supremacy of state law in another matter that was +precisely its parallel.</p> + +<p>The decision of the Choctaws had found expression in a series of +resolutions under date of February 7. They are worthy of being quoted +entire.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>February 7, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Resolutions</span> <i>expressing the feelings and sentiments of the General +Council of the Choctaw Nation in reference to the political +disagreement existing between the Northern and Southern States of the +American Union.</i></p> + +<p><i>Resolved by the General Council of the Choctaw Nation assembled</i>, +That we view with deep regret and great solicitude the present unhappy +political disagreement between the Northern and Southern States of the +American Union, tending to a permanent dissolution of the Union and +the disturbance of the various important relations existing with that +Government by treaty stipulations and international laws, and +portending much injury to the Choctaw government and people.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved further</i>, That we must express the earnest desire and ready +hope entertained by the entire Choctaw people, that any and all +political disturbances agitating and dividing the people of the +various States may be honorably and speedily adjusted; and the example +and blessing, and fostering care of their General Government, and the +many and friendly social ties existing with their people, continue for +the enlightenment in moral and good government and prosperity in the +material concerns of life to our whole population.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved further</i>, That in the event a permanent dissolution of the +American Union takes place, our many relations with the General +Government must cease, and we shall be left to follow the natural +affections, education, institutions, and interests of our people, +which indissolubly bind us in every way to the destiny of our +neighbors and brethren of the Southern States upon whom we are +confident we can rely for the preservation of our rights of life, +liberty, and property, and the continuance of many acts of friendship, +general counsel, and material support.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved further</i>, That we desire to assure our immediate neighbors, +the people of Arkansas and Texas, of our determination to observe the +amicable relations in every way so long existing between us, and the +firm reliance we have, amid any disturbance with other States, the +rights and feelings so sacred to us will remain respected by them and +be protected from the encroachments of others.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved further</i>, That his excellency the principal chief be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> +requested to inclose, with an appropriate communication from himself, +a copy of these resolutions to the governors of the Southern States, +with the request that they be laid before the State convention of each +State, as many as have assembled at the date of their reception, and +that in such as have not they be published in the newspapers of the +State.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That these resolutions take effect and be in force from +and after their passage.</p> + +<p>Approved February 7, 1861.<a name='fna_111' id='fna_111' href='#f_111'><small>[111]</small></a></p></div> + +<p>These resolutions of the Choctaw Council are in the highest degree +interesting in the matter both of their substance and of their time of +issue. The information is not forthcoming as to how the Choctaws received +the invitation of the Chickasaw legislature to attend an inter-tribal +council; but, later on, in April, 1861, the Choctaw delegation in +Washington, made up of P. P. Pitchlynn, Samuel Garland, Israel Folsom, and +Peter Folsom, assured the Commissioner of Indian Affairs that the Choctaw +Nation intended to remain neutral,<a name='fna_112' id='fna_112' href='#f_112'><small>[112]</small></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> which assurance was interpreted +to mean simply that the Choctaws would be inactive spectators of events, +expressing no opinion, in word or deed, one way or the other. The +Chickasaw delegation gave the same assurance and at about the same time +and place. Now what is to be concluded? Is it to be supposed that the Act +of January 5, 1861 in no wise reflected the sentiments of a tribe as a +whole and similarly the Resolutions of February 7, 1861, or that the +tribal delegations were, in April, utterly ignorant of the real attitude +of their respective constituents? The answer is to be found in the +following most interesting and instructive letter, written by S. Orlando +Lee to Commissioner Dole from Huntingdon, Long Island, March 15, +1862:<a name='fna_113' id='fna_113' href='#f_113'><small>[113]</small></a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Thinking you and the government would like to hear something about the +state of affairs among the Choctaws last summer and the influences +which induced them to take their present position I will write you +what I know. I was a missionary teacher at Spencer Academy for two +years and refer you to Hon. Walter Lowrie Gen. Sec. of the Pres. Board +of Foreign Missions for information as to my character &c. I left +Spencer June 13th & the nation June 24th but have heard directly from +there twice since, the last time as late as Sept 6th. So that I can +speak of occurrences as late as that.</p> + +<p>After South Carolina passed her secession ordinance in Dec. 1860 there +was a public attempt to excite the Choctaws and Chickasaws as a +beginning hoping to bring in the other tribes afterwards. Many of the +larger slaveholders (who are nearly all half breeds) had been gained +before and Capt. R. M. Jones was the leader of the secessionists. The +country was full of lies about the intentions of the new +administration. The border papers in Arkansas & Texas republished from +the New York & St. Louis papers a part of a sentence from Hon. W. H. +Seward’s speech at Chicago during the election campaign of 1860 to +this effect “And Indian Territory south of Kansas must be vacated by +the Indian” (These words do occur in the report of Mr. Seward’s +Chicago<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> speech as published in New York Evening Post Weekly for I +read it myself). This produced intense excitement of course and to add +to the effect the Secessionist Journals charged that another prominent +republican had proposed to drive the indians out of Indian Ter. in a +speech in congress. “This” they were told “is the policy of the new +administration. The abolitionists want your lands—we will protect +you. Your only safety is to join the South.” Again they were told +“that the South must succeed in gaining their independence and the +money of the indians being invested in the stocks of Southern states +the stocks would be cancelled & the indians would lose their money +unless they joined the south, if they did that the stocks would be +reissued to the Confederate States for them.” Their special +commissioners Peter Folsom &c., who came to Washington to get the half +million of dollars for claims, reported that they got along very well +until they were asked if they had slaves after that they said they +could do nothing. Sampson Folsom said however that he thought they +would have succeeded had it not been for the attack on Sumpter—He +said President Lincoln then told them “He would not give them a dollar +until the close of the war.” An interesting fact in relation to these +commissioners is that they came to Washington by way of <i>Montgomery</i> & +were when they reached Washington probably all, except Judge Garland, +secessionists. Thus all influences were in favor of the rebels—Where +could the indians go for light—The former indian agent Cooper was a +Col. in the rebel service. The oldest missionary who has undoubtedly +more influence with the Choctaws than any other white man is an ardent +secessionist believing firmly both in the right & in the final success +of the rebel cause—He (Dr. Kingsbury) prays as earnestly & fervently +for the success of the rebels as any one among us does for the success +of the Union cause. The son of another, Mr. Hodgkin, is a captain in +the rebel service—another Mr. Stark actively assisted in organizing a +company acted as sec. of secessionist meetings &c. Even Mr. Reid +superintendant of Spencer was confident the rebels could never be +subdued and thought when the treaty should be made they ought in +justice to have Ind. Territory. Again when Fort Smith was evacuated +the rebel forces were on the way up the Ark. river to attack it & the +garrison evacuated it in the night which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> looked to the Indians (if +not to the white men) as if the northerners were afraid. The same was +true of Fort Washitaw where our forces left in the night and were +actually pursued for several days by the Texans. Thus matters stood +when Col. Pitchlynn the resident Com. of the Choctaws at Washington +returned home. He gave all his influence to have the Choctaws take a +neutral position. The chief had called the council to meet June 1st. & +Col. P. so far succeeded as to induce him to prepare a message +recommending neutrality. Col. P. was promptly reported as an +<i>abolitionist</i> and <i>visited</i> & <i>threatened</i> by a Texas Vigilance +committee.</p> + +<p>The Council met at Doaksville seven miles from Red River & of course +from Texas. It was largely attended by white men from Texas our +Choctaw neighbors who attended said the place was full of white men.</p> + +<p>The Council did not organize until June 4th or 5th (I forget which). +In the meanwhile the white men & half bloods had a secession meeting +when it leaked out through Col. Cooper that the Chief Hudson had +prepared a message recommending neutrality at which Robert M. Jones +was so indignant that he made a furious speech in which he declared +that “any one who opposed secession ought to be hung” “and any +suspicious persons ought to be hung.” Hudson was frightened and when +the Council was organized sent in a message recommending that +commissioners be appointed to negotiate a treaty with the Confederates +and that in the meantime a regiment be organized under Col. Cooper for +the Confed. army.</p> + +<p>This was finally done but not for a week for the Choctaws were +reluctant. They feared that their action would result in the +destruction of the nation. Said Joseph P. Folsom, a member of the +council & a graduate of Dartmouth College New Hampshire, “We are +choosing in what way we shall die.” Judge Wade said to me, “We expect +that the Choctaws will be buried. That is what we think will be the +end of this.” Judge W. is a member of the Senate (for the Choctaw +Council is composed of a Senate & lower house chosen by the people in +districts & the constitution is modeled very much after those of the +states.) & he has been a chief. Others said to me “If the north was +here so we could be protected we would stand up for the north but now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> +if we do not go in for the south the Texans will come over here and +kill us.” Mr. Reid told me a day or two before we left that he had +become convinced during a trip for two or three days through the +country that the <i>full bloods</i> were strongly for the north. I am sure +it <i>was so then</i> & it was the opinion of the missionaries that if we +had all taken the position, that we would not leave, some of us had +been warned to do so by Texan vigilance committees, we could have +raised a thousand men who would have armed in our defence—Our older +brethren told us that this would hasten the destruction of the indians +as they would be crushed before any help could come.—We thought this +would probably be the case and the missionaries who were most strongly +union in sentiment left.</p> + +<p>One of the number Rev. John Edwards had been hiding for his life from +Texan & half blood ruffians for two weeks & we at Spencer had had the +<i>honor</i> to be visited by a Texas committee searching for arms.</p> + +<p>I continue my narrative from a letter from one of our teachers who was +detained when we left by the illness of his wife & who left Spencer +Sept. 5th & the Nation Sept. 9th. He says Col. Coopers regiment was +filled up with Texans “The half breeds after involving the full bloods +in the war have rather drawn back themselves and but few of them have +enlisted & gone to the war.” This indicates that the full bloods have +at last yielded to the pressure and joined the rebels. The +missionaries who remained would generally advise them to do this.</p> + +<p>The Choctaw commissioners met Albert Pike rebel commissioner & made a +treaty with him, with reference to this he says “The Choctaws rec’d +quite a bundle of promises from the rebel government. Their treaty +gives their representative a seat in the rebel congress, acknowledges +the right of the Choctaws to give testimony in all courts in the C. +S., exempts them from the expences of the war, their soldiers are to +be paid 20$ a month by the C. S. during the war, the C. S. assume the +debts due the Choctaws by the U. S., they have the privilege of coming +in as a state into the Confederacy with equal rights if they wish it, +or remain as they are, the C. S. to sustain their schools <i>after the +war</i>, they guarantee them against all intrusion on their lands by +white men, allow them to garrison the forts in their territory<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> with +their own troops if they wish it said troops to be paid by the C. +S.”—Here is a list of promises and when I think of these, of the +belief of their oldest missionaries in the final success of the +rebels, of the fact that all the old Officers of the U. S. government +were in the service of the rebels, of the occupation of the forts +there by rebels, of the activity of a knot of bitter disunionists led +by Capt. Jones, who has long been a very influential man, of the Texas +mob law which considered it a crime for a young man to refuse to +volunteer, of the fact that there was no way for them to hear the +truth as to the designs of the U. S. government concerning them, +except through Col. Pitchlyn who was soon silenced & of the falsehoods +told them as to the designs of the Government, I do not wonder that +they have joined the rebels.</p> + +<p>I saw strong men completely unmanned even to floods of tears by the +leaving of Dr. Hobbs and the thoughts of what was before them. I heard +men say they did not want to fight but expected to be forced to do it.</p> + +<p>I trust the government will consider the circumstances of the case & +deal gently, considerately with the indians. I do not like to write +such things of my brother missionaries but they are I believe facts & +though I love some of them very much I still must say that, except +Rev. Mr. Byington who was doubtful & Rev. Mr. Balantine a missionary +to the Chickasaws who was union, all the ordained missionaries +belonging to the Choctaw & Chickasaw Mission of the Presbyterian Board +who remain there were victims of the madness which swept over the +South, were secessionists—One or two of the three Laymen who remained +were union men—Cyrus Kingsbury son of Rev. Dr. K. being one....</p></div> + +<p>The failure of the United States government to give the Indians, in +season, the necessary assurance that they would be protected, no matter +what might happen, can not be too severely criticized. It indicated a very +short-sighted policy and was due either to a tendency to ignore the +Indians as people of no importance or to a lack of harmony and coöperation +among the departments at Washington. Such an assurance of continued +protection<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> was not even framed until the second week in May and then the +Indian country was already threatened by the secessionists. Moreover, it +was framed and intended to be given by one department, the Interior, and +its fulfilment left to another, the War. It went out from the Indian +Office in the form of a circular letter,<a name='fna_114' id='fna_114' href='#f_114'><small>[114]</small></a> addressed by Commissioner +William P. Dole to the chief executive<a name='fna_115' id='fna_115' href='#f_115'><small>[115]</small></a> in each of the five great +tribes. It assured the Indians that President Lincoln had no intention of +interfering with their domestic institutions or of allowing government +agents or employees to interfere and that the War Department had been +appealed to to furnish all needed defense according to treaty guaranties. +The new southern superintendent, William G. Coffin of Indiana, was made +the bearer of the missive; but, unfortunately, quite a little time +elapsed<a name='fna_116' id='fna_116' href='#f_116'><small>[116]</small></a> before the military situation<a name='fna_117' id='fna_117' href='#f_117'><small>[117]</small></a> in the West would allow +him to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>assume his full duties or to reach his official headquarters,<a name='fna_118' id='fna_118' href='#f_118'><small>[118]</small></a> +and, in the interval, he was detailed for other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> work. The Indians, +meanwhile, were left to their own devices and were obliged to look out for +their own defense as best they could.</p> + +<p>To all appearances neither the legislative action of the Chickasaws and of +the Choctaws nor the work of the inter-tribal council was, at the time of +occurrence, reported officially to the United States government or, if +reported officially, then not pointedly so as to reveal its real bearings +upon the case in hand. All the agents within Indian Territory were as +usual southern men;<a name='fna_119' id='fna_119' href='#f_119'><small>[119]</small></a> but may not have been directly responsible or +even cognizant of this particular action of their charges. The records +show that practically all of them, Cooper, Garrett, Cowart, Leeper, and +Dorn, were absent<a name='fna_120' id='fna_120' href='#f_120'><small>[120]</small></a> from their posts, with or without leave, the first +part of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> new year and that every one of them became or was already an +active secessionist.<a name='fna_121' id='fna_121' href='#f_121'><small>[121]</small></a></p> + +<p>It has been authenticated and is well understood today that, as the +Southern States, one by one, declared themselves out of the Union or were +getting themselves into line for so doing, they prepared to further the +cause of secession among their neighbors and, for the purpose, sent agents +or commissioners to them, who organized the movement very much as the +Committees of Correspondence did a similar movement prior to the American +Revolution. In short, in the spring of 1861, the seceding states entered +upon active proselytism and at least two of them extended their labors to +and among the Indians. Those two were Texas and Arkansas. Missouri also +worked with the same end in view, so did Colorado, but apparently not so +much with the great tribes of Oklahoma as with the politically less +important of Kansas. Colorado, it is true, did operate to some extent upon +the Cherokees of the Outlet and upon the Wichitas, but mostly upon the +Indians of the western plains. No one can deny that, in the interests of +the Confederate cause, the project of sending emissaries even to the +Indians was a wise measure or refuse to admit that the contrasting +inactivity and positive indifference of the North was foolhardy in the +extreme. It indicated a self-complacency for which there was no +justification. More than that can with truth be said; for, from the +standpoint of political wisdom and foresight, the inactivity where the +Indians were concerned was conduct most reprehensible.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p> + +<p>While Chickasaws and Choctaws, unsolicited,<a name='fna_122' id='fna_122' href='#f_122'><small>[122]</small></a> were expressing +themselves, the secessionist sentiment was <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>developing rapidly in Texas. +By the middle of February, conditions were such that steps might be taken +to order<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86 & 87]</a></span> the evacuation of the state by Federal troops. This was finally +done under authority of the Committee of Public Safety<a name='fna_123' id='fna_123' href='#f_123'><small>[123]</small></a> and the +general in command, D. E. Twiggs of Georgia, compliantly yielded. His +small show of resistance seemed, under the circumstances, a mere pretense, +although he had his reasons, and good ones too, perfectly satisfactory to +himself, for doing what he did. Two main conditions were attached to the +agreement of surrender;<a name='fna_124' id='fna_124' href='#f_124'><small>[124]</small></a> one, exacted by General Twiggs, to the effect +that his men be allowed to retain their arms, commissary stores, camp and +garrison equipage, and the means of transportation; the other, exacted by +the Texan commissioners, that the troops depart by way of the coast and +not overland, as the United States War Department had designed when, a +short time before, it had ordered a similar removal.<a name='fna_125' id='fna_125' href='#f_125'><small>[125]</small></a> The precaution +of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> forcing a coastwise journey<a name='fna_126' id='fna_126' href='#f_126'><small>[126]</small></a> was taken by the Texan commissioners +to consume time and to prevent the troops being retained in states or +territories through which transit lay for possible future use against +Texas. The easy compliance of General Twiggs<a name='fna_127' id='fna_127' href='#f_127'><small>[127]</small></a> undoubtedly merits some +censure and yet was perfectly well justified to his own conscience by the +exigencies of the situation and by the fact that he had repeatedly asked +for orders as to what he should do in the event of an emergency and had +received none. The circumstance of his surrender and the resulting triumph +of the secessionist element could not fail to have its effect upon the +watchful Indians to whom the exhibition of present power was everything.</p> + +<p>That the Texan secessionists fully appreciated the strategic position of +the Indian nations and the absolute necessity of making some sort of terms +with them was brought out by the action of the convention at its first +session. An ordinance was passed “to secure the friendship and +co-operation of the Choctaw, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole +Nations of Indians;” and three men, James E. Harrison, James Bourland, and +Charles A. Hamilton, were appointed as commissioners<a name='fna_128' id='fna_128' href='#f_128'><small>[128]</small></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> “to proceed to +said nations and invite their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> prompt co-operation in the formation of a +Southern Confederacy.”<a name='fna_129' id='fna_129' href='#f_129'><small>[129]</small></a></p> + +<p>Now before following these men in the execution of their mission, it may +be advisable, for breadth of view, to illustrate how Texas still further +made Indian relations an issue most prominent in all the earlier stages of +her secession movement; but at the very outset it must be admitted that, +in so doing, she differentiated carefully between the civilized and the +uncivilized tribes. With the one group she was ready to seek an alliance, +offensive and defensive, but with the other to wage a relentless, +exterminating war. The failure of the United States central government to +protect her against the aggressions and the atrocities so-called of the +wild tribes was cited by her as one principal justification for withdrawal +from the Union,<a name='fna_130' id='fna_130' href='#f_130'><small>[130]</small></a> her obvious purpose being to gain thereby the +adherence of the northern counties, non-slaveholding but frontier. Almost +conversely, on the other hand, Governor Houston gave as one good and +sufficient reason for not withdrawing from the Union, the fear that should +the Union be dissolved the wild tribes, who were now, in a measure, +restrained from committing depredations and enormities by the very nature +of their treaty guaranties, would be literally let loose upon Texas.<a name='fna_131' id='fna_131' href='#f_131'><small>[131]</small></a> +As far as the civilized tribes were concerned, however, all were of one +mind and that took the form of the conviction that so great was the +necessity of gaining and holding the confidence of the Indians, that Texas +must not procrastinate in joining<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> her fortunes with those of her sister +states in the Confederacy.<a name='fna_132' id='fna_132' href='#f_132'><small>[132]</small></a></p> + +<p>James E. Harrison and his colleagues started out upon the performance of +the duties assigned them, February 27, 1861. Their report<a name='fna_133' id='fna_133' href='#f_133'><small>[133]</small></a> of +operations and of observations being somewhat difficult of access and its +contents not easily summarized, is herewith appended. Its fullness of +detail is especially to be commended.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We ... crossed Red River and entered the Chickasaw Nation about thirty +miles southwest of Fort Washita; visited and held a private conference +with His Excellency Governor C. Harris and other distinguished men of +that nation, who fully appreciated our views and the object of our +mission. They informed us that a convention of the Chickasaws and +Choctaws was in a few days to convene at Boggy Depot, in the Choctaw +Nation, to attend to some municipal arrangements. We, in company with +Governor Harris and others, made our way to Boggy Depot, conferring +privately with the principal men on our route. We arrived at Boggy +Depot on the 10th day of March. Their convention or council convened +on the 11th. Elected a president of the convention (Ex-Governor +Walker, of the Choctaw Nation); adopted rules of decorum. On the 12th +we were waited on by a committee of the convention. Introduced as +commissioners from Texas, we presented our credentials and were +invited to seats. The convention then asked to hear us, when Mr. James +E. Harrison addressed them and a crowded auditory upon the subject of +our mission, setting forth the grounds of our complaint against the +Government of the United States, the wrongs we had suffered until our +patience had become exhausted, endurance had ceased to be a virtue, +our duty to ourselves and children demanded of us a disruption of the +Government that had ceased to protect us or to regard our rights; +announced the severance of the old and the organization of a new +Government of Confederate Sovereign States of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> South, with a +common kindred, common hopes, common interest, and a common destiny; +discussed the power of the new Government, its influence, and wealth; +the interest the civilized red man had in this new organization; +tendering them our warmest sympathy and regard, all of which met the +cordial approbation of the convention.</p> + +<p>The Choctaws and Chickasaws are entirely Southern and are determined +to adhere to the fortunes of the South. They were embarrassed in their +action by the absence of their agents and commissioners at Washington, +the seat of Government of the Northern Confederacy, seeking a final +settlement with that Government. They have passed resolutions +authorizing the raising of a minute company in each county in the two +nations, to be drilled for actual service when necessary. Their +convention was highly respectable in numbers and intelligence, and the +business of the convention was dispatched with such admirable decorum +and promptness as is rarely met with in similar deliberative bodies +within the States.</p> + +<p>On the morning of the 13th, hearing that the Creeks (or Maskokys) and +Cherokees were in council at the Creek agency, on the Arkansas River, +140 miles distant, we immediately set out for that point, hoping to +reach them before their adjournment. In this we were disappointed. +They had adjourned two days before our arrival. We reached that point +on Saturday evening. On Sunday morning, hearing that there was a +religious meeting five miles north of the Arkansas River, in the Creek +Nation, Mr. James E. Harrison attended, which proved to be of the +utmost importance to our mission. The Reverend Mr. H. S. Buckner was +present, with Chilly McIntosh, D. N. McIntosh, Judge Marshall, and +others, examining a translation of a portion of the Scriptures, hymn +book, and Greek grammar by Mr. Buckner into the Creek language. Mr. +Buckner showed us great kindness, and did us eminent service, as did +also Elder Vandiven, at whose house we spent the night and portion of +the next day with these gentlemen of the Creek Nation, and through +them succeeded in having a convention of the five nations called by +Governor Motey Kinnaird, of the Creeks, to meet at North Fork (Creek +Nation) on the 8th of April.</p> + +<p>In the intermediate time we visited the Cherokee Nation, calling on +their principal men and citizens, conversing with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> them freely until +we reached Tahlequah, the seat of government. Near this place Mr. John +Ross resides, the Governor of the nation. We called on him officially. +We were not unexpected, and were received with courtesy, but not with +cordiality. A long conference was had with him, conducted by Mr. +Harrison on the part of the commissioners, without, we fear, any good +result. He was very diplomatic and cautious. His position is the same +as that held by Mr. Lincoln in his inaugural; declares the Union not +dissolved; ignores the Southern Government. The intelligence of the +nation is not with him. Four-fifths, at least, are against his views, +as we learned from observation and good authorities. He, as we +learned, had been urged by his people to call a council of the nation +(he having the only constitutional authority to do so), to take into +consideration the embarrassed condition of political affairs in the +States, and to give some expression of their sentiments and +sympathies. This he has persistently refused to do. His position in +this is that of Sam. Houston in Texas, and in all probability will +share the same fate, if not a worse one. His people are already +oppressed by a Northern population letting a portion of territory +purchased by them from the United States, to the exclusion of natives, +and we are creditably informed that the Governors of some two or more +of the Western free-soil States have recommended their people +emigrating to settle the Cherokee country. It is due Mr. John Ross, in +this connection, to say that during our conference with him he +frequently avowed his sympathy for the South, and that, if Virginia +and the other Border States seceded from the Government of the United +States, his people would declare for the Southern Government that +might be formed. The fact is not to be denied or disguised that among +the common Indians of the Cherokees there exists a considerable +abolition influence, created and sustained by one Jones, a Northern +missionary of education and ability, who has been among them for many +years, and who is said to exert no small influence with John Ross +himself.</p> + +<p>From Tahlequah we returned to the Creek Nation, and had great +satisfaction in visiting their principal men—the McIntoshes, +Stidhams, Smiths, Vanns, Rosses, Marshalls, and others too numerous to +mention. Heavy falls of rain occurred about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> the time the convention +was to meet at North Fork, which prevented the Chickasaws and Choctaws +from attending the council, the rivers and creeks being all full and +impassable. The Creeks, Cherokees, Seminoles, Quapa, and Socks (the +three latter dependencies of the Creeks) met on the 8th of April. +After they had organized by calling Motey Kinnaird, the Governor of +the Creeks, to the chair, a committee was appointed to wait on the +commissioners present, James E. Harrison and Capt. C. A. Hamilton, and +invite them to appear in the convention, when, by invitation, Mr. +Harrison addressed the convention in a speech of two hours. Our views +were cordially received by the convention. The Creeks are Southern and +sound to a man, and when desired will show their devotion to our cause +by acts. They meet in council on the 1st of May, when they will +probably send delegates to Montgomery to arrange with the Southern +Government.</p> + +<p>These nations are in a rapid state of improvement. The chase is no +longer resorted to as means of subsistence, only as an occasional +recreation. They are pursuing with good success agriculture and stock +raising. Their houses are well built and comfortable, some of them +costly. Their farms are well planned and some of them extensive and +all well cultivated. They are well supplied with schools of learning, +extensively patronized. They have many churches and a large membership +of moral, pious deportment. They feel themselves to be in an exposed, +embarrassed condition. They are occupying a country well suited to +them, well watered, and fertile, with extensive fields of the very +best mineral coal, fine salt springs and wells, with plenty of good +timber, water powers which they are using to an advantage. Pure slate, +granite, sandstone, blue limestone, and marble are found in abundance. +All this they regard as inviting Northern aggression, and they are +without arms, to any extent, or munitions of war. They declare +themselves Southerners by geographical position, by a common interest, +by their social system, and by blood, for they are rapidly becoming a +nation of whites. They have written constitutions, laws, etc., modeled +after those of the Southern States. We recommend them to the fostering +care of the South, and that treaty arrangements be entered into with +them as soon as possible. They can<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> raise 20,000 good fighting men, +leaving enough at home to attend to domestic affairs, and under the +direction of an officer from the Southern Government would deal +destruction to an approaching army from that direction, and in the +language of one of their principal men:</p> + +<p>“Lincoln may haul his big guns about our prairies in the daytime, but +we will swoop down upon him at night from our mountains and forests, +dealing death and destruction to his army.”</p> + +<p>No delay should be permitted in this direction. They cannot declare +themselves until they are placed in a defensible position. The +Administration of the North is concentrating his forces at Fort +Washita, about twenty-four miles from the Texas line, and within the +limits of the Chickasaw Nation. This fort could easily be taken by a +force of 200 or 300 good men, and it is submitted as to whether in the +present state of affairs a foreign government should be permitted to +accumulate a large force on the borders of our country, especially a +portion containing a large number of disaffected citizens who +repudiate the action of the State.</p> + +<p>In this connection it may not be improper to state that from North +Fork to Red River we met over 120 wagons, movers from Texas to Kansas +and other free States. These people are from Grayton, Collin, Johnson, +and Denton, a country beautiful in appearance, rich in soil, genial in +climate, and inferior to none in its capacity for the production of +the cereals and stock. In disguise, we conversed with them freely. +They had proposed by the ballot box to abolitionize at least that +portion of the State. Failing in this, we suppose at least 500 voters +have returned whence they came.</p> + +<p>All of which is respectfully submitted this April 23, 1861....</p></div> + +<p>Presumably, the suggestions, contained in the closing paragraphs of the +commissioners’ report, in so far as they concerned Texas, were immediately +acted upon by her. It was very true, as the commissioners had reported, +that a change was taking place in the disposition of Federal troops within +the Indian country.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> About the middle of February, a complaint<a name='fna_134' id='fna_134' href='#f_134'><small>[134]</small></a> had +been filed at the Indian Office by the Wichita agent, Matthew Leeper, to +the effect that men, claiming to be Choctaws and Chickasaws, were +trespassing upon the Leased District. The Reserve Indians asked for relief +and protection at the hands of their guardian, the United States +government. Shortly afterwards, perhaps in a measure in response to the +appeal or more likely, to a hint that everything was not quite as it +should be on the Texan border, Colonel William H. Emory, First United +States Cavalry, was ordered, March 13,<a name='fna_135' id='fna_135' href='#f_135'><small>[135]</small></a> to take post at Fort Cobb. He +was then in Washington and, immediately upon his departure thence, was +ordered, March 18,<a name='fna_136' id='fna_136' href='#f_136'><small>[136]</small></a> to form his regiment at Fort Washita instead, word +having come from the commander at that post,<a name='fna_137' id='fna_137' href='#f_137'><small>[137]</small></a> in a report of the third +instant, of a threatened attack by Texans. In explanation of a policy so +vacillating, Emory was given to understand that the change of destination +was really made at the solicitation of the agent and delegation of the +Chickasaws. Those men were in Washington, out of reach of and apparently +out of sympathy with, the events transpiring at home. Agent Cooper, +secessionist though he was, probably did not altogether approve of the +interference of the Texans. At any rate, he shared the representations of +the Chickasaw delegation that Fort Washita stood in need of +reënforcement,<a name='fna_138' id='fna_138' href='#f_138'><small>[138]</small></a> and the War Department acceded to their request on the +ground that, “The interests of the United States are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> paramount to those +of the friendly Indians on the reservation near Fort Cobb.”<a name='fna_139' id='fna_139' href='#f_139'><small>[139]</small></a></p> + +<p>Emory’s orders further comprehended a concentration of all the troops at +Fort Washita that were then at that place and at Forts Cobb and +Arbuckle;<a name='fna_140' id='fna_140' href='#f_140'><small>[140]</small></a> but the orders were discretionary in their nature and +permitted his leaving a small force at the more northern posts should +circumstances warrant or demand it. On the nineteenth, General Scott had +had a conference with Senator Charles B. Mitchell of Arkansas and, in +deference to Mitchell’s opinion, still further modified his orders to +Emory so that, while leaving him the bulk of his discretionary power, he +recommended that, if advisable, Emory retain one company at Fort +Cobb.<a name='fna_141' id='fna_141' href='#f_141'><small>[141]</small></a> In any event, one company of infantry was to move in advance +from Fort Arbuckle to Fort Washita.<a name='fna_142' id='fna_142' href='#f_142'><small>[142]</small></a></p> + +<p>Up to the twenty-fourth of March, at which time he left Memphis, Colonel +Emory made pretty good time in his attempt to reach his destination; but +from Memphis on his movements were unavoidably and considerably hampered. +Low water in the Arkansas detained him for several days so that he deemed +it prudent to send his orders on ahead to the commanding officer at Fort +Arbuckle “to commence the movement upon Fort Washita, and, in the event of +the latter place being threatened, to march to its support with his whole +force.”<a name='fna_143' id='fna_143' href='#f_143'><small>[143]</small></a> On reaching Fort Smith, Emory found that matters had come to +a crisis in Arkansas and, touching<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> the disposition of his force and the +objects of his mission, allowed himself to be unduly influenced in his +judgment by men of local predilections.<a name='fna_144' id='fna_144' href='#f_144'><small>[144]</small></a> It was upon their advice and +upon the urgent pleadings of Matthew Leeper,<a name='fna_145' id='fna_145' href='#f_145'><small>[145]</small></a> Indian agent on the +Leased District, that he exercised his discretionary power as to the +disposal of troops, without listening to his military subordinates<a name='fna_146' id='fna_146' href='#f_146'><small>[146]</small></a> or +having viewed the locality for himself. In the interests of these local +petitioners,<a name='fna_147' id='fna_147' href='#f_147'><small>[147]</small></a> he even enlarged upon Mitchell’s recommendation and +concluded to leave two companies at Fort Cobb as one was deemed altogether +inadequate to the protection of so isolated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> a post. It never seems to +have occurred to him that the attack would have to come from the south, +from the direction of Fort Washita, and that a force large enough to be +efficient at either Fort Washita or Fort Arbuckle would necessarily +protect Fort Cobb and the Indians of the Leased District.</p> + +<p>The position of the Indians in the Leased District was serious in the +extreme. They lived in mortal terror of the Texans and their agent, the +man placed over them by the United States government, was now an avowed +secessionist. He was a Texan and declared, as so many another southerner +did from General Lee down, that honor and loyalty compelled him to go with +his state. In February, he had been in Washington City, settling his +accounts with the government and estimating for the next two quarters in +accordance with the rulings and established usage of the Indian Office. On +his way west and back to his agency, he was waylaid by a man of the name +of “Burrow,” very probably Colonel N. B. Burrow, acting under authority +from the state of Arkansas, who despoiled him of part of his travelling +equipment and then suffered him to go on his way.<a name='fna_148' id='fna_148' href='#f_148'><small>[148]</small></a> Leeper reached his +agency to find the Indians greatly excited. He endeavored to allay their +fears, assuring them that the Texans would do them no harm. Soon, however, +came his own defection and he thenceforward made use of every means, +either to make the way easy for the Texans or to induce the Indians to +side with them against the United States.</p> + +<p>While Emory was dilly-dallying at Fort Smith, the Texans made their +preparations<a name='fna_149' id='fna_149' href='#f_149'><small>[149]</small></a> for invading the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>Indian country and a regiment of +volunteers under William C. Young, once a planter of Braganza County and +now state regimental colonel, moved towards the Red River. There is +something to show that they came at the veiled invitation<a name='fna_150' id='fna_150' href='#f_150'><small>[150]</small></a> of the +Indians. At any rate they seem to have felt pretty sure of a welcome<a name='fna_151' id='fna_151' href='#f_151'><small>[151]</small></a> +and were close at hand when Colonel Emory reached Fort Washita. He reached +Fort Washita to find that the concentration of troops, even of such as his +ill-advised orders would permit, had not yet fully taken place, that his +supplies had been seized by the Texans, and that a general attack by them +upon the poorly fortified posts<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> was to be hourly expected. Emory, +thereupon, resolved to withdraw from Fort Washita towards Arbuckle and +Cobb. The day after he did so, April 16, Young’s troops entered in force. +Emory hurried forward to strengthen Fort Cobb and, indeed, to relieve it, +taking, in his progress, the open prairie road that his cavalry might be +more available. On the way,<a name='fna_152' id='fna_152' href='#f_152'><small>[152]</small></a> he was joined by United States troops +from Fort Arbuckle, the Texans in close pursuit. Fort Arbuckle was +occupied by them in turn and then Fort Cobb, Emory never so much as +attempting to enter the place; for he found its garrison in flight to the +northeast. Fugitives all together, the Federal troops, piloted by a +Delaware Indian, Black Beaver,<a name='fna_153' id='fna_153' href='#f_153'><small>[153]</small></a> hurried onwards towards Fort +Leavenworth. They seem to have made no lengthy stop until they were safe +across the Arkansas River<a name='fna_154' id='fna_154' href='#f_154'><small>[154]</small></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> and their flight may well be said to have +been a precipitous one. Behind them, at Fort Arbuckle, Colonel Young took +possession of abandoned property and placed it in the care of the +Chickasaw Indians,<a name='fna_155' id='fna_155' href='#f_155'><small>[155]</small></a> who had materially aided him in his attack. His +next move was to negotiate,<a name='fna_156' id='fna_156' href='#f_156'><small>[156]</small></a> unauthoritatively, a treaty with the +Reserve Indians, gaining the promise of their alliance upon the +understanding that the Confederacy, in return, would feed and protect +them. Fort Cobb was rifled and the Indians made rich, in their own +estimation, with booty.<a name='fna_157' id='fna_157' href='#f_157'><small>[157]</small></a> Colonel Young seems then to have drawn back +towards the Red River; but for several months he continued to occupy with +his forces,<a name='fna_158' id='fna_158' href='#f_158'><small>[158]</small></a> under the authority of Texas and with the consent of the +Chickasaw Indians, the three frontier posts that Emory had been instructed +to guard; viz., Forts Washita, Arbuckle, and Cobb.</p> + +<p>If Texas took time by the forelock in her anxiety to secure the Indian +country and its inhabitants, Arkansas most certainly did the same; and, in +the undertaking, various things told to her advantage, among which, not +the least important was the close family relationship existing between her +secessionist governor, Henry M.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> Rector, and the southern superintendent. +They were cousins and, to all appearances, the best of friends. It is +doubtful if in any state the executive authority thereof worked more +energetically for secession or with greater consistency and promptitude +than in Arkansas. Governor Rector had been elected, in the autumn of 1860, +by the Democrats and old-line Whigs. He belonged to a numerous and most +influential family, land-surveyors most of them, seemingly by inheritance, +and, although from northern or border states originally, strongly +committed to the doctrine of state sovereignty. The family connections +were also powerful socially and politically. The gubernatorial +inauguration came in November, 1860, and from that moment Henry M. Rector +and his host of relations and friends worked for secession.</p> + +<p>At the outset, Governor Rector identified the Indian interests with those +of Arkansas. Even in his message<a name='fna_159' id='fna_159' href='#f_159'><small>[159]</small></a> of December 11, 1860 he gave it as +his opinion that the two communities must together take measures to +prevent anti-slavery migration. It was rather late in the day, however, to +intimate that men of abolitionist sentiments must not be allowed to cross +the line, and a man of the political acumen of Henry M. Rector must have +known it. Immediately after the general election there were evidences of +great excitement in Arkansas and, when news<a name='fna_160' id='fna_160' href='#f_160'><small>[160]</small></a> came that the disused +arsenal at Little Rock was to be occupied by artillery under Captain James +Totten from Fort Leavenworth, it broke out into expressions of public +dissent. Little Rock was scarcely less radical and secessionist in its +views than was Fort Smith and Fort Smith was regarded as a regular hot-bed +of sectionalism. The legislature, too,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> was filled with state-rights +advocates and some of the actions taken there were almost revolutionary in +their trend. With the new year came new alarms and false reports of what +was to be. Harrell records<a name='fna_161' id='fna_161' href='#f_161'><small>[161]</small></a> that the first message over the newly +completed telegraph line between Memphis and Little Rock was a repetition +of the rumor, quite without foundation, that Major Emory had been ordered +from Fort Gibson to reinforce Totten at Little Rock, and that the effect +upon Helena was electrical. It is no wonder that the newspapers and +personal communications<a name='fna_162' id='fna_162' href='#f_162'><small>[162]</small></a> of the time showed great<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> intensity of +feeling and a tendency to ring the changes on a single theme.</p> + +<p>The public indignation following the receipt of the unsubstantiated rumor +that Totten was to be reënforced seems to have compelled the action of +Governor Rector in taking possession,<a name='fna_163' id='fna_163' href='#f_163'><small>[163]</small></a> on February eighth, in the name +of the state of Arkansas, of the United States arsenal at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> Little Rock; +but, as a matter of fact, Rector needed only an excuse, and a very slight +one at that, for doing more than he had already done to prove his +sectional bias. Nor had he forgotten or neglected the Indians. Indeed, +never at any time did he leave a single stone unturned in his search for +inside and outside support; and, notwithstanding the fact that the +Arkansas Ordinance of Secession was not passed until the sixth of May, +Governor Rector conducted himself, for months before that, as though the +state were a bona fide member of the Confederacy. In all his audacious +venturings, proposals, and acts, he had the full and unquestioning +support, not only of his cousin, Elias Rector,<a name='fna_164' id='fna_164' href='#f_164'><small>[164]</small></a> in whose honor Albert +Pike had written the well-known <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107 & 108]</a></span>parody<a name='fna_165' id='fna_165' href='#f_165'><small>[165]</small></a> on “The Old Scottish +Gentlemen;”<a name='fna_166' id='fna_166' href='#f_166'><small>[166]</small></a> but of the leading citizens of Fort Smith and Little +Rock, particularly of those whose previous occupations, residence, +inclinations, or interests had made them conversant with Indian affairs +and, therefore, unusually appreciative of the strategic value of the +Indian country. Under such circumstances, it is not at all surprising that +Governor Rector seized, as he did, the earliest<a name='fna_167' id='fna_167' href='#f_167'><small>[167]</small></a> opportunity to +approach the Cherokees. Fort Smith at the junction of the Arkansas and +Poteau Rivers was only eighty miles from Fort Gibson.</p> + +<p>Before taking up for special comment Governor Rector’s negotiations with +the Cherokees through their principal chief, John Ross, it might be well +to retrace our steps a little in order to show how, in yet other ways, +Arkansas interested herself more than was natural in the concerns of the +Indians and made some of her citizens, in the long run, more than +ordinarily responsible for the development of secessionist sentiment among +the southern tribes.</p> + +<p>When David Hubbard, journeying westward as special secessionist +commissioner<a name='fna_168' id='fna_168' href='#f_168'><small>[168]</small></a> from Alabama to Arkansas, reached Little Rock—and that +was in the early winter of 1861—he soon discovered that many Arkansans +were not willing for their state to go out of the Union unless she could +take Indian Territory with her. Hubbard’s letter,<a name='fna_169' id='fna_169' href='#f_169'><small>[169]</small></a> descriptive of the +situation, is very elucidating. It is addressed to Andrew B.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> Moore,<a name='fna_170' id='fna_170' href='#f_170'><small>[170]</small></a> +governor of Alabama, and bears date Kinloch, Alabama, January third.</p> + +<p class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">My Dear Sir</span>: On receipt of your letter and appointment as commissioner +from Alabama to Arkansas, I repaired to Little Rock and presented my +credentials to the two houses, and also your letter to Governor +Rector, by all of whom I was politely received. The Governor of +Arkansas was every way disposed to further our views, and so were many +leading and influential members of each house of the Legislature, but +neither are yet ready for action, because they fear the people have +not yet made up their minds to go out. The counties bordering on the +Indian nations—Creeks, Cherokees, Choctaws, and Chickasaws—would +hesitate greatly to vote for secession, and leave those tribes still +under the influence of the Government at Washington, from which they +receive such large stipends and annuities. These Indians are at a spot +very important, in my opinion, in this great sectional controversy, +and must be assured that the South will do as well as the North before +they could be induced to change their alliances and dependence. I have +much on this subject to say when I get to Montgomery, which cannot +well be written. The two houses passed resolutions inviting me to meet +them in representative hall and consult together as to what had best +be done in this matter. When I appeared men were anxious to know what +the seceding States intended to do in certain contingencies. My +appointment gave me no authority to speak as to what any State would +do, but I spoke freely of what, in my opinion, we ought to do. I took +the ground that no State which had seceded would ever go back without +full power being given to protect themselves by vote against +anti-slavery projects and schemes of every kind. I took the position +that the Northern people were honest and did fear the divine +displeasure, both in this world and the world to come, by reason of +what they considered the national sin of slavery, and that all who +agreed with me in a belief of their sincerity must see that we could +not remain quietly in the same Government with them. Secondly, if they +were dishonest hypocrites, and only lied to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>impose on others and make +them hate us, and used anti-slavery arguments as mere pretexts for the +purpose of uniting Northern sentiment against us, with a view to +obtain political power and sectional dominion, in that event we ought +not to live with them. I desired any Unionist present to controvert +either of these positions, which seemed to cover the whole ground. No +one attempted either, and I said but little more. I am satisfied, from +free conversations with members of all parties and with Governor +Rector, that Arkansas, when compelled to choose, will side with the +Southern States, but at present a majority would vote the Union +ticket. Public sentiment is but being formed, but must take that direction....</p> + +<p>What, in addition to that just cited, Hubbard had to say about the Indians +or about the profit accruing from close contact with them, we have no way +of knowing; but we have a right to be suspicious of the things that have +to be communicated by word of mouth only, especially in this instance, +when we remember that white men have always made the Indians subjects of +exploitation and that Hubbard was the man whom the southern Confederacy +chose for its first commissioner of Indian affairs, also that Hubbard’s +first outline of work, as commissioner, in truth, his only outline, +comprehended an extended visit to the Indians before whom he proposed to +expatiate on the financial advantages of an adherence to the Confederacy +and the inevitable financial ruin that must come from continued loyalty to +the Union. All things considered, it would surely seem that in Hubbard’s +mind the money question was always uppermost.</p> + +<p>But there were others to whom the Indian income was a thing of interest. +At the earlier meeting of the Arkansas convention, a resolution<a name='fna_171' id='fna_171' href='#f_171'><small>[171]</small></a> had +been passed, March 9, 1861, authorizing an inquiry to be made into the +annual cost to the United States government of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> Indian service west of +Arkansas. The state administration had already seized<a name='fna_172' id='fna_172' href='#f_172'><small>[172]</small></a> the Indian +funds on hand, an opportunity to do so having offered itself upon the +occasion of the death<a name='fna_173' id='fna_173' href='#f_173'><small>[173]</small></a> of the United States disbursing officer, Major +P. T. Crutchfield. But, later, for fear that this might work prejudice +with the Indians a resolution<a name='fna_174' id='fna_174' href='#f_174'><small>[174]</small></a> was passed providing that the money +should not be diverted from its proper uses. Because of such actions and +others of like direction, it is certainly safe to assume that pecuniary +considerations made the frontiersmen of 1861 vitally interested in Indian +affairs. The same influences that moved Hubbard to write his letter to +Governor Moore with special mention of the Indians unquestionably moved +the citizens of Boonsboro to try,<a name='fna_175' id='fna_175' href='#f_175'><small>[175]</small></a> without much further ado, the +temper of the Cherokees.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>Returning now to Governor Rector and to a recital of his endeavors with +the same Indian people, it is seen that his approach to the Cherokees was +made, as has been already intimated, through their principal chief, John +Ross, and by means of the following most excellently worded letter:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">The State of Arkansas, Executive Department</span>,<br /> +Little Rock, January 29, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">To His Excellency John Ross</span>,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Principal Chief Cherokee Nation:</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: It may now be regarded as almost certain that the States having +slave property within their borders will, in consequence of repeated +Northern aggressions, separate themselves and withdraw from the +Federal Government.</p> + +<p>South Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Georgia, and Louisiana +have already, by action of the people, assumed this attitude. +Arkansas, Missouri, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, North Carolina, and +Maryland will probably pursue the same course by the 4th of March +next. Your people, in their institutions,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> productions, latitude, and +natural sympathies, are allied to the common brotherhood of the +slaveholding States. Our people and yours are natural allies in war +and friends in peace. Your country is salubrious and fertile, and +possesses the highest capacity for future progress and development by +the application of slave labor. Besides this, the contiguity of our +territory with yours induces relations of so intimate a character as +to preclude the idea of discordant or separate action.</p></div> + +<p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img03.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">John Ross, principal chief of the Cherokees</span><br />[<i>From Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology</i>]</p> +<p> </p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It is well established that the Indian country west of Arkansas is +looked to by the incoming administration of Mr. Lincoln as fruitful +fields, ripe for the harvest of abolitionism, free-soilers, and +Northern mountebanks.</p> + +<p>We hope to find in your people friends willing to co-operate with the +South in defense of her institutions, her honor, and her firesides, +and with whom the slaveholding States are willing to share a common +future, and to afford protection commensurate with your exposed +condition and your subsisting monetary interests with the General +Government.</p> + +<p>As a direct means of expressing to you these sentiments, I have +dispatched my aide-de-camp, Lieut. Col. J. J. Gaines, to confer with +you confidentially upon these subjects, and to report to me any +expressions of kindness and confidence that you may see proper to +communicate to the governor of Arkansas, who is your friend and the +friend of your people. Respectfully, your obedient servant,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Henry M. Rector</span>, Governor of Arkansas.<a name='fna_176' id='fna_176' href='#f_176'><small>[176]</small></a></span></p></div> + +<p>Lieutenant Gaines duly started out upon his mission and upon reaching Fort +Smith interviewed Superintendent Rector and received from him a letter of +introduction<a name='fna_177' id='fna_177' href='#f_177'><small>[177]</small></a> to John Ross, which was, in effect, a hearty endorsement +of the governor’s project. An inkling of what Gaines was about soon came +to the ears of A. B. Greenwood, an Arkansan, a state-rights man, and +United States commissioner of Indian affairs. At the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> moment he was the +official, intent upon doing his duty, nothing more. It was then in his +official capacity that he straightway demanded of Agent Cowart an +explanation of Gaines’s movements; but Cowart was privy to Governor +Rector’s plans undoubtedly, a Georgian, a secessionist, and one of those +illiterate, disreputable, untrustworthy characters that frontier or +garrison towns seem always to produce or to attract, the kind, +unfortunately for its own reputation and for the Indian welfare, that the +United States government has so often seen fit to select for its Indian +agents. More than that, Cowart was a man of such base principles that he +could commercialize with impunity a great cause and calmly continue to +hold office under and to draw pay from one government while secretly +plotting against it in the interests of another. On this occasion he +attempted a denial<a name='fna_178' id='fna_178' href='#f_178'><small>[178]</small></a> of the presence of Rector’s commissioner at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> Fort +Smith; but the Indian Office had soon good proof<a name='fna_179' id='fna_179' href='#f_179'><small>[179]</small></a> that a commissioner +had been there and that he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> had proceeded thence to the Cherokee country. +It was no other than Gaines, of course, who, when once he had delivered +the Rector letters to Ross, saw fit, in the further interests of his +mission, to attend the inter-tribal council at the Creek Agency.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p> + +<p>John Ross did not reply to Governor Rector’s communication until the +anniversary of George Washington’s birthday and he then expressed the same +ideas of concern, of sympathy, but also those of positive neutrality that +had characterized his advice to the Indian conferees. He scouted, though, +the very idea of the incoming administration’s planning to abolitionize +the Indian country while at the same time he manifested his utter +disapproval of it. This is what he said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation</span>, February 22, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">His Excellency Henry M. Rector</span>, Governor of Arkansas:</p> + +<p>Sir: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of Your Excellency’s +communication of the 29th ultimo, per your aide-de-camp, Lieut. Col. +J. J. Gaines.</p> + +<p>The Cherokees cannot but feel a deep regret and solicitude for the +unhappy differences which at present disturb the peace and quietude of +the several States, especially when it is understood that some of the +slave States have already separated themselves and withdrawn from the +Federal Government and that it is probable others will also pursue the +same course.</p> + +<p>But may we not yet hope and trust in the dispensation of Divine power +to overrule the discordant elements for good, and that, by the counsel +of the wisdom, virtue, and patriotism of the land, measures may +happily be adopted for the restoration of peace and harmony among the +brotherhood of States within the Federal Union.</p> + +<p>The relations which the Cherokee people sustain toward their white +brethren have been established by subsisting treaties with the United +States Government, and by them they have placed themselves under the +“protection of the United States and of no other sovereign whatever.” +They are bound to hold no treaty with any foreign power, or with any +individual State, nor with the citizens of any State. On the other +hand, the faith of the United States is solemnly pledged to the +Cherokee Nation for the protection of the right and title in the +lands, conveyed to them by patent, within their territorial +boundaries, as also for the protection of all other of their national +and individual rights and interests of persons and property. Thus the +Cherokee<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> people are inviolably allied with their white brethren of +the United States in war and friends in peace. Their institutions, +locality, and natural sympathies are unequivocally with the +slave-holding States. And the contiguity of our territory to your +State, in connection with the daily, social, and commercial +intercourse between our respective citizens, forbids the idea that +they should ever be otherwise than steadfast friends.</p> + +<p>I am surprised to be informed by Your Excellency that “it is well +established that the Indian country west of Arkansas is looked to by +the incoming administration of Mr. Lincoln as fruitful fields ripe for +the harvest of abolitionism, free-soilers, and Northern mountebanks.” +As I am sure that the laborers will be greatly disappointed if they +shall expect in the Cherokee country “fruitful fields ripe for the +harvest of abolitionism,” &c., you may rest assured that the Cherokee +people will never tolerate the propagation of any obnoxious fruit upon +their soil.</p> + +<p>And in conclusion I have the honor to reciprocate the salutation of +friendship.</p> + +<p>I am, sir, very respectfully, Your Excellency’s obedient servant,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Jno. Ross</span>, Principal Chief Cherokee Nation.<a name='fna_180' id='fna_180' href='#f_180'><small>[180]</small></a></span></p></div> + +<p>The Arkansas state convention, sanctioned by popular vote, met, by +authority of the governor’s proclamation, March fourth. Its members were +inclined to temporize, however; for, as Harrell says, they were +coöperationists<a name='fna_181' id='fna_181' href='#f_181'><small>[181]</small></a> rather than secessionists and their policy of +temporizing they carried out even in the provision made for reassembling +after adjournment. David Walker, the president of the convention, was out +of sympathy with this; and, at the first news of the attack upon Fort +Sumter and while passion and excitement were still at fever heat, +called<a name='fna_182' id='fna_182' href='#f_182'><small>[182]</small></a> an extra session for the sixth of May. The regular session was +not to come until the nineteenth of August. Coincidently Governor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> Rector +again showed where his sympathies lay by refusing<a name='fna_183' id='fna_183' href='#f_183'><small>[183]</small></a> President Lincoln’s +call for troops.</p> + +<p>The Arkansas Ordinance of Secession was passed on the sixth of May. S. R. +Cockrell had proved himself a good prophet; for, writing jubilantly to L. +P. Walker, on the twenty-first of April, on the progress of secession, he +had said,<a name='fna_184' id='fna_184' href='#f_184'><small>[184]</small></a> “Arkansas will go out 6th of May before breakfast. The +Indians come next.” His closing remark had some foundation for its +utterance. Intelligent and prominent Indians were to be found in the very +ranks of the Arkansas secessionists. E. C. Boudinot, a Cherokee, an enemy +and rival of John Ross, and later Cherokee delegate in the Confederate +Congress, was secretary<a name='fna_185' id='fna_185' href='#f_185'><small>[185]</small></a> of the convention. M. Kennard, a leading and +a principal Creek chief, seems also to have been influential. The alliance +of the Indians was yet being sought.<a name='fna_186' id='fna_186' href='#f_186'><small>[186]</small></a></p> + +<p>The secession ordinance once safely launched, the Arkansas convention +turned its attention without equivocation to Indian concerns. On the tenth +of May, for instance, it followed the example set by Texas and passed a +resolution,<a name='fna_187' id='fna_187' href='#f_187'><small>[187]</small></a> authorizing the president of the convention to appoint +three delegates to visit Indian Territory. The men appointed were, S. L. +Griffith of Sebastian County (the same man, interestingly enough to whom +the United States government had recently offered<a name='fna_188' id='fna_188' href='#f_188'><small>[188]</small></a> the Southern +Superintendency), J. Murphy of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> Madison County, and G. W. Laughinghouse of +St. Francis County. Two of these counties were on or near the border. +Sebastian was on the border and Madison not far inland, so Griffith and +Murphy very probably realized the full significance of their mission. On +the eleventh of May, the convention tried to pass another resolution,<a name='fna_189' id='fna_189' href='#f_189'><small>[189]</small></a> +indicative of a community of interests between Arkansas and the Indian +country. This resolution failed, but, had it passed, it would have prayed +the president of the Confederate States to erect a military department or +division out of Arkansas and Indian Territory. As it was, the convention +contented itself, on this occasion, with empowering<a name='fna_190' id='fna_190' href='#f_190'><small>[190]</small></a> Brigadier-general +Pearce<a name='fna_191' id='fna_191' href='#f_191'><small>[191]</small></a> to coöperate with Brigadier-general McCulloch.<a name='fna_192' id='fna_192' href='#f_192'><small>[192]</small></a> It took +this action on the twenty-first of May and on the twenty-eighth it +received a communication<a name='fna_193' id='fna_193' href='#f_193'><small>[193]</small></a> from Elias Rector concerning the Choctaws +and Chickasaws.</p> + +<p>Almost simultaneously with this legislative activity, solicitation of the +Indians came from yet other directions. On the eighth of May, +Brigadier-general B. Burroughs of the Arkansas militia took it upon +himself to make an appeal to the Chickasaws, which he did in this wise:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Headquarters Eighth Brigade, First Division, Arkansas Militia</span>,<br /> +Fort Smith, Ark., May 8, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gov. C. Harris</span>: To-day we have information that Arkansas, in +Convention, has seceded, by a vote 69 to 1. Tennessee<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> has also +seceded, and made large appropriations and ordered an army of 50,000 +men.</p> + +<p>Arkansas has for several days past been in arms on this frontier for +the protection (of) citizens, and the neighboring Indian nations whose +interests are identical with her own.</p> + +<p>I have news through my scouts that the U. S. troops have abandoned the +forts in the Chickasaw country.</p> + +<p>Under my orders from the commander-in-chief and governor of Arkansas, +I feel authorized to extend to you such military aid as will be +required in the present juncture of affairs to occupy and hold the +forts.</p> + +<p>I have appointed Col. A. H. Word, one of the State senators, and +Captain Sparks, attached to this command, commissioners to treat and +confer with you on this subject. These gentlemen are fully apprised of +the nature of the powers intrusted to myself by the governor of this +State, and are authorized to express to you my views of the subject +under consideration. I ask, therefore, that you express to them your +own wishes in the premises, and believe, my dear sir, that Arkansas +cherishes the kindest regards for your people.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to subscribe myself, with sentiments of regard, your +excellency’s friend and servant,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">B. Burroughs</span>, Brigadier-General, Commanding.<a name='fna_194' id='fna_194' href='#f_194'><small>[194]</small></a></span></p></div> + +<p>The impudence and calm effrontery of this has its humorous side and would +seem even ridiculous were it not for the fact that we are bound to +remember that the Indians took it all so very seriously. It was true +enough, as Burroughs said, that the Federal troops had abandoned the +Indian country; but against whom were the forts to be held? Surely not +against the Federals. Furthermore, what need was there for Arkansas to +interest herself in the Chickasaw forts, since the Texan troops were +already in possession? Is it possible to suppose that Burroughs’s scouts, +who had found out so much about the withdrawal of the Federal forces, had +not discovered the work of the Texans in contributing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> thereto? The +Chickasaws were particularly friendly to the secessionists and, in this +same month of May, passed, by means of their legislature, those eight +resolutions<a name='fna_195' id='fna_195' href='#f_195'><small>[195]</small></a> in which they gave such strong expression to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123 & 124]</a></span> their +views, at the same time, however, giving the Southern States clearly to +understand that they knew the extent of their own rights and were +determined to hold fast to them. They also declared that they wished to +hold their forts themselves.</p> + +<p>On the ninth of May, the Indians were still further addressed and this +time by the citizens of Boonsboro, Arkansas, whose appeal has already been +referred to and quoted.<a name='fna_196' id='fna_196' href='#f_196'><small>[196]</small></a> The appeal was made through the medium of a +letter to John Ross and of him the citizens of Boonsboro inquired where he +intended to stand; inasmuch as they much preferred “an open enemy to a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> +doubtful friend.” They earnestly hoped, they said, to find in him and his +people “true allies and active friends.” On the fifteenth of May, J. R. +Kannady, lieutenant-colonel, commanding at Fort Smith, also +communicated<a name='fna_197' id='fna_197' href='#f_197'><small>[197]</small></a> with Ross and on the same subject, his immediate +provocation being the report that Senator James H. Lane was busy raising +troops in Kansas to be used against Missouri and Arkansas. Of the Kannady +letter, John B. Luce was the bearer and, to it, Ross replied<a name='fna_198' id='fna_198' href='#f_198'><small>[198]</small></a> on the +seventeenth, the very day that he published his great proclamation<a name='fna_199' id='fna_199' href='#f_199'><small>[199]</small></a> of +neutrality; for the otherwise most sensible John Ross labored under the +delusion that the Indians would be allowed to figure as silent witnesses +of events. In this respect, he was, however, on slightly firmer ground +than were the citizens of such a state as Kentucky; but, none the less, he +labored under a delusion as he soon found out to his sorrow. His +proclamation of neutrality was intended as a final and conclusive +answer<a name='fna_200' id='fna_200' href='#f_200'><small>[200]</small></a> to all interrogatories like that from Boonsboro.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a>III. THE CONFEDERACY IN NEGOTIATION WITH THE INDIAN TRIBES</h2> + + +<p>The provisional government of the Confederate States showed itself no less +anxious and no less prompt than the individual states in its endeavor to +secure the Indian country and the Indian alliance. On the twenty-first of +February, 1861, the very same day that the law was passed for the +establishment of a War Department of which Leroy P. Walker of Alabama took +immediate charge, William P. Chilton, member<a name='fna_201' id='fna_201' href='#f_201'><small>[201]</small></a> of the Provisional +Congress from Alabama, offered in that body a resolution to the effect, +that the Committee on Indian Affairs be instructed to inquire into the +expediency of opening up negotiations with the Indian tribes of the West +in relation to all matters concerning the mutual welfare of said tribes +and the people of the Confederate States.<a name='fna_202' id='fna_202' href='#f_202'><small>[202]</small></a> The resolution was adopted. +Four days later, Edward Sparrow of Louisiana asked that the same committee +be instructed to consider the advisability of appointing agents to those +same Indian tribes.<a name='fna_203' id='fna_203' href='#f_203'><small>[203]</small></a> The Indian committee, at the time, was composed +of Jackson Morton of Florida, Lawrence M. Keitt of South Carolina, and +Thomas N. Waul of Texas. Robert W. Johnson became a member after Arkansas +had seceded and had been admitted to the Confederacy.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span>Preliminary steps such as these led naturally to a comprehension of the +need for a Bureau of Indian Affairs<a name='fna_204' id='fna_204' href='#f_204'><small>[204]</small></a> and, on the twelfth of March, +President Davis recommended<a name='fna_205' id='fna_205' href='#f_205'><small>[205]</small></a> that one be organized and a commissioner +of Indian affairs appointed. His recommendations were acted upon without +delay and a law<a name='fna_206' id='fna_206' href='#f_206'><small>[206]</small></a> in conformity with them passed. This happened on the +fifteenth of March and on the day following, the last of the session, +Davis nominated David Hubbard,<a name='fna_207' id='fna_207' href='#f_207'><small>[207]</small></a> ex-commissioner<a name='fna_208' id='fna_208' href='#f_208'><small>[208]</small></a> from Alabama to +Arkansas, for the Indian portfolio. For some time, however, Hubbard had +little to do.<a name='fna_209' id='fna_209' href='#f_209'><small>[209]</small></a> It is wise therefore to leave him for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> a while and +resume the examination of congressional work.</p> + +<p>The journal entries through February and March show that the Provisional +Congress had, not infrequently, Indian matters placed before it and, at +times presumably, communications direct from the tribes. On the fourth of +March, Robert Toombs, himself on the Finance Committee and at the same +time Secretary of State,<a name='fna_210' id='fna_210' href='#f_210'><small>[210]</small></a> offered the following resolution:<a name='fna_211' id='fna_211' href='#f_211'><small>[211]</small></a></p> + +<p class="blockquot"><i>Resolved</i>, That the President be, and he is hereby authorized to send +a suitable person as special agent of this Government to the Indian +tribes west of the State of Arkansas.</p> + +<p>Whether this was called forth by the investigations of the Committee on +Indian Affairs under the Chilton resolution of the twenty-first of +February or whether it grew out of a correspondence between Toombs and +Albert Pike does not appear. Toombs and Pike were friends, brother +Masons<a name='fna_212' id='fna_212' href='#f_212'><small>[212]</small></a> in fact, and then or soon afterwards in intimate +correspondence on the subject of Indian relations. The resolution passed, +but there the matter seems to have rested for a time. On the tenth of May, +William B. Ochiltree proposed<a name='fna_213' id='fna_213' href='#f_213'><small>[213]</small></a> that the Committee on Indian Affairs +consider the condition of Reserve Indians in Texas; and, on the fifteenth, +a most important measure was introduced<a name='fna_214' id='fna_214' href='#f_214'><small>[214]</small></a> in the shape of a bill, +reported by Keitt from the Committee on Indian Affairs, “for the +protection of certain Indian tribes.” This opened up the whole subject of +prospective <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span>relations with the great tribes of Indian Territory and, +taken in connection with the provision for a special commissioner, was +fruitful of great results.</p> + +<p>On the seventh of May, Thomas A. Harris of Missouri had made the +Provisional Congress acquainted with some Choctaw and Chickasaw +resolutions,<a name='fna_215' id='fna_215' href='#f_215'><small>[215]</small></a> which, in themselves, seemed indicative of a friendly +disposition towards the South. This fact lent to the bill for the +assumption of a protectorate a large significance. Congress considered it, +for the most part, in secret session. The text of the act as finally +passed does not appear in any of the published<a name='fna_216' id='fna_216' href='#f_216'><small>[216]</small></a> statutes of the +Confederate States; but, under the act, Albert Pike, special commissioner +for the purpose appointed by President Davis, negotiated all his +remarkable treaties with the western tribes. Three sections of the law, +those added to the original bill by way of amendment, appear in the +Provisional Congress <i>Journal</i>.<a name='fna_217' id='fna_217' href='#f_217'><small>[217]</small></a> They are strictly financial in their +nature and are as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Sec. 6.</i> And be it further enacted, That the Confederate States do +hereby assume the duty and obligation of collecting and paying over as +trustees to the several Indian tribes now located in the Indian +Territory south of Kansas, all sums of money accruing, whether from +interest or capital of the bonds of the several States of this +Confederacy now held by the Government of the United States as +trustees for said Indians or any<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> of them; and the said interest and +capital as collected shall be paid over to said Indians or invested +for their account, as the case may be, in accordance with the several +treaties and contracts now existing between said Indians and the +Government of the United States.</p> + +<p><i>Sec. 7.</i> That the several States of this Confederacy be requested to +provide by legislation or otherwise that the capital and interest of +the bonds issued by them respectively, and held by the Government of +the United States in trust for said Indians, or any of them, shall not +be paid to said Government of the United States, but shall be paid to +this Government in trust for said Indians.</p> + +<p><i>Sec. 8.</i> That it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Indian +Affairs to obtain and publish, at as early a period as practicable, a +list of all the bonds of the several States of this Confederacy now +held in trust by the Government of the United States as aforesaid, and +to give notice in said publication that the capital and interest of +said bonds are to be paid to this Government and to no other holder +thereof whatever.</p></div> + +<p>Before this bill for the protection of the Indians had come up for +discussion or had even emerged from the rooms of the Committee on Indian +Affairs, Albert Pike, in letters to Toombs and R. W. Johnson, had pointed +out most emphatically the military necessity of securing<a name='fna_218' id='fna_218' href='#f_218'><small>[218]</small></a> the Indian +country. His conviction was strong that the United States had no idea of +permanently abandoning the same but would soon replace the regular troops, +it had withdrawn from thence, by volunteers. Pike discussed the matter +with N. Bart Pearce and the two agreed<a name='fna_219' id='fna_219' href='#f_219'><small>[219]</small></a> that there was no time to lose +and that something must be done forthwith to prevent the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> possibility of +Federal emissaries gaining a foothold among the great tribes; for, if they +did gain such a foothold, their influence was likely to be very great, +especially among the Cherokees who might be regarded as predisposed to +favor them, they having many abolitionists on their tribal rolls. Whether, +at so early a date, Pike thought formal negotiation, as had been +customary, the preferable method of procedure, we are not prepared to say, +positively. Formal negotiation was scarcely consistent with the southern +argument of Jackson’s time or consonant with present state-rights +doctrine. When writing<a name='fna_220' id='fna_220' href='#f_220'><small>[220]</small></a> to Johnson on the eleventh of May, Pike seems +to have been thinking simply of Indian enlistment and of the use of white +and red troops in the defense of the Indian country. At that date his own +appointment<a name='fna_221' id='fna_221' href='#f_221'><small>[221]</small></a> as diplomatic agent for the negotiation of treaties of +amity and alliance was certainly not prominently before him. He expressed +himself to Johnson in such a way, indeed, as would lead us to suppose that +the position he half expected to get, and did not altogether want, was +that of commander of an Indian Department which he hoped would be created.</p> + +<p>For such a position Pike was not entirely unfitted. He had served in the +Mexican War and had attained the rank of captain; but his tastes were +certainly not what one would call military. He was a poet<a name='fna_222' id='fna_222' href='#f_222'><small>[222]</small></a> of +acknowledged reputation and a lawyer of eminence. Arkansas had recognized +him as one of her foremost citizens by sending him as her one and only +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span>delegate to the Commercial Convention<a name='fna_223' id='fna_223' href='#f_223'><small>[223]</small></a> of Southern and Western +States, held at Charleston, South Carolina, April, 1854. Just recently, at +the time when the question of secession was before the people of Arkansas, +he had issued a pamphlet, entitled, <i>State or Province, Bond or Free</i>, +described by a contemporary as, “a most specious argument for secession, +but a re-production of the political heresies, that thirty years ago +called down on John C. Calhoun, the anathema maranatha of Andrew +Jackson.”<a name='fna_224' id='fna_224' href='#f_224'><small>[224]</small></a> To the men of his time, it seemed all the more astonishing +that Albert Pike should take such a pronounced stand on the subject of +state rights, not because he was a New Englander by birth, for there were +many such in Arkansas and in the ranks of the secessionists, but because +he was the author of that stirring poem against the idea of national +disintegration, published some time before under the title of, +“Disunion.”<a name='fna_225' id='fna_225' href='#f_225'><small>[225]</small></a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>On the twentieth of May, Pike wrote<a name='fna_226' id='fna_226' href='#f_226'><small>[226]</small></a> again to Toombs and by that time +he certainly knew<a name='fna_227' id='fna_227' href='#f_227'><small>[227]</small></a> of his commission to treat with the Indian tribes, +but had apparently not received any very definite instructions as to the +scope of his authority. One little passage in the letter brings out very +clearly the essential fair-mindedness of the man, a marked characteristic +in all<a name='fna_228' id='fna_228' href='#f_228'><small>[228]</small></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135-137]</a></span> his dealings with the Indians, but at once his strength and +his weakness. He succeeded with the red man for the very same reason that +he failed with the white, because he gave to the Indians the +consideration and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138-140]</a></span> justice which were their due. This is the +significant passage from his letter to Toombs:<a name='fna_229' id='fna_229' href='#f_229'><small>[229]</small></a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span>I very much regret that I have not received distinct authority to give +the Indians guarantees of all their legal and just rights under +treaties. It cannot be expected they will join us without them, and it +would be very ungenerous, as well as unwise and useless, in me to ask +them to do it. Why should they, if we will not bind ourselves to give +them what they hazard in giving us their rights under treaties?</p> + +<p>As you have told me to act at my discretion, and as I am not directed +not to give the guarantees, I shall give them, formal, full, and +ample, by treaty, if the Indians will accept them and make treaties. +General McCulloch will join me in this, and so, I hope and suppose, +will Mr. Hubbard, and when we shall have done so we shall, I am sure, +not look in vain to you, at least, to affirm these guarantees and +insist they shall be carried out in good faith.</p></div> + +<p>There was an implied doubt of Hubbard in Pike’s reference to him and a +single future declaration almost justified the doubt, notwithstanding the +fact that Hubbard was supposed to have been chosen as commissioner of +Indian affairs because of his “well known sympathy for the Indian tribes +and the deep concern” he had ever “manifested in their welfare.” +Hubbard’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> official position was that of Commissioner of Indian Affairs; +but the unorganized character of the Confederate administration in early +1861 is well attested by the way Secretary Walker confounded the name and +functions of that office with those of an ordinary superintendent. On the +fourteenth of May, he addressed Hubbard as “Superintendent of Indian +Affairs” and instructed him</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>To proceed to the Creek Nation, and to make known to them, as well as +to the rest of the tribes west of Arkansas and south of Kansas ... the +earnest desire of the Confederate States to defend and protect them +against the rapacious and avaricious designs of their and our enemies +at the North.... You will, in an especial manner, impress upon the +Creek Nation and surrounding Indian tribes the imperious fact that +they will doubtless recognize, that the real design of the North and +the Government at Washington in regard to them has been and still is +the same entertained and sought to be enforced against ourselves, and +if suffered to be consummated, will terminate in the emancipation of +their slaves and the robbery of their lands. To these nefarious ends +all the schemes of the North have tended for many years past, as the +Indian nations and tribes well know from the character and conduct of +those emissaries who have been in their midst, preaching up abolition +sentiments under the disguise of the holy religion of Christ, and +denouncing slaveholders as abandoned by God and unfit associates for +humanity on earth.</p> + +<p>You will be diligent to explain to them, under these circumstances, +how their cause has become our cause, and themselves and ourselves +stand inseparably associated in respect to national existence and +property interests; and in view of this identification of cause and +interests between them and ourselves, entailing a common destiny, give +to them profound assurances that the Government of the Confederate +States of America, now powerfully constituted through an immense +league of sovereign political societies, great forces in the field, +and abundant resources, will assume all the expense and responsibility +of protecting them against all adversaries....</p> + +<p>Give them to understand, in this connection, that a brigadier-general<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> +of character and experience has been assigned to the military district +embracing the Indian Territories south of Kansas, with three regiments +under his command, while in Texas another military district has been +formed....</p> + +<p>In addition to these things, regarded of primary importance, you will, +without committing the Government to any especial conduct, express our +serious anxiety to establish and enforce the debts and annuities due +to them from the Government at Washington, which otherwise they will +never obtain, as that Government would, undoubtedly, sooner rob them +of their lands, emancipate their slaves, and utterly exterminate them, +than render to them justice. Finally, communicate to them the abiding +solicitude of the Confederate States of America to advance their +condition in the direction of a proud political society, with a +distinctive civilization, and holding lands in severalty under +well-defined laws, by forming them into a Territorial government; but +you will give no assurance of State organization and independence, as +they still require the strong arm of protecting power, and may +probably always need our fostering care; and, so far as the agents of +the late Government of the United States may be concerned, you will +converse with them, and such of them as are willing to act with you in +the policy herein set forth you are authorized to substantiate in the +employment of this Government at their present compensation....<a name='fna_230' id='fna_230' href='#f_230'><small>[230]</small></a></p></div> + +<p>Hubbard’s mission to the west was quite independent<a name='fna_231' id='fna_231' href='#f_231'><small>[231]</small></a> of Pike’s, +although both missions were undoubtedly part of the one general plan of +securing as quickly, as surely, and as easily as possible the friendly +coöperation of the Indians. At about the same moment that they were +devised, the Confederacy took yet another means of accomplishing the same +object and one referred to in the letter of Secretary Walker just quoted. +On the thirteenth of this same month of May, 1861, it assigned +Brigadier-general Ben McCulloch<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> “to the command of the district embracing +the Indian Territory lying west of Arkansas and south of Kansas.” +McCulloch’s orders<a name='fna_232' id='fna_232' href='#f_232'><small>[232]</small></a> were “to guard that Territory against invasion +from Kansas or elsewhere,” and, for the purpose, in addition to three +regiments of white troops, “to engage, if possible, the service of any of +the Indian tribes occupying the Territory referred to in numbers equal to +two regiments.”</p> + +<p>Hubbard’s part in the prosecution of this great endeavor may as well be +disposed of first. It was of short duration and seemingly barren of direct +results. Hubbard was long in reaching the western boundary of Arkansas. On +the way out he was seized with pneumonia and otherwise delayed by wind and +weather. On the second of June he was still in Little Rock, apparently +much more interested<a name='fna_233' id='fna_233' href='#f_233'><small>[233]</small></a> in the local situation in Arkansas than in the +real object of his mission. His intention was to “go up the river to Fort +Smith,” June third. From that point, on the twelfth, he addressed the +Cherokee chief, John Ross, and the Confederate general, Ben McCulloch. The +letter was more particularly meant for the former.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>As Commissioner of Indian Affairs of the Confederate States it was my +intention to have called upon you and consulted as to the mutual +interests of our people. Sickness has put it out of my power to +travel, and those interests require immediate consideration, and +therefore I have determined to write, and make what I think a plain +statement of the case for your consideration, which I think stands +thus: If we succeed in the South—succeed in this controversy, and I +have no doubt of the fact, for we are daily gaining friends among the +powers of Europe, and our people are arming with unanimity scarcely +ever seen in the world before—then your lands, your slaves, and your +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span>separate nationality are secured and made perpetual, and in addition +nearly all your debts are in Southern bonds, and these we will also +secure. If the North succeeds you will most certainly lose all. First +your slaves they will take from you; that is one object of the war, to +enable them to abolish slavery in such manner and at such time as they +choose. Another, and perhaps the chief cause, is to get upon your rich +lands and settle their squatters, who do not like to settle in slave +States. They will settle upon your lands as fast as they choose, and +the Northern people will force their Government to allow it. It is +true they will allow your people small reserves—they give chiefs +pretty large ones—but they will settle among you, overshadow you, and +totally destroy the power of your chiefs and your nationality, and +then trade your people out of the residue of their lands. Go North +among the once powerful tribes of that country and see if you can find +Indians living and enjoying power and property and liberty as do your +people and the neighboring tribes from the South. If you can, then say +I am a liar, and the Northern States have been better to the Indian +than the Southern States. If you are obliged to admit the truth of +what I say, then join us and preserve your people, their slaves, their +vast possessions in land, and their nationality.</p> + +<p>Another consideration is your debts, annuities, &c., school funds due +you. Nearly all are in bonds of Southern States and held by the +Government at Washington, and these debts are nearly all forfeited +already by the act of war made upon the States by that Government. +These we will secure you beyond question if you join us. If you join +the North they are forever forfeited, and you will have no right to +believe that the Northern people would vote to pay you this forfeited +debt. Admit that there may be some danger take which side you may, I +think the danger tenfold greater to the Cherokee people if they take +sides against us than for us. Neutrality will scarcely be possible. As +long as your people retain their national character your country +cannot be abolitionized, and it is our interest therefore that you +should hold your possessions in perpetuity.<a name='fna_234' id='fna_234' href='#f_234'><small>[234]</small></a></p></div> + +<p>The effect that such a communication as the foregoing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> might well have had +upon the Indians can scarcely be overestimated. Time out of number they +had been over-reached in dealings financial. Only the year before, bonds +in which Indian trust funds were invested had been abstracted<a name='fna_235' id='fna_235' href='#f_235'><small>[235]</small></a> from +the vaults of the Interior Department; and, for this cause and other +causes, Indian money had not been readily forthcoming for the much needed +relief of Indian sufferers from the fearful drought that devastated Indian +Territory, Kansas, and other parts of the great American desert in 1860.</p> + +<p>Comment upon Hubbard’s letter from the standpoint of historical inaccuracy +seems hardly necessary here. Suffice it to say that the distortion of +facts and the shifting of responsibility for previous Indian wrongs from +the shoulders of Southern States to those of a federal government made up +entirely of northern states must have seemed preposterous in the extreme +to the Indians. One can not help wondering how Hubbard dared to say such +things to the Indian exiles from Southern States and particularly to John +Ross who like all of his tribe and of associated tribes was the victim of +southern aggression and not in any sense whatsoever of northern.</p> + +<p>To Hubbard’s gross amplification and even defiance of his instructions, +also to his extravagant utterances touching the repudiation of debts and +southern versus northern justice and generosity, Chief Ross replied,<a name='fna_236' id='fna_236' href='#f_236'><small>[236]</small></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> +by way of strong contrast, in terms dignified and convincing:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It is not the province of the Cherokees to determine the character of +the conflict going on in the States. It is their duty to keep +themselves, if possible, disentangled, and afford no grounds to either +party to interfere with their rights. The obligations of every +character, pecuniary and otherwise, which existed prior to the present +state of affairs between the Cherokee Nation and the Government are +equally valid now as then. If the Government owe us, I do not believe +it will repudiate its debts. If States embraced in the Confederacy owe +us, I do not believe they will repudiate their debts. I consider our +annuity safe in any contingency.</p> + +<p>A comparison of Northern and Southern philanthropy, as illustrated in +their dealings toward the Indians within their respective limits, +would not affect the merits of the question now under consideration, +which is simply one of duty under existing circumstances. I therefore +pass it over, merely remarking that the “settled policy” of former +years was a favorite policy with both sections when extended to the +acquisition of Indian lands, and that but few Indians now press their +feet upon the banks of either the Ohio or the Tennessee....</p></div> + +<p>Judging from all the instructions that Secretary Walker sent out on Indian +matters in May of 1861, it would seem that he had very much at heart the +enlistment of the Indians and their actual participation in the war. +Mention has already been made of how General McCulloch was told by +Adjutant-general Cooper to add, if possible, two Indian regiments to his +brigade and of how Walker had written Hubbard urging him to persuade the +Indians to join forces and raising the number of Indian regiments desired +from two to three. In a similar strain Walker wrote<a name='fna_237' id='fna_237' href='#f_237'><small>[237]</small></a> to Douglas H. +Cooper<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> on the occasion of definitely asking him to give his services to +the South. In all these letters no special stress was laid upon an +intention to use the Indians as home guards exclusively. On the contrary, +one might easily draw, from the letters, a quite opposite inference and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> +conclude that the Indian troops, if raised, were to be used very generally +and exactly as any other volunteers might be used. This is important in +view of the stand, and a very positive one it was, that Albert Pike took +some time afterwards. In his own letter<a name='fna_238' id='fna_238' href='#f_238'><small>[238]</small></a> to Johnson of May 11, 1861, +he does not specifically say that the Indian soldiers, whose mustering he +has in contemplation, are not to be used outside of the Indian country; +but he does insist that that country be occupied by them and by a certain +number of white regiments—another important point as subsequent events +will divulge.</p> + +<p>General McCulloch took up his part of the task of securing the Indians in +his own characteristic way. He had great energy and great enthusiasm and +both qualities were displayed to the fullest extent on the present +occasion. He first laid his plans for taking possession forthwith of the +Indian country, it having come to his knowledge that Colonel Emory with +the Federal forces had abandoned it.<a name='fna_239' id='fna_239' href='#f_239'><small>[239]</small></a> Apparently, it had never +occurred to McCulloch that the Indians themselves might be averse to such +a proceeding on his part but he was soon made aware of it; for when he +consulted<a name='fna_240' id='fna_240' href='#f_240'><small>[240]</small></a> with John Ross, he found, to his discomfiture and deep +chagrin, that the desire and the determination of this greatest of all the +Indians was to remain strictly neutral. On the twelfth of June, McCulloch +still further communicated<a name='fna_241' id='fna_241' href='#f_241'><small>[241]</small></a> with Ross and informed him that he would +respect his wishes in so far as expediency justified but that he would +have to insist upon the inherent right of the individual Cherokees to +organize themselves into a force<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> of Home Guards should they feel so +inclined. Then he closed his letter by this note of warning:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Should a body of men march into your Territory from the North, or if I +have an intimation that a body is in line of march for the Territory +from that quarter, I must assure you that I will at once advance into +your country, if I deem it advisable.</p></div> + +<p>Once again the forbearance of Chief Ross had been put to a severe test, +but he none the less replied to McCulloch with his customary dignity. Ross +was then at Park Hill, McCulloch at Fort Smith, where he had halted hoping +that the permission would be forthcoming for him to cross the line. Ross’s +reply<a name='fna_242' id='fna_242' href='#f_242'><small>[242]</small></a> came by return mail, so to speak, and was dated the +seventeenth. It was largely a reiteration of the reasons he had already +given for preserving neutrality, but it was also a positive refusal to +allow the individual Cherokees to organize a Home Guard. The concluding +paragraph gives the lie direct to those intriguing and self-interested +politicians who, in later years, endeavored to impugn Ross’s sincerity:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Your demand that those people of the nation who are in favor of +joining the Confederacy be allowed to organize into military companies +as Home Guards, for the purpose of defending themselves in case of +invasion from the North, is most respectfully declined. I cannot give +my consent to any such organization for very obvious reasons: First, +it would be a palpable violation of my position as a neutral; second, +it would place in our midst organized companies not authorized by our +laws but in violation of treaty, and who would soon become efficient +instruments in stirring up domestic strife and creating internal +difficulties among the Cherokee people. As in this connection you have +misapprehended a remark made in conversation at our interview some +eight or ten days ago, I hope you will allow me to repeat what I did +say. I informed you that I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> had taken a neutral position, and would +maintain it honestly, but that in case of a foreign invasion, old as I +am, I would assist in repelling it....</p></div> + +<p>It will develop later how Ross’s wishes with respect to the enrollment of +Home Guards were successfully and adroitly circumvented, with the +connivance of General McCulloch, by men of the Ridge faction in Cherokee +politics. From the beginning, McCulloch seemed determined not to take Ross +seriously, yet he duly informed Secretary Walker of the turn events were +taking. On the twelfth of June, for instance, he wrote<a name='fna_243' id='fna_243' href='#f_243'><small>[243]</small></a> to him and +gave an account of his recent interview with the Cherokee chief. It was +rather a misleading account, however; for it conveyed to Walker the idea +that Ross was only waiting for provocation from the North to throw in his +lot with the Confederacy. On the twenty-second of June, McCulloch +wrote<a name='fna_244' id='fna_244' href='#f_244'><small>[244]</small></a> to Walker again<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> and to the same effect as far as his belief +that Ross was not sincere in his professions of neutrality was concerned, +even though, in the interval between the two letters, he had been +carefully corrected by Ross himself and even though he was, at the very +time, sending on to Richmond, the correspondence that denied the truth of +his own statement. He did, however, add that his belief now was that Ross +was awaiting a favorable moment to join forces with the North.</p> + +<p>Albert Pike, special commissioner from the State Department of the +Confederate States to the Indian tribes west of Arkansas, had accompanied +General McCulloch on his visit to Ross, the latter part of May, and had +been present at the resulting interview. He had told<a name='fna_245' id='fna_245' href='#f_245'><small>[245]</small></a> Toombs that he +would leave Little Rock for Fort Smith the twenty-second and go at +once<a name='fna_246' id='fna_246' href='#f_246'><small>[246]</small></a> to the Cherokee country. At Fort Smith, Pike met McCulloch and +the two, seeking the same object, agreed to go forward together,<a name='fna_247' id='fna_247' href='#f_247'><small>[247]</small></a> +having already been approached by an anti-Ross element of the Cherokee +Nation.<a name='fna_248' id='fna_248' href='#f_248'><small>[248]</small></a> Ross, as has been shown, insisted upon maintaining an +attitude of strict neutrality, which probably did not surprise his +interviewers, since, according to Pike’s own testimony, he and McCulloch +had not gone to Park Hill expecting to be able to effect any arrangement +with Chief Ross.<a name='fna_249' id='fna_249' href='#f_249'><small>[249]</small></a> Ross, however, did go so far<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> as to promise<a name='fna_250' id='fna_250' href='#f_250'><small>[250]</small></a> +that within a short while he would call a meeting of the Cherokee +Executive Council and confer with it further on the policy to be pursued. +Ross doubtless felt that it was a part of political wisdom to do this. His +was an exceedingly difficult position; for, within the nation, there was a +large element in favor of secession. It was a minority party, it is true; +but, none the less, it represented for the most part, the intelligence and +the property and the influence of the tribe. Opposed to it and in favor of +neutrality, was the large majority, not nearly so influential because made +up of the full-bloods and of those otherwise poverty-stricken and obscure. +In the light of previous tribal discords, the minority party was the old +Ridge, or Treaty, Party, now headed by Stand Watie and E. C. Boudinot, +while the majority party was the Ross, or Non-treaty Party. Ross himself, +his nephew, William P. Ross, and a few others were the great exceptions to +the foregoing characterization of their following. Of sturdy Scotch +extraction and honest to the core, they personally stood out in strong +contrast to the rank and file of the non-secessionists and it was they who +so guided public sentiment that John Ross had the nation back of him when, +on May 17, 1861, he issued his memorable Proclamation of Neutrality:<a name='fna_251' id='fna_251' href='#f_251'><small>[251]</small></a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center"><i>Proclamation to the Cherokee people</i></p> + +<p>Owing to the momentous state of affairs pending among the people of +the several States, I, John Ross, Principal Chief, hereby issue this +my proclamation to the people of the Cherokee Nation, reminding them +of the obligations arising under their treaties with the United +States, and urging them to the faithful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> observance of said treaties +by the maintenance of peace and friendship toward the people of all +the States.</p> + +<p>The better to obtain these important ends, I earnestly impress upon +all my fellow-citizens the propriety of attending to their ordinary +avocations and abstaining from unprofitable discussions of events +transpiring in the States and from partisan demonstrations in regard +to the same.</p> + +<p>They should not be alarmed by false reports thrown into circulation by +designing men, but cultivate harmony among themselves and observe in +good faith strict neutrality between the States threatening civil war. +By these means alone can the Cherokee people hope to maintain their +rights unimpaired and to have their own soil and firesides spared from +the baleful effects of a devastating war. There has been no +declaration of war between the opposing parties, and the conflict may +yet be averted by compromise or a peaceful separation.</p> + +<p>The peculiar circumstances of their condition admonish the Cherokees +to the exercise of prudence in regard to a state of affairs to the +existence of which they have in no way contributed; and they should +avoid the performance of any act or the adoption of any policy +calculated to destroy or endanger their territorial and civil rights. +By honest adherence to this course they can give no just cause for +aggression or invasion nor any pretext for making their country the +scene of military operations, and will be in a situation to claim and +retain all their rights in the final adjustment that will take place +between the several States. For these reasons I earnestly impress upon +the Cherokee people the importance of non-interference in the affairs +of the people of the States and the observance of unswerving +neutrality between them.</p> + +<p>Trusting that God will not only keep from our own borders the +desolations of war, but that He will in infinite mercy and power stay +its ravages among the brotherhood of States.</p> + +<p>Given under my hand at the executive office at Park Hill this 17th day +of May, 1861.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Jno. Ross</span>, Principal Chief Cherokee Nation.</span></p></div> + +<p>The discretion of the Cherokees, their wily diplomacy if, under the +circumstances, you should please to call it such, was more than +counterbalanced by the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>indiscretion and the impetuosity of some of their +neighbors. It has already been noted how the Chickasaws expressed their +southern sympathies in the legislative resolves<a name='fna_252' id='fna_252' href='#f_252'><small>[252]</small></a> of the twenty-fifth +of May, but not as yet how the Choctaws took an equally strong stand. Both +tribes were so very pronounced in their show of affection for the +Confederacy that they gave a secessionist color to the whole of the Indian +Territory, so much so, in fact, that Lieutenant-colonel Hyams could +report<a name='fna_253' id='fna_253' href='#f_253'><small>[253]</small></a> to Governor Moore of Louisiana, on the twenty-eighth of May, +and upon information given him by some Indian agent.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">... That the nations on the borders of this State (Arkansas) are +anxious and desirous to be armed; that they can and will muster into +the service 25,000 men; that they have immense supplies of beeves, +sufficient to supply the meat for the whole Confederate service. All +they ask is arms and enrollment. If within your power to forward their +views with the President, it would be a great step in the right +direction, and erect a more effectual barrier against the Kansas +marauders than any force that could be sent against them, and thereby +protect the northern boundary of both Arkansas and Louisiana. The +reasons why every effort should be made to arm these people (now heart +and soul with us) to defend themselves and us are so palpable, that I +do not attempt to urge them upon you, but do solicit your attention, +so far as is compatible with your high position, to this matter, to +impress its importance on the President, and use your well-known +influence to effect this much desirable result....</p> + +<p>General McCulloch, in a letter<a name='fna_254' id='fna_254' href='#f_254'><small>[254]</small></a> also of the twenty-eighth of May, more +particularly specified the tribes that were friendly to the South, but he +too mentioned some of them, the Choctaw and the Chickasaw, as “anxious to +join the Southern Confederacy.” It should not be a matter of surprise then +to find that on the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span>fourteenth of June, George Hudson, principal chief of +the Choctaw Nation, acting in accordance with the will of the General +Council, which had met four days before, publicly declared<a name='fna_255' id='fna_255' href='#f_255'><small>[255]</small></a> the +Choctaw Nation, “free and <i>independent</i>.” The chief’s proclamation was, in +effect, a conscription act and provided for the enrollment, for military +service in the interests of the Confederacy, of all competent males +between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years. The General Council had +authorized this and had further arranged for the appointment of +commissioners “to negotiate a treaty of alliance and amity” with the +Confederate States.</p> + +<p>Under such conditions, the work of Albert Pike must have seemed all plain +sailing when once he was safely beyond the Cherokee limits; but his +efforts,<a name='fna_256' id='fna_256' href='#f_256'><small>[256]</small></a> vain though they were, to persuade that tribe into an +alliance did not end<a name='fna_257' id='fna_257' href='#f_257'><small>[257]</small></a> with the first recorded interview with Ross. He +kept up his intercourse with the Ridge faction; but finally decided that +as far as Ross and the nation as a whole were concerned it would be best +to await the issue of events. It was only too apparent to all the southern +agents and commissioners that Ross would never yield his opinion unless +compelled thereto by one of three things or a combination of any or all of +them. The three things were, pressure from within the tribe; some +extraordinary display of Confederate strength that would presage ultimate +success for southern arms; and encroachment by the Federals. It was the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span>combination that eventually won the day. Pike, meanwhile, had passed on +to the Creek country.</p> + +<p>At the North Fork Village, in the Creek country, the work of negotiating +Indian treaties in the interests of the Confederacy really began and it +did not end until a rather long series of them had been concluded. The +series consisted of nine main treaties<a name='fna_258' id='fna_258' href='#f_258'><small>[258]</small></a> and the nine group themselves +into three distinct classes. The basis of classification is the relative +strength or power of the tribe, or better, the degree of concession which +the Confederacy, on account of that strength or that power or under stress +of its own dire needs, felt itself obliged to make. This is the list as +classified:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p class="center">FIRST CLASS</p> + +<p>1. Creek, negotiated at North Fork, Creek Nation, July<a name='fna_259' id='fna_259' href='#f_259'><small>[259]</small></a> 10, 1861</p> + +<p>2. Choctaw and Chickasaw, negotiated at North Fork, July 12, 1861</p> + +<p>3. Seminole, negotiated at the Seminole Council House, August 1, 1861</p> + +<p>4. Cherokee, negotiated at Tahlequah, Cherokee Nation, October 7, 1861</p> + + +<p class="center"><br />SECOND CLASS</p> + +<p>1. Osage, negotiated at Park Hill, Cherokee Nation, October 2, 1861</p> + +<p>2. Seneca and Shawnee, negotiated at Park Hill, October 4, 1861</p> + +<p>3. Quapaw, negotiated at Park Hill, October 4, 1861</p> + + +<p class="center"><br /><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span>THIRD CLASS</p> + +<p>1. Wichita, etc., negotiated at the Wichita Agency near the False +Washita River, August 12, 1861</p> + +<p>2. Comanche, negotiated at the Wichita Agency, August 12, 1861</p></div> + +<p>Although all the treaties, made in 1861 by Albert Pike, were negotiated +under authority<a name='fna_260' id='fna_260' href='#f_260'><small>[260]</small></a> of the Act of the Provisional Congress of the +Confederate States, approved May 21, 1861, by which the Confederacy +offered and agreed to accept the protectorate of the Indian tribes west of +Arkansas and Missouri, only those made with the great tribes contained a +statement,<a name='fna_261' id='fna_261' href='#f_261'><small>[261]</small></a> definitely showing that the protectorate had been formally +offered, formally accepted and formally assumed. Thus, in a very +unequivocal way, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles, and Cherokees, +all signified<a name='fna_262' id='fna_262' href='#f_262'><small>[262]</small></a> their willingness to transfer their allegiance from the +United to the Confederate States. The smaller tribes seem not to have been +asked to make the same concession and their nationality was, in no sense, +recognized. They acted more or less under duress or compulsion, and the +very negotiation of treaties with them was taken as a full compliance with +the confederate scheme.</p> + +<p>The nationality of the great tribes, or more properly speaking, their +political importance, was still further<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> recognized by clauses +guaranteeing territorial and political integrity,<a name='fna_263' id='fna_263' href='#f_263'><small>[263]</small></a> representation by +delegates<a name='fna_264' id='fna_264' href='#f_264'><small>[264]</small></a> in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160 & 161]</a></span> Confederate Congress, and the prospect<a name='fna_265' id='fna_265' href='#f_265'><small>[265]</small></a> of +ultimate statehood. The guarantee of territorial integrity was, of a +certainty, not new. It had been inserted into various removal treaties as +a safeguard against a repetition of the injustice that had been meted out +to the Indians by the Southern States in Jackson’s day. It comprised, in +effect, a solemn promise that no state or territorial lines should ever +again circumscribe the particular domain of the Indian nation securing the +guarantee; and that state or territorial laws, as the case might be, +should have no operation within the Indian country. The idea of +congressional representation<a name='fna_266' id='fna_266' href='#f_266'><small>[266]</small></a> was also not new, but where it had +previously been but a promise or a mere contingency, it was now an assured +fact, a thing definitely provided for. Ultimate statehood had, however, +attached to it the old time elements of uncertainty, which is not at all +surprising, considering that Walker, in his instructions<a name='fna_267' id='fna_267' href='#f_267'><small>[267]</small></a> to Hubbard, +had positively spoken against it.</p> + +<p>All the treaties, without distinction of class, recognized the land rights +of the Indians and their existing territorial limits, but with the usual +restriction upon alienation to foreign powers. A sale or cession to a +foreign state, without the consent of the Confederate States, was to +result in forfeiture and reversion to the Confederate States. By the +Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty, the arrangement,<a name='fna_268' id='fna_268' href='#f_268'><small>[268]</small></a> already satisfactorily +reached, for a Chickasaw country distinct from a Choctaw<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> was continued, +the Indians of both tribes being given the privilege of having their +particular land surveyed and sectionized whenever they might so please, +provided it be done by regular legislative process.<a name='fna_269' id='fna_269' href='#f_269'><small>[269]</small></a> The same treaty +transferred<a name='fna_270' id='fna_270' href='#f_270'><small>[270]</small></a> the lease of the Wichita Reserve from the United to the +Confederate States and limited it to ninety-nine years. Practically the +same bands of Indians were to be accommodated in this Leased District as +before; namely, those whose permanent ranges were south of the Canadian or +between it and the Arkansas. The New Mexican Indians were still to be +absolutely excluded. The Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians reserved the right +to pass upon the accommodation of any other Indians than those +specifically mentioned in the treaty. The individual bands, so +accommodated in the Leased District, were to be settled upon reserves and +to hold the same in fee. Finally, the treaty placed,<a name='fna_271' id='fna_271' href='#f_271'><small>[271]</small></a> for the time +being, the Wichitas and their fellow reservees exclusively under the +control of the Confederate States with a limited jurisdiction resting in +the Choctaw Nation and a full right of settlement in Choctaws and +Chickasaws.</p> + +<p>In regard to special features of the land rights of tribes other than +those already mentioned, it is well to observe, perhaps, that the title to +the reservation then occupied by the Seminoles was admitted to be +dependent upon Creek sufferance;<a name='fna_272' id='fna_272' href='#f_272'><small>[272]</small></a> that the United States patent of +December 31, 1838, was recognized<a name='fna_273' id='fna_273' href='#f_273'><small>[273]</small></a> as protecting the Cherokee; and +that the Osage lands in Kansas were inferentially covered by the +Confederate <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span>guarantee, given that tribe, of title in perpetuity.<a name='fna_274' id='fna_274' href='#f_274'><small>[274]</small></a> The +Confederate States, moreover, agreed to indemnify<a name='fna_275' id='fna_275' href='#f_275'><small>[275]</small></a> the Cherokees +should their Neutral Lands be lost to them through the misfortune of the +war. It is rather interesting to see that this new government, in +promising the insignificant tribes a permanent occupancy of their present +holdings, made use of the same high-flown, meaningless language that the +United States had so long used; but Albert Pike knew better than to assure +the truly powerful tribes that they should hold their lands themselves and +in common “as long as the grass should grow and the waters run.” That +language could yet be made appealing and effective, though, in official +dealings with weak Wichitas,<a name='fna_276' id='fna_276' href='#f_276'><small>[276]</small></a> Senecas, and Shawnees,<a name='fna_277' id='fna_277' href='#f_277'><small>[277]</small></a> and, strange +as it may seem, even with Creeks.<a name='fna_278' id='fna_278' href='#f_278'><small>[278]</small></a> In reciprocal fashion, the wild +Comanches could most naïvely promise<a name='fna_279' id='fna_279' href='#f_279'><small>[279]</small></a> to hold the Confederate States +“by the hand, and have but one heart with them always.”</p> + +<p>Speaking of indemnification, we are reminded of other very important +financial obligations assumed by the Confederacy when it made its famous +treaties with the Indians west of Arkansas. Those financial obligations +comprised the payment of annuities due the tribes from the United States +in return for land cessions of enormous extent. They also comprised the +interest on various funds, such as the Orphan Creek fund, education funds, +and the like. Albert Pike had been given no specific authority to do this +but he knew well that no<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> treaties could possibly be made without it. It +was not very likely that the slaveholding tribes would surrender so much +wealth for nothing, and so Pike argued, when justifying himself and his +actions later on. In his capacity as commissioner with plenary powers, he +also promised the Indians that the Confederacy would see to it that their +trust funds, secured by southern bonds, should be rendered safe and +negotiable. Over and above all this, the government of the Confederate +States made itself responsible for claims for damages of various sorts +that the different tribes had brought or were to bring against the United +States. Three good instances of the same are the following: the claim of +the Cherokees for losses, personal and national, incident to the removal +from Georgia; the claim<a name='fna_280' id='fna_280' href='#f_280'><small>[280]</small></a> of the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span>Seminoles for losses sustained by +reason of General Thomas<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> S. Jesup’s emancipation<a name='fna_281' id='fna_281' href='#f_281'><small>[281]</small></a> order during the +progress of the Second Seminole War; and the claim of the Wichitas against +the United States government for having granted to the Choctaws the land +that belonged by hereditary preëmption to them and had so belonged from +time out of mind. It is exceedingly interesting to know that these +Wichitas had been colonized on the very land they claimed as indisputably +their own.</p> + +<p>In all the treaties, negotiated by Pike, except the two of the Third +Class,<a name='fna_282' id='fna_282' href='#f_282'><small>[282]</small></a> the Wichita and the Comanche, the institution of slavery was +positively and particularly recognized, recognized as legal and as having +existed from time immemorial. Property rights in slaves were guaranteed. +Fugitive Slave Laws were declared operative within the Indian country, and +the mutual rendition of fugitives was promised throughout the length and +breadth of the Confederacy. The First Class of treaties differs from the +Second in this matter but only in a very slight degree. The latter +condenses in one clause<a name='fna_283' id='fna_283' href='#f_283'><small>[283]</small></a> all that bears upon slavery in its various +aspects, the former separates the discussion of the legality of the +institution from that of the rendition of slaves. Of the First Class, the +Creek Treaty<a name='fna_284' id='fna_284' href='#f_284'><small>[284]</small></a> constituted the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> model; of the Second, the Osage.<a name='fna_285' id='fna_285' href='#f_285'><small>[285]</small></a></p> + +<p>Aside from the things to which reference has already been made, the +Confederate Indian treaties were, in a variety of ways and to the same +extent that the Confederate constitution itself was, a reflection upon +past history. To avoid the friction that had always been present between +the red men and their neighbors, an attempt was now made to redefine and +to readjust the relations of Indians with each other both within and +without the tribe; their relations with white men considered apart from +any political organization; their relations, either as individuals or as +tribes, with the several states of the Confederacy; and their relations +with the central government. In general, their rights, civil, political, +and judicial, as men and as semi-independent communities were now +specified under such conditions as made for what in times past would have +been regarded as full recognition, and even for enlargement. Indian rights +were at a premium because Indian alliances were in demand.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>The relations of Indians with Indians need not be considered at length. +Suffice it to say that many clauses were devoted to the regulation of the +affairs of those tribes that were, either politically or ethnologically, +closely connected with each other; as, for example, the Choctaws and +Chickasaws on the one hand and the Creeks and Seminoles on the other. +Still other clauses assured the tribes of protection against hostile +invasion from red men and from white, and assured all the great tribes, +except the Cherokees,<a name='fna_286' id='fna_286' href='#f_286'><small>[286]</small></a> of similar protection against domestic +violence.<a name='fna_287' id='fna_287' href='#f_287'><small>[287]</small></a> The Cherokees, very possibly, were made an exception +because of the known intensity of their factional strife and hatred, +which, purely for its own selfish ends, the Confederacy had done so much +to augment. There may also have been some lingering doubt of John Ross’s +sincerity in the matter of devotion to the Confederacy. The time had been +and might come again when the Confederacy would find it very expedient to +play off one faction against another. Injuries coming to the Indians from +a failure to protect were to be indemnified out of the Confederate +treasury. Could the United States, throughout the more than a hundred +years of its history have had just such a law, its national treasury would +have been saved millions and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> millions of dollars paid out in claims, just +and unjust, of white men against the Indians.</p> + +<p>As affecting their relations with white men, the Indians were conceded the +right to determine absolutely, by their own legislation, the conditions of +their own tribal citizenship. This would mean, of course, the free +continuance of the custom of adoption, a custom more pernicious in Indian +history than even the principle of equal apportionment in Frankish; +because it was the entering wedge to territorial encroachment. The white +man, once adopted into the tribe as a citizen, was to be protected against +unjust discrimination or against the forfeiture of his acquired status. +The provisions against intruders were legitimately severe, those of the +United States had never been severe enough. The executive power had always +been very weak and very lax but now it was to reside in the tribal Council +and would bid fair to be firm because interested, or, perhaps, we should +say disinterested. The Confederacy, on its part, promised that the aid of +the military should be forthcoming for the expulsion of intruders on +application by the agent, should the tribal authority prove inadequate. +The Indians might compel the removal of obnoxious men from agency and +military reserves. Unauthorized settlement within the Indian country by +citizens of the Confederate States was absolutely forbidden under pain of +punishment by the tribe encroached upon.</p> + +<p>With respect to Indian trade, there was considerable innovation and +considerable modification of existing laws. For years past, the Indians of +the great tribes had chafed under the restrictions which the United States +government had placed upon their trade<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> and, unquestionably, no other +single thing had irritated them more than the very evident monopoly right +which the United States had given to a few white men over it. Indian +trade, under federal regulations, was nothing more nor less than an +extension of the protective policy, a policy that was destructive of all +competition and that put the Indian, often to the contempt of his +intelligence, at the mercy of the white sharper. Indian commissioner after +Indian commissioner had protested against it, but all in vain. George W. +Manypenny, particularly, had tried<a name='fna_288' id='fna_288' href='#f_288'><small>[288]</small></a> to effect a change; for he was +himself convinced that, if the Indians were capable of self-government, +they were certainly capable of conducting their own trade. Needless to +say, Manypenny’s efforts were entirely unavailing. The Indian trade in the +hands of the licensed white trader, although a pernicious thing for the +Indian, was an exceedingly lucrative business for enterprising American +citizens, white men who were, unfortunately, in possession of the elective +franchise but of little else that was honorable and the government, +controlled by constituents with local interests, dared not surrender it to +the unenfranchised Indians no matter how highly competent they might be. +Thus the Indian country, throughout its entire extent, was exploited for +the sake of the frontiersman. Moreover, the annuity money, a just tax upon +a government that had received so much real estate from the aborigines, +instead of being spent judiciously to meet the ends of civilization and in +such a way as to reflect credit upon the donor, who after all was a +self-constituted guardian, went right back into the pockets of United +States citizens but, of necessity, into those of only a very limited +number of them.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>Because it was a matter of expediency and not because it was a principle +that it believed in, otherwise it would have given it to the weak tribes +as well as to the strong, the Confederacy gave to the Indians of the great +tribes, but not to all in exactly the same measure,<a name='fna_289' id='fna_289' href='#f_289'><small>[289]</small></a> the control of +their own trade. It did not do away with the post trader, as it ought to +have done in order to make its reform complete, but it did deprive him of +his monopoly privileges. It hedged his license about with +restrictions,<a name='fna_290' id='fna_290' href='#f_290'><small>[290]</small></a> made it subject, on complaint of the Indian and in the +event of arrearages, to revocation; and, to all of the great tribes except +the Seminoles, it gave the power of taxing his goods, his stock in trade, +usually a rather paltry outfit. No better precaution could have possibly +been devised against exorbitant charging. An ad valorem tax would most +certainly have quite eliminated the fifty, the one hundred, and the two +hundred per cents of profit. As a matter of fact, the extravagantly high +prices of the ordinary Indian trader would be, for most persons, +positively prohibitive. The Confederacy further bound itself to pay to the +Indians an annual compensation for the land and timber used by the trader.</p> + +<p>The questions settled as between the several states and the Indian tribes +were chiefly<a name='fna_291' id='fna_291' href='#f_291'><small>[291]</small></a> of property rights and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> of civil and criminal rights and +procedure. In addition to their property right in slaves, the Indians were +at last admitted to have a possible right in other things, in land, for +instance, that might lie within the limits of a state. This they were +henceforth to hold, dispose of as they pleased, and bequeath by will.<a name='fna_292' id='fna_292' href='#f_292'><small>[292]</small></a> +Restrictions, likewise, upon their power freely to dispose of their +chattels,<a name='fna_293' id='fna_293' href='#f_293'><small>[293]</small></a> were removed, a coördinate concession, but one that did not +so much affect their relations with a given individual state as their +relations with the central government. To such<a name='fna_294' id='fna_294' href='#f_294'><small>[294]</small></a> of the Indians as were +not to be brought within the jurisdiction of the Confederate States +District Courts<a name='fna_295' id='fna_295' href='#f_295'><small>[295]</small></a> that were to be created within the Indian country, +the right was given to sue and to implead in any of the courts of the +several states. To Indians generally of the great tribes was given the +right to be held competent as witnesses<a name='fna_296' id='fna_296' href='#f_296'><small>[296]</small></a> in state courts, and, if +indicted there themselves, to subpoena witnesses and to employ +counsel.<a name='fna_297' id='fna_297' href='#f_297'><small>[297]</small></a> The Cherokees, the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span>Choctaws, and the Chickasaws were also +granted the right of recovery<a name='fna_298' id='fna_298' href='#f_298'><small>[298]</small></a> as against citizens of the Confederate +States. Should recovery not be possible, the Confederacy was to stand the +loss. But more than anything else reciprocal right of extradition was +henceforth to be accorded. This was to exist as between tribe and +tribe<a name='fna_299' id='fna_299' href='#f_299'><small>[299]</small></a> and, with some slight exceptions, as between tribe and state. +An examination of the various treaties reveals a steady development in the +matter of this concession. The Creek Treaty,<a name='fna_300' id='fna_300' href='#f_300'><small>[300]</small></a> which was the first to +be negotiated, made extradition a rather one-sided<a name='fna_301' id='fna_301' href='#f_301'><small>[301]</small></a> affair. The tribe +was to yield the criminal to the state, but, not reciprocally, the state +to the tribe. This verbal inequality would not have so much mattered had +there been a possibility that in the sequel it would have been +interpreted, as in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> states, in terms of executive courtesy and +discretion; but the chances were that a state would have made it a matter +of absolute obligation with the tribe. Reciprocity<a name='fna_302' id='fna_302' href='#f_302'><small>[302]</small></a> found its way into +the second treaty, however, and also into all the later ones of the First +Class. Finally, be it remarked, that as a climax to this series of +judicial concessions, full faith and credit<a name='fna_303' id='fna_303' href='#f_303'><small>[303]</small></a> were to be given by the +one Indian nation or Confederate state, as the case might be, to all legal +processes, decisions, and acts of the other.</p> + +<p>There yet remain two provisions<a name='fna_304' id='fna_304' href='#f_304'><small>[304]</small></a> of importance that were intended to +put the Indian nations on a basis of equality with the states. They are +provisions rather particular in their nature, however, and, in their full +operation, would have affected Texas and Arkansas much more nearly than +any other members of the Southern Confederacy. The first of these +provisions is to be found, as a grant of mutual rights, only in treaties +of the First Class and in two only of those, the Choctaw and Chickasaw and +the Cherokee. The omission from the Creek and Seminole treaties was due, +most likely, to geographical conditions; but the lack of reciprocity in +the Osage, the one treaty of the Second Class in which a suggestion of the +provision occurs, was just as surely due to the weakness of the tribe from +which the privilege was exacted. The provision comprehended the use of +navigable streams within the limits of the Confederacy and the Indians +specified<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> were to have the same rights in the premises as the citizens of +the Confederate States. Osage<a name='fna_305' id='fna_305' href='#f_305'><small>[305]</small></a> streams and water courses were, +however, to be open to white people but not conversely Confederate waters +to the Osages. The clauses in treaties of the First Class, embodying this +provision, comprehended all navigable streams whatsoever but had +particular application to the Red and Arkansas Rivers, the Choctaw<a name='fna_306' id='fna_306' href='#f_306'><small>[306]</small></a> +and Chickasaw to the former and the Cherokee<a name='fna_307' id='fna_307' href='#f_307'><small>[307]</small></a> to the latter. The +rights of ferrying on these streams were to be open alike to white and red +men living upon their banks.</p> + +<p>The second provision was couched in terms of general amnesty. The Indians +were to forgive wholesale the citizens of the individual Confederate +states for their past offences and, reciprocally, the states were to +forgive and pardon the Indians for theirs, or, rather, the government of +the Confederate States was to use its good offices to persuade and induce +them to do so.<a name='fna_308' id='fna_308' href='#f_308'><small>[308]</small></a> The Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty contained, in +addition to this general clause, a particular one bringing out again the +close connection with Texas and Arkansas. It reads thus:</p> + +<p class="blockquot">... And the Confederate States will especially request the States of +Arkansas and Texas to grant the like amnesty as to all offences +committed by Choctaw or Chickasaw against the laws of those States +respectively, and the Governor of each to reprieve or pardon the same, +if necessary.<a name='fna_309' id='fna_309' href='#f_309'><small>[309]</small></a></p> + +<p>Some evidence of the special interest Texas might have in the matter came +out rather prominently in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> treaties of the Third Class, the amnesty in +them was particular while the amnesty in the treaties of the other two +classes was general. This is what the Wichita and Comanche say:</p> + +<p class="blockquot">It is distinctly understood by the said several tribes and bands, that +the State of Texas is one of the Confederate States, and joins this +Convention, and signs it when the Commissioner signs it, and is bound +by it; and all hostilities and enmities between it and them are now +ended and are to be forgotten and forgiven on both sides.<a name='fna_310' id='fna_310' href='#f_310'><small>[310]</small></a></p> + +<p>It soon developed that Texas was not pleased to find her consent so +thoroughly taken for granted and that the Reserve Indians were no better +satisfied. The enmity between the two continued as before.</p> + +<p>As regarded the relations between the Indian tribes and the Confederate +States proper, the Pike treaties were old law in so far as they duplicated +the earlier United States treaty arrangements and new law only in so far +as they met conditions incident to the war. United States laws and +treaties were specifically continued in force wherever possible, and, in +most cases, the name of the one government was simply substituted for that +of the other. Considerable emphasis was laid upon the right of eminent +domain. The Indians conceded to the Confederacy the power to establish +agency reserves,<a name='fna_311' id='fna_311' href='#f_311'><small>[311]</small></a> military posts<a name='fna_312' id='fna_312' href='#f_312'><small>[312]</small></a> and fortifications, to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span>maintain +post and military roads,<a name='fna_313' id='fna_313' href='#f_313'><small>[313]</small></a> and to grant the right of way,<a name='fna_314' id='fna_314' href='#f_314'><small>[314]</small></a> upon +payment of an indemnity,<a name='fna_315' id='fna_315' href='#f_315'><small>[315]</small></a> to certain corporations for purposes of +internal improvement, mainly railway and telegraph lines. Most of this +would have contributed very materially to the good of the southern cause +in guarding one of the approaches to Texas and in increasing the +convenience of communication. The Confederate States assumed the wardship +of the tribes, exacted a pledge of loyalty from the weaker and one of +alliance,<a name='fna_316' id='fna_316' href='#f_316'><small>[316]</small></a> offensive and defensive, but without the entail of +pecuniary responsibility, from the stronger. In its turn, the Confederacy +promised to the Indians many things, deserving of serious mention and far +too important for mere enumeration. As a matter of fact, the South paid +pretty dearly, from the view-point of historical consistency, for its +Indian alliance. In the light of Indian political history, it yielded far +more than at first glance appears and, as a consequence, the great tribes +gained nearly everything that they had been contending for for half a +century.</p> + +<p>As has just been intimated, the concessions made by the Confederacy to the +Indians were somewhat significant. In addition to the things noted a few +paragraphs back, congressional delegates, control of trade, and others of +like import, Pike, the lawyer commissioner and the man of justice, +promised the establishment of Confederate States courts within the Indian +country. There were to be two of them, one in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> Choctaw country<a name='fna_317' id='fna_317' href='#f_317'><small>[317]</small></a> +and one in the Cherokee.<a name='fna_318' id='fna_318' href='#f_318'><small>[318]</small></a> They were to be District Courts with a +limited Circuit Court jurisdiction. The importance of the concession +cannot well be over-estimated; for it struck at the root of one of the +chief Indian grievances. The territorial extent of the districts was left +a little vague and the jurisdiction was not fairly distributed. Here again +we have an illustration of might conditioning right. The Osages,<a name='fna_319' id='fna_319' href='#f_319'><small>[319]</small></a> the +Senecas and Shawnees,<a name='fna_320' id='fna_320' href='#f_320'><small>[320]</small></a> and the Quapaws<a name='fna_321' id='fna_321' href='#f_321'><small>[321]</small></a> were all brought within +the limits of the Cha-lah-ki, or Cherokee district, but it is not clear +that, as far as they were concerned, any other offences than those against +the Fugitive Slave<a name='fna_322' id='fna_322' href='#f_322'><small>[322]</small></a> laws, were to come within the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> purview of the +court. The Wichitas and Comanches were left entirely unassigned, although +naturally, they would have come within the Tush-ca-hom-ma, or Choctaw +district.</p> + +<p>The Confederacy reinstituted the agency system and continued it with +modifications. These modifications were in line with reiterated complaints +of the Indians. They restricted the government patronage to some extent +and, in certain instances, allowed a good deal of tribal control. As a +general thing, to each tribe was allowed one agent and to each language, +one interpreter. An exception to the first provision was to be found +wherever it had been found under the earlier régime. Thus there was a +single agent for the Choctaws and Chickasaws, another for the fragmentary +tribes of the Leased District, and another for those of the Neosho River +country. In the minor treaties, it was stipulated, for very evident and +very sound reasons, most of them based upon experiences of past neglect, +that the agent should be faithful in the performance of his duties, that +he should reside at his agency continually, and never be absent for long +at a time or without good and sufficient cause.</p> + +<p>There were also certain things the Indians were forbidden to do, many of +them familiar to us in any ordinary Bill of Rights and having reference to +ex-post facto laws, laws impairing the obligation of contracts, due +process of law, and the like. The Confederacy, in turn, bound itself not +to allow farming on government reserves or settlement there except under +certain conditions and not to treat<a name='fna_323' id='fna_323' href='#f_323'><small>[323]</small></a> with Cherokee factions. It +inserted into the treaties with the minor tribes the usual number of +civilization clauses, promising <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span>agricultural and industrial support; and +into the Cherokee some things that were entirely new, notably a provision +that the congressional delegation from each of the great tribes should +have the right to nominate a youth to membership in any military academy +that might be established.<a name='fna_324' id='fna_324' href='#f_324'><small>[324]</small></a> It also promised to maintain a postal +system throughout the Indian country, one that should be, in every +particular, a part of the postal system of the Confederate States with the +same rates, stamps, and so on. To the Cherokees, it promised the +additional privilege<a name='fna_325' id='fna_325' href='#f_325'><small>[325]</small></a> of having the postmasters selected and appointed +from among their own people. From the foregoing analysis of the treaties, +it is clearly seen that the characteristic feature of them all was +conciliation and conciliation written very, very large. Of the great +tribes, the Confederacy asked an alliance full and complete; of the middle +tribes, such as the Osage, it asked a limited alliance and peace; and of +the most insignificant tribes it asked simply peace but that it was +prepared, not only to ask, but, if need be, to demand. Between the +Cherokees and the Wichitas, there was a wide, wide gulf and one that could +be measured only in terms of political and military importance.</p> + +<p>So much for the contents of the treaties but what about the detailed +history of their negotiation? When Albert Pike first came within reach of +the Indian country, he communicated<a name='fna_326' id='fna_326' href='#f_326'><small>[326]</small></a> officially or semi-officially<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> +with the men belonging or recently belonging to the Indian field service, +agents and agency employees, or, at least, with those of them that were +known as Confederate sympathizers. A few very necessary changes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> had been +made in the service with the inauguration of President Lincoln but the +changes were not always such as could, in any wise, have strengthened the +Federal position. First, as regards the southern superintendency, an +attempt had been made to find a successor to Elias Rector<a name='fna_327' id='fna_327' href='#f_327'><small>[327]</small></a> at about +the same time that Harrison<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> B. Branch<a name='fna_328' id='fna_328' href='#f_328'><small>[328]</small></a> of Missouri had been appointed +central superintendent in the stead of A. M. Robinson. The man chosen was +Samuel L. Griffith<a name='fna_329' id='fna_329' href='#f_329'><small>[329]</small></a> of Fort Smith to whom the new Secretary of the +Interior, Caleb B. Smith, telegraphed on the fifth of April, tendering the +position. Similarly by wire, on the ninth, Griffith accepted; and, on the +tenth, explained<a name='fna_330' id='fna_330' href='#f_330'><small>[330]</small></a> the delay in the following letter:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Being a member of our State Convention on the Union side, I hesitated +a day or two, as to the propriety of accepting, fearing it might +affect the union cause, but on mature deliberation and counsel with +union friends, and on the receipt of a memorial signed by a large +number of names of men of all parties, I concluded to accept....</p> + +<p>Col. W. H. Garret Agt. for the Creeks, passed through this place on +the 8th....</p> + +<p>Col. S. Rutherford left here this morning for his agency (the +Seminole). I desired him to ascertain on his way through the Creek and +Choctaw Nations, the facts, as to the rumor that two men from Texas +were in the Creek Nation for the purpose of meeting the several +nations in Council &c. and to report to me immediately....</p></div> + +<p>Dr. Griffith’s solicitude for the Union interests <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span>apparently soon +vanished. On the twentieth of April, he wrote<a name='fna_331' id='fna_331' href='#f_331'><small>[331]</small></a> that, “under the +circumstances,” he could not hold office. Coffin of Indiana was then +selected<a name='fna_332' id='fna_332' href='#f_332'><small>[332]</small></a> for the place of southern superintendent and, in a very +little while, Griffith was among the applicants<a name='fna_333' id='fna_333' href='#f_333'><small>[333]</small></a> for the corresponding +position in the Confederate States. Between the dates of the two +activities, moreover, he had been appointed by the Arkansas Convention one +of the three special agents to interview the Indian tribes in the +interests of secession. That was on the tenth of May.</p> + +<p>The changes in the agency incumbents proved equally temporary and +unfortunate. Particularly was this the case with two determined<a name='fna_334' id='fna_334' href='#f_334'><small>[334]</small></a> upon +on the sixth of April. Four days later, William Quesenbury<a name='fna_335' id='fna_335' href='#f_335'><small>[335]</small></a> of +Fayetteville, Arkansas was notified that he had been appointed to succeed +William H. Garrett as agent for the Creeks, and John Crawford<a name='fna_336' id='fna_336' href='#f_336'><small>[336]</small></a> of the +same place that he had been appointed to succeed Robert J. Cowart as agent +for the Cherokees. Both went over to the Confederacy. Nothing else could +well have been expected of Crawford, or of Quesenbury either for that +matter, and it is rather surprising that their past records were not more +thoroughly examined. Quesenbury, like Richard P. Pulliam, was a sort of +protégé of Elias Rector. Pulliam had been Rector’s clerk in the office +and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> Quesenbury his clerk in the field.<a name='fna_337' id='fna_337' href='#f_337'><small>[337]</small></a> Crawford had been very +prominent<a name='fna_338' id='fna_338' href='#f_338'><small>[338]</small></a> in the Arkansas legislature the preceding winter in the +expression of ideas and sentiments hostile to Abraham Lincoln. He accepted +the office of Cherokee agent under Lincoln, notwithstanding, and he +subsequently said<a name='fna_339' id='fna_339' href='#f_339'><small>[339]</small></a> that he did so because the Indians would not have +liked a northern man to come among them. Before Crawford’s commission +arrived, Cowart had departed<a name='fna_340' id='fna_340' href='#f_340'><small>[340]</small></a> and Cherokee affairs were in dire +confusion.<a name='fna_341' id='fna_341' href='#f_341'><small>[341]</small></a> John J. Humphreys<a name='fna_342' id='fna_342' href='#f_342'><small>[342]</small></a> of Tennessee had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> meanwhile been +offered the Wichita Agency<a name='fna_343' id='fna_343' href='#f_343'><small>[343]</small></a> and Peter P. Elder<a name='fna_344' id='fna_344' href='#f_344'><small>[344]</small></a> of Kansas, the +Neosho River. The Choctaw and Chickasaw Agency seems to have been left +vacant. Truth to tell, there was no longer any such agency under United +States control. Cooper had thrown in his lot with the secessionists and +was already working actively in their cause.</p> + +<p>The defection of Douglas H. Cooper, United States agent for the Choctaws +and the Chickasaws, can not be passed by so very lightly; for it had such +far reaching effects. The time came during and after the war, when the +United States Indian Office came to have in its possession various +documents<a name='fna_345' id='fna_345' href='#f_345'><small>[345]</small></a> that proved conclusively that Douglas H. Cooper had been +most instrumental in organizing the secession movement among the Indians +of at least his own agency. It was even reported<a name='fna_346' id='fna_346' href='#f_346'><small>[346]</small></a> that material was +forthcoming to show how he “was engaged in raising troops for the Rebel +Army, during the months of April, May, and June, 1861, while holding the +office of U. S. Indian Agent.” His successor had been appointed +considerably before the end of that time, however, and, when the war was +over, the Indians themselves exonerated him from all responsibility in the +matter of their own defection.<a name='fna_347' id='fna_347' href='#f_347'><small>[347]</small></a> Notwithstanding, he most certainly did +manifest unusual activity in behalf of the slaveholding power. Even his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> +motives for manifesting activity are, in a sense, impugned as instanced by +the following most extraordinary letter, which, written by Cooper to +Rector privately and in confidence and later transmitted to Washington out +of the ordinary course of official business, has already been quoted once +for the purpose of forming a correct estimate of the recipient’s +character. It is gratifying to know that such letters are very rare in +connection with the history of the American Civil War.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="center"><i>Private & Confidential</i></p> + +<p>[<i>Copy</i>]</p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith</span> May 1st 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Major Elias Rector</span></p> + +<p>Dr. Sir: I have concluded to act upon the suggestion yours of the 28th +Ultimo contains.</p> + +<p>If we work this thing shrewdly we can make a fortune each, satisfy the +Indians, stand fair before the North, and revel in the unwavering +confidence of our Southern Confederacy.</p> + +<p>My share of the eighty thousand in gold<a name='fna_348' id='fna_348' href='#f_348'><small>[348]</small></a> you can leave on deposite +with Meyer Bro. subject to my order. Write me soon.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Cooper</span>.</span></p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188 & 189]</a></span>When Captain Pike<a name='fna_349' id='fna_349' href='#f_349'><small>[349]</small></a> reached the North Fork Village, very probably +still attended by the escort that the Military Board of Arkansas had +graciously—or perhaps officially since Pike, according to his own +con<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190 & 191]</a></span>fession, was acting as commissioner from Arkansas<a name='fna_350' id='fna_350' href='#f_350'><small>[350]</small></a> as well as from +the Confederacy—furnished<a name='fna_351' id='fna_351' href='#f_351'><small>[351]</small></a> him,<a name='fna_352' id='fna_352' href='#f_352'><small>[352]</small></a> he found the Creeks awaiting his +approach with some anxiety. Among them were Motey Kennard,<a name='fna_353' id='fna_353' href='#f_353'><small>[353]</small></a> principal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> +chief of the Lower Creeks, and Echo Harjo, principal chief of the Upper +Creeks, both of whom had been absent<a name='fna_354' id='fna_354' href='#f_354'><small>[354]</small></a> in Washington at the time the +inter-tribal council of the spring had been planned. They had gone to +Washington, in company with John G. Smith, as a delegation, greatly +concerned about the prospect of Creek finances and the continuance of +Creek integrity should the quarrel between the North and the South +continue. Greenwood had tried to reassure them; but, when shortly +afterwards, all Indian allowances were suspended<a name='fna_355' id='fna_355' href='#f_355'><small>[355]</small></a> by the United States +Indian Office for fear that remittances might fall, en route, into the +hands of the disaffected, the distrust and the dissatisfaction of the +Indians revived and increased, thus rendering them peculiarly susceptible +to the plausible secessionist arguments of men like Agent Garrett. +Sometime in May, therefore, a delegation was sent to Montgomery<a name='fna_356' id='fna_356' href='#f_356'><small>[356]</small></a> to +confer with authorities of the Confederate States, who by the time of the +arrival of the Creeks had moved on to Richmond.</p> + +<p>At the North Fork Village, everything seemed to be working in Pike’s +favor. There was scarcely a white man<a name='fna_357' id='fna_357' href='#f_357'><small>[357]</small></a> around who was willing to say a +word for the North; and leading Indians, who were known to be +anti-secessionists, were away<a name='fna_358' id='fna_358' href='#f_358'><small>[358]</small></a> treating with the Indians<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> of the +Plains. Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la, who was to become the stanch leader of the +opposition, was not with the absentees, it would seem; but then that, at +the time, did not so much signify because he was not a ranking chief and +so had little influence.<a name='fna_359' id='fna_359' href='#f_359'><small>[359]</small></a> On the tenth of July, the treaty that Pike +and the Creek commissioners had been working on for days was finally +submitted for signature and the names of Motey Kennard, Echo Harjo, Chilly +McIntosh, Samuel Checote and many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> other less prominent Creeks were +attached to it. On the twentieth, the general council approved it and more +names were attached, that of Jacob Derrysaw being among them. On one or +the other occasion, several white men signed. William Quesenbury, who was +acting as Pike’s secretary, Agent Garrett, Interpreter G. W. Stidham,<a name='fna_360' id='fna_360' href='#f_360'><small>[360]</small></a> +and W. L. Pike. Soon came the return of the travellers and much subsequent +commotion. They expressed themselves as opposed to the whole proceeding, +yet three of them found that, in their absence, their names had been +forged<a name='fna_361' id='fna_361' href='#f_361'><small>[361]</small></a> to the document that was passing as a treaty between the +Creeks and the Confederate States. The three whose names were forged were, +Ok-ta-ha-hassee Harjo (better known subsequently as “Sands” and who became +in reconstruction days the great rival of Samuel Checote for the office of +principal chief), Tallise Fixico, and Mikko Hutke. It is a matter of +dispute what course Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la had taken<a name='fna_362' id='fna_362' href='#f_362'><small>[362]</small></a> in the treaty +conference but not what he did afterwards; for he became the intrepid<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> +leader of the so-called “Loyal Creeks” and the foremost of the “Refugees.”</p> + +<p>If the Creeks were disturbed about their national<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> finances, the +Choctaws<a name='fna_363' id='fna_363' href='#f_363'><small>[363]</small></a> were even more so. There were many suspicious circumstances +connected with a certain corn contract and with the expenditure generally +of the huge sum of money that the United States Congress had appropriated +in satisfaction of claims arising under the treaty of removal, payment on +which it had recently suspended to the displeasure of the Indians and the +discomfiture of the speculators. Wherever suspicion rested, Pike attempted +elaborate explanations and, wherever affairs could be turned to the +account of the Confederacy, he labored with redoubled zeal. His task was +an easy one comparatively-speaking, though, for the Choctaws were already +committed<a name='fna_364' id='fna_364' href='#f_364'><small>[364]</small></a> to the southern cause. The two Folsoms, Peter and Sampson, +who were among the special commissioners sent to Washington to inquire +about the money and who had lingered at Montgomery, were his eager +coadjutors. Just how far George Hudson, principal chief, was readily +compliant, it is difficult to say. It is supposed that he issued his +proclamation<a name='fna_365' id='fna_365' href='#f_365'><small>[365]</small></a> of June 14, announcing independence and calling for +troops, under compulsion and, in July, he may still have been secretly in +favor of neutrality. The joint treaty for the Choctaws<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> and Chickasaws was +completed on the twelfth of July and again prominent men, the most +prominent in the tribes, no doubt, endorsed the action by affixing their +signatures. R. M. Jones, the chief<a name='fna_366' id='fna_366' href='#f_366'><small>[366]</small></a> of the secessionists, W. B. + +Pitchlynn, Winchester Colbert, and James Gamble,<a name='fna_367' id='fna_367' href='#f_367'><small>[367]</small></a> who was soon +afterwards selected as the first delegate<a name='fna_368' id='fna_368' href='#f_368'><small>[368]</small></a> to the Confederate +Congress, were among the signers; but Agent Cooper was not. Perchance, he +and Pike had already begun to dispute over the propriety of an Indian +agent’s holding a colonelcy in the Confederate army. Cooper<a name='fna_369' id='fna_369' href='#f_369'><small>[369]</small></a> wanted to +be both agent and colonel.</p> + +<p>Having disposed satisfactorily of the Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws, +Pike passed on, with his group of white and red friends, to the Seminoles +and met them in council<a name='fna_370' id='fna_370' href='#f_370'><small>[370]</small></a> at their own agency. Rector was now<a name='fna_371' id='fna_371' href='#f_371'><small>[371]</small></a> one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> +of his assistants. The poor Seminoles, according to their own story of +what happened, were taken completely unawares;<a name='fna_372' id='fna_372' href='#f_372'><small>[372]</small></a> and, after some +skilful maneuvering, Pike succeeded in inducing about half<a name='fna_373' id='fna_373' href='#f_373'><small>[373]</small></a> of them, +headed by one of their principal chiefs, John Jumper,<a name='fna_374' id='fna_374' href='#f_374'><small>[374]</small></a> and a town +chief, Pas-co-fa, to agree to “perpetual peace and friendship” with the +Confederate States. There was nothing specifically said about an alliance, +offensive and defensive, but it was understood and was immediately +provided for.<a name='fna_375' id='fna_375' href='#f_375'><small>[375]</small></a> The head chief, Billy Bowlegs,<a name='fna_376' id='fna_376' href='#f_376'><small>[376]</small></a> and other chiefs of +present and future <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span>importance, like John Chup-co,<a name='fna_377' id='fna_377' href='#f_377'><small>[377]</small></a> refused<a name='fna_378' id='fna_378' href='#f_378'><small>[378]</small></a> to +sign the treaty and, before many days had elapsed, joined the party of the +“Loyal Creeks.” Various ones of the “Southern” Creeks, notably Motey +Kennard, were present at the treaty-making and used their influence to +strengthen that of Pike, Rector, Agent Rutherford,<a name='fna_379' id='fna_379' href='#f_379'><small>[379]</small></a> Contractor Charles +B. Johnson, and a host of minor enthusiasts, like J. J. Sturm and H. P. +Jones, all of whom had formerly been in the United States employ and were +now, or soon to be, in the Confederate.<a name='fna_380' id='fna_380' href='#f_380'><small>[380]</small></a></p> + +<p>Pike’s military escort had surely left him by this time and had returned +to Arkansas and yet never had it been more needed; for the Confederate +commissioner and his party were about to go into the western country to +confer with the tribes of the Leased District whose friendship as yet +could scarcely be counted upon, notwithstanding the fact that their agent +had openly thrown in his fortunes with the South<a name='fna_381' id='fna_381' href='#f_381'><small>[381]</small></a> and was using<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> every +form of persuasive art to induce them to do the same. Fearing, perhaps, +some show of hostility from the Wichitas, Comanches, and Tonkawas, and +hoping that a show of force on his part would intimidate them, Pike +gathered together, before proceeding to the Leased District, a company of +fifty-six<a name='fna_382' id='fna_382' href='#f_382'><small>[382]</small></a> mounted men, friendly Creeks and Seminoles, and with them +left the Seminole Council House. The Leased District once reached, some of +the hardest work of the whole negotiation began and two treaties<a name='fna_383' id='fna_383' href='#f_383'><small>[383]</small></a> were +ultimately concluded, one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> with some of the legitimate residents of the +locality and one with wandering bands who came in for the purpose. It is +well to note at the outset, however, that the Wichitas proper refused to +be either cajoled or intimidated and that, in consequence, they who had +always, under United States control, been the most important of the +reservees, the ones to give the name to the entire group, were now reduced +to a subordinate position and some of the Comanches<a name='fna_384' id='fna_384' href='#f_384'><small>[384]</small></a> elevated to the +first rank. The first treaty then, the one made with reservees, was thus +designated, “Treaty with Comanches and Other Tribes and Bands.” The second +treaty, made with Indians <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span>belonging outside the Leased District was +designated, “Treaty with the Comanches of the Prairies and Staked Plain.”</p> + +<p>The negotiation of the remaining treaties of the Pike series came as an +immediate effect of Confederate military successes and belongs, in its +description, to the next chapter. It is proper now to return to a +consideration of the work of the Confederate Congress, in so far, at +least, as that work had a bearing upon the alliance with the tribes. On +the twenty-eighth of August, Hugh F. Thomason of Arkansas, offered the +following resolution:</p> + +<p class="blockquot"><i>Resolved</i>, That the Committee on Indian Affairs be instructed to +inquire whether any, and if so what, treaties have been made with any +of the Indian tribes, and if so, with which of them; and whether any, +and if so, what legislation is necessary in consequence thereof; and +that they have leave to report at such time and in such manner as to +them shall seem proper.<a name='fna_385' id='fna_385' href='#f_385'><small>[385]</small></a></p> + +<p>There the matter rested until after the whole series of treaties had been +completed which was in ample time for President Davis to submit<a name='fna_386' id='fna_386' href='#f_386'><small>[386]</small></a> +Pike’s report<a name='fna_387' id='fna_387' href='#f_387'><small>[387]</small></a> and the tangible evidence of his successful work to the +Provisional Congress at its winter session.</p> + +<p>President Davis’s message of December 12, 1861, transmitting the Pike +treaties to the Provisional Congress, summarized their merits and their +defects and gave direction to the consideration and discussion that ended +in their ratification. It called particular attention to the pecuniary +obligations<a name='fna_388' id='fna_388' href='#f_388'><small>[388]</small></a> assumed and to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> contemplated change of status. +Regarding the latter, Davis said,</p> + +<p class="blockquot">Important modifications are proposed in favor of the respective local +governments of these Indians, to which your special attention is +invited. That their advancement in civilization justified an +enlargement of their power in that regard will scarcely admit of a +doubt; but whether the proposed concessions in favor of their local +governments are within the bounds of a wise policy may well claim your +serious consideration. In this connection your attention is specially +invited to the clauses giving to certain tribes the unqualified right +of admission as a State into the compact of the Confederacy, and in +the meantime allowing each of these tribes to have a delegate in +Congress. These provisions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> are regarded not only as impolitic but +unconstitutional, it not being within the limits of the treaty-making +power to admit a State or to control the House of Representatives in +the matter of admission to its privileges. I recommend that the former +provision be rejected, and that the latter be so modified as to leave +the question to the future action of Congress; and also do recommend +the rejection of those articles in the treaties which confer upon +Indians the right to testify in the State courts, believing that the +States have the power to decide that question, each for itself, +independently of any action of the Confederate Government.<a name='fna_389' id='fna_389' href='#f_389'><small>[389]</small></a></p> + +<p>Again Arkansas was in the lead in the exhibition of interest and, on the +motion<a name='fna_390' id='fna_390' href='#f_390'><small>[390]</small></a> of one of her delegation, Robert W. Johnson, the president’s +message and the documents accompanying it were referred to the Committee +on Indian Affairs. This was on the thirteenth of December and Johnson was +the chairman of the committee. On the nineteenth, the treaties began to be +considered<a name='fna_391' id='fna_391' href='#f_391'><small>[391]</small></a> in executive session. The first to be so considered was +the Choctaw and Chickasaw, and interest concentrated on its twenty-seventh +article,<a name='fna_392' id='fna_392' href='#f_392'><small>[392]</small></a> the one giving to the two tribes jointly a delegate in the +Confederate Congress. This provision was finally amended<a name='fna_393' id='fna_393' href='#f_393'><small>[393]</small></a> so as to +leave the delegate’s status, his rights and his privileges, just as Davis +had recommended, to the House of Representatives. Then came the +consideration of the twenty-eighth article,<a name='fna_394' id='fna_394' href='#f_394'><small>[394]</small></a> which promised ultimate +statehood, and that also was amended in such a way as to leave the final +determination to Congress,</p> + +<p class="blockquot"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span>By whose act alone, under the Constitution, new States can be +admitted and whose consent it is not in the power of the President or +the present Congress to guarantee in advance....<a name='fna_395' id='fna_395' href='#f_395'><small>[395]</small></a></p> + +<p>In the afternoon of December twenty-first, the Provisional Congress +resumed<a name='fna_396' id='fna_396' href='#f_396'><small>[396]</small></a> its consideration of the Indian treaties. The day previous, +it had decided upon this order of procedure and had agreed<a name='fna_397' id='fna_397' href='#f_397'><small>[397]</small></a> that the +Comanche treaties, being of the least importance, should be left to the +last. The work of the twenty-first was on the judicial clauses and, on the +question of the qualification of the Indians to be competent witnesses in +civil and criminal suits. Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXVI</span><a name='fna_398' id='fna_398' href='#f_398'><small>[398]</small></a> of the Osage Treaty, dealing +with the right to subpoena witnesses and to have counsel, seemed likely to +create prejudice.<a name='fna_399' id='fna_399' href='#f_399'><small>[399]</small></a> At length Waul of Texas suggested<a name='fna_400' id='fna_400' href='#f_400'><small>[400]</small></a> that +Commissioner Pike be invited to be present at future sessions in order +that some very necessary explanations of scope, of motives, and of reasons +might be forthcoming. In the end, the only changes made in the grant of +judicial privileges were along the line of safe-guarding the existing +rights of the individual states. In illustration of this, take the Choctaw +and Chickasaw Treaty as typical of all of the treaties of the First Class. +Articles <span class="smcaplc">XLIII</span> and <span class="smcaplc">XLIV</span> were amended. To the former was added,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>And the Confederate States will request the several States of the +Confederacy to adopt and enact the provisions of this article, in +respect to suits and proceedings in their several courts.<a name='fna_401' id='fna_401' href='#f_401'><small>[401]</small></a></p></div> + +<p>From the latter, the phrase, “or of a State,” was stricken<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> out and this +substitution made; “or of a State, subject to the laws of the State.”<a name='fna_402' id='fna_402' href='#f_402'><small>[402]</small></a></p> + +<p>On the whole, the Indian treaties took up a very large share of the +attention of the Confederate Congress throughout the month of December; +and, after debate, President Davis’s advice in every particular was +followed, even to the assumption of the pecuniary obligations. On the +twenty-third of December, Johnson reported<a name='fna_403' id='fna_403' href='#f_403'><small>[403]</small></a> back the treaty with the +Cherokees and some of its clauses were then considered. On the same day, +Johnson offered<a name='fna_404' id='fna_404' href='#f_404'><small>[404]</small></a> a resolution of ratification for the Seminole Treaty +and it was unanimously adopted, the same changes identically having been +made in the treaty as had been made in the Choctaw and Chickasaw in so far +as the two treaties corresponded originally with each other. Congress also +ratified a supplementary article to the Seminole Treaty. The last of the +month, the Comanche treaties were reached<a name='fna_405' id='fna_405' href='#f_405'><small>[405]</small></a> and soon pushed through +with only very slight modifications. Then came the final consideration of +the treaty with the Creek Indians. It was ratified<a name='fna_406' id='fna_406' href='#f_406'><small>[406]</small></a> with the customary +amendments the same day. The Quapaw Treaty came<a name='fna_407' id='fna_407' href='#f_407'><small>[407]</small></a> next and with its +congressional ratification, the work of diplomatically securing the +Indians was practically done. The later Indian ratification was more or +less perfunctory.</p> + + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a>IV. THE INDIAN NATIONS IN ALLIANCE WITH THE CONFEDERACY</h2> + + +<p>The work of soliciting the military support of the Indians and, to a large +extent, that of securing it, antedated very considerably the formal +negotiation of treaties with their constituted authorities. Whether it be +true or not, that Douglas H. Cooper, United States agent for the Choctaws +and the Chickasaws, did, as early as April, 1861, begin to enroll his +Indians for the service of the Confederate States, it is indisputable +that, immediately upon receiving Secretary Walker’s communication<a name='fna_408' id='fna_408' href='#f_408'><small>[408]</small></a> of +May thirteenth, he began to do it in real earnest and, from that time +forward, gained his recruits with astonishing ease. There were many<a name='fna_409' id='fna_409' href='#f_409'><small>[409]</small></a> +to recommend the employment of the Indians and some to oppose it. A +certain F. J. Marshall, writing<a name='fna_410' id='fna_410' href='#f_410'><small>[410]</small></a> to Jefferson Davis from Marysville, +Kansas, on the twentieth of May, mapped out a tremendous programme of +activities in which Indians were to play their part and to help secure +everything of value between the Missouri line and the Pacific coast. Henry +McCulloch thought<a name='fna_411' id='fna_411' href='#f_411'><small>[411]</small></a> they might be used advantageously in Texas and on +her borders. Pike believed<a name='fna_412' id='fna_412' href='#f_412'><small>[412]</small></a> not more than thirty-five hundred could be +counted upon, maybe five<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> thousand, but whatever the number, he would +engage them quickly and provide them with the necessary equipment. He +wanted also to employ<a name='fna_413' id='fna_413' href='#f_413'><small>[413]</small></a> a battalion of those Indians that more strictly +belonged to Kansas. Presumably, then, he would not have confined +Confederate interest to the slaveholding tribes. Others besides Pike were +doubtless of the same mind. Marshall was, for instance, and southern +emissaries were frequently heard of, north of the Neosho River. Henry C. +Whitney, one of two United States special agents (Thomas C. Slaughter was +the other), sent<a name='fna_414' id='fna_414' href='#f_414'><small>[414]</small></a> out to Kansas to investigate and with a view to +relieve under congressional appropriation<a name='fna_415' id='fna_415' href='#f_415'><small>[415]</small></a> the distress among the +Indians, caused by the fearful and widespread drouth of 1860, met<a name='fna_416' id='fna_416' href='#f_416'><small>[416]</small></a> +with many traces of secessionist influence.<a name='fna_417' id='fna_417' href='#f_417'><small>[417]</small></a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209 & 210]</a></span>The efforts of Cooper, coupled with those of Pike and McCulloch, in this +matter of the enlistment of Indian troops, were soon rewarded. Chief +Hudson’s proclamation of June fourteenth, besides being a declaration of +independence, was a call for troops and a call that was responded to by +the Choctaws with alacrity. A little more than a month later, the +enlistment of Indians had so far advanced that McCulloch was able to +speak<a name='fna_418' id='fna_418' href='#f_418'><small>[418]</small></a> positively as to his intended disposition of them. It was to +keep them, both the Choctaw-Chickasaw regiment, which was then well under +way towards<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> organization, and the Creek, which was then forming, at +Scullyville, situated fifteen miles, or thereabouts, from Fort Smith, as a +check upon the Cherokees. Evidently the peace-loving element among the +Cherokees was yet the dominant one. On the twenty-fifth of July, Cooper +furnished further information,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The organization of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Regiment of Mounted +Rifles will be completed this week, but as yet no arms<a name='fna_419' id='fna_419' href='#f_419'><small>[419]</small></a> have been +furnished at Fort Smith for them. I hope speedy and effectual measures +will be taken to arm the people of this (Indian) Territory—the +Creeks, Seminoles, Cherokees.... The Choctaws and Chickasaws can +furnish 10,000 warriors<a name='fna_420' id='fna_420' href='#f_420'><small>[420]</small></a> if needed. The Choctaws and Chickasaws +are extremely anxious to form another regiment.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span>There seems to be a disposition to keep the Indians at home. This +seems to me bad policy. They are unfit for garrison duty, and would be +a terror to the Yankees.<a name='fna_421' id='fna_421' href='#f_421'><small>[421]</small></a></p></div> + +<p>All this time, of course, Pike had been making progress with his treaties +and undoubtedly simplifying Cooper’s task by embodying in those treaties +the principles of an active alliance. These clauses from the Creek Treaty +will illustrate the point:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Article I.</span> There shall be perpetual peace and friendship, and an +alliance offensive and defensive, between the Confederate States of +America, and all of their States and people, and the Creek Nation of +Indians, and all its towns and individuals.<a name='fna_422' id='fna_422' href='#f_422'><small>[422]</small></a></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Article XXXVI.</span> In consideration of the common interests of the Creek +Nation and the Confederate States, and of the protection and rights +guaranteed to the said nation by this treaty, the Creek Nation, hereby +agrees that it will, either by itself or in conjunction with the +Seminole Nation, raise and furnish a regiment of ten companies of +mounted men to serve in the armies of the Confederate States for +twelve months, the company officers whereof shall be elected by the +members of the company, and the field officers by a majority of the +votes of the members of the regiment. The men shall be armed by the +Confederate States, receive the same pay and allowances as other +mounted troops in the service, and not be moved beyond the limits of +the Indian country west of Arkansas without their consent.<a name='fna_423' id='fna_423' href='#f_423'><small>[423]</small></a></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Article XXXVII.</span> The Creek Nation hereby agrees and binds itself at any +future time to raise and furnish, upon the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span>requisition of the +President, such number of troops for the defence of the Indian +country, and of the frontier of the Confederate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> States as he may fix, +not out of fair proportion to the number of its population, to be +employed for such terms of service as the President may fix; and such +troops shall always receive the same pay and allowances as other +troops of the same class in the service of the Confederate +States.<a name='fna_424' id='fna_424' href='#f_424'><small>[424]</small></a></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Article XXXVIII.</span> It is further agreed by the said Confederate States +that the said Creek Nation shall never be required or called upon to +pay, in land or otherwise, any part of the expenses of the present +war, or of any war waged by or against the Confederate States.<a name='fna_425' id='fna_425' href='#f_425'><small>[425]</small></a></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Article XXXIX.</span> It is further agreed that, after the restoration of +peace, the Government of the Confederate States will defend the +frontiers of the Indian country, of which the Creek country is a part, +and hold the forts and posts therein, with native troops, recruited +among the several Indian Nations included therein, under the command +of officers of the army of the Confederate States, in preference to +other troops.<a name='fna_426' id='fna_426' href='#f_426'><small>[426]</small></a></p></div> + +<p>Although John Ross had positively forbidden the recruiting of any force +within the limits of the Cherokee country, that while nominally for home +defense, should be in reality a reserve force for the Confederacy, he was +unable to prevent individuals from going over, on their own responsibility +entirely, to McCulloch; and many did go and are believed to have +fought<a name='fna_427' id='fna_427' href='#f_427'><small>[427]</small></a> with his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> brigade at the Battle of Oak Hills, or Wilson’s +Creek. That battle proved the determining point in this period of Cherokee +history. It was a Confederate victory, and a victory gained under such +circumstances<a name='fna_428' id='fna_428' href='#f_428'><small>[428]</small></a> that the watchful Indians had every reason to think +that the southern cause would be triumphant in the end.</p> + +<p>The dissensions<a name='fna_429' id='fna_429' href='#f_429'><small>[429]</small></a> among the Cherokee and the constant endeavors of the +Ridge Party to develop public sentiment in favor of the Confederacy, to +undermine the popularity of John Ross, and to destroy his influence over +the full-bloods were, and there is no gainsaying it, the real causes of +the ultimate Cherokee defection. The Battle of Wilson’s Creek was only the +occasion, only the immediate cause, the excuse, if you please, and of +itself could never have brought about a decision. Yet its effect<a name='fna_430' id='fna_430' href='#f_430'><small>[430]</small></a> upon +Cherokee opinion was unquestionably great and immediate, and that effect +was noticeably strengthened and intensified by the memory of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> other +Federal reverses along the Atlantic seaboard, especially the more recent +and more serious one of Manassas Junction, on the twenty-first of July.</p> + +<p>Up to about that time, the neutral policy of John Ross seems to have +received the endorsement of a majority of the Cherokee people. In the last +days of June, the Executive Council had been called together and had, +after a session of several days, publicly and officially approved<a name='fna_431' id='fna_431' href='#f_431'><small>[431]</small></a> of +the stand the principal chief had taken to date. But events were already +under way that were to make this executive action in no sense a true index +to popular feeling. The secessionists were secretly organizing themselves, +ready to seize the first opportunity that might appear. The full-bloods, +or non-secessionists, were also organized and, under the name of “Pins,” +were holding meetings of mutual encouragement among the hills. Encounters +between the two factions were not infrequent and the half-breeds resorted +to all sorts of expedients for persuading, or that failing, of frightening +the full-bloods into a compliance with their wishes. They told them that +the Kansas people had designs upon their lands (which was not altogether +untrue), and that the Federal government would free their slaves and +otherwise dispossess, degrade, and humiliate them. Such arguments had +their effect and there was little at hand to counteract it, none in the +memory of the past, none in the neglect and embarrassment of the present, +none in the prospect of the future. There were no Federal troops, no new +Federal assurances of protection. Agent Crawford, who was the only agent +within reach, added his threats and his Confederate promises to those of +the half-breeds. Then came the Battle of Wilson’s Creek with its +disastrous<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> Federal showing, and the exhausted resisting power of the Pins +went down before the renewed secessionist ardor.</p> + +<p>A meeting of the Cherokee Executive Council had been called for August +first, and John Ross, Joseph Vann, James Brown, John Drew, and William P. +Ross, all prominent non-secessionists, had attended it. On this occasion, +a general, or mass, meeting of the Cherokee people was arranged for, in +response to a public appeal, and the date for it was fixed for the +twentieth of August.<a name='fna_432' id='fna_432' href='#f_432'><small>[432]</small></a> In the interval came the news from Springfield +and another communication from Albert Pike.<a name='fna_433' id='fna_433' href='#f_433'><small>[433]</small></a></p> + +<p>The convention which met at Tahlequah in August of 1861 ended in the +secession of the Cherokee Nation. While it was in progress, the events of +the last few months were gone over in thorough review and emphasis placed +upon those of recent occurrence. The attendance at the convention was +large.<a name='fna_434' id='fna_434' href='#f_434'><small>[434]</small></a> Both political factions were well represented and there seems +to have been only a slight show of force, if any, from the secessionists. +The Reverend Evan Jones is our authority for thinking that some “seventy +or eighty of them appeared there in arms with the intention to break up +the meeting;” but that only two of them succeeded in making<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> any +disturbance.<a name='fna_435' id='fna_435' href='#f_435'><small>[435]</small></a> In the course of the meeting, Agent Crawford put in an +appearance and again asserted himself in behalf of the Confederacy. He +“appeared on the platform,” says an eyewitness,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>And stated that although for some time past he had been among the +Cherokees acting as U. S. Agent, it had been by the advice and consent +of the Confederate authorities, and with the understanding that when +the proper time arrived he should declare himself the Agent of the +C. S. A. That time had now come making this the proudest day of his +life.<a name='fna_436' id='fna_436' href='#f_436'><small>[436]</small></a>.</p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span>Such a confession of baseness seems hardly credible. The secessionist was +entitled to his opinions touching the doctrine of state rights, for which +a difference of view found its justification both in fact and in theory. +He might even conscientiously believe in the righteousness of negro +enslavement, inasmuch as it really did offer an easy solution of a labor +problem; and moreover,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> would work under a benign paternalism, for the +thorough, because so gradual, development of an inferior race; but by no +standard of personal honor, or of moral rectitude could conduct such as +Crawford’s be condoned.</p> + +<p>John Ross had opened the meeting with an address in which he had defined +its purposes and his own good intentions, both past and present. +Personally, he seemed still inclined to maintain a neutral attitude but +designing persons had made his position most difficult.<a name='fna_437' id='fna_437' href='#f_437'><small>[437]</small></a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>... Our soil has not been invaded, our peace has not been molested, +nor our rights interfered with by either Government. On the contrary, +the people have remained at home, cultivated their farms in security, +and are reaping fruitful returns for their labors. But for false +fabrications, we should have pursued our ordinary vocations without +any excitement at home, or misrepresentations and consequent +misapprehensions abroad, as to the real sentiments and purposes of the +Cherokee people. Alarming reports, however, have been pertinaciously +circulated at home and unjust imputations among the people of the +States. The object seems to have been to create strife and conflict, +instead of harmony and good-will, among the people themselves, and to +engender prejudice and distrust, instead of kindness and confidence, +towards them by the officers and citizens of the Confederate +States....</p> + +<p>... The great object with me has been to have the Cherokee people +harmonious and united in the full and free exercise and enjoyment of +all their rights of person and property. Union is strength; dissension +is weakness, misery, ruin. In time of peace, enjoy peace together; in +time of war, if war must come, fight together. As brothers live, as +brothers die. While ready and willing to defend our firesides from the +robber and murderer,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221-223]</a></span> let us not make war wantonly against the +authority of the United or Confederate States, but avoid conflict with +either, and remain strictly on our own soil. We have homes endeared to +us by every consideration, laws adapted to our condition of our own +choice, and rights and privileges of the highest character. Here they +must be enjoyed or nowhere else. When your nationality ceases here, it +will live nowhere else. When these homes are lost, you will find no +others like them. Then, my countrymen, as you regard your own rights, +as you regard the welfare of your posterity, be prudent how you act. +The permanent disruption of the United States is now probable. The +State on our border and the Indian nations about us have severed their +connection from the United States and joined the Confederate States. +Our general interests are inseparable from theirs, and it is not +desirable that we should stand alone. The preservation of our rights +and of our existence are above every other consideration. And in view +of all the circumstances of our situation I do say to you frankly that +in my opinion the time has now come when you should signify your +consent for the authorities of the nation to adopt preliminary steps +for an alliance with the Confederate States upon terms honorable and +advantageous to the Cherokee Nation.<a name='fna_438' id='fna_438' href='#f_438'><small>[438]</small></a></p></div> + +<p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img04.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Colonel Adair, Cherokee</span><br />[<i>From Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology</i>]</p> +<p> </p> + +<p>After having received this most solemn of warnings, “and a few pertinent +and forcible remarks from Colonel Crawford,” the meeting organized with +Joseph Vann as president and William P. Ross as secretary. To effect a +reconciliation between the contending factions and to decide upon some +national policy that should be acceptable to the majority of the people, +were, undoubtedly, the objects sought and so, after much discussion, a +series of resolutions was adopted in which these ideas were given +prominence as well as some of kindred importance. The resolutions asserted +the legal and constitutional right of property in slaves and, in no +doubtful terms, a friendship for the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span>Confederacy. Yet the convention +itself took no definite action towards consummating an alliance but left +everything to the discretion of the constituted authorities of the nation, +in whom it announced an unwavering confidence.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Whereas we, the Cherokee people, have been invited by the executive of +the Cherokee Nation, in compliance with the request of many citizens, +to meet in general meeting, for the purpose of drawing more closely +the bonds of friendship and sympathy which should characterize our +conduct and mark our feelings towards each other in view of the +difficulties and dangers which have arisen from the fearful condition +of affairs among the people of the several States, and for the purpose +of giving a free and frank expression of the real sentiments we +cherish towards each other, and of our true position in regard to +questions which affect the general welfare, and particularly on that +of the subject of slavery: Therefore be it hereby</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we fully approve the neutrality recommended by the +principal chief in the war pending between the United and the +Confederate States, and tender to General McCulloch our thanks for the +respect he has shown to our position.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we renew the pledges given by the executive of this +nation of the friendship of the Cherokees towards the people of all +the States, and particularly towards those on our immediate border, +with whom our relations have been harmonious and cordial, and from +whom they should not be separated.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we also take occasion to renew to the Creeks, +Choctaws, Seminoles, Chickasaws, and Osages, and others, assurances of +continued friendship and brotherly feeling.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we hereby disavow any wish or purpose to create or +perpetuate any distinctions between the citizens of our country as to +the full and mixed blood, but regard each and all as our brothers, and +entitled to equal rights and privileges according to the constitution +and laws of the nation.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That we proclaim unwavering attachment to the constitution +and laws of the Cherokee Nation, and solemnly pledge ourselves to +defend and support the same, and as far as <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span>in us lies to secure to +the citizens of the nation all the rights and privileges which they +guarantee to them.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That among the rights guaranteed by the constitution and +laws we distinctly recognize that of property in negro slaves, and +hereby publicly denounce as calumniators those who represent us to be +abolitionists, and as a consequence hostile to the South, which is +both the land of our birth and the land of our homes.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That the great consideration with the Cherokee people +should be a united and harmonious support and defense of their common +rights, and we hereby pledge ourselves to mutually sustain our +nationality, and to defend our lives and the integrity of our homes +and soil whenever the same shall be wantonly assailed by lawless +marauders.</p> + +<p><i>Resolved</i>, That, reposing full confidence in the constituted +authorities of the Cherokee Nation, we submit to their wisdom the +management of all questions which affect our interests growing out of +the exigencies of the relations between the United and Confederate +States of America, and which may render an alliance on our part with +the latter States expedient and desirable.</p> + +<p>And which resolutions, upon the question of their passage being put, +were carried by acclamation. <span class="smcap">Joseph Vann</span>, President.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Wm. P. Ross, Secretary.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Tahlequah, C. N., August 21, 1861.<a name='fna_439' id='fna_439' href='#f_439'><small>[439]</small></a></span></p></div> + +<p>In making his plans, prior to the Battle of Wilson’s Creek, for effecting +a junction with Price and coöperating with him and others in southwest +Missouri, McCulloch acted, not under direct orders from Richmond, but from +his own desire to take such a position opposite the Cherokee Neutral +Lands, once so outrageously intruded upon by Kansas settlers and now being +made the highway of marauders entering Missouri, as would make it appear +to the Cherokees that he was there as their friend and as the protector of +their interests. After the battle, he refused, and rightly in view of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> +own special commission, to accompany Price in his forward march towards +the Missouri River. Instead he drew back into the neighborhood of the +Cherokee boundary and there developed his plans for attacking Kansas, +should such a course be deemed necessary in order to protect Indian +Territory.</p> + +<p>It was at this juncture that the Cherokees as a nation expressed their +preference for the South and for the southern cause, moved thereto, +however, by the peculiarities and the difficulties of their situation. The +Executive Council lost no time in communicating<a name='fna_440' id='fna_440' href='#f_440'><small>[440]</small></a> to McCulloch the +decision of the Tahlequah mass-meeting and their own determination to +carry out its wishes by effecting an alliance with the Confederacy “as +early as practicable.” They realized very clearly that this might “give +rise to movements against the Cherokee people upon their northern border” +and were resolved to be prepared for such an emergency. They, therefore, +authorized the raising of a regiment of mounted men, home guards they were +to be and to be so designated, officered by appointment of the principal +chief, Colonel John Drew being made the colonel. It would appear that the +nucleus of this regiment, and with a strong southern bias, had made<a name='fna_441' id='fna_441' href='#f_441'><small>[441]</small></a> +its appearance prior to the Tahlequah meeting and the circumstance gave +rise to the suspicion that the Cherokees had not been acting in good +faith. After the war, the suspicion concentrated, very unjustly, upon John +Ross and was made the most of by Commissioner Cooley at the Fort Smith<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> +conference; in order to accomplish, for reasons dishonorable to the United +States government, the aged chief’s deposition.</p> + +<p>Drew’s regiment of home guards was tendered to McCulloch and he agreed to +accept it<a name='fna_442' id='fna_442' href='#f_442'><small>[442]</small></a> but not until after a treaty of alliance should have been +actually consummated between the Cherokees and the Confederate States. +Pending the accomplishment of that highly desirable object, McCulloch +promised to protect the Cherokee borders with his own troops and +confessed<a name='fna_443' id='fna_443' href='#f_443'><small>[443]</small></a> that he had already authorized the enlistment of another +force of Cherokees under the command of Stand Watie, which had been +designed to protect that same northern border but “not to interfere with +the neutrality of the Nation by occupying a position within its limits.”</p> + +<p>It is not easy to decide just when or by whom the use of Indians by the +Federals in the border warfare<a name='fna_444' id='fna_444' href='#f_444'><small>[444]</small></a> was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> first suggested. As late as May +twenty-second, Governor Charles Robinson of Kansas, in a letter<a name='fna_445' id='fna_445' href='#f_445'><small>[445]</small></a> to +Superintendent Branch, protested against even so much as arming them, +which would certainly indicate that a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> general use of their services had +not yet been thought of or resorted to; but, in August, when Senator James +H. Lane was busy organizing his brigade of volunteers for the defense of +Kansas, he resolved,<a name='fna_446' id='fna_446' href='#f_446'><small>[446]</small></a> rather <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span>officiously, one might think, upon using +some of the Kansas River tribes in establishing “a strong Indian camp near +the neutral lands to prevent forage into Kansas” and arranged for a +conference with the Indians at Fort<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> Lincoln, his headquarters. Soon, +however, a stay of execution was ordered<a name='fna_447' id='fna_447' href='#f_447'><small>[447]</small></a> until the matter could be +discussed, in its larger aspects, with Commissioner Dole, to whom +courtesy,<a name='fna_448' id='fna_448' href='#f_448'><small>[448]</small></a> at least, would have demanded that the whole affair should +have been first submitted.</p> + +<p>Dole was then in Kansas<a name='fna_449' id='fna_449' href='#f_449'><small>[449]</small></a> and before long became aware<a name='fna_450' id='fna_450' href='#f_450'><small>[450]</small></a> that +General Frémont was also favoring the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> enlistment of Indians, or, at all +events, their employment by the army in some capacity. He had approached +Agent Johnson on the subject, his immediate purpose being to request Fall +Leaf, a Delaware, “to organize a party of 50 men for the service of” his +department. Agent Johnson called the tribe together and discovered that +the chiefs were much averse to having their young men enlist. Dole +inquired into the matter and assured<a name='fna_451' id='fna_451' href='#f_451'><small>[451]</small></a> the chiefs that a few braves +only were needed and those simply for special service and that there was +no intention of asking the tribe, as a tribe, to give its services. The +chiefs refused consent, notwithstanding; but Fall Leaf and a few others +like him did enlist.<a name='fna_452' id='fna_452' href='#f_452'><small>[452]</small></a> They were probably among the fifty-three +Delawares, subsequently reported<a name='fna_453' id='fna_453' href='#f_453'><small>[453]</small></a> as having been employed by Frémont +to act as scouts and guides. Fall Leaf attained the rank of captain.<a name='fna_454' id='fna_454' href='#f_454'><small>[454]</small></a> +Superintendent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> Branch,<a name='fna_455' id='fna_455' href='#f_455'><small>[455]</small></a> be it said, and also Commissioner Dole,<a name='fna_456' id='fna_456' href='#f_456'><small>[456]</small></a> +at this stage of the war, were strongly opposed to a general use of the +Indians for purposes of active warfare. They knew only too well what it +was likely to lead to. Indeed, the most that Dole had, up to date, +agreed<a name='fna_457' id='fna_457' href='#f_457'><small>[457]</small></a> to, was the supplying the Indians with the means of their own +defense when United States troops had shown themselves quite unavailable.</p> + +<p>Dole’s opinion being such, it is scarcely to be supposed that he could +have considered favorably Senator Lane’s idea of an Indian camp in the +Cherokee Neutral Lands or the one, developed later, of an Indian patrol +along the southern boundary of Kansas. Lane’s troubles, quite apart from +his Indian projects, were daily increasing; and, considering the method of +warfare indulged in by him and encouraged in his white troops, the same +one that pro-slavery and free-state men had equally experimented with in +squatter-sovereignty days, it would have been simply deplorable to have +permitted him the free use of Indian warriors. Complaints<a name='fna_458' id='fna_458' href='#f_458'><small>[458]</small></a> of Lane and +of his brigade, of their jayhawking and of their marauding were being made +on every<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> hand. Governor Robinson<a name='fna_459' id='fna_459' href='#f_459'><small>[459]</small></a> reported these complaints and +endorsed them. Secretary Cameron, while making his western tour of +investigation, heard<a name='fna_460' id='fna_460' href='#f_460'><small>[460]</small></a> them and reported them also. Lane +attributed<a name='fna_461' id='fna_461' href='#f_461'><small>[461]</small></a> them to personal dislike of him, to envy, to everything, +in fact, except their true cause; but we know now that they were all +well-grounded. Yet, remarkable to relate, Lane’s influence with Lincoln +and with the War Department suffered no appreciable decline. His +suggestions<a name='fna_462' id='fna_462' href='#f_462'><small>[462]</small></a> were acted upon; and, as we shall presently see, he was +even permitted to organize a huge jayhawking expedition at the beginning +of the next year.</p> + +<p>The mention of Lane’s jayhawking expedition calls to mind the conditions +that made it seem, at the time, an acceptable thing and takes us back in +retrospect to Indian Territory and to the events occurring there after the +Tahlequah mass-meeting of the twenty-first of August. As soon as the +meeting had broken up, John Ross despatched<a name='fna_463' id='fna_463' href='#f_463'><small>[463]</small></a> a messenger to Albert +Pike to inform him of all that had happened and of the Cherokee +willingness, at last, to negotiate with the Confederacy. It was arranged +that Pike should come to the Cherokee country, taking up his quarters +temporarily at Park Hill,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> the home of Ross near Tahlequah, and that a +general Indian council should be called. A special effort was made to have +the fragmentary bands of the northeast represented and Pike sent out +various agents<a name='fna_464' id='fna_464' href='#f_464'><small>[464]</small></a> to urge an attendance. John Ross was also active in +the same interest. He, personally, communicated with the Osages<a name='fna_465' id='fna_465' href='#f_465'><small>[465]</small></a> and +with the Creeks<a name='fna_466' id='fna_466' href='#f_466'><small>[466]</small></a> by letter; but the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> Creeks,<a name='fna_467' id='fna_467' href='#f_467'><small>[467]</small></a> like Evan +Jones,<a name='fna_468' id='fna_468' href='#f_468'><small>[468]</small></a> seem to have been incredulous as to Cherokee defection. They +seem to have doubted the genuineness of the letter sent to them and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> made +inquiries about it, only to be assured<a name='fna_469' id='fna_469' href='#f_469'><small>[469]</small></a> again and again by Ross that +all was well and that he wished the Indians en masse to join the Southern +States.</p> + +<p>The council at Tahlequah, viewed in the light of its immediate object, was +unusually successful. Four treaties were negotiated, one<a name='fna_470' id='fna_470' href='#f_470'><small>[470]</small></a> at Tahlequah +itself, October seventh, with the Cherokees and three at Park Hill. Of +these three, one<a name='fna_471' id='fna_471' href='#f_471'><small>[471]</small></a> was with four bands of the Great Osages, Clermont’s, +White Hair’s, Black Dog’s, and the Big Hill, October second; another<a name='fna_472' id='fna_472' href='#f_472'><small>[472]</small></a> +with the Quapaws, October fourth; and the third,<a name='fna_473' id='fna_473' href='#f_473'><small>[473]</small></a> on the same day, +with the Senecas<a name='fna_474' id='fna_474' href='#f_474'><small>[474]</small></a> (once of Sandusky) and the Shawnees (once of +Lewistown and now of the mixed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> band of Senecas and Shawnees). +Hereditary<a name='fna_475' id='fna_475' href='#f_475'><small>[475]</small></a> chiefs alone signed for the Great Osages, the merit chief, +Big Chief, being, apparently, not present. The notorious ex-United States +agent, J. W. Washbourne,<a name='fna_476' id='fna_476' href='#f_476'><small>[476]</small></a> was very much in evidence as would most +likely also have been the equally notorious and disreputable Indian +trader,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> John Mathews,<a name='fna_477' id='fna_477' href='#f_477'><small>[477]</small></a> had he not recently received his deserts at +the hands of Senator Lane’s brigade.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span>An accurate and connected account of the occurrences at the Tahlequah +council, it is well nigh impossible to obtain. Some intimidation<a name='fna_478' id='fna_478' href='#f_478'><small>[478]</small></a> +seems to have been used, and there was a report of a collision<a name='fna_479' id='fna_479' href='#f_479'><small>[479]</small></a> +between the Ross and Ridge factions some days previous to the meeting. +Drew’s regiment, which, when organized, had been placed as a guard<a name='fna_480' id='fna_480' href='#f_480'><small>[480]</small></a> on +the northern border, escorted<a name='fna_481' id='fna_481' href='#f_481'><small>[481]</small></a> Commissioner Pike to Park Hill and +later took up its station on the treaty ground. Some of Stand Watie’s +Confederate forces were also in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> neighborhood.<a name='fna_482' id='fna_482' href='#f_482'><small>[482]</small></a> In 1865, at the +Fort Smith Council, held for the readjustment of political relations with +the United States government, the Indians of the Neosho Agency gave<a name='fna_483' id='fna_483' href='#f_483'><small>[483]</small></a> a +rather picturesque description of the way they had been prevailed upon to +sign the treaty with the Confederate States. The real object of the +Tahlequah meeting was evidently not revealed to them until they had +actually reached the treaty ground. Agent Dorn had told them that they had +to go to the meeting. They went and were there taken in hand by Pike who +said,</p> + +<p class="blockquot">If you don’t do what we lay before you, we can’t say you shall live happy.</p> + +<p>The Indians</p> + +<p class="blockquot">feeling badly, just looked on, and the white man went to work, got up +a paper and said I want you to sign that. The Indian did not want to, +but he compelled him. You know yourself that, under such +circumstances, he would do anything to save his life....</p> + +<p>Now that the history of the diplomatic relations between the Indian tribes +and the Confederacy has been brought thus far, nothing seems more fitting +than to return to the consideration of the Federal government and its +representatives, its purposes, and its plans, beginning the account with +the Indian Office and Commissioner Dole. Dole’s early attempt to prevail +upon the War Department to resume its occupation of Indian Territory was +followed up by the convincing letter of the thirtieth of May in which he +likened the Indians to the Union element in some of the border states and +ended by throwing the full responsibility for any disloyalty that might +appear among them upon the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span>Federal authorities; inasmuch as they had +neglected and were still neglecting to give the support and protection +that any ordinary guardian is bound in honor to give to his wards. Dole +said in writing to Secretary Smith,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>... Experience has shown that the presence of even a small force of +federal troops located in the disaffected States has had the effect to +preserve the peace, encourage the friends of the Union, and induce the +people to return to their allegiance.</p> + +<p>That this same result would be produced in the Indian country I cannot +doubt, as they can have no inducement to unite with the enemies of the +United States unless we fail as a nation to give them that protection +guaranteed by our treaty stipulations, and which is necessary to +prevent designing and evil-disposed persons from having free +intercourse with them, to work out their evil purposes....<a name='fna_484' id='fna_484' href='#f_484'><small>[484]</small></a></p></div> + +<p>Nothing came of Dole’s application and thus was exemplified, as often +before and often since, a very serious defect in the American +administrative system by which the duty of doing a certain thing rests +upon one department and the means for doing it with quite another. It is +surely no exaggeration to say that hundreds and hundreds of times the +Indians have been the innocent victims of friction between the War and +Interior Departments.</p> + +<p>But if the authorities at Washington were indifferent to the Indian’s +welfare, Senator Lane was neither indifferent to nor ignorant of the +strategical importance of Indian Territory. With him the defence of Kansas +and the means of procuring that defence were everything. Indian Territory +and the Indian tribes came within the scope of the means. And so it +happened that, while he was organizing his Kansas brigade, he +commissioned<a name='fna_485' id='fna_485' href='#f_485'><small>[485]</small></a> a man, E. H. Carruth, who had <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span>formerly posed as an +educator<a name='fna_486' id='fna_486' href='#f_486'><small>[486]</small></a> among the Seminoles, to communicate with the various tribes +for the purpose of determining their real feelings towards the United +States government and of obtaining, if possible, an interview between Lane +and some of their accredited representatives. The interview was to take +place “at Fort Lincoln on the Osage or some point convenient +thereto.”<a name='fna_487' id='fna_487' href='#f_487'><small>[487]</small></a></p> + +<p>Now a considerable portion of the Creek tribe was in just the right mood +and in just the right situation to receive such overtures in the right +spirit. That portion consisted of those who, after the treaty of July +tenth had been negotiated in the manner already described, had rallied +around Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la; and who, in a Creek convention that had been +called for August fifth had declared that the chiefs, who had signed a +treaty outside the National Council, had violated a fundamental law of the +tribe and had thereby forfeited their administrative rank. The criticism +applied to Motey Kennard and to Echo Harjo, the principal and the second<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> +chief respectively. Kennard, as we have seen, was the leader of the Lower +Creeks and Harjo of the Upper. A further division in Creek ranks was now +inevitable and it came forthwith, the Non-treaty Party, made up mostly of +Upper Creeks, proceeding to recognize<a name='fna_488' id='fna_488' href='#f_488'><small>[488]</small></a> Ok-ta-ha-hassee Harjo (better +known as “Sands”) as the acting principal chief of the tribe. It also +betook itself westward so as to be as much as possible out of the reach of +the secessionists. When once in a position of at least temporary security, +it despatched Mik-ko Hut-kee (White Chief), Bob Deer, Jo Ellis, and +perhaps others to Washington to confer with the “Great Father.”<a name='fna_489' id='fna_489' href='#f_489'><small>[489]</small></a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span>The Creek delegates, Mik-ko Hut-kee and his companions, went, on their way +to Washington, northward through Kansas, saw Superintendent Coffin<a name='fna_490' id='fna_490' href='#f_490'><small>[490]</small></a> +and, later, Lane’s agent, E. H. Carruth. This was about the second week of +September and Carruth was at Barnesville, Lane’s headquarters. Carruth +received the Creeks kindly, read sympathetically the letter<a name='fna_491' id='fna_491' href='#f_491'><small>[491]</small></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span> that +they brought from their distressed chiefs, Sands and Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la, +assured the equally distressed delegates of the continued fatherly +interest of the United States government, and sent them on their way, +greatly comforted. It was while these Creek delegates were lingering at +Barnesville that Carruth made a special effort to induce the southern +Indians generally to send representatives for an interview with Lane. He +wrote personally to Ross,<a name='fna_492' id='fna_492' href='#f_492'><small>[492]</small></a> to the two Creek chiefs,<a name='fna_493' id='fna_493' href='#f_493'><small>[493]</small></a><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span> and to the +Wichita chief, Tusaquach,<a name='fna_494' id='fna_494' href='#f_494'><small>[494]</small></a> and, in addition, wrote to the Seminole +chiefs and headmen<a name='fna_495' id='fna_495' href='#f_495'><small>[495]</small></a> and to the “loyal” Choctaws and Chickasaws.<a name='fna_496' id='fna_496' href='#f_496'><small>[496]</small></a></p> + +<p>Presumably, Superintendent Coffin did not altogether approve of Senator +Lane’s taking it upon himself to confer with the Indians who, after all, +were officially Coffin’s charges; for, in October, we find him, likewise, +planning for an intertribal conference to be held at Humboldt.<a name='fna_497' id='fna_497' href='#f_497'><small>[497]</small></a> It is +rather interesting to look back upon all this and to realize, as perforce +we must, that every plan for conferring with the southern tribes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> in the +interests of the United States government, at this critical time, +contemplated a meeting at some place outside of Indian Territory. Here +were agents of the Indian’s “Great Father” offering protection to the red +men and yet giving incontestable proof in the very details of the offer +that they did not themselves dare to venture<a name='fna_498' id='fna_498' href='#f_498'><small>[498]</small></a> beyond the Kansas +boundary. As a matter of fact, all such plans for a general conference +came to nothing, although, as late as November, Lane had still the idea of +one in mind. He was, at the time, hoping to meet the Indians at Leroy<a name='fna_499' id='fna_499' href='#f_499'><small>[499]</small></a> +in Coffey County, Kansas, on the twenty-fourth. Lane also continued to +advocate the use of the friendly Indians as soldiers. A little earlier, +Agent Johnson had endorsed<a name='fna_500' id='fna_500' href='#f_500'><small>[500]</small></a> Lane’s plan in a letter to Commissioner +Dole; but the coming of General Hunter upon the scene considerably +affected the sphere of influence.</p> + +<p>Dissatisfaction with Frémont on account of his extravagance, his haphazard +way of issuing commissions,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> his tardiness, and, above all, his general +military incompetence had crystallized in September; and, by orders<a name='fna_501' id='fna_501' href='#f_501'><small>[501]</small></a> +of General Scott on the twenty-fourth of October, Hunter was directed to +relieve him. Hunter reached his post in early November and almost +immediately thereafter, either upon his own initiative or after +consultation with someone like Coffin (it could hardly have been with +Lane; for Lane had gone<a name='fna_502' id='fna_502' href='#f_502'><small>[502]</small></a> to Washington, or with Branch; for Branch was +strongly <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span>opposed to the project intended), he telegraphed<a name='fna_503' id='fna_503' href='#f_503'><small>[503]</small></a> to the War +Department “for permission to muster a Brigade of Kansas Indians into the +service of the United States, to assist the friendly Creek Indians in +maintaining their loyalty.” Evidently, the request was not granted,<a name='fna_504' id='fna_504' href='#f_504'><small>[504]</small></a> +but duties akin to it were, by arrangement of President Lincoln, conferred +upon Hunter which involved his assuming the responsibility of holding, if +such a plan were feasible, an intertribal council so as to renew the +confidence of the southern Indians in the United States government. A +letter<a name='fna_505' id='fna_505' href='#f_505'><small>[505]</small></a> from Dole, outlining the plan, reveals an astonishing +ignorance of just how far those selfsame Indians had gone in their +defection, because of the loss of the confidence.</p> + +<p>In the giving of these new duties to General Hunter, there was not the +slightest intention of ignoring Senator Lane. In fact, Dole expressly +mentioned that Lane had called for just such an Indian conference<a name='fna_506' id='fna_506' href='#f_506'><small>[506]</small></a> and +suggested that, if Hunter’s military duties prevented his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> meeting the +Indians in person, Lane might take his place, “provided he can be spared +from his post.” The whole affair was incident to the reorganization that +had recently, under general orders<a name='fna_507' id='fna_507' href='#f_507'><small>[507]</small></a> of the ninth of November, taken +place in the Western Department, from which had resulted a Department of +Kansas, separate and distinct from the Department of Missouri. The +Department of Kansas included “the State of Kansas, the Indian Territory +west of Arkansas, and the Territories of Nebraska, Colorado, and Dakota” +and was to be under the command of Major-general David Hunter<a name='fna_508' id='fna_508' href='#f_508'><small>[508]</small></a> with +headquarters at Fort Leavenworth. The idea governing this division of the +old western department was, ostensibly, as Nicolay and Hay express<a name='fna_509' id='fna_509' href='#f_509'><small>[509]</small></a> +it, that Kansas might be protected, Indian Territory repossessed, and +Texas reached. As we shall presently see, a similar reorganization took +place, about the same time, in the Confederate western service and for +very much the same reason, the condition of the Indian country being a +very large proportion of that reason. It is barely possible that, as far +as the United States was concerned, Senator Lane’s recommendation<a name='fna_510' id='fna_510' href='#f_510'><small>[510]</small></a> of +the ninth of October was almost wholly accountable for the change.</p> + +<p>It was, undoubtedly, high time that something vigorous was being done to +stay Confederate progress in Indian Territory. Indeed, events were +happening there<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> at this very moment that made all plans for an +inter-tribal conference exceedingly out of date. The Confederate +government had now a large Indian force<a name='fna_511' id='fna_511' href='#f_511'><small>[511]</small></a> in the field and expectations +of an increase, provided the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253 & 254]</a></span> necessary arms<a name='fna_512' id='fna_512' href='#f_512'><small>[512]</small></a> were obtainable. On the +twenty-second<a name='fna_513' id='fna_513' href='#f_513'><small>[513]</small></a> of November, by special orders<a name='fna_514' id='fna_514' href='#f_514'><small>[514]</small></a> from Richmond, +Indian Territory had been erected into a separate military department and +Albert Pike, now a brigadier-general, assigned to the command of it. For +the present, however, things seem to have remained much as they were with +McCulloch nominally in command and Cooper in actual charge. Moreover, long +before Pike reappeared upon the scene, matters had come to an issue +between the secessionist and unionist Creeks.</p> + +<p>Determined not to allow themselves to be over-persuaded or intimidated by +the secessionist element in their nation, the unionist Creeks, under +Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la, had withdrawn from active intercourse with the rival +faction and, resisting all attempts of Cooper and others to inveigle them +into an interview that might result in compromise, they had encamped at or +near the junction of the Deep and North Forks of the Canadian River. +Cooper resolved to attack them there and, for the purpose, gathered<a name='fna_515' id='fna_515' href='#f_515'><small>[515]</small></a> +together an effective fighting force of about fourteen hundred men, all +Indians except for a detachment of Texas cavalry. On the fifth of +November, Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la broke camp and took up the line of march for +Kansas, hoping that, in Kansas, he and his followers would receive either +succor or refuge. It has been estimated that Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la’s force, +at this time, was less than two thousand men and that it comprised, +besides Creeks and Seminoles, some two or three hundred negroes. His +traveling cortège was, however, very much larger; for it included women +and children, the sick and the aged. Approximately half of the Creeks were +on the move for pastures new. For many of them it was a second exodus.</p> + +<p>Colonel D. H. Cooper reached the deserted camp of Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la on +the fifteenth of November and,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> finding his enemy gone and locating his +trail, moved himself in a slightly northeasterly direction towards the Red +Fork of the Arkansas. He came up with the unionist Creeks at Round +Mountain on the night of the nineteenth and an indecisive engagement<a name='fna_516' id='fna_516' href='#f_516'><small>[516]</small></a> +followed, both sides claiming the victory. Under cover of darkness, +Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la managed to slip away and crossed into the Cherokee +country where there were plenty of disaffected full-bloods to give him +sympathy. It is more than likely that they had invited him there and had +prepared for his coming. Cooper did not attempt to pursue the Creek +refugees, having been called back to the Arkansas line, there to wait in +readiness to reënforce McCulloch should the Federals make a forward march +southward from Springfield, as then seemed probable. But that danger soon +passed, passed even before Cooper had had time to take the post indicated +or to leave his own camp at Concharta, after a brief recuperation. He was +now free to follow up the meagre advantage of the nineteenth.</p> + +<p>The next opportunity to crush Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la came in the Battle of +Bird Creek [Chusto-Talasah, Little High Shoals, or the Caving Banks],<a name='fna_517' id='fna_517' href='#f_517'><small>[517]</small></a> +fought December 9, 1861. On the twenty-ninth of the preceding month, a +part of Cooper’s force had set out for Tulsey Town and an advance guard +had been sent up the Verdigris in the direction of a place, called +“Coody’s Settlement,” where Colonel John Drew with a detachment of his +regiment of Cherokee full-bloods was posted. The orders were that Drew +should effect a junction with Cooper’s main force and, on December eighth +they were all encamped on Bird Creek in the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span>southwestern corner of the +Cherokee Nation. At this juncture, word came that Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la +wished to treat for peace and Major Pegg, a Cherokee, with three +companions was sent forward to confer with him. They found the Creek +chief, surrounded by his warriors and ready for battle. It was evening and +Colonel Cooper had scarcely heard the news of the Creek determination to +fight when a message came that four companies of Drew’s regiment, +horrified at the thought of fighting with their neighbors, had dispersed +and gone over to Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la. The incident did not promise well for +success on the morrow and the Battle of Bird Creek was another indecisive +engagement, although the Creeks, eager and resplendent with their yellow +corn-shuck badges, seem to have had all the advantage of position. Again +they made their escape and again Colonel Cooper was prevented from +following them, this time because he was exceedingly fearful lest the +Cherokee desertion might have a lasting and disastrous effect upon the +remaining Indian forces, particularly upon the small group that was all +that was left of the original First Cherokee Mounted Rifles. Cooper’s +personal opinion was, that the defection was widespread among the +Cherokees and that it would be sheer folly to start out after +Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la until more white troops had been added to the pursuing +force, by way both of reënforcement and of encouragement.</p> + +<p>Instead, therefore, of continuing northward, Colonel Cooper drew off in +the direction of Fort Gibson and, from that point, sent for aid to Colonel +James McIntosh at Van Buren. He then occupied himself with his own troops +and prevailed upon John Ross to rally<a name='fna_518' id='fna_518' href='#f_518'><small>[518]</small></a> the Cherokees. It was now the +nineteenth of December and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> the aged chief did his best to keep his people +true to the faith that the nation had pledged in the treaty of the seventh +of October. He recalled to their minds the fact that it was, by all odds, +the best treaty that the Cherokees had ever secured, the one that gave +them the fullest recognition of their rights as a semi-independent people, +and he might have added with sad, sad truth that it was the best that they +could ever hope to get. He made no such pessimistic reflection, however, +but concluded,</p> + +<p class="blockquot">It is, therefore, our duty and interest to respect it, and we must, as +the interest of our common country demands it. According to the +stipulations of the treaty we must meet enemies of our allies whenever +the south requires it, as they are our enemies as well as the enemies +of the south; and I feel sure that no such occurrence as the one we +deplore would have taken place if all things were understood as I have +endeavored to explain them. Indeed the true meaning of our treaty is, +that we must know no line in the presence of our invader, be he who he +may....<a name='fna_519' id='fna_519' href='#f_519'><small>[519]</small></a></p> + +<p>Colonel Cooper then addressed<a name='fna_520' id='fna_520' href='#f_520'><small>[520]</small></a> the Indians and, after him, Major +Pegg;<a name='fna_521' id='fna_521' href='#f_521'><small>[521]</small></a> but they were not convinced and many of them went home, +positively refusing to march farther with the army.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile Cooper’s call for reënforcements had reached McIntosh<a name='fna_522' id='fna_522' href='#f_522'><small>[522]</small></a> and, +as the need seemed so urgent,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> McIntosh resolved to supply it and notified +Cooper to that effect. Subsequently, he decided<a name='fna_523' id='fna_523' href='#f_523'><small>[523]</small></a> to take the field in +person and to head a column, separate from Cooper’s. What induced him to +do this, nobody can well say. Cooper always felt that the incompleteness +of the victory over Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la, which was soon to come, was mainly +attributable to the divided effort of the attacking force. In the two +former engagements, Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la’s force, such as it was, untrained +and miscellaneous, had greatly outnumbered the Confederate; but now the +two were more equally matched in point of numbers and the chances of +success were all on the southern side because of superior training and +equipment, so Cooper was probably correct in his conjecture. McIntosh’s +excuse<a name='fna_524' id='fna_524' href='#f_524'><small>[524]</small></a> for advancing precipitately and alone was, notwithstanding, +very reasonable. The scarcity of forage made it expedient to march +compactly; and the two generals had agreed, so McIntosh declared, when in +conference at Fort Gibson, “that either force should attack the enemy on +sight.”</p> + +<p>The privilege of attacking Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la fell, under this +arrangement, supposing it was made, to McIntosh, who had been able to push +on in advance of Cooper. The Battle of Chustenahlah was fought in the +early afternoon of December 26, 1861, and ended in what seemed the +complete defeat of the Creeks. McIntosh reported that, although their +position was strong, they were forced to retreat</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>To the rocky gorges amid the deep recesses of the mountains, where +they were pursued by our victorious troops and routed in every +instance with great loss. They endeavored to make a stand at their +encampment, but their efforts were ineffectual, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span>we were soon in +the midst of it. The battle lasted until 4 o’clock, when the firing +gradually ceased....<a name='fna_525' id='fna_525' href='#f_525'><small>[525]</small></a></p></div> + +<p>And then the Creeks fled, leaving practically everything in the shape of +property behind them. Cooper came up and detachments of his troops pursued +them almost to the Kansas line. The weather was bitterly cold, provisions +scarce, the country rough and bleak. The pursuit took the form of a seven +day scout; but the Creeks, no matter how great their dispersion, were +headed straight for Walnut Creek, Kansas.</p> + +<p>Their coming was anticipated. Hearing of their approach, Superintendent +Coffin had directed<a name='fna_526' id='fna_526' href='#f_526'><small>[526]</small></a> all the agents<a name='fna_527' id='fna_527' href='#f_527'><small>[527]</small></a> under his charge to report to +him for duty at a place on the Verdigris River called Fort Roe<a name='fna_528' id='fna_528' href='#f_528'><small>[528]</small></a> “about +thirty-five or forty miles from Leroy and Burlington.” It was Coffin’s +intention to meet the refugees upon their first arrival; but, as +Commissioner Dole was expected soon to be at Fort Leavenworth, he thought +it best to wait<a name='fna_529' id='fna_529' href='#f_529'><small>[529]</small></a> and consult with him. It does not seem to have been +recorded on just what date the first of the Indian refugees crossed the +Kansas line, but they were very soon crossing in great numbers and, by the +time Coffin finally reached them, their condition was truly pitiable. They +took up their station on the bare prairies between the Verdigris and the +Arkansas Rivers and stretched<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span> themselves in almost hopeless confusion +over about two hundred miles of country. Fortunately the land upon which +they camped was Indian land, New York Indian land, and the few white men +thereon were legally intruders and could not consistently object to the +presence of the refugees. The numbers of the refugees were variously +estimated. Starting with about forty-five hundred,<a name='fna_530' id='fna_530' href='#f_530'><small>[530]</small></a> they increased +daily and at an astonishing rate; for the exodus of the Creeks was but the +signal for the flight of other tribesmen from Indian Territory, of all +those, in fact, who were either tired of their alliance with the +Confederacy or had never been in sympathy with it and were only too eager +to take the first chance to escape from it.</p> + +<p>The suffering of the refugees, due to destitution and exposure, was +something horrible to think upon. Superintendent Coffin had little to give +them. He appealed to General Hunter for an allowance from the army +supplies and Hunter sent down his chief commissary of subsistence, Captain +J. W. Turner, to do what he could to relieve the distress. Hunter also +sent Brigade-surgeon A. B. Campbell; for it was not simply food and +clothing, that were needed and roof shelter, but medical <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span>attendance. As +soon as possible, cheap blankets<a name='fna_531' id='fna_531' href='#f_531'><small>[531]</small></a> were furnished and some condemned +army tents. The journey northward had been undertaken in the bitterest of +cold weather. With a raw northwest wind beating in their faces,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>And over the snow-covered roads, they travelled all night and the next +day, without halting to rest. Many of them were on foot, without +shoes, and very thinly clad.... In this condition they had +accomplished a journey of about three hundred miles; but quite a +number froze to death on the route, and their bodies with a shroud of +snow, were left where they fell to feed the hungry wolves....</p> + +<p>Families who in their country had been wealthy, and who could count +their cattle by the thousands and horses by hundreds, and owned large +numbers of slaves, and who at home had lived at ease and comfort, were +without the necessaries of life.<a name='fna_532' id='fna_532' href='#f_532'><small>[532]</small></a></p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span>When, sometime in early December, Commissioner Dole heard of the +resistance that the unionist Creeks were making to Colonel Cooper, he +immediately applied once more, through the Secretary of the Interior, +to the War Department for troops sufficient to assert Federal supremacy +south of the Kansas line, his immediate object being, the strengthening of +the force then opposed to Cooper. At the moment, Lane’s expedition was +under consideration, Lane having managed to convince the Washington +authorities, both congressional and administrative, that an expedition +southward was absolutely necessary<a name='fna_533' id='fna_533' href='#f_533'><small>[533]</small></a> for the protection of the +frontier.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span></p> +<p> </p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img05tmb.jpg" alt="" /><br /> +<a href="images/img05.jpg"><small>Larger Image</small></a></div> +<p class="center">Retreat of the Loyal Indians from the Indian Country<br />under A-poth-yo-ho-lo in the winter of 1861<br />[<i>From Office of Indian Affairs</i>]</p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span>Somewhat earlier, in fact in the late autumn, the non-secession Indians of +various tribes had made their own appeal for help. They had made it to the +United States government and also, a little later on, to the Indian tribes +of Kansas. Along about the first of November, a mixed delegation<a name='fna_534' id='fna_534' href='#f_534'><small>[534]</small></a> of +Creeks, Seminoles, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span>Chickasaws had made its appearance<a name='fna_535' id='fna_535' href='#f_535'><small>[535]</small></a> at Leroy +and, finding there the United States Creek agent, George A. Cutler, had +consulted with him “in reference to the intentions of the Federal +government regarding the protection due them under treaty stipulations.” +Cutler advised the Indians to talk the matter over with Senator Lane and +accompanied them to Fort Scott, Lane’s headquarters, for the purpose. +Arriving there, they learned that Lane had gone to Washington and had left +his command in charge of Colonel James Montgomery. Colonel Montgomery +counselled with the Indians as Cutler had done and helped them to reach +the decision that it would be best to proceed to Washington and lay their +complaints before the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. At the same time, +Montgomery notified<a name='fna_536' id='fna_536' href='#f_536'><small>[536]</small></a> President Lincoln of their intention.</p> + +<p>Still accompanied by Agent Cutler, the delegation resumed its journey, +going by way of Fort Leavenworth. There they conferred<a name='fna_537' id='fna_537' href='#f_537'><small>[537]</small></a> with General +Hunter and left greatly strengthened in their resolution of proceeding to +Washington; for Hunter, too, thought that such a trip might compel the +government to realize the Indian’s very real distress and its own +obligation to relieve it. We are fain to believe that General Hunter +personally believed in the military necessity of securing Indian Territory +even though he did do all he could to oppose the project of Senator Lane +in the early months of 1862 and even though he did disapprove of the +formation of the department of Kansas and his own <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span>assignment to it +instead of to that of Missouri, which would have been his preference. If +he at any time to date had wavered<a name='fna_538' id='fna_538' href='#f_538'><small>[538]</small></a> in his opinion as to the needs of +the Indians and their legitimate claim upon the United States government +for protection, Carruth’s letter of November twenty-sixth ought to have +settled the matter, unless, indeed, its rather savage tone had created +prejudice instead of working conviction as was intended.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">... I have from the first believed it would be good policy to let +loose the northern Indians, under the employ of government; it +certainly would be better for the border States to have the Indian +country for a battle ground than to have it remain a shelter for rebel +hordes the coming winter....<a name='fna_539' id='fna_539' href='#f_539'><small>[539]</small></a></p> + +<p>The visit of the Indians to Washington proved very opportune. By the +twenty-seventh of December, they were back at Fort Leavenworth and +considerably reassured. Superintendent Coffin had a council with them on +the twenty-eighth “at the Fort to good satisfaction.” He says of his +interview,</p> + +<p class="blockquot">I gave them Presents of Pipes, tobacco, and Sugar, and they went on +their way to Fort Scott rejoicing they seem to be in fine +Spirits,<a name='fna_540' id='fna_540' href='#f_540'><small>[540]</small></a> but are at a Loss what to do for a living til Lanes Army +goes down there into the Indian Territory they want very much to get +Some of the Funds now due the Creeks....<a name='fna_541' id='fna_541' href='#f_541'><small>[541]</small></a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span>A more pathetic appeal, and one more immediately telling in its effects, +was that made to the brother Indians of Kansas. It came direct from +Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la and when it reached the Delawares found in them a ready +response. It invited their coöperation<a name='fna_542' id='fna_542' href='#f_542'><small>[542]</small></a> in the war and asked for men +and ammunition.<a name='fna_543' id='fna_543' href='#f_543'><small>[543]</small></a> This is the Delaware reply:<a name='fna_544' id='fna_544' href='#f_544'><small>[544]</small></a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We are much rejoiced to receive your letter by James McDaniel<a name='fna_545' id='fna_545' href='#f_545'><small>[545]</small></a> and +David Balon. Our Agent has sent it to our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> great Father, the +President, “at Washington,” and to Gen. Hunter at “Fort Leavenworth.” +It gives us great pleasure to hear that you are good and true friends +to the President, and to the Government of the United States. We hope +you will continue to be their friend. If bad men of the South ask you + +to go to war against the President, stop your ears, don’t listen to +them, they are your worst enemies, they are trying to destroy you and +the Country.</p> + +<p>Grand Children it does our hearts good, we rejoice to hear of the +victories you have gained over your enemies of the Government under +your brave leader Oputh-la-yar-ho-la.</p> + +<p>Grand Children we are ready and willing to help you. Our brave +Warriors are ready to spill their Blood for you, and are only waiting +to hear from our great Father at Washington, we have asked of him the +privaledge of going to your assistance, and hope that our request will +be granted, we don’t wish to go to War against the wishes of our great +Father the President. We have heard that the President will soon have +a large Army in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> the Indian Country to protect you, that he has +ordered Gen. Lane to march to your relief. We are confident that our +great Father is able and will protect his red children—Grand Children +we pray to the “great spirit” to protect you and keep you out of the +hands of the bad men of the South, who are trying to destroy you and +the Government—We have no fears as to the result of this war—the +President has large Armies in the field that will conquer and punish +the Rebels—We are proud of our Muscogee Children.</p></div> + +<p>The United States government had already determined upon an expedition to +the Indian country and, yielding to the importunities of Senator Lane, who +represented General Hunter as in full accord with himself in the matter, +had decided to use the Kansas Indians in the making up of the attacking +force. It was well that the Indians had manifested a readiness to fight +and that the Delawares, particularly, had overcome their previous +aversion. The first official record of the fact that the decision to use +the Kansas Indians had been reached appears to be a communication<a name='fna_546' id='fna_546' href='#f_546'><small>[546]</small></a> +from Assistant Adjutant-general E. D. Townsend to Surgeon-general C. A. +Finley, under date of December 31, 1861, notifying him that medical +supplies would soon be needed for a force of about twenty-seven thousand +men, about four thousand of whom were to be Indians, which was to be +concentrated at an early day near Fort Leavenworth. On the third of +January, Lane wrote<a name='fna_547' id='fna_547' href='#f_547'><small>[547]</small></a> to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span> Hunter, informing him, as if at first hand +and semi-officially, of the new plan. It is not to be wondered at that +General Hunter took offence at the officiousness and presumption Lane +displayed. In point of fact, it was a clear case of executive +interference.</p> + +<p>Now that it had, to all appearances, gained a long-desired object, the +Indian Office lost no time in lending the War Department its hearty +coöperation. Commissioner Dole was especially enthusiastic and, under +instructions from Secretary Smith, prepared to go out to Kansas himself to +help organize the Indians for army service. He also sent particulars<a name='fna_548' id='fna_548' href='#f_548'><small>[548]</small></a> +of the new movement to Superintendent Branch and a circular letter<a name='fna_549' id='fna_549' href='#f_549'><small>[549]</small></a> to +the agents of the central superintendency, detailing the advantages that +would accrue to individual Indians should they enlist. Dole wrote these +letters on the sixth of January and was then expecting to be in +Leavenworth City for the making of final arrangements eight or ten days +“hence.” He did not manage to get away,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span> however, quite so soon; but the +agents went to work immediately and, even before Dole arrived in Kansas, +Agent Farnsworth, who had always been rather too eager for Indian +enlistment, was able to report<a name='fna_550' id='fna_550' href='#f_550'><small>[550]</small></a> the initial steps taken. By the +twenty-first of January,<a name='fna_551' id='fna_551' href='#f_551'><small>[551]</small></a> Dole was well on his way west. He reached +Kansas in due season and there learned<a name='fna_552' id='fna_552' href='#f_552'><small>[552]</small></a> for the first time, that +Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la had been completely overwhelmed, that the refugees were +on the Verdigris, and that General Hunter was subsisting them. This was +doleful news, indeed, and made the project of a southern expedition seem +more and more expedient.</p> + +<p>General Hunter had done the best he could to relieve the awful sufferings +of the refugees; but, on the sixth of February, he was obliged to +inform<a name='fna_553' id='fna_553' href='#f_553'><small>[553]</small></a> Dole that he could do no more, that he had practically reached +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> end of his resources, and that, after the fifteenth of February, the +whole responsibility of subsisting the destitute Indians would have to +fall upon the Interior Department. Dole was almost at his wits’ end. He +had no funds that he could use legitimately for the need that had arisen. +It was a case of emergency, however, and something certainly had to be +done. Before the fifteenth of December arrived, additional reports<a name='fna_554' id='fna_554' href='#f_554'><small>[554]</small></a> +came<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> in from Superintendent Coffin, detailing distress. Under the +circumstances it was necessary to act quickly and without congressional +authorization. Dole telegraphed<a name='fna_555' id='fna_555' href='#f_555'><small>[555]</small></a> to Secretary Smith,</p> + +<p class="blockquot">Six thousand Indians driven out of Indian territory, naked and +starving. General Hunter will only feed them until 15th. Shall I take +care of them on the faith of an appropriation?</p> + +<p>He received a reply<a name='fna_556' id='fna_556' href='#f_556'><small>[556]</small></a> that should have been dictated, not so much in +the spirit of generosity, as of simple justice:</p> + +<p class="blockquot">Go on and supply the destitute Indians, Congress will supply the +means. War Department will not organize them.</p> + +<p>With this approbation in hand, Dole went to work, purchased sufficient +supplies on credit, and appointed<a name='fna_557' id='fna_557' href='#f_557'><small>[557]</small></a> a special agent, Dr. William Kile +of Illinois, who had been commissioned<a name='fna_558' id='fna_558' href='#f_558'><small>[558]</small></a> by President Lincoln to act on +Lane’s staff and was then in Kansas as Lane’s brigade quartermaster, to +attend to their distribution. Meanwhile, the attention of Congress had +been called to the matter and a particularly strong letter of Dole’s, +describing the utter misery of the exiles, was read in the Senate February +14, in support of a joint resolution for their relief.<a name='fna_559' id='fna_559' href='#f_559'><small>[559]</small></a> It was +intended originally to apply only to the loyal Creeks, Seminoles, and +Chickasaws but had its title changed later so as to make it include the +Choctaws. On the third of March, Congress passed<a name='fna_560' id='fna_560' href='#f_560'><small>[560]</small></a> an act providing +that the annuities of the “hostiles,” Creeks, Chickasaws, Seminoles, +Wichitas, and Cherokees, should be applied, as might be necessary, to the +relief of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span>refugees from Indian Territory. It was expressly stipulated in +this enactment<a name='fna_561' id='fna_561' href='#f_561'><small>[561]</small></a> that the money should not be used for other than +Indian Territory tribes.</p> + +<p>Secretary Smith’s telegram, as the reader has probably already observed, +had given to Dole a small piece of information that was not of slight +significance, signifying as it did a change of front by the War +Department. The War Department had rescinded its former action and had now +refused to organize the Indians for service. The objections to Lane’s +enterprise must have been cumulative. Before the idea of it had embraced +the Indians and before it had become so closely identified with Lane’s +name and personality, in fact, while it was more or less a scheme of +McClellan’s, Hunter had interposed<a name='fna_562' id='fna_562' href='#f_562'><small>[562]</small></a> objections, but purely on military +grounds. His force was scarcely equal to a movement southward. +Subsequently, Halleck interposed objections likewise and his reasons,<a name='fna_563' id='fna_563' href='#f_563'><small>[563]</small></a> +whatever his motives may have been, were perfectly sound, indeed, rather +alarmingly so, since they broadly hinted at the miserably local interests +involved in the war in the west and the gross subordination of military +policies to political. Then came<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> Lane with energy like the whirlwind, a +local politician through and through. He had absolutely no respect for +official proprieties and the military men, opposed to him, were men of +small calibre. He reached Kansas, joyfully intent upon putting into +immediate effect the power that Lincoln had conferred upon him, only to +find that there stood Hunter, fully prepared to contest authority with +him. The Adjutant-general had written<a name='fna_564' id='fna_564' href='#f_564'><small>[564]</small></a> Hunter that Lane had not been +given a command independent of his own and that, if he so desired, he +might conduct the expedition southward in person. In the evening of the +twenty-sixth, Lane reached Leavenworth, and the very next day, Hunter +issued general orders<a name='fna_565' id='fna_565' href='#f_565'><small>[565]</small></a> that he would command in person. Taken aback +and excusably indignant, Lane communicated<a name='fna_566' id='fna_566' href='#f_566'><small>[566]</small></a> at once with John Covode +and requested him to impart the news to the President, to Stanton<a name='fna_567' id='fna_567' href='#f_567'><small>[567]</small></a> and +the new Secretary of War, and to General McClellan.</p> + +<p>Official sensitiveness was unquestionably at the bottom of the whole +trouble, yet Lincoln was very largely to blame for having yielded to +Lane’s importunities. He frankly said that he had wished to keep the +affair out of McClellan’s hands as far as possible.<a name='fna_568' id='fna_568' href='#f_568'><small>[568]</small></a> He hoped to +profit by the services of both Hunter and Lane; but, if they could not +agree, then Lane must yield the precedence to Hunter. He must report for +orders or decline the service.<a name='fna_569' id='fna_569' href='#f_569'><small>[569]</small></a> Military men, stationed in the west, +and civil officers of Kansas were all prejudiced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span> against the “Lane +Expedition.”<a name='fna_570' id='fna_570' href='#f_570'><small>[570]</small></a> They expected it to be nothing but jayhawking and +marauding of the worst description. The Indians, however, were deeply +disappointed<a name='fna_571' id='fna_571' href='#f_571'><small>[571]</small></a> when a halt came in the preparations.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> +Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la personally addressed a communication<a name='fna_572' id='fna_572' href='#f_572'><small>[572]</small></a> to Lincoln. +He wanted nobody but Lane to command the expedition. Pending a settlement, +Dole<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span> ordered<a name='fna_573' id='fna_573' href='#f_573'><small>[573]</small></a> Coffin<a name='fna_574' id='fna_574' href='#f_574'><small>[574]</small></a> to desist from further enrollment. +Secretary Stanton was declared opposed to the use of Indians in civilized +warfare.<a name='fna_575' id='fna_575' href='#f_575'><small>[575]</small></a> Soon the orders for the expedition were countermanded with +the understanding, explicit or implied, that it should later proceed under +the personal direction of General Hunter.</p> + +<p>The military situation in the middle west and the great desire on the part +of the Confederacy to gain Missouri and to complete her secession from the +old Union necessitated, at the opening of 1862, a thorough-going +reörganization of forces concentrated in that part of the country. +Experience had shown that separate and independent commands had a tendency +to become too much localized, individual commanders too much inclined to +keep within the narrow margin, each of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> instructions, for the good of +the service as a whole to be promoted. It was thought best, therefore, to +establish the Trans-Mississippi District of Department No. 2<a name='fna_576' id='fna_576' href='#f_576'><small>[576]</small></a> and to +place in command of it, Major-general Earl Van Dorn. The district was to +comprise all of Louisiana north of the Red River, all of Indian Territory +proper, all of Arkansas, and all of Missouri west of the St. Francis. Wise +in the main, as the scheme for consolidation unquestionably was, it had +its weak points. The unrestricted inclusion of Indian Territory was +decidedly a violation of the spirit of the Pike treaties, if not of the +actual letter. Under the conditions of their alliance with the +Confederacy, the Indian nations were not obliged to render service outside +of the limits of their own country; but the Confederacy was obliged, +independent of any departmental reörganization or regulations, to furnish +them protection.</p> + +<p>Almost the first thing that Van Dorn did, after assuming command of the +new military district, was to write,<a name='fna_577' id='fna_577' href='#f_577'><small>[577]</small></a> from his headquarters at +Jacksonport in eastern Arkansas, to Price, advising him that Pike would +shortly be ordered to take position in southwestern Missouri, say in +Lawrence County near Mt. Vernon, “with instructions to coöperate with you +in any emergency.” Van Dorn was then laboring under the impression that +Pike’s force consisted of a majority of white troops, three regiments, he +thought, out of a brigade of eight or nine thousand men, whereas there was +only one white regiment in the whole Indian department. Colonel Cooper +complained<a name='fna_578' id='fna_578' href='#f_578'><small>[578]</small></a> that this latter condition was the fact and insisted that +it was con<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span>trary to the express promises made, by authority,<a name='fna_579' id='fna_579' href='#f_579'><small>[579]</small></a> to the +Choctaws and Chickasaws when he had begun his recruiting work among them +the previous summer. Had Van Dorn only taken a little trouble to inquire +into the real state of affairs among the Indians, he would, instead of +ordering Pike to bring the Indian regiments out of Indian Territory, have +seen to it that they stayed at home and that danger of civil strife among +the Cherokees was prevented by the presence of three white regiments, as +originally promised. At this particular time as it happened, Pike was not +called upon to move his force; for the order so to move did not reach him +until after the Federals, “pursuing General Price, had invaded +Arkansas.”<a name='fna_580' id='fna_580' href='#f_580'><small>[580]</small></a></p> + +<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span></p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/img06.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p class="center">[<i>From Office of Indian Affairs</i>]</p> +<p> </p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span>It proved, however, to be but a brief stay of execution; for, as soon as +Van Dorn learned that Price had fallen back from Springfield, he +resolved<a name='fna_581' id='fna_581' href='#f_581'><small>[581]</small></a> to form a junction with McCulloch’s division in the Boston +Mountains and himself take command of all the forces in the field. He +estimated<a name='fna_582' id='fna_582' href='#f_582'><small>[582]</small></a> that, should Pike be able to join him, with Price’s and +McCulloch’s troops already combined, he would have an army of fully +twenty-six thousand men to oppose a Federal force of between thirty-five +and forty thousand. Pike was duly informed<a name='fna_583' id='fna_583' href='#f_583'><small>[583]</small></a> of the new arrangement and +ordered<a name='fna_584' id='fna_584' href='#f_584'><small>[584]</small></a> to “hasten up with all possible dispatch and in person direct +the march of” his “command, including Stand Watie’s, McIntosh’s, and +Drew’s regiments.” His men<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> were to “march light, ready for immediate +action.”<a name='fna_585' id='fna_585' href='#f_585'><small>[585]</small></a> The outcome of all these preparations was the Battle of Pea +Ridge<a name='fna_586' id='fna_586' href='#f_586'><small>[586]</small></a> and that battle was the consummation, the culminating point, in +fact, of the Indian alliance with the Southern Confederacy. It was the +beginning of the end. It happened just at the time when the Richmond +legislators were organizing<a name='fna_587' id='fna_587' href='#f_587'><small>[587]</small></a> the great Arkansas and Red River +superintendency,<a name='fna_588' id='fna_588' href='#f_588'><small>[588]</small></a> which was intended to embrace all the tribes with +whom Albert Pike had made his treaties. Albert Pike retired from Pea Ridge +to his defences at Fort McCulloch, angry and indignant that the Indians +had been taken out of their own country to fight the white man’s battles. +His displeasure was serious; for the Indian confidence in the Confederacy +depended almost wholly upon the promises and the assurances of the +Arkansas poet.</p> + + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span></p> +<h2>APPENDIX A—FORT SMITH PAPERS</h2> + +<p> </p> +<p><i>Copy</i></p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Tahlequah</span>, January 9th 1857.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>:—Some time since I received a letter from you calling for information +in reference to the white intruders who were settling upon the Cherokee +Neutral Land. I have been creditably (credibly) informed that there are +several white families living upon the Neutral Land, some of them are +making improvements, others are in the employment of Cherokee Citizens, +living on the Neutral Land, from the best information that I can get, most +of the intruders are good citizens of the U-States. I have notified them +to leave, with the understanding that if they do not leave by spring, they +will be removed by the Military. My reason for not removing them at an +earlier date is, the weather is so cold and disagreeable that it would be +improper to turn women and children out of doors, therefore I will not +remove them til the winter breaks it maybe that the Military will have to +be employed in their removal: yet I shall make the effort to remove them +peacefully and without the military if possible. Very Respectfully, Your +ob’t, Svt.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Signed). <span class="smcap">Geo. Butler</span>, Cherokee Agent.</span></p> + +<p>Doct. C. W. Dean, Sup’t. of Ind. Affs.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p><i>Copy</i></p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith, Arkansas</span>, February 19th, 1859.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I deem it my duty as an independant citizen to apprize you, as the +head of the Indian Bureau, of a recent transaction of the Superintendent +of Indian Affairs at this place, and demand of you the proper action the +facts may impose.</p> + +<p>A contract has been given to an intimate friend and relation of the +Superintendent, to feed the Witchita and other Indians inhabiting the +country between the 98th and 100th degrees, West Longitude, at a sum pr +ration, of one third, perhaps one half, more than other persons would have +fed these Indians for; which persons were denied the privilege of +contending for the contract, as no puplic notice inviting proposals was +made, and the contract was given privately.</p> + +<p>I assert this postively, as to the notice for proposals, and enclose you a +letter of Capt. J. H. Strain, confirmatory of the fact, that he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span> was +willing to feed the Witchitas, for a sum far less than the records of your +Office must show the government has been pledged to pay another. The +character of this gentleman, who has been for years Sutler at Fort +Arbuckle, if unknown to you, can be avouched by the U. S. Senators from +this State.</p> + +<p>The Seminoles are now fed under a contract given in the usual regular mode +of publishing invitations for proposals and awarding the contract to the +lowest bidder, at the sum of about seven cents pr ration. The Witchitas +are encamped only forty or fifty miles from the Seminoles and near the +Texas and Chickasaw lines, where corn and beef are much cheaper and more +abundant. In proof of this I refer you to late contracts for these +articles given at Fort Washita and Fort Arbuckle—the first being near the +Witchitas, and the other near the Seminoles. Captain Strain says he would +have fed the Witchitas for ten cents per ration, and if proposals had been +invited, the Contract would have been taken for a less sum.</p> + +<p>There are some seven hundred Indians now fed, and thirteen cents pr ration +is the sum stated as allowed—I believe it is more, but the Indian Office +contains the proof of the exact sum. If the Contract had been given at +nine cents pr ration, it would have been a saving of twenty eight dollars +pr day, over the price said to be now paid, which would amount to eight +hundred and forty dollars pr month, and ten thousand and eighty dollars a +year. This is surprisingly large, for a small Indian contract, and at a +time too when the duty of government Officers to retrench expenses is so +imperiously demanded.</p> + +<p>I am opposed to such favoriteism under any circumstances, and particularly +so, when the recipient can lay no claim to Democratic support.</p> + +<p>I am credibly informed that the number of the Indians fed under this +contract, is rapidly increasing, and that efforts are all the time made to +induce the Texas Reserve Indians to claim relationship with the Wichitas, +and come into their camp and draw rations. One of the employees under this +Contract makes this statement, and says quite a number have already been +induced so to come. If the number is swelled to two thousand, as +conjectured here, the large price now paid will roll up the sum thus +disbursed to the Superintendents favorite so much that other notice will +be taken of it, unless you find it in your power to interfere.</p> + +<p>I am tired of such conduct and such unfairness towards the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span>government, +and now make the charge distinctly and demand of you that it be stopped.</p> + +<p>Of course I have no desire to withhold my name, and can refer you to +Senators Sebastian and Johnson for an endorsement of my character.</p> + +<p>Please acknowledge receipt of this. I am most respectfully, Your Obt. +Servant,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">A. G. Mayers</span>.</span></p> + +<p>Hon. J. W. Denver, Comr. Ind. Affairs,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Washington City, D. C.</span></p> + +<p>P.S. I may add that I am not, nor have I ever been interested in these +sort of Contracts, and have no desire to be interested in this one.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">A.G.M.</span></p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith</span> 16th Feby. /59.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: I am in receipt of yours of the 15th inst. You were correct in +understanding me to say, that I was willing to feed the Witchita Indians, +near Fort Arbuckle, at ten cents per ration.</p> + +<p>Was the contract to be let to the lowest bidder, it would go below what I +said I was willing to take it at. Very Respectfully, Your Obt. Servant</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">J. H. Strain</span>.</span></p> + +<p>Gen. A. G. Mayers, Ft. Smith, Ark.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Department of the Interior. Office Indian Affairs</span>,<br /> +May 12th 1859.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>, For your information and such action as you may deem necessary, I +transmit a copy of a letter, and its enclosures, addressed to this Office +by A. G. Mayers on the 21st ultimo, and of my reply of the 11th instant. +Very respectfully, Your Obt. Servant,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Charles E. Mix</span>, Commissioner, ad interim.</span></p> + +<p>E. Rector Esq, Superintendent &c.,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith, Arkansas.</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p><i>Copy</i></p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith, Arkansas</span> April 21st 1859</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Chas. E. Mix</span>, Esq, Acting Comr. of Indian Affairs<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Washington City D. C.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>:—Allow me to ask of you the favor to inform, officially whether the +funds provided by the Government for the subsistence of the Wichita +Indians has been turned over to the Superintendent of Indian Affairs at +this place or any other disbursing offices of the department, to carry out +the Contract made by the Supt. with C. B. Johnson for subsisting those +Indians after the facts reported by me in regard to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> matter, in a +letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs of date the 19th Feby 59—.</p> + +<p>It has been stated to me that such monies have been so turned over to the +Superintendent, and statement has been contracted, I therefore wish to +know of you the truth of the matter, and am assured such information will +be readily afforded me.</p> + +<p>I may add, to strengthen the report of facts formerly made by me in regard +to the Wichita Contracts, that the Seminoles, who are subsisted at a sum +less than seven cents per ration, under contract given after publication +for proposals, are near Fort Arbuckle, and the Wichitas, who are subsisted +under private contract at over thirteen cents per ration, are near Fort +Washita and within the Chickasaw Nation (much of course to the annoyance +of the Chickasaws). Now I ask a reference to the Comparative Contracts to +feed the two tribes on file in your office, with the Contract for corn and +beef given at the two posts mentioned to supply the Soldiers, on file in +the War Office, to convince you that the Witchitas are fed at an +exhorbitant cost to the Government.</p> + +<p>I also herewith enclose a letter from Mr. Dennis Trammel, who was the +Contractor to feed the Seminoles; stating that he was willing, and had so +stated it to the Supt, to feed the Wichitas for seven cents pr ration. For +Mr Trammel’s veracity I can avouch and full endorsement can be given of it +from others, if required; as can be done for my own character and standing +in this community.—</p> + +<p>I intend to follow up this matter to a conclusion, and in so declairing +must state that I do it without motive of personal malice and simply as an +impartial Citizen and a supporter of the administration—impelled to the +duty in view of the universal acclaim throughout the Country for economy +in Govt. expenses on account of the depleted state of the Treasury, +Otherwise I might have left the unpleasant affair to the proper officers +of the Government to find out and determine as they might see proper,</p> + +<p>Let me ask;—Is it true that the Supt. has received the Two hundred +thousand dollars due the Creeks under the treaty of 1851, without an order +from that tribe to the government to send out the money and upon the +Supt’s own responsibility?—An early reply will greatly oblige me, Very +Respectfully Your obt. Svt.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">A. G. Mayers</span>.</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span></p> +<p><i>Copy</i></p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Greenwood Arkansas</span> April 18th 1859.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: I have understood that you was willing to feed the Wichataw +Indians at the same price that you received from the Government for +feeding the Seminole Indians.</p> + +<p>Please state if I am correct in so understanding your propositions Very +respectfully Your Obt. Servt.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">A. G. Mayers</span></span></p> + +<p>Mr Dennis Trammell, at Greenwood Arks.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p><i>Copy</i></p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Backbarn</span> Aprial 19. 1859.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: I recd your note of the 18 instant and state that you are +correct, I have stated that I was willing to feed them at the same price 7 +cents. I am Yours, &c.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Dennis Trammell</span></span></p> + +<p>Genl, A. G. Myers Esq.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p><i>Copy</i></p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs</span><br /> +11th May 1859.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: In reply to your letter of the 21st Ultimo I have the honor to state +that a portion of the funds appropriated by Congress towards defraying the +expenses of Colonizing the Wichita and other Indians in the western part +of the Choctaw and Chickasaw country, including their temporary +subsistence, has all along been in the hands of Superintendent Rector, to +meet any necessary current expenses connected with said measure.</p> + +<p>In regard to the contract made with Mr. C. B. Johnson by Superintendent +Rector, for feeding the Witchitas, it was but a temporary measure to meet +an emergency, and was fully approved by the late Commissioner of Indian +Affairs, under subsequent instructions Supt. Rector, will it is expected, +at an early day, make a different arrangement, for furnishing said Indians +with such subsistence as must necessarily be supplied to them by +advertising for proposals therefor, or by causing it to be purchased and +issued to them direct by an agent of the Government, as may be best and +most economical.</p> + +<p>The money due the Creeks under the Treaty of 1856, to which you refer, was +placed in Superintendent Rectors hands to be paid to them, in compliance +with the formal and urgent demand of the Council of the tribe. Very +respectfully Your Obt Servant</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Signed. <span class="smcap">Chas. E. Mix</span>, Commissioner ad interim.</span></p> + +<p>A. G. Mayers Esq., Fort Smith Arks.</p> + +<p> </p><p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span></p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Department of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs</span>,<br /> +March 14, 1860.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Robert J. Cowart, Esq. of Georgia, has been appointed by the +President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, Agent of the +Cherokee Indians in place of George Butler, Esq. whose commission has +expired.</p> + +<p>He has been directed to report himself to you at Fort Smith for +instructions, when you will assign him to duty. His compensation will be +at the rate of $1500 per annum, and the time of its commencement will be +fixed upon when he arrives in this City, which he has been directed to +take in his route to Fort Smith. The sufficiency of his bond will also be +made the subject of examination at this Office upon his arrival.</p> + +<p>A letter has been written to M<sup>r</sup> Butler notifying him of the appointment, +and directing him to make up and forward his accounts immediately, and to +turn over to Mr. Cowart all moneys, papers, and other property in his +hands upon application. Very respectfully, Your obedient servant,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">A. B. Greenwood</span>, Commissioner.</span></p> + +<p>Elias Rector, Esq., Superintendent, &c., Present.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs</span>,<br /> +April 21, 1860.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: From information that has been received at this Office in regard to +certain persons, who are residing within the limits of the Cherokee +nation, it is found necessary to call your attention to the propriety of +seeing that the provisions of the Intercourse law are observed with +respect to them. By reference to the law, you will find that no person can +reside within the limits of the country of any Indian nation or tribe +without permission, and such must be obtained under certain prescribed +rules; and even after permission is given, if the party is found abusing +the privilege by acting in violation of any of the provisions of law, or +is found unfit to reside in the country whether from example, from the +want of moral character, from his interference with the institutions of +the tribe, from seditious language and teachings, or from any cause +tending to disturb the peace and quiet of the tribe, or tending to +alienate their attachment to the Government of the United States, the +Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and Indian Agents have authority to +remove him; and the President is authorized to direct the Military force +to be employed in such removal.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span>The necessity for such power, and for greater facility in carrying the +same into execution, was so apparent, that at the first session of the +35th Congress it was found advisable to legislate further in the matter; +and the 3rd Section of the Indian appropriation bill was accordingly +passed, which is, “That the Commissioner of Indian Affairs be, and he is +hereby, authorized and required, with the approval of the Secretary of the +Interior, to remove from any tribal reservation any person found therein +without authority of law, or whose presence within the limits of the +reservation may, in his judgment, be detrimental to the peace and welfare +of the Indians, and to employ for the purpose such force as may be +necessary to enable the agent to effect the removal of such person or +persons.”</p> + +<p>As I remarked before, I am induced to believe that the Cherokees have just +cause of complaint from the presence of some such persons within their +limits,—and it is my desire that you call the attention of the newly +appointed Agent particularly to the subject. He should look not only to +those cases which are there originally without authority of law, but also +to those who, with ostensibly worthy purposes, have received permission, +and falsified their pretensions. This is a delicate trust, and should be +executed with great caution and discretion, and you cannot enjoin upon the +agent too much care and circumspection for although I shall examine +carefully the grounds of his charges, yet I must be guided in a great +measure by his opinion, and am determined that the law shall be enforced.</p> + +<p>You will therefore, so soon as Mr. Cowart shall report to you for duty, +communicate to him the contents of this letter, and require him to +investigate, as quietly as possible, the cases of all white persons found +within the limits of his agency, and report to me, through you, such as +are there without the authority of law, and such as may be unworthy longer +to remain although they may have originally had permission to enter the +country. Very respectfully, Your Obt, Sevt.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">A. B. Greenwood</span>, Commissioner.</span></p> + +<p>Elias Rector, Esq.; Fort Smith, Arkansas.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Department of the Interior, Office Indian Affairs</span>,<br /> +June 4th 1860.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The attention of this office has been called to an article which +appeared in the Fort Smith Times (which is herewith enclosed) in which it +will be seen that a secret organization has been formed in the Cherokee +Nation, which is rapidly increasing. The existence of such<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> an +organization, the objects of which cannot be misunderstood, has caused in +my mind the greatest apprehension as to the future peace and quiet of that +country; and, if permitted to mature its plans, will be productive of the +worst results. The article alluded to points to the Jones’ as being the +leaders in this movement, and who have been permitted for a long time to +enjoy the privileges of that Nation. It is believed that the ultimate +object of this organization is to interfere with the institutions of that +people, and that its influences will extend to other tribes upon the +Western border of Arkansas.</p> + +<p>This scheme must be broken up: for if it is permitted to ripen, that +country will, sooner or later, be drenched in blood. You are aware that +there is a large slave property in the Cherokee country, and if any steps +are taken by which such property will be rendered unsafe, internal war +will be the inevitable result, in which the people of the bordering state +will be involved. The relations which the Editor of the Times bears to the +Cherokees enables him to procure reliable information from that section +which is not accessible to all and hence the greater credit is due to his +published statements in relation to the affairs of that people. This +office is also in possession of private advices from that country, which +fully corroborates the statements in the article referred to. This +organization and its purposes are no longer left to mere conjecture. In +view of these facts I have to direct that in addition to the instructions +contained in a letter from this office, of the 21st of April last, the +contents of which you were instructed to communicate to Agent Cowart, you +will direct him immediately on his arrival at his Agency to cautiously, +institute inquiry as to the existence of this secret organization, its +objects and purposes; who are the counsellors and advisers of this +movement, and proceed at once to break it up; and, if in his investigation +he should be satisfied that any white persons residing in the Nation are +in any way connected with this organization he will notify such person or +persons forthwith to leave the Nation. You will inform Agent Cowart that +the Secretary of War will be requested to place such force at his disposal +as may be necessary to enforce any order he may deem it his duty to make. +You will direct him also to spare neither time or trouble in carrying out +these instructions, and that he report direct to this office, advising you +in the meantime of his action.</p> + +<p>A copy of this letter has been sent direct to Agent Cowart. Yours +Respectfully,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">A. B. Greenwood</span>, Commissioner.</span></p> + +<p>Elias Rector, Esq., Supt: Ind. Affairs:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith, Arkansas</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span></p> +<p class="center">TROUBLE BREWING AMONG THE CHEROKEES WHAT DOES IT MEAN?</p> + +<p>The Fort Smith (Ark.) <i>Times</i> says: We noticed a week or two ago that +there was a secret organization going on in the Cherokee Nation, and that +it was among the full-blood Indians alone. We are informed by good +authority that the organization is growing and extending daily, and that +no half or mixed blood Indian is taken into this secret organization. The +strictest secrecy is observed, and it is death, by the order, to divulge +the object of the Society. They hold meetings in the thickets, and in +every secret place, to initiate members. We are told that the mixed-bloods +are becoming alarmed, and every attempt to find out the object of this +secret cabal has thus far proved abortive. The Joneses are said to be the +leaders in the work, and what these things are tending to, no one can +predict. We fear that something horrible is to be enacted on the frontier, +and that this secret work will not stop among the Cherokees, but will +extend to other tribes on this frontier. The Government should examine +into this matter, before it becomes too formidable.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Cherokee Agency.</span> Near Tahleguah C. N.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hon. Elias Rector</span>, Supt. Ind. Affairs<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith, Ark.</span></p> + +<p>Sir: Yours of the 15th Inst, is before me, contents closely noted.</p> + +<p>In reply I have to state, that I am in receipt of the Instructions of +which you write, from the Indian Ag<sup>t</sup></p> + +<p>And I now hasten to Lay before you the result of my investigations, thus +far in this nation,</p> + +<p>Soon after I entered the nation before I had proceeded say half days +travel, I was met with complaints against certain persons (white men) who +it was said had been enterfearing with the Institution of Slavery—to +which I invariably replied to the complainants, bring me the charges—or +the witnesses—by whome I can substantiate them, and my duty, will be as +pleasent, as promptly fulfilled—<i>none came</i>,</p> + +<p>In Tahlequah in time of Circuit Court, I made a short speach to the +Citizens, in which I told them, that if they, or any of them, knew any +thing on the subject—to report forthwith to me,—<i>and none have reported</i> +and while I have heard much said on the subject—I have not as yet been +able to get any thing that would do for proof—that would be reliable. And +while I make the above statement I do not entertain<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> a doubt, of the truth +of the charges—And being satisfied of the truth of those charges—I shall +use evry effort to establish them,</p> + +<p>As regards those Secret Societies, I firmly believe, that they are gotten +up with a view to aid in coveying those abolition plans of operation, to a +successful termination Allow me to say—that I shall continue to travel in +and through the Nation (unless differently instructed) until I establish +those charges if it can possible be done,</p> + +<p>Mean while, I shall be pleased to recive Instructions and advice from you +on the subject, and will keep you advised of my movements, I am Sir with +much respect, your obt Servt,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Robt. J. Cowart</span>, U. S. Cherokee Agent</span></p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p><i>Private</i></p> + +<p>The Second Chief is about to call the Council together to take into +consideration the conduct of those white men who are interfearing with the +institutions of Slavery—and to devise means by which those Secret +Societies may be put down, and when the Council meets, I think we can +remidy all those evials—</p> + +<p>I find there are many white men in the nation without permits—and one or +two English men, these I shall order to leave the nation Instanter,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. J. Cowart</span></span></p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Tahlequah</span> C. N. July 9th 1860</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Maj Rector</span>, When I reached home I found that Hon. A. B. Greenwood had +been here, stayed two days, and a half & left. I am told that he expressed +a verry strong desire to see me but had not time to remain here or go to +Fort Smith.</p> + +<p>He has brought his family home to Ark. to remain as he writes me—</p> + +<p>I wish now verry much to see you and Col. Pulliam, of which I have written +him, I would go forthwith to see Greenwood but suppose from what he wroat +me that he had left, or will have done so before I could get there. I am +with much respect, your friend</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. J. Cowart</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Tahlequah C. N.</span></p> + +<p>Hon. Elias Rector Fort Smith, Ark</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Cherokee Agency.</span> <span class="smcap">Tahlequah</span> C. N. August 15th 1860</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hon. Elias Rector</span>, Sup<sup>t</sup> Ind Affairs Fort Smith, Arks.</p> + +<p>Dear Sir: Tomorrow morning I set out, to the Neutral <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span>Lands—and am +advised to take a few men with me which I propos doing,</p> + +<p>It may be truely said, that, this Nation is in the midest of a crises.</p> + +<p>I shall be compelled to call for Military aid—which I expect to do +forthwith—</p> + +<p>Immediatly upon my return from the Neutral Lands—I expect to go to Fort +Smith—</p> + +<p>Please Remember me kindly to my friend Col Pulliam—</p> + +<p>I am very kindly your obt Servt.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. J. Cowart</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Tahlequah C. N.</span></p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Office U. S. Neosho Agency, Quapaw Nation</span><br /> +Augt 24th 1860</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: By refference to my letter of July 11th you will find that I +according to your instructions, gave all the intruders upon the Osage +reservation notice to leave forthwith, or that they would be removed by +Military force. That notice was dated May 22nd 1860, & the intruders are +still there, and I have most respectfully now to suggest, that in view of +the situation of the Neutral land of the Cherokees and the reserve of the +Osages, they, laying adjoining each other, and the great number of +squatters therein, I would advise that at least two companies of U. S. +Dragoons or Cavalry be called for, both to act together in the removal of +the intruders from the Osage and Neutral lands—</p> + +<p>I learn that Major Cowart expects to be at your office in a few days, in +order to make a Requisition upon the Commanding Officer of Fort Caleb for +Troops to remove the intruders from the Neutral land, and enclosed you +will find one from me, which if approved by you, please forward by the +same express, in order that the Troops may march together, as their +destination is about the same—</p> + +<p>I would also say that in my opinion, that in order that the removal should +avail anything that all their improvements should be destroyed by the +Troops as they progress—</p> + +<p>Your instructions are requested in all this matter. Very Respectfully Your +Obt Svt</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Andrew J. Dorn</span>, U. S. Neosho Agnt</span></p> + +<p>Major Elias Rector, Supt Indian Affairs<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith Arkansas.</span></p> + +<p>N.B. Please forward the enclosed letter directed to Capt W. L. Cabell +U. S. A. and much oblige yours truly</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">A.J.D.</span></p> + +<p> </p><p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span></p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Evansville, Arks</span> Sept 6th/60</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Friend, Thad</span> ... I wish you woold come up in this part of the country. I +am going to start to Campmeeting next Saturday at Cane Hill there was a +big Camp meeting a going on when I came here in the nation it was about +five miles west of this place. I did not go as I was busy fixing up to +work tho if I dont have any bad luck I think I will have a good time at +Cane Hill</p> + +<p>I think business will be pretty good here from the prospects I think I +will spend a couple months at Tahlequah this fall. I want to attend the +next council there which will begin in Oct. ... etc.</p> + +<p>Remain your Friend</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Jno. C. Dickenson</span></span></p> + +<p>Mark,, T,, Tatum, Greenwood, Arks</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Tahlequah Cherokee Nation</span>, September 8th, 1860.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hon. Elias Rector</span>, Supt. Indian Affairs, Fort Smith, Arks.</p> + +<p>Dear Sir, Enclosed please find Copy of letter from the Secretary of War, +to Hon. A. B. Greenwood—</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="center">Unofficial</p> + +<p class="right"> +<span class="smcap">War Department</span> June 14th 1860,<br /> +</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>—In answer to your note of the 11th Inst in regard to trouble +among the Cherokees, I have to inform you that orders have been given to +the Commander of Fort-Cobb, as suggested, Yours &c.,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Signed <span class="smcap">John B. Floyd</span>.</span></p></div> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hon. A. B. Greenwood</span>, Commr.—It seems from the above that orders have +been given the Commander at Fort Cobb to furnish me Troops to remove +intruders from this Nation. I have not heard any thing from Washington +since I left Fort Smith.</p> + +<p>I would be glad to have the Troops as early as convenient, as I feel that +I can do but little more without them.</p> + +<p>I this day sent a Notice to John, B. Jones to leave the Nation by the 25th +Inst.—which I trust he will do. I am writing to the Department today and +giving the facts in refference to this Nation—I have asked for contingent +funds, as the requirements of the Department, are, that money appropriated +for one purpose, should not be used for another.</p> + +<p>Please give me the benefit of any information, you have or may get on the +subject of Troops. I am as ever your friend And obedient Servt.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. J. Cowart</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Tahlequah C, N,</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span></p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Tahlequah Cherokee Nation</span>, Oct 29th 1860</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Col. Pulliam</span>,</p> + +<p>My Dear friend, Will you be so kind as to forward the enclosed Dispatch to +Hon A. B. Greenwood Washington D. C. Please Consult Capt. Sturgeons, you +may, find it necessary, to change it, if so, please make any alteration, +you and the Capt may, think best.</p> + +<p>I expect to visit Fort Smith in a few days—when I hope to settle up my +accounts, and spend some time with you—I [illegible] say pleasantly.</p> + +<p>I Learned from Capt ——, your Recent affliction. Please allow me to +tender to you and Especially to Mrs. Pulliam my heart felt Simpathy.</p> + +<p>Write me by the barer all the News, I send written to Maj. Rector for two +hundred Dollars, please see that the matter is arranged. I am very kindly +yours,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. J. Cowart</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Tahlequah C. N.</span></p> + +<p>Col R. P. Pulliam, Fort Smith Ark.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith</span> A.R.K. Oct 31st 1860.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hon. A. B. Greenwood</span> Com. Ind. Affairs, Washington D. C.</p> + +<p>Intruders Removed from Neutral land—much desire to confer with you and +[illegible] in person with Capt Sturgeons who commanded Troops.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. J. Cowart</span>, U. S. Cherokee Agent</span></p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have received reliable information that Forts Washita, Arbuckle, +and Cobb, all in the Choctaw & Chickasaw Nations, and recently abandoned +by Federal troops, are now in possession of Texas State troops, and that +Texas is now urging at Montgomery, that the Wichita Indians and bands +affiliated with them, occupying the district of Country between the 98 and +100 degrees west longitude & between Red River & Canadian leased by the +United States from the Choctaws & Chickasaws, for the purpose of Locating +said Indians are within the Jurisdiction of this, the Southern +Superintendency, and by an examination of the treaty of 1855 made between +the U. S. and the Choctaws & Chickasaws, you cannot fail to see the +impropriety of the Indians occupying said district being attached to the +Jurisdiction of Texas. unless she also extends her Jurisdiction over the +Choctaws and Chickasaws.—Texas has tried on several occasions heretofore +to have those Indians in the Leased district placed under her +jurisdiction,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span> but the Indians regard her as their ancient, and present +enemy, and will never consent to such arrangement,</p> + +<p>I have thought it my duty to call your attention to the subject that you +may, if you think it expedient, lay it before your Honorable body for such +action as it may think proper in the premises. Very Respectfully Your obt +Servt</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Elias Rector</span>, Supt. Ind. Affairs.</span></p> + +<p>Hon. David Walker, President Arks. State Convention.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Cherokee Agency</span>, May the 15th 1861</p> + +<p>To the Superintendent of Indian Affairs<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith Arks.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor of making the following report have this day taken +into my possession as Agent for the Cherokee Indians, the following +property as left by late Agent R. J. Corvort (gone) Dwelling house Kitchen +and other out houses one office, houses all in bad repair one farm +belonging to the Agency, in bad repair one table three desks and papers +all in very bad condition one box containing old papers almost destroyed +by rats one letter press and Books one Rule one Inkstand and letter Stamp +one chair one Iron Safe. I also have in my possession 14 Bounty Land +Warrants received by me from you at office of Superintendency left by R. +J. Corvort late Agent and receipted for by me to Superintendant the Book +on Treaties as reported to of been, left by R. J. Corvort in office not +found by me. Yours Respectfully</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">John Crawford</span>, U. S. Agent for Cherokees</span></p> + +<p>Elias Rector, Superintendant Indian Affairs.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Wichita Agency L. D.</span>, June 30-1861</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>, Enclosed herewith I have the honor to transmit my quarterly return, +for the second quarter of the current year, and with it my operations as a +Federal Officer will cease.</p> + +<p>The seizure of the mules, wagon etc. by Gen<sup>l</sup> Burrow, rendered it +necessary in my judgment, to issue at once to the Indians all the public +property, moneys and effects in my hands, intended for their use and +benefit by the original U. S. Government; believing as I do, that the +moneys and other means which I have held in trust for them, would be as +liable to seizure as the mules and wagon were, and result in a loss: the +losses sustained by them on the Arkansas River and at Fort Smith by fire +of very many of their goods, cause them to be in much need of the goods +which I have issued, more particularly as there appears to be no +arrangements by which they may expect supplies during<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span> the present year. +The sudden withdrawal of the troops spread alarm and disquiet through the +different settlements or encampments, many of them fled from the L. D. with +a hope elsewhere to find security and protection, the remainder would have +followed, but for the issue of goods which I made them, and assurances +that they would not be molested.</p> + +<p>With these remarks submitted, I have the honor to be, sir, Very +Respectfully Your Ob’t Srv’t,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>, Ind. Agt.</span></p> + +<p>Major Elias Rector, Supt. Ind. Affairs<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith, Arks.</span></p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="center">ESTIMATE OF FUNDS REQUIRED IN THE OFFICE OF SUPERINTENDENT INDIAN AFFAIRS ARKANSAS SUPURENTENDENCY.</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> +<tr><td>For Salary of Superintendent. for ½ year of 1861.<br /><span style="margin-left: 1em;">which includes 3 & 4th qrs. at $2.000—per Anum</span></td> + <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td align="right">$1000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>Pay of Clerk ½ year 3 & 4th qrs. at $1.500—</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">750.00</td></tr> +<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 0.7em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: .25em;">Interpreter</span> + <span class="spacer2"> </span>"<span class="spacer"> </span>"<span class="spacer"> </span>"<span class="spacer2"> </span>400—</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">200.00</td></tr> +<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 0.7em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span> + <span style="margin-left: .25em;">Traveling expences. Contingences of office &c.</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right" class="botbor">500.00</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td align="right">$2.450.00</td></tr> +<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 0.7em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Office rent for ½ year</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right" class="botbor">200.00</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td align="right">$2.650 00</td></tr></table> + +<p> </p> +<p class="center">ESTIMATE OF FUNDS NECESSARY FOR DISBURSMENT TO SEMINOLE INDIANS UP TO<br /> +30TH DECEMBER 1861 AS PROVIDED FOR BY TREATY OF 7TH AUGUST 1856</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> +<tr><td>To provide for the Support of Schools for ten years the<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sum of $3000—per Annun. from 7th August, 1856</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to 30th December 1861</span></td><td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td valign="bottom" align="right">$16.000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>For agricultural assistance. from 30th December 1859<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to 30th December 1861. at $2000—per Annm</span></td><td> </td> + <td valign="bottom" align="right">4.000 00</td></tr> +<tr><td>For the Support of Smiths & Smith Shops from 30th<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">December 1859. to 30th Decr. 1861. at $2.200 per</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Annum</span></td><td> </td> + <td valign="bottom" align="right">4.400.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>Interest on $500.000—invested at 5 per Centum from<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">30th Decr 1860 to 30th Decr 1861</span></td><td> </td> + <td class="botbor" valign="bottom" align="right">25.000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td align="right">$49.400 00</td></tr> +<tr><td><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span>Pay of Agent for year 1861</td><td> </td> + <td valign="bottom" align="right">1.500.00</td></tr> +<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"</span><span class="spacer2"> </span>" Interpreter for year 1861</td><td> </td> + <td valign="bottom" align="right">400.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>Contingent expenses of Office</td><td> </td> + <td valign="bottom" align="right">300.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>Provisions for Indians attending payments of annuities &<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visiting Agency on business</span></td><td> </td> + <td class="botbor" valign="bottom" align="right">300 00</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td align="right">$2.500 00</td></tr></table> + +<p>Amount invested by Old U S government for Seminoles as per treaty 7th +August 1856 at 5 per centum. $500.000—This amount has never been invested +in State bonds but held by the Government.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="center">ESTIMATE OF FUNDS NECESSARY FOR DISBURSMENT TO CREEK INDIANS FROM 30TH JUNE TO 31ST DECEMBER 1861.<br /> +AND BALANCES DUE THEM BY THE OLD U. S. GOVERNMENT. UP TO 30TH JUNE 1861.</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> +<tr><td>Permanent provisions for</td> + <td>Blacksmiths</td> + <td>for ½ year 1861</td> + <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td align="right">1.680.00</td></tr> +<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span class="spacer"> </span><span class="spacer2"> </span>"<span class="spacer"> </span>"</td> + <td>Iron & Steel</td> + <td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: .75em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">540.00</td></tr> +<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span class="spacer"> </span><span class="spacer2"> </span>"<span class="spacer"> </span>"</td> + <td>Wheelwrights</td> + <td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: .75em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">300.00</td></tr> +<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span class="spacer"> </span><span class="spacer2"> </span>"<span class="spacer"> </span>"</td> + <td>Wagon Makers</td> + <td><span style="margin-left: .5em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: .75em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">300.00</td></tr> +<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span class="spacer"> </span><span class="spacer2"> </span>"<span class="spacer"> </span>"</td> + <td colspan="2">Agricultural assistance for ½ year</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">1.000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3">Interest on $200.000—at 5 per Centum. for purposes of<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">Education. from 30th June 1860 to 30th June 1861.</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right" valign="bottom">10.000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3">Interest on same from 30th June to 30th December<span class="spacer2"> </span>"</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">5 000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3">Unexpended balances Interest due on same. up to 30th<br /> + <span style="margin-left: 1em;">June 1860 which has never been paid</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right" valign="bottom" class="botbor">15.000 00</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td><td align="right">$33.820 00</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3">Pay of Agent for 3 & 4 qrs 1861</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">750.00</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">"</span><span class="spacer2"> </span>" Interpreter 3 & 4 qrs 1861</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">200.00</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3">Contingent Expences 3 & 4 qrs 1861</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">150.00</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3">Provisions for Indians at payment of Annuities</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right" class="botbor">150.00</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td><td align="right">$35.070.00</td></tr></table> + + +<p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span></p> +<p class="center">AMOUNT OF MONEY DUE CREEK INDIANS ANNUALLY UNDER TREATY 7TH AUGUST 1856</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> +<tr><td colspan="2">Permanent Annuity</td> + <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td align="right">$24 500.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>Permanent provisions for</td> + <td>Blacksmiths</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">3.360 00</td></tr> +<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span class="spacer"> </span><span class="spacer2"> </span>"<span class="spacer"> </span>"</td> + <td>Iron & Steel</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">540.00</td></tr> +<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span class="spacer"> </span><span class="spacer2"> </span>"<span class="spacer"> </span>"</td> + <td>Wheelwrights</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">600 00</td></tr> +<tr><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span class="spacer"> </span><span class="spacer2"> </span>"<span class="spacer"> </span>"</td> + <td>Wagonmakers</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">600 00</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">Assistance in Agriculture</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">2.000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="2">Interest on $200.00. at 5 per centum for<br /><span style="margin-left: 1em;">purposes of Education</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right" valign="bottom" class="botbor">10.000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="3"> </td><td align="right">$41.600.00</td></tr></table> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Amounts due Creek Indians for amounts<br /><span style="margin-left: 1em;">invested by Treaty 7th August 1856.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td>For purposes of Education</td><td><span class="spacer"> </span></td><td align="right">$200 000</td></tr> +<tr><td>Creek Orphan fund</td><td> </td><td align="right" class="botbor">200 741</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td align="right">$400.741</td></tr></table> + + +<p> </p> +<p class="center">CREEK ORPHAN FUND INVESTED AS FOLLOWS</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> +<tr><td>In</td><td>Bonds</td><td>of</td><td>State</td><td>of</td> + <td>Kentucky</td> + <td>at</td> + <td>5pr</td> + <td>Cent,</td> + <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td align="right">$1.000 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>Missouri</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>5½</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">28.000 00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>6</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">28.000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>Tennessee</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>5</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">20.000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>Virginia</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>6</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">73 800 00</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="6" align="right">United States</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>6</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right" class="botbor">49 941 00</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="10"> </td><td align="right">$200.741.00</td></tr></table> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">North Fork of Canadian River</span>, 5th July 1861</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: On receipt of this you will please effect a continuance, on behalf of +the Confederate States of America, with Mr. Charles B. Johnson of Fort +Smith, of the contract existing up to 30th June last between the United +States of America and himself, for feeding the Wichitas, Caddoes, and +other kindred and other bands of Indians now settled in the country leased +from the Choctaws and Chickasaws.</p> + +<p>If no more favorable terms can be effected, you are authorized to adopt +those of the former contract, with its conditions and stipulations in all +respects.</p> + +<p>You will provide that the contract shall end, at the pleasure of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> +Commissioner of Indian Affairs, on the 31st day of December 1861, and not +sooner; and that it shall be at his option to continue it for such further +term as he may please, upon the same terms in all respects.</p> + +<p>You will provide that the contract shall relate to, and take effect as of +the first day of July 1861: and you will receive bond, in form used by the +United States, but to the Confederate States, with sufficient sureties, +and in such sum as you may consider sufficient to ensure faithful +performance. I have the honor to be, Sir</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span>, Commissioner of the Conf.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">States to Indian Tribes West of Arkansas.</span></p> + +<p>Elias Rector Esq, Superintendent Ind. Affairs,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Arkansas Superintendency.</span></p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p>Agreement made and entered into, this 14th day of August 1861, at the +Wichita Agency, between Albert Pike, Commissioner of the Confederate +States of America to the Indians west of Arkansas, of the one part, and +Charles B. Johnson of the County of Sebastian and State of Arkansas, of +the other part.</p> + +<p>This agreement witnesseth, that the said Albert Pike, Commissioner as +aforesaid, for and on behalf of the Confederate States of America and the +said Charles B. Johnson, his heirs executors and administrators, have +covenanted and agreed, and by these presents do covenant mutually and +agree to and with each other as follows to wit:</p> + +<p>That the said Charles B. Johnson, his heirs, executors and administrators, +shall and will supply and issue or cause to be issued and supplied at such +times and places in the Leased District west of the 98th degree of west +longitude as the Wichita Agent may direct, daily rations to the several +Tribes and Bands of Comanches, Wichitas and other Indians that now are or +may hereafter during the continuance of the present contract be settled in +the said Leased District, for and during the term of one full year, +commencing with the sixteenth day of August instant, at the price of +sixteen cents for each complete ration issued as aforesaid: which rations +shall be issued, one for each individual in all of said Tribes and Bands +and shall consist of one pound of fresh beef or fresh pork, and three +quarters of a quart of corn or corn meal or one pound of flour to every +ration, with four quarts of salt, three pounds of coffee, six pounds of +sugar, two quarts of vinegar, one and a half pounds of tallow and three +pounds of soap to every hundred rations.</p> + +<p>Payment shall be made quarterly for the rations furnished under<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> this +contract, but in the event of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs being +without funds for such purposes, the payment to be made as soon thereafter +as funds are provided for such purposes.</p> + +<p>This contract may be terminated in whole or in any part at any time by the +Commissioner of Indian Affairs, upon equitable terms and conditions +whenever it shall be deemed expedient to do so upon giving thirty days’ +notice of such intention.</p> + +<p>Witness our hands and seals the day and year first above written. Signed +and Sealed in triplicate</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span>, Commissioner of the Confederate States</span></p> + +<p>Signed and Sealed in our presence.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Wm Quesenbury</span></span><span class="spacersig"> </span><span class="smcap">Charles. B. Johnson.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">W Warren Johnson</span></span></p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">North Fork of the Canadian River</span>, 5th July 1861</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have sent a Special Messenger to the Wichita and other Indians on +the Reserve in the Country leased from the Choctaws and Chickasaws, +requesting Black Beaver, and other Captains and Chiefs to meet me at the +Seminole Agency on the 22nd instant, in order to hear a talk from me and +enter into a Treaty. If they should not do so, I shall go from the +Seminole Agency to the Reserve for that purpose.</p> + +<p>As it was through your instrumentality these Bands were settled on the +Reserve, and the promises made them were made through you, and as you are +favorably known to them for these reasons, and as the Head of the +Superintendency of Indian Affairs in which they are included, your +presence and coöperation with me, in negotiating with them, will, I am +very sure, be of great service.</p> + +<p>I therefore request, that, if your health and other duties permit, you +will be present with me at the Seminole Agency on the 22nd, and accompany +me, if necessary, to the Reserve.</p> + +<p>I shall leave this place about the 9th, and at furtherst by the 10th, and +go round by Forts Washita and Arbuckle. I shall be gratified if you can so +time your movements as to overtake me on the way.</p> + +<p>I wish also to suggest that the presence of the Agent, Mr. Leeper, will be +indispensable, and to desire you to direct him to accompany you, that he +may as soon as possible repair to his Agency. I have the honor to be With +deep regards your obt Svt</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span>, Commissioner of the Confederate</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">States to Indian Tribes west of Arkansas.</span></p> + +<p>Elias Rector, Esq, Superintendent Ind. Aff. Arkansas Superintendency.</p> + +<p> </p><p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span></p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> +<tr><td> </td><td align="center">Confederate</td></tr> +<tr><td>THE</td><td align="center"><span class="strike">UNITED</span></td><td>STATES,</td></tr></table> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table"> +<tr><td> </td> + <td align="center">TO Elias Rector</td> + <td align="center">DR.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="btdoubr" align="center">Date.</td> + <td class="btdoubr"> </td> + <td class="btdoubr" align="center">Dolls.</td> + <td class="btdoub" align="center">Cts.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="btr" align="center" valign="top">1861<br />August 24</td> + <td class="btr">For Services rendered assisting Comr.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike in making treaties with Seminole,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wichita And Commanche Indians under</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">orders so to do, by Comr. Pike,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">from 10th July to 24th August 1861</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">inclusive 45 days at $5.00 pr day</span></td> + <td class="btr" valign="bottom" align="right">225</td> + <td class="dent" align="left" valign="bottom">00</td></tr> +<tr><td class="br"> </td> + <td class="br"> </td> + <td class="br"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="br"> </td> + <td class="br">For hire of Bugg. horses & driver for<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">same length of time at $5— per day</span></td> + <td class="br" valign="bottom" align="right">225</td> + <td class="dent" align="left" valign="bottom">00</td></tr> +<tr><td class="br"> </td> + <td class="br"> </td> + <td class="br"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="br"> </td> + <td class="br">For hire of wagon team & driver for<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">same service & same time, to Transport</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tent Baggage provisions &c. at</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">$5 per day</span></td> + <td class="br" align="right" valign="bottom">225</td> + <td class="dent" align="left" valign="bottom">00</td></tr> +<tr><td class="br"> </td> + <td class="br"> </td> + <td class="br"> </td></tr> +<tr><td class="br"> </td> + <td class="br">Forrage for 4 horses for same length of<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">time and for same service 50 cents per</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">day each horse</span></td> + <td class="br" align="right" valign="bottom">90</td> + <td class="dent" align="left" valign="bottom">00</td></tr> +<tr><td class="br"> </td> + <td class="br"> </td> + <td class="btr" align="right">$765</td> + <td class="bt" align="left">00</td></tr> +<tr><td class="br"> </td> + <td class="br">Paid ferrage Crossing streams</td> + <td class="br" align="right">8</td> + <td class="dent" align="left">00</td></tr> +<tr><td class="bbr"> </td> + <td class="bbr"> </td> + <td class="bbtr" align="right">$773</td> + <td class="bbt" align="left">00</td></tr></table> + +<p class="tablenote">Received at<span class="spacersig"> </span><span class="spacersig"> </span>185<span class="spacer2"> </span>, of ELIAS RECTOR,<br /> +Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Southern Superintendency,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 14em;">Dollars in full of this account</span></p> + +<p class="tablenote">$</p> + +<p class="center">(Triplicate.)</p> + +<p class="tablenote">I CERTIFY, on honor, that the above account is correct and just,<br /> +and that I have actually, this<span class="spacersig"> </span>day of<span class="spacersig"> </span>185<span class="spacer2"> </span>,<br /> +paid the amount thereof.<span class="spacersig"> </span><span class="spacersig"> </span>Sup’t Indian Affairs.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Wichita Agency L. D.</span> Sept. 15th 1861</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>; A considerable amount of intermittent fever has made its appearance +at this place, supposed to be occasioned by an unusual degree of dampness +produced by the most luxuriant growth of vegetation I ever knew, and the +recent heavy rains which have been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> almost incessant for many days past, +it gives us just cause of alarm as we are entirely out of medicines of +almost every kind and placed at so remote a distance from the settlements, +that none can be procured short of a visit to Fort Smith; I had a slight +attack of fever myself and luckily for me, Dr. Shirley discovered a small +portion of Quinine which I partly consumed, and which had escaped the +vigilant search of the so called Texas Troops at the time they took from +him his medicines and medical books, and transferred them to parts +unknown. These causes in addition to some information in reference to +Indians which I will impart, I hope will be considered an ample apology +for incuring the expenses of an Express, I have employed a man at $3.00 +per day, he bears his own expense, and runs the risk of meeting with wild +Indians and land Sharks by the way.</p> + +<p>The renowned Indian warrior and Chief Buffalo Hump has made his appearance +with fifteen or sixteen followers, the remainder of the Indians and the +principal part of his own party, he says are encamped on the Canadian and +head waters of the Washita, he called on me the second day after his +arrival, and told me that he was now old and desirous of abandoning the +war path, and spending his latter days in quietness and peace with all +men, but said the winter would soon be at hand, and that he would require +a much better house than any he saw at the Comanche Camp, that he thought +if he had a house, such as the Agency building, that he would be warm in +cold weather, and that he would be content to live in it, and pursue the +walks of white men, I replied to him that I knew he was a great man and +had an immense amount of influence with the wild tribes, and that the +Confederate States had also heard of him, and that if he thought proper to +bring in his people and settle down in good faith on the Reserve, quit +stealing and depredating upon the country, that they would give him all +that had been promised, and that he might calculate, that if houses were +built for him, that they would not be as good as those at the Comanche +Camp, that several of those houses were more extensive and expensive, than +would be deemed necessary in future, that he might only look for small +cabins, and perhaps only receive assistance in their erection, that it was +the object of the Confederate States to learn the Indians to work and +support themselves, not to work for them and support them; that upon those +terms if he were disposed to settle I would be glad to receive him, if +not, it mattered but little, that he was at liberty to pursue just such +course as suited him best. The next day he called again his tone and +bearing was altogether<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span> changed, professed to be satisfied and said at the +falling of the leaves, the time appointed for settlement and consumating +the Treaty with Capt. Pike, he would be here with his people. He gave it +as his opinion that the others who had a conference with Capt. Pike would +not come in or settle; but I learn from Py-oh who went out with those +Chiefs and returned with Buffalo Hump that their respective bands are +divided in sentiment, that about half of each band will come in and +settle, and that the others will probably remain on the prairies, they +have large bands of stolen horses and mules, and he thinks they are afraid +to bring them in, lest they should be taken away from them.</p> + +<p>Jim Ned and the other Delawares with the exception of one family left the +Reserve without any cause, he returned from his first encampment and +attempted to persuade Jim Pock Marked to leave with his people, by telling +him that he would be assailed by the Texans before long, and if not by +them, most certainly by the northern Troops, and that he had better leave +at once, and save the lives of his women and children. Jim Ned is a most +unmitigated scoundrel, and I have no doubt that most if not all the +disquiet heretofore produced among the Reserve Indians might be traced to +him, and I think it very fortunate that he has abandoned the Reserve, by +doing so, he has forfeited his right of citizenship upon it, and the +protection which the Confederate States had guaranteed to him.</p> + +<p>I learn from an Indian Mexican and a half breed Delaware Indian who have +recently returned from Santa Fe, that all the northern Indians who visit +that part of the country are amply armed and equiped by the Federalists, +and sent in every direction over the plains as spy Companies, that +propositions of the like character, had been made to the Southern Indians, +but not accepted, they are now regarded as enemies, and have retracted +farther South, not being permitted to inhabit the country or travel as far +north as heretofore; Py-oh remarked that they were herded in by Texas and +Mr. Lincoln’s government like a band of horses or cattle.</p> + +<p>Please forward by my Expressman, blank forms of every description, and ask +Mr. Johnson to forward blank forms for provision checks; you will also +oblige me by making an application for the Indian mules taken by Burrow, +and by aiding the bearer to procure the public wagon and my harness which +were loaned to Algernon Cabell.</p> + +<p>You are aware that I cannot close my returns without funds for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span> the +purpose, when shall I look for them? Very Respectfully Your obt. Srvt.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>, Ind. Agent</span></p> + +<p>Elias Rector Esqr., Supt. Ind. Affairs<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith Arks.</span></p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Creek Agency</span>, Sept 30th 1861</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to hand you herewith the Bond License, and Invoices +of John Barnwell of the Creek Nation</p> + +<p>Very Respectfully Your Obt Servant</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">W. H. Garrett</span>, C. S. Agent for Creeks</span></p> + +<p>Maj Elias Rector, Superintendent C. A.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith, Ar</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Tahlequah C. N.</span> October the 10th 1861</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Maj Elias Rector</span>, Superintendant of Indian Affairs,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith, Ark.</span></p> + +<p>Dear Sir: I have the honor of transmitting through your office to the +Commissioner of Indian Affairs at Richmond a requisition for the Annuities +School and Orphan funds due the Cherokee Indian on Stock invested up to +July 1861. I send two copies. If it is not necessary to send but on[e] you +can arrange that in regard to the leave of Asence that I wished you to +grant me I will not ask for owing to the Governor declaring my seat vacant +in the Legislator and ordering an election though I am under many +obligations to you for your willingness to grant me leave the Treaty will +be ratified today. Every thing going on well the Texas Troops passed +through on Wednesday the Creek excitement turned out to be nothing I shall +be anxious to hear from you at any time on all subjects I have the honor +Sir to be your most obedient Servnt</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">John Crawford</span> Agent Cherokees, C. S. A.</span></p> + +<p>Hon. E. Rector, Superintendant Indian Affairs</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Tahlequah, C. N.</span> October 10th, 1861</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">David Hubbard</span> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Richmond, Va.</p> + +<p>Dear Sir: I have the honor to make out and transmit to you a requisition +for the Annuities due the Cherokee Indians for the year 1860 and 1861</p> + +<p>For the installments of interest on the permanent General fund as +estimated for July 1860 and January and July 1861 forty three Thousand and +three hundred and Seventy two dollars and thirty six Cents $43 372 36</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span>For the installments of interest on the permanent Orphan fund as estimated +and uninvested for July 1860 and January and July 1861 four thousand and +five hundred dollars $4.500</p> + +<p>For the installment of interest on the permanent School fund as estimated +for July 1860 and January and July 1861 Seventeen thousand Seven hundred +and Seventy two dollars $17.772.</p> + +<p>Total Amount due the Cherokees on Stock invested Sixty five Thousand Six +hundred and forty four dollars and thirty Six Cents $65.644.36</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> +<tr><td>One half years pay of Agent</td> + <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td align="right">750 00</td></tr> +<tr><td>Contingent expenses, ½ year</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">75 00</td></tr> +<tr><td>pay of interpreter ½ year</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right" class="botbor">200.00</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td align="right">$66.669.36</td></tr></table> + +<p>Sir the Statement as made out is correct to the best of my judgment I have +been acting as Agent for the Cherokee Indians Since the 22nd day of April +1861 Came by request of Hon R. W. Johnson of Arkansas. received a letter +from the Hon David Hubbard Commissioner of Indian Affairs dated 12 June +1861 requesting me to try and get along as Agent of the Cherokees the best +that I Could which I have done to the best advantage and evry thing here +is working well for the South I have not received any moneys from the +Lincoln government Since I have been acting as Agent for the Cherokee +Indians Your most obedient Servt</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">John Crawford</span>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Agent for the Cherokee Indians West of Arkansas, C. S. A.</span></p> + +<p>David Hubbard, Commissioner of Indian Affairs<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Richmond, Va</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Wichita Agency L. D.</span> Oct. 21st 1861</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Five weeks ago I despatched a messenger to Fort Smith with a report +to you, and for medicines for the Agency and Indians; since which time I +have heard nothing either from the report or messenger, sufficient time +has elapsed for the man to have made two trips. In the report of that date +I apprised you of the sickness which had and still prevails here to a +considerable extent, and that we are destitute of medicines: Dr. Shirley’s +supplies having been forcibly taken from him by persons from Texas, +claiming to act as a military posse from that State. You are aware that we +are entirely cut off from mail facilities, and from an opportunity of +procuring medicines of any description short of Fort Smith, the want of +which has been excessively annoying,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span> and perhaps the occasion of several +deaths; this report will be handed you by a second messenger, whom I hope +you will furnish with a supply of Quinine, Calomel and blue mass if +nothing more.</p> + +<p>On friday last a man was shot at by an Indian in company with six others +within a mile of the late Fort Cobb; on the next day two Indians arrived +as messengers on the part of the Kiowas and all the Southern bands of +Comanches, who are said to be encamped on the North Canadian within four +days ride of this place; they say that their intention is to be here at +the falling of the leaves, to conclude a treaty with Capt. Pike. The +Kiowas inform us that they received the white beads and tobacco from Capt. +Pike, and that they desire to be on terms of friendship with us, that it +is the wish of the whole band, with the exception of one bad man and +fifteen or twenty followers, whom they cannot control, and that they +desire us to kill them, that if it is not done, they will surely commit +serious depredations, and that they believe they are now in this vicinity.</p> + +<p>The Indians at present on the Canadian are supposed to number Seven or +eight thousand, and if they should come here as is anticipated, they will +require a large amount of provision, I would therefore respectfully +suggest the propriety of your notifying the Contractor of the fact, that +he may not be taken on Surprise: you will also perceive the necessity of +Capt. Pike or some other duly authorized person, to be here at the +appointed time to consummate treaties with them; they say that no further +depredations will be committed on Texas, provided the twenty men above +described are killed.</p> + +<p>It is impossible for me to keep you advised of the affairs of this reserve +without some kind of mail facilities, therefore, I hope you will +unhesitatingly employ some one to carry the mail once in two weeks at +least, until such time as the Government shall have made permanent +arrangements, it is not more strange than true, that I have not since my +arrival here on the Sixth of August, received a solitary news paper or any +other item of news, except such as can be gathered from an occasional +stragling teamster, and that is the most reliable information that I have +in reference to the battle at Springfield, the particulars of which I know +very little.</p> + +<p>When Capt. Pike left here it was his intention to have the place +garrisoned in the shortest time practicable, he left authority with Jno. +Jones to enlist thirty Indians to act as a protection to the Agency, and +as a spy company in its vicinity, Jno. Jones could only enlist Seventeen, +all Comanches, those and the few employees on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span> reserve are the only +protection we have, and I would not give a fig for the security the +Indians would afford me in a case of actual danger, they might be useful +however in giving information of the approach of an enemy: I shall feel +obliged if you will inform me of the time the troops may be expected, if +the day is far distant, I shall deem it my indispensable duty to select +some place of security and safety for my family, if it is the intention or +wish of the Confederate Government to leave this place ungarrisoned, I am +willing to risk the consequences myself, but I am unwilling to detain my +family, where they are in danger of being destroyed by savages: it is also +apparent that no Agent can exercise the control necessary to fill the +expectations of the Government, without the means placed within his reach +of doing so; without troops the most flagrant violations of the +Intercourse Laws might be practiced every day with impugnity; and without +funds to meet the expenses incident to the Agency, the employees cannot be +retained a great while. Those Indians who expect to treat with Capt. Pike +expect also supplies of blankets and clothing, and white men to instruct +them in the erection of houses for the winter.</p> + +<p>Please advise me by the return of my messenger, when troops may be +expected, at what time the Commissioner will be here, and funds to enable +me to forward my accounts. The Estimates submitted in August, in addition +to the more liberal allowances of Capt. Pike in his recent treaty with the +Indians, I hope will be all that is required on my part at present.</p> + +<p>One of the Articles in Capt. Pike’s late treaty, appears to be an offense +to the people of Texas, and I think it very doubtful whether any +assistance could be derived from that quarter, if we were threatened with +the most iminent danger: with these remarks submitted, I have the honor to +be, Very Respectfully Your Obt. Servt.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>, Indian Agent</span></p> + +<p>Elias Rector Esq, Supt. Ind. Affairs<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith Arks</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith Arkansas</span>, Nov. 7th 1861</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Major Elias Rector</span>, Superintendent of Indian affairs</p> + +<p>Sir: As you intemated to me a few days since you ware going to Richmond, +and would do me a favor if it Laid in your Power</p> + +<p>I ask you for the appointment of Forage Master at Fort Smith and The +Authority of Selling off all condemd Goverment Property belonging to the +confederate Stats at Fort Smith vanburen and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span>Fayetteville, you can Sir do +me this favour, I am also a good judge of Stock capable of receiving and +receipting for any property belonging to the quarter masters department, +Such as horses mules oxen and Waggens</p> + +<p>I want this appointment for The Sole purpose of keeping yenkee Edwards, +from dying with a very common Disease in the Garrison cald the Big head I +am Sir with much Respect your Obt, Servent</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Thos. McCarron</span></span></p> + +<p>P.S. if you do me this favour I will discharge the duties with Honour to +you, and credit to Myself</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">T.M.C.</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Richmond</span> 21″ November 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The Commissioner of Indian Affairs has caused to be transmitted to +New Orleans the sum of twenty five thousand dollars, to be used in +purchasing the articles that are to be supplied to the Comanches and other +Reserve Indians. As soon as you arrive here the money will be placed at +your disposal.</p> + +<p>As soon as possible after receipt of this letter, you will please send a +proper person to the Wichita Agency, and let the Comanches who it is said +are encamped, waiting for the leaves to fall, that they may come in and +settle, that I have been delayed, by circumstances that I could not +control, so as not to be able to meet them as soon as I intended; but that +you will bring or send up their goods, and I will meet them during the +winter. It is important that this should be told them at once. It would be +better, if Col. Pulliam <i>can</i> go there himself, that he should do so. I do +not know who else would answer.</p> + +<p>Orders go by the messenger who takes this, from the Acting Commissioner to +Agent Leeper, directing him to use all the government laborers in putting +up houses for the Comanches who are coming in, and not to use them for any +other purpose. If it is possible to send up additional laborers, it had +better be done. I am very respectfully yours</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Commissioner of the Confederate States to the Indian tribes West of Arkansas</span></p> + +<p>Major Elias Rector, Superintendent of Ind. Affairs.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith</span>, Nov. 22d 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr Major.</span> I send you the enclosed document from the Acting Comr. Ind +Affairs. recd here today. As I cannot respond to it for you as you are +there on the ground—I send it to you for you to make such reply as you +think proper, in the premises.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span>We have just recd authentic information from the armies above, the +federals have left Springfield and are making their way towards St. Louis. +for what cause is not certainly known but it is thought that their army +have become demoralized by the displacing of Fremont and the appointment +of Hunter to the Command. Genl Price broke up his encampment at Pineville +at day light on Saturday last. and at last accounts was at Sarcoxie. +making his way towards the Mo. River it is thought he is pursuing Hunter. +you will see by an examination of the map that he will cut of a +considerable distance by that route. Coming into the road Hunter will have +to travel at Bolivar. or Warsaw. On the same day, (Saturday last) Genl +McColloch took four hundred picked men from each of his Mounted Regiments +making 2000 men with ten days provisions and started in the direction of +Prices army. his destination however is not known. it is supposed however +that he & Price are going to throw their Cavalry forward to attack & cut +off, or hold until their Infantry can be brought up., Hunters army. +Whether these conjectures are true or not time will tell. Cooper is on the +march after Opothleyohola. who it is said has taken Maj Emorys trail +through Kansas towards Leavenworth,</p> + +<p>Small Pox still raging Mrs Nowland lost a negro to day. I saw your boy +Henry to day he says your family are all well.</p> + +<p>My kind regards to Pike. Also to Mr Scott. Your friend &c</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. P. Pulliam</span></span></p> + +<p>The above war news is reliable. and you can give the information to the +papers if you wish.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">P</span></p> + +<p>I write this in Suttons Store, he says the above contains all the news we +have. all of which is confirmed by Messengers and private letters. +Consequently he will not write as he promised until something further +turns up</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">P</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Tishomingo C. N.</span>, Nov. 26, 1861</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gen. A. G. Mayers</span></p> + +<p>Sir: Having appointed as a Delegate from this Nation to the Southern +Congress, am at a loss when the Congress does meet. I have all along +understood from newspaper accounts that it was to be on the 22d of +February but some seems to think it is sooner. Will you please inform me +at your earliest convenience at what time the S. Congress does meet. Your +attention to the above is respectfully requested I am yours very +Respectfully</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">James Gamble</span></span></p> + +<p>P.S. Please continue to send me the Parallel. I will make it all right +with you when on my way to Va.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">J.G.</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span></p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Office Supt. Ind. Affairs Fort Smith</span>, Decr. 1861</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jesse Chisholm</span></p> + +<p>Dear Sir: I have just returned from Richmond where I have been to see the +President on Indian business. I wish you to go out immediately and see the +bands of Comanches that are encamped above Fort Cobb and tell them that it +is the wish of their great father at Richmond that they come in at once +and settle on the reserve, that so soon as they do so they will be +furnished with Beef—Flour, Salt, Sugar & Coffee. And that the great +father says that all the goods & things that Commissioner Pike promised +them will be furnished and given to them. That the Arkansas River has now +too little water in it for Steam Boats to come up from the big Cities to +bring goods, but as soon as the big water comes in the River and Boats +come up their great father will send up to them many large wagons filled +with nice goods that I want them to send four or five of their Chiefs and +head men to Genl. Pikes head quarters, near Fort Gibson where he and +myself will meet them and talk with them and give them a great many +presents and satisfy them that the government will do all that +Commissioner Pike promised them. I wish Buffalo Hump and his band now on +the reserve to be told this, and for him and four or five of his principal +men to come also. I will direct the Contractor at the Wichita Agency to +furnish them with Rations to bring them over and I will furnish them with +Rations to return home, tell them to bring, in all about twenty pack +horses to carry back their presents. I want them to meet us at Genl Pikes +Camp or head quarters near Fort Gibson, on the first of February if +possible I have written a letter to T Caraway inviting him to come with +some three or four of his men and I wish you to urge him to come, +Commissioner Pike is now in Richmond with their great father making +arrangements to get their goods and to do much for them he would have been +up to see them at the falling of the leaves but he has been very sick and +could not travel he is now well and will be here soon and will go from +here to his head quarters.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">[<span class="smcap">Elias Rector</span>]</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Confederate States of America, War Department</span>,<br /> +Office of Indian Affairs, Richmond, Dec 2d, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Major Elias Rector</span>, Superintendent of Indian Affairs.</p> + +<p>Sir: I am instructed by the Secretary of War to say that three +requisitions have been drawn by him on the Secretary of the Treasury<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> in +your favor, as Superintendent of Indian Affairs &c.,—One for nine +thousand, six hundred and fifty dollars, dated Dec. 4th 1861, one for two +thousand, one hundred and four dollars and fifty cents, dated December 5th +1861, and the other for thirty thousand dollars, dated December 6th 1861.</p> + +<p>With the money received by you upon the first named requisition, you will +pay Charles B. Johnson, the amount of his account against the Confederate +States for Beef furnished certain Bands of Reserve Indians, from July 1st +to August 16th under a verbal contract made by him with Albert Pike, +Commissioner, &c., and also pay the mounted escort of Creeks and +Seminoles, engaged by General Pike to accompany him to the Comanche +Country, &c. In regard to this escort General Pike, in a letter to the War +Department, of the 14th October, says that he had muster rolls regularly +made out, and gave pay accounts to the officers, and slips showing the +amount due each of the men.</p> + +<p>With the money received by you upon the second named requisition you will +pay Charles B. Johnson the balance due him by the old United States +Government prior to the 30th June, 1861, and which General Pike, at the +time of making the verbal contract hereinbefore mentioned, agreed to pay +or have paid him.</p> + +<p>And with the money received by you upon the third named requisition, you +will pay such expenses of the Superintendency and different Agencies, as +may be necessary, proper and legitimate. The balance of this money can be +applied to the purchase of suitable clothing, if it can be bought at fair +prices, for the Reserve Indians, which Commissioner Pike, in the Treaty of +the 12th August, 1861, agreed should be speedily furnished them.</p> + +<p>You will forward a statement as to the disbursement of these several sums +of money with the proper voucher, &c. Very respectfully,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">S. S. Scott</span>, Act’g Commr. of Indian Affairs.</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Treasury Department, C. S. A., Second Auditor’s Office</span><br /> +Richmond, Va, Dec 7th—1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The Treasurer of the Confederate States will remit to you the sum of +Thirty two thousand one hundred & four 50/100 dollars —— ——, being the +amount of Requisition No. 1889 & 1890 issued in your favor on the 6th +Inst—, with which you are charged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> on the Books of this Office, on +account of the following Appropriation, to wit:</p> + +<p class="blockquot">“To meet the Incidental Expenses of the Public service within the Indian Tribes,” as per Act May 21, 1861, No. 232.</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table"> +<tr><td>Requisition No. 1889. ——— ———</td> + <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td align="right">$2,104.50</td></tr> +<tr><td>Req. ——<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: .75em;">1890, Same as above ——</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right" class="botbor">30.000.50</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td align="right">$32.104.50</td></tr></table> + +<p>The Treasurer will advise you when the same will be remitted for which you +will please forward a Receipt to this Office, specifying therein the date, +number and amount of said Requisition. I am, very respectfully, Your Ob’t +Serv’t</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Auditor</span>.</span></p> + +<p>To Elias Rector, Esq, Supt. Ind. Affairs, Present</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Wichita Agency L. D.</span>, Decr. 12th 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: In all my official relations I have endeavored to be governed +strictly by the instructions of my superior officers, and in reference to +the alledged real or imaginary impropriety of my course towards Buffalo +Hump in your letter of the 12th Oct. last, I must plead my instructions in +mitigation which I followed strictly, not being in possession of any, +except the verbal instructions of Commissioner Hubbard, which was in +effect to exercise my best judgment in the management of the affairs of +the Reserve, but in all things to be governed by strict rules of economy. +In my report to you of the 12th Augst. I solicited written instructions, a +copy of the Intercourse Laws and of the Contract for furnishing supplies +for the Indians, but as yet, have not received even a reply to my +communication. There is no Indian with whose character and habits I am +more familiar than with Buffalo Humps; he is a fugitive from the Texas +Agency of which I was placed in charge; the late Superintendent of that +State worried with him for three years before he could induce him to +settle, he would come in and make promises to do so, and the +Superintendent would load him with presents, he would return to the +prairies depredate upon the country until his blankets were worn out, then +return with a plausible excuse for not coming in with his people, receive +other presents return again to the prairies and repeat the same thing over +again until the Superintendents patience became exhausted, and informed +Buffalo Hump that he would not submit to any further trifling on the +subject, that he had nothing more for him, but as he had come in peace, he +might return in peace, but that afterwards he would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> pursue and hunt him +down with the troops; Buffalo Hump then changed his tone, begged to be +permitted to have a certain length of time allowed him to bring in his +people without renumeration or presents, at that time it was granted, and +at the appointed time he brought in his people and settled on the Reserve, +where he remained until a feud took place between him and the Chief of the +band located previously, which caused him to abandon the Reserve and +pursue his former predatory habits. I induced him to come in this time, in +addition to the other wild chiefs, who met Commissioner Pike in Augst. +last, and entered into an informal treaty with them, it was the result of +a years negotiation, which was carried on by means of messengers from this +Reserve; it was attempted years ago by Judge Rollins, one of the ablest +Indian Agents perhaps the U. S. ever had, who spent eighteen months in +attempting to accomplish the object; Agent Stemm lost his life in efforts +of the kind; Major Neighbors a very ingenious and competent Agent exerted +his influence for six or seven years to no purpose:—Dr. Hill, a most +popular Indian Agent and influential man, labored four years without +effect, and Capt. Ross’ influence was equally ineffectual, yet I am +informed in your letter of the 12th Oct. that both yourself and +Commissioner Pike regret much that I did not hold out all the inducements +which were in my power, and use all the forces and means at my command to +provide him with such houses as were contemplated and provided by +Commissioner Pike for the comfort of those Indians. In this matter I +appear to be peculiarly unfortunate. You are fully aware that I have not +received any means for the erection of houses or for any other purpose, +and that the few employees who were induced to engage in the work with a +hope of renumeration hereafter were all sick, which fact I made known in +my report of the 15th Septr. last, therefore it will be perceived that I +had no means in my power to build houses or any thing else, nor would I +have employed them in building houses for Buffalo Hump in advance of his +settlement, if I had possessed ever so much in the absence of positive +instructions to that effect. The course I pursued with him induced him to +come in with his people a week in advance of the time promised and settle, +he has given me no further trouble, tells me he intends to remain here for +life, that he does not wish houses built until such times as he can select +a suitable place on the Reserve for his future home, and has employed as +spies for me two of his sons who are with the wild tribes watching their +movements and those of the northern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> troops, to give immediate notice in +case of an advanced demonstration upon this part of the country.</p> + +<p>During a period of more than twenty years public service, I have received +two rebukes only from my superior officers on account of my official +conduct, yours in reference to Buffalo Hump and from the late +Superintendent in Texas for failing to insert at the close of one of my +official letters “your obt. Srvt.”</p> + +<p>I infer from your letter of the 30th of Octr. that you conclude, I am +disposed to interfere with your appointment of Commissary, I can assure +you that such was not nor never has been my intention to disturb or meddle +in the slightest degree with the appointment of Commissary or any other +which it may be your pleasure to make; sending Sturm as messenger was a +matter of necessity not of choice, I apprised you by him that I was not +only sick myself, but that my family and almost every one on the Reserve +were sick and without medicine, Sturm although sick, was the only person I +could obtain as messenger who was willing to make the trip alone, and with +the confident hope that by sending him I would obtain medicines which +would afford my family relief; I was induced to do so with an +understanding that he was to receive pay not only as Commissary during the +time of his absence, but three dollars per day also for his services as +messenger and I procured the assistance gratuitously of M<sup>r</sup> Bickel one of +the interpreters to act as Commissary during his absence, whose name +appears on the prevision checks for that quarter merely to prevent +confusion of the accounts, but my most sanguine hopes were disappointed +for the messenger returned without medicines, and my son has not recovered +yet. Whilst upon this subject allow me most respectfully to direct your +attention to the fact, and through you the Department, that the office of +Commissary is a sinecure, and expense which is utterly useless to the +Government and an injury to the public Service, the duty of Commissary +simply being an impartial weigher and witness to the delivery of supplies +agreably to the terms of the Contract; I, hold it to be the duty of the +Agent where issues are made at the Agency to be present, and represent the +interest of the Indians, and the Interpreters who are required to be +present to witness the issues, such has been the case heretofore, no +Commissary has ever been employed at other Agencies, except where issues +were made at remote places or where it was impracticable for the Agent to +be present; the Commissary is employed perhaps half a day once a week, the +remainder of the time is spent in utter <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span>idleness, and in gossiping with +the employees and Indians on the Reserve.</p> + +<p>I received a recent visit from the Chiefs who met Comr. Pike in Augst. +last, after preparing to hold a Council or talk with them, their first +demand was whiskey, they said they could not talk without having whiskey +first, after a length of time however, I convinced them that I had no +whiskey, and that whiskey was not allowed on the Reserve, they then +informed me that they had approached this place at the appointed time “the +falling of the leaves” and ascertained that the Commissioner was not here +nor the presents agreably to promise, that now they were here long after +the time and still there are no presents or Commissioner, I explained to +them that the Comr. had delegated to me his authority for the time being, +and that he was now purchasing goods to issue in accordance with his +promise as soon as they would comply with their part of the agreement and +settle with their people on the Reserve, that they would have the +privilege of settling on any part of the Leased District that suited them +best, and that I would issue provisions to them until such time as the +goods would arrive, they informed me that they had been lied to a good +deal, and that they wanted some greater and further evidence now of the +sincerity of the Government, that as the goods were not here, which were +intended for them, that they would take a few that the trader had, and be +satisfied with those, until such time as the others would be forthcoming, +and probably settle at the time the grass rises in the Spring, I told them +that the traders goods did not belong to me or to the Government, and that +I was consequently unauthorized to issue them, they then instantly rose up +and told me they were going, I called back a Kioway Chief and told him as +it was his first visit, that I would make him a present of some blankets, +paint and tobacco, that I was glad to see him, that the Government desired +to be on friendly terms with him and his people, and that if he thought +proper to come here with his people and settle, that he could do so on the +same terms as the others, he informed me that that was the object of his +visit, that he would return and consult on the subject and at no distant +day would make me another visit, and apprise me of the result of their +deliberations; in the mean time the others returned in a better humor, and +I told them that upon my own responsibility, I would make them a few +little presents, of blankets, paints, &c. which appeared to satisfy them, +and when they finally left, declared their friendly intentions, and said +they would ultimately settle here in compliance with the treaty.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span>In compliance with your letter of instructions of the 25th of Octr last, I +have rendered H. L. Rodgers all the assistance in my power in the way of +his building operations. Very Respectfully. Your obt. Servt.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>, Ind. Agt. C. S. A.</span></p> + +<p>Elias Rector Esq., Supt. Indian Affairs.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith, Arks.</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith, Ark.</span>, Dec. 27th, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Owing to the continued excitement in the Creek and Seminole Nations, +and the dangers necessarily to be encountered by persons either residing +in or travelling through the Indian Country, my return to the Agency has +been delayed longer than I expected. Taking into consideration all the +circumstances of the case I deemed it best and most prudent to await your +return from Richmond and submit a report of the case to you. When I left +the Agency early in November there seemed a unity of opinion and general +profession of Loyalty to the Southern Confederacy; but since then there +has been much disaffection and increase of excitement. The consequence has +been that some of the Traders residing among the upper Creeks have +left—narrowly escaping with their lives. Others are, as I learn, +preparing to leave. Since my departure from the Agency there has been two +engagements between the Confederate forces under command of Col. Cooper +and the followers of Hopothleyoholo, in both engagements Col. Cooper was +victorious. This, however, has only increased the vindictiveness of +Hopothleyoholos Party and, consequently, magnified the dangers attendent +on travelling through or residing in the Nation. My Agency is, as you are +aware, situated two hundred miles west of this place, and wholy +unprotected and exposed to depredation, it is very insecure. Parscofer and +others as stated in my report to the Department as heading the disaffected +party, were leaders, in the recent battles, on side of the enemy. But I am +pleased to be able to state that Jumper, Short Bird, Cloud and Holatut +Fixico were found with Col. Cooper doing their duty as faithful and Loyal +allies. It will, probably, not be a great while before the excitement may +subside, rendering travel and residence there more secure. When you deem +it necessary and safe for me to return I will be ready. I await your +orders on the subject. I am very Respectfully Your obt. Servt.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Sam’l M. Rutherford</span>, C. S. Agent for Seminoles.</span></p> + +<p>Maj. E. Rector, Sup. Ind. Affairs, C. S. A.,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith, Ark.</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span></p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Richmond, Va.</span>, 29th December, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I send herewith, to your care, by a Special Messenger, packages for +the Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Choctaw and +Chickasaw Nations, which please forward to each immediately by express.</p> + +<p>Also a talk for the Comanches and Caiawas, which, if they are still near +Fort Cobb, I wish sent to them by express. There is a letter to Chisholm, +and it would perhaps be well to send the talk to him and get him to go up +and see them.</p> + +<p>Also a letter for Major Dorn and one to his Indians. I want them to come +down to Head Quarters and receive what is to be given them. I do not know +how you will get his letter to him.</p> + +<p>The Treaties are all ratified, with two or three amendments that will cut +no great figure. As to the <i>money</i> part, nothing has changed. Congress +appropriated $681,000 and over, under the Treaties, including Charley +Johnson’s money up to middle of February, of the whole sum, $265,000 and +odd is to be paid in specie. I shall get the Treasury notes to-morrow, and +the Specie in New Orleans, and shall bring it all to you. The Secretary +agreed, indeed proposed, to send it out by me.</p> + +<p>Among them, they fixed my compensation at $3,750.</p> + +<p>I mean to be at Head Quarters by the 25th of January. I hope the different +Tribes will ratify the amendments, so that you can pay them pretty soon +after that time.</p> + +<p>I think you had better buy all the goods, of Cochran and others, for the +Comanches, that you can. I want them to meet me at Head Quarters, and it +will be necessary to have <i>some</i> goods for them. Congress would not agree +to give them any arms.</p> + +<p>I hope when we pay the Indians their money, and I get some white troops in +the Country, we shall settle the difficulties there. God knows.</p> + +<p>Give my kind regards to Mrs. Rector and the children. Always yours.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike.</span></span></p> + +<p>I send Dr. Duval’s appointment, and Mr. Sandals’, by the Messenger.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Confederate States of America, War Department</span><br /> +Office of Indian Affairs, Richmond, December 30th, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Major Elias Rector</span>, Superintendent of Indian Affairs,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith, Arkansas.</span></p> + +<p>Sir: The first session of the Congress of the Confederate States<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> will be +held on the 18th February next; and it is important that the Report, from +this Bureau, in regard to Indian Affairs, for the benefit of that Body, +should be as full as possible. That this may be so, it is essential that +information should be sent here, at least by the 15th of that month, of +the true condition of affairs, in each of the several Agencies under your +supervision.</p> + +<p>You will, therefore, write to all of the Agents, and state to them these +facts. Advise them also to give you <i>full reports</i> of all matters +connected with their respective charges, and forward them, when received +to this office. Very respectfully,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">S. S. Scott</span>, Act’g Commr. of Ind. Affairs.</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Confederate States of America, War Department</span><br /> +Office of Indian Affairs, Richmond, Jany. 1st, 1862.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Major Elias Rector</span>, Superintendent of Indian Affairs,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith, Arkansas.</span></p> + +<p>Sir: An Act was recently passed by the Congress of the Confederate States, +and approved December 26th, 1861, “making appropriations to comply, in +part, with Treaty stipulations made with certain Indian Tribes.” The whole +amount appropriated by this Act was six hundred and eighty one thousand, +eight hundred and sixty nine dollars, and fifteen cents.</p> + +<p>By sundry requisitions of the Secretary of War upon the Secretary of the +Treasury, this sum has been placed in the hands of General Albert Pike, +for delivery to you, as Superintendent of Indian Affairs.</p> + +<p>Herewith you will receive Tabular Statements, marked Numbers (1) and (2) +for your information and guidance, as to the times manner, &c., that this +money is to be disbursed.</p> + +<p>You will perceive from these statements, that one hundred and nineteen +thousand, three hundred and forty dollars can be used, for the purposes +indicated immediately, or, whenever, it may be deemed essential by you; +while the residue, amounting to five hundred and sixty two thousand, five +hundred and twenty nine dollars and fifteen cents, is dependent, for its +dusbursement, upon the ratification of the Treaties, as amended by the +several Indian Tribes. Very respectfully,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">S. S. Scott</span>, Act’g Commr. of Indian Affairs.</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Treasury Department, C. S. A., Second Auditor’s Office</span>,<br /> +Richmond, Va. Dec 31st 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>—The Treasurer of the Confederate States will remit to you the sum of +six hundred and eighty one thousand, eight hundred <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span>& sixty nine 15/100 +dollars—, being the amount of Requisitions Nos. +2175-76-77-78-79-80-81-82-83 & 84 issued in your favor on the 20th +Instant—, with which you are charged on the Books of this Office, on +account of the following Appropriation, to wit:</p> + +<p>“An Act making Appropriations to comply in part with Treaty Stipulations +made with certain Indian Tribes,” as per Act</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> +<tr><td>Requisition</td> + <td>No.</td> + <td>2175</td> + <td>For</td> + <td colspan="4">Contingencies of superintending & Agencies</td> + <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td align="right">$ 3,500.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">Do</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>2176</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>Sundry</td> + <td>Appropriations</td> + <td>for</td> + <td>Cherokee Indians</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">237,944.36</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>2177</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">Do</td> + <td align="center">Do</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>Seminole Indians</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">61,050.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>2178</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>Choctaw & Chickasaws</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">115,126.89</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>2179</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>Creek Indians</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">72,950.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>2180</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>Comanches</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">64,862.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>2181</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>Reserve Indians</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">82,905.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>2182</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>Seneca Indians</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">11,962.46</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>2183</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>Quapaw Indians</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">9,000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>2184</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td align="center">"</td> + <td>Osage Indians</td> + <td> </td> + <td class="botbor" align="right">22,568.44</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="7"> </td><td align="right">Total</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">$681,869.15</td></tr></table> + +<p>The Treasurer will advise you when the same has been placed to your credit +on his Books, or hand you a Draft—for which you will please forward a +Receipt to this Office, specifying therein the date, number and amount of +said Requisition. I am, very respectfully, your ob’t serv’t,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">W. H. S. Taylor</span>, Auditor.</span></p> + +<p>To Genl Albert Pike, Agent for the War Department for delivery of the +above funds to Elias Rector, Supt. Ind. Affairs, now in Richmond, Va.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Confederate States of America, Treasurer’s Office</span>,<br /> +Richmond, Va., Jan<sup>y</sup> 23</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Elias Rector</span>, Fort Smith, Ark.</p> + +<p>Sir, I have this day placed to your credit 3,000 Dollars, amount of +Warrant No. 23 Issued in your favor by War Department. Your checks on the +Treasurer of the Confederate States will be honoured for that amount. +Please acknowledge the receipt of this Notification, and enclose your +official signature. Very Respectfully,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">E. C. Elmore</span>, Treasurer C. S.</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span></p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Confederate States of America, War Department</span>,<br /> +Office of Indian Affairs, Richmond Jany 23d 1862.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Maj. E. Rector</span>, Superintendent &c., Fort Smith, Arkansas.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: General Pike of date Dec. 30th 1861, writes to this Bureau, as +follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In order to obtain the ratification, by the several Indian Tribes, of +the amendments made by Congress to the Indian Treaties negotiated by +me, and to effect a Treaty with the Caiowas, I have sent messages to +the Creeks, Seminoles, Cherokees, Choctaws and Chickasaws, requesting +that their national Councils may be convened; and to the Chiefs of the +Osages, Quapaws, Senecas, Senecas and Shawnes, Comanches, Reserve +Indians and Caiowas, requesting them to meet me at my head Quarters.</p> + +<p>It will be necessary to furnish provisions to the Creek and Seminole +Councils, and to feed the more uncivilized Chiefs, while in Council, +and on their return, and also perhaps to make some presents; for which +purposes no funds are in the hands of the Superintendent or myself.</p></div> + +<p>In accordance with these suggestions and at the request of this Bureau a +requisition was drawn by the Secretary of War, a few days ago, for the sum +of three thousand dollars, which is to be placed to your credit in the +Treasury.</p> + +<p>You will please use this money, or so much of it, as may be necessary, for +the purposes, and in the manner, above indicated. Very respectfully,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">S. S. Scott</span>, Act’g Commr. of Ind. Affairs.</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Little Rock, Ark.</span>, 28th January, 1862.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Rector</span>: I will leave here on Friday morning. It will take me, I +suppose, six days to reach Fort Smith with the money. This will bring me +to the 5th, 6th or 7th of February.</p> + +<p>I have $265.927.50 in specie, all in gold except $65.000 in silver. Of +course I must stay with it. I think I can make the journey, though in six +days.</p> + +<p>I think you had better go up to my head Quarters immediately, and arrange +to feed the Comanches and others if they come there; and keep them there +until I reach the place. I can take the money there, and send by the same +messenger who takes this, to Colonel Cooper for an escort.</p> + +<p>The Treasurer of the Choctaws means to sell the coin his people get, buy +Confederate paper, and put the difference in his pocket. We must stop +that. I think the best way will be for you to notify the Chief, Hudson, +the amount to be paid in coin, and that you will pay it to the Treasurer +only in the presence of three Commissioners appointed by himself.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span>If you <i>can</i> pay the Choctaws and Chickasaws at my Head Quarters, it will +of course be much better.</p> + +<p>I have had to ask the <i>immediate</i> removal of Leeper, and the appointment +of Col. Pulliam in his place. This I have done to-day, sending extracts +from your letter, Charley Johnson’s and Quesenbury’s.</p> + +<p>The Secretary is also advised, now, of Garrett’s continual [illegible].</p> + +<p>Why do you not demand his removal, and name a person for his place?</p> + +<p>I don’t believe Col. Cooper will be removed. The President said in my +presence, “Now that the Choctaws have a Delegate in Congress, what need of +an Agent?”</p> + +<p>About 150 gamblers are here, following up the Indian moneys. I enclose an +order requiring passports, that will keep them out of the Nation.</p> + +<p>I have the $150.000 advance for the Cherokees, the $12.000 due the Nation, +and the $10.300 due the Treaty party or Stand Wade’s,—all in paper. Also +the $50.000 advance for the Choctaws. In paper and specie, I have for you +$631.000 and over.</p> + +<p>Have you received the money, (some $3.000) that I asked should be sent you +to pay expenses of the new Indian Councils?</p> + +<p>If you cannot go to Head Quarters immediately, you will have to send some +one, and let him and Colonel Cooper keep the Indians contented. Always +yours,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span>.</span></p> + +<p>Maj. E. Rector.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Office Supt. Ind. Affairs</span>, Fort Smith, Feby 1st, 1862.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to transmit herewith the Reports of Agents Leeper, +Cooper, Rutherford and Crawford. No report has been received from Agent +Dorn.</p> + +<p>Business of importance requires me to leave here to-day for Fort Gibson +and the Creek Agency, it is important for me to take charge of the public +property at the Creek Agency which I shall do on my arrival there and I +will turn the same over to R P Pulliam who I have appointed Agent to act +until the Department may make a permanent appointment and I hope Mr +Pulliam may be the person appointed. I have also appointed to meet a +delegation of Comanches and Kiawas at Fort Gibson where I expect Genl Pike +and myself will effect treaties with them. I have sent a lot of goods to +make<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span> some presents to them and to the wild bands with whom Genl Pike made +treaties last fall and to whom he promised some goods; after meeting these +delegation and ascertaining what can be effected with them I will make out +and forward to you a report of Indian matters generally in this +superintendency which I hope will reach you in time to be of some service +to the Department. I could not, until after I meet those Indians and +ascertain the condition of the Creek Agency, make a full and satisfactory +report.</p> + +<p>In regard to Agent Crawfords report I must here state, that from the best +information I can obtain of the condition of affairs among the Cherokees, +I cannot concur with him, but I will inform myself fully in this regard +during my present visit among them and will furnish my views fully in my +report, Very Respectfully Your Obt. Servt.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">E. Rector</span>, Supt. Ind. Affairs</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">S. S. Scott</span> Esq Acting Comr. Ind. Affairs<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Richmond, Va</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Office Supt Ind Affair</span>, Fort Smith Feby 1st 1862</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Genl. Pike is here with $50.000 Dollars in Gold and Silver for the +Choctaws, and as I am compelled to accompany him on important business to +Fort Gibson, I have determined to take the above money with me to that +place and pay it out there, which will be as convenent for you as to pay +it here, and as Col Cooper will have to be present at the payment, it is +necessary to make the payment when he can attend. I will be ready to pay +over to your Treasurer the above money at Fort Gibson in <span class="spacer"> </span> days from +this date, and I wish you to send with your Treasurer a delegation of +three responsible persons to be selected by you to witness the payment. +This I require, as it is a special case with our government to pay out +Coins to the Indian tribes at this time, and to insure the payment by the +Treasurer of the same funds to your people, that he receives from me. Our +government is determined to use all precautions to prevent speculations +out of the funds sent out to pay to Indian tribes. Very Respectfully Your +Obt Servt.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">E. Rector</span>, Supt Ind Affrs</span></p> + +<p>Hon Hudson, Chief Choctaw Nation.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span></p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Confederate States of America, War Department</span><br /> +Office of Indian Affairs, Richmond, Feby 7th 1862.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Major E. Rector</span>, Superintendent of Ind. Affairs.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith, Arkansas.</span></p> + +<p>Sir: Your two letters, dated January 9th & 10th, have been received. The +former gave a brief statement of the facts, in relation to the arrest, by +Agent Leeper, of one Meyer, supposed to be a spy, with $6.455.70, in +Drafts and Specie upon his person, and enclosed copies of letters from +Messrs Leeper and Shirley, bearing upon same subject. The latter simply +covered the Affidavit of a Mr. Barnes, claiming the Drafts referred to, +followed by affidavits of Meyer and one Jacob Mariner intended to +substantiate it.</p> + +<p>The questions presented in this case should properly be investigated by +Brig. Genl. Pike, who has command of the Department of the Indian +Territory, where this person was arrested; and a letter has therefore been +written to him from this Bureau, for the purpose of calling his attention +to the fact.</p> + +<p>You will take the necessary steps to have the man Meyer turned over to +him. Very respectfully,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">S. S. Scott</span>, Act’g Comr. of Ind. Affairs.</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith</span>, 16th Feby 1862</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Elias Rector</span> Esq, Superintendent of Ind. Affairs</p> + +<p>Sir: As to the case of Fredrick Meyer, arrested as a spy, there is nothing +beyond suspicion against him, except his possession of certain drafts +drawn by a U. S. Quartermaster on the Assistant Treasurer at New York, and +the Statements of Comanche Indians, who are not competent witnesses.</p> + +<p>I decline to place him in custody as a spy or to order a Miltary Court to +try him. I cannot order his discharge or the return of the drafts and +money taken from him, because the Military power is silent, within the +limits of Arkansas, in the presence of the Court power, as to reports that +may be asserted and remedies that may be pursued, in the Courts. If I had +the power, I should make the order.</p> + +<p>If you continue to hold the property in question, or to detain the party, +you will please consider that you do it on your own authority. I am very +respectfully yours,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span>, Brig. Genl. Commr. Ind. Dept.</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span></p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Mouth of Canadian</span>, 23d Febr. 1862.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Major</span>: I reached this place last night, and leave this morning. The teams +furnished me at Fort Smith are hardly able to go further, and our progress +must be slow. I shall hardly reach Spaniard’s Creek before tomorrow night, +and wish you to meet me there. I did think of sending the money, at least +the specie, direct from this point to North Fork, but have determined to +keep it with me until I meet you. If you will meet me at Spaniard’s Creek, +we can then determine what disposition to make of it.</p> + +<p>Gen. Price is at Walnut Grove, eight miles south of Fayetteville; will +take position near Cane Hill, and means to attack as soon as he gets +5,000. men in addition to his present force. McCulloch is on the telegraph +road, to his right. <i>They are not acting in harmony</i>, Col. Gatewood says.</p> + +<p>Our forces in Kentucky and Tennesse have had to fall back before 70,000 of +the enemy. The new position, it is expected, will be at Stevenson and +Charleston road. When the enemy took Fort Donelson, both Bowling Green and +Columbus became of value to us. Each position was carried. But we have +only taken a new position, losing no battle. The fort surrendered. +Columbus is or will be evacuated and Nashville surrendered.</p> + +<p>There are no means of crossing the Arkansas here, except one boat, that +must have a bottom put in it. I must bring at least part of the Choctaws +to Gibson, to cross the river and move towards Cane Hill, and in order to +be able to do it as soon as possible I wish to turn over the money to you. +Truly yours</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span></span></p> + +<p>Major Elias Rector.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Office Supt Ind. Aff’rs</span>, Fort Smith, Feb’y 28th, 1862.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of 23d +ultimo notifying me that the sum of $3,000—had been placed to my credit +in the Treasury on Requisition No. 23 from the War Department subject to +my Draft and request my official signature which is hereto affixed. Very +Respectfully your Ob’t Serv’t.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">E. Rector</span>, Sup’t Ind. Aff’rs.</span></p> + +<p>E. C. Elmore Esq., Treasurer of the Confederate States<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Richmond, Va.</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span></p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Office Sup’t Ind. Affairs</span>, Fort Smith, Feb’y 28th, 1862.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of Jany +1st accompanying Tabular Statements sent out by Gen’l Pike. On his arrival +here I was absent in the Indian Country where I had been ordered by him to +meet a Delegation of wild Comanches and Kiawas. Genl P— did not leave the +money here to be paid over to me but tuck it in the Indian Country to his +head quarters, where he will I presume pay it out to the Indians himself. +Very Respectfully, your ob’t Serv’t.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">E. Rector</span>, Sup’t Ind Affairs.</span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">S. S. Scott</span> Esq. Acting Com’r Ind. Affairs, Richmond, Va.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="center">[<i>Rector to Scott</i>]</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Office Supt Ind. Affairs</span>, March 4th, 1862.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I deem it my duty, in justice to myself, as well as my duty to the +government to notify you that Gen’l Pike has been paying over certain of +the funds sent out by him to the Indians, one payment which he has made, I +wish here to enter my protest against as not meeting with my approbation, +it was in paying over to Agent A. J. Dorn the specie sent out for the +Indians in his Agency. My objections to said payment are these: Agent Dorn +has never executed a Bond to the Confederate government for the faithful +accounting for of funds placed in his hands, and I should certainly not +turn over large amounts of government funds to any Agent in my Department +until he first gave a good and sufficient Bond and next; the Agency which +Mr. Dorn fills is in the limits of the State of Kansas and has been in the +possession of the Federals for six or seven months, Dorn cannot even get +to it, he has no fixed locality for his Agency sometimes he is with the +army, at others in the State and is now here at this place and has with +him the money.</p> + +<p>I am clearly of the opinion that this money should have been kept in some +safe place in this State until after our present troubles are over. The +Federal army is now invading within fifty miles of this place and between +him and the Indians for whom Dorn is Agent, which makes it impossible for +him to pay it to them if he so intends.</p> + +<p>None of the Agents in this Superintendency have entered into Bond. Nor do +I know whether they intend to do so except Agent Rutherford he came here +from his Agency a few days since for the purpose of giving his Bond but is +now on a bead of sickness from which it is doubtful if he ever +recovers....</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Elias Rector</span>.<a name='fna_589' id='fna_589' href='#f_589'><small>[589]</small></a></span></p> + + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span></p> +<h2>APPENDIX B—THE LEEPER<a name='fna_590' id='fna_590' href='#f_590'><small>[590]</small></a> OR WICHITA AGENCY PAPERS</h2> + +<p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Office Supt. Indian Affairs</span>, Fort Smith, Oct. 12th, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of 15th<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span> inst. by +Expressman Sturm<a name='fna_591' id='fna_591' href='#f_591'><small>[591]</small></a> at Tahlequah C. N. while on public business at that +place on the 2nd inst and in answer must say.</p> + +<p>Your requisition for Medicine I cannot comply with. I have no Medicines on +hand for the Indian Service. Neither have I been instructed to furnish +either Medicines or Medical assistance to the Indians, and if I were +disposed to take the responsibility and advance the funds to purchase +Medicines they could not be procured at this place.</p> + +<p>I am pleased to learn that Buffalo Hump came in to see you, but both +myself & Com<sup>r</sup>. Pike regret that you did not hold out to him all the +inducements which were in your power, and use all the forces and means at +your command to provide him with such houses as were contemplated and +promised by Com<sup>r</sup>. Pike for the comfort of those Indians and to make them +satisfied and anxious to come in.</p> + +<p>The Com<sup>r</sup>. has issued an order prohibiting Jim Ned from returning to or +ever occupying any portion of the Leased District again, this order you +will see carried out. He has also ordered the Military to kill Ned should +they find him.</p> + +<p>No blanks have been furnished to the office as yet. Nor have even forms +been purchased for the vouchers, abstracts etc. You must rule and arrange +your papers as best you can for the present as I have to do myself.</p> + +<p>I have turned over to Mr. Sturm four mules turned over to me as mules +taken from you by Gen<sup>l</sup> Burrow. I obtained them with great difficulty in +bad condition, nearly on the lift. I have had them three or four weeks, +these were all I could find and do not know whether they are all that were +taken from you or not.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span>As stated above I have received no funds for the Indian Service from the +Confederacy, in fact there has been no Indian Department organized +consequently no appropriation has been made nor will any Indian business +be done in the War Department until after the late Treaties are submitted +and approved.</p> + +<p>I shall leave here in a short time for Richmond for the purpose of +organizing the business of the Superintendency, procuring funds, goods +etc. for the Indians in compliance with the Stipulations of the late +Treaties.</p> + +<p>C. B. Johnson is absent at New Orleans and is expected back in a few days.</p> + +<p>Enclosed you will find Sutton & Springs receipt for $200.</p> + +<p>Owing to Creek difficulties I send Mr. Sturm back by direct route for his +safety and the safety of your property. Very Respectfully Your Ob’t. +Servant</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">E. Rector</span>, Supt. Ind. Affairs.</span></p> + +<p>Col. M. Leeper, Ind. Agent, Wichita Agency, L. D.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Office Supt. Ind. Affairs, Fort Smith, Arks.</span><br /> +Oct. 30th, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 21st inst. by +Expressman.</p> + +<p>On the 12th Inst, I wrote you by your expressman Mr. Sturm and as then, +state I have no funds in my hands for the purchase of Medicines or for any +other purpose for the Indian Service. Nor have I been authorized to +provide the Indians with Medicines or Medical assistance; there has been +no Indian Department regularly organized as yet, by our Government, nor +will there be until after the Treaties lately made by Com<sup>r</sup> Pike are laid +before the President and approved.</p> + +<p>I have purchased for you on your own account, all the medicines I can +purchase in this place that would be useful to the Indians. I send them by +your Expressman with the bills, you can charge the Government with them in +your account.</p> + +<p>I am pleased to learn that the Kiowa Indians are likely to come in and +make a treaty. Com<sup>r</sup> Pike cannot possibly be there to treat with them for +some months to come, the treaties made by him with the Comanches places +all of those Indians who may hereafter come in on the same footing with +those who entered into treaty stipulations, and I hereby authorize you, as +I have authority to do from Com<sup>r</sup> Pike, to make the same treaties and +hold out the same inducements<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span> to the Kiowas as were made by him with the +Comanches, do not, however, promise them blankets this winter as it would +be impossible to procure them, the Government cannot procure a sufficiency +of them for the Soldiers, not even at the most exorbitant prices. Agents +are traveling over the States purchasing second hand blankets from +families who take them off their beds to accomodate the Soldiers in the +field.</p> + +<p>H. L. Rogers is now on his way to your agency with hands to build houses +for the Indians, he is sent out by Com<sup>r</sup>. Pike on his responsibility. I +wrote you by him.</p> + +<p>Gen’l Pike will have command of the Military Department of the Indian +Country. He is now on his way to Richmond Va., when he will [return] I am +not advised, it will be with him to direct what military force will be +placed at Fort Cobb for the protection of your agency, when that +protection will be furnished I am unable to advise you, of the importance +of an efficient force being stationed there at an early day there can be +no doubt.</p> + +<p>In regard to the Mail or Express arrangements you speak of, I must say I +have neither power, authority, or means to establish mail or express +routes to your agency or elsewhere. Our State and other States are +suffering greatly for want of mail facilities, and I cannot involve myself +pecuniarily in the matter, this matter must be brought regularly before +the Department and its action had.</p> + +<p>In regard to the time when you may expect funds to close your accounts I +can only say that you need not expect funds until after the treaties +recently made are ratified and appropriations made in accordance with your +estimates furnished Com<sup>r</sup> Pike, the Government will not, of course, send +out funds for Indians until it is advised that it has some treaty +relations with them, I will leave here on the 7th day of next month for +Richmond for the purpose of assisting in the organization of our Indian +business, and for the procurement of funds, goods, etc, to carry out the +provisions of the late treaties, on my return you will be advised of the +result of my mission.</p> + +<p>I learn from Mr. C. B. Johnson that you had advised him that Mr. Beckle is +acting as Commissary, this is wrong and is calculated to produce confusion +in the accounts. Mr. Sturm is the recognized commissary regularly +appointed by me, he should not be sent away from his regular duties on any +other business and I so informed him while here and notified him that his +absence from his regular duties on another occasion would be sufficient +cause for me to remove him and appoint his successor, the appointment of +commissary belongs<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span> exclusively to me, and you are well aware of the +importance of his being constantly at his post, as he is the check on the +contractor in filling the requisitions of the agent. In future I hope he +will not be detailed for any other duties. Mr. Sturm is and will continue +to be Commissary until removed by me either upon charges or such cause as +I may think requires his removal. Very respectfully, Your Ob’t. Serv’t,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">E. Rector</span>, Supt. Ind. Affairs.</span></p> + +<p>Col. M. Leeper, Indian Agent, Wichita Agency, L. D.</p> + +<p>The bearer of this letter, Capt. H. L. Rogers, has been employed and +empowered by Gen<sup>l</sup> Pike Commissioner with plenary powers, to proceed to +the Wichita Agency, with hands, to erect buildings necessary for the +Commissary and cabins for the Indians, Commissioner Pike becomes +responsible for the work....—<span class="smcap">Rector</span> to Leeper, dated Fort Smith, October +25, 1861.</p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="center">SUBPOENA<a name='fna_592' id='fna_592' href='#f_592'><small>[592]</small></a></p> + +<p>Confederate States vs. Matthew Leeper, Indian Agt, Comanche, et al. State +of Arkansas, The Confederate States of America.</p> + +<p>To J. J. Sturm—Greeting. You are hereby commanded, that laying all manner +of excuses aside, you be and appear before the undersigned, special +commissioner of C. S. A. at the Law Office of James P. Spring, in the City +of Fort Smith, in the County of Sebastian, and State of Arkansas, on the +10th day of January, 1862. Then and there to testify and the truth to +speak in a certain matter before said Commissioner pending, wherein The +Confederate States of America prefers certain charges against Matthew +Leeper, Indian Agent of Comanche and other reserved Indians west of the +State of Arkansas, and on behalf of the C. S. A.</p> + +<p>Herein fail not at your peril.</p> + +<p>In testimony whereof I, James P. Spring, Commissioner of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span>Examination, +have hereunto set my hand and affixed my private seal [there being no +public seal for such purposes provided] in the City of Fort Smith, this +12th. day of November, 1861.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">James P. Spring</span>, [Seal], Commissioner of Examination, C. S. A.</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="center">QUESENBURY<a name='fna_593' id='fna_593' href='#f_593'><small>[593]</small></a> TO LEEPER</p> + +<p>Gen. Pike is now in Richmond. I am engaged in building winter-quarters for +his Brigade. The General will probably return about the 10th of December.</p> + +<p>I hope you will honour my requisitions for forage for the animals of the +expedition for the blankets at Mr. Shirley’s. The trip will be a hard one, +and I fear a long one.</p> + +<p>There is no news of import from my quarter. There was something of an +occurrance in the Ho-poieth-le Yohola imbroglio the other day. Mr. +Scrimpsher can give you the current particulars....</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith</span>, Dec 4, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Sir</span>:—We have no late news of importance. The Federal troops 30000 +strong came as far as Springfield and fearing to advance further returned +to St. Louis & Kansas; the Kansas party took from the vicinity of +Springfield 600 negroes from Union men as well as Secessionists.</p> + +<p>A heavy battle was fought in Mo. opposite Columbus a few days since. +Pillow commanded the Confederate forces 2500 strong, the Federals came +down in their gun-boats 7000 strong & landed. The fight lasted 4 hours +with heavy losses on both sides. Pillow was then reinforced and drove the +Federals back to their boats making a perfect slaughter of the Yankees. +Our victory was complete and a very important one it was. Price has gone +back to the Mo. River, McCulloch is bringing his army down here to go into +winter quarters on the Arks. River.</p> + +<p>Hardin is marching on Louisville, Ky., with from 80 to 100,000 Confederate +troops. We are expecting to hear of his having possession of that city +soon.</p> + +<p>McClellan is said to be advancing slowly and continuously on Johnson and +Boregard. They are anxious for him to pay them a visit.</p> + +<p>Our legislature has elected Bob Johnson & Chas. Mitchell Senators, the +Washington County District elected Batson over<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span> Thomason to Congress. G. +D. Royston is elected in this District and Judge Hanley in the Helena +District.</p> + +<p>Can’t think of anything else that would interest you. Your friend in +haste,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. P. Pulliam</span>.</span></p> + +<p>Col. M. Leeper.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Office Supt. Ind. Affairs, Fort Smith</span>, Dec. 4th, ’61.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I enclose herewith a Copy of a letter from Albert Pike Comr. etc. to +Elias Rector, Supt. Ind. Aff., of date 21st. ultimo also two official +letters.</p> + +<p>That portion of Comr. Pike’s letter relating to inviting the Indians to +settle on the Reserve was anticipated by Supt. Rector’s letter of +instructions to you of the 30th October last.</p> + +<p>The messages which Comr. Pike wishes given to the Indians you will, of +course, deliver to them.</p> + +<p>Maj. Rector left here for Richmond about ten days ago. When he will return +I am unable to say, as it seems from Pike’s letter he has to purchase and +bring on the Indian goods. Very respectfully,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. P. Pulliam</span>, Clk.</span></p> + +<p>Col. M. Leeper, Wichita Agent.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Wichitaw Fed [Feed] House</span>, December 10th 1861</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Conl.</span> From what I can asertain the Dutchman supposed to be a spy is +one of the party who of ten, (five Mexicans & five whites) who prevented +the wild Comanchees from coming in by telling them that we were fixing a +<i>trap</i> to destroy the last one of them. when we got them here, and as an +indusement to dispose of their Buffalo Robes this party told the Indians +that we would take the last Robe from them with our troops.</p> + +<p>The [above] I was informed of by the Comanche Cheves several days ago Very +truly</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">J. Shirley</span></span></p> + +<p>Col M. Leeper, Wichitaw Agency.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Wichita Agency L. D.</span>, Decr 10th 1861</p> + +<p>A memorandum of moneys and effects found on the person of a german who +says his name is Frederick Myer, arrested and detained here, he being +suspected of being a spy on the part of the United States in opposition to +the Confederate States of America. The individual together with the moneys +and property found upon his person<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span> is intended to be forwarded to the +Superintendent of Indian Affairs Fort Smith at as early a day as +practicable</p> + +<p>Four drafts on the U. S. Asst. Treasurer New York, dated at Santa Fe N. M. +Sept. 17th 1861 and drawn by Jno P. Hatch Capt. Rm R. Actg C. S. in favor +John Dold transferred to Frederick Myer, viz.—</p> + +<table style="margin-left: 20%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3" summary="table"> +<tr><td>No.</td><td>103.</td><td>Twelve Hundred & fifty dollars</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>104.</td><td>Twelve Hundred & fifty dollars</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>105.</td><td>Four Hundred & Eighty four dollars</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>106.</td><td>Two Hundred & nineteen 50/100 dollars.</td></tr></table> + +<p>Also five other drafts as above described dated on the 19th Sept. 1861. +viz;—</p> + +<table style="margin-left: 20%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3" summary="table"> +<tr><td>No.</td><td>112.</td><td>Six Hundred dollars</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>113.</td><td>Five Hundred dollars</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>114.</td><td>Four Hundred dollars</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>115.</td><td>Three Hundred dollars</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>116.</td><td>Two Hundred dollars.</td></tr></table> + +<p>One draft dated Sept. 18th 1861 drawn by J L Donnevhen P. M. favor Stephen +Bryce or order transferred to Frederick Myer</p> + +<table style="margin-left: 20%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3" summary="table"> +<tr><td>No 1669. Nine Hundred & eighty three 25/100 dollars.<br /> +Also in Gold One Hundred & fifty five dollars<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Silver Seventy cents</span><br /> +One Colts Revolver, belt & Scabbard<br /> +One large Pocket Knife<br /> +Also found in his possission two ponies one gray and one sorrel</td></tr></table> + +<p>Four letters addressed as follows,</p> + +<table style="margin-left: 20%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3" summary="table"> +<tr><td>Mr. J. W. Gregory</td><td>Santa Fe N. M.</td></tr> +<tr><td>Mr B Seligman</td><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2.25em;">"</span></td></tr> +<tr><td>Mr. Geo. T. Madison</td><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2.25em;">"</span></td></tr> +<tr><td>Mr W. W. Griffin</td><td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">"</span><span style="margin-left: 2.25em;">"</span></td></tr></table> + +<p>Received Wichita Agency L. D. Decr. 15 1861, all the above articles moneys +&c. excepting the two ponies bridle and saddle and saddle bags, large +knife and ten dollars in gold which were forwarded by H. L. Rodgers +accompanying the prisioner, all of which balance in my possession to be +delivered to the Superintendent of Indian Affairs Fort Smith Arks.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">M. Grimes</span></span></p> + +<p>Received Fort Smith Dec. 9th 1861 from M Grimes the above monies & Pistol +as per his Recpt to Col Leeper</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">E. Rector</span>, Supt. Indian Affrs</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span></p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Wichita Agency</span> S. D., Decr. 12th 1861</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I forward to your charge by H. L. Rodgers, a german by the name of +Frederick Myer, whom I arrested as a spy or smugler in behalf of the +United States, and upon whose person was found Six Thousand three hundred +dollars in drafts upon the Assistant Treasurer New York, one hundred and +fifty five dollars in gold and seventy cents in silver, four private +letters of unimportant import, two ponies and revolver pistol No 72,942 +belt and hoster, one riding saddle, one pack saddle and one pair saddle +bags, all of which will be forwarded to you by Mr Marshall Grimes, with +the exception of the two ponies bridle and saddle and saddle bags and ten +dollars in gold, which I have placed in charge of Mr H. L. Rodgers and +will accompany the prisoner.</p> + +<p>The principal evidence against Frederick Myer, was derived from the Trader +Mr. John Shirley, whose written statement is herewith enclosed. Very +Respectfully Your obt. sert.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>, Ind. Agt. C. S. A.</span></p> + +<p>Elias Rector Esq, Supt. Ind. Affrs,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Fort Smith Arks.</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Wichita Agency</span>, L. D. December 15th 1861</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">To John Jumper</span>, and our brothers in the Seminole Nation,</p> + +<p>We have nothing particular to write you, we are all well and doing well +here</p> + +<p>Since we had the talk we have <i>understood</i> that you had some difficulty +among your people, but that does not have any bad effect upon us as we are +friends the same as at the time we made the treaties—Our brothers the +Comanches, and all the other tribes, are still friends with you, and are +all very sorry that you are fighting one against another, brothers against +brothers, and friends against friends. When Mode Cunard and you were here +and had the talk with Genl Pike—we still hold to the talk we made with +Genl Pike, and are keeping the treaty in good faith, and are looking for +him back again soon.</p> + +<p>We look to you and Mode Cunard and Genl Pike as brothers—General Pike +told us at the council that, there were but few of us here, and if +anything turned up to make it necessary he would protect them. We are just +as we were when Genl Pike was up here and keeping the treaty made with +him—Our brothers the wild Comanches have been in and are friendly with +us.</p> + +<p>All the Indians here have but one heart—our brothers, the Texans,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span> and +the indians are away fighting the cold weather people we do not intend to +go North to fight them but if they come down here, we will all unite to +drive them away—Some of my people are one eyed and a little Crippled, but +if the enemy comes here they will all jump out to fight him—Also that +Pea-o-popicult has recently the principal Kiowa Chief has recently visited +the reserve, and has expressed friendly intentions, and has gone back to +consult the rest of his people and designs returning</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Hoseea Maria</span><span class="spacersig"> </span><span class="smcap">Buffalo Hump</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Ki-Kad-a-wah</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 6em;">Chiefs of the Comanches</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Te-nah</span><span class="spacersig"> </span><span class="spacer"> </span><span class="smcap">Jim Pockmark</span>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Geo Washington</span></span></p> + +<p> </p> +<p>The Confederate States of America</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table"> +<tr><td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td align="center">To <span class="smcap">M. Grimes</span></td> + <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td align="right">Dr.</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top">1861: Nov 30</td> + <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td>For Services rendered of negro man<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guss as Laborer from 1st Oct. to</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">30th Nov 1861, inclusive, 2 mos.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at $300.00 pr. an.</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right" valign="bottom">$ 50.00</td></tr></table> + + +<p>Received at Wichita Agency L. D. Decr 31st 1861, of M. Leeper Ind. Agt. +C. S. A. Fifty dollars in full of the above account.</p> + +<p>$50.00<span class="spacersig"> </span><span class="smcap">M. Grimes</span>.</p> + +<p>I certify on honor that the above account is correct and just, and that I +have actually this 31st day of Decr. 1861, paid the amount thereof.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Ind. Agt.</span> C. S. A.</span></p> + +<p>[Triplicates]</p> + +<p> </p> +<p>The Confederate States of America</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table"> +<tr><td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td align="center">To <span class="smcap">A. Outzen</span></td> + <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td align="right">Dr.</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top">1861: Decr 31</td> + <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td>For Services rendered as Wheelwright<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">etc. at Wichita Agency,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">L. D. from 1st Oct. to 31st Decr.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1861 inclusive, 3 months at</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">$600.00 pr an</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right" valign="bottom">$ 150.00</td></tr></table> + +<p>Received at Wichita Agency L. D. Decr 31st 1861 of M. Leeper, Indian Agent, +C. S. A. One Hundred & fifty 00/100</p> + +<p>$150.00<span class="spacersig"> </span><span class="smcap">A. Outzen</span> Wheelwright.</p> + +<p>I certify on honor that the above account is correct and just, and that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span> I +have actually this 31st day of Decr 1861, paid the amount thereof,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Ind. Agt.</span> C. S. A.</span></p> + +<p>[Triplicates]</p> + +<p> </p> +<p>The Confederate States of America</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table"> +<tr><td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td align="center">To <span class="smcap">J. B. Bevell</span></td> + <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td align="right">Dr.</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top">1861: Decr 31</td> + <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td>For Services rendered as Laborer at<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wichita Agency L. D. June 1</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oct. to 15th Nov 1861—inclusive</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">1 mo & 15 days at $300.00 pr an</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right" valign="bottom">$ 37.50</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td> + <td>And as Farmer from 16 Nov to 31<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Decr 1861 inclusive 1 mo & 15</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">days at $600.00 pr an</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right" valign="bottom" class="botbor">75.00</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td><td align="right">$ 112.50</td></tr></table> + +<p>Received at Wichita Agency L. D. Decr 31st 1861 of M. Leeper Ind. Agt. +C. S. A. One Hundred & twelve 50/100 Dollars in full of the above account.</p> + +<p>$112.50.<span class="spacersig"> </span><span class="smcap">John Bevell</span> Farmer</p> + +<p>I certify on honor that the above account is correct and just, and that I +have actually this 31st day of Decr 1861, paid the amount thereof,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Ind. Agt.</span>, C. S. A.</span></p> + +<p>[Triplicates]</p> + +<p> </p> +<p>The Confederate States of America</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table"> +<tr><td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td align="center">To <span class="smcap">D. Seals</span></td> + <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td align="right">Dr.</td></tr> +<tr><td valign="top">1861: Decr. 31</td> + <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td>For Services rendered as Farmer at<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wichita Agency L. D. from 1st</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oct. to 31st Decr. 1861 inclusive,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">3 months at $600.00 per an</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right" valign="bottom">$ 150.00</td></tr></table> + +<p>Received at Wichita Agency L. D. Decr. 31st 1861 of M Leeper Indian Agent +C. S. A. One Hundred & fifty 00/100 Dollars in full of the above account.</p> + +<p>$150.00<span class="spacersig"> </span><span class="smcap">David Seals</span>, Farmer</p> + +<p>I certify that the above account is correct and just, and that I have +actually this 31 day of Decr 1861, paid the amount thereof,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Ind. Agt.</span> C. S. A.</span></p> + +<p>[Triplicates]</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith</span>, January 13th, 1862.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: In compliance with your letter of instruction of the 10th inst. I +have the honor to present in detail the condition of affairs <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span>connected +with the Wichita Agency. In thus presenting my report I shall attempt to +be governed by as much brevity as possible.</p> + +<p>In detailing the affairs of the people in my charge and of my action in +reference to them it will become necessary to refer not only to the +present but to their past history in Texas. There was a time in Texas when +these people were in a prosperous and happy condition, and they advanced +as rapidly in the arts of civilization during that time, perhaps, as any +people ever did. But evil disposed persons in their vicinity and those not +far distant on the frontiers of Texas became dissatisfied with their +locality and determined to disperse and break them up. They continued +their work of desolation until the indians were compelled to abandon their +homes and seek a refuge west of the Chickasaw and Choctaw Nations on the +Leased District. In doing so they suffered many and very severe losses and +privations. Numbers of their horses and cattle were driven off by their +enemies and many things useful to them, were necessarily abandoned. +Estimates were prepared of the amount of damage and submitted to the +original United States Government but before any action was taken, the +government dissolved and their just claims consequently failed. Therefore +permit me most respectfully to suggest the propriety of immediately +calling the attention of our Government and of the proper Department to +the fact, in order that these people may obtain adequate remuneration. In +reference to their habitations, they have nothing to claim. They have more +and better houses than they had in Texas. The Commanches have eight or ten +neatly hewn log cabins with good chimneys. Three double log hewn houses +with good chimneys, to each room for the chief’s in addition to a number +of warm comfortable picket houses which they partly built themselves and +covered with grass.</p> + +<p>In Texas they had but one house which belonged to the Chief, in the +scramble for the spoils at the time of the abandonment of Fort Cobb by the +federal troops they were not altogether behind for I have observed among +them several new Sibley tents and a number of new common tents. The +Tonkahwas have warm comfortable houses made of poles and grass such as +they had in Texas. And for the chief I built a good double log house with +chimneys to each room and a hall or passage in the centre, in which he now +lives.</p> + +<p>The Anahdahkoes have quite a number of comfortable houses consisting of +four double houses with chimneys to each room, passages in the centre and +to some of them shed rooms attached. The <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span>remainder consist of hewn log +cabins and Picket houses such as they had in Texas covered with grass. The +Caddoes also have quite a number of houses consisting of various double +houses, single houses and picket houses.</p> + +<p>The Witchitas have no houses except such as they have built for themselves +consisting of a net work of sticks and grass but they are warm and +comfortable. They are not decided upon a permanent location and +consequently refuse to have houses built. The Tahwaccarroes, Wacoes, +Ionies and Kechies inhabit the same kind of houses as the Witchitas and +like them have not decided upon a permanent location. The Shawnees and +Delawares all have good comfortable cabins.</p> + +<p>In February last whilst at Washington I closed all my former accounts with +the department of the Interior of the United States Government and +estimated for the first and second quarter of 1861 which estimates +amounted to 13899 dollars and eighty-five cents. On my way to the Agency +in the Indian Country prepared to carry out the designs and expectations +of the government I was arrested by one Burrow who represented himself to +be a general on the part of the State of Arkansas, who examined my papers +and took from me one wagon four set of harness, one horse and seven mules, +property which had been purchased by the United States government for the +use and benefit of the Indians in my charge, all of which has been +subsequently returned with the exception of two of the mules. After the +wagon and mules were taken I hired transportation and proceeded to the +Agency where I found the Indians in a high state of excitement and alarm; +their fears having been excited by a Delaware Indian by the name of Jim +Ned and other evil disposed persons, tattlers and tale bearers who are apt +to be found loitering about Indian Reserves.</p> + +<p>In reference to the people of Texas, I succeeded in satisfying them that +their apprehensions were groundless, let several contracts for breaking +prairie and commenced to work generally in accordance with my estimates +and the wishes of the Department. But soon afterwards my state (Texas) +seceded from the Union and I determined no longer to act as a federal +officer, and having no authority to act for the Confederate States, I +delivered to the indians all the property in my possession which was held +in trust for their benefit with the exception of two wagons which were +used in my transportation, which together with one which had previously +been loaned to the Commissary are now reported on my property rolls. With +a hope to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span> satisfy the indians until an agent should be appointed by the +Confederate States (which I assured them would soon take place) I expended +the remainder of the money’s in my hands for blankets tobacco and clothing +for them, they being in a destitute condition, occasioned principally on +account of losses sustained by their goods being sunk in the Arkansas +River and by the fire at Fort Smith. The goods were intended to be +duplicated and money’s had been promised for that purpose in advance of +their regular supply of goods of which the indians were apprised.</p> + +<p>Upon the withdrawal of Texas from the Union, they again became +apprehensive of danger from the people of that State. I reminded them that +I was a Texan, and in order that they might have a positive guaranty of +safety, that they should have Texas troops to defend them. I made the +application and Capt. Diamond’s company arrived on the day of my +departure.</p> + +<p>During the whole course of my operations as Commanche Agent, and more +particularly the past year, my best efforts have been employed with a hope +to induce all the southern bands of Comanches to abandon their wandering +habits become colonized and settle, that being the most effectual means, +and by far the least expensive mode of checking their depredations on +Texas, and finally by means of messengers and messages I induced them to +come in on the first of August last and enter into treaty stipulations +with Commissioner Pike. A train of untoward circumstances prevented the +commissioner from complying strictly with his agreements with them which +have cast a shade of discontent upon their minds, and they say that it is +the cause of the non-compliance on their part, which was to settle on the +reserve last fall and abandon their roving habits. This however I do not +believe: if the commissioner had met them at the time appointed (the +falling of the leaves) with all the goods promised I am of opinion they +would have received the goods—made some excuse, and returned again to the +prairies. Such has been the case of the other Comanches who have settled +for several years and I think they would have done so too. Perhaps their +stealing operations would not have been so extensive; but they say that +that practice shall cease at any rate as long as they are friends with us.</p> + +<p>In November last I received a visit from a Kiowa chief by the name of +“Big-head” who made many fine promises and agreed to settle on the reserve +with his people, but in this I place but little reliance. The Kiowa’s are +a very numerous band. They are northern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span> indians and their principal range +is from the sources of the Arkansas River to Bents Fort. Their principal +chief originally contemptiously spoke of the United States government and +troops, notwithstanding he annually received a large amount of presents +from that government, consisting of blankets, clothing, tobacco, rifles, +powder and lead, etc. They now have a federal agent at Bent’s Fort.</p> + +<p>During the past six months, but little has been done on the reserve—I +have had no means to accomplish much. The employees who have been engaged +have suffered considerably with sickness during the months of September +and October last. They have built a very comfortable double log house with +a gallery in front and a stable which is partly finished to which a room +is attached for the benefit of employees. Without such protection and +security there is no safety for the public animals necessary to carry on +the farming operations of the reserve.</p> + +<p>No troops being stationed on the Leased District I have been unable to +exercise the necessary control. The indians have been kept in a constant +state of turmoil by false representations both in reference to myself and +things affecting their individual interest. No indian reserve can be +conducted in a satisfactory manner either to the government or indians +without the coöperation of troops to enable the Agent to enforce the +intercourse laws and eject disorderly persons from amongst them.</p> + +<p>No funds as yet have been received to meet the current expenses of the +Agency, nor has any forage been furnished except twenty four bushels of +corn and twelve of oats, which were received from Commissioner Pike. The +remainder of the forage which was used in sustaining two government +animals and four private animals employed in the public service from the +first of August until the last of October and from that time till the 31st +of December four additional public animals, was gathered up at the +different corn houses which had been abandoned and were going to +destruction at Fort Cobb, and a small amount purchased on my own +responsibility from the contractor for supplying the indians.</p> + +<p>It is deemed useless to suggest additional plans of retrenchment and +economy to the government as I am not advised as to the extent and nature +of the design of its future operations in reference to the affairs of the +reserve. With these facts submitted I have the honor to be Sir very +respectfully Your obedient Servant</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">[<span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>.]</span></p> + +<p>E. Rector, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Southern Superintendency</p> + + +<p> </p><p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span></p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Witchita Agency</span>, Jan. 31st., 1862.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Brig. Gen’l A. Pike</span>, Com’d’y Indian Territory.</p> + +<p>Sir:—Enclosed please find muster roll of Reserve Indians enlisted in the +services of the Confederate Government under your authority of the 30th +Aug’t, 1861 to M. Leeper, Indian Agent, to act as spies and for the +protection of the Agency until relieved by Confederate forces.</p> + +<p>You will perceive that I enlisted them on the 9th Sept. last and have made +up the roll to the 9th Feb’y, 1862, at which time I would respectfully +suggest the disbandment of them as they have already served three months +longer than they anticipated at the time of their enlistment and they are +anxious to be disbanded at the expiration of this month.</p> + +<p>As much doubt has been expressed by the other Indians not enlisted, of +these ever receiving pay for their services, I believe if they were paid +off [it] would at once convince them of the integrity and honor of the +Confederate Government and should any emergency hereafter arise they will +more readily flock to the standard of our country.</p> + +<p>Having received special instructions from M. Leeper, Indian Agent, to +remain at my post during his absence, I therefore forward these papers by +Mr. John Shirley and authorize him to act for me in this matter.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p class="center">MUSTER ROLL OF RESERVE INDIANS MUSTERED INTO THE CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA<br /> +UNDER COMMAND OF LIEUT. GEN’L H. P. JONES, SEPT. 9, 1861.</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> +<tr><td> </td> + <td> </td> + <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td align="center"><span class="smcap">Horse</span></td><td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td align="center"><span class="smcap">Bridle&Saddle</span></td><td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td align="center"><span class="smcap">Rifle</span></td><td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td align="center"><span class="smcap">Bow, etc.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">1.</td> + <td>Pinahontsama, Sergt.</td><td> </td> + <td><span style="margin-left: -.25em;">$60.</span></td><td> </td> + <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: -.5em;">$5.00</span></td><td> </td> + <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: -1.25em;">$25.</span></td><td> </td> + <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: -.5em;">$5.00</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">2.</td> + <td>Pive-ahope Corpl.</td><td> </td> + <td><span style="margin-left: -.25em;">$60.00</span></td><td> </td> + <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: -.5em;">$5.00</span></td><td> </td> + <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: -1em;">do.</span></td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">3.</td> + <td>Chick-a-poo</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">30.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">25.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">4.</td> + <td>Charley Chickapoo</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">30.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">25.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">5.</td> + <td>Somo</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">40.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">10.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">6.</td> + <td>Boo-y-wy-sis-ka</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">50.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">25.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">7.</td> + <td>Cu-be-ra-wipo</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">50.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">25.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">8.</td> + <td>Ca-na-with</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">40.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">25.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">9.</td> + <td>A-ri-ka-pap</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">55.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">25.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">10.</td> + <td>Pith-pa-wah</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">50.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center"> </td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">11.</td> + <td>Pe-ah-ko-roh</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">35.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">35.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span>12.</td> + <td>Jim Chickapoo</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">65.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td><td> </td> + <td><span style="margin-left: -4em;">six shooter 25.00</span></td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">13.</td> + <td>Na-na-quathteh</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">40.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center"> </td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">14.</td> + <td>To-no-kah</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">80.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">25.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">15.</td> + <td>Ath-pah</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">25.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td><td> </td> + <td><span style="margin-left: -2em;">Pistol #5.00</span></td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">16.</td> + <td>Pe-ba-rah</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">30.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">25.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">17.</td> + <td>Cur-su-ah</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">45.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">10.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">18.</td> + <td>Cow-ah-dan Sept. 23d.</td><td> </td> + <td><span style="margin-left: -.25em;">$60.</span></td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">15.00</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5.00</td></tr></table> + +<p>Signed Sealed & delivered in the presence of David Seals & Dr. Bucket, +Sept. 9, 1861.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Wichita Agency L. D.</span> Feby the 9th 1862</p> + +<p>I certify on honor that I have received from Messrs Johnson & Grimes +Seventeen hundred and fifty-four rations of Beef, Flour, Coffee, Sugar, +Soap, and Salt for the use of my Spy Company raised for the protection of +the Wichita Agency by authority of Commissioner A. Pike as per letter +dated Augt. 30th 1861 to M. Leeper Indian Agent</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">H. P. Jones</span>, Lt. Com’d’y. and Act’g C. of S.</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Head Quarters Dep’t of Ind’n Territory</span>,<br /> +<span class="smcap">Fort McCulloch</span>, 23rd April 1862.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Special Orders, No.</span>—</p> + +<p>Lieut. Col. Harris, Commanding Chickasaw Battalion, will station four +companies instead of two, of his Battalion, at Camp McIntosh, and two only +at Fort Arbuckle. He will consult with the Agent for the Reserve Indians, +Col. Matthew Leeper, and do everything in his power to protect the Agency +and the <i>peaceful</i> Indians on the Reserve, placing, if necessary his +troops at or near the Agency, and controlling the unruly Indians, by force +of arms, if it becomes necessary. By order of Brig. Gen’l Com’d’g</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Fayette Hewitt</span> A. A. General</span></p> + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p>[Copy]</p> + +<p class="right">May 7, 1862.</p> + +<p>Hon. Comr. Indian Affairs, enclosing copies from Gen’l Pike.</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Washita Agency, L. D.</span> May 7, 1862.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Enclosed herewith I have the honor to transmit for the information of +the Department the copy of a letter addressed to Gen’l Pike on the 13th +April last, and his reply thereto; the troops promised by the General have +not arrived nor have I any tidings from them.</p> + +<p>There can be no question, if the Confederate States desire to keep up this +Agency and to continue their friendly relations with the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span>Indians adjacent +to the Reserve, that a strong garrison is necessary. The appearance of +friendship could be maintained perhaps without it, but to put an entire +stop to the depredations upon Texas, cannot be accomplished without the +restraining influence of a military force; a small force at all times here +is necessary to enable the Agent to enforce the Intercourse Laws, and to +expell from the Reserve, disorderly persons and idlers, hovering around +the Indian Camps without any legitimate business or employment. I would +further respectfully suggest with all due deference to the military skill +of Gen. Pike, that white troops would be infinitely better and far more +available in every particular than Indians. It is well known that the +people of Texas adjacent to the Reserve have no very kind feelings for +Indians generally, and if it should become necessary to exercise military +authority over a Texan no matter who he is or however worthless he might +be, if it was done by Indian soldiers, it would engender deep-rooted +malice in the minds of very many of the Texan people against the troops, +which, in all probability would militate largely against the interest of +the Government. White troops have a greater influence upon the Indians +than Indian troops would have, and understand more perfectly the +obligations of enlisted men.</p> + +<p>In my letter to Gen. Pike, I gave it as an opinion that it would be better +to either drive the Indians off, who are not located, or to require them +to settle on the Reserve. Various conversations had with them since that +time has been the means of changing my opinion; I think by continuing the +practice of giving them provisions and more supplies of presents when they +visit the Agency will perhaps induce them to remain quiet and not disturb +Texas, particularly if we present an array of troops sufficiently strong +to chastise them in the event of their forfeiting their promises and +acting a faithless part. To-day I held a Council with some of the wild +chiefs, they made fair promises, and promised to bring to the Agency on +the 20th of June next, the other wild chiefs who have never visited this +place, for the purpose of entering into a general treaty of peace, and +they say they will use all their influence with the Kioways to restore the +horses lately stolen from the Reserve Indians and cause those to treat +likewise. If it should be the desire of the Government for me to have them +sign the Treaty with such amendments or alterations as may be suggested, +there would not be the slightest difficulty in the way, it can be +accomplished without any further parade or expense, except the ordinary +supply of provision and a few small presents in the way of goods.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span>Allow me to direct the attention of the Department to the fact that the +present Contract for furnishing rations to the Indians will expire, I am +told, on the 16th August next, (I have never been furnished with a copy) +and that it will be necessary in order to give satisfaction to the public +to give at least a month’s notice of the time and place, a new one will be +let and having been informed that the next Contract would be let at this +agency, and that the local agent would be charged with the duty, I deem it +necessary immediately to repair to Fort Smith to await instructions and +other necessary papers in reference to my official station and to receive +funds for the present and to forward an estimate for the ensuing fiscal +year.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="right">May 8th.</p> + +<p>To-day I was visited by quite a number of chiefs belonging to the wild +Comanches who have never been here before. They say they are desirous of +making a perpetual and ever-lasting peace with the Southern people, the +fourth of July is appointed for a general gathering in Council of all the +Chiefs and principal men belonging to the Comanches for the purpose of +entering into a general and lasting peace upon the same terms and +conditions which are offered those already settled. I appointed the 4th of +July that I might have an opportunity in the mean time of consulting with +and ascertaining the pleasure of the Government in reference to them. I am +of the opinion that three or four thousand dollars worth of goods +furnished upon that occasion and distributed to them as presents would +have a beneficial effect.</p> + +<p>I learn from them that four white men and four Indians were recently +killed on the Llano, Texas that the Indians were returning from Mexico & +without knowing anything of the friendly relations which now exist between +our people and theirs, they stopped as usual, stole a parcel of horses, +were pursued and the killing aforementioned was the consequence, they +assert that they will control their people hereafter from depredating upon +Texas, and that if any of their bad men should cross Red River that they +will give immediate notice of the fact that they may be overtaken and +killed, and if they should escape notice steal horses and return they will +immediately take them from them, deliver them to the Agent with +information in reference to the place from which they were taken, so the +owners can recover them again.</p> + +<p>With these facts submitted, I have the honor to be very respectfully, Your +Obedient Servant</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Sgd.) <span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>, Indian Agent, C. S. A.</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span></p> +<p class="center">COPY TO BRIG. GEN’L A. PIKE, APR. 13, 1862. IN REFERENCE TO THE CONDUCTING +OF THE RESERVE COMANCHES AND<br />WILD BANDS OF COMANCHES, ALSO REQUESTING A +MILITARY FORCE TO BE STATIONED ON THE RESERVE</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Washita Agency</span>, L. D. April 13, 1862.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Brig. Gen’l A. Pike</span>, Com’d’g of Indian Terr’y</p> + +<p>Sir: It becomes my duty under official instructions to keep you advised of +the feelings and bearings of the Indians on the Reserve and more +particularly of the wild bands adjacent to it who profess friendship for +us. The recent friendly relations which have been professed on the part of +the Indians and attempted to be cultivated on our part have produced an +opposite result upon the Comanche Reserve Indians from that which was +anticipated, boys who have been partly reared upon the Reserve and who +hitherto have conducted themselves with the greatest propriety are now +unruly and are subject to the most unbridled passions and unheard of +improprieties, they have destroyed pretty much all the poultry belonging +to Dr. Shirley, have shot arrows into his milk cows, killed several of the +beeves belonging to the contractor. They are in the habit of shooting +beeves full of arrows in the beef pen before they are issued, killing some +of them and rendering others unable to be driven to the different Indian +encampments, this practice was repeated on yesterday in the presence of +the chiefs, when one of the interpreters, Mr. H. P. Jones, admonished +Buffalo Hump to check such outrages and reprove the boys for such +improprieties, but was fiercely turned upon by the old Indian and abused +in the most unmeasured terms, the boys then rode to the Agency, approached +the horse lot and one of them was just in the act of shooting a horse, I +succeeded in preventing him from doing so myself.</p> + +<p>Those wild fellows come in, hold war dances and scalp dances, speak of +their agility in stealing horses and of their prowress in taking scalps of +white men and Mexicans, and of the rapture with which they are received +and amorous embraces of the young damsels on their return until the young +men heretofore inclined to lead an idle but civil life on the Reserve are +driven mad with excitement, some of them have left, others are going today +with the wild Indians for the ostensible purpose I am told of depredating +upon Mexico, but really, in my opinion upon Texas, many depredations have +recently been <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span>committed upon that frontier, and lately an Anahdahko +Indian and a negro belonging to that band crossed Red River, stole five +horses, killed three of them and returned home on the other two, they +alledge that it would not have taken place, but for the want of the +restraining influence of the Chief who was absent at Fort Davis for +presents (this is a mere subterfuge of course).</p> + +<p>The wild Indians are principally located within two days ride of this +place and I suppose could muster two thousand warriors, when they come +here they are rather impudent and insolent in their demands and upon one +occasion threatened to force the doors of the Commissary and help +themselves. A few days since three of their young men forcibly opened one +of the doors of Dr. Shirley’s house and attempted to enter his wife’s bed +chamber. They were met by the doctor at the door who, after a scuffle and +slight altercation with one of them caused them to desist.</p> + +<p>Many horses have recently been stolen from the Reserve Indians, some of +which are known to have been taken by the bands professing friendship, who +promised to restore them.</p> + +<p>I am clearly of the opinion that this Reserve cannot be sustained without +a strong military force, and that it would be much better to require those +wild fellows either to settle on the Reserve or quit the country, at +present they appear to make it a place of convenience, to rest, feed and +recruit themselves, on their return from a stealing expedition, and to +procure provisions and a suitable outfit, the better to enable them to +prosecute their fiendish designs. Therefore permit me respectfully to +solicit you to furnish at the shortest practicable period a strong mounted +force, say one Regiment at least to be situated here to act in concert +with the Civil Authorities in holding those Indians in check, preventing +the forays in Texas and in regulating the affairs of the Reserve. I would +also with due deference suggest the name of Col. Alexander of Sherman, as +a gentleman eminently qualified for the service. Texas troops would be +more available here at present than any others, for the Indians have an +instinctive dread of them.</p> + +<p>In the event that it should become absolutely necessary in the absence of +suitable protection to abandon the Reserve, a suggestion from you in +reference to the proper course to be taken would be acceptable, my notion +is to fall back upon Red River or into Texas with all the Indians who are +true to the South and if overtaken by the way, defend to the last +extremity.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span>All my official correspondence I report to the Department but before I +could get an expression of opinion from that source, it would probably be +too late to avail anything. I shall feel obliged for a reply by the +messenger. Very respectfully, Your obedient servant.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">[<span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>]</span></p> + + +<p> </p> +<p class="center">JONES<a name='fna_594' id='fna_594' href='#f_594'><small>[594]</small></a> TO PIKE</p> + +<p>I have the honor to inform you that the reserve Comanche indians enlisted +in the service of the Confederate States by your authority of the 30th +August 1861 were on the 9th April last disbanded with the consent and +knowledge of Col. M. Leeper indian agent The reason for so doing was that +latterly they would not remain at their encampment and their horses were +never at hand when wanted.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p class="center">JONES<a name='fna_595' id='fna_595' href='#f_595'><small>[595]</small></a> TO PIKE</p> + +<p>The indians placed in my charge by your order for the protection of this +agency finally proved uncontrollable and utterly useless, and were +therefore with the knowledge and consent of the Agent discharged on the +13th of April last....</p> + +<p>[On the 11th of August, 1862, Agent S. G. Colley transmitted to Dole from +Fort Larned two documents,<a name='fna_596' id='fna_596' href='#f_596'><small>[596]</small></a> one of which he thought reflected upon the +loyalty or honesty of Capt. Whittenhall, formerly commanding at Fort +Larned.]</p> + +<p>(A) I have this day received of Lone Wolf a chief Kiowas a paper from +Albert Pike of the so-called S. C. which I will give to him again and +another to the said Albert Pike after the Indian agent shall distribute +the goods to the Indians.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">D. S. Whittenhall</span>, Capt. Com’d’g Post.</span></p> + +<p>July 22, 1862<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">[Endorsement] A true copy.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">J. H. Leavenworth</span>, Col. 2nd Reg’t C.V.</span></p> + + +<p> </p> +<p>(B)</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Wichita Agency</span> L. D., May 31st, 1862.</p> + +<p>The bearer E-sa-sem-mus Kiowa Chief has visited and promised on the part +of their tribe to be friendly with the people of Texas and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span> ourselves it +is hoped that so long as they carry out that promise they will be treated +kindly.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>, Ind. Agt. C. S. A.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">per <span class="smcap">C. A. Zichel</span></span></p> + +<p>[Endorsement] A true copy.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">J. H. Leavenworth</span> Col. 2nd Reg’t C.V.</span></p> + + +<p> </p> +<p class="center">LEEPER TO PIKE</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Washita Agency</span>, L. D., June 26, 1862.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Brig. Gen’l. A. Pike</span>, Com’d’y Ind. Terr’y and Act’g Superintendent.</p> + +<p>Sir: Being desirous of keeping you advised of all my official operations, +enclosed herewith you will please find a copy of requests made by Capts. +Hart & James. I found those officers courteous and prompt, and manifesting +an unreserved degree of willingness to aid me in carrying out the designs +of the Confederate States of America in sustaining the Reserve and giving +satisfaction to the Indians located thereon.</p> + +<p>I learn that an annual festival or dance of the Kioways and the wild +Comanche bands is expected to be held about this time, which may detain +them beyond the 4th of July, and with a view to have reliable information +in reference to the matter and ascertain the precise time they may be +expected here, three or four days since I dispatched To-sha-hua and +Pinahontsama to visit their encampments for the purpose; they will return +in about six days. Upon the arrival of the Kioway Chiefs here, I shall +have your excellent address carefully interpreted to them and get them to +sign the Treaty. If it should be your pleasure they should do so, I +apprehend that I can take all the Comanche Chiefs and the Kioway Chiefs to +your Head Quarters, which I will cheerfully do, in that event however they +would naturally expect in addition to their daily supply of food a few +presents in the way of clothing and tobacco.</p> + +<p>The present fiscal year is now within a few days of being closed, the +employees on the Reserve and the trader from whom small presents have been +purchased for the Indians are unpaid, no funds have been furnished for the +purpose except fifteen hundred dollars which was handed me by the late +Superintendent and was in part used in liquidation of my own Salary and +the remainder, say six or seven hundred dollars, in the payment of +employees, for the want of funds I have been unable to close my account, +they will all be ready, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span>however, on the first of July, and if you should +be in possession of funds for the purpose, after the anticipated meeting +of the Indians here, if it should meet your approbation, I will take the +accounts to your Head Quarters and submit them to your inspection in order +that they may be closed, provided it is inconvenient for you to transmit +the money to me.</p> + +<p>I desire to call your attention particularly to the fact that the present +Contract for supplying the Indians with rations on the Reserve will +terminate I am told (I have never been favored with a copy) on the 16th of +August next, and it therefore would seem proper that a new contract should +be let in time for the Contractor to have his supplies in readiness for +delivery at that time, and it is but justice to Mr. Chas. B. Johnson, the +present Contractor to say that he has complied with his Contract to the +entire satisfaction of all concerned, kept ample supplies at all times on +hand, and disposed to be pleasant and obliging not only to the Indians, +but to all other persons with whom he has had business to transact.</p> + +<p>When the Kioways arrive I apprehend they will have many horses and mules +in their possession which will be identified by the Texas people here as +the property of people living in Texas; the friendly relations and recent +social intercourse of these Indians with those of the wild bands has been +the cause of introducing here several horses and mules of that description +already. My original instructions under the United States Government was +to take possession of all such property and have them delivered to their +proper owners, but if a course of that kind was now pursued it would at +once defeat the Treaty with the wild bands and cause them to recommence +their depredations with increased violence and renewed vigor. The 10th +Article of the recent Treaty reads thus:</p> + +<p class="blockquot">It is distinctly understood by the said four bands of the Ne-um, the +State of Texas is one of the Confederate States, and joins in this +Convention, and signs it when the Commissioner signs it, and is bound +by it; and that all hostilities and enmities between it and them are +now ended, and are to be forgotten and forgiven forever on both sides.</p> + +<p>Also the 19th Article commencing at the 15th line reads thus:</p> + +<p class="blockquot">And the same things in all respects are also hereby offered to the +Kioways and agreed to be given them, if they will settle in said +Country, atone for the murders and robberies they have lately +committed and show a resolution to lead an honest life; to which end +the Confederate States send the Kioways with this talk, the wampum of +peace and the bullet of war, for them to take their choice, now and for all time to come.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span>But the Treaty is silent in reference to the manner in which the owners of +property lost in that manner are to be remunerated.</p> + +<p>In a consultation which I held with Capts Hart and James we determined to +take proof in reference to the ownership of the property, place a fair +valuation upon it and submit it to the Confederate Government for their +approbation, approval, and allowance, provided, however, that it should +meet your approbation in the first place.</p> + +<p>A short time since a delegation from all the tribes here except the +Tonkahwas and Comanches visited the Kioways to obtain from them their +horses which were stolen by the Kioways, one of the Waco Chiefs has +returned and says they delivered to him ten of the stolen horses, were +disposed to be friendly and said all of them should be given up, but after +he left a Wichita stole from the Kioways twenty-one horses and a Caddo +four and have brought them to the Reserve. I held a consultation with the +Chiefs in reference to the matter in which it was determined that the +horses should be taken from those who stole them and returned to the +Kioways immediately after the return of the Wichita Chief La-sa-di-wah, +who will report the facts as they are.</p> + +<p>In all my official relations I have avoided, as far as possible, incurring +useless or unnecessary expenses, and now the troubled condition of the +country would seem to render it doubly necessary, allow me therefore to +suggest that the office of Commissiary is a sinecure, a useless +expenditure of public money to the Government and an injury to the public +service, it has never been allowed before at an Agency where an agent +could be present and witness the issues himself, the Interpreters +necessarily have to be present, and heretofore have witnessed the issues, +the Commissary merely being an impartial weigher between the Contractor +and the Indians which can be done just as well by one of the Interpreters +without incurring any additional expense to the Government.</p> + +<p>One of the greatest injuries which I have met with during a term of more +than five years service, has been experienced from officious meddlers, +idlers and tale-bearers who are apt to hover round Indian encampments, and +I have never found one more so than the present Commissary. J. J. Sturm +who spends the principal part of his time at the Indian encampments +pretends to know more than anyone else, palpably neglects the instructions +given him and has produced more disquiet on the Reserve than has been +produced from all other causes, he would have been suspended and reported +long since, but I was <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span>apprehensive that it might be supposed that I was +actuated from vindictive feelings towards him on account of an injury +which he attempted to inflict upon me. At the close of the present +Contract if you should deem it necessary to continue such an office, I +hope a more suitable man will be appointed.</p> + +<p>At the close of the present fiscal year I shall report in detail +everything connected with the Reserve and the Indians thereon, the +expenses thereof and the reasons and necessities for so doing. I am sir, +Very respectfully, Your obt. servant.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">[<span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>]</span></p> + + +<p> </p> +<p class="center">LEEPER TO PIKE</p> + +<p>Copy to Brig. Gen’l Albert Pike, Acting Supt., Comr., Etc., in reference +to making a treaty with the Kioway Indians and the signing of the +amendments of Congress.</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Washita Agency</span>, L. D., July 11, 1862.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Brig. Gen’l Albert Pike</span>, & Act’g Superintendent, Commissioner, etc.,</p> + +<p>Sir: In compliance with your instructions and authority, I have this day +entered into Treaty stipulations with the Kioway Indians and all the wild +Comanche bands with the exception of the Kua-ha-ra-tet-sa-co-no who +inhabit the western portion of the “Staked Plains,” and with those I am +negotiating and shall probably conclude a treaty of peace in September or +October next. Those who treated in August last have also signed and +adopted amendments of Congress.</p> + +<p>They retired well satisfied with themselves, and with the action of the +Confederate Government, consequently peace and quietness may be expected +to prevail in future upon the frontier of Texas, provided, however, that a +band of fugitives from the various clans who have congregated on the +Pecos, numbering it is said one hundred and fifty or two hundred, governed +by no law and disposed to spread desolation wherever they go, are +destroyed or our troops can receive aid from the bands who have treated in +hunting down and destroying those “fellows”. I am sir, Very respectfully, +Your obt. ser’t</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">[<span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>] Ind. Agency, C. S. A.</span></p> + + +<p> </p> +<p class="center">NOTICE</p> + +<p>As Agent and Acting Commissioner on the part of the Confederate States of +America, I have entered into Solemn Treaty stipulations of perpetual +friendship and peace with the Kioway Indians and wild<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span> bands of Comanches +except the Kna-ha-ra-tet-sa-co-no whose habitations are on the Western +extremity of the “Staked Plains” and with those I am negotiating and will +probably conclude a treaty some time in September next.</p> + +<p>Therefore perfect peace and quietness may soon be expected to prevail on +the Texas frontier.</p> + +<p>In order to convince the Indians of our sincerity and punctuality, it is +necessary to comply strictly with the Treaty, and to do that, the +Government expects me to employ four or five farmers and twenty laborers +which I desire to do; farmers with families would be preferred, to whom +fifty dollars per month and rations will be given, and to laborers +twenty-five dollars per month and rations, negro men would be preferred.</p> + +<p>At present there is not the slightest danger there, the agency is one of +the most quiet and peaceful places within the limits of the Confederate +Government.</p> + +<p>Apply to the undersigned who will remain a few days in Sherman and +afterward at the Washita Agency.</p> + +<p>July 21st 1862.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p class="center">LEEPER [?] TO PARKS</p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Sherman, Texas</span>, July 28th, 1862.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Robert W. Parks</span>,</p> + +<p>Sir,—Enclosed you will please find the copy of a letter of instructions +to me from Gen’l Pike the Acting Superintendent of Indian Affairs +(addressed to you) in reference to fifteen thousand dollars appropriated +by the Government to purchase farming utensils, oxen, wagons and stock +animals for Indians located on the Washita Reserve, which fund was handed +to you. The direction of the expenditures of the fund legitimately belongs +to the local Agent who is alone supposed to know the amount and +description of articles necessary to be purchased for the Indians, hence +Gen’l Pike’s letter. Before making any of the purchases indicated it would +be well to see me in order to ascertain the amount and description +required, the Indians already have been furnished with a few wagons, oxen +and farming utensils, in fact in reference to farming implements they are +well enough supplied with the exception of weeding hoes and axes; and in +reference to the stock animals to be purchased I would like to have a +distinct understanding with regard to the quality and the price; a +responsible gentleman whom I met here is willing to furnish cows and +calves,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span> the cows not to exceed six years old delivered at the agency at +sixteen dollars; therefore I should be unwilling to receive on the part of +the Government animals of that description at a higher price in the +absence of positive instructions to that effect; the quantity also to be +purchased is an important item.</p> + +<p>If you will take the trouble to visit the Agency, I will give you an exact +description of the articles necessary to be purchased and will give you +the preference as a contractor for furnishing the same.</p> + +<p>A copy of this letter will be furnished the Acting Superintendent Gen’l +Pike, and the Department. Very respectfully, Your obt sevt.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">[<span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>]</span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Wash., Ark</span>., Aug. 19, 1862.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Colonel</span>: I have forwarded you letters to the Commissioner of Indian +Affairs. Having resigned and been deprived of command in the Indian +Country, I am also relieved of duty as Acting Superintendent, for which +crowning mercy, God be thanked.</p> + +<p>Mr. Parks returned on receiving your letter and refunded me $15,000 placed +in his hands, except $200, paid for a mowing machine. I have deposited the +residue, with all other Indian moneys, (Coin and paper), in a safe place, +and so advised the Commissioner. As soon as a new Superintendent is +appointed, I hope to get rid of it all.</p> + +<p>If you had written me, <i>before</i>, what you write now, in regard to +McKusken[?], you would not have had to complain that I frustrated your +efforts. You sent him to me it is true, but with no such charges, and +consequently left me bound to pay him off. I had employed him, and no +showing was made to me that he did not deserve his pay. I hear the charges +<i>now</i> for the first time.</p> + +<p>As to the corn at Cobb, I think you are misinformed. When I returned there +last fall I found it difficult to get a small quantity, because the +officer in Command said they needed it all; although the troops were on +the point of leaving. I know it had been so wasted that there was not much +left and what <i>was</i> left, you needed, as you had none. I wonder you did +not send your wagons and get it, as soon as the troops left, if there was +any remaining, and account for it.</p> + +<p>I <i>was</i> sorry to hear that you had made unkind remarks in regard to +myself, and though apparently my friend, were secretly my enemy—and I am +truly glad to receive your flat contradiction. I have <i>never</i> had any +unkind feelings towards you, and was glad to believe after<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span> meeting you +this Summer, that you had none towards me. For any imputations against +yourself in your official capacity, you are indebted in chief measure to +Major Rector who made them openly, anywhere, and in the presence of many. +What Mr. Sturm said was not said willingly, but drawn from him. He showed +a great disinclination to say anything against you.</p> + +<p>Believe me, I would now, as always for years past, rather serve than +injure you. And I sincerely hope our friendly relations may continue. I +expect to settle not far from you and will always gladly aid in +cultivating friendship with the Indians and enabling you to succeed with +them. I am very truly yours</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span></span></p> + +<p>Col. M. Leeper C. S. Agent Etc.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p class="center">DESHLER<a name='fna_597' id='fna_597' href='#f_597'><small>[597]</small></a> TO LEEPER</p> + +<p>Gen. Holmes in reply to your letter of 17th inst. just received, instructs +me to say, that Gen. Hindman is going to take command of all the troops in +the Indian country, he starts in a day or two. Col. W. P. Lane’s Reg’t has +been ordered to Fort Arbuckle. The gen. com’d’g thinks these measures will +be sufficient to insure quiet in your region, but instructs me to say that +if he knew of any available force in Texas he would have no objection to +sending 5 or 6 Companies to you, but there are no troops available other +than Col. Lane’s Reg’t already ordered to Arbuckle.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span></p> + + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span></p> +<h2>SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY</h2> + + +<p class="title">I. GENERAL ACCOUNT OF DOCUMENTARY SOURCES.</p> + +<p>The material for this book has been drawn almost entirely from documentary +sources and, in a very large measure, from unpublished documentary +sources; namely, the manuscript records of the United States Indian +Office. Those records to-day are in a very disorganized state, largely due +to change of system and to the many removals to which they have been +subjected within the last few years. At the time when they were examined +for the purposes of the present work, such of them as were not included in +<i>Registers</i>, <i>Letter Books</i>, and <i>Report Books</i> were classified as <i>Land +Files</i>, <i>General Files</i>, <i>Special Files</i>, <i>Emigration Files</i>, +<i>Miscellaneous Files</i>, <i>Star Files</i>, and the like, the basis of +classification being, convenience in the current and routine work of the +office. The individual files were arranged according to tribe, agency, or +superintendency and every incoming letter had its own file mark. It had a +letter to designate the transmitter, that letter being the initial of the +transmitter’s surname or of the office he represented, and it had a number +to indicate its rank in a series, all the papers of which bore the same +initial letter and had been received in the same given year. Finally, it +was rated as belonging to a particular tribe, agency, or superintendency +and to a particular file.</p> + +<p>In the autumn of 1911, an attempt was made to consolidate the old <i>Land</i> +and <i>General Files</i> with the result that now they are no longer distinct +from each other; but it has seemed best not to change the reference in the +citations. The year, the letter, and the number are permanent indices and, +with them at hand, there ought to be no difficulty in the locating of a +paper, except for the fact that nearly everything in the United States +Indian Office seems, just now, rather transitory and chaotic. Had the +inaugural ball for 1913 not been dispensed with, the plan was, to use the +records as the base for the band-stand, a decidedly interesting +reflection, one must admit, upon the popular notion of the value of the +national archives.</p> + +<p>Among the manuscripts used in the preparation of the present<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span> work, were +two collections of papers that came into the United States Indian Office +out of the regular course of its official business. In the citations, one +is noted as <i>Leeper Papers</i>, and the other as <i>Fort Smith Papers</i>. Their +history, since they came into the Indian Office, proves how urgent is the +need for a Hall of Records. Inasmuch as these papers were not required for +the every-day business of the office, they were packed away, years and +years ago, along with a lot of other commercially useless papers, in huge +boxes and stored in the attic of the old Post-office Building. There they +were left to be forgotten. In the course of time, the Office of Indian +Affairs was moved from the old Post-office Building to the Pension +Building; but the packing-boxes in the attic were inadvertently left +behind. One day, however, the writer discovered that papers, found at the +Wichita Agency at the time Agent Leeper was killed, October, 1862, had +really come into the Indian Office; but the question was, where were they? +A search high and low was totally without success until it developed that +the packing-boxes in the attic were supposed to contain “useless” papers +and were still in the old Post-office Building. Permission was obtained to +have them examined and, for this purpose, they were transferred to the +Pension Building. Among their contents was found a number of interesting +and valuable documents which very likely would soon have been lost +forever, destroyed by the General Land Office because abandoned by the +Indian. The contents included, besides the <i>Leeper Papers</i> for which the +search had been especially conducted, letter-books of Michigan territorial +governors, file-boxes of all sorts, and a mass of Confederate stuff, +brought from Fort Smith. The last-named proved a veritable mine of wealth. +It comprised the occasional correspondence of Cooper, Cowart, Crawford, +Drew, Dean, Rector, Pike, and many others whose official life had brought +them into contact with the Indians. It was all very suggestive and +remunerative.</p> + +<p>To supplement the manuscripts an exhaustive search of the <i>Official +Records of the War of the Rebellion</i> has been made and with good results. +It is a pity that the material in the <i>Official Records</i> is so badly +arranged and so much of it duplicated and often triplicated. Had it been +better edited and better indexed, the danger of over-looking important +documents would have been minimized a hundredfold. The volumes found +particularly useful for Indian participation in the Civil War were the +following:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span>First Series, vols. i; iii; iv; viii; ix; xiii; xxii, parts 1 and 2; +xxvi, parts 1 and 2; xxxiv, parts 1, 2, and 3; xli, parts 1, 2, 3, and +4; xlviii, parts 1 and 2; liii, supplement.</p> + +<p>Third Series, vols. i; ii; iii.</p> + +<p>Fourth Series, vols. i; ii; iii.</p></div> + +<p> </p> +<p class="title">II. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF SOURCES</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">American Annual Cyclopedia</span>, 1861-1865, inclusive (New York).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Arkansas.</span> Journal of the House of Representatives for the Thirteenth +Session of the General Assembly, November 5, 1860-January 21, 1861 (Little +Rock, 1861).</p> + +<p class="hang">—— Journal of the Convention, 1861.</p> + +<p class="hang">—— Messages of the Governors.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Buchanan, James.</span> Works, collected and edited by John Basset Moore +(Philadelphia, 1908-1911), 12 vols.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Cairnes, J. E.</span> Slave Power: its character, career, and probable designs +(New York, 1863), pamphlet.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Confederate States of America.</span> Journal of the Congress, 1861-1865. (United +States Senate <i>Executive Documents</i>, 58th congress, second session, no. +234).</p> + +<p class="hang">—— Provisional and permanent constitutions; and acts and resolutions of +the first session of the Provisional Congress (Richmond, 1861).</p> + +<p class="hang">—— Special orders of the adjutant and inspector general’s office, 1862 +(Richmond, 1862).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Connelley, William E.</span>, editor. Provisional government of Nebraska +Territory and the Journals of William Walker [Lincoln, Nebraska, 1899].</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Dean, Charles W.</span> Letter Book, May 26, 1855 to December 31, 1856 +(Manuscript in United States Indian Office).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Drew, Thomas S.</span> Letter Book, June 1, 1853 to June 1, 1854 (Manuscript in +United States Indian Office).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith Papers.</span> A miscellaneous collection of manuscript materials, +transmitted from Fort Smith, Arkansas, at the close of the Civil War. +Among them is the fragment of one of Elias Rector’s <i>Letter Books</i>.</p> + +<p class="hang">—— Minutes of the private meetings of the commissioners, 1865 (Land +Files, Indian Talks, Councils, etc., Box 4).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Hagood, Johnson.</span> Memoirs of the War of Secession from the original +manuscripts of Johnson Hagood (Columbia, S. C., 1912).<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span></p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Kappler, Charles J.</span>, compiler and editor. Indian affairs: Laws and +Treaties (United States Senate Documents, 58th congress, Second session, +no. 319), 2 vols.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Leeper Papers.</span> Manuscripts, chiefly letters written or received by Matthew +Leeper, successively United States and Confederate States Indian Agent, +brought from the Wichita Agency after the massacre of October, 1862.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Lincoln, Abraham.</span> Writings, edited by A. B. Lapsley (New York, 1905-1906), +8 vols.</p> + +<p class="hang">—— Complete Works, edited by John G. Nicolay and John Hay (New York, +1894), 2 vols.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">McPherson, Edward.</span> Political history of the United States of America +during the Great Rebellion (Washington, 1864).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Mason, Emily V.</span> Southern poems of the war (Baltimore, 1867).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Matthews, James M.</span>, editor. Statutes at Large of the Confederate States of +America from February 8, 1861 to February 18, 1862, together with the +constitution of the provisional government and the permanent constitution +of the Confederate States, and the treaties concluded by the Confederate +States with the Indian tribes (Richmond, 1864).</p> + +<p class="hang">—— Statutes at Large of the first congress of the Confederate States of +America (Richmond, 1862), pamphlet.</p> + +<p class="hang">—— Statutes at Large of the Confederate States of America, commencing +the first session of the first congress and including the first session of +the second congress (Richmond, 1864).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Missouri.</span> Adjutant-general’s report of the Missouri State Militia for 1861 +(St. Louis, 1862).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Moore, Frank</span>, editor. Diary, or Rebellion record (New York, 1868), 11 +vols. and a supplementary volume for 1861-1864.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Newspapers.</span> Arkansas Baptist (Little Rock).</p> + +<p class="blockquot">Arkansas Gazette (Little Rock).<br /> +Arkansas Intelligencer (Van Buren).<br /> +Arkansas True Democrat (Little Rock).<br /> +Chronicle, The (Little Rock).<br /> +Daily National Democrat (Little Rock).<br /> +Daily State Journal (Little Rock).<br /> +National Democrat (Little Rock).<br /> +State Rights Democrat, The (Little Rock).<br /> +Unconditional Union (Little Rock).<br /> +Weekly Arkansas Gazette (Little Rock).</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span></p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Phisterer, Frederick.</span> Statistical record of the armies of the United +States (New York, 1890).</p> + +<p class="blockquot">Supplementary volume to the Campaigns of the Civil War Series.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Pike, Albert.</span> Poems, edited by his daughter, Mrs. Lillian Pike Roome +(Little Rock, 1900).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Raines, C. W.</span>, editor. Six decades in Texas, or the memoirs of F. R. +Lubbock (Austin, 1890).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Rector, Elias.</span> Letter Book.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">A Fragment. Ms. in United States Indian Office among the Fort Smith +Papers. Many of the letters have been almost obliterated by exposure.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Richardson, James D.</span>, editor. Compilation of the messages and papers of +the Confederacy, including the diplomatic correspondence (Nashville, +1905), 2 vols.</p> + +<p class="hang">—— Compilation of the messages and papers of the presidents, 1789-1897 +(Washington, 1896-1899), 10 vols.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Seward, William H.</span> Works, edited by G. E. Baker (New York, 1853-1884), 5 +vols.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Smith, William R.</span> History and debates of the convention of the people of +Alabama, January 7, 1861 (Montgomery, 1861).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Texas.</span> Ordinances and resolutions of the convention held in the city of +Austin, January 28, 1861, to February 24, 1861 (Austin, 1861).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">United States of America.</span> Attorney-general, opinions, 1791-1908 +(Washington, 1852-).</p> + +<p class="hang">—— Report of Covode committee, 1860 (House <i>Reports</i>, 36th congress, +first session, no. 648).</p> + +<p class="hang">—— Report of select committee to investigate abstraction of bonds held +in trust by the United States government for the Indian tribes (House +<i>Reports</i>, 36th congress, second session, no. 78).</p> + +<p class="hang">—— Department of the Interior, Reports of the Secretary, 1861-1865, +inclusive.</p> + +<p class="hang">—— Office of Indian Affairs, Land Files, General Files, Miscellaneous +Files, and Special Files.</p> + +<p class="hang">—— Office of Indian Affairs, Letter Books [letters sent]:</p> + +<table style="margin-left: 10%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3" summary="table"> +<tr><td>No.</td><td>50, August 28, 1854 to February 20, 1855.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>51, February 21, 1855 to June 12, 1855.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>52, June 13, 1855 to October 27, 1855.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>53, October 29, 1855 to March 19, 1856.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>54, March 20, 1856 to July 30, 1856.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>55, July 31, 1856 to December 31, 1856.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>56, January 2, 1857 to May 25, 1857.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span>"</td> + <td>57, May 26, 1857 to October 31, 1857.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>58, November 2, 1857 to April 30, 1858.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>59, May 1, 1858 to October 23, 1858.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>60, October 25, 1858 to April 29, 1859.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>61, April 30, 1859 to August 23, 1859.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>62, August 24, 1859 to February 9, 1860.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>63, February 10, 1860 to June 26, 1860.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>64, June 27, 1860 to December 7, 1860.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>65, December 8, 1860 to June 1, 1861.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>66, June 3, 1861 to October 23, 1861.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>67, October 24, 1861 to March 25, 1862.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>68, March 26, 1862 to August 7, 1862.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>69, August 8, 1862 to January 20, 1863.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>70, January 20, 1863 to June 5, 1863.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>71, June 5, 1863 to October 14, 1863.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>72, October 15, 1863 to January 8, 1864.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>73, January 9, 1864 to April 23, 1864.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>74, April 25, 1864 to July 28, 1864.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>75, July 28, 1864 to December 7, 1864.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>76, December 8, 1864 to April 4, 1865.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>77, April 4, 1865 to August 3, 1865.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>78, August 3, 1865 to December 8, 1865.</td></tr></table> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">United States of America.</span> Office of Indian Affairs, Registers (letters +received):</p> + +<table style="margin-left: 10%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3" summary="table"> +<tr><td>No.</td><td>44, January 4, 1855 to July 31, 1855.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>45, August 1, 1855 to December 31, 1855.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>46, January 1, 1856 to June 30, 1856.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>47, July 1, 1856 to December 31, 1856.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>48, January 1, 1857 to June 30, 1857.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>49, July 1, 1857 to December 31, 1857.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>50, January 1, 1858 to June 25, 1858.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>51, June 25, 1858 to December 29, 1858.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>52, December 30, 1858 to June 27, 1859.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>53, June 28, 1859 to December 31, 1859.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>54, January 1, 1860 to June 1, 1860.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>55, June 1, 1860 to December 31, 1860.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>56, January 1, 1861 to June 30, 1861.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>57, July 1, 1861 to December 31, 1861.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>58, January 1, 1862 to July 1, 1862.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>59, July 1, 1862 to December 31, 1862.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>60, January 1, 1863 to June 30, 1863.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>61, July 1, 1863 to January 2, 1864.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>62, January 2, 1864 to May 30, 1864.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>63, June 1, 1864 to December 31, 1864.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>64, January 1, 1865 to June 30, 1865.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>65, July 1, 1865 to December 29, 1865.</td></tr></table> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span></p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">United States of America.</span> Office of Indian Affairs, Report Books:</p> + +<table style="margin-left: 10%;" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3" summary="table"> +<tr><td>No.</td><td> 8, May 1, 1854 to August 9, 1855.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td> 9, August 10, 1855 to December 31, 1856.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>10, January 1, 1857 to March 31, 1858.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>11, April 1, 1858 to September 2, 1860.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>12, September 3, 1860 to December 9, 1862.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>13, December 12, 1862 to August 19, 1864.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="center">"</td><td>14, August 20, 1864 to December 12, 1865.</td></tr></table> + +<p class="hang">—— Department of War, Reports of the Secretary, 1861-1865, inclusive.</p> + +<p class="hang">—— Statutes at Large (Boston, 1850-).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">War of the Rebellion.</span> Compilation of the official records of the Union and +Confederate armies (Washington), 129 serial volumes and an index volume.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Welles, Gideon.</span> Diary (Boston, 1911), 3 vols.</p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="title">III. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF AUTHORITIES</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Abbott, Luther J.</span> History and Civics of Oklahoma (Boston, 1910).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Abel, Annie Heloise.</span> Indians in the Civil War (<i>American Historical +Review</i>, vol. xv, 281-296).</p> + +<p class="hang">—— Indian reservations in Kansas and the extinguishment of their titles +(Kansas Historical Society, <i>Collections</i>, vol. viii, 72-109).</p> + +<p class="hang">—— History of events resulting in Indian consolidation west of the +Mississippi River (American Historical Association, <i>Report</i>, 1906).</p> + +<p class="hang">—— Proposals for an Indian State in the Union, 1778-1878 (American +Historical Association, <i>Report</i>, 1907, vol. i, 89-102).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Adams, Richard C.</span> Brief history of the Delaware Indians (Senate +<i>Documents</i>, 59th congress, first session, no. 501).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Alexander, Gross.</span> History of the Methodist Church South (New York, 1894).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Bancroft, Frederic.</span> Life of William H. Seward (New York, 1900), 2 vols.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Baptist Home Missions</span> in North America, 1832-1882.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">Published by the American Baptist Home Missionary Society, New York, 1883.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Bishop, Albert Webb.</span> Loyalty on the frontier, or sketches of union men of +the southwest (St. Louis, 1863).</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span></p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Boudinot, Elias C.</span> Speech delivered before the House Committee on +Territories, February 7, 1872 (Washington, 1872), pamphlet.</p> + +<p class="hang">—— Oklahoma, an argument before the House Committee on Territories, +January 29, 1878 (Alexandria, 1878), pamphlet.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Brewerton, G. Douglas.</span> War in Kansas (New York, 1856).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Brigham, Johnson.</span> James Harlan (Iowa City, Ia., 1913).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Britton, Wiley.</span> Memoirs of the rebellion on the border, 1863 (Chicago, +1882).</p> + +<p class="hang">—— Civil War on the border, 1861-1862 (New York, 1891).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Brough, Charles Hillman.</span> Historic battlefields (Arkansas Historical +Society, <i>Publications</i>, vol. i, 278-285).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Brown, George W.</span> Reminiscences of Governor R. J. Walker, with the true +story of the rescue of Kansas from slavery (Rockford, Ill., 1902).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Bruce, Henry.</span> Life of General Houston (New York, 1891).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Callahan, James Morton.</span> Diplomatic history of the southern confederacy +(Baltimore, 1901).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Cherokee Indians.</span> Memorial of the delegates of the Cherokee Nation to the +president and congress of the United States (Washington <i>Chronicle Print</i>, +1886).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Cheshire, Joseph Blunt.</span> Church in the Confederate States (New York, 1912).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Connelley, William Elsey.</span> James Henry Lane (Topeka, 1899).</p> + +<p class="hang">—— Quantrill and the border wars (Cedar Rapids, 1910).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Cordley, Richard.</span> History of Lawrence (Lawrence, 1895).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Davis, Jefferson.</span> Rise and fall of the Confederate government (New York, +1881), 2 vols.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Delaware Indians.</span> Report on the military service (United States Senate +<i>Documents</i>, 61st congress, first session, no. 134).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Draper, J. W.</span> History of the American Civil War (New York, 1867-1870), 3 +vols.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Evans, General Clement A.</span>, editor. Confederate military history (Atlanta, +1899), 10 vols.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Fite, Emerson David.</span> Presidential campaign of 1860 (New York, 1911).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Fleming, Walter L.</span> Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama (New York, +1905).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Foulke, William Dudley.</span> Life of Oliver P. Morton (Indianapolis, 1899), 8 +vols.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span></p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Garrison, W. P.</span> and <span class="smcap">F. J. Garrison.</span> William Lloyd Garrison, 1805-1879 +(Boston, 1894), 4 vols.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Gihon, John H.</span> Geary and Kansas (Philadelphia, 1866).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Goodlander, C. W.</span> Memoirs and recollections of the early days of Fort +Scott (Fort Scott, Kans., 1899).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Greeley, Horace.</span> American Conflict (Hartford, 1864-1867), 2 vols.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Hallum, John.</span> Biographical and pictorial history of Arkansas (Albany, +1887).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Hill, Luther B.</span> History of the state of Oklahoma (Chicago, 1908), 8 vols.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Hodder, Frank Heywood.</span> The Genesis of the Kansas-Nebraska Act (Wisconsin +State Historical Society, <i>Proceedings for 1912</i>, pp. 69-86), (Madison, +1913), pamphlet.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Holloway, John N.</span> History of Kansas to 1861 (Lafayette, Ind., 1868).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Holst, Hermann von.</span> Constitutional and political history of the United +States (Chicago, 1876-1892), 7 vols.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Johnson, Allen.</span> Stephen A. Douglas (New York, 1908).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Johnson, Thomas Cary.</span> History of the Southern Presbyterian Church (New +York, 1894). American Church History Series, vol. xi.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Kaufman, Wilhelm.</span> Sigel und Halleck (<i>Deutsch-Am. Geschichtsblätter</i>, Band +x, 210-216).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Martin, George W.</span> First two years of Kansas (Topeka, 1907), pamphlet.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Meigs, W. M.</span> Life of Thomas Hart Benton (Philadelphia, 1904).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">North, Thomas.</span> Five years in Texas, 1861-1865 (Cincinnati, 1871).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Parker, Thomas Valentine.</span> Cherokee Indians (New York, 1907).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Paxton, William M.</span> Annals of Platte County, Missouri (Kansas City, Mo., +1897).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Phillips, Ulrich.</span> Georgia and state rights (Washington, 1902).</p> + +<p class="hang">—— The life of Robert Toombs (New York, 1913).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Ramsdell, Charles Wm.</span> Reconstruction in Texas (Columbia University +<i>Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law</i>, vol. xxxvi, no. 1).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Ray, P. Orman.</span> Repeal of the Missouri Compromise, its origin and +authorship (Cleveland, 1909).<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span></p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Reynolds, John H.</span> Makers of Arkansas (Story of the States series), (New +York, 1905).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Rhodes, James Ford.</span> History of the United States from the Compromise of +1850 (New York, 1893-1906), 7 vols.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Robinson, Charles.</span> Kansas Conflict (Lawrence, 1898).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Robley, T. F.</span> History of Bourbon County, Kansas, to the close of 1865 +(Fort Scott, 1894).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Ross, D. H.</span> and others. Reply of the delegates of the Cherokee Nation to +the demands of the commissioner of Indian affairs, May, 1866 (Washington, +1866), pamphlet.</p> + +<p class="blockquot">Land Files, Treaties, Box 3, M392.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Ross, Mrs. Wm. P.</span> Life and times of William P. Ross (Fort Smith, 1893).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Schouler, James.</span> History of the United States under the Constitution (New +York, 1899), 6 vols.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Schwab, John Christopher.</span> Confederate States of America, 1861-1865 (New +York, 1901).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Shinn, Josiah.</span> Pioneers and makers of Arkansas (Little Rock, 1908).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Speck, Frank G.</span> Creeks of Taskigi Town. American Anthropological +Association <i>Publications</i>, vol. ii, part 2.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Speer, John.</span> Life of James H. Lane (Garden City, Kans., 1897).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Spring, Leverett W.</span> Kansas: the prelude to the War for the Union (American +Commonwealth series), (Boston, 1885).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Stephens, Alexander H.</span> Constitutional view of the late War between the +States (Philadelphia, 1870), 2 vols.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Stovall, Pleasant A.</span> Robert Toombs (New York, 1892).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Tenney, W. J.</span> Military and naval history of the rebellion in the United +States (New York, 1866).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Thompson, Robert Ellis.</span> History of the Presbyterian Churches in the United +States (American Church History series, vol. vi), (New York, 1893).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Van Deventer, Horace.</span> Albert Pike, 1809-1891 (Knoxville, 1910).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Villard, Oswald Garrison.</span> John Brown, 1800-1859; biography fifty years +after (Boston, 1910).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Walker, Williston.</span> History of the Congregational Churches in the United +States (American Church History series, vol. iii), (New York, 1894).</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Wilder, D. W.</span> Annals of Kansas (Topeka, 1875, 1885).</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span></p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Wilson, Henry.</span> Rise and fall of the slave power in America (Boston, +1872-1877), 3 vols.</p> + +<p class="hang"><span class="smcap">Wooten, Dudley G.</span> Comprehensive history of Texas (Dallas, 1898), 2 vols.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span></p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span></p> +<h2>INDEX</h2> + + +<p> +Abbott, J. B: <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Abel, Annie Heloise: work cited, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_190">191</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Abolitionists: Indians’ slaves enticed away, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">charges against Calhoun, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Quantrill in league with, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">desire Indian lands, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">among Cherokees, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cherokees repudiate idea that they are, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">charges against, <a href="#Page_291">291-294</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Adair, W. P: <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Address: of John Ross at Cherokee mass-meeting, <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br /> +<br /> +Agency system: under Confederacy, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> +<br /> +Alabama: Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws from, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote;</i><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choctaws in, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote;</i></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">David Hubbard, commissioner from, <a href="#Page_107">108</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Alliance: Indians given political position in return for, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reasons for southern Indians entering into, with Confederacy, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Confederate State Department to effect, <a href="#Page_138">140</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">failure of Pike to effect, with Cherokees, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choctaw General Council authorizes negotiation of treaty of, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Confederacy paid dearly for its Indian, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">nature of Seminole, with Confederacy, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">principles of active, inserted by Pike into treaties, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McCulloch to accept Drew’s regiment of Home Guards as soon as treaty of, be consummated, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">conditions of, between the Indians and Confederacy, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">result of Battle of Pea Ridge on Indian, <a href="#Page_284">284</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Allies: Indian, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hope of finding in Cherokees, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Allotment in severalty: suggested to Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +American Baptist Missionary Union: <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> +<br /> +American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions: work among Cherokees and Choctaws, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">records of, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">missionaries among Choctaws remove themselves from patronage, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +American Civil War: [See <a href="#civilwar">Civil War</a>]<br /> +<br /> +American Historical Association: <i>Report</i>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +American Revolution: effect upon Cherokee emigration to Texas, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">work of Committees of Correspondence in connection with, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Amnesty: provided for, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> +<br /> +Annuities: negro and Indian half-breeds share Indian, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choctaw, distinct from Chickasaw, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian, declared forfeited by Lincoln government, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Ross considers Indian, safe, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">payment of Indian, assumed by Confederacy, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian, diverted from regular channels, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to use, of hostile Indians, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crawford makes requisition for Cherokee, <a href="#Page_307">307</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Antelope Hills: <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Apucks-hu-nubbe: district of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Arbuckle, General: <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Arkansas: Choctaws and Cherokees tarry in, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian Territory annexed to, for judicial purposes, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Indian patronage, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Indian participation in Civil War, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interest in Indian Territory, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Knights of Golden Circle active in, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interest in Indian alliance, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">affairs reach crisis, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hubbard, commissioner to, <a href="#Page_107">108</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends commission to Indian country, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends Albert Pike as delegate, <a href="#Page_132">132-133</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Arkansas Baptist</i>: <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Arkansas Convention: <i>Journal</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <i>footnotes</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <i>footnotes</i><br /> +<br /> +Arkansas Historical Association: <i>Publications</i>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Arkansas Legislature: <i>House Journal</i>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Arkansas River: <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> +<br /> +Arms: description of, needed for Indians, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choctaw-Chickasaw regiment not furnished with, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">scarcity of, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cherokees in, at Tahlequah mass-meeting, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ross able to bear, <a href="#Page_135">137</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Creeks under, threaten hostilities, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fear, for Indians will be taken by secessionists, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Confederate difficulty in securing, <a href="#Page_253">253</a> and <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Armstrong Academy: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Armstrong, William: <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Asbury Mission: Indian amity compact concluded at, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Assinneboin: suggested Territory of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Atchison, David R: letter to, mentioned, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +<i>Austin State Gazette</i>: <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Averell, William W: <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Baker, George E: work cited, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Balentine, H: <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +Ball-playing: connected with secret organization of “Pins,” <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Bancroft, Frederic: work cited, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Barnes, James K: <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Barnesville: <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a><br /> +<br /> +Beams’s Negroes: <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Beaver Creek: <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> +<br /> +Beening, S. T: <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Benjamin, Judah P: <a href="#Page_138">140</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Benton, Thomas H: plan for a national highway, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">request, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Big Chief: merit chief of Great Osages, <a href="#Page_238">238</a><br /> +<br /> +Billy Bowlegs: leaves Florida, <a href="#Page_20">20</a> <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">communications from, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">refuses to sign treaty with Confederate States, <a href="#Page_198">198-199</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">regarded as good commander, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Bird Creek: battle of, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_255">255-256</a><br /> +<br /> +Bishop, A. W: work cited, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Black Beaver: <a href="#Page_101">101</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a><br /> +<br /> +Black Dog: see <a href="#black"><i>Shon-tah-sob-ba</i></a><br /> +<br /> +Blackhoof, Eli: <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Blain, S. A: <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Blankets: furnished Indian refugees, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to be furnished Indian soldiers in U. S. A., <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians need, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leeper offers to give Kiowas, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rector urges Leeper not to promise, Kiowas, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kiowas receive from U. S. government, <a href="#Page_343">343</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Bloomfield Academy: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Bob Deer: <a href="#Page_244">244</a><br /> +<br /> +Boggy Depot: <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Bonds: <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145-146</a><br /> +<br /> +Boone, A. G: <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Boonsboro [Boonsborough]: <a href="#Page_111">111</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Boudinot, E. C: <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Bourland, James: appointed commissioner, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">report, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Branch, Harrison B: <a href="#Page_182">182-183</a>, <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232-233</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Brazos Agency: <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span><br /> +Bribery: William McIntosh guilty of, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of chiefs to induce secession, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Brigade: jayhawking character of Lane’s, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lane’s gives John Mathews his deserts, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hunter asks permission to muster, of friendly Indians, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kile, quartermaster in <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proportion of white troops in Pike’s, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Brooks, Preston: <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Brown, James: <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> +<br /> +Buchanan, James: administration charged by free-state Kansans with bad faith, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">endorses pro-slavery policy, <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">distrusted, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">“no coercion” policy, <a href="#Page_86">87</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">patronage, given to southern men, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">work cited, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Buckner, H. S: <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /> +<br /> +Buffalo Hump: <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a><br /> +<br /> +Bureau of Indian Affairs (Confederate): <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Burgevin, Edmund: <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Burleigh, Walter A: <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Burlington: <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Burroughs, B: <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /> +<br /> +Burrow, N. B: <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a><br /> +<br /> +Bushwhackers: drive Caddoes out of Texas, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Butler, George: agent for Cherokees, <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a><br /> +<br /> +Byington, Cyrus: <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Cache Creek: <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> +<br /> +Caddoes: from Louisiana, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike to meet, <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">horses stolen by, <a href="#Page_353">353</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Calhoun, J. M: <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Calhoun, John C: report, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">motive, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">political heresy, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Cameron, Simon: <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Campbell, A. B: <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Canadian River: <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a><br /> +<br /> +Cane Hill: <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a><br /> +<br /> +Carolinas: Catawbas in, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Carroll, H. K: work cited, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Carruth, E. H: report, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed by Lane, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interviews Creek delegates, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tries to arrange for inter-tribal council, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter, <a href="#Page_267">267</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Cass, Lewis: <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Catawbas: admitted to Choctaw citizenship, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in possession of northeastern part of Choctaw country, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in South Carolina fight with South, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +“Catron letter”: <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Chah-la-kee: suggested territory of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Chah-lah-ki: district of, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +Chah-ta: suggested territory of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Chahta Tamaha: <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Chatterton, Charles W: <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Checote, Samuel: <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a><br /> +<br /> +Cherokee Declaration of Independence written by Pike, <a href="#Page_135">137</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Cherokee Executive Council, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Ross promises to call meeting of, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">meeting of, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">communicates with McCulloch, <a href="#Page_226">226</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Cherokee Neutral Lands: location, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">size, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">intruded upon, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">project for selling, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McCulloch takes position opposite, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lane’s proposed camp in, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stand Watie ordered to take up a position in, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cowart sets out for, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Cherokee Outlet: <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> +<br /> +Cherokee Proclamation of Neutrality: <a href="#Page_153">153-154</a><br /> +<br /> +Cherokee Strip: location, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">coveted by Kansans, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Cherokee Treaty: <a href="#Page_157">157</a> and <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">declares allegiance to C. S. A., <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">contains guarantee of autonomy, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">contains promise of representation in Congress <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">navigable waters, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">admission to military academy, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointment of postmasters, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">considered by Provisional Congress, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiated, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ross’s characterization of, <a href="#Page_257">257</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Cherokees: from Tennessee and Georgia, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tarried in Arkansas, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">go to Texas, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">removal to Arkansas suggested by Jefferson, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in North Carolina fight with South, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">“Eastern” in controversy with “Western,” <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">character of constitution, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visited by Sacs and Foxes, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">work of A.B.C.F.M. among, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">schools among, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">religious denominations among, <a href="#Page_39">39-40</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">desirable to have slaveholders settle among them, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">material progress due to slavery, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">search organization among, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">with Cooper as volunteers, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">antebellum relations with people of Arkansas, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">representatives at inter-tribal conference, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visited by commissioners from Texas, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in council with Creeks, Seminoles, Quapaws, and Sacs, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike’s negotiations with, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to be indemnified, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made an exception, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Battle of Wilson’s Creek, <a href="#Page_214">214-215</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">secession of, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">resolutions of, <a href="#Page_221">223-225</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">secret organization among, <a href="#Page_291">291-293</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Chickasaw: district, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Chickasaw and Choctaw Herald</i>: <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Chickasaw Legislature: act, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">resolutions, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Chickasaw Manual Labor School: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Chickasaws: from Alabama and Mississippi, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">character of constitution, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">domestic troubles, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">political connection with Choctaws, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">religious denominations among, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">construct government, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as volunteers, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">country, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">not represented at inter-tribal conference, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">convention of Choctaws and, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prevented from attending council at North Fork, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">take charge of property abandoned by Federals at Fort Arbuckle, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appeal of Burroughs to, <a href="#Page_120">120-121</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">resolutions of Choctaws and, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations of Albert Pike with, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_196">196-197</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reported as anxious to join Southern Confederacy, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaty with, considered by Provisional Congress, <a href="#Page_204">204-207</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E. H. Carruth communicates with loyal portion of, <a href="#Page_246">246-247</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Chilton, William P: <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Chippewas: from Michigan, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">warriors, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Chi-sho-hung-ka: <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Chisholm, Jesse: <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a><br /> +<br /> +Choctaw-Chickasaw Regiment: <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Choctaw-Chickasaw Treaty: <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, and <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">declares allegiance to C. S. A., <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">contains promise of representation in Congress, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">suggests ultimate statehood, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">recognizes Choctaw country as distinct from Chickasaw, <a href="#Page_160">161</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">transfers lease of Wichita Reserve to Confederate States, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">navigable waters, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">amnesty, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></span><br /> +<br /><a name="corn" id="corn"></a> +Choctaw Corn Contract: scandal involves Pike, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Choctaw General Council: act, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">resolution, <a href="#Page_72">72-74</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">under authority of Chief Hudson declares Choctaw Nation “free and independent,” <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plan treaty of alliance and amity with Confederacy, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">communication from Pike, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Choctaw Light Horse: <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span><br /> +Choctaws: tarried in Arkansas, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Catawbas wish to unite with, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">intimacy with negroes, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Mississippi fight with South, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prepared to assent to territorial bill, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">domestic troubles, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">political connection with Chickasaws ended, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">religious denominations among, <a href="#Page_39">39-40</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">schools among, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">desirable to have slaveholders settle among them, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ask relief, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">country, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">antebellum relations with people of Arkansas and Texas, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">not represented at inter-tribal conference, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">delegation, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">affairs, <a href="#Page_75">75-79</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaty with Confederate States, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">convention of Chickasaws and, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prevented from attending council at North Fork, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">resolutions of Chickasaws and, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations of Pike with, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_196">196-197</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reported as anxious to join Confederacy, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">enlist in army, <a href="#Page_209">210</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Carruth in communication with loyal portion, <a href="#Page_246">246-247</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Chuahla: <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Chustenahlah: battle of, <a href="#Page_258">258</a><br /> +<br /> +Citizenship: U. S. recommended for Indians, <a href="#Page_31">31</a> and <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ottawas express preference for U. S., <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians to determine own tribal, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jim Ned’s right of, forfeited within Leased District, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></span><br /> +<br /><a name="civilwar" id="civilwar"></a> +Civil War (American): no adequate history of American, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian allies of South in, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Choctaw-Chickasaw country threatened, <a href="#Page_34">34</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">delays Indian removal from Kansas, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">corrupt practices of Democratic Party just prior to American, <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stand Watie on Southern side in, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">responsibility of Texas and Arkansas for participation of Indians in, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">early interest of Texas and Arkansas in Indian country, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">see also <a href="#enlistment"><i>Enlistment of Indians</i></a></span><br /> +<br /> +Civilization Fund: <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> +<br /> +Clark, George W: <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Clover, Seth: <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Cobb, Howell: <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Cockrell, S. R: <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /> +<br /> +Coe, Chas. H: work cited, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Coffin, William G: <a href="#Page_80">80</a> and <i>footnotes</i>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a><br /> +<br /> +Colbert, D: <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Colbert, Holmes: <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Colbert, Winchester: <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Colbert Institute: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Coleman, Isaac: <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Collamore, George W: <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Colley, S. G: <a href="#Page_350">350</a><br /> +<br /> +Collin (Texas): exodus of non-secessionists from, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br /> +<br /> +Colorado: indigenous tribe, in, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attempts to secure Indian coöperation, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Comanche Treaty: <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">amnesty, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Comanches: <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a><br /> +<br /> +Commission: from Texas to Indian nations, <a href="#Page_88">88</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">from Arkansas, <a href="#Page_107">108</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Concharta: <a href="#Page_255">255</a><br /> +<br /> +Confederate Contract: for supplying Indians of Leased District, <a href="#Page_301">301-303</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Confederate Military History</i>: work cited, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +<i>Congressional Globe</i>: work cited, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Connelley, W. E: work cited, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Connor, John: <a href="#f_544">544</a><br /> +<br /> +Cooley, D. N: <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a><br /> +<br /> +Cooper, Douglas H: citizen of Mississippi, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fears abolitionization of Indian country, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">sends note to Superintendent Dean, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sanguine as to slavery conditions among Indians, <a href="#Page_44">45</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">survey of Leased District, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choctaw Corn Contract, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">becomes colonel in Confederate army, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">regiment of Choctaws to be under command of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">absent from post, <a href="#Page_82">82</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">apparently disapproves of Texan interference, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives suggestions from Rector, <a href="#Page_106">106-107</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">instructions to, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">defection of, <a href="#Page_186">186-187</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">asked to continue as agent, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wishes to be agent and colonel, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">report concerning Indian enlistment, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in battle with Opoethleyohola, <a href="#Page_253">254</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">complains of not having more white troops, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Cooper, Samuel: <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br /> +<br /> +Corn Contract: see <a href="#corn"><i>Choctaw Corn Contract</i></a><br /> +<br /> +Council: Cherokee, in session at Tahlequah, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choctaw at Doaksville, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">composition of Doaksville, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Fort Smith, <a href="#Page_226">226-227</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Tahlequah, <a href="#Page_237">237</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coffin holds, with representatives of non-secession element of various tribes, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Agent Johnson holds, with Delaware chiefs, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian refugees hold, at Fort Roe, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Creek, demands payment of money, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cowart reports rumor of Cherokee, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cherokee, to meet, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of each tribe to consider amendments to treaties, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leeper holds with Indians of Leased District, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Comanches propose, to effect everlasting peace with Southern people, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">see also <a href="#intertribal"><i>Inter-tribal Conference</i></a></span><br /> +<br /> +Covode, John: <a href="#Page_276">276</a><br /> +<br /> +Covode Committee: <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Cowart, Robert J: <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a><br /> +<br /> +Cowetah: <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Cox, John T: <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Crawford, John: <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_184">184-185</a>, and <i>footnotes</i>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_221">223</a>, <a href="#Page_325">325</a><br /> +<br /> +Creek Country: Seminoles accommodated within, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposal for giving southern Comanches home within, <a href="#Page_51">51</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proposal to allot lands in severalty, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Creek Light Horse: <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Creek National Council: rejects proposal for allotment of lands in severalty, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">approves draft of treaty with C. S. A., <a href="#Page_194">194</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Creek Treaty: <a href="#Page_157">157</a> and <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dole ignorant of existence, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">declares allegiance to C. S. A., <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">contains guarantee of autonomy, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">contains promise of representation in Congress, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">model on subject of recognizing slavery, <a href="#Page_166">166-167</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">extradition, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiation of, <a href="#Page_192">192-195</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">considered by Provincial Congress, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">clauses providing for active alliance, <a href="#Page_212">212</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Creeks: from Georgia and Alabama, <a href="#Page_19">19-20</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assist in Seminole removal, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mixture with negroes, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">status of free negro among, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Presbyterians among, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">desirable to have slaveholders settle among, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">repent giving home to Seminoles, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">location, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">representatives at inter-tribal council, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visited by commissioners from Texas, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in council with Cherokees, Seminoles, Quapaws, and Sacs, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Crime: unjustly charged against missionaries, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">charged against Reserve Indians, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Crutchfield, Major P. T: <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /> +<br /> +Culbertson, Alexander: <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span><br /> +Cumberland Presbyterians: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Curtis, Gen. S. R: <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Cushing, Caleb: opinion as attorney-general, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> +<br /> +Cutler, Abram: <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Cutler, George A: <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Davis, Jefferson: influences Cushing, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes to Worcester, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">nominates Hubbard Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appoints Pike special commissioner to Indians, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">message, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marshall writes to, <a href="#Page_207">207</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Davis, John B: <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Davis, John D: <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Davis, William P: <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Dawson, J. L: <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Dean, Charles W: <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">work cited, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Debray, X. B: <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Decotah: suggested territory of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Deep Fork of Canadian: <a href="#Page_253">254</a><br /> +<br /> +Delawares: from Indiana, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tarry in Missouri, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">free state men among, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">anxious to avoid white man’s interference, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baptist school on reservation, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as refugees, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leeper to communicate with, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike hopes to meet, <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">wealth, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaty with, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">employed as scouts, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appeal to, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">response of, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Shawnees attack Wichita Agency and kill Leeper, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Delegates: five great tribes should have, in Congress, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike sent as, <a href="#Page_132">132-133</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to be allowed in Confederate Congress, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">161</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Creek on way to Washington, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gamble to Confederate Congress, <a href="#Page_312">312</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Delegation: Choctaw and Chickasaw, gives assurance to Indian Office of neutrality, <a href="#Page_74">74</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">from non-secession element in various tribes, <a href="#Page_265">265-266</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">from Leased District visits Kiowas, <a href="#Page_353">353</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Denton: exodus from, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br /> +<br /> +Denver, J. W: <a href="#Page_270">270</a><br /> +<br /> +Derrysaw, Jacob: <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Dickey, M. C: <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Dickinson, J. C: <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a><br /> +<br /> +Diplomacy: used to effect Indian alliance, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and intrigue to effect Seminole removal from Florida, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +District of Columbia: status of slavery in, <a href="#Page_22">22</a><br /> +<br /> +Disunion: Pike’s poem on, <a href="#Page_133">133</a> and <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Doaksville: <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choctaw constitution, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Council at, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Dole, William P: <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241-242</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a><br /> +<br /> +Dorn, Andrew J: <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">takes charge of Neosho Agency, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">absent from post, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">citizen of Arkansas, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tells Neosho River Agency Indians to attend Tahlequah meeting, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter of, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rector complains of conduct of, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Dred Scott Decision: effect upon Indian interests, <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> +<br /> +Drew, John: <a href="#Page_135">137</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a><br /> +<br /> +Drew, Thomas: work cited, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">issues permits to peddle in Indian country, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Drouth: <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a><br /> +<br /> +Du Val, Ben T: <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Dwight: Cherokee school at, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Echo Harjo: <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a><br /> +<br /> +Edwards, John: <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span><br /> +Elder, Peter P: <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Elk Horn Tavern: battle of, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Ellis, Jo: <a href="#Page_244">244</a><br /> +<br /> +Emigration: of Indians voluntary, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Emissaries: <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a><br /> +<br /> +Emory, William H: <a href="#Page_96">96-102</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <i>footnotes</i><br /> +<br /><a name="enlistment" id="enlistment"></a> +Enlistment of Indians: Pike favors, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McCulloch instructed to secure, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">no intention of Confederacy to use as Home Guards exclusively, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike objects to use outside of Indian country, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hyams urges, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chief Hudson authorizes, among Choctaws, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Federal attitude towards, <a href="#Page_227">227</a> <i>et seq.</i>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">compulsory, illegal, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lane resolves upon, <a href="#Page_229">229-230</a> and <i>footnotes</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frémont favors, <a href="#Page_231">231-232</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Delaware chiefs oppose, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lane persists in urging, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">urged by Hunter, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to be resorted to by Federals in invading Indian Territory, <a href="#Page_270">270-271</a> and <i>footnotes</i>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">U. S. War Department reverses action respecting, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a> and <i>footnotes</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coffin’s views on, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">muster roll showing, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">among Comanches abandoned, <a href="#Page_350">350</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Euchees: <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Factions: among Cherokees, <a href="#Page_49">49-50</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_221">223</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">among Creeks, <a href="#Page_192">192-194</a>, <a href="#Page_253">254</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">among Seminoles, <a href="#Page_198">198-199</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">among Comanches, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Fairfield: Cherokee school at, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Fall Leaf: <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a> and <i>footnotes</i>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Farnsworth, H. W: <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br /> +<br /> +Fayetteville: <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a><br /> +<br /> +Female seminaries: Indian girls attend, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Finch, John: <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Finley, C. A: <a href="#Page_270">270</a><br /> +<br /> + +Fishback, William Meade: <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Fleming, Walter L: work cited, <a href="#Page_107">108</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Floyd, John B: <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a><br /> +<br /> +Folsom, George: <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Folsom, Israel: <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> +<br /> +Folsom, Joseph P: <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> +<br /> +Folsom, Peter: <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> +<br /> +Folsom, Sampson: <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> +<br /> +Food: Indian refugees need, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to destitute Delawares from Cherokee country, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Creek refugees destitute of, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">supposed fraudulent character of contract for supplying, <a href="#Page_285">285-289</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Confederate contract with Charles B. Johnson for supplying, <a href="#Page_301">301-303</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for Comanches, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to be furnished Indians in council considering amendments to treaties, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receipt for, furnished, <a href="#Page_345">345</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Fort Arbuckle: <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_86">87</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Belknap: <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Fort Caleb: <a href="#Page_295">295</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Cobb: <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, footnote, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Coffee Academy: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Fort Davis: <a href="#Page_349">349</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Gibson: abandoned as military post, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Major Emory and, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">distance from Fort Smith, <a href="#Page_107">108</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike returns to, <a href="#Page_135">137</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Armstrong to meet emigrating Creeks at, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooper draws off in direction of, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">money at, <a href="#Page_325">325</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Fort Leavenworth: <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Lincoln: <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort McCulloch: <a href="#Page_138">139</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Randall: <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span><br /> +Fort Roe: <a href="#Page_259">259</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Fort Scott: <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Smith: headquarters of southern superintendency, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">evacuated, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. G. Coffin fails to reach, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emory reaches, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emory tarries at, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hot-bed of sectionalism, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">distance from Fort Gibson, <a href="#Page_107">108</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. J. Gaines reaches, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike proceeds to, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McCulloch at, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">talk of confiscating Rector’s property at, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">distance from Scullyville, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fire at, <a href="#Page_298">298</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Fort Smith Council: <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_226">226-227</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Fort Smith Papers</i>: cited, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_285">285-328</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Fort Smith Times</i>: cited, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Fort Sumter: <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Towson: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Fort Washita: <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Wise: <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Forty-niners: covet land in Indian country, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +Frauds: William Walker, head chief of Wyandots, takes part in Kansas election, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Frazier, Jackson: <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, footnote<br /> +<br /> +Free negroes: status among Creeks and Seminoles, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">among Choctaws, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">Leased District rendezvous for, <a href="#Page_56">56-57</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Free-soilers: <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br /> +<br /> +Free-state expansion: charge that Calhoun intended to prevent, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +Free-state men: intrenched among Delawares north of Kansas River, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> +<br /> +Frémont, John C: <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a><br /> +<br /> +Frontier: action along Missouri-Arkansas in Civil War, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">character of men of, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians exploited for sake of men of, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">trouble on, to be expected, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Frozen Rock: <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> +<br /> +Fugitive Slave Law: operative within Indian country, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Gaines, J. J: <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br /> +<br /> +Gamble, James: <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a><br /> +<br /> +Garland, Samuel: <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> +<br /> +Garrett, William H: <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a> <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a><br /> +<br /> +Georgia: Creeks and Cherokees from, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">D. E. Twiggs from, <a href="#Page_86">87</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Grayton: exodus from, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br /> +<br /> +Green, J. J: <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Greenwood, A. B: <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a><br /> +<br /> +“Grier letter”: <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Griffith, Samuel: <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183-184</a><br /> +<br /> +Grimes, Marshal: <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Hagerstown (Md.): Quantrill, native of, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> +<br /> +Half-breeds: status of, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">generally slaveholders, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">influence sought in holding Indian country for South, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">planter class in Indian Territory, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">white men and Choctaw, hold secession meeting, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">missionaries fear, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hated by “loyal” Cherokees, <a href="#Page_138">139</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attempt to force full-bloods into alliance with Confederacy, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Halleck, Henry W: <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a><br /> +<br /> +Hamilton, Charles A: appointed commissioner, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">report, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Harris, C. A: <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Harris, Cyrus: <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">visited by commissioners from Texas, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Harris, Thomas A: <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span><br /> +Harrison, James E: appointed commissioner, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">report, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">referred to by Governor Clark, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Helena (Ark.): <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> +<br /> +Hemphill, John: <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Hester, G. B: <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Hicks, Charles: <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Hindman, Thomas C: <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a><br /> +<br /> +Hobbs, Reverend Doctor S. L: <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +Hotchkin, Ebenezer: <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> +<br /> +Houston, Sam: <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a><br /> +<br /> +Howard, O. O: work cited, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Hubbard, David: <a href="#Page_107">108</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter to Governor Moore, <a href="#Page_109">109-110</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">nominated as Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike hopes for coöperation, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives instructions from Walker, <a href="#Page_142">142-143</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ill-health, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes to John Ross, <a href="#Page_144">144-145</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reply of John Ross to, <a href="#Page_146">146-147</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">instructed not to offer statehood, <a href="#Page_160">161</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">advice to Crawford, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">advises economy, <a href="#Page_315">315</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Hudson, George: <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">declares Choctaw Nation “free and independent,” <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">dealings with Pike, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proclamation, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_209">210</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Humboldt: <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_247">247</a><br /> +<br /> +Humphreys, John J: <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Hunter, David: <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a><br /> +<br /> +Hyams, S. M: <a href="#Page_155">155</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Illinois: tribes from, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian adoption: <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian camp: Lane plans establishment to prevent foraging into Kansas, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to be located in Cherokee Neutral Lands, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooper reaches, <a href="#Page_253">254</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Indian country: west of Arkansas and Missouri, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tribes within, indigenous and emigrant, <a href="#Page_19">19</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">population, <a href="#Page_20">20-21</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cut in two by Missouri Compromise line, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reservation system established, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">listed with District of Columbia as strictly federal soil, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fugitive Slave Law declared operative within, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">presence of free negroes sometimes source of grave danger, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">constantly beset by difficulties, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">likely to be greatly reduced in area by Manypenny treaties, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">intruders attracted by supposed mines of precious metals, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rivalry among churches, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">intruders to be removed by Agent Cowart, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">practically no U. S. troops within, <a href="#Page_52">52-53</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">northern tribes of less importance politically than southern, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">slaveholding politicians work through halfbreeds to hold for South, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">strategic importance of, appreciated by Arkansas, <a href="#Page_107">108</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">military necessity of securing, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike describes sojourn in, <a href="#Page_134">134</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McCulloch to give military protection to, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McCulloch lays plans for taking possession of, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">establishment of Confederate States courts promised by treaty with great tribes, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">postal system to be maintained throughout, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">U. S. War Department resolves upon expedition to, <a href="#Page_270">270</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Indian Home Guards: Pike in favor of Indians as, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">no evidence that Indians wanted exclusively as, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">individual Cherokees as, <a href="#Page_149">149-151</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">disposition to keep Indians as, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ross’s plan defeated by McCulloch, <a href="#Page_226">226-227</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">authorized by Cherokee Executive National Council, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drew’s regiment tendered to McCulloch, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drew’s regiment escorts Pike to Park Hill, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Indian Intercourse Law: difficulty in enforcing, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Greenwood’s exposition of, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leeper asks for copy, <a href="#Page_315">315</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leeper reports troops necessary to enforce law within Leased District, <a href="#Page_346">346</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Indian Property Rights: put in jeopardy by pioneer advance, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in trans-Missouri region, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rendered secure by treaty promises, chap. iii</span><br /> +<br /> +Indian Removal: policy, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">law for, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">indemnification for, <a href="#Page_164">164-166</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Indian States in Union: suggested by southern politicians, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">suggested by Texas newspapers, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Confederacy promises to Choctaws, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">no assurance of, to be given by Hubbard, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">promised in treaties made by Confederacy, <a href="#Page_160">160</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_160">161</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Davis calls attention to clauses in Indian treaties providing for, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Provisional Congress modifies treaty guarantee for, <a href="#Page_204">204</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Indian Territory: small tribes find their way to, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">annexed for judicial purposes to Western District of Arkansas, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in danger of being abolitionized,<a href="#Page_41">41-42</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">only home for Indians from Kansas, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">drouth in, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">political status of tribes in, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">position with respect to Texas and Arkansas, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">topographical description of, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">early interest of Texas and Arkansas in, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">halfbreeds of, a planter class, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Knights of Golden Circle active in, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians to be driven out of, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cut off from communication with U. S. Indian Office, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">agents within, all southern men, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Commissioner Dole urges reoccupation of, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">strategical importance of, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">included within Trans-Mississippi District of Department No. 2, <a href="#Page_280">280</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Indian trade: licenses for, <a href="#Page_59">59-60</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">regulations respecting, <a href="#Page_169">169-171</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Indiana: tribes from, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. G. Coffin from, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Indians: lands granted in perpetuity, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">participation in American Civil War inevitable, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as emigrants, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">number of colonized, <a href="#Page_20">20-21</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proportion of southern to northern, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">slaves enticed away by abolitionists, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">seized as fugitives by southern men, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interests militated indirectly against by Dred Scott decision, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">territorial form of government for, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaty rights likely to be seriously affected by repeal of Missouri Compromise, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plan for colonizing Texas, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Knights of Golden Circle active among, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">condition of, reported by Texas commissioners, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choctaw and Chickasaw friendly to Confederate States, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">enlistment, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147-149</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211-212</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaties with Confederate States, <a href="#Page_157">157-158</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202-206</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">judicial rights under treaties with Confederate States, <a href="#Page_172">172-174</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">military support secured early by Confederacy, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">use of, by U. S. as soldiers uncertain, <a href="#Page_227">227</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">not subject to conscription, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reported arming themselves on southern border of Kansas, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">conference with Lane at Fort Lincoln, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">totally abandoned by U. S. government, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">see also under names of individual nations and tribes</span><br /> +<br /> +Interior Department: <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a><br /> +<br /><a name="interlopers" id="interlopers"></a> +Interlopers: encourage slavery within Indian country, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">see also <a href="#intruders"><i>Intruders</i></a></span><br /> +<br /><a name="intertribal" id="intertribal"></a> +Inter-tribal Conference: documents relating to, called by the Chickasaws, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assembling of, at Creek Agency, <a href="#Page_69">70</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attendance, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">action, <a href="#Page_71">71-72</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">action not officially reported to U. S. government, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Motey Kennard and Echo Harjo in Washington at time, was planned, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians solicit, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lane arranges for, to meet at Fort Lincoln, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coffin desires, at Humboldt, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">plans for, at Leroy, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hunter instructed to hold, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">difference between, as planned by Lane and by Hunter, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John T. Cox gives account of, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Interview: of Pike and McCulloch with Cherokee Confederate sympathizers, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Lane with representatives of various tribes at Fort Lincoln proposed, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Coffin with Carruth, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Carruth with Creek delegation, <a href="#Page_245">245</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Intrigue: and diplomacy to effect Seminole removal from Florida, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike expected to succeed in, with Southern Indians, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /><a name="intruders" id="intruders"></a> +Intruders: to be removed by Agent Cowart, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interfere with slavery, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Confederate military authority to supplement tribal in expulsion of, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Agent Butler’s reports, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Greenwood discusses matter with Rector, <a href="#Page_290">290-291</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cowart reports progress in removal of, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cowart gives notice to John B. Jones to leave Cherokee Nation, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">see also <a href="#interlopers"><i>Interlopers</i></a></span><br /> +<br /> +Iowas: <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Irish, O. H: <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Iyanubbi: Choctaw school at, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Jackson, Andrew: <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">inducements offered to Indians, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">procedure of, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opposed to political tenets of John C. Calhoun, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Jayhawking: of Lane’s brigade, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a><br /> +<br /> +Jennison, C. R: <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Jesup, Thomas S: <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /> +<br /> +Jim Ned: <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a><br /> +<br /> +Jim Pockmark: <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a><br /> +<br /> +John Chupco: <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a><br /> +<br /><a name="jumper" id="jumper"></a> +John Jumper: and Seminole removal, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">favors boarding schools for youth of tribe, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">approached by Albert Pike, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">signs complaint against General Jesup, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">signs treaty with Confederate States, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">signature attached to Comanche treaties, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">doing duty faithfully, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter to, <a href="#Page_337">337</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Johnson, Charles, B: <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, footnote, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a><br /> +<br /> +Johnson, F: <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, footnote, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Johnson, James B: <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Johnson, Richard H: <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Johnson, Robert W: <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">correspondence with Albert Pike, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">motion, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crawford serves by request, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">elected senator, <a href="#Page_334">334</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Johnson, Thomas: slavery-propagation work among Indians, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> +<br /> +Johnson, W. Warren: <a href="#Page_303">303</a><br /> +<br /> +Johnson: exodus from, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br /> +<br /> +Jones, Evan: <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a><br /> +<br /> +Jones, H. P: <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a><br /> +<br /> +Jones, John: <a href="#Page_309">309</a><br /> +<br /> +Jones, John B: <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a><br /> +<br /> +Jones, R. M: <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344-345</a><br /> +<br /> +Journeycake, Charles: <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Jumper, John: see <a href="#jumper"><i>John Jumper</i></a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Ka-hi-ke-tung-ka: <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Kannady, J. R: <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Kansa: indigenous to Kansas, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">suffering of, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Kansas: Indian tribes in, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">agitation for the opening up of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">compared with Choctaw country, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">suggested organization causes excitement among Indians, <a href="#Page_33">33-34</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">citizens encroach upon Cherokee Neutral Lands, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">drouth in, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">political status of tribes in, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Cherokee Outlet, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elder, citizen of, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike desires to raise Indian battalion, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians wish to fight, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Kansas Historical Society: <i>Collections</i>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Kansas-Nebraska Bill: effect upon Indian interests, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">settlers demand Indians to vacate territory covered by, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seward’s speech on, <a href="#Page_58">58-59</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Kansas Territory: first districting illegally included Indian lands, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">free-state settlers charge Buchanan government with bad faith, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Kappler, C. J: work cited, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Kaskaskias: from Illinois, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Keitt, Lawrence M: <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +Kennedy, John C: <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Kickapoos: from Indiana, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tarry in Missouri, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">denominationalism among, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">refugees, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leeper to communicate with, in name of Albert Pike, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike hopes to meet, <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Kile, William: <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a><br /> +<br /> +Kingsbury, Rev. Cyrus: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> +<br /> +Kingsbury Jr., Cyrus: <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +Kiowas: <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Texans reported tampering with, <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">messengers from, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">talk for, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaty with, to be effected, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">delegation of, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Big-head, chief of, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lone Wolf, chief of, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">E-sa-sem-mus, chief of, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">annual festival of, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaty with, <a href="#Page_354">354</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Knights of Golden Circle: probable influence with Arkansas Legislature, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">evidence of activity among Indians, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">halfbreeds belong to, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Koonsha Female Seminary: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Lands: plot to dispossess Indian of, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pledged by U. S. government as Indian possession in perpetuity, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Cherokees extended north of thirty-seventh parallel, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Indians coveted by Forty-niners, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Indians in Kansas excluded from local governmental control, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">allotment in severalty proposed to Creeks, Choctaws and Chickasaws, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">violation of treaties to cost Indians their, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">property rights of Indians guaranteed by Confederacy, <a href="#Page_160">161</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians to have right to dispose of by will, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cherokee halfbreeds fear designs upon Indian, <a href="#Page_216">216</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Lane, James H: <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a><br /> +<br /> +Lane, W. P: <a href="#Page_357">357</a><br /> +<br /> +Laughinghouse, G. W: <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /> +<br /> +Leased District: <a href="#Page_52">52</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a><br /> +<br /> +Lee, Robert E: <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Lee, S. Orlando: letter, <a href="#Page_75">75-79</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Leeper, Matthew: <a href="#Page_57">57</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304-307</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_315">315-319</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">removal of, asked for by Rector, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">death of, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">charges against, <a href="#Page_333">333</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Leeper Papers</i>: cited, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_329">329-357</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</a></span><br /> +Lee’s Creek: Cherokee school at, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Lefontaine, Louis: <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Leroy: <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a><br /> +<br /> +Lincoln, Abraham: <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a><br /> +<br /> +Little Captain: <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Little Rock: <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_107">108</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +London, John T: <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Long John: <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Love, Overton: <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Lower Creeks: <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a><br /> +<br /> +Lowrie, Walter: <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> +<br /> +“Loyal Creeks”: <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243-246</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_253">254</a>, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sufferings, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">measures for relief of, <a href="#Page_260">260</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">annuities of “hostiles” to be applied to relief of, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Luce, John B: <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +McCarron, Thomas: <a href="#Page_311">311</a><br /> +<br /> +McClellan, George B: <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a><br /> +<br /> +McCulloch, Ben: <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143-144</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter of Hubbard to, <a href="#Page_144">144-145</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attempt to secure Cherokee help, <a href="#Page_149">149-153</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">communication with John Ross, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reply of John Ross to, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">correspondence with Secretary Walker, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reports Choctaws and Chickasaws as anxious to join Confederacy, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">accompanies Albert Pike, <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gives authority for calling out six hundred rangers from Fort Cobb, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">objects to appointment of Garrett as colonel of Creek regiment, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">acts under direct orders from Richmond, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">promises to protect Cherokee borders, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">orders Stand Watie to take up position in Cherokee Neutral Lands, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">goes to Richmond, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +McCulloch, Henry E: <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +McCulloch, Thomas C: <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +McDaniel, James: <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, and <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Machinations: secessionist sympathy of Indians not due to, of agents and others, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +McIntosh, Chilly: <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_138">140</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +McIntosh, D. N: <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /> +<br /> +McIntosh, James: <a href="#Page_256">256</a> <i>et seq.</i><br /> +<br /> +McIntosh, Rolly: <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +McIntosh, William: <a href="#Page_190">191</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attempts to bribe John Ross, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +McRae, John J: presents petition for removal of Choctaws, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +McWillie, M. H: <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Mails: insecurity, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">none in Indian country, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">irregularity, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">must be provided for in Leased District, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rector has no authority to establish, <a href="#Page_332">332</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Malfeasance: Rev. Thomas Johnson suspected of, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">few Indian Office officials free from, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washburn implicated in, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian agents guilty of, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Manassas Junction: battle of, <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br /> +<br /> +Mandan: suggested territory of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Manypenny, George W: <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian treaties made by, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">promises to look into expediency of Comanche removal, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">suggests giving Indians control of trade, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Marcy, William L: <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Marshall, F. J: <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Marysville: <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Mass-meeting: of Cherokees at Tahlequah, <a href="#Page_217">217</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a><br /> +<br /> +Mathews, John: <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a><br /> +<br /> +Mayers, Abram G: <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a><br /> +<br /> +Mayes, Joel: <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</a></span><br /> +Medicines: Texans seize, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leeper’s requisition can not be honored, <a href="#Page_330">330-331</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Memphis (Tenn.): <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Methodist Episcopal Church South: <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Methodists: <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> +<br /> +Mexican War: effect upon Indian interests, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">service of Pike in, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Miamies: from Indiana, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">charges against Agent Clover, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Michigan: tribes from, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Mikko Hutke: <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a><br /> +<br /> +Military Board of Arkansas: <a href="#Page_190">190</a><br /> +<br /> +Minnesota: territory of Decotah to be carved out of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Mission: of Pike, <a href="#Page_134">134</a> <i>et seq.</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Hubbard, <a href="#Page_143">143</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Carruth, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246-247</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Missionaries: encourage slavery within Indian country, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">among Indians, <a href="#Page_39">39</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">suspected of attempting to abolitionize Indian country, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">charged with inciting to murder, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">search organization among Cherokees due to, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>Missionary Herald</i>: cited, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, footnote<br /> +<br /> +Missions: <a href="#Page_39">39</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> +<br /> +Mississippi: Choctaws and Chickasaws from, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choctaws in, fight on side of South, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooper, citizen of, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Mississippi River: <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> +<br /> +Missouri: Kickapoos, Shawnees, and Delawares tarry in, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interests herself in Indian alliance, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Missouri Compromise: line approximately boundary between northern and southern Indian immigrants, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">encroachment upon northern rights under, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as affected by Kansas-Nebraska bill, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Mitchell, Charles B: <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a><br /> +<br /> +Montgomery: <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_86">87</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a><br /> +<br /> +Moore, Andrew B: <a href="#Page_107">108</a><br /> +<br /> +Moore, Frank: work cited, <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Moore, Thomas O: <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Moo-sho-le-tubbee: district of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Moravians: <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> +<br /> +Morton, Jackson: <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Motey Kennard: <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_190">191</a>, and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a><br /> +<br /> +Mound City: <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Munsees: from Ohio, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moravians among, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Murphy, J: <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /> +<br /> +Mus-co-kee: territory of suggested, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Navajoe: suggested territory of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Ne-a-math-la: <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Nebraska: indigenous tribes in, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">agitation for opening up of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">drouth in, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Ne-con-he-con: <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Negroes: Choctaws charged with mixing with, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Creeks almost completely mixed with, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Creeks possess no aversion to race mixture, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">no rights that white men are bound to respect, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Quantrill plans to rescue, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians agree to return fugitive, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">six hundred, seized by Kansans, <a href="#Page_334">334</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Neighbors, Robert S: <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Neosho: suggested territory of, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Neosho River: <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Neosho River Agency: <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">invaded, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elder put in charge of, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians of, at Fort Smith Council, <a href="#Page_241">241</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Neutrality: McCulloch agrees to respect Cherokee, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Indians scarcely possible, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chief Ross gives reasons for preserving, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[Pg 386]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chief Ross objects to violation of, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">majority of Cherokees favor, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chief Ross’s Proclamation of, <a href="#Page_153">153-154</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">discussion in Cherokee meeting at Tahlequah, <a href="#Page_220">220</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">McCulloch orders Stand Watie’s men not to interfere with Cherokee, <a href="#Page_227">227</a></span><br /> +<br /> +New Hope Academy: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +<i>New Orleans Picayune</i>: <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Newspapers: <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +New York Indians: from Wisconsin, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reservation invaded, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">members of Neosha River Agency, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Refugees camp upon lands of, <a href="#Page_260">260</a></span><br /> +<br /> +North Carolina: Cherokees fight on side of South, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +North Fork Village: <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +North Fork of Canadian: <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_253">254</a><br /> +<br /> +Northern Baptists: <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> +<br /> +Northern Indians: colonized within limits of great American desert, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">relative position of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike hoped to exert influence over, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reported organized into spy companies by Federals, <a href="#Page_306">306</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Oak Hills, or Wilson’s Creek: battle of, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Ochiltree, William B: <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +Office of Indian Affairs: plans for removal of Catawbas from Carolinas, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">takes measures for removal of Seminoles from Florida, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">refuses to remove Choctaws from Mississippi, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">unable to execute plan for removal of Texas Indians before 1859, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reply of Creeks to proposals, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">patronage of, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">out of communication with Indian Territory, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">complaint filed at, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in possession of documents incriminating D. H. Cooper, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">discontinues Indian allowances, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">supports War Department, <a href="#Page_271">271</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Ogden, John B: <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_107">108</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Ohio: people of, desire information about Manypenny treaties, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Okanagan: suggested territory of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /><a name="harjo" id="harjo"></a> +Ok-ta-ha-hassee Harjo [Sands]: <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, and <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Old Choctaw Agency: <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Oldham, W. S: <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +<i>Old Scottish Gentleman</i>: <a href="#Page_107">107</a> and <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Old Settlers Party: <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> +<br /> +Omaha Mission School: youths from, enlist in army, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Omahas: <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la: <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_253">254</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a><br /> +<br /> +Oregon: occupied, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +Osage Manual Labor School: <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Osage Mission: <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Osage River Agency: <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Osage Treaty: <a href="#Page_157">157</a> and <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">lands, in Kansas guaranteed by, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">model on subject of rendition of slaves, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">navigable waters, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiated, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Osages: indigenous to Kansas, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Great and Little, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reservation invaded, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">determined to resist removal, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roman Catholicism among, 38 members of Neosho River Agency, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations with Pike, <a href="#Page_135">137</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">described as “lazy,” <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter to, from John Ross, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bands of, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Otis, Elmer: <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Otoes: <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Ottawas: from Michigan, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">regard removal as useless, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baptists among, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Ozark Mountains: <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Pacific Railroad Surveys: cited, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Pa-hiu-ska: <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Panola: county of, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Pape, Henry: <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Park Hill: Cherokee school at, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">residence of John Ross, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, footnote;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Ross at, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">W. S. Robertson retires to, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike invited to, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">treaties negotiated at, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Parker, Eli S: <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Parker, Thomas Valentine: work cited, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Parks, Robert W: <a href="#Page_355">355</a><br /> +<br /> +Pas-co-fa: <a href="#Page_198">198</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a><br /> +<br /> +Pawnees: purchase from, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offer to enlist in U. S. army declined, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Pea Ridge: battle of, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_284">284</a><br /> +<br /> +Pearce, N. Bart: <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> +<br /> +Pegg, Major: <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a><br /> +<br /> +Peoria, Baptiste: <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Peorias: from Illinois, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Petition: of Representative John J. McRae, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Phelps, J. S: <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <i>footnote</i>; <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Phillips, U. B: work cited, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_190">191</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Piankeshaws: from Illinois, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Pickens: county of, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Pierce, Franklin: <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Pike, Albert: dislike of Van Dorn, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">concerned with Choctaw Corn Contract, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Choctaw commissioners, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes to Seminole chief, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">telegram, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">poem in honor of Elias Rector, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">correspondence with Robert Toombs, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">appointed by President Davis special commissioner to Indians west of Arkansas, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">correspondence with R. W. Johnson, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writings, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">unjust to John Ross, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">commissioner from Arkansas, <a href="#Page_190">190-191</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">views on use of Indians as soldiers, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">continues intercourse with Ridge Party, <a href="#Page_156">156</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">moderate in promises to strong tribes, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assumes financial obligations in name of Confederacy, <a href="#Page_163">163-164</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opens communication with Indian field service, <a href="#Page_180">180-181</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offers post to Leeper, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiates with Creeks, <a href="#Page_192">192-195</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiates with Choctaws and Chickasaws, <a href="#Page_196">196-197</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiates with Seminoles, <a href="#Page_197">197-199</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiates with western Indians, <a href="#Page_200">200-202</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">report submitted by President Davis to Provisional Congress, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">invited to be present at consideration of Indian treaties, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">desires to raise an Indian battalion from Kansas, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">informed of Cherokee willingness to treat, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assigned to command of Indian Territory, <a href="#Page_253">253-254</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Van Dorn’s plans for, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">retires to Fort McCulloch, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">continues Charles B. Johnson as contractor, <a href="#Page_301">301-303</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives Leeper’s apology, <a href="#Page_356">356</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Pike, W. L: <a href="#Page_194">194</a><br /> +<br /> +Pine Ridge: <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Pins: <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_135">137</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br /> +<br /> +Pioneers: <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Pitchlynn, P. P: <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> +<br /> +Pitchlynn, W. B: <a href="#Page_197">197</a><br /> +<br /> +Policy: of U. S. government with respect to Indians, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Confederate States government, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Politicians: as influencing Indian policy of government, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">motives of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">demands of, for Indians, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reason for urging secession among Indians, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">unjust charges against Ross, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Polk, James K: work cited, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Pomeroy, Samuel C: <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</a></span><br /> +Pontotoc: county of, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Pope, John: <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Population: of Indian country, <a href="#Page_20">20-21</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of southern superintendency, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Creek Nation as estimated by Agent Garrett in report to Hubbard, <a href="#Page_252">252-253</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Postal system: to be maintained by Confederate States throughout Indian country, <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> +<br /> +Potawatomies: from Indiana, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Roman Catholicism among, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Southern Baptists among, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Poteau River: <a href="#Page_107">108</a><br /> +<br /> +Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions: <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +Presbyterians (Old School): <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a><br /> +<br /> +Price, Sterling: <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a><br /> +<br /> +Prince, J. E: <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Proclamation: of Ross pledging Cherokee neutrality, <a href="#Page_153">153-154</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Hudson announcing Choctaw independence, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_209">210</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Pro-slavery men: intrenched among Shawnees south of Kansas River, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">settled upon Cherokee Neutral Lands, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Protectorate: over Indian tribes suggested, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a><br /> +<br /> +Provisional Congress of Confederate States: act of, May 21, 1861, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a> and <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">considers treaties with Indian tribes, <a href="#Page_202">202-206</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Pulliam, Richard P: <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a><br /> +<br /> +Pushmataha: George Folsom, chief of district of, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">District of, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Quakers: <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> +<br /> +Quantrill, Wm. Clarke: <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Quapaw Treaty: <a href="#Page_157">157</a> and <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Quapaws: <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in council with Creeks, Cherokees, Seminoles, and Sacs, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations with Pike, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Quesenbury, William: <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Ray, P. Orman: work cited, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Reagan, J. H: <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Rector, Elias: superintends removal of Seminoles, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">demands for Indians, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooper writes to, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">urges that Frozen Rock be converted into military post, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">enters into sort of private contract with Johnson and Grimes, <a href="#Page_56">56</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grimes and, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_285">285-289</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">relieved, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">seconds efforts of cousin, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">suggestion to Cooper, <a href="#Page_106">106-107</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gives letter of introduction to Gaines, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">gives information concerning Choctaws and Chickasaws, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attempt of U. S. government to find successor to, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">uncertainty as to when entering Confederate service, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interview with Pike, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in company of Pike, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">writes to Leeper, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">expense account of, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">complaint against Pike, <a href="#Page_328">328</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Rector, Henry M: <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br /> +<br /> +Red Fork of Canadian: <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a><br /> +<br /> +Red River: <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_107">108</a>, <a href="#Page_138">139</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a><br /> +<br /> +Refugees: Opoethleyohola, leader of, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">Coffin prepares to meet, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">take up station between Verdigris and Arkansas Rivers, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">approximate number of, <a href="#Page_260">260</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sufferings of, <a href="#Page_260">260-261</a> and <i>footnotes</i>, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">absolute destitution of, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dole furnishes supplies to, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">joint resolution for relief of, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">annuities of hostile Indians to be diverted to relief of, <a href="#Page_274">274</a> and <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Regiment: Colonel Cooper’s filled with Texans, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choctaw-Chickasaw and Creek, <a href="#Page_209">210-211</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Creek, to elect its own officers, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drew’s, organized, <a href="#Page_226">226-227</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">work and character of Drew’s, <a href="#Page_240">240</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Choctaw-Chickasaw Mounted Rifles, of Creeks, and of Cherokee Mounted Rifles, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drew’s deserts Cooper, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">only one white, in whole Indian Department, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leeper asks for at least one, to keep order on Reserve, <a href="#Page_349">349</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Reid, Alexander: <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br /> +<br /> +Removal: of Indiana more or less compulsory, <a href="#Page_19">19</a> and <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">slavery advanced as objection to Indian, <a href="#Page_21">21-22</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">makes no difference in matter of slavery among Indians, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">difficulties within Indian country incident to, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Calhoun’s plan for, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">U. S. government slow to adopt policy of, <a href="#Page_27">27-28</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">settlers demand, of Indians from Kansas, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">certain tribes contemplating, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Indians from Kansas delayed on account of Civil War, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Missionary Herald</i> useful for history of, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reasons for, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">project for, of Cherokees causes dissensions within tribes, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Texas Indians, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wichitas ask for immediate, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">guarantee of territorial integrity in treaties arranging for, <a href="#Page_160">160-161</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">indemnification for, <a href="#Page_164">164-166</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Choctaw claims under treaty of, <a href="#Page_196">196</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Reservation: system, introduced into trans-Missouri region, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Creeks disgusted with idea of individual, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Reserve Indians: see <i>Indians of Leased District</i>, <i>Wichitas</i>, <i>Tonkawas</i>, <i>Euchees</i>, etc.<br /> +<br /> +Resolutions: of Choctaws, February 7, 1861, <a href="#Page_72">72-74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Chickasaw Legislature, May 25, 1861, <a href="#Page_122">122-124</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offered by Chilton of Alabama, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offered by Toombs for appointment of special agent to Indian tribes, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Choctaws and Chickasaws showing friendly disposition towards South, <a href="#Page_130">130</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">passed at Cherokee mass-meeting at Tahlequah, August, 1861, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_221">223-225</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">joint, for relief of Indian refugees in Kansas, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Rhodes, J. F: work cited, <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Richardson, James D: work cited, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Ridge, John: <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Ridge, or Treaty Party: in favor of Cherokee removal, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">connives with Ben McCulloch to circumvent wishes of Chief Ross, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">minority party, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike’s intercourse with, continues, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attempts to develop public sentiment in favor of Confederacy, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">collision with Ross faction, <a href="#Page_240">240</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Robertson, W. S: <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Robinson, Charles: <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a><br /> +<br /> +Rock-a-to-wa: <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Rogers, H. L: <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a><br /> +<br /> +Rolla: W. S. Robertson fleeing from Indian country, reaches, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Roman Catholics: <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Ross, John: correspondence, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <i>footnote</i>, uncle of Wm. P. Ross, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">instructions of, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">influence, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">character, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter of Dole to, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">no one firmer friend to Union than, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">correspondence with John B. Ogden, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">called upon by commissioners from Texas, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter from Governor Rector, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter to Rector, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter from citizens of Boonsboro, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_123">124</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">J. R. Kannady communicates with, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">issues proclamation of neutrality, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153-154</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Albert Pike unjust to, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter of Hubbard to, <a href="#Page_144">144-145</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reply to Hubbard, <a href="#Page_146">146-147</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">correspondence with Ben McCulloch, <a href="#Page_149">149-151</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sincerity possibly doubted, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">declared shrewd, <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ridge Party attempts to undermine popularity, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attends meeting of Cherokee Executive Council, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">address, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_221">223</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">suspected of not acting in good faith, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">notifies Pike of Cherokee willingness to treat, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">communicates with Creeks and Osages, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">called upon to rally Cherokees, <a href="#Page_256">256</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Ross, Lewis: <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Ross, Mrs. John: <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Ross, Mrs. William P: work cited, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Ross, William P: <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_135">137</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_138">139</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_221">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Ross, W. W: <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Ross Party: opposed to removal, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">majority party, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Round Mountain: <a href="#Page_255">255</a><br /> +<br /> +Route: of Opoethleyohola’s retreat, <a href="#Page_261">261-262</a> and <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Rust, Albert: <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Rutherford, A. H: <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Rutherford, Samuel M: <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Sackett, Major: <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Sacs and Foxes: of Missouri, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +San Antonio: <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Sands: see <a href="#harjo"><i>Ok-ta-ha-hassee Harjo</i></a><br /> +<br /> +Schoenmaker, John: <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Scott, S. S: <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_321">321</a><br /> +<br /> +Scott, Winfield: <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_249">249</a><br /> +<br /> +<i>Scottish Songs</i>: work cited, <a href="#Page_107">108</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +<i>Screw Fly</i>: work cited, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Scullyville: Choctaw constitution of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Creek regiment forming at, <a href="#Page_211">211</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Sebastian, William K: <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a><br /> +<br /> +Secession: meeting held by white men and Choctaw half-bloods, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Presbyterian ordained missionaries favor, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian country threatened by advocates for, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian agents active for, <a href="#Page_82">82-83</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mercenary motives in urging, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sentiment in Arkansas, <a href="#Page_103">103</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike offers arguments for, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">secret organization of “Pins,” <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stand Watie’s party afraid to raise flag of, <a href="#Page_138">140</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">large element within Cherokee Nation favors, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Griffith appointed commissioner to interview Indians in interests of, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian opponents absent from Pike’s meeting at North Fork Village, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jones most prominent of Choctaw advocates, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">traces of influence of, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">August mass-meeting of Cherokees ending in, <a href="#Page_217">217</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Second Seminole War: <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_164">164-166</a><br /> +<br /> +Secret Society: purpose of organization, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Missouri, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">among full-blooded Cherokees, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">“the Pins,” <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">among Cherokees for abolition purposes, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Greenwood orders its dissolution, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cowart’s views upon schemes of, <a href="#Page_294">294</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Sells, Elijah: <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Seminole Treaty: <a href="#Page_157">157</a> and <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">declares allegiance to C. S. A., <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">contains guarantee of autonomy, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">contains promise of representation in Congress, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[Pg 391]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiated, <a href="#Page_197">197-199</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">considered by Provisional Congress, <a href="#Page_206">206</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Seminoles: from Florida, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">removal in late fifties, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">status of free negro among, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Presbyterians among, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">manifest only slight interest in education, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">given home in Creek country, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">destitute, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">representatives at inter-tribal conference, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">letter to chief of, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">condition reported by Carruth, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in council with Creeks, Cherokees, Quapaws, and Sacs, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations of Pike with, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">complaint against General Jesup, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rector’s transactions with, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Seneca and Shawnee Treaty: <a href="#Page_157">157</a> and <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Senecas: <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations of Pike with, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">from Cattaraugus Reservation, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Senecas and Shawnees: <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">negotiations of Pike with, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Settlers: in Kansas demand that Indians vacate territory, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> +<br /> +Seward, William H: reference to “higher law” speech, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chicago speech, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Senate speech, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Shawnee Manual Labor School, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> +<br /> +Shawnee Mission: work of Rev. Thomas Johnson at, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Shawnees: from Ohio, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tarry in Missouri, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pro-slavery men among, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reported by Agent Dorn as anxious to leave Kansas, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Baptist school on reservation of, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Southern Methodists among, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as refugees, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">trouble over tribal elections, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attack Wichita Agency, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /><a name="black" id="black"></a> +Shon-tah-sob-ba [Black Dog]: <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Short Bird: <a href="#Page_319">319</a><br /> +<br /> +Shoshone: suggested territory of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Siebert, W. H: work cited, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Sigel, Franz: <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Simon, Ben: <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Sioux: uprising, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">warriors, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Slaughter, Thomas C: <a href="#Page_208">208</a><br /> +<br /> +Slavery: in Kansas, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">encouraged, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">among Southern Indians, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">influence of churches upon, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">white men to prevent abolition among Indians, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opposition among Choctaws and Chickasaws, <a href="#Page_44">45</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is being interfered with by intruders, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cause in jeopardy among Cherokees, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">North to exterminate among Indians, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">recognized as legal institution by treaties, <a href="#Page_166">166</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offers easy solution of labor problem, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cowart reports complaints of interference with, <a href="#Page_293">293</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Slaves: <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144-145</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_261">261</a><br /> +<br /> +Smith, Andrew J: charges against, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Smith, Caleb B: <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a><br /> +<br /> +Smith, E. Kirby: <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Smith, John G: <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +Smith, William R: work cited, <a href="#Page_107">108</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Snow, George C: <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Southern Baptist Convention: <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Southern Baptists: <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> +<br /> +South Carolina: <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Southern Indians: <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> +<br /> +Southern Methodists: <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +Southern Superintendency: <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Sparrow, Edward: <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</a></span><br /> +Spencer Academy: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br /> +<br /> +Springfield: <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a><br /> +<br /> +Spy companies: reported equipped by Federals, <a href="#Page_306">306</a><br /> +<br /> +Stand Watie: <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_135">137</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a><br /> +<br /> +Stanton, Edwin M: <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a><br /> +<br /> +Stanwood, Edward: work cited, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Stark, O. P: <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> +<br /> +State Department (C. S. A.): Albert Pike, commissioner from, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bureau of Indian Affairs, part of, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Stephens, Alexander H: work cited, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Stevens, R. S: <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Stevens, Thaddeus: <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Stidham, G. W: <a href="#Page_194">194</a><br /> +<br /> +Stocks: <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Stockton, G. B: <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Strain, J. H: <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287</a><br /> +<br /> +Sturm, J. J: <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a><br /> +<br /> +Sumner, Charles: <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Sur-cox-ie: <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Surveyors: <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Tahlequah: <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_293">293</a><br /> +<br /> +Tallise Fixico: <a href="#Page_194">194</a><br /> +<br /> +Tatum, Mark T: <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_296">296</a><br /> +<br /> +Taylor, J. W: <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Taylor, N. G: <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Tennessee: Cherokees from, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John J. Humphreys from, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Tenney, W. J: work cited, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Tents: furnished to refugees, <a href="#Page_261">261</a><br /> +<br /> +Territorial expansion: <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +Territorial form of government: <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +Texas: indigenous tribes in, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indians expelled from, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cherokees in, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">annexed, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">troops from, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian patronage, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indian participation in Civil War, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interest in Indian Territory, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interest in securing alliance of Indians, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interest in amnesty provisions of Indian treaties, <a href="#Page_175">175-176</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">commissioners from, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attitude of northern countries of, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">desires Reserve Indians placed under her jurisdiction, <a href="#Page_297">297</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Texas Historical Association <i>Quarterly</i>: work cited, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Texas Superintendency: <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Thomason, Hugh F: <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a><br /> +<br /> +Thompson, Jacob: <a href="#Page_44">45</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Tishomingo: county of, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Tonkawas: <a href="#Page_52">52</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a><br /> +<br /> +Toombs, Robert: <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a> and <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a><br /> +<br /> +Totten, James: <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> +<br /> +Traders: <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59-60</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_238">238-239</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a><br /> +<br /> +Trammel, Dennis: <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a><br /> +<br /> +Treat, S. B: <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Treaties: <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made with Indians as with foreign powers, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ohio desires information as to Manypenny, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">relations to U. S. in, <a href="#Page_69">70</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">obligation to abide by, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">reduction of forts violation of guaranties in, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">resulting from council at Tahlequah, <a href="#Page_237">237</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">with the Cherokees in part the result of intimidation, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">with the Neosho Agency Indians, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">money due the Creeks under, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike reports all ratified, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">amendments to, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">manuscript copies of, <a href="#Page_329">329-330</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">no Indian Department to be organized until ratification of, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">terms of the, with the wild Indians, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leeper makes a, with the Comanches, <a href="#Page_354">354-355</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">Troops</span>:<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Confederate</i>—in Cherokee country, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">no Arkansas, available, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Van Dorn’s erroneous surmise as to proportion of white, in Pike’s brigade, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Van Dorn’s plans as to disposition of, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Leeper inquires when, may be expected, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Pike’s confidence in white, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">lack of, in Leased District, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">non-arrival of, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>Indian</i>—Confederacy secure before negotiation of treaties of alliance, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">plans for distribution of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Cherokee, under McCulloch, <a href="#Page_226">226-227</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Northern, offer to furnish U. S. with, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnotes</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">large and increasing number in Indian Territory, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">not possible to keep order, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>United States</i>—few within Indian country, <a href="#Page_52">52-53</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Secretary Floyd disposed to withdraw from Indian frontier, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">from Texas ordered to protect U. S. surveyors, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">number to be retained in Indian country queried, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Carruth reports all gone from Indian Territory, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">ordered to leave, <a href="#Page_86">87</a> and <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">disposition, reported upon by Texas commissioners, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">under Emory ordered to Indian Territory, <a href="#Page_96">96</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">flee from Indian Territory, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">dissatisfaction at reported change in disposition in Arkansas, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">to counteract influence of secessionists, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">method of warfare under Lane, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Dole urges to re-occupy Indian Territory, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">sudden withdrawal spreads alarm in Leased District, <a href="#Page_299">299</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>True Democrat</i>: work cited, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Tuckabatche Micco: <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Tuckabatchee Town: <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Tulsey Town: <a href="#Page_255">255</a><br /> +<br /> +Turnbull, John P: <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Turner, J. W: <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Tusaquach: <a href="#Page_247">247</a><br /> +<br /> +Tush-ca-horn-ma: district of, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> +<br /> +Twiggs, D. E: <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_86">87</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Umatilla: suggested territory of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Underground railroad: <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +Upper Arkansas Agency: <a href="#Page_209">210</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Upper Creeks: <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_190">191</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a><br /> +<br /> +Usher, John P: <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Van Buren (Ark.): <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Van Dorn, Earl: <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a><br /> +<br /> +Vann, Joseph: <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_221">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Verdigris River: <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_272">272</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Wah-pa-nuc-ka Institute: <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Walker, David: <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a><br /> +<br /> +Walker, Leroy P: <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_160">161</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Walker, William: head chief of the Wyandots, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Walker, William: <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Wall, David: <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Walnut Creek: <a href="#Page_259">259</a><br /> +<br /> +War Department: C. S. A., <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_138">139</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_138">140</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">U. S. A., <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_86">87</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264-265</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Washburn, J. W: <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, and <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Washita: Indians driven from country of, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Wattles, Augustus: <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Waul, Thomas N: <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br /> +<br /> +Weas: from Illinois, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Weber’s Falls: <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Welch, George W: <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</a></span><br /> +West Florida: seizure of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +West Point: <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Wheelock: Choctaw school, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +White, Joseph: <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +White, S. W: letter of, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +White Cloud: <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Whitney, Henry C: <a href="#Page_208">208</a> and <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Whittenhall, Daniel S: <a href="#Page_350">350</a><br /> +<br /> +Wichita Agency: site for, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_135">136</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">attack upon, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <i>footnote</i></span><br /> +<br /> +Wichita Mountains: <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a><br /> +<br /> +Wichita Treaty: <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <i>footnote</i>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> +<br /> +Wichitas: <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">colonization of, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">subsistence given to, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leased District of, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">colonized on land claimed as their own, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike hopes to meet, <a href="#Page_188">189</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pike fears hostility of, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">refuse to be cajoled or intimidated, <a href="#Page_201">201</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Wilson, Henry: work cited, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Wilson, William: <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Wilson’s Creek: battle of, <a href="#Page_225">225</a><br /> +<br /> +Winneconne: <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Wisconsin: tribes from, <a href="#Page_19">19</a><br /> +<br /> +Wolcott, Edward: <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Worcester, Reverend S. A: <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <i>footnote</i>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">opposed to slavery, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></span><br /> +<br /> +Wyandots: from Ohio and Michigan, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Walker, head chief of, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">initiate movement for organization of Nebraska Territory, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">interested in Kansas election troubles, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <i>footnote</i>;</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Methodism, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Yancton Sioux: Agent Burleigh suggests that garrison Fort Randall, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +<br /> +Young, William C: <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br /> +<br /> +Yulee, David L: <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <i>footnote</i><br /> +</p> + + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 50%;" /> +<p><strong>Footnotes:</strong></p> + +<p><a name='f_1' id='f_1' href='#fna_1'>[1]</a> Confessedly much to its discredit, the United States government has +never had, for any appreciable length of time, a well-developed and +well-defined Indian policy, one that has made the welfare of the +aborigines its sole concern. Legislation for the subject race has almost +invariably been dictated by the needs of the hour, by the selfish and +exorbitant demands of pioneers, and by the greed and caprice of +politicians.</p> + +<p><a name='f_2' id='f_2' href='#fna_2'>[2]</a> There were, of course, other indigenous tribes to the westward, in the +direction of Colorado and Texas, and to the northward, in southern +Nebraska; but only the latter were more than remotely affected, as far as +local habitation was concerned, by the coming of the eastern emigrants and +the consequent introduction of the reservation system.</p> + +<p><a name='f_3' id='f_3' href='#fna_3'>[3]</a> Kansas Historical Society <i>Collections</i>, vol. viii, 72-109.</p> + +<p><a name='f_4' id='f_4' href='#fna_4'>[4]</a> In scarcely a single case here cited was the old home of the tribe +limited by the boundaries of a single state nor is it to be understood +that the state here mentioned was necessarily the original habitat of the +tribe. It was only the territorial headquarters of the tribe at the time +of removal or at the time when the policy of removal was first insisted +upon as a <i>sine qua non</i>. Some of the Indians emigrated independently of +treaty arrangements with the United States government and some did not +immediately direct their steps towards Kansas or Oklahoma; but made, +through choice or through necessity, an intervening point a +stopping-place. The Kickapoos, the Shawnees, and the Delawares tarried in +Missouri, the Choctaws and the Cherokees, many of them, in Arkansas but +that was before 1830, the date of the removal law. After 1830, there was +no possible resting-place for weary Indians this side of the Ozark +Mountains.</p> + +<p><a name='f_5' id='f_5' href='#fna_5'>[5]</a> Some of the more insignificant southern Indians eventually found their +way also to Oklahoma. In 1860 there were a few Louisiana Caddoes in the +northwestern part of the Chickasaw country, most likely the same that, in +1866, were reported to have been driven out of Texas in 1839 by +bushwhackers and then out of the Washita country at the opening of the +Civil War. They continued throughout the war loyal to the United States. +In 1853 the Choctaw General Council passed an act admitting to the rights +of citizenship several Catawba Indians; and from that circumstance, the +Office of Indian Affairs surmised that the Choctaws would be willing to +incorporate Catawbas yet in the Carolinas. In 1857 there were about +seventy Catawbas in South Carolina on a tiny reservation. They expressed +an ardent wish to go among the Choctaws. In 1860 the Catawbas were in +possession of the northeastern part of the Choctaw country.</p> + +<p><a name='f_6' id='f_6' href='#fna_6'>[6]</a> For the detailed history of events leading up to Indian removals, +particularly the southern, see American Historical Association, <i>Report</i>, +1906, 241-450.</p> + +<p><a name='f_7' id='f_7' href='#fna_7'>[7]</a> Not all of the southern Indians had emigrated in the thirties and +forties. A considerable number of Cherokees removed themselves from the +country east of the Mississippi to Texas. This was immediately subsequent +to and induced by the American Revolution [Texas Historical Association, +<i>Quarterly</i>, July, 1897, 38-46 and October, 1903, 95-165]. Many Cherokees, +likewise, took the suggestion of President Jefferson and moved to the +Arkansas country prior to 1820. Moreover, there were “Eastern Cherokees” +in controversy with the “Western Cherokees” for many years after the Civil +War. Their endless quarrels over property proved the occasion of much +litigation. In the late fifties active measures were taken by the Office +of Indian Affairs to complete the removal of the Seminoles and to +accomplish by intrigue and diplomacy what the long and expensive Second +Seminole War had utterly failed to do. Elias Rector of Arkansas +superintended the matter and the Seminole chief, John Jumper, gave +valuable assistance, as did also the Creeks, who generously granted to the +Seminoles a home within the Creek country west [Creek Treaty, 1856, +Kappler’s <i>Indian Laws and Treaties</i>, vol. ii, 757]. Billy Bowlegs was the +last Seminole chief of prominence to leave Florida [Coe’s <i>Red Patriots</i>, +198]. In 1853 there were still some four hundred Choctaws reported as +living in Alabama and there must have been even more than that in +Mississippi. In 1854 steps were taken, but unsuccessfully, for their +removal. In 1859 Representative John J. McRae presented a petition from +citizens of various Mississippi counties asking that the Choctaws be +removed altogether from the state because of their intimacy and +intercourse with the negroes. The Office of Indian Affairs refused to act. +Perchance, it considered the moment inopportune or the means at hand +insufficient. It may even have considered the charge against the Choctaws +a mere pretext and quite unfounded since it was commonly reported that the +Choctaws had a decided aversion to that particular kind of race mixture. +In that respect they differed very considerably from the Creeks who to-day +are said to present a very curious spectacle of an almost complete +mixture. Choctaws from Mississippi and Cherokees from North Carolina and +Catawbas from South Carolina fought with the South in the Civil War.</p> + +<p><a name='f_8' id='f_8' href='#fna_8'>[8]</a> Other Indians made trouble during the progress of the Civil War, as, +for instance, the Sioux in the summer of 1862. The Sioux, however, were +not fighting for or against the issues of the white man’s war. They were +simply taking advantage of a favorable occasion, when the United States +government was preoccupied, to avenge their own wrongs.</p> + +<p><a name='f_9' id='f_9' href='#fna_9'>[9]</a> The existence of the “Cherokee Neutral Land” out of which the +southeastern counties of Kansas were illegitimately formed was not exactly +an exception to this. The Neutral Land, eight hundred thousand acres in +extent, was an independent purchase, made by the Cherokees, and was not +included in the exchange or in the original scheme that forced their +removal from Georgia. It was a subsequent concession to outraged justice.</p> + +<p><a name='f_10' id='f_10' href='#fna_10'>[10]</a> By far the best instance of missionary activity in behalf of slavery +among the northern Indian immigrants is to be found in the case of the +Reverend Thomas Johnson’s work at the Shawnee Mission [Ray’s <i>Repeal of +the Missouri Compromise</i>, footnote 207]. Johnson, like William Walker, +head chief of the Wyandots, was an ardent pro-slavery advocate [<i>ibid.</i>, +footnote 205] and took a rather disgracefully prominent part in the +notorious election frauds of early Kansas territorial days [House +<i>Report</i>, 34th congress, first session, no. 200, pp. 14, 18, 94, 425].</p> + +<p><a name='f_11' id='f_11' href='#fna_11'>[11]</a> Buchanan’s <i>Works</i>, vol. iii, 348, 350, 353.</p> + +<p><a name='f_12' id='f_12' href='#fna_12'>[12]</a> Siebert’s <i>Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom</i>, 284.</p> + +<p><a name='f_13' id='f_13' href='#fna_13'>[13]</a> The most interesting case that came up in this connection was that of +the so-called Beams’ Negroes, resident in the Choctaw country and +illegally claimed as refugees by John B. Davis of Mississippi [Indian +Office, <i>Special Files</i>, no. 277]. The Reverend S. A. Worcester interested +himself in their behalf [Jefferson Davis to Worcester, October 7, 1854] +and a decision was finally rendered in their favor. Another interesting +case of similar nature was, “In re negroes taken from Overton Love and +David Wall of the Chickasaw Nation by Citizens of Texas, 1848-’57” +[<i>ibid.</i>, no. 278].</p> + +<p><a name='f_14' id='f_14' href='#fna_14'>[14]</a> Under the Intercourse Law of 1834, the Indian Territory had been +annexed for judicial purposes to the western district of Arkansas. The +Indians were much dissatisfied. They felt themselves entitled to a federal +court of their own, a privilege the United States government persistently +denied to them but one that the Confederate government readily granted. As +matters stood, prior to the Civil War, the red men seemed always at the +mercy of the white man’s distorted conception of justice and were, +perforce, quite beyond the reach of the boasted guaranties of theoretical +Anglo-Saxon justice since the very location of the court precluded a trial +by their peers of the vicinage. The journey to Arkansas, in those early +days, was long and tiresome and expensive. Complications frequently arose +and matters, difficult of adjustment, even under the best of circumstance. +Among the Creeks and Seminoles, the status of the free negro was +exceptionally high, partly due, with respect to the latter, to conditions +growing out of the Second Seminole War. As already intimated, the Creeks +had no aversion whatsoever to race mixtures and intermarriage between +negroes and Indians was rather common. The half-breeds resulting from such +unions were accepted as bona fide members of the tribe by the Indians in +the distribution of annuities, but not by the United States +courts—another source of difficulty and a very instructive one as well, +particularly from the standpoint of reconstructionist exactions.</p> + +<p>Occasionally the presence of the free negro within the Indian country was +a source of grave danger. The accompanying letters outline a case in +point:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Head Quarters 7th. Mil: Dept. Fort Smith</span>, March 5th. 1852.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: By direction of the Colonel commanding the Department I transmit +herewith copies of a communication from George Folsom, Chief of the +Pushmataha District, to Colonel Wilson Choctaw Agent and one from +Colonel William Wilson Choctaw Agent to Brevet Major Holmes commanding +Fort Washita asking aid from the Military force.</p> + +<p>As the letter from the Choctaw Agent is not sufficiently explicit as +to what he wishes done by the Military authority the subject is +referred to you, and if on investigation it be found that Military +interference is necessary to enforce the intercourse law, prompt +assistance will be rendered for the purposes therein specified, under +the direction and in presence of the Choctaw Agent. Respectfully Yr +Obt. Servt.,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Francis N Page</span>, Asst. Adjt. Genl.</span></p> + +<p>Colonel John Drennen, Superintendent W. T.</p> + +<p><br /><i>Inclosure</i></p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Choctaw Agency</span>, February 9th 1852</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: The enclosed copy of a letter from Colonel George Folsom Chief of +Pushmataha District of the Choctaw Nation will put you in possession +of the facts and reasons why I address you at this time.</p> + +<p>As the position of the free Negros and Indians alluded to in the +Chief’s letter seems to be of rather a hostile character, having built +themselves a Fort doubtless for the purpose of defending themselves if +interupted in their present location, it seems to me necessary that +they should be driven away if necessary by Military authority; and, as +your post is the most convenient to the place where the Negroes and +Indians are Forted I have thought that a command could be sent with +less trouble and at less expense to the government by you than any one +else. I would therefore most respectfully call upon you to take such +steps as you may think most advisable to remove from the Choctaw +country the persons complained of by the Chief, and if necessary call +upon Chief Folsom to aid you with his light horse, who may be of much +service to you in the way of Guides. Very Respectfully Yr. Obt Servt.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Signed) <span class="smcap">William Wilson</span>, Choctaw Agent</span></p> + +<p>[Endorsement] A true Copy, Francis N Page, Asst. Adjt. Genl.</p> + +<p><br /><i>Inclosure</i></p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Pushmataha District</span>, January 23. 1852.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>: I spoke to you about those free negroes upon the head waters +of Boggy, when I last saw you, requesting to have something done with +them. I have just learned that the negroes and some Indians are banded +together and have built themselves a little Fort. There is no doubt +but that they will be a great trouble to us. One of our country judges +sent for the light-horse-men to go and seize the negroes, but I have +forbid them going, and many of our people wish to go and see them. I +have forbid any body to go there with intentions to take them. It will +no doubt be hard to break them up. You have probably just returned +home, and it may seem tresspassing upon you to write you about those +negroes and Indians, but you are our agent and we have the right to +look to you for help. It seems to me this affair wants an immediate +action on it.</p> + +<p>I have simply stated to you how these negroes and Indians are Forted +up that you may better know how to deal with them. In purforming your +duties if I can in any way render you any assistance I shall always be +happy to do so. Very respectfully Your friend</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Signed) <span class="smcap">George Folsom</span>, Chief Push: Dist:</span></p> + +<p>Col: William Wilson, Choctaw Agent [Endorsement] a true Copy, Francis +N Page, Asst. Adjt. Genl.</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_15' id='f_15' href='#fna_15'>[15]</a> Buchanan’s <i>Works</i>, vol. x, “the Catron letter,” 106; “the Grier +letter,” 106-107.</p> + +<p><a name='f_16' id='f_16' href='#fna_16'>[16]</a> This was as it appeared to N. G. Taylor, Commissioner of Indian +Affairs, as he looked back, in 1867, upon events of the past few years. He +was then of the opinion that the very existence of slavery among the +southern tribes had most probably saved their country from being coveted +by emigrants going westward.</p> + +<p><a name='f_17' id='f_17' href='#fna_17'>[17]</a> One agency under the Southern Superintendency, the Neosho River +Agency, was, however, included in the scheme preliminary to the +organization of Kansas and Nebraska. See the following letters found in +Thomas S. Drew’s <i>Letter Press Book</i>:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>(a) <span class="smcap">Office Supt. Ind. Affairs Fort Smith, Arks.</span>, Dec. 21, 1853.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: Inclosed herewith you will receive letters from Agent Dorn, dated +the 1st and 2nd instant; the former in relation to the disposition of +the Indians within his agency to meet Commissioners on the subject of +selling their lands, or having a Territorial form of Government extend +over them by the United States: and the latter nominating John Finch +as Blacksmith to the Great and Little Osages. Very respectfully Your +obt. servt.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">A. H. Rutherford</span>, Clerk for Supt.</span></p> + +<p>Hon. Geo. W. Manypenny, Com<sup>r</sup> Ind. Affairs<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Washington City.</span></p> + +<p>(b) <span class="smcap">Office Supt. Indian Affairs Fort Smith, Arks.</span> Dec. 29, 1853.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: ... I have also to acknowledge the receipt of letters from you of +the 2nd instant to the Commissioner of Ind. Affrs. upon the subject of +the Indians within your Agency being willing to meet Commissioners on +the part of the U. S. preparatory to selling their lands, or to take +into consideration the propriety of admitting a Territorial form of +Government extended over them &. ...</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">A. H. Rutherford</span>, Clerk for Supt.</span></p> + +<p>A. J. Dorn, U. S. Indian Agt., Crawford Seminary.</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_18' id='f_18' href='#fna_18'>[18]</a> In this connection, the following are of interest:</p> + +<p class="blockquot">(a) The Choctaws, it is understood, are prepared to receive and assent +to the provisions of a bill introduced three years since into the +Senate by Senator Johnson of Arkansas, for the creation of the +Territories of Chah-la-kee, Chah-ta, and Muscokee, and it is greatly +to be hoped that that or some similar bill may be speedily enacted.... +Their country, a far finer one than Kansas.... The Choctaws have +adopted a new constitution, vesting the supreme executive power in a +governor.... It is understood that this change has been made +preparatory to the acceptance of the bill already mentioned.</p> + +<p>The foregoing is taken from the <i>Annual Report</i> of the southern +superintendent for 1857 and in that report, Elias Rector who was then the +superintendent, having taken office that very year, argued that all the +five great tribes ought to be allowed to have delegates on the floor of +Congress and to be made citizens of the United States; for the +constitutions of the Cherokees, Choctaws, and Chickasaws would compare +favorably, said he, with those of any of the southwestern states [Senate +<i>Documents</i>, 35th congress, first session, vol. ii, 485].</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>(b) The Fort Smith <i>Times</i> of February 3, 1859 printed the following:</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sam Houston and the Presidency</span></p> + +<p>The following we take from a printed slip sent to us by our Doaksville +correspondent, who informs us that it was sent to that office just as +he sends it. We presume that it is the programme laid down by some of +the Texas papers, friendly to the election of Sam Houston to the +Presidency....</p> + +<p><i>Re-organization of the Territories</i></p> + +<p>1. The organization of the Aboriginal Territory of Decotah, from that +part of the late Territory of Minnesota, lying west of the State of +Minnesota.</p> + +<p>2. To fix the western boundaries of Kansas and Nebraska, at the +Meridian 99 or 100; and to establish in those Territories, Aboriginal +counties, for the exclusive and permanent occupation of the Aboriginal +tribes now located east of that line and within those Territories; +also to provide, that said Territories shall not be admitted into the +Union as States unless their several Constitutions provide for the +continuation of the Federal regulations adopted for better government +and welfare of the Aboriginal tribes inhabiting the same.</p> + +<p>3. To organize the Indian territory lying west of Arkansas, as “the +Aboriginal Territory of Neosho,” under regulation similar to those +proposed by Hon. Robert W. Johnson of Arkansas in 1854 for the +organization of the Indian territory of Neosho.</p> + +<p>4. To purchase from the State of Texas all that portion of the State +lying north of the Red river and include the same in the Aboriginal +territory of Comanche or Ouachita.</p> + +<p>5. The territory of New Mexico.</p> + +<p>6. From the western portion of New Mexico to take the Aboriginal +territory of Navajoe.</p> + +<p>7. From the western portion of Utah, to take the Aboriginal territory +of Shoshone.</p> + +<p>Re-organize the eastern part of Utah, (the Mormon country), as an +Aboriginal territory.</p> + +<p>Organize the western territory of Osage.</p> + +<p>From Nebraska, west of the M.100, and south of the 45th parallel take +the Aboriginal territory of Mandan.</p> + +<p>Organize the eastern half of Oregon, as the Aboriginal territory of +Umatilla.</p> + +<p>Washington east of the M.118 to be the Aboriginal territory of +Okanagan.</p> + +<p>Nebraska, north of the 45th parallel to be the Aboriginal territory of +Assinneboin. Emigration into these territories to be prohibited by law +of Congress, until the same shall have been admitted into the Union as +States.</p> + +<p>In each territory, a resident Military Police to preserve order....</p> + +<p>(c) Henry Wilson, in the <i>Rise and Fall of the Slave Power</i>, vol. ii, +634-635 says,</p> + +<p>In the Indian Territory there were four tribes of Indians—Cherokees, +Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Creeks. Under the fostering care of their +governments slavery had become so firmly established that slaveholders +thought them worthy of political fellowship, and articles in favor of +their admission began to appear in the southern press. “The progress +of civilization,” said the New Orleans “Picayune,” “in several of the +Indian tribes west of the States will soon bring up a new question for +the decision of Congress.... It cannot fail to give interest to this +question that each of the Indian tribes has adopted the social +institutions of the South.” To concentrate and give direction to such +efforts, a secret organization was formed to encourage Southern +emigration, and to discourage and prevent the entrance into the +Territory of all who were hostile to slaveholding institutions. It was +hoped thus to guard against adverse fortune which had defeated their +purposes and plans for Kansas....</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_19' id='f_19' href='#fna_19'>[19]</a> With reference to the proposed organization the subjoined documents +are of interest:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">C. Street</span>, July 2.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Mix</span>,</p> + +<p>Dear Sir, Please have the western boundary of Mis. laid down on this +map, and the <i>outline</i> of the Pawnee, Kanzas & Osage purchases, and +the reservations, as they now stand within that <i>outline</i>. You need +not show each purchase, but the <i>outline</i> of the whole. Yours truly</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Thomas H. Benton</span>.</span></p></div> + +<p>Letter of July 2, 1853, Indian Office <i>Miscellaneous Files, 1851-1854</i>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Washington City</span>, August 5th, 1854.</p> + +<p>Hon. <span class="smcap">G. W. Manypenny</span> Esq., Com Indian Department, Washington City.</p> + +<p>Dear Sir, Many people of Ohio, as well as of the states west of it, +have for a long time been most anxious to learn through your +Department, the nature of the several treaties made by yourself in +behalf of the Government, with the several tribes of Indians occupying +the Territories of Nebraska & Kansas: particularly as to the +<i>reservation</i> of <i>land</i> made by such Tribes, <i>its extent</i>, <i>where</i>, +<i>when</i>, & how to be <i>located</i>, & <i>within what time</i>,—and also what +lands in both of said Territories by virtue of said treaties <i>are now +subject to location</i>?</p> + +<p>I regret to inform you that much censure has attached to your +Department, in consequence of the delay which has attended the +promulgation of the above information, but which from my long +knowledge of you personally, and of the very prompt manner in which +you have invariably discharged your public duties, I believe to be +most unjust.</p> + +<p>I seek the above information, not only for myself (contemplating a +removal to Kansas) but also in behalf of many persons in the western +states, who have solicited my intervention in that matter on my visit +to this City. Very respectfully your friend</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">S. W. White</span></span></p></div> + +<p>Indian Office <i>Miscellaneous Files, 1851-1854</i>.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">C. Street</span>, Aug. 19, ’53.</p> + +<p>To <span class="smcap">Geo. W. Manypenny Esq.</span>, Com. of Indian Affairs,</p> + +<p>Sir, I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your note of +yesterday with the accompanying copy of a letter to the Hon. Mr. +Atchison, and make my thanks to you for this mark of your attention. +The reply will be immediately forwarded to Meas Ami, to be published +in the same paper in which your note to me covering the map on which +the Indian’s cessions & reserves west of Missouri, was published. Very +respectfully, Sir, Yr. obt. servant,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Thomas H. Benton</span>.</span></p></div> + +<p>Indian Office <i>Miscellaneous Files, 1851-1854.</i></p> + +<p><a name='f_20' id='f_20' href='#fna_20'>[20]</a> Ray, <i>op. cit.</i>, 86; Connelley, in Kansas Historical Society, +<i>Collections</i>, vol. vi, 102; Connelley, <i>Provincial Government of Nebraska +Territory</i>, pp. 24, 30 <i>et seq.</i></p> + +<p>The Wyandots took an active part in the Kansas election troubles. For some +evidence of that, see, House <i>Reports</i>, 34th congress, first session, no. +200, pp. 22, 266.</p> + +<p><a name='f_21' id='f_21' href='#fna_21'>[21]</a> By the treaty of 1837 [Kappler, <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. ii, 486], the +Choctaws, for a money consideration as was natural, agreed to let the +Chickasaws occupy their country jointly with themselves and form a +Chickasaw District within it that should be on a par with the other +districts (Moo-sho-le-tubbee, Apucks-hu-nubbe, and Push-ma-ta-ha), or +political units, of the Choctaw Nation. The arrangement meant political +consolidation, one General Council serving for the two tribes, but each +tribe retaining control of its own annuities. The boundaries of the +Chickasaw District proved the subject of a contention, constant and +bitter. Civil war was almost precipitated more than once. Finally, in +1855, the political connection was brought to an end by the terms of the +Treaty of Washington [Kappler, <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. ii, 706], negotiated in +that year.</p> + +<p><a name='f_22' id='f_22' href='#fna_22'>[22]</a> See Report of C. C. Copeland to Cooper, August 27, 1855.</p> + +<p><a name='f_23' id='f_23' href='#fna_23'>[23]</a> A secret society is said to have been formed in Missouri for the +express purpose of gaining the Shawnee land for slavery.</p> + +<p><a name='f_24' id='f_24' href='#fna_24'>[24]</a> Dean wrote to Butler, November 29, 1855 [<i>Letter Press Book</i>] saying +that the disturbed state of things in Kansas was having a very serious +effect upon the Cherokee Neutral Land. Early in 1857, Butler reported that +he had given notice that if intruders had not removed themselves by spring +he would have them removed by the military [Butler to Dean, January 9, +1857]. Manypenny approved Butler’s course of action which is quite +significant, considering that the federal administration was supposed to +be unreservedly committed to the pro-slavery cause and the intruders were +pro-slavery men from across the border.</p> + +<p><a name='f_25' id='f_25' href='#fna_25'>[25]</a> Andrew Dorn took charge of the Neosho Agency, to which these +reservations as well as the Quapaw, Seneca, and Seneca and Shawnee +belonged, in 1855 and regularly had occasion to complain of intruders. +White people seem to have felt that they could with impunity encroach upon +the New York Indian lands because they were only sparsely settled and +because the Indian title was in dispute.</p> + +<p><a name='f_26' id='f_26' href='#fna_26'>[26]</a> Apart from any sectional desire to obtain the Indian country, +would-be settlers seem to have been attracted thither from a mistaken +notion that there were mines of precious metals west of Missouri +[Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1858].</p> + +<p><a name='f_27' id='f_27' href='#fna_27'>[27]</a> As early as 1857, the Sacs and Foxes of Missouri were reported as +looking for a new home to the southward, in a less rigorous climate, and, +with that purpose in mind, they visited the Cherokees. When the Delaware +treaty of 1860 was being negotiated, the Delawares expressed themselves as +very anxious to get away from white interference, to leave Kansas. The +Ottawas thought and thought rightly, forsooth, judging from the experience +of the past, that removal would do no good. They declared a preference for +United States citizenship and tribal allotment [Jotham Meeker, Baptist +missionary, to Agent James, September 4, 1854, also Agent James’s +<i>Report</i>, 1857]. At this same period, Agent Dorn reported that the Kansas +River Shawnees were desirous of joining those of the Neosho Agency. +Greenwood replied, January 18, 1860, that the subject of allowing the +northern Indians to go south was then under consideration by the +department [Letter to Superintendent Rector].</p> + +<p><a name='f_28' id='f_28' href='#fna_28'>[28]</a> The evidence of this is to be found in a letter from W. G. Coffin to +Dole, June 17, 1861 [<i>Neosho Files, 1838-1865</i>, C1223].</p> + +<p><a name='f_29' id='f_29' href='#fna_29'>[29]</a> For information on this subject, see Carroll’s <i>American Church +History</i>, 19, 93, 253-254, 302.</p> + +<p><a name='f_30' id='f_30' href='#fna_30'>[30]</a> Feeling that, under the treaty of 1854, they were free to choose +whatever denomination they pleased to reside among them, the Kickapoos +expressed a preference for the Methodist Episcopal Church South, but the +Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions was already established among their +neighbors of the Otoe and Missouria and Great Nemaha Agencies, their own +agent, Mr. Baldwin, was a Presbyterian, and so, before long, in some +almost unaccountable way, they found that the Presbyterians (Old School) +had obtained an entry upon their reserve and had established a mission +school there. The Kickapoos were indignant, as well they had a right to +be, and made as much trouble as they possibly could for the Presbyterians. +In 1860, the Presbyterian Board vacated the premises and the Methodist +Episcopal Church South took possession, Agent Badger favoring the change. +The change was of but short duration, however; for, in 1861, the Southern +Methodists, finding the sympathy of the Kickapoos was mainly with the +federal element, took their departure.</p> + +<p><a name='f_31' id='f_31' href='#fna_31'>[31]</a> Ray, <i>op. cit.</i>, 86, footnote 107.</p> + +<p><a name='f_32' id='f_32' href='#fna_32'>[32]</a> The most flourishing schools seem to have been the Roman Catholic. +The Roman Catholics did not greatly concern themselves, as a church +organization, with the slavery agitation, and St. Mary’s Mission and the +Osage Manual Labor School were scarcely affected by the war and not at all +by the troubles that presaged its approach.</p> + +<p><a name='f_33' id='f_33' href='#fna_33'>[33]</a> The Baptist school among the Potawatomies closed in 1861. See +Appendix.</p> + +<p><a name='f_34' id='f_34' href='#fna_34'>[34]</a> House <i>Report</i>, 34th congress, first session, no. 200, pp. 14, 18, +94, 425.</p> + +<p><a name='f_35' id='f_35' href='#fna_35'>[35]</a> See Indian Office, <i>Special File, no. 220</i>.</p> + +<p><a name='f_36' id='f_36' href='#fna_36'>[36]</a> The work of the American Board among the Cherokees was discontinued +just before the war [<i>Missionary Herald</i>, 1861, p. 11; American Board +<i>Report</i>, 1860, p. 137].</p> + +<p><a name='f_37' id='f_37' href='#fna_37'>[37]</a> The four were: “Park hill, five miles south from Tahlequah; Dwight, +forty-two miles south-southwest from Tahlequah; Fairfield, twenty-five +miles southeast from Tahlequah; Lee’s creek, forty-three miles southeast +from Tahlequah”—Commissioner of Indian Affairs [<i>Report</i>, 1859, p. 173]. +There had been a fifth, an out station.</p> + +<p><a name='f_38' id='f_38' href='#fna_38'>[38]</a> The Congregational schools among the Choctaws were: Iyanubbi, near +the Arkansas line; Wheelock, eighteen miles east of Doaksville; and +Chuahla, one mile from Doaksville.</p> + +<p><a name='f_39' id='f_39' href='#fna_39'>[39]</a> The Southern Baptist Convention had not been long in the county prior +to the Civil War. The Methodist Episcopal Church South had no schools but +several missionaries. The American Baptist Missionary Union had a number +of meeting-houses.</p> + +<p><a name='f_40' id='f_40' href='#fna_40'>[40]</a> The Presbyterians (Old School) established Wah-pa-nuc-ka Institute +for young women, forty miles north of Red River and one and one-eighth +miles west of the Choctaw and Chickasaw line; but differences arose +between the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions and the Chickasaw +authorities, neither institutional nor sectional, but purely financial, +which caused the Presbyterians to abandon the school in 1860 [C. H. +Wilson, attorney for the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, to +Cooper, April 16, 1860]. The Presbyterian schools among the Choctaws were: +Spencer Academy, “located on the old military road leading from Fort +Towson to Fort Smith, about ten miles north of Fort Towson,” and Koonsha +Female Seminary. Both of them were under the Presbyterian Board. A third +institution, Armstrong Academy, belonged to the Cumberland Presbyterians. +The Southern Methodists had Bloomfield Academy, Colbert Institute, and the +Chickasaw Manual Labor School among the Chickasaws; and the Fort Coffee +and New Hope academies, for boys and girls respectively, among the +Choctaws.</p> + +<p><a name='f_41' id='f_41' href='#fna_41'>[41]</a> The Seminoles were late in manifesting an interest in education, and, +when interest did arise among them, John Jumper, the chief, declared for +boarding-schools and asked that such be established under the Presbyterian +Board, the same that had influence among their near neighbors, the Creeks.</p> + +<p><a name='f_42' id='f_42' href='#fna_42'>[42]</a> The American Board itself was inclined to be non-committal and +temporizing [Garrison, op. cit., vol. iii, 30]. The <i>Missionary Herald</i>, +so valuable an historical source as it proved itself to be for Indian +removals, is strangely silent on the great subject of negro slavery among +the Indians. Its references to it are only very occasional and never more +than incidental.</p> + +<p><a name='f_43' id='f_43' href='#fna_43'>[43]</a> Kingsbury was superintendent of the Chuahla Female Seminary.</p> + +<p><a name='f_44' id='f_44' href='#fna_44'>[44]</a> Worcester died, April, 1859 [<i>Missionary Herald</i>, 1859, p. 187; 1860, +p. 12].</p> + +<p><a name='f_45' id='f_45' href='#fna_45'>[45]</a> <i>Missionary Herald</i>, 1859, pp. 335-336; 1860, p. 12; The American +Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, <i>Report</i>, 1856, p. 195.</p> + +<p><a name='f_46' id='f_46' href='#fna_46'>[46]</a> Report of C. C. Copeland, 1860.</p> + +<p><a name='f_47' id='f_47' href='#fna_47'>[47]</a> Cooper was also Chickasaw agent. On the fifth of October, 1854, some +of the principal men of the Chickasaw Nation, Cyrus Harris, James Gamble, +Sampson Folsom, Jackson Frazier, and D. Colbert, petitioned President +Pierce for the removal of Agent Andrew J. Smith on charges of official +irregularity and gross immorality. A year later, Superintendent Dean +reiterated the charges. Smith’s commission was revoked, November 9, 1855; +and, in March, 1856, Cooper was assigned the Chickasaws as an additional +charge. Henceforth, the two tribes had an agent in common.</p> + +<p><a name='f_48' id='f_48' href='#fna_48'>[48]</a> This note itself bore no date but there is documentary proof that it +was received at Fort Smith, November 27, 1854. It is to be found in the +Indian Office among the <i>Fort Smith Papers</i>.</p> + +<p><a name='f_49' id='f_49' href='#fna_49'>[49]</a> The allusion is, of course, to the “higher law” doctrine expressed in +Seward’s Senate Speech of March 11, 1850.</p> + +<p><a name='f_50' id='f_50' href='#fna_50'>[50]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1859, pp. 190-191.</p> + +<p>The letter of Dr. Treat referred to by Agent Cooper is herewith given. It +is accompanied by the letter that covered it and that letter, as it is +found among the <i>Fort Smith Papers</i> in the United States Indian Office, +bears a record to the effect that the copy of it was transmitted by the +southern superintendent to Washington, November 28, 1855.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Towson</span> Nov. 16, 1855</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the pleasure to forward a copy of letter, addressed to the +Rev<sup>d</sup> S. B. Treat, Corresponding Secretary of the American Board of +Commissioners for Foreign Missions, by C. Kingsbury and +others—Missionaries among the Choctaws—and request the same may be +transmitted to the Hon Comr of Indian Affairs for the information of +the Government of the United States.</p> + +<p>The letter as you will perceive refers to an exciting and highly +important subject—in which the States adjoining the Indian Territory +are deeply & directly interested, as well as the Choctaw People.</p> + +<p>I cannot refrain from the expression of my gratification at the +position assured in this letter by the old and valued Missionaries +among the Choctaws. The copy was handed to me by Rev<sup>d</sup> Cyrus +Kingsbury, one of the signers to the original letter. Respectfully</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Douglas H. Cooper</span>, U. S. Agent for Choctaws</span></p> + +<p>Hon. C. M. Dean, Supt. Indian Affairs,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Ft Smith.</span></p></div> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p>[<i>Inclosure</i>]—<i>Copy</i></p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Pine Ridge, Choc. Na.</span> Nov. 15, 1855.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Rev. S. B. Treat</span>, Cor. Secretary of the A.B.C.F.M.</p> + +<p>Rev. & Dear Brother, When the Rev. G. W. Wood visited us as a +deputation from the Prudential Committee, he treated us, our views, +and <i>our practice</i> so kindly, and spoke to us so many encouraging +words, that we were constrained to meet him in a similar spirit of +concilliation. We were willing to re-examine the difference in views +on the subject of slavery, which for a long time had existed between +the Committee and ourselves, and to see if there was not common ground +on which we could stand together.</p> + +<p>At the opening of the meeting at Good Water, Mr. Wood laid aside the +letter of June 22nd ’/48. This was a subject we were not to discuss. +He then introduced, by way of compromise, as we understood it, certain +articles to show that there were principles, or modes of expression, +in relation to slavery, in which there was substantial agreement. To +these articles, though not expressed in every particular as we could +have wished, (and after some of them had been modified by oral +explanations,) we gave our assent, for the sake of peace. We hoped it +would put an end to agitation on a subject which had so long troubled +us, and hindered us in our work. We took it for granted that the +Committee had yielded certain important points, insisted on in the +letter of June 22nd ’/48. This gladdened our hearts, and disposed us +to meet Mr. Wood’s proposal in a spirit of concilliation and +confidence. We are not skilled in diplomacy, and had no thought that +we were assenting to articles which would be considered as covering +the whole ground of the letter of June 22nd. The first intimation that +we had been mistaken, was from a statement made by Mr. Wood, in New +York, that the result of the meeting at Good Water “<i>involved no +change of views or action</i> on the part of the Prudential Committee and +Secretaries.”</p> + +<p>In Mr. Wood’s report to the Pru. Com. which was read at Utica, the +Good Water document was placed in such a relation on to other +statements, as to make the impression that we had given our full and +willing assent to the entire letter of June 22d. The Com. on that +Report, of which Dr. Beman was chairman, say, “The great end aimed at +by the Pru. Com. in their correspondence with these missions for +several years; and by the Board at their last annual meeting; has been +substantially accomplished.”</p> + +<p>This is a result we had not anticipated. We can not consent to be thus +made to sanction principles and sentiments which are contrary to our +known, deliberate, and settled convictions of right, and to what we +understand to be the teachings of the word of God. We are fully +convinced that we can not go with the Committee and the Board, as to +the manner in which as Ministers of the Gospel and Missionaries we are +to deal with slavery. We believe the instructions of the Apostles, in +relation to this subject, are a sufficient guide, and that if followed +the best interests of society, as well as of the Church, will be +secured.</p> + +<p>We have no wish to give the Com. or the Board farther trouble on this +subject. As there is no prospect that our views can be brought to +harmonize, we must request that our relations to the A.B.C.F.M. may be +dissolved in a way that will do the least harm to the Board, and to +our Mission.</p> + +<p>We have endeavored to seek Divine guidance in this difficult matter, +and we desire to do that which shall be most for the glory of our +Divine Master, and the best interests of his cause among this people. +We regret the course we feel compelled to take, but we can see no +other relief from our present embarassment. Fraternally and truly +yours,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">(Signed) <span class="smcap">C. Kingsbury</span><span class="spacersig"> </span><span class="smcap">C. C. Copeland</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">C. Byington</span><span class="spacersig"> </span><span class="smcap">O. P. Stark</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">E. Hotchkin</span></span></p></div> + +<p><a name='f_51' id='f_51' href='#fna_51'>[51]</a> That the Buchanan administration did endorse pro-slavery policy and +actions requires no proof today. The findings of the Covode committee of +investigation, 1860, are in themselves sufficient evidence, were other +evidence lacking, of the intensely partisan and corrupt character of the +Democratic régime just prior to the Civil War. Of the officials, having +Indian concerns in charge, the Secretary of the Interior and the +Commissioner of Indian Affairs are, for present purposes, alone important. +Buchanan’s Secretary of the Interior was Jacob Thompson, who had formerly +been a representative in Congress from Mississippi and had thrown all the +weight of his influence in favor of the Lecompton constitution for Kansas +[Rhodes, J. F. <i>History of the United States</i>, vol. ii, 277]. After his +retirement from Buchanan’s cabinet, Thompson served as commissioner from +Mississippi, working in North Carolina for the accomplishment of secession +[Moore’s <i>Rebellion Record</i>, vol. i, 5]. A. B. Greenwood of Arkansas was +Commissioner of Indian Affairs in Buchanan’s time. He also had been in +Congress and, while there, had served on the House Committee of +Investigation into Brooks’s attack upon Sumner. He formed with Howell Cobb +of Georgia the minority element [Von Holst, vol. v, 324].</p> + +<p><a name='f_52' id='f_52' href='#fna_52'>[52]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1860, p. 129.</p> + +<p><a name='f_53' id='f_53' href='#fna_53'>[53]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1859, p. 172.</p> + +<p><a name='f_54' id='f_54' href='#fna_54'>[54]</a> Greenwood to Rector, March 14, 1860 [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, +no. 63, p. 128]; Greenwood to Cowart, March 14, 1860 [<i>ibid.</i>, 125].</p> + +<p><a name='f_55' id='f_55' href='#fna_55'>[55]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1860. See also additional +documents in <a href="#Page_329">Appendix B</a>.</p> + +<p><a name='f_56' id='f_56' href='#fna_56'>[56]</a> The following extract from the <i>Fort Smith Times</i> of February 3, 1859 +makes particular mention of the Reverend Evan Jones:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In the <i>True Democrat</i> of the 19th inst., we find an article credited +to the <i>Fort Smith Times</i>, in which the Rev. Evan Jones, a Baptist +Missionary, residing near the State line, Washington county, is +handled rather roughly so far as words are concerned. He is said to be +an abolitionist, and a very dangerous man, meddling with the affairs +of the Cherokees, and teaching them abolition principles.</p> + +<p>“As such reports will be circulated to the prejudice of the Southern +Baptists, we hereby request some of our Brethren in the northwest part +of the State to write us the grounds for such reports.</p> + +<p>“Is the ‘Rev. Evan Jones’ connected with any Missionary Society and if +so, what one?</p> + +<p>“We hope shortly to hear more concerning this matter.”</p> + +<p>The above notice is from the first number of the <i>Arkansas Baptist</i>, a +new paper just published in Little Rock, P. S. G. Watson, Editor. It +was not our intention to cast any reflections on the Baptist Church by +noticing the Rev. gentleman named above, as we have great respect for +the Church. We deny, however, that Mr. Jones “is handled roughly so +far as words are concerned,” for there are no harsh words or epithets +in the article referred to; but he is <i>handled roughly</i> so far as +<i>facts</i> are concerned. He is a Missionary Baptist, and the society by +which he is supported, has, we believe, its headquarters in Boston, +Mass. Mr. Jones’ conduct has been fully reported to the Indian office, +at Washington, by a number of the Cherokees, and by their Agent, Mr. +George Butler, to whom we refer the editor of the <i>Baptist</i>, for the +truth of the charges we have made against him; and, if they are not +satisfactory we can give a full history of Evan Jones’ conduct for a +number of years, well known among the Cherokees.</p></div> + +<p>In connection with the foregoing newspaper extract, it is well to note +that Richard Johnson was the editor of the <i>True Democrat</i>. Richard was a +brother of Robert W. Johnson who represented one faction of the Democratic +party in Arkansas while Thomas C. Hindman represented another. This was +before their devotion to the Confederate cause had made them friends. +Robert W. Johnson served in the United States Congress, first as +representative, then as senator. He was later a senator in the Confederate +States Congress. The Johnson family, although not so numerous as the +Rector family, was, like it, strongly secessionistic.</p> + +<p><a name='f_57' id='f_57' href='#fna_57'>[57]</a> Greenwood to Thompson, June 4, 1860 [Indian Office, <i>Report Book</i>, +no. 12, pp. 323-324].</p> + +<p><a name='f_58' id='f_58' href='#fna_58'>[58]</a> Connelley, <i>Quantrill and the Border Wars</i>, 147-149, 152.</p> + +<p><a name='f_59' id='f_59' href='#fna_59'>[59]</a> Siebert, <i>Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom</i>, 284.</p> + +<p><a name='f_60' id='f_60' href='#fna_60'>[60]</a> This party came to be known, almost exclusively, as the Treaty Party. +After the murder of John Ridge, from whom the party took its name, his +nephew, Stand Watie, became its leader. Stand Watie figured conspicuously +on the southern side in the Civil War.</p> + +<p><a name='f_61' id='f_61' href='#fna_61'>[61]</a> A good general account of these Cherokee factional disputes may be +found in Thomas Valentine Parker’s <i>Cherokee Indians</i>.</p> + +<p><a name='f_62' id='f_62' href='#fna_62'>[62]</a> Kappler, <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. ii, 561; Polk’s <i>Diary</i> (Quaife’s edition), +vol. ii, 80.</p> + +<p><a name='f_63' id='f_63' href='#fna_63'>[63]</a> George Butler to Dean, January 9, 1857.</p> + +<p><a name='f_64' id='f_64' href='#fna_64'>[64]</a> “... The Cherokee Council is in session, tho they do not seem to be +doing much. It will hold about four weeks yet. I will stay till it breaks. +I think the Councilmen seem to be split on some questions. It seems as if +there are two parties. One is called the land selling party & those +opposed to selling the land (that is Neutral lands). They passed a bill +last council to sell it. Congress would not have anything to do with it & +in fact they got up a protest against selling it & sent it to Washington +City & they did not sell the land.”—Extract from J. C. Dickinson to +Captain Mark T. Tatum, dated Tahlequah, October 16, 1860 [<i>Fort Smith +Papers</i>].</p> + +<p><a name='f_65' id='f_65' href='#fna_65'>[65]</a> Kappler, <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. ii, 388.</p> + +<p><a name='f_66' id='f_66' href='#fna_66'>[66]</a> Rector to Greenwood, June 14, 1860.</p> + +<p><a name='f_67' id='f_67' href='#fna_67'>[67]</a> Tuckabatche Micco and other Creek chiefs wished the southern +Comanches to be located somewhere between the Red and Arkansas Rivers. +That might or might not have meant a settlement upon the actual Creek +reservation. Manypenny promised to look into the matter and find out +whether there were any vacant lands in the region designated [Manypenny to +Dean, May 25, 1855, Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 51, pp. 444-445].</p> + +<p><a name='f_68' id='f_68' href='#fna_68'>[68]</a> Dean to Manypenny, November 24, 1856, and related documents [General +Files, <i>Chickasaw</i>, 1854-1858, D304, I400].</p> + +<p><a name='f_69' id='f_69' href='#fna_69'>[69]</a> For Choctaw political disturbances in 1858, see General Files, +<i>Choctaw</i>, 1859-1866, I933 and R1004.</p> + +<p><a name='f_70' id='f_70' href='#fna_70'>[70]</a> Some of the Tonkawas most probably went back to their old Texan +hunting-grounds upon the breaking out of the war and were found encamped, +in 1866, around San Antonio [Cooley to Sells, February 15, 1866, Indian +Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 79, p. 293].</p> + +<p><a name='f_71' id='f_71' href='#fna_71'>[71]</a> The Leased District was designed to accommodate any Indians that the +United States government might see fit to place there, exclusive of New +Mexican Indians, who had caused the Wichitas a great deal of trouble, and +those tribes “whose usual ranges at present are north of the Arkansas +River, and whose permanent locations are north of the Canadian....” +[Kappler, <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. ii, 708].</p> + +<p><a name='f_72' id='f_72' href='#fna_72'>[72]</a> The treatment of the Indians by Texas will be made the subject of a +later publication. The story is too long a one to be told here.</p> + +<p><a name='f_73' id='f_73' href='#fna_73'>[73]</a> Mix to Rector, March 30, 1859 [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 60, +pp. 386-388].</p> + +<p><a name='f_74' id='f_74' href='#fna_74'>[74]</a> <i>Annual Report</i>, 1857.</p> + +<p><a name='f_75' id='f_75' href='#fna_75'>[75]</a> Samuel Cooper, the New York man, who was now in United States employ +but later became adjutant-general of the Confederacy [Crawford, <i>Genesis +of the Civil War</i>, 310], made, about this time, a very significant inquiry +as to how many Indian warriors there were in the vicinity of the various +settlements [Cooper to Mix, January 29, 1856, Indian Office, +<i>Miscellaneous Files, 1858-1863</i>].</p> + +<p><a name='f_76' id='f_76' href='#fna_76'>[76]</a> J. Thompson to J. B. Floyd, March 12, 1858 [Indian Office, +<i>Miscellaneous Files</i>].</p> + +<p><a name='f_77' id='f_77' href='#fna_77'>[77]</a> By this treaty, the Choctaws had surrendered to the United States all +their claims to land beyond the one hundredth degree of west longitude.</p> + +<p><a name='f_78' id='f_78' href='#fna_78'>[78]</a> Cooper to Rector, June 23, 1858.</p> + +<p><a name='f_79' id='f_79' href='#fna_79'>[79]</a> Cooper to Rector, June 30, 1858.</p> + +<p><a name='f_80' id='f_80' href='#fna_80'>[80]</a> Some of the Chickasaws came to Cooper under the lead of the United +States interpreter, James Gamble, later Chickasaw delegate in the +Confederate Congress.</p> + +<p><a name='f_81' id='f_81' href='#fna_81'>[81]</a> The Cherokees soon deserted Cooper, no cause assigned. Why they were +with him at all can not very easily be explained unless they were looking +out for the interests of the “Cherokee Outlet”. They may, indeed, have +been some refugee Cherokees who, in 1854, were reported as living in the +Chickasaw country and consorting with horse thieves and other desperadoes. +Under ordinary circumstances, Cooper had no authority to command the +actions of Cherokees and his call was to Choctaws and Chickasaws whose +agent he was and whose interests were directly involved in the survey then +being made.</p> + +<p><a name='f_82' id='f_82' href='#fna_82'>[82]</a> On the question of the proposed site, see Rector’s <i>Report</i>, 1859, +pp. 307, 309. For Emory’s familiarity with the region, note his report of +a military reconnaissance undertaken by him in 1846 and 1847 [Pacific +Railroad <i>Surveys</i>, vol. ii].</p> + +<p><a name='f_83' id='f_83' href='#fna_83'>[83]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1859, and accompanying +documents.</p> + +<p><a name='f_84' id='f_84' href='#fna_84'>[84]</a> It would seem that Van Dorn had been ordered by General Twiggs, +commanding in Texas, to explore the country between the one hundredth and +the one hundred and fourth meridians as far north as the Canadian River. +He was to do it quite irrespective of department jurisdictional lines. Van +Dorn had the Texan’s unrelenting hatred for all Indians and, as was to +have been expected, considering the latitude of his orders, soon got +himself into trouble. It is interesting to note in connection with this +affair and in view of all that followed when Van Dorn and Albert Pike were +both serving under the Confederacy, that their dislike of each other dated +from Pike’s condemnation of Van Dorn’s cruel treatment of the Comanches.</p> + +<p><a name='f_85' id='f_85' href='#fna_85'>[85]</a> The contractor was Charles B. Johnson of Fort Smith. Under the firm +name of Johnson & Grimes, this man and Marshal Grimes, also of Arkansas, +were able again and again to secure subsistence contracts from Rector and +always with the suspicion of fraud attaching. Whenever possible, Rector +and his friends eliminated entirely the element of competition. Abram G. +Mayers of Fort Smith seems to have been the chief informer against Rector. +As a matter of fact, and this must be admitted in extenuation of Rector’s +conduct, the Indian field service was so grossly mismanaged, officials +from the highest to the lowest were so corrupt, that it is not at all +surprising that each one [unless by the merest chance he were strong +enough morally to resist temptation] took every opportunity he could get +to enrich himself at the Indian’s expense; for, of course, all such +ill-gotten gains came sooner or later out of the Indian fund. Very few +Indian officials seem to have been able to pass muster in matters of +probity during these troublous times. Secretary Thompson and even +Ex-president Pierce were not above suspicion in the Indian’s estimation +[Article, signed by “Screw Fly” in the <i>Chickasaw and Choctaw Herald</i>, +February 11, 1859]. Mix was accused of dishonesty, so were Commissioner +Dole, Commissioner Cooley, and Secretary Usher, to say nothing of a host +of lesser officials.</p> + +<p><a name='f_86' id='f_86' href='#fna_86'>[86]</a> Supervising agent, Robert S. Neighbors, who had always befriended the +Indians when he conveniently could against unfounded charges, was killed +soon after the removal by vindictive Texans. S. A. Blain was then given +charge of the Texas superintendency in addition to his own Wichita Agency. +The consolidation of duties gave the Texans, apparently, a fresh +opportunity to lodge complaints against the Wichitas.</p> + +<p><a name='f_87' id='f_87' href='#fna_87'>[87]</a> These refugees were mostly Delawares and Kickapoos. There were other +“strays,” or “absentees,” scattered here and there over the Indian +country. There were Shawnees near the Canadian, Delawares among the +Cherokees, and Shawnees and Kickapoos on the southwestern border of the +Creek lands.</p> + +<p><a name='f_88' id='f_88' href='#fna_88'>[88]</a> Matthew Leeper was appointed to succeed S. A. Blain as agent, July, +1860. He had previously been special Indian agent in Texas.</p> + +<p><a name='f_89' id='f_89' href='#fna_89'>[89]</a> Among the <i>Leeper Papers</i> is found the following:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Notice: All free negroes are notified to leave the Wichita Reserve or +Leased District forthwith, except an old negro who is in charge of +Messrs. Grimes & Rector, who will be permitted to remain a few days.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">[<span class="smcap">M. Leeper</span>], U. S. Ind. Agt.</span></p> + +<p>Wichita Agency, L. D. Sept. 26, 1860.</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_90' id='f_90' href='#fna_90'>[90]</a> The suffering among the Indians must have been very great. There was +a complete failure of crops everywhere. Subsistence had to be continued to +the Wichitas, the Seminoles were reported absolutely destitute, and even +the provident Choctaws were obliged to memorialize Congress for relief on +the basis of the Senate award under their treaty of 1855 [General Files, +<i>Choctaw, 1859-1866</i>]. Out of this application of Choctaw funds to the +circumstances of their own pressing needs, came the great scandal of the +Choctaw Corn Contract, in which Agent Cooper and many prominent men of the +tribe were implicated. In some way Albert Pike was concerned in it also; +but it must have been practically the only time a specific charge of +anything like peculation could possibly have been brought against any of +his transactions. His character for honesty seems to have been impeccable.</p> + +<p><a name='f_91' id='f_91' href='#fna_91'>[91]</a> In January, 1860, Agent Garrett asked the Creeks in their National +Council to consent to the apportionment of the tribal lands. Motty Cunard +[Motey Kennard] and Echo Mayo [Echo Harjo] sent the reply of the Council +to Garrett, January 19, 1860. It was an unqualified and absolute refusal.</p> + +<p><a name='f_92' id='f_92' href='#fna_92'>[92]</a> Cooper to Greenwood, March 31, 1860 [General Files, <i>Choctaw, +1859-1866</i>, C445].</p> + +<p><a name='f_93' id='f_93' href='#fna_93'>[93]</a> George E. Baker, <i>Works of W. H. Seward</i> (edition of 1884), vol. iv, +363; Bancroft’s <i>Seward</i>, vol. ii, 460-470.</p> + +<p><a name='f_94' id='f_94' href='#fna_94'>[94]</a> <i>Congressional Globe</i>, 33rd congress, first session, Appendix, p. +155.</p> + +<p><a name='f_95' id='f_95' href='#fna_95'>[95]</a> Dean to Manypenny, October 24, 1855 [Dean’s <i>Letter Book</i>].</p> + +<p><a name='f_96' id='f_96' href='#fna_96'>[96]</a></p> + +<p class="center">INDIAN TRUST FUND</p> +<p class="center"><i>List of stocks held by the Secretary of the Interior in trust for Indian tribes</i></p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> +<tr><td align="center"><span class="smcap">State</span></td><td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td align="center"><span class="smcap">Per cent</span></td><td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td align="center"><span class="smcap">Amount</span></td></tr> +<tr><td>Arkansas</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5</td><td> </td> + <td align="right">$ 3,000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>Florida</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">7</td><td> </td> + <td align="right">132,000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>Georgia</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">6</td><td> </td> + <td align="right">3,500.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>Indiana</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5</td><td> </td> + <td align="right">70,000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>Kentucky</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5</td><td> </td> + <td align="right">183,000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>Louisiana</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">6</td><td> </td> + <td align="right">37,000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>Maryland*</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">6</td><td> </td> + <td align="right">131,611.82</td></tr> +<tr><td>Missouri</td><td> </td> + <td align="center"><span style="margin-left: .75em;">5½</span></td><td> </td> + <td align="right">63,000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>Missouri</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">6</td><td> </td> + <td align="right">484,000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>North Carolina</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">6</td><td> </td> + <td align="right">562,000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>Ohio</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">6</td><td> </td> + <td align="right">150,000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>Pennsylvania*</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5</td><td> </td> + <td align="right">96,000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>South Carolina</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">6</td><td> </td> + <td align="right">125,000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tennessee</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">5</td><td> </td> + <td align="right">218,000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>Tennessee</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">6</td><td> </td> + <td align="right">143,000.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>United States</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">6</td><td> </td> + <td align="right">251,330.00</td></tr> +<tr><td>Virginia</td><td> </td> + <td align="center">6</td><td> </td> + <td align="right" class="botbor">796,800.00</td></tr> +<tr><td colspan="4"> </td> + <td align="right">3,449,241.82</td></tr></table> + +<p class="tablenote">*Taxed by the State.</p> + +<p>Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1859, p. 452.</p> + +<p><a name='f_97' id='f_97' href='#fna_97'>[97]</a> David Hubbard to Ross and McCulloch, June 12, 1861 [<i>Official +Records</i>, first ser., vol. xiii, 497].</p> + +<p><a name='f_98' id='f_98' href='#fna_98'>[98]</a> The position of the tribes in the northern part of the Indian +country, in Kansas, was considerably different from that of the tribes in +the southern part, in Oklahoma. Each of the great tribes to the southward +had a government of its own that was modelled very largely upon that of +the various states. The tribes to the northward had retained, unchanged in +essentials, their old tribal community government. Moreover, they had +already been obliged to allow themselves to be circumscribed by +territorial lines, soon to be state lines; their integrity had been broken +in upon; and now they were not of sufficient importance to have, either +individually or collectively, anything to say about the sectional +affiliation of Kansas. As a matter of fact, they never so much as +attempted to take general tribal action in the premises. Neither their +situation nor their political organization permitted it.</p> + +<p><a name='f_99' id='f_99' href='#fna_99'>[99]</a> An interruption to this came in the shape of the indefinitely defined +“Cherokee Outlet,” which lay north of Texas and in addition occupied the +northern part of Indian Territory.</p> + +<p><a name='f_100' id='f_100' href='#fna_100'>[100]</a> The subjoined map will illustrate the relative position of the +individual Indian reservations. Although published in 1867, it is not +correct for that date but is fairly correct for 1861. The “reconstruction +treaties” of 1866 made various changes in the Indian boundaries but the +map takes no account of them.</p> + +<p><a name='f_101' id='f_101' href='#fna_101'>[101]</a> Van Buren had a short time previously been the headquarters of the +Southern Superintendency.</p> + +<p><a name='f_102' id='f_102' href='#fna_102'>[102]</a> We find that this intimate intercourse extended even to things +scholastic; for, though there were plenty of female seminaries, so-called, +within Indian Territory, Indian girls regularly attended similar +institutions in Fayetteville [Bishop, A. W., <i>Loyalty on the Frontier</i>, +143].</p> + +<p><a name='f_103' id='f_103' href='#fna_103'>[103]</a> Bishop [<i>Loyalty on the Frontier</i>, 20] says that to the zeal of the +Knights of the Golden Circle, or “Knaves of the Godless Communion,” was +mainly attributable “the treasonable complexion” of the Arkansas +legislature that organized in November of 1860.</p> + +<p><a name='f_104' id='f_104' href='#fna_104'>[104]</a> The following documents include the act of the Chickasaw Legislature +and related correspondence:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Be it enacted by Legislature of the Chickasaw Nation, That the +Governor of the Chickasaw Nation, be and he is hereby authorized to +appoint four Commissioners, one from each county, namely:—Panola, +Pickens, Tishomingo, and Pontotoc County, on the part of the Chickasaw +Nation, to meet a like set of Commissioners appointed respectively by +the Choctaw, Creek, Cherokee, and Seminole Nations, to meet in General +Convention at such time and place That the Chief of the Creek Nation, +may set, for the purpose of entering into some compact, not +inconsistent with the Laws and Treaties of the United States, for the +future security and protection of the rights and Citizens of said +nations, in the event of a change in the United States, and to renew +the harmony and good feeling already established between said Nations +by a compact concluded & entered into on the 14th of Nov. 1859, at +Asbury Mission Creek Nation.</p> + +<p>Be it further enacted That said Commissioners shall receive for their +services the sum of One hundred dollars each, and shall report the +proceedings of said Convention to the next session of the Chickasaw +Legislature for its approval or disapproval....</p> + +<p>Passed the House Repts as amended Jany 5th 1861.</p> + +<p>Passed Senate Jan. 5, 1861. Approved Jan. 5, 1861.</p></div> + +<p>Indian Office General Files—<i>Cherokee 1859-1865</i>, C515.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Enclosed please find an Act of the called Session of the Chickasaw +Legislature, the object of which you will readily understand. Your +coöperation, and union of action of the Cherokee people in effecting +the object therein expressed is hereby respectfully solicited.</p> + +<p>It will be left to the Principal Chiefs of the Creek Nation to appoint +the time and place of meeting, of which you will have timely notice.— +<span class="smcap">Cyrus Harris</span>, governor of the Chickasaw Nation, to John Ross, +principal chief of the Cherokees, dated Tishomingo, C. N. January 5th, +1861 [<i>ibid.</i>].</p> + +<p>You will please find enclosed a communication from the Gov<sup>r</sup> of the +Chickasaw Nation & an Act of the Chickasaw Legislature calling upon +their Brethren the Creeks to appoint a time & place for a General +Convention of the Chickasaws, Choctaws, Cherokees, and Creeks. We +therefore appoint the 17th inst. to meet at the General Council Ground +of the Creek Nation—At which time & place we will (be) happy to meet +our Brethren the Cherokees.— <span class="smcap">Jacob Derrysaw</span>, acting chief of the +Creek Nation, to John Ross, dated Cowetah, Creek Nation, February 4, +1861 [ibid.].</p> + +<p>I was much surprised to receive a proposition for taking action so +formal on a matter so important, without having any previous notice or +understanding about the business, which might have afforded +opportunity to confer with our respective Councils and People.</p> + +<p>Although I regret most deeply, the excitement which has arisen among +our White brethren: yet <i>by us</i> it can only be regarded as a family +misunderstanding among themselves. And it behooves us to be careful, +in any movement of ours, to refrain from adopting any measures liable +to be misconstrued or misrepresented:—and in which (at present at +least) we have no direct and proper concern.</p> + +<p>I cannot but confidently believe, however, that there is wisdom and +virtue and moderation enough among the people of the United States, to +bring about a peaceable and satisfactory adjustment of their +differences. And I do not think we have the right to anticipate any +contingency adverse to the stability and permanence of the Federal +Union.</p> + +<p>Our relations to the United States, as defined by our treaties, are +clear and definite. And the obligations growing out of them easily +ascertained. And it will ever be our wisdom and our interest to adhere +strictly to those obligations, and carefully to guard against being +drawn into any complications which may prove prejudicial to the +interests of our people, or imperil the security we now enjoy under +the protection of the Government of the United States as guaranteed by +our Treaties. In the very worst contingency that can be thought of, +the great National Responsibilities of the United States must and will +be provided for. And should a catastrophe as that referred to in +(your) communication, unhappily occur, then will be the time for us to +take proper steps for securing the rights and interests of our people.</p> + +<p>Out of respect to the Chiefs of neighboring Nations, and from the deep +interest I feel for the peace and welfare of our red brethren, I have +deemed it proper to appoint a Delegation to attend the Council +appointed by the Creek Chiefs at your request, on the 17th inst. at +the Gen<sup>l</sup> Council Ground of the Creek Nation, for the purpose of a +friendly interchange of the views & sentiments on the general +interests of our respective Nations.</p> + +<p>In the language of our Fathers, I am your</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">“Elder Friend and Brother”</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;"><span class="smcap">John Ross</span>, Principal Chief, Cherokee Nation.</span></p></div> + +<p>Extract from letter to Cyrus Harris, February 9, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>].</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Previous to the receipt of your Communication enclosing the +proceedings of the Chickasaw Authorities, I had received similar +papers from the “Governor of the Chickasaw Nation.”</p> + +<p>And I herewith enclose for the information of yourself & people a copy +of my reply. I will appoint a Delegation to attend your Council for +the purpose therein stated.—Ross to Derrysaw, February 9, 1861 +[<i>ibid.</i>].</p> + +<p>I have received a communication from the Gov. of the Chickasaw Nation, +with a copy of an Act of their Legislature. And I presume a similar +communication has been received by you. Deeming it important that much +prudence and caution should be exercised by us in regard to the object +of the Governor’s communication, I have thought it proper to address +him a letter, giving a brief expression of my views on the subject, a +copy of which I enclose for your information.—Ross to the principal +chief of the Choctaw Nation, February 11, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>].</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_105' id='f_105' href='#fna_105'>[105]</a> See <a href="#fna_104">preceding note</a>.</p> + +<p><a name='f_106' id='f_106' href='#fna_106'>[106]</a> The Creek Agency was probably chosen because of its convenient +situation. It was at the junction of the North Fork and the Canadian and, +consequently, in close proximity to three of the reservations and not far +distant from the other two.</p> + +<p><a name='f_107' id='f_107' href='#fna_107'>[107]</a> See Mrs. W. P. Ross, <i>Life and Times of William P. Ross</i>.</p> + +<p><a name='f_108' id='f_108' href='#fna_108'>[108]</a> <i>American Historical Review</i>, vol. xv, 282.</p> + +<p><a name='f_109' id='f_109' href='#fna_109'>[109]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>... On your deliberations it will [be] proper for you to advise +discretion, and to guard against any premature movement on our part, +which might produce excitement or be liable to misrepresentation. Our +duty is very plain. We have only to adhere firmly to our respective +Treaties. By them we have placed ourselves under the protection of the +United States, and of no other sovereign whatever. We are bound to +hold no treaty with any foreign Power, or with any individual State or +combination of States nor with Citizens of any State. Nor even with +one another without the interposition and participation of the United +States....</p> + +<p>Should any action of the Council be thought desirable, a resolution +might be adopted, to the effect, that we will in all contingencies +rest our interests on the pledged faith of the United States, for the +fulfilment of their obligations. We ought to entertain no apprehension +of any change, that will endanger our interests. The parties holding +the responsibilities of the Federal Government will always be bound to +us. And no measures we have it in our power to adopt can add anything +to the security we now possess. Relying on your intelligence & +discretion I will add no more.—<span class="smcap">Chief Ross’s</span> instructions to the +Cherokee Delegation, February 12, 1861 [Indian Office General File; +<i>Cherokee 1859-1865</i>, C515].</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_110' id='f_110' href='#fna_110'>[110]</a> The Indian Office files are full of testimony proving John Ross’s +wisdom, foresight, sterling worth generally, and absolute devotion to his +people. Indeed, his whole biography is written large in the records. His +character was impeccable. Judged by any standard whatsoever, he would +easily rank as one of the greatest of Indian half-breeds.</p> + +<p><a name='f_111' id='f_111' href='#fna_111'>[111]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 682.</p> + +<p><a name='f_112' id='f_112' href='#fna_112'>[112]</a> The evidence of this is to be found in an official letter from +Commissioner W. P. Dole to Secretary Caleb B. Smith, under date of April +30, 1861, which reads as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I have the honor to enclose herewith a copy of a letter, dated 17th. +Inst. from Elias Rector, Esq., Supt. Indian Affairs ... together with +copy of its enclosure, being one addressed to <i>Col. W. H. Emory</i> by +<i>M. Leeper</i>, Agent for the Indians within the “Leased District,” +having reference to the removal of the troops from Fort Cobb.</p> + +<p>The Government being bound by treaty obligations to protect the +Indians from the incursions of all enemies, I would respectfully ask +to be informed, if it is not its intention to keep in the country a +sufficient force for the purpose.</p> + +<p>The Choctaw and Chickasaw delegation—composed of the principal men of +those Nations—while recently in this City expressed great +apprehensions of attack upon their people, by Citizens of Texas and +Arkansas; and these delegations having assured me of their +determination to maintain a neutral position in the anticipated +difficulties throughout our Country, I would recommend that a depot +for arms be established within the Southern Superintendency in order +that the Indians there may be placed in the possession of the means to +defend themselves against any attack....—Indian Office <i>Report Book</i>, +no. 12, p. 152.</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_113' id='f_113' href='#fna_113'>[113]</a> General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, L632.</p> + +<p><a name='f_114' id='f_114' href='#fna_114'>[114]</a> The letter can be found in manuscript form in Indian Office, <i>Letter +Book</i>, no. 65, pp. 447-449, and in printed form in Commissioner of Indian +Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 34.</p> + +<p><a name='f_115' id='f_115' href='#fna_115'>[115]</a> <i>John Ross</i>, principal chief of the Cherokee Nation; <i>Cyrus Harris</i>, +governor of the Chickasaw Nation; <i>M. Kennard</i>, principal chief of the +Lower Creeks; <i>Echo Hadjo</i> [Echo Harjo], principal chief of the Upper +Creeks; <i>George Hudson</i>, principal chief of the Choctaw Nation; and the +unnamed principal chief of the Seminoles west of Arkansas.</p> + +<p><a name='f_116' id='f_116' href='#fna_116'>[116]</a> It would seem that the letter was not given to Coffin immediately +but was held back on account of the insecurity of the mails [Dole to Creek +and Seminole chiefs, November 16, 1861, Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. +67, pp. 78-79].</p> + +<p><a name='f_117' id='f_117' href='#fna_117'>[117]</a> The delay was not entirely due to the military situation. Coffin +went from Washington to his home in Indiana. He was there on the +twentieth, at Annapolis, Parke County, when Dole wrote urging him to +hasten on his way,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I herewith enclose a slip taken from the National Intelligencer of +this date, being an extract from the Austin [Texas] State Gazette of +the 4th Instant, by which you will perceive that efforts are being +made to tamper with the Indians within your Superintendency.</p> + +<p>By this you will perceive the urgent necessity, that you should +proceed at the earliest moment practicable to the vicinity of the +duties in your charge, that from your personal knowledge of the views +of the Government in relation to these Indians as well as by the +instructions and communications in your possession, you may be able to +thwart the endeavors of any and all who have or shall attempt to +tamper with these tribes and array them in hostility to the +Government.</p> + +<p>I deem it of the utmost importance that no time be lost in this +matter, as delay may be disastrous to the public service.—Indian +Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 65, p. 473.</p></div> + +<p>By the nineteenth of June, Coffin had managed to reach Crawford Seminary, +from which place he reported to Dole,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>We have at length reached the Indian Territory propper.... I find Mr. +Elder the Agent absent. I learned on my way down here that he had gone +to Fort Scott with the view of locating the Agency there for the +present which I supposed when I wrote you from the Catholic Mission +might be propper from its close proximity to Missouri but as Mr. +Phelps district is opposit here and he a good Union man and has been +Stumping the district and I learn that the Union cause is growing fast +in that part of the State I think there is now at least no Sort of +excuse for removing, the buildings here are ample for a large family, +watter good....—General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, +C1229.</p></div> + +<p>The sequel showed that Agent Elder was right and Superintendent Coffin +wrong about the security of the region. Coffin never reached Fort Smith at +all and was soon compelled to vacate the Indian Territory. Indian Office, +<i>Letter Book</i>, no. 66, which covers the period from June, 1861 to October, +1861, contains scarcely a letter to prove that the Indian Office was in +communication with Indian Territory. Official connection with the country +had been completely cut off. Military abandonment and dilatory officials +had done their work.</p> + +<p><a name='f_118' id='f_118' href='#fna_118'>[118]</a> Official instructions were issued to Coffin, then in Washington, on +the ninth, and gave him permission to change his headquarters at +discretion. The following is an excerpt of the instructions:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>You having been appointed by the President to be Superintendent of +Indian Affairs for the Southern Superintendency in place of <i>Elias +Rector</i>, Esq. ... You will repair to Fort Smith, Arkansas, as early as +practicable, for the purpose of relieving <i>Elias Rector</i>, Esq.</p> + +<p>In your progress from Indiana to Fort Smith, should you deem it +expedient and advisable to pass down the Kansas line and among the +Indians in that section, you will make it your business to inquire as +to their sentiments and disposition with reference to the present +disturbances in the neighboring countries, so far as time and +opportunity will enable you to do so. On reaching Fort Smith you will +also inform yourself as to the condition of Affairs there and +surrounding country, and as to the prospect of the business of the +Superintendency being carried on without molestation or other +inconvenience, and should you find it necessary from the circumstances +that may surround you to remove the office of Superintendent from Fort +Smith you are authorized to do so, selecting some eligible point in +the proximate Indian Territory, or if required some point northwardly +among the Indians in Kansas as your best discretion may dictate. I +trust however that this discretionary authority may prove unnecessary +and that in the legitimate discharge of your duties, you may suffer no +interruption from any cause or source whatever. In a report from this +Office of the 30th Ultimo, with reference to anticipated Indian +troubles in your Superintendency consequent upon the removal of the +troops from Fort Cobb, the attention of the <i>Hon. Secretary of the +Interior</i> was called to the subject, and the enquiry as to the policy +of the Government to keep in the country a sufficient force for the +purpose of proper protection; and further calling his attention to the +expression of friendship and loyalty made by the Choctaw and Chickasaw +delegates lately in this City, recommended that a depot for arms be +established within the Southern Superintendency, in order that the +Indians there may be placed in possession of the means to defend +themselves against any attack. As yet no response to this report has +been received....—Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 65, pp. 442-443.</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_119' id='f_119' href='#fna_119'>[119]</a> Douglas H. Cooper, agent for the Choctaws and Chickasaws, was from +Mississippi; William H. Garrett, agent for the Creeks, was from Alabama; +Robert J. Cowart, agent for the Cherokees, was from Georgia; Matthew +Leeper, agent for the Indians of the Leased District, was from Texas; and +Andrew J. Dorn, agent at the Neosho River Agency, was from Arkansas.</p> + +<p><a name='f_120' id='f_120' href='#fna_120'>[120]</a> Telegram, Greenwood to Rector, January 19, 1861 [Indian Office, +<i>Letter Book</i>, no. 65, p. 104].</p> + +<p><a name='f_121' id='f_121' href='#fna_121'>[121]</a> For information showing what Indian agents became adherents of the +Confederate cause, see, among other things, an extract from a report of +Albert Pike to be found in Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 130, pp. +237-238; and a letter from R. W. Johnson to L. P. Walker, published in +<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 598.</p> + +<p><a name='f_122' id='f_122' href='#fna_122'>[122]</a> The evidence on this point is not very convincing, either one way or +the other. A number of documents might be cited bearing some brief, vague, +or indefinite reference to the steps the Indians took from the beginning. +The closing paragraph of the following report from E. H. Carruth, under +date of July 11, 1861, is a typical case:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I know not that any person has given information to any of the +United States officers in regard to the position of the Indian Tribes +connected with the Southern Superintendency.</p> + +<p>I am just arrived from the Seminole Country where for a year I have +been employed as [illegible] to induce the Seminoles to establish +schools. In Sept. last the chiefs applied to the Department to set +aside $5000 for this purpose, but never heard from their application, +and their Ag’t soon became too deeply interested in the politics of +the Country to pay much attention to the affairs of the tribe.</p> + +<p>From the time the secession movement began to ripen into treason, the +Chief of the Seminoles has constantly sought information on the +subject, and whenever I rec’d a mail he would bring an Interpreter & +remain with me until all had been read and explained.</p> + +<p>After the Forts west were taken possession of by the Texans, the +tribes living under the protection of Government around Fort Cobb came +into the Seminole Country, seeking the counsel of the Seminoles as to +what they should do, hostility to the Texans, being with them +strengthened by the recollection of recent wrongs. The Seminoles gave +them permission to reside on their lands, and advised them to +interfere with neither party, should both be represented in the +country.</p> + +<p>The Texan officers sent several letters among them & left +Commissioners at Cobb to treat with them offering to them the same +protection before enjoyed while the Government of the U. S. was +represented among them. A letter was also sent to the Seminoles signed +by Geo. W. Welch, “Capt-Commanding the Texan troops in the service of +the Southern Confederacy” which asserted that the <i>Northern people +were determined to take away their lands & negroes</i>, that the old +Gov’t would never be able to fulfill her treaty stipulations and wound +up by asking them to place their interests under the protection of the +Southern Confederacy.</p> + +<p>Very soon afterwards Capt. Albert G. Pike “Commissioner for the +Confederate States of America” wrote to the Seminole Chief from the +Creek Agency, asking that he should meet him at that place with six of +his best men fully authorized to treat with him. He also asked for a +body of Seminole warriors, & promised as “good perhaps better treaty” +than their old one. His letter was backed up by one from Washburn +(formerly Seminole Ag’t) who gave a glowing description of treason, +representing to the Indians that the U. S. could never pay one dollar +of the moneys due them, that European Nations were committed to the +cause of the Rebels, and entreated, prayed, almost commanded them to +take the step so essential to their political salvation. This Washburn +had once been engaged in a money transaction with two of the Chiefs +which swindled the nation out of many thousands of dollars, and while +they came near losing their heads in the operation, he escaped, & +still enjoys great personal popularity with the tribe. No man knows +better how to approach Indians. He was born among them of missionary +parents, & like all southern men, who regret their northern parentage, +he is the most rabid of violent traitors. The day after these letters +were rec’d the Chief (John Jumper) spent at my house. He felt true to +the treaties, & said that all his people were with the Government, +but, the Forts west were in possession of its enemies, their Agent +would give them no information on the subject, & he feared that his +country would be overrun, if he did not yield.</p> + +<p>I told him plainly that Government was shamefully misrepresented, that +the treaties bound him to all the states alike, that the U. S. could +not fall with all the Army & Navy at her disposal, & that should the +South ever succeed in gaining her own independence the free States +would fight till not a man, woman or child was left, before yielding +one inch of Territory to the rebels. The war being entered into not so +much either for or against slavery in the states, as to protect the +Constitutional rights of Government in the Territories. The Chief told +me that all the full Indians everywhere were with the Gov’t, that he +did not wish to fight, nor did his people, they had hoped to be left +to themselves untill the whites settled their quarrels, his people had +enough of war in Florida, & were now anxious for peace. He would +however go to the Creek Agency & tell Capt. Pike & Ben McCulloch their +determination. I believe the object of Pike in drawing the Seminoles +to the Creek country was that he could thus bring Creek influence to +bear upon them. When Pike’s letter came, the Bearer sent word to the +Chief to meet him ten miles below, where they were read, but this +caution did not keep them out of sight, as the Chief immediately +brought them to me, to whom as clerk they should have come at first, +but a “white man” was declared to be the adviser of the Seminoles, for +whom a black jack limb would soon suffice. I knew it dangerous to +await the arrival of my ranger friends, & with my wife I left on +horseback, traveling in a Kickapoo trail, coming in above the Creek +country, as they had seceded—I was questioned a good deal in the +Cherokee Nation, but not interfered with as I was personally +acquainted with their leading half breeds, and my wife being fortunate +enough to have a Virginia birth and a brother in Missouri.</p> + +<p>When within a half hour’s travel of the Neosho River, my shot gun was +taken by a company of men, organized that day—the 2d after Seymour +was killed—they said “to clean out Kansas Jay hawkers.”</p> + +<p>The influence of Capt. Pike the Rebel Commissioner is second to no +man’s among the Southern Indians & I fear that he may succeed in his +intrigues with the other tribes, the Creeks, Chickasaws, & Choctaws +having already gone. The Cherokees refuse to go as a Nation, & no one +is a firmer friend to the Union than John Ross, their Chief, but +traitors are scheming, and the half breeds in favor of the South, want +an army to come in, in which event they promise to be “forced in” to +the Arms of Jeff. Davis, & the select crowd of traitors at Montgomery.</p> + +<p>There are many true & loyal men even among the half breeds, some of +the Judges of their courts I know to be so, while all the full blood +element is with the Gov’t.</p> + +<p>The half breeds belong to the K. G. C. a society whose sole object is +to increase & defend slavery and the full bloods have—not to be +outdone—got up a secret organization called the “pins” which meets +among mountains, connecting business with Ball-playing, and this is +understood to be in favor of Gov’t, at least when a half breed at +Webers falls raised a secession flag, the “pins” turned out to haul it +down & were only stopped by a superior force, they retired swearing +that “it should yet be done & its raiser killed” and now Sir, let me +say a word in behalf of the full Indians who make up in devotion to +our Gov’t what they lack in knowledge.</p> + +<p>I sometimes hear rejoicing on the part of Northern people, that these +tribes are seceding, because they say such violation of their treaties +will lose them their lands, whose beauty & fertility have long been +admired by western farmers. I have been twelve years among these +tribes & I know the full bloods to be loyal to the Gov’t. That Gov’t +is bound by treaties to protect these nations, to keep up Forts for +that purpose. The forts are deserted, the soldiers are gone. The +Agents are either resigned or, working under “confederate” +commissions. The Indians are told that the old Gov’t is bankrupt, that +it must die, that England & France will help the South, That they are +southern Indians & own slaves, & have interests only with & in the +south, That the war is waged by the North for the sole purpose of +killing slavery, & stealing the Indian lands etc. etc. What have the +Indians with which to disprove this? The “Confederate” Gov’t is +represented there by an army & Commissioners, but the United States +have not been heard from for six months. Every battle is believed to +be against the old Gov’t & those who control the news know in what +shape it should go to have influence. The Seminole Agent, Col. +Rutherford, has never lifted his finger to give information or advice +to the Indians under his charge—He said before Mr. Lincoln took his +seat as President that he would not receive a reappointment from him, +but would serve until it should come, which means that his love of +money would enable him to make an occasional visit to the Agency +buildings, but his fear for & sympathy with Ark. rebels, would keep +him from doing anything to endanger their interests. A proper officer +could have kept the Seminoles from sending a delegation to Capt. Pike, +as well as in the Creek country one could have kept the Creeks loyal. +That there has been the most culpable neglect on the part of its +officers to the interests of the Genl Gov’t needs no +demonstration—The cry has been: “More favorable treaties can now be +made with the South than after the war, as it will show that the +Indians are at heart with the South”—No doubt is allowed to be felt +as to the issue of the war. The agents who hold Commissions from Mr. +Lincoln & go to Montgomery to have Jeff. Davis endorse them, show a +faith in the issue, that is not lost upon the Indians.</p> + +<p>A Capt. Brown of the Chickasaw tribe was commanding at Arbuckle, in +the absence of Col. McKing who was at Tishimingo where the legislature +was in session. He informed me that the Texans would not come over +until the Choctaws & Chickasaws had given them to understand that “it +would be all right”—At the time these nations did not wish to invite +them, it would have been too palpable a violation of treaties, tho’ +they took command of the Fort, whether under their national +authorities, or the “Confederate” I do not know which.</p> + +<p>Letters now in possession of the Seminole Chief will prove much herein +stated. I told the chief to preserve those letters & all others which +he might receive of a like nature....—General Files, <i>Southern +Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, C1348.</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_123' id='f_123' href='#fna_123'>[123]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 513.</p> + +<p><a name='f_124' id='f_124' href='#fna_124'>[124]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 515-516.</p> + +<p><a name='f_125' id='f_125' href='#fna_125'>[125]</a> The order was one of the many, dictated by the policy of “no +coercion,” that issued in the last days of Buchanan’s administration and +the first of Lincoln’s. A few of them, affecting or designed to affect the +frontier, may as well be listed in chronological order. On the thirteenth +of February, an abandonment of Fort Smith was ordered [<i>Official Records</i>, +first ser., vol. i, 654]. The citizens protested and the order was +countermanded [<i>ibid.</i>, 655]. On the fifteenth of the same month, General +Scott ordered, in the event of secession, all United States troops from +Texas, via Fort Belknap and the Indian country, to Fort Leavenworth +[<i>ibid.</i>, 589]. On the eighteenth of March, a similar abandonment of +Arkansas and the Indian country was arranged for [<i>ibid.</i>, 667].</p> + +<p><a name='f_126' id='f_126' href='#fna_126'>[126]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. liii, supplement, pp. 626, 628, +629.</p> + +<p><a name='f_127' id='f_127' href='#fna_127'>[127]</a> General Twiggs was then waiting to be relieved of his command, +having personally requested to be relieved, his sense of embarrassment +being strong and his unwillingness to take responsibility, extreme. Robert +E. Lee, brevet colonel, Second United States Cavalry, was relieved from +duty in Texas and ordered to repair to Washington, by orders of February +4, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 586].</p> + +<p><a name='f_128' id='f_128' href='#fna_128'>[128]</a> Commissioners of some sort had been sent to the Indians even before +this. They do not seem to have been, in any sense, agents of Texas, +indeed, the ones particularly in mind were from Arkansas; but Texas may +have taken her cue from their appointment. Their presence in the Indian +country is sufficiently attested by the following correspondence:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I have been informed today that persons purporting to act in the +capacity of Commissioners are now visiting the Indian nations on our +frontier—preparatory to forming an alliance with them to furnish them +with arms and munitions of war, in violation of subsisting treaties +and the laws of the United States. Occupying the position I do as a +Civil officer of the Government in discharge of my duty as well as +instructions, It is my duty to make inquiry and report such a state of +facts as may exist in relation to the same. And having no authentic +information in relation to this matter other than public rumor, I have +believed it my duty to address you knowing that if such projects are +in embryo or consummation that they cannot escape your vigilance; and +that from you I shall be informed of the same, that, they may be +communicated from a reliable official source to the authorities at +Washington for their action.—<span class="smcap">John B. Ogden</span>, United States +commissioner, to John Ross, dated Van Buren, February 15, 1861 [Indian +Office, General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, O32].</p> + +<p>I have received your communication of the 15th inst.—stating that you +have been informed that persons purporting to act in the capacity of +commissioners are now visiting the Indian Nations on the frontier +preparatory to forming an alliance....</p> + +<p>It is currently rumored in the Country that Mr. R. J. Cowart—the U. +S. Agent—is officially advocating the secession policy of the +Southern States and that he is endeavoring to influence the Cherokees +to take sides and act in concert with the seceded States—At the same +time uttering words of denunciation against all the distinguished +Patriots who are exerting their efforts, to devise measures of +reconciliation in Congress as well as those in the Peace Convention at +Washington for the Preservation of the Union.</p> + +<p>Mr. Cowart brought out with him from the State of Georgia a man +named—Solomon—who is a notorious drunken brawling disunionist. He is +strolling about Tahlequah under the permission of the socalled “U. S. +Agent”—and is creating strife & getting into difficulties with +citizens of the Nation—a perfect nuisance to the peace and good order +of society.</p> + +<p>The conduct and general deportment of this man, also of the Agent +being in direct violation of the laws and Treaties of the United +States—they should be removed out of the Cherokee Country.</p> + +<p>For further information as to such facts relating to the subjects of +your enquiry, I have to refer you at present to Mr. W. P. Ross for +what he may be in possession of....—<span class="smcap">John Ross</span> to John B. Ogden, +February 28, 1861 [Indian Office, General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, O32].</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_129' id='f_129' href='#fna_129'>[129]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 322.</p> + +<p><a name='f_130' id='f_130' href='#fna_130'>[130]</a> Tenney, W. J. <i>Military and Naval History of the Rebellion in the +United States</i>, 134.</p> + +<p><a name='f_131' id='f_131' href='#fna_131'>[131]</a> Letter to the Alabama commissioner, J. M. Calhoun, January 7, 1861 +[<i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 74].</p> + +<p><a name='f_132' id='f_132' href='#fna_132'>[132]</a> “Report of a Committee of the Convention, being an address to the +people of Texas, March 30, 1861.”—<i>Ibid.</i>, 199.</p> + +<p><a name='f_133' id='f_133' href='#fna_133'>[133]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 322-325.</p> + +<p><a name='f_134' id='f_134' href='#fna_134'>[134]</a> Leeper to Greenwood, February 12, 1861 [General Files, <i>Wichita, +1860-1861</i>, L373].</p> + +<p><a name='f_135' id='f_135' href='#fna_135'>[135]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 656.</p> + +<p><a name='f_136' id='f_136' href='#fna_136'>[136]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i></p> + +<p><a name='f_137' id='f_137' href='#fna_137'>[137]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 660.</p> + +<p><a name='f_138' id='f_138' href='#fna_138'>[138]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 648.</p> + +<p><a name='f_139' id='f_139' href='#fna_139'>[139]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 656.</p> + +<p><a name='f_140' id='f_140' href='#fna_140'>[140]</a> The Indian Office protested against a reduction of the forts because +of treaty guaranties to the Indians [Dole to Smith, April 30, 1861, Indian +Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no. 12, p. 152].</p> + +<p><a name='f_141' id='f_141' href='#fna_141'>[141]</a> Townsend to Emory, March 21, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., +vol. i, 659].</p> + +<p><a name='f_142' id='f_142' href='#fna_142'>[142]</a> Same to same, <i>ibid.</i>, 660.</p> + +<p><a name='f_143' id='f_143' href='#fna_143'>[143]</a> Emory to Townsend, April 2, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>, 660].</p> + +<p><a name='f_144' id='f_144' href='#fna_144'>[144]</a> At the time, when it was intended to remove all the troops from Fort +Cobb for purposes of concentration farther south and nearer to the source +of danger, instructions were issued that the Reserve Indians, whose +peculiar protection Fort Cobb was, might remove within the limits of Fort +Washita; but the Choctaws and the Chickasaws objected and, in deference to +their wishes, Emory suspended the permission [<i>Official Records</i>, first +ser., vol. i, 663], his excuse being that Fort Cobb was not to be +abandoned anyway. The contractors, Johnson and Grimes, whom Superintendent +Rector had so much favored, had a good deal to do with the forming of this +decision. They told Emory that the Reserve Indians were not free to move; +for they had no means and that they were “hutted and planting at Fort +Cobb.” Quite naturally the food contractors did not wish the Indians to be +taken out of their reach within the limits of a military reservation.</p> + +<p><a name='f_145' id='f_145' href='#fna_145'>[145]</a> Matthew Leeper was very insistent. He not only wrote letters to +Emory arguing his case but travelled from his agency to Fort Smith to +interview him.</p> + +<p><a name='f_146' id='f_146' href='#fna_146'>[146]</a> Emory refused to grant the appeal of Major Sackett and Captain +Prince not to abandon Fort Arbuckle [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. +i, 666].</p> + +<p><a name='f_147' id='f_147' href='#fna_147'>[147]</a> This circumstance ought not, however, to be cited to the prejudice +of Colonel Emory; for it was while he was yet at Fort Smith that he +manifested some of the spirit that inspired Robert E. Lee, who, by the +way, was in command of the 2nd regiment of United States cavalry and had +been stationed, like Emory, in Texas, and who, whether he believed in the +doctrine of secession or not, put, as many another high-minded Southerner +did, the state before the nation in matters of pride, of allegiance, and +of personal honor. Such men as Lee belonged to quite another class from +what the self-seeking politicians did who, in isolated cases at least, +engineered the secession movement from hope of gain. Many of the Indian +agents and employees belonged to this latter class. Emory was unlike Lee +in the final result; for he did not ultimately conclude to go with his +state. It was he who later on commanded, as a Union brigadier-general, the +defences of New Orleans.</p> + +<p><a name='f_148' id='f_148' href='#fna_148'>[148]</a> See <a href="#Page_329">Appendix B</a>, <i>Leeper Papers</i>.</p> + +<p><a name='f_149' id='f_149' href='#fna_149'>[149]</a> Very early, as has already been commented upon, the Texans bethought +them of securing the Indian alliance. Additional evidence is to be found +in such a request as Henry E. McCulloch made of Secretary Walker, on the +occasion of his brother Ben’s having passed over to him the charge +originally conferred upon himself of raising a regiment of mounted troops +for the defence of the frontier. Henry E. McCulloch requested Secretary +Walker to permit him</p> + +<p class="blockquot">To use some of the friendly Indians in the Indian Territory, if I can +procure their services, in my scouting parties and expeditions against +the hostile Indians. These people can be made of great service to us, +and can be used without any great expense to the +Government.—<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 618.</p> + +<p><a name='f_150' id='f_150' href='#fna_150'>[150]</a> Letter of Carruth, July 11, 1861.</p> + +<p><a name='f_151' id='f_151' href='#fna_151'>[151]</a> As proof that the Texans regarded the Choctaws and the Chickasaws as +friends, the two following letters may be cited:</p> + +<p>A letter from John Hemphill and W. S. Oldham, two of the representatives +from Texas in the Provisional Congress, to Secretary Walker, March 30, +1861, outlining a scheme of defence for Texas in which the admission was +made that, from the southwest corner of Arkansas to Preston on the Red +River, Texas needed no defense as her neighbors on that side were, “the +highly-civilized and agricultural tribes of Choctaws and Chickasaws, who +are in friendship with Texas and the Confederate States.”—<i>Official +Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 619.</p> + +<p>A letter from E. Kirby Smith, major, Artillery, Confederate States of +America, to Walker, April 20, 1861, to the effect that,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>In considering the defense of the line of the western frontier of +Texas our relations with the civilized Indians north of Red River are +of the utmost importance. Numbering some eight thousand rifles, they +form a strong barrier on the north, forcing the line of operations of +an invading army westward into a region impracticable to the passage +of large bodies of troops. Regarding them as our allies, which their +natural affinities make them, the line of the western frontier reduces +itself to the country between the Rio Grande and Red River.—<i>Official +Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 628.</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_152' id='f_152' href='#fna_152'>[152]</a> Between Fort Washita and Fort Arbuckle, Colonel Emory was overtaken +by William W. Averell, second lieutenant, Regiment Mounted Rifles, with +additional despatches from Townsend, ordering him, upon their receipt, +immediately to repair to Fort Leavenworth, “with all the troops in the +Indian country west of Arkansas” [<i>ibid.</i>, 667]. Lieutenant Averell’s own +account of his experiences on the journey between Washington City and Fort +Washita, the hardships, difficulties, and delays, also the frenzied +excitement of the Arkansas people over the prospect of secession, forms an +interesting narrative [<i>ibid.</i>, vol. liii, supplement, 488, 493-496].</p> + +<p><a name='f_153' id='f_153' href='#fna_153'>[153]</a> Black Beaver had served creditably as United States interpreter for +the Wichitas and recently Leeper had turned to him for help in allaying +their fears [Leeper to Rector, dated Wichita Agency, March 28, 1861, +<i>Leeper Papers</i>]. For services rendered on this expedition northward to +Fort Leavenworth [Letter of W. S. Robertson, September 30, 1861, General +Files, <i>Southern Superintendency</i>, <i>1859-1862</i>, R1615], Black Beaver +brought a claim against the United States [E. S. Parker to J. D. Cox, July +1, 1869, Indian Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no. 18, pp. 417-418; and same to +same, April 25, 1870, <i>ibid.</i>, no. 19, p. 321]. Evidently Black Beaver +served also in the Mexican War. He was then head of a company of mounted +volunteers, Shawnees and Delawares [George W. Manypenny to Drew, August 8, +1854], which had been called and mustered into the service by Harney [P. +Clayton, 2nd auditor, to A. K. Parris, 2nd comptroller, October 26, 1850].</p> + +<p><a name='f_154' id='f_154' href='#fna_154'>[154]</a> Emory to Townsend, May 19, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., +vol. i, 648].</p> + +<p><a name='f_155' id='f_155' href='#fna_155'>[155]</a> Captain S. T. Benning to Walker, May 14, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, +first ser., vol. i, 653.]</p> + +<p><a name='f_156' id='f_156' href='#fna_156'>[156]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i></p> + +<p><a name='f_157' id='f_157' href='#fna_157'>[157]</a> Leeper to Rector, January 13, 1862 [<i>Leeper Papers</i>].</p> + +<p><a name='f_158' id='f_158' href='#fna_158'>[158]</a> A note, communicated by X. B. Debray, aide-de-camp to the Governor +of Texas, to Walker and dated, Richmond, August 28, 1861, says,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The governor of Texas being convinced that the integrity of the soil +of Texas greatly depends upon the success of the Southern cause in +Missouri, and moved by an appeal to the people of Arkansas and Texas +(published at the beginning of July by General Ben. McCulloch) ordered +on the 25th ultimo the raising and concentration on Red River of 3,000 +mounted men, besides the regiment commanded by Col. W. C. Young, which +has been occupying for several months Forts Arbuckle, Cobb, and +Washita, under authority of Texas, and at the request of the Chickasaw +Indians.—<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iv, 98.</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_159' id='f_159' href='#fna_159'>[159]</a> House <i>Journal</i>, Arkansas, 1861, p. 304.</p> + +<p><a name='f_160' id='f_160' href='#fna_160'>[160]</a> <i>Confederate Military History</i>, vol. x, 4.</p> + +<p><a name='f_161' id='f_161' href='#fna_161'>[161]</a> <i>Confederate Military Hillary</i>, vol. x, 7.</p> + +<p><a name='f_162' id='f_162' href='#fna_162'>[162]</a> Two letters found among the <i>Fort Smith Papers</i> may serve, in a +measure, to illustrate the point:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Little Rock, Arks</span>, Jan<sup>y</sup> 6, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr Thad</span>: I received your letter a few days ago.... I am thankful that +there are a few righteous men left and particularly gratified that you +and Henry Lewis are true and faithful to the South.</p> + +<p>I will endeavor to keep you posted so that you may hold your own with +the Union savers—in sober truth the question is not whether the Union +ought or can be saved but whether Arkansas shall go with the North or +adhere to the South. Neither Fishback or anybody can preserve the +Union—it now becomes us as wise men to put our house in order for the +impending crisis. I wrote to Porter last night—the Senate have not +passed the Convention bill and will not in anything like a right +shape....</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Ben T. Du Val</span>.</span></p> + +<p>[Addressed to Capt. M. T. Tatum, Greenwood, Arks.].</p> + +<p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Little Rock Ark</span>, January 7th 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dear Thad</span>. I enclose you a copy of the printed bill now before our +House to arm and equip the Militia of this State and to appropriate +100,000$ for that purpose.... We have passed a bill through the House +appropriating five hundred dollars to Porter to cover his losses to +some extent in money which he has paid out in recovering fugitives, it +ought to have been a good deal more, but I never worked harder for +anything in my life to get what we did. I think it will pass the +Senate. The news from South Carolina indicate a Tea party at +Charleston before many days. From the general signs of the times I +think a Compromise will be effect between the North and the South and +the <i>Union saved</i>. The Convention bill has not passed the Senate yet +but will in a few days I think. Give my respects to the boys generally +Your obt Servt</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">John T. London</span></span></p> + +<p>[Addressed to Capt. M. T. Tatum, Greenwood, Sebastian County, Arkansas.]</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_163' id='f_163' href='#fna_163'>[163]</a> An interesting series of telegrams has a bearing upon that event.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right">February 1, 1861</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">J. J. Green, William Walker</span>, Van Buren, Ark.:</p> + +<p>Not possible to leave here. Southern confederacy certain. Arkansas +must save her children by joining it. Write by mail to-day.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Johnson</span> and <span class="smcap">Hindman</span>,</span></p></div> + +<p><i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. liii, supplement, 617.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Washington</span>, February 7, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">John Pope, Esq.</span>, Little Rock, Ark.:</p> + +<p>For God’s sake do not complicate matters by an attack. It will be +premature and do incalculable injury. We cannot justify it. The +reasons that existed elsewhere for seizure do not exist with us.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span>, <span class="smcap">R. W. Johnson.</span></span></p></div> + +<p>—<i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, 682.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">U. S. Senate, Washington</span>, February 7, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">His Excellency H. M. Rector</span>, Little Rock, Ark.:</p> + +<p>The motives which impelled capture of forts in other States do not +exist in ours. It is all premature. We implore you prevent attack on +arsenal if Totten resists.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. W. Johnson</span>, <span class="smcap">W. K. Sebastian.</span></span></p></div> + +<p>—<i>Ibid.</i>, 681.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Washington</span>, February 7, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">R. H. Johnson</span>, <span class="smcap">James B. Johnson</span>, Little Rock:</p> + +<p>Southern States which captured forts were in the act of seceding, were +threatened with troops, and their ports and commerce endangered. Not +so with us. If Totten resists, for God’s sake deliberate and go stop +the assault.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. W. Johnson.</span></span></p></div> + +<p>—<i>Ibid.</i>, 681-682.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Washington</span>, February 7, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Governor Rector</span>, Little Rock, Ark.:</p> + +<p>For God’s sake allow no attack to be made on Fort Totten.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">A. Rust.</span></span></p></div> + +<p>—<i>Ibid.</i>, vol. liii, supplement, 617.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right">February 7, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">E. Burgevin</span>, Little Rock:</p> + +<p>For God’s sake do not attack the arsenal. It can do no good and will +be productive of great harm.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">C. B. Johnson.</span></span></p></div> + +<p>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Little Rock</span>, February 8, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">C. B. Johnson</span>, Washington:</p> + +<p>Spoke too late, like Irishman who swallowed egg. Arsenal in hands of +Governor.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Edmund Burgevin</span>.</span></p></div> + +<p><i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. liii, supplement, 617.</p> + +<p>The senders and recipients of the telegraphic dispatches were, with one or +two exceptions, all relatives of each other, and all in public life. +Robert Ward Johnson and William K. Sebastian were, at the time, United +States senators from Arkansas; Thomas C. Hindman and Albert Rust were +Arkansas representatives in Congress; Albert Pike was in Washington, +prosecuting the Choctaw Indian claim; Edmund Burgevin was the +attorney-general of Arkansas and a brother-in-law of Governor Rector; +Richard H. Johnson and James Johnson were brothers of Robert W. Johnson, +the former being proprietor and editor of the Little Rock <i>Democrat</i> and +the latter, in future years, a colonel in the Confederate army. In 1868, +R. W. Johnson moved to Washington City and became the law partner of +Albert Pike. [Arkansas Historical Association, <i>Publications</i>, vol. ii, +268.] Hindman was the man who sneered at the precautions taken to insure +President-elect Lincoln’s safety [Stanwood, <i>History of Presidential +Elections</i>, 235]. Sebastian was expelled from the Senate because of his +southern sympathies; but, as he really took no active part in the +Confederate movements, the resolution of expulsion was rescinded in 1878.</p> + +<p><a name='f_164' id='f_164' href='#fna_164'>[164]</a> It would be interesting to know whether Elias Rector had as yet +formulated any such plan for personal aggrandizement such as must have +been in his mind when he wrote the letter to Douglas H. Cooper that called +forth from Cooper the following response:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="center"><i>Private & Confidential</i></p> + +<p><i>Copy</i></p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith</span> May 1st 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Major Elias Rector</span></p> + +<p>Dr. Sir: I have concluded to act upon the suggestion yours of the 28th +Ultimo contains.</p> + +<p>If we work this thing shrewdly we can make a fortune each, satisfy the +Indians, stand fair before the North, and revel in the unwavering +confidence of our Southern Confederacy.</p> + +<p>My share of the eighty thousand in gold you can leave on deposite with +Meyer Bro, subject to my order. Write me soon. <span class="smcap">Cooper.</span> Indian Office, +General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1863-1864</i>, I435.</p></div> + +<p>The foregoing letter of Cooper’s was one of those referred to in the +following telegraphic communication from Special Agent G. B. Stockton to +Secretary Usher, dated Fort Smith, Arkansas, February 20, 1864:</p> + +<p class="blockquot">I have just found & have now in this office a large desk containing +indian papers treaties correspondence of Cooper Rector & others, +correspondence of W. P. Dole as late as May fifteenth 1861 vouchers +abstracts & correspondence convicting Rector & Cooper of enticing the +various tribes to become enemies of the U. S. The papers extend back +as far as 1834 will you please direct me what disposition to make of them.</p> + +<p>Secretary Usher referred the matter to the Office of Indian Affairs and +Mix instructed Stockton to send the papers on to Washington [Letter of +February 20, 1864]. This Stockton did and notified the Commissioner of +Indian Affairs in this wise, by telegraph:</p> + +<p class="blockquot">I have boxed the Indian Papers which I found at this place, and this +day send them by wagons to Leavenworth City, Kansas, to be thence +forwarded by the American Express Company.</p> + +<p>There seems to have been considerable delay in their transmittal after +they had passed into the custodianship of the express company but they +eventually reached the Indian Office and to-day form part of the Fort +Smith collection.</p> + +<p><a name='f_165' id='f_165' href='#fna_165'>[165]</a> The melodious refrain of this,</p> + +<p class="poem">That fine Arkansas gentleman,<br /> +Close to the Choctaw line.</p> + +<p>unconsciously brings our one of the very ideas sought to be conveyed by +the present chapter; namely, the extremely close connection between +Arkansas and Indian Territory.</p> + +<p><a name='f_166' id='f_166' href='#fna_166'>[166]</a> This old, old song, “written on the model and to the air of ‘The Old +Country Gentleman’,” runs thus:</p> + +<p class="poem">The song I’ll sing, though lately made, it tells of olden days,<br /> +Of a good old Scottish gentleman, of good old Scottish ways;<br /> +When our barons bold kept house and hold, and sung their olden lays<br /> +And drove with speed across the Tweed, auld Scotland’s bluidy faes,<br /> +Like brave old Scottish gentlemen, all of the olden time.</p> + +<p><i>Scottish Songs</i>, printed by W. G. Blackie and Company (Glasgow).</p> + +<p><a name='f_167' id='f_167' href='#fna_167'>[167]</a> The commissioners to whom Ogden referred in his letter of February +15, 1861, may have been the tangible evidence of Governor Rector’s first +attempt to influence the Indians.</p> + +<p><a name='f_168' id='f_168' href='#fna_168'>[168]</a> Fleming, <i>Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama</i>, 46, footnote 1.</p> + +<p><a name='f_169' id='f_169' href='#fna_169'>[169]</a> Smith, <i>Debates of the Alabama Convention</i>, 443-444; <i>Official +Records</i>, fourth ser., vol i, 3.</p> + +<p><a name='f_170' id='f_170' href='#fna_170'>[170]</a> Governor Moore had appointed the commissioners, including Hubbard, +on his own initiative before the convention met. See his address, Smith’s +<i>Debates</i>, 35.</p> + +<p><a name='f_171' id='f_171' href='#fna_171'>[171]</a> House <i>Journal</i>, Arkansas, 38.</p> + +<p><a name='f_172' id='f_172' href='#fna_172'>[172]</a> House <i>Journal</i>, Arkansas, 314, 445.</p> + +<p><a name='f_173' id='f_173' href='#fna_173'>[173]</a> January 12, 1861.</p> + +<p><a name='f_174' id='f_174' href='#fna_174'>[174]</a> The resolution is found in House <i>Journal</i>, Arkansas, 167 and in +<i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 307. Its text is as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Resolved</i>, That no money or property of any kind whatever, now in the +hands of the Superintendent of Indian Affairs, or of any Indian agent, +being placed there, or designed for the Indians on the western +frontier of Arkansas, shall be seized, but that the same shall so +remain to be applied to and for the use of the several Indian Nations, +faithfully, as was designed when so placed in their hands for +disbursement.</p> + +<p>And the people of the State of Arkansas, here in sovereign convention +assembled, do hereby pledge the sovereignty of the State of Arkansas, +that everything in their power shall be done to compel a faithful +application of all money and property now in the hands of persons or +agents designed and intended for the several Indian tribes west of +Arkansas.</p> + +<p>Adopted in and by the convention May 9, 1861.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">David Walker</span>, President of the Arkansas State Convention.</span></p> + +<p>Attest. <span class="smcap">Elias C. Boudinot</span>, Secretary of the Convention.</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_175' id='f_175' href='#fna_175'>[175]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Boonsborough, Ark.</span>, May 9, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hon. John Ross</span>:</p> + +<p>Dear Sir: The momentous issues that now engross the attention of the +American people cannot but have elicited your interest and attention +as well as ours. The unfortunate resort of an arbitrament of arms +seems now to be the only alternative. Our State has of necessity to +co-operate with her natural allies, the Southern States. It is now +only a question of North and South, and the “hardest must fend off.” +We expect manfully to bear our part of the privations and sacrifices +which the times require of Southern people.</p> + +<p>This being our attitude in this great contest, it is natural for us to +desire, and we think we may say we have a right, to know what position +will be taken by those who may greatly conduce to our interests as +friends or to our injury as enemies. Not knowing your political status +in this present contest as the head of the Cherokee Nation, we request +you to inform as by letter, at your earliest convenience, whether you +will co-operate with the Northern or Southern section, now so +unhappily and hopelessly divided. We earnestly hope to find in you and +your people true allies and active friends; but if, unfortunately, you +prefer to retain your connection with the Northern Government and give +them aid and comfort, we want to know that, as we prefer an open enemy +to a doubtful friend.</p> + +<p>With considerations of high regard, we are, your obedient servants,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Mark Bean</span>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">W. B. Welch</span>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">E. W. Macclure</span>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">John Spencer</span>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">J. A. McColloch</span>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">J. M. Lacy</span>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">J. P. Carnahan</span>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><i>And many others</i>.</span></p></div> + +<p><i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. xiii, 493-494; Indian Office, General +Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C515.</p> + +<p><a name='f_176' id='f_176' href='#fna_176'>[176]</a> Indian Office, General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C515; <i>Official +Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 683-684; vol. xiii, 490-491.</p> + +<p><a name='f_177' id='f_177' href='#fna_177'>[177]</a> Indian Office, General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C515; <i>Official +Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 683.</p> + +<p><a name='f_178' id='f_178' href='#fna_178'>[178]</a> In a letter to A. B. Greenwood, dated Fort Smith, February 13, 1861, +he says:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>On the 11th Inst. I sent a dispatch to you asking for Troops and +yesterday rec’d an answer making enquiries as to the Object for which +they are wanted, and asking if the Governor’s Commissioner was here & +what was his Object.</p> + +<p>I have just replyed in a Dispatch, that the Gov. has no Com. here and +has had none. I suppose you have been Tehlegraphed that there was a +Com. and that for mischief. Now the following are the facts in the +case as far as I have been able to learn them. On Saturday or Sunday +last there came a young man by the name of Gains called Dr. Gains from +Little Rock. He stated his object was to visit the Indian Tribes west +of this to cultivate with them friendly Relations and stated moreover +that he was authorized to do so by the Gov. of Arkansas. When I +returned your Dispatch I went to Dr. Gains and asked him in the +presents of witnesses if he was acting as Com. for the Gov. of +Arkansas he replyed that he was not, and now Sir I am sorry to learn +to day that a rumor is afloat that I am here to aid in taking this +post & that by having Troops sent from here to weaken the forces. +Nothing can be more false. In the first place, the Citizens have no +Disposition to interfere with this post in any way and the truth is I +see no persons but the Officers and I will not judge of their motives.</p> + +<p>Them and myself are all friendly as far as I know except it may be +they object to a Speach I made here on Monday night last. I can say +and prove by all the best citizens of the Place that my remarks were +mild and conciliatory and could not be objectionable to any true +Southern man this the citizens of the City will bare me out, the truth +is the only objection they could make to my speech was that it was +unanswerable. I told you the same when in Washington. I appeal to the +Citizens for the truth of what I say. I desire troops to protect the +Cherokees from Abolition forays from Kansas & the Neutral land. I am +told that there are three times the No. of Intruders now that there +was there last fall and that violent threats have been made by Kansas.</p> + +<p>In the next place I can do nothing without Troops there and a No. of +lawless murderers in the Nation that cannot without Troops, and I told +you those things when with you last and in addition to the above facts +the Troops can live and support quite as comfortable and for less +money out there than they can here.—Indian Office, General Files, +<i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>.</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_179' id='f_179' href='#fna_179'>[179]</a> The proof appeared in the correspondence of John B. Ogden, +commissioner of the district court of the United States for the western +district of Arkansas. On March 4, 1861, Ogden wrote from Van Buren to the +Secretary of the Interior the following letter:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Having learned on the 15th of Feb<sup>y</sup> last from rumor the person +appointed as Com<sup>r</sup> had been sent by Gov. Rector of the State of +Arkansas to the Indian tribes upon our frontier for co-operation in +secession movements, and the same being in violation of treaty +stipulations and the laws enacted by Congress regulating trade and +Intercourse, I addressed a letter of inquiry to John Ross principal +chief of the Cherokee Nation in relation to the same, which letter +accompanies this with his reply—The letter to me I think was intended +to be confidential from its language and from my conversation with the +messenger who was the bearer of it to me, of this however I cannot +positively judge and have thought best to forward the same. John Ross +was unable to give me an imediate answer as he was not personally +advised of the subject matter. But upon the return of Mr W. P. Ross +who was a delegate from the Cherokees to a General Council being held +of the tribes West of Arkansas in relation to their own international +policy, he became advised of the matter of inquiry and for the purpose +of furnishing the required information sent Mr W. P. Ross the bearer +of this letter to Van Buren that he might fully communicate with me in +the matter. I learn from him that one Dr J. J. Gains late editor of a +secession sheet at Little Rock, did attend the said Council held by +the Indian tribes west of Ark<sup>s</sup> in the Choctaw Nation, and that said +Gains announced to the Council his mission to be that of a Com<sup>r</sup> from +Arkansas accredited by the Gov<sup>r</sup> to consult with them in relation to +co-operation with the seceding States—That he submitted a written +Statement to them in reference to their interests and future relations +in the event of a dissolution of the Union—but that he was guarded in +his propositions—You will learn from M<sup>r</sup> John Ross’ letter that he +informs me officially that the present (agent) of the Cherokees “is +officiously advocating the secession policy of the southern States and +that his endeavoring to influence the Cherokees to take sides and act +in Concert with the Seceding States.”—I can state from my own +information that when said Agent is in Ark<sup>s</sup> he is invariably to be +found upon the stump “open-mouthed and—” for disunion, to the great +anoyance of the good people of the Country. These people should be +heard and their grievances redressed and the causes removed, and some +man of correct constitutional morals appointed in his stead. We have +hosts of such men in this State, and as the Incoming Administration +are not advised of persons in this country, allow me to suggest that +on application to the Hon. A. B. Greenwood now of Washington the +selection of a suitable person could be named. I have no doubt, that +would be satisfactory—pardon this apparent officiousness—At this +time my great anxiety for the preservation of the Union must be my +apology for what I have said.</p> + +<p>I also enclose you a copy of a permit furnished me by M<sup>r</sup> Ross issued +by said agent.—Indian Office, General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, +O32.</p> + +<p><i>Inclosures</i></p> + +<p>1. John Ogden to John Ross, February 15, 1861.</p> + +<p>2. John Ross to John B. Ogden, February 28, 1861.</p> + +<p>3. <span class="smcap">Cherokee Agency</span>, near Tahlequah, C. N.</p> + +<p>Isaac G. Freeman, a citizen of what was formerly the United States and +a farmer by occupation has permission to remain with J. C. Cunningham +near Park Hill in said Nation and labor for the said Cunningham for +twelve months from this date subject to be removed by the Agent at any +time for cause.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">R. J. Cowart</span>, U. S. Cherokee Agent.</span></p> + +<p>[Endorsement] A true copy from the original as taken by me March 1st +1861</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Will P. Ross</span></span></p> + +<p>4. Newspaper clippings, one containing the Choctaw resolutions of +February 7, 1861, and the other this:</p> + +<p>Dr. J. J. Gains, (an old editor) dropped in upon us, last week, on his +way to Little Rock, from the Indian country. His mission was one of +peace, and not to “<i>incite rebellion</i>” as was telegraphed to +Washington City, by some officious person. We were glad to learn from +him, that our border friends are all right.</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_180' id='f_180' href='#fna_180'>[180]</a> General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C515; <i>Official Records</i>, +first ser., vol. xiii, 491-492.</p> + +<p><a name='f_181' id='f_181' href='#fna_181'>[181]</a> Stephens says they were almost equally divided on the question of +secession [<i>Constitutional View of the Late War between the States</i>, vol. +ii, 363].</p> + +<p><a name='f_182' id='f_182' href='#fna_182'>[182]</a> On April 20, 1861.</p> + +<p><a name='f_183' id='f_183' href='#fna_183'>[183]</a> Stephens, <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. ii, 375; <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., +vol. i, 674, 687.</p> + +<p><a name='f_184' id='f_184' href='#fna_184'>[184]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 686.</p> + +<p><a name='f_185' id='f_185' href='#fna_185'>[185]</a> <i>Journal</i>, Arkansas Convention, 369.</p> + +<p><a name='f_186' id='f_186' href='#fna_186'>[186]</a> The importance of such an alliance seems never to have been lost +sight of. In his message of May 6, 1861, Governor Rector called attention +to the fact that Arkansas was the most exposed state in the Union, because +of the Indians on the west [<i>Journal</i>, 153]. In various ways, he +emphasized the strategical value of Indian Territory [<i>ibid.</i>, 156].</p> + +<p><a name='f_187' id='f_187' href='#fna_187'>[187]</a> <i>Journal</i>, Arkansas Convention, 183.</p> + +<p><a name='f_188' id='f_188' href='#fna_188'>[188]</a> See <a href="#Page_183">page 183</a>.</p> + +<p><a name='f_189' id='f_189' href='#fna_189'>[189]</a> <i>Journal</i>, Arkansas Convention, 189.</p> + +<p><a name='f_190' id='f_190' href='#fna_190'>[190]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 295.</p> + +<p><a name='f_191' id='f_191' href='#fna_191'>[191]</a> N. Bart Pearce had just been created by the convention +“brigadier-general of Arkansas, to command the Western frontier.”</p> + +<p><a name='f_192' id='f_192' href='#fna_192'>[192]</a> On the thirteenth of May, the Confederate War Department had +assigned Ben McCulloch to the command of the district embracing Indian +Territory.</p> + +<p><a name='f_193' id='f_193' href='#fna_193'>[193]</a> <i>Journal</i>, Arkansas Convention, 369.</p> + +<p><a name='f_194' id='f_194' href='#fna_194'>[194]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. i, 691.</p> + +<p><a name='f_195' id='f_195' href='#fna_195'>[195]</a> These resolutions are found in the <i>Official Record</i>, first ser., +vol. iii, 585-587 and are as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><i>Resolutions of the Senate and House of Representatives of the +Chickasaw Legislature assembled</i>, May 25, 1861: Whereas the Government +of the United States has been broken up by the secession of a large +number of States composing the Federal Union—that the dissolution has +been followed by war between the parties; and whereas the destruction +of the Union as it existed by the Federal Constitution is irreparable, +and consequently the Government of the United States as it was when +the Chickasaw and other Indian nations formed alliances and treaties +with it no longer exists; and whereas the Lincoln Government, +pretending to represent said Union, has shown by its course towards +us, in withdrawing from our country the protection of the Federal +troops, and withholding, unjustly and unlawfully, our money placed in +the hands of the Government of the United States as trustee, to be +applied for our benefit, a total disregard of treaty obligations +toward us; and whereas our geographical position, our social and +domestic institutions, our feelings and sympathies, all attach us to +our Southern friends, against whom is about to be waged a war of +subjugation or extermination, of conquest and confiscation—a war +which, if we can judge from the declarations of the political +partisans of the Lincoln Government, will surpass the French +Revolution in scenes of blood and that of San Domingo in atrocious +horrors; and whereas it is impossible that the Chickasaws, deprived of +their money and destitute of all means of separate self-protection, +can maintain neutrality or escape the storm which is about to burst +upon the South, but, on the contrary, would be suspected, oppressed, +and plundered alternately by armed bands from the North, South, East, +and West; and whereas we have an abiding confidence that all our +rights—tribal and individual—secured to as under treaties with the +United States, will be fully recognized, guaranteed, and protected by +our friends of the Confederate States; and whereas as a Southern +people we consider their cause our own: Therefore,</p> + +<p><i>Be it resolved by the Chickasaw Legislature assembled</i>, 1st. That the +dissolution of the Federal Union, under which the Government of the +United States existed, has absolved the Chickasaws from allegiance to +any foreign government whatever; that the current of the events of the +last few months has left the Chickasaw Nation <i>independent</i>, the +people thereof free to form such alliances, and take such steps to +secure their own safety, happiness, and future welfare as may to them +seem best.</p> + +<p>2d. <i>Resolved</i>, That our neighboring Indian nations—Choctaws, +Cherokees, Creeks, Seminoles, Osages, Senecas, Quapaws, Comanches, +Kiowas, together with the fragmentary bands of Delawares, Kickapoos, +Caddoes, Wichitas, and others within the Choctaw and Chickasaw country +who are similarly situated with ourselves, be invited to co-operate, +in order to secure the independence of the Indian nations and the +defense of the territory they inhabit from Northern invasion by the +Lincoln hordes and Kansas robbers, who have plundered and oppressed +our red brethren among them, and who doubtless would extend towards us +the protection which the wolf gives to the lamb should they succeed in +overrunning our country; that the Chickasaws pledge themselves to +resist by all means and to the death any such invasion of the lands +occupied by themselves or by any of the Indian nations; and that their +country shall not be occupied or passed through by the Lincoln forces +for the purpose of invading our neighbors, the States of Arkansas and +Texas, but, on the contrary, any attempt to do so will be regarded as +an act of war against ourselves, and should be resisted by all the +Indian nations as insulting to themselves and tending to endanger +their Territorial rights.</p> + +<p>3d. <i>Resolved</i>, That it is expedient, at the very earliest day +possible, that commissioners from other Indian nations for the purpose +of forming a league or confederation among them for mutual safety and +protection, and also to the Confederate States in order to enter into +such alliance and to conclude such treaties as may be necessary to +secure the rights, interest, and welfare of the Indian tribes, and +that the co-operation of all the Indian nations west of the State of +Arkansas and south of Kansas be invited for the attainment of these +objects.</p> + +<p>4th. <i>Resolved</i>, That the Chickasaws look with confidence especially +to the Choctaws (whose interests are an closely interwoven with their +own, and who were the first through their national council to declare +their sympathy for, and their determination, in case of a permanent +dissolution of the Federal Union, to adhere to the Southern States), +and hope they will speedily unite with us in such measures as may be +necessary for the defense of our common country and a union with our +natural allies, the Confederate States of America.</p> + +<p>5th. <i>Resolved</i>, That while the Chickasaw people entertain the most +sincere friendship for the people of the neighboring States of Texas +and Arkansas, and are deeply grateful for the prompt offer from them +of assistance in all measures of defense necessary for the protection +of our country against hostile invasion, we are desirous to hold +undisputed possession of our lands and all forts and other places +lately occupied by the Federal troops and other officers and persons +acting under the authority of the United States, and that the governor +of the Chickasaw Nation be, and he is hereby, instructed to take +immediate steps to obtain possession of all such forts and places +within the Choctaw and Chickasaw country, and have the same +garrisoned, if possible, by Chickasaw troops, or else by troops acting +expressly under and by virtue of the authority of the Chickasaw or +Choctaw nations, until such time as said forts, Indian agencies, etc., +may be transferred by treaty to the Confederate States.</p> + +<p>6th. <i>Resolved</i>, That the governor of the Chickasaw Nation be, and he +is hereby, instructed to issue his proclamation to the Chickasaw +Nation, declaring their <i>independence</i>, and calling upon the Chickasaw +warriors to form themselves into volunteer companies of such strength +and with such officers (to be chosen by themselves) as the governor +may prescribe, to report themselves by filing their company rolls at +the Chickasaw Agency, and to hold themselves, with the best arms and +ammunition, together with a reasonable supply of provisions, in +readiness at a minute’s warning to turn out, under the orders of the +commanding general of the Chickasaws, for the defense of their country +or to aid the civil authorities in the enforcement of the laws.</p> + +<p>7th. <i>Resolved</i>, That we have full faith and confidence in the justice +of the cause in which we are embarked, and that we appeal to the +Chickasaw people to be prepared to meet the conflict which will +surely, and perhaps speedily, take place, and hereby call upon every +man capable of bearing arms to be ready to defend his home and family, +his country and his property, and to render prompt obedience to all +orders from the officers set over them.</p> + +<p>9th [8th]. <i>Resolved</i>, That the governor cause these resolutions to be +published in the National Register, at the Boggy Depot, and copies +thereof sent to the several Indian nations, to the governors of the +adjacent States, to the President of the Confederate States, and to +Abraham Lincoln, President of the Black Republican Party.</p> + +<p>Passed the House of Representatives May 25, 1865.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">A. Alexanan</span>, Speaker House Representatives.</span></p> + +<p>Attest: <span class="smcap">C. Carter</span>, Clerk House Representatives</p> + +<p>Passed the Senate.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">John E. Anderson</span>, President of Senate.</span></p> + +<p>Attest: <span class="smcap">James N. McLish</span>, Clerk of Senate.</p> + +<p>Approved, Tishomingo, May 25, 1861.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">C. Harris</span>, Governor.</span></p></div> + +<p><a name='f_196' id='f_196' href='#fna_196'>[196]</a> See <a href="#fna_175"><i>footnote</i> 175</a>.</p> + +<p><a name='f_197' id='f_197' href='#fna_197'>[197]</a> General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C515; <i>Official Records</i>, +first ser., vol. xiii, 492.</p> + +<p><a name='f_198' id='f_198' href='#fna_198'>[198]</a> General Files, <i>ibid.</i>; <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. xiii, +492-493.</p> + +<p><a name='f_199' id='f_199' href='#fna_199'>[199]</a> The text of this is to be found in various places. The most +convenient of such places are, <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. xiii, +489-490 and Moore’s <i>Rebellion Record</i>, vol. ii, 145-146. A manuscript +copy of the proclamation may be found in General Files, <i>Cherokee, +1859-1865</i>, C515; and a synopsis of its contents in Moore’s <i>Rebellion +Record</i>, vol. ii, 1-2.</p> + +<p><a name='f_200' id='f_200' href='#fna_200'>[200]</a> Ross gave the citizens of Boonsboro their direct answer, May 18, +1861 [General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C515; <i>Official Records</i>, +first ser., vol. xiii, 494-495].</p> + +<p><a name='f_201' id='f_201' href='#fna_201'>[201]</a> The official list of members of the Confederate congresses can be +found in <i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. iii, 1185-1191.</p> + +<p><a name='f_202' id='f_202' href='#fna_202'>[202]</a> Provisional Congress of the Confederate States, <i>Journal</i>, vol. i, +70.</p> + +<p><a name='f_203' id='f_203' href='#fna_203'>[203]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 81.</p> + +<p><a name='f_204' id='f_204' href='#fna_204'>[204]</a> Under the second section of the law of February 21, 1861, Indian +affairs had been left for general supervision to the War Department +[<i>Provisional and Permanent Constitutions of the Confederate States and +Acts and Resolutions of the First Session of the Provisional Congress</i>, +48]. The Bureau of Indian Affairs, created by the law of March 15, 1861, +was made a bureau of the War Department.</p> + +<p><a name='f_205' id='f_205' href='#fna_205'>[205]</a> Provisional Congress <i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 142; Richardson, <i>Messages +and Papers of the Confederacy</i>.</p> + +<p><a name='f_206' id='f_206' href='#fna_206'>[206]</a> <i>Provisional and Permanent Constitutions</i>, 133-134.</p> + +<p><a name='f_207' id='f_207' href='#fna_207'>[207]</a> Provisional Congress <i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 154.</p> + +<p><a name='f_208' id='f_208' href='#fna_208'>[208]</a> Hubbard had occupied other and earlier positions of importance; but +it must certainly have been upon the basis of the experience gained in +filling this one that his nomination for commissioner of Indian affairs +was made. Hubbard had been a state senator, a representative in the +twenty-sixth and in the thirty-first United States congresses, and +presidential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1844 and on the +Breckinridge and Lane ticket in 1860 [<i>Biographical Congressional +Directory</i>, <i>1774-1903</i>, 608].</p> + +<p><a name='f_209' id='f_209' href='#fna_209'>[209]</a></p> + +<p class="blockquot">The Bureau of Indian Affairs ... has been organized.... So far this +Bureau has found but little to do. The necessity for the extension of +the military arm of the Government toward the frontier, and the +attitude of Arkansas, without the Confederacy, have contributed to +circumscribe its action. But this branch of the public service +doubtless will now grow in importance in consequence of the early +probable accession of Arkansas to the Confederacy; of the friendly +sentiments of the Creeks, Cherokees, Choctaws, and Chickasaws, and +other tribes west of Arkansas toward this Government; of our +difficulties with the tribes on the Texas frontier; of our hostilities +with the United States, and of our probable future relations with the +Territories of Arizona and New Mexico.—Extract from the Report of +Secretary Walker to President Davis, April 27, 1861 [<i>Official +Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 248].</p> + +<p><a name='f_210' id='f_210' href='#fna_210'>[210]</a> Davis would have preferred to have had Toombs for secretary of the +treasury [Rhodes, <i>History of the United States</i>, vol. iii, 295, <i>note</i> 7].</p> + +<p><a name='f_211' id='f_211' href='#fna_211'>[211]</a> <i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 105.</p> + +<p><a name='f_212' id='f_212' href='#fna_212'>[212]</a> Both Pike and Toombs reached in time the thirty-second degree, or +Scottish Rite. Note Pike’s glowing tribute to Toombs, quoted in +Richardson, <i>Messages and Papers of the Confederacy</i>, vol. ii, 142.</p> + +<p><a name='f_213' id='f_213' href='#fna_213'>[213]</a> <i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 205.</p> + +<p><a name='f_214' id='f_214' href='#fna_214'>[214]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 225.</p> + +<p><a name='f_215' id='f_215' href='#fna_215'>[215]</a> Just what particular sets of resolutions those were I have no means +of knowing. The most important set of Chickasaw resolutions, those issued +under date of May 25, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, +585-587] had not yet been passed. The Choctaw resolutions presented may +have been and very probably were those of February 7, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>].</p> + +<p><a name='f_216' id='f_216' href='#fna_216'>[216]</a> On the twenty-first of May, President Davis approved “An Act for the +protection of the Indian Tribes” [<i>Journal</i>, 263], it having gone through +its various stages of amendment and having passed Congress, May +seventeenth [<i>ibid.</i>, 244]. Adjutant-general G. W. Andrews reports, +November 4, 1912, that nothing additional concerning the text of this law +is to be found in the Confederate archives.</p> + +<p><a name='f_217' id='f_217' href='#fna_217'>[217]</a> <i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 244.</p> + +<p><a name='f_218' id='f_218' href='#fna_218'>[218]</a> Governor Clark of Texas, also, at this time displayed great interest +in the matter. On the fifteenth of May, he wrote to President Davis that +he was constituting James E. Harrison, a man thoroughly conversant with +the whole subject, “the duly accredited agent of Texas to convey” the +Report of April 23, 1861 to Richmond [<i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., +vol. i, 322].</p> + +<p><a name='f_219' id='f_219' href='#fna_219'>[219]</a> See letter from Pearce to President Davis, May 13, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>, +first ser., vol. iii, 576].</p> + +<p><a name='f_220' id='f_220' href='#fna_220'>[220]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 572-574.</p> + +<p><a name='f_221' id='f_221' href='#fna_221'>[221]</a> Pike was appointed under authority of a resolution passed by +Congress, March 5, 1861. See Message of President Davis, December 12, 1861 +[<i>ibid.</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 785].</p> + +<p><a name='f_222' id='f_222' href='#fna_222'>[222]</a> To-day he is, perhaps, best known by his parody on “Dixie” and by +his singularly beautiful and pathetic “Every Year” [<i>Poems</i>, Roome’s +edition, 31-34].</p> + +<p><a name='f_223' id='f_223' href='#fna_223'>[223]</a> See <i>Journal of Proceedings</i>, no. 273 of Johns Hopkins University +Civil War Pamphlets.</p> + +<p><a name='f_224' id='f_224' href='#fna_224'>[224]</a> Bishop, <i>Loyalty on the Frontier</i>, 148-151.</p> + +<p><a name='f_225' id='f_225' href='#fna_225'>[225]</a> The poem is printed entire in Bishop’s <i>Loyalty on the Frontier</i>, +149-150. The first two stanzas are here given:</p> + +<p class="poem"><span style="margin-left: 5em;">DISUNION</span><br /> +Ay, shout! ’Tis the day of your pride,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ye despots and tyrants of earth;</span><br /> +Tell your serfs the American name to deride,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And to rattle their fetters in mirth.</span><br /> +Ay, shout! for the league of the free<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Is about to be shivered to dust,</span><br /> +And the rent limbs to fall from the vigorous tree,<br /> +Shout! shout! for more firmly established, will be<br /> +Your thrones and dominions beyond the blue sea.<br /> +<br /> +Laugh on! for such folly supreme,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">The world has yet never beheld;</span><br /> +And ages to come will the history deem,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">A tale by antiquity swelled;</span><br /> +For nothing that time has upbuilt<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">And set in the annals of crime,</span><br /> +So stupid and senseless, so wretched in guilt,<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Darkens sober tradition or rhyme.</span><br /> +<i>It will be like the fable of Eblis’ fall,<br /> +A by-word of mockery and horror to all.</i></p> + +<p><a name='f_226' id='f_226' href='#fna_226'>[226]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 580-581.</p> + +<p><a name='f_227' id='f_227' href='#fna_227'>[227]</a> In a letter to Commissioner D. N. Cooley, under date of February 17, +1866, Pike said that Toombs requested him in May of 1861 to visit the +Indian country as commissioner. I have not been able to find out whether +Toombs made his request in writing or verbally. The correspondence of +Toombs recently edited by U. B. Phillips does not furnish any additional +information on this point.</p> + +<p><a name='f_228' id='f_228' href='#fna_228'>[228]</a> On one very important occasion, Albert Pike was not strictly fair to +the Indians. That occasion was after the war when the United States Indian +Office was endeavoring to make a settlement with the Cherokees on the +basis of their adherence to the Confederate cause. Pike was appealed to +and threw the weight of his influence against John Ross, but most unjustly +as it would seem. The letter embodying his views is a narrative of the +events of 1861 as they happened in the Indian country under his scrutiny, +and may as well be inserted here in full. It is to be found in the Indian +Office in a bundle labeled, “Loyalty of John Ross, Principal Chief of the +Cherokees: Letter of Albert Pike (original), Feb. 17, 1866—and <i>Copies</i> +of several of Ross’ letter—relative to his <i>loyalty</i> in 1861 & 1862, +etc.”</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>5. <i>Albert Pike to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs</i></p> + +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Memphis, Tennessee</span>, 17th February 1866.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have received, to-day, a copy of the “Memorial” of the +“Southern Cherokees,” to the President, Senate and House of +Representatives, in reply to the Memorial of other Cherokees claiming +to be “loyal.”</p> + +<p>It is not for me to take any part in the controversy between the two +portions of the Cherokee People, nor have I any interest that could +lead me to side with one in preference to the other. Nor am I much +inclined, having none of the rights of a Citizen, to offer to testify +in any matter, when my testimony may not be deemed worthy of credit, +as that of one not yet restored to respectability and creditability by +a pardon.</p> + +<p>But, as I know it to be contemptible as well as false, for Mr. John +Ross and the “loyal” Memorialists to pretend that they did not +voluntarily engage themselves by Treaty Stipulations to the +Confederate States, and as you have desired my testimony, I have this +to say, and I think no man will be bold enough to deny any part of it.</p> + +<p>In May, 1861, I was requested by Mr. Toombs, Secretary of State of the +Confederate States, to visit the Indian Country as Commissioner, and +assure the Indians of the friendship of those States. The Convention +of the State of Arkansas, anxious to avoid hostilities with the +Cherokees, also applied to me to act as such Commissioner. I +accordingly proceeded to Fort Smith, where some five or six Cherokees +called upon General McCulloch and myself, representing those of the +Cherokees who sympathized with the South, in order to ascertain +whether the Confederate States would protect them against Mr. Ross and +the Pin Indians, if they should organize and take up arms for the +South. We learned that some attempts to raise a Secession flag in the +Cherokee Country on the Arkansas had been frustrated by the menace of +violence; and those who came to meet us represented the Pin +Organization to be a Secret Society, established by Evan Jones, a +Missionary, and at the service of Mr. John Ross, for the purpose of +abolitionizing the Cherokees and putting out of the way all who +sympathized with the Southern States.</p> + +<p>The truth was, as I afterwards learned with certainty, the Secret +Organization in question, whose members for a time used as a mark of +their membership a <i>pin</i> in the front of the hunting shirt, was really +established for the purpose of depriving the half-breeds of all +political power, though Mr. Ross, himself a Scotchman and a McDonald +by the father and the mother, was shrewd enough to use it for his own +ends. At any rate, it was organized and in <i>full</i> operation, long +before Secession was thought of.</p> + +<p>General McCulloch and myself assured those who met us at Fort Smith, +that they should be protected; and agreed to meet, at an early day +then fixed, at Park Hill, where Mr. Ross resided. Upon that I sent a +messenger with letters to five or six prominent members of the +Anti-Ross party, inviting them to meet me at the Creek Agency, two +days after the day on which General McCulloch and I were to meet at +Park Hill.</p> + +<p>I did not expect to effect any arrangement with Mr. Ross, and my +intention was to treat with the heads of the Southern party, Stand +Watie and others.</p> + +<p>When we met Mr. Ross at Park Hill, he refused to enter into any +arrangement with the Confederate States. He said that his intention +was to maintain the neutrality of his people; that they were a small +and weak people, and would be ruined and destroyed if they engaged in +the war; and that it would be a cruel thing if we were to engage them +in our quarrel. But, he said, all his interests and all his feelings +were with us, and he knew that his people must share the fate and +fortunes of Arkansas. We told him that the Cherokees <i>could</i> not be +neutral. We used every argument in our power to change his +determination, but in vain; and finally General McCulloch informed him +that he would respect the neutrality of the Cherokees, and would not +enter their Country with troops, or place troops in it, unless it +should become necessary in order to expel a Federal force, or to +protect the Southern Cherokees.</p> + +<p>So we separated. General McCulloch kept his word, and no Confederate +troops ever were stationed in or marched into the Cherokee Country, +until after the Federal troops invaded it.</p> + +<p>Before leaving the Nation I addressed Mr. Ross a letter, which I +afterwards printed, and circulated among the Cherokee people. In it I +informed him that the Confederate States would remain content with his +pledge of neutrality, although he would find it impossible to maintain +that neutrality; that I should not again offer to treat with the +Cherokees, and that the Confederate States would not consider +themselves bound by my proposition to pay the Cherokees for the +neutral land, if they should lose it in consequence of the war. I had +no further communication with Mr. Ross until September.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile, he had persuaded Opoth le Yahola, the Creek leader, not to +join the Southern States, and had sent delegates to meet the Northern +and other Indians in Council near the Antelope Hills, where they all +agreed to be neutral. The purpose was, to take advantage of the war +between the States, and form a great independent Indian +Confederation—I defeated all that, by treating with the Creeks at the +very time that their delegates were at the Antelope Hills in Council.</p> + +<p>When I had treated with them and with the Choctaws and Chickasaws, at +the North Fork of the Canadian, I went to the Seminole Agency and +treated with the Seminoles. Then I went to the Wichita Agency, having +previously invited the Reserve Indians to return there, and invited +the prairie Comanches to meet me. After treating with these, I +returned by Fort Arbuckle, and before reaching there, met a nephew of +Mr. Ross, and a Captain [Keld? <i>sic</i>] in the prairie, bearing a letter +to me from Mr. Ross and his Council, with a copy of the resolutions of +Council, and an invitation in pressing terms to repair to the Cherokee +Country and enter into a Treaty.</p> + +<p>I consented, fixed a day for meeting the Cherokees, and wrote Mr. Ross +to that effect, requesting him also to send messengers to the Osages, +Quapaws, Shawnees, Senecas, &c. and invite them to meet me at the same +time. He did so, and at the time fixed I went to Park Hill, and there +effected Treaties.</p> + +<p>When I first entered the Indian Country, in May, I had as an escort +one company of mounted men. I went in advance of them to Park Hill; +General McCulloch went there without an escort. At the Creek Agency I +sent the Company back: I then remained without escort or guard, until +I had made the Seminole Treaty, camping with my little party and +displaying the Confederate flag. When I went to the Wichita Country, I +took an escort of Creeks and Seminoles. These I discharged at Fort +Arbuckle on my return, and went, accompanied only by four young men, +through the Creek Country to Fort Gibson, refusing an escort of Creeks +offered me on the way.</p> + +<p>From Fort Gibson eight or nine companies of Colonel Drew’s Regiment of +Cherokees, chiefly full-bloods and Pins, escorted me to Park Hill. +This regiment was raised by order of the National Council, and its +officers appointed by Mr Ross, his nephew William P. Ross, Secretary +of the Nation, being Lieut. Colonel, and Thomas Pegg, President of the +National Committee, being its Major.</p> + +<p>I encamped, with my little party near the residence of the Chief, +unprotected even by a guard, and with the Confederate flag flying. The +terms of the Treaty were fully discussed and the Cherokee authorities +dealt with me on equal terms. Mr. John Ross had met me as I was on my +way to Park Hill, escorted by the National Regiment, and had welcomed +me to the Cherokee Nation, in an earnest and enthusiastic speech; and +seemed to me throughout to be acting in perfect good faith. I acted in +the same way with him.</p> + +<p>After the treaties were signed, I presented Colonel Drew’s Regiment a +flag, and the chief in a speech exhorted them to be true to it: and +afterwards, <i>at his request, I wrote the Cherokee Declaration of +Independence</i> which is printed with the Memorial of the Southern +Cherokees. I no more doubted, then, that Mr. Ross’ whole heart was +with the South, than that mine was. <i>Even in May he said to General +McCulloch and myself, that if Northern troops invaded the Cherokee +Country, he would head the Cherokees and drive them back.</i> “<i>I have +borne arms</i>” he said, “<i>and though I am old I can do it again</i>.”</p> + +<p>At the time of the treaty there were about nine hundred Cherokees of +Colonel Drew’s Regiment encamped near, and fed by me, and Colonel +Watie, who had almost abandoned the idea of raising a regiment, had a +small body of men, not more, I think, than eighty or ninety, at +Tahlequah. When the flag was presented, Col. Watie was present, and +after the ceremony the chief shook hands with him and expressed his +warm desire for union and harmony in the Nation.</p> + +<p>The gentlemen whom I had invited to meet me in June at the Creek +Agency did not do so. They were afraid of being murdered, they said, +if they openly sided with the South. In October they censured me for +treating with Mr. Ross, and were in an ill humour, saying that the +regiment was raised in order to be used to oppress <i>them</i>.</p> + +<p>The same day that the Cherokee Treaty was signed, the Osages, Quapaws, +Shawnees and Senecas signed treaties, and the next day they had a talk +with Mr. Ross at his residence, smoked the great pipe and renewed +their alliance, being urged by him to be true to the Confederate +States.</p> + +<p>I protest that I believed Mr. John Ross, at this time and for long +after, to be as sincerely devoted to the Confederacy as I myself was. +He was frank, cheerful, earnest, and evidently believed that the +independence of the Confederate States was an accomplished fact. I +should dishonour him if I believed that he then dreamed of abandoning +the Confederacy or turning the arms of the Cherokees against us in +case of a reverse.</p> + +<p>Before I left the Cherokee Country, part of the Creeks, under +Opoth-le-Yaholo left their homes, under arms and threatened +hostilities. Mr. Ross, at my request, invited the old Chief to meet +him, and urged him to unite with the Confederate States. Colonel +Drew’s regiment was ordered into the Creek Country, and afterwards, on +the eve of the action at Bird Creek, abandoned Colonel Cooper, rather +than fight against their neighbours. But after the action, the +regiment was again reorganized. The men were eager to fight, they +said, against the Yankees; but did not wish to fight their own +brethren, the Creeks.</p> + +<p>When General Curtis entered North Western Arkansas, in February 1862, +I sent orders from Fort Smith to Colonel Drew to move towards +Evansville and receive orders from General McCulloch. Colonel Watie’s +Regiment was already under General McCulloch’s command. Colonel Drew’s +men moved in advance of Colonel Watie, with great alacrity, and showed +no want of zeal at Pea Ridge.</p> + +<p>I do not <i>know</i> that any one was scalped at that place or in that +action, except from information. None of my officers knew it at the +time. I heard of it afterwards. I cannot say to which regiment those +belonged who did it. But it has been publicly charged on some of the +same men who afterwards abandoned the Confederate cause and enlisting +in the Federal Service were sent into Arkansas to ravage it.</p> + +<p>After the actions at Pea Ridge and Elk Horn, the Regiment of Colonel +Drew was moved to the mouth of the Illinois, where I was able, after a +time, to pay them $25 cash, the commutation for six months’ clothing, +in Confederate money. Nothing more, owing to the wretched management +of the Confederate government, was ever paid them; and the clothing +procured for them was plundered by the commands of Generals Price and +Van Dorn. The consequence was that when Colonel Weer entered the +Cherokee Country, the Pin Indians joined him <i>en masse</i>.</p> + +<p>I had procured at Richmond, and paid Mr. Lewis Ross, Treasurer of the +Cherokee Nation, about the first of March 1862, in the Chief’s house +and in the Chief’s presence, the moneys agreed to be paid them by +Treaty, being about $70,000 (I think) in coin, and among other sums +$150,000 in Confederate Treasury notes, loaned the Nation by way of +advance on the price expected to be paid for the Neutral land. This +sum had been promised in the Treaty at the earnest solicitation of Mr. +John Ross; and it was generally understood that it was desired for the +special purpose of redeeming scrip of the Nation issued long before, +and much of which was held by Mr. Ross and his relatives. That such +<i>was</i> the case, I do not know. I only know that the moneys were paid, +and that I have the receipts for them, which, with others, I shall +file in the Indian Office.</p> + +<p>In May, 1862, Lieut. Colonel William P. Ross visited my camp at Fort +McCulloch, near Red River, and said to me that “the Chief” would be +gratified if he were to receive the appointment of Brigadier General +in the Confederate Service. I did not ask him if he was authorized by +the Chief to say so; but I did ask him if he were <i>sure</i> that the +appointment would gratify him; and being so assured, I promised to +urge the appointment. I did so, more than once, but never received a +reply. It was not customary with the Confederate War Department to +exhibit any great wisdom; and in respect to the Indian Country its +conduct was disgraceful. Unpaid, unclothed, uncared for, unthanked +even, and their services unrecognized, it was natural the Cherokees +should abandon the Confederate flag.</p> + +<p>When Colonel Weer invaded the Cherokee Country, Mr. Ross refused to +have an interview with him, declaring that the Cherokees would remain +faithful to their engagements with the Confederate States. There was +not then a Confederate soldier in the Cherokee Nation, to overawe Mr. +Ross or Major Pegg or any other “loyal” Cherokee. Mr. Ross sent me a +copy of his letter to Colonel Weer, and I had it printed and sent over +Texas, to show the people there that the Cherokee Chief was “loyal” to +the Confederate States.</p> + +<p>Afterwards, when Stand Watie’s Regiment and the Choctaws were sent +over the Arkansas into the Cherokee Country, and Mr. Ross considered +his life in danger from his own people, in consequence of their +ancient feud, he allowed himself to be taken prisoner by the Federal +troops. At the time, I believed that if white troops had been sent to +Park Hill, who would have protected him against Watie’s men, he would +have remained at home and adhered to the Confederacy: for either he +was true to his obligations to the Confederate States, voluntarily +entered into,—true at heart and in his inmost soul,—or else he is +falser and more treacherous than I can believe him to be.</p> + +<p>The simple truth is, Mr. Commissioner, that the “loyal” Cherokees +hated Stand Watie and the half-breeds and were hated by them. They +were perfectly willing to kill and scalp Yankees, and when they were +hired to change sides, and twenty two hundred of them were organized +into regiments in the <i>Federal</i> Service, they were just as ready to +kill and scalp when employed against us in Arkansas. <i>We</i> did <i>not</i> +pay and clothe them, and the United States <i>did</i>. They scalped for +those who paid for and clothed them. As to “loyalty” they had none at +all.</p> + +<p>I entered the Indian Country in May, and left it in October. For five +months I travelled and encamped in it, unprotected by white troops, +alone with the four young men, treating with the different tribes. If +there had been any “loyalty” among the Indians, I could not have gone +a mile in safety. Opoth-le-Yaholo was not “loyal.” He feared the +McIntoshes, who had raised troops, and who, he thought, meant to kill +him for killing their father long years before. He told me that he did +not wish to fight against the Southern States, but only that the +Indians should all act together. If Mr. Ross had treated with us at +first, <i>all</i> the Creeks would have done the same. If Stand Watie and +his party took <i>one</i> side, John Ross and his party were sure, in the +end, to take the other, <i>especially when that other proved itself the +stronger</i>.</p> + +<p>So far from the Watie party overawing the party which upheld Mr. Ross, +I <i>know</i> it to be true that they were <i>afraid</i> to actively coöperate +with the Confederate States, to organize, to raise Secession flags, or +even to meet me and consult with me. They feared that Colonel Drew’s +Regiment would be used to harrass them, and they never dreamed of +<i>forcing</i> the authorities into a Treaty.</p> + +<p>After the action at Elkhorn, murders were continually complained of by +Colonels Watie and Drew, and the Chief solicited me to place part of +Colonel Drew’s Regiment at or near Park Hill, to protect the +government and its records. I did so. There never a time when the +“loyal” Cherokees had not the power to destroy the Southern ones.</p> + +<p>As to myself, I dealt fairly and openly with all the Indians. I used +no threats of force or compulsion, with any of them. The “loyal” +Cherokees joined us because they believed we should succeed, and left +us when they thought we should not. At their request I wrote their +declaration of Independence and acceptance of the issues of war; and +if any men voluntarily, and with their eyes open, and of their own +motion acceded to the Secession movement, it was John Ross and the +people whom he controlled. I am, Sir, Very res<sup>py</sup>, Your obt Svt</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span></span></p> + +<p>D. N. Cooley Esq, Commissioner of Ind. Aff.</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_229' id='f_229' href='#fna_229'>[229]</a> In writing this letter, Pike most certainly addressed himself to +Toombs officially and with the idea in mind that he was holding his +commission under the Confederate State Department. That he was serving +under that department and that he did not get his appointment until May +seem scarcely to admit of a doubt, notwithstanding the fact that Judah P. +Benjamin, Secretary of War later in the year, December [14?], 1861, in +reporting to President Davis, could make the following statement:</p> + +<p class="blockquot">At the first session of the Congress an act was passed providing for +the sending of a commissioner to the Indian tribes north of Texas and +west of Arkansas, with the view of making such arrangements for an +alliance with and the protection of the Indians as were rendered +necessary by the disruption of the Union and our natural succession to +the rights and duties of the United States, so far as these Indians +were concerned. The supervision of this important branch of +administrative duty was confided to the State Department, by which +Brig.-Gen. Albert Pike was selected as commissioner. At a later period +of the same session a Bureau of Indian Affairs was created by law and +attached to this Department, charged with the management of our +relations with the Indian tribes....—<i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 792.</p> + +<p>Now, if Benjamin was correct in his chronology, the appointment of Pike +must have antedated that of Hubbard, a very unlikely state of affairs +unless, indeed, the Confederate government from the start, taking +cognizance of the very advanced condition of the Indians under discussion +and of the very extreme delicacy of the situation, concluded it would be +wisest to act upon the assumption that the great tribes were independent +enough to be dealt with almost as foreign powers and so left everything to +the discretion of the State Department.</p> + +<p>In November, 1861, the Provisional Congress considered the advisability of +transferring the whole Indian Bureau to the Department of State +[<i>Journal</i>, November 28, 1861, vol. i, 489]. The transfer was probably +suggested by the fact that the relations to date of the Confederate States +with the Indians had been conducted altogether upon a basis of diplomacy. +An added reason might have been, that the ordinary business of the War +Department was sufficiently onerous without the details of Indian +complications being made a part of it. Yet the transfer was never made.</p> + +<p><a name='f_230' id='f_230' href='#fna_230'>[230]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 576-578.</p> + +<p><a name='f_231' id='f_231' href='#fna_231'>[231]</a> Hubbard’s ill-health, however, seems to have made it incumbent upon +Pike to assume much the larger share of official responsibility and +practically to do Hubbard’s work as well as his own; that is, so much of +it as was not transacted in Richmond.</p> + +<p><a name='f_232' id='f_232' href='#fna_232'>[232]</a> Adjutant and Inspector-General S. Cooper to McCulloch, May 13, 1861 +[<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 575-576].</p> + +<p><a name='f_233' id='f_233' href='#fna_233'>[233]</a> Hubbard to Walker, June 2, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>, 589-590].</p> + +<p><a name='f_234' id='f_234' href='#fna_234'>[234]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. xiii, 497-498; General Files, +<i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C515.</p> + +<p><a name='f_235' id='f_235' href='#fna_235'>[235]</a> Rhodes, <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. iii, 237-238; also <i>Report</i> of the Select +Committee to Investigate the Abstraction of Bonds Held by the United +States Government in Trust for Indian Tribes, being House <i>Report</i>, 36th +congress, second session, no. 78. Dole, in his <i>Annual Report</i> for 1861, +p. 27, urged that the government make the loss good to the Indians and +also appropriate money “to meet the unpaid interest on those trust bonds +of the revolted States yet in custody of the Secretary of the Interior.” +There ought never, either from the standpoint of national faith or of that +of political expediency, to have been any hesitation in the matter.</p> + +<p><a name='f_236' id='f_236' href='#fna_236'>[236]</a> The entire letter is to be found in <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., +vol. xiii, 498-499; also in General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1850-1865</i>, C515.</p> + +<p><a name='f_237' id='f_237' href='#fna_237'>[237]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">War Department, C. S. Army, Montgomery</span>, May 13, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Major Douglas H. Cooper</span>, Choctaw Nation:</p> + +<p>Sir: The desire of this Government is to cultivate the most friendly +relations and the closest alliance with the Choctaw Nation and all the +Indian tribes west of Arkansas and south of Kansas. Appreciating your +sympathies with these tribes, and their reciprocal regard for you, we +have thought it advisable to enlist your services in the line of this +desire. From information in possession of the Government it is deemed +expedient to take measures to secure the protection of these tribes in +their present country from the agrarian rapacity of the North, that, +unless opposed, must soon drive them from their homes and supplant +them in their possessions, as, indeed, would have been the case with +the entire South but for our present efforts at resistance. It is well +known that with these unjust designs against the Indian country the +Northern movement for several years has had its emissaries scheming +among the tribes for their ultimate destruction. Their destiny has +thus become our own, and common with that of all the Southern States +entering this Confederation.</p> + +<p>Entertaining these views and feelings, and with these objects before +us, we have commissioned General Ben. McCulloch, with three regiments +under his command, from the States of Arkansas, Texas, and Louisiana, +to take charge of the military district embracing the Indian country, +and I now empower you to raise among the Choctaws and Chickasaws a +mounted regiment, to be commanded by yourself, in co-operation with +General McCulloch. It is designed also to raise two other similar +regiments among the Creeks, Cherokees, Seminoles, and other friendly +tribes for the same purpose. This combined force of six regiments will +be ample to secure the frontiers upon Kansas and the interests of the +Indians, while to the south of the Red River three regiments from +Texas, under a different command, have been already assigned to the +Rio Grande and western border.</p> + +<p>It will thus appear, I trust, that the resources of this Government +are adequate to its ends, and assured to the friendly Indians. We have +our agents actively engaged in the manufacture of ammunition and in +the purchase of arms, and when your regiment has been reported +organized in ten companies, ranging from 64 to 100 men each, and +enrolled for twelve months, if possible, it will be received into the +Confederate service, and supplied with arms and ammunition. Such will +be the course pursued also in relation to the two other regiments I +have indicated.</p> + +<p>The arms we are purchasing for the Indians are rifles, and they will +be forwarded to Fort Smith. Respectfully,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">L. P. Walker</span>, Secretary of War.</span></p></div> + +<p><i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 574-575.</p> + +<p><a name='f_238' id='f_238' href='#fna_238'>[238]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 572-574.</p> + +<p><a name='f_239' id='f_239' href='#fna_239'>[239]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 583.</p> + +<p><a name='f_240' id='f_240' href='#fna_240'>[240]</a> See McCulloch to Walker, May 28, 1861, <i>ibid.</i>, 587; also same to +same, June 12, 1861, <i>ibid.</i>, 590-591.</p> + +<p><a name='f_241' id='f_241' href='#fna_241'>[241]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 591-592; also vol. xiii, 495.</p> + +<p><a name='f_242' id='f_242' href='#fna_242'>[242]</a> General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C515; <i>Official Records</i>, +first ser., vol. iii, 596-597 and vol. xiii, 495-497.</p> + +<p><a name='f_243' id='f_243' href='#fna_243'>[243]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 590-591.</p> + +<p><a name='f_244' id='f_244' href='#fna_244'>[244]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Headquarters McCulloch’s Brigade</span>,<br /> +Fort Smith, Ark., June 22, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hon. L. P. Walker</span>, Secretary of War:</p> + +<p>Sir: I have the honor to transmit the inclosed copy of a communication +from John Ross, the principal chief of the Cherokee Nation.</p> + +<p>Under all the circumstances of the case I do not think it advisable to +march into the Cherokee country at this time unless there is some +urgent necessity for it. If the views expressed in my communication to +you of the 14th instant are carried out, it will, I am satisfied, +force the conviction on the Cherokees that they have but one course to +pursue—that is, to join the Confederacy. The Choctaw and Chickasaw +regiment will be kept on the south of them; Arkansas will be to the +east; and with my force on the western border of Missouri no force +will be able to march into the Cherokee Nation, and surrounded as they +will be by Southern troops, they will have but one alternative at all +events. From my position to the north of them, in any event, I will +have a controlling power over them. I am satisfied from my interview +with John Ross and from his communication that he is only waiting for +some favorable opportunity to put himself with the North. His +neutrality is only a pretext to await the issue of events.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Ben. McCulloch</span>, Brigadier-General Commanding.</span></p></div> + +<p><i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 595-596.</p> + +<p><a name='f_245' id='f_245' href='#fna_245'>[245]</a> See Pike to Toombs, May 20, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., +vol. iii, 580-581].</p> + +<p><a name='f_246' id='f_246' href='#fna_246'>[246]</a> On the twenty-ninth of May, Pike wrote to Toombs again and informed +him that he was leaving for Tahlequah that very morning [<i>Ibid.</i>, fourth +ser., vol. i, 359].</p> + +<p><a name='f_247' id='f_247' href='#fna_247'>[247]</a> See McCulloch to Walker, May 28, 1861 [<i>Ibid.</i>, first ser., vol. +iii, 587-588].</p> + +<p><a name='f_248' id='f_248' href='#fna_248'>[248]</a> See Pike to Cooley, February 17, 1866 [Indian Office, <i>Miscellaneous +Files</i>].</p> + +<p><a name='f_249' id='f_249' href='#fna_249'>[249]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i></p> + +<p><a name='f_250' id='f_250' href='#fna_250'>[250]</a> McCulloch to Walker, June 12, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., +vol. iii, 591].</p> + +<p><a name='f_251' id='f_251' href='#fna_251'>[251]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. xiii, 489-490.</p> + +<p><a name='f_252' id='f_252' href='#fna_252'>[252]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 585-587.</p> + +<p><a name='f_253' id='f_253' href='#fna_253'>[253]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 589.</p> + +<p><a name='f_254' id='f_254' href='#fna_254'>[254]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 587.</p> + +<p><a name='f_255' id='f_255' href='#fna_255'>[255]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 593-594.</p> + +<p><a name='f_256' id='f_256' href='#fna_256'>[256]</a> See Albert Pike to John Ross, June 6, 1861 and John Ross to Albert +Pike, July 1, 1861 in General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C515.</p> + +<p><a name='f_257' id='f_257' href='#fna_257'>[257]</a> It would appear that, failing with John Ross, Pike tried to +negotiate with the disaffected Cherokees under the control of Stand Watie, +Boudinot, and others. See <i>Office Letter</i> to President Johnson, February +25, 1866. Pike himself says that he invited some of these men to meet him +at the Creek Agency. See Pike to Cooley, February 17, 1866.</p> + +<p><a name='f_258' id='f_258' href='#fna_258'>[258]</a> The text of the treaties is to be found in the <i>Confederate +Statutes</i> and also in <i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, as follows:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> +<tr><td>Creek Treaty, 426-443</td><td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td>Comanche Treaty, 548-554</td></tr> +<tr><td>Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty, 445-466</td><td> </td> + <td>Osage Treaty, 636-646</td></tr> +<tr><td>Seminole Treaty, 513-527</td><td> </td> + <td>Seneca and Shawnee Treaty, 647-658</td></tr> +<tr><td>Wichita Treaty, 542-548</td><td> </td> + <td>Quapaw Treaty, 659-666</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td> + <td>Cherokee Treaty, 669-687</td></tr></table> + +<p><a name='f_259' id='f_259' href='#fna_259'>[259]</a> Although the Creek Treaty was negotiated July tenth and was the +first to be negotiated, Dole was ignorant of its existence as late as +October second [<i>Report</i>, 1861, 39], which only goes to prove how very +slight was the Federal communication with Indian Territory through all +that critical time.</p> + +<p><a name='f_260' id='f_260' href='#fna_260'>[260]</a> President Davis, in his message of December 12, 1861, said,</p> + +<p class="blockquot">Considering this act as a declaration by Congress of our future policy +in relation to those Indians, a copy of that act was transmitted to +the commissioner and he was directed to consider it as his +instructions in the contemplated negotiation. [Richardson, <i>Messages +and Papers of the Confederacy</i>, vol. i, 149; <i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 785.]</p> + +<p><a name='f_261' id='f_261' href='#fna_261'>[261]</a> All the treaties of the First Class contain a <i>Preamble</i>, lacking in +the others, which specifically outlines the assumption of the +protectorate. In addition, those same treaties have a special clause +accepting the full force of the Act of May twenty-first.</p> + +<p>All references to these treaties, unless otherwise noted, will be page +references to the treaties as found in the <i>Statutes at Large</i> of the +Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America.</p> + +<p><a name='f_262' id='f_262' href='#fna_262'>[262]</a> See Creek Treaty, Articles <span class="smcaplc">II</span> and <span class="smcaplc">IV</span>, pp. 289, 290; Choctaw and +Chickasaw Treaty, Articles <span class="smcaplc">II</span> and <span class="smcaplc">VII</span>, pp. 312, 313; Seminole Treaty, +Articles <span class="smcaplc">II</span> and <span class="smcaplc">IV</span>, Pp. 332, 333; Cherokee Treaty, Articles +<span class="smcaplc">II</span> and <span class="smcaplc">V</span>, pp. 395, 396.</p> + +<p><a name='f_263' id='f_263' href='#fna_263'>[263]</a></p> + +<p class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">Article viii</span> (Creek Treaty). The Confederate States of America do +hereby solemnly agree and bind themselves that no State or Territory +shall ever pass laws for the government of the Creek Nation; and that +no portion of the country hereby guaranteed to it shall ever be +embraced or included within or annexed to any Territory or Province; +nor shall any attempt ever be made, except upon the free, voluntary +and unsolicited application of the said nation, to erect the said +country, by itself or with any other, into a State or any other +territorial or political organization, or to incorporate it into any State previously created [p. 291].</p> + +<p>Compare with similar articles in the other treaties; viz., Article <span class="smcaplc">X</span> of +the Choctaw and Chickasaw, p. 314; Article <span class="smcaplc">VIII</span> of the Seminole, p. 334; +Article <span class="smcaplc">VIII</span> of the Cherokee, p. 397; Articles <span class="smcaplc">VIII</span> and <span class="smcaplc">XXVI</span> of the Osage, +pp. 364, 367; Articles <span class="smcaplc">VIII</span> and <span class="smcaplc">XIX</span> of the Seneca and Shawnee, pp. 376, +377; Article <span class="smcaplc">VII</span> of the Quapaw, p. 367.</p> + +<p><a name='f_264' id='f_264' href='#fna_264'>[264]</a></p> + +<p class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">Article xl</span> (Creek Treaty). In order to enable the Creek and Seminole +Nations to claim their rights and secure their interests without the +intervention of counsel or agents, and as they were originally one and +the same people and are now entitled to reside in the country of each +other, they shall be jointly entitled to a delegate to the House of +Representatives of the Confederate States of America, who shall serve +for the term of two years, and be a member of one of the said nations, +over twenty-one years of age, and labouring under no legal disability +by the law of either nation; and each delegate shall be entitled to +the same rights and privileges as may be enjoyed by delegates from any +territories of the Confederate States to the said House of +Representatives. Each shall receive such pay and mileage as shall be +fixed by the Congress of the Confederate States. The first election +for delegate shall be held at such time and places, and be conducted +in such manner as shall be prescribed by the agent of the Confederate +States, to whom returns of such election shall be made, and he shall +declare the person having the greatest number of votes to be duly +elected, and give him a certificate of election accordingly, which +shall entitle him to his seat. For all subsequent elections, the +times, places, and manner of holding them and ascertaining and +certifying the result shall be prescribed by law of the Confederate States [p. 297].</p> + +<p>Compare with Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVII</span> of Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty [p. 318], the +chief point of difference between the two being that, in the latter treaty +the delegate to which the two tribes, parties to the treaty, were entitled +jointly, was to be elected from them alternately. The Choctaw and +Chickasaw Treaty also stipulated that the delegate was to be a member by +birth or blood on either the father’s or the mother’s side. The +corresponding provision in the Cherokee Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XLIV</span> [pp. +403-404], said that the delegate should be a native born citizen. The +Seminole arrangement, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXVII</span> [p. 339], was, as might be expected, +exactly the same as the Creek.</p> + +<p><a name='f_265' id='f_265' href='#fna_265'>[265]</a> The Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty was the only one that developed +this idea. We might presume that the Creeks were even opposed to it. This +is how it appears in Articles <span class="smcaplc">XXVIII</span>, <span class="smcaplc">XXIX</span>, and +<span class="smcaplc">XXX</span>, of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty [pp. 318-319]:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Article xxviii.</span> In consideration of the uniform loyalty and good +faith, and the tried friendship for the people of the Confederate +States, of the Choctaw and Chickasaw people, and of their fitness and +capacity for self-government, proven by the establishment and +successful maintenance, by each, of a regularly organized republican +government, with all the forms and safe-guards to which the people of +the Confederate States are accustomed, it is hereby agreed by the +Confederate States, that whenever and so soon as the people of each +nation shall, by ordinance of a convention of delegates, duly elected +by majorities of the legal voters, at an election regularly held after +due and ample notice, in pursuance of an act of the Legislature of +each, respectively, declare its desire to become a State of the +Confederacy, the whole Choctaw and Chickasaw country, as above +defined, shall be received and admitted into the Confederacy as one of +the Confederate States, on equal terms, in all respects, with the +original States, without regard to population; and all the members of +the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations shall thereby become citizens of the +Confederate States, not including, however, among such members, the +individuals of the bands settled in the leased district aforesaid.</p> + +<p><i>Provided</i>, That, as a condition precedent to such admission, the said +nations shall provide for the survey of their lands, the holding in +severalty of parts thereof by their people, the dedication of at least +one section in every thirty-six to purposes of education, and the sale +of such portions as are not reserved for these, or other special +purposes, to citizens of the Confederate States alone, on such terms +as the said nation shall see fit to fix, not intended or calculated to +prevent the sale thereof.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Article xxix.</span> The proceeds of such sales shall belong entirely to +members of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations, and be distributed among +them or invested for them in proportion to the whole population of +each, in such manner as the Legislatures of said nations shall +provide; nor shall any other persons ever have any interest in the +annuities or funds of either the Choctaw or Chickasaw people, nor any +power to legislate in regard thereto.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Article xxx.</span> Whenever the desire of the Creek and Seminole people and +the Cherokees to become a part of the said State shall be expressed, +in the same manner and with the same formalities, as is above provided +for in the case of the Choctaw and Chickasaw people, the country of +the Creeks and Seminoles, and that of the Cherokees, respectively, or +either by itself, may be annexed to and become an integral part of +said State, upon the same conditions and terms, and with the same +rights to the people of each, in regard to citizenship and the +proceeds of their lands.</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_266' id='f_266' href='#fna_266'>[266]</a> Abel, “Proposals for an Indian State in the Union, 1778-1878,” in +the American Historical Association, <i>Report</i>, 1907, pp. 89-102.</p> + +<p><a name='f_267' id='f_267' href='#fna_267'>[267]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 577.</p> + +<p><a name='f_268' id='f_268' href='#fna_268'>[268]</a> Articles <span class="smcaplc">V</span> and <span class="smcaplc">VI</span>.</p> + +<p><a name='f_269' id='f_269' href='#fna_269'>[269]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">VIII</span>.</p> + +<p><a name='f_270' id='f_270' href='#fna_270'>[270]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XI</span>.</p> + +<p><a name='f_271' id='f_271' href='#fna_271'>[271]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XII</span>.</p> + +<p><a name='f_272' id='f_272' href='#fna_272'>[272]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">VII</span> of the Seminole Treaty [p. 334], and Article <span class="smcaplc">VII</span> +likewise of the Creek Treaty [p. 291].</p> + +<p><a name='f_273' id='f_273' href='#fna_273'>[273]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">IV</span> of the Cherokee Treaty [pp. 395-396].</p> + +<p><a name='f_274' id='f_274' href='#fna_274'>[274]</a> In the matter of the guarantee of territorial integrity, the +treaties of the Second Class were strictly on a par with those of the +First Class. See Article VIII of the Osage Treaty [p. 364], Article <span class="smcaplc">XIX</span> of +the Seneca and Shawnee Treaty [p. 378], Article <span class="smcaplc">VII</span> of the Quapaw [p. +387].</p> + +<p><a name='f_275' id='f_275' href='#fna_275'>[275]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XLVII</span> [pp. 407-408].</p> + +<p><a name='f_276' id='f_276' href='#fna_276'>[276]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">V</span> [p. 348].</p> + +<p><a name='f_277' id='f_277' href='#fna_277'>[277]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">III</span> [pp. 374-375].</p> + +<p><a name='f_278' id='f_278' href='#fna_278'>[278]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">V</span> [p. 291].</p> + +<p><a name='f_279' id='f_279' href='#fna_279'>[279]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">I</span> [p. 354].</p> + +<p><a name='f_280' id='f_280' href='#fna_280'>[280]</a> For an illustration of how the Seminoles had been preferring the +claim, see the following affidavit:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Be it known that on this 22d day of January, A.D. 1856, personally +appeared before me, J. W. Washbourne, United States’ Agent for +Seminoles, in open Council, the following named Chiefs and Head men of +the Seminole tribe of Indians, and deposed to the subsequent +statement.</p> + +<p>That sometime during the war between the United States and the +Seminoles, Gen. Thomas S. Jessup, then commanding the U. S. troops in +Florida, issued a proclamation to the effect that all negroes +belonging to the hostile Seminoles who should come in and take service +under the Government against their masters, or in any way render +service to the United States against the Seminoles, or induce them to +sue for peace and emigrate west, they, the negroes, should be declared +free: That many negroes took advantage of said illegal proclamation +and did take service in Florida under Government, but that, by far the +larger number of negro slaves who took refuge under said proclamation +and thereby claimed their freedom, did so after the immigration west +was determined or consummated: That said negro slaves, in great +numbers and to the great injury of their owners, and against their +orders, took refuge within the United States’ post, Fort Gibson, +Cherokee Nation, where they were for upwards of three years protected +by the United States officers at that Post, although the Seminoles +claimed them, the negroes, as their lawful slaves, and protested +against this procedure of the U. S. officers: That while these negro +slaves were thus protected by military officers, it was impossible to +keep their slaves at home who were continually flying to Fort Gibson, +where they were beyond the reach of their masters: That this occurred +during the years 1845-’6-’7: That through the instrumentality of their +former Sub Agent and attornies employed by them, they after long delay +and at great expense and loss of slaves, presented the matter to the +attention of the Secretary of War, Hon. Wm. L. Marcy, and that finally +from him, as such Secretary of War, there issued an order bearing date +the 5th of August 1848, directed to the commanding officer at Fort +Gibson, enjoining him to protect no longer said negro slaves at that +Post and commanding him to deliver all of said slaves to the Seminoles +their rightful owners: That even after this order the nuisance did not +abate, for another order dated July 31st 1850 required the commanding +officer of Fort Gibson to give no further protection to these +“Seminole negroes”: That by this order of the Secretary of War, as was +just and right, the United States recognised the ownership of these +said slaves as being in the Seminoles, and that they were entitled by +law and right to said slaves and their service: That in consequence of +the withdrawal of the protection afforded them at Fort Gibson and from +their having so long considered themselves free, said slaves in great +numbers escaped, some of whom reached Mexico, some were killed by the +wild Indians, and the remainder were only captured at great and +ruinous expense: That the owners of these said negro slaves are justly +and equitably entitled to the service of said slaves, while unlawfully +and against the power and protests of the Seminoles, detained at Fort +Gibson for the space of more than three years, by U. S. officers: That +the number of said negro slaves so unlawfully detained and kept from +the service due their masters, as near as now can be estimated was Two +Hundred and Thirty-four or thereabouts: That the services of these +said slaves for these three years and upwards were amply worth at the +time Seventy five dollars each per annum, making the sum of Fifty two +Thousand Six hundred and fifty dollars ($52.650.00,) to which the +Seminole owners of said slaves are fully and fairly, in law and +equity, entitled, and which ought to be paid to them by the Government +of the United States.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">John Jumper, P.</span> Chief Seminoles X his mark</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Pah suc ah yo ho lah</span>, Speaker Council X his mark</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Chitto-Tusto-muggee</span> X his mark</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Arhah-lock-Tusto-muggee</span> X his mark</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Noke-su-kee</span> X his mark</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Pars-co-fer</span> X his mark</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Tesi-ki-ah</span> X his mark</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Alligator</span> X his mark</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Talla-hassa</span> X his mark</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">George Cloud</span> X his mark</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Ho-tul-gee-Harjo</span> X his mark</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Tar-hah Fixico</span> X his mark</span></p> + +<p>Sworn to and subscribed before me, in open Council Jany 22d 1856.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">J. W. Washbourne</span> U. S. Agent for Seminoles.</span></p> + +<p>Witnesses: <span class="smcap">George M. Aud</span></p></div> + +<p><a name='f_281' id='f_281' href='#fna_281'>[281]</a> President Polk seems to have been of the opinion that negro slaves +could not be freed by military proclamation [<i>Diary</i> (Quaife’s edition), +vol. iii, 504].</p> + +<p><a name='f_282' id='f_282' href='#fna_282'>[282]</a> Slavery was not completely ignored even in the treaties of the Third +Class. In Article <span class="smcaplc">IX</span> of their treaty [p. 348], the Wichitas promised to do +all in their power to take and return any negroes, horses, or other +property stolen from white men or from Indians of the great tribes. The +corresponding article in the Comanche Treaty [p. 355], was to like +purpose.</p> + +<p><a name='f_283' id='f_283' href='#fna_283'>[283]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXVII</span> of the Osage Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVIII</span> of the Seneca and +Shawnee Treaty, and Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVII</span> of the Quapaw Treaty.</p> + +<p><a name='f_284' id='f_284' href='#fna_284'>[284]</a> The following are the Creek clauses and the Choctaw and Chickasaw, +Articles <span class="smcaplc">XLV</span> and <span class="smcaplc">XLVII</span>, the Seminole, Articles +<span class="smcaplc">XXIX</span> and <span class="smcaplc">XXXIII</span>, and the +Cherokee, Articles <span class="smcaplc">XXXIV</span> and <span class="smcaplc">XXXVII</span>, are similar:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Article xxix.</span> The provisions of all such acts of Congress of the +Confederate States as may now be in force, or may hereafter be +enacted, for the purpose of carrying into effect the provision of the +constitution in regard to the re-delivery or return of fugitive +slaves, or fugitives from labour and service, shall extend to, and be +in full force within the said Creek Nation; and shall also apply to +all cases of escape of fugitive slaves from the said Creek Nation into +any other Indian nation or into one of the Confederate States, the +obligation upon each such nation or State to re-deliver such slaves +being in every case as complete as if they had escaped from another +State, and the mode of procedure the same [p. 296].</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Article xxxii.</span> It is hereby declared and agreed that the institution +of slavery in the said nation is legal and has existed from time +immemorial; that slaves are taken and deemed to be personal property; +that the title to slaves and other property having its origin in the +said nation, shall be determined by the laws and customs thereof; and +that the slaves and other personal property of every person domiciled +in said nation shall pass and be distributed at his or her death, in +accordance with the laws, usages and customs of the said nation, which +may be proved like foreign laws, usages & customs, and shall +everywhere be held valid and binding within the scope of their +operation [p. 296].</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_285' id='f_285' href='#fna_285'>[285]</a> P. 369.</p> + +<p><a name='f_286' id='f_286' href='#fna_286'>[286]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XVII</span> of the Cherokee Treaty [p. 399].</p> + +<p><a name='f_287' id='f_287' href='#fna_287'>[287]</a></p> + +<p class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">Article xv</span> (Creek Treaty). The Confederate States shall protect the +Creeks from domestic strife, from hostile invasion, and from +aggression by other Indians and white persons not subject to the +jurisdiction and laws of the Creek Nation, and for all injuries +resulting from such invasion or aggression, full indemnity is hereby +guaranteed to the party or parties injured, out of the Treasury of the +Confederate States, upon the same principle and according to the same +rules upon which white persons are entitled to indemnity for injuries +or aggressions upon them committed by Indians [p. 293].</p> + +<p>See also Article <span class="smcaplc">XXI</span> of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty and Article <span class="smcaplc">XV</span> of +the Seminole Treaty.</p> + +<p><a name='f_288' id='f_288' href='#fna_288'>[288]</a> Manypenny to Dean, November 30, 1855 [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, +no. 53, pp. 94-95]. Dean to Manypenny, December 25, 1855 [<i>Letter Press +Book</i>].</p> + +<p><a name='f_289' id='f_289' href='#fna_289'>[289]</a> Compare Article <span class="smcaplc">XX</span> of the Cherokee Treaty and Article <span class="smcaplc">XXIV</span> of the +Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty with Article <span class="smcaplc">XVI</span> of the Creek Treaty and all +of these with Article <span class="smcaplc">XVI</span> of the Seminole Treaty.</p> + +<p><a name='f_290' id='f_290' href='#fna_290'>[290]</a> See, for example, Article <span class="smcaplc">XVIII</span> of the Seminole Treaty [p. 336].</p> + +<p><a name='f_291' id='f_291' href='#fna_291'>[291]</a> One other important right was conceded and that was the right of +free transit. The concession is well stated in the Creek Treaty and occurs +in connection with a prohibition against the pasturing of stock by +outsiders within the Creek country.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Article xxii.</span> No citizen or inhabitant of the Confederate States shall +pasture stock on the lands of the Creek Nation, under the penalty of +one dollar per head for all so pastured, to be collected by the +authorities of the nation; but their citizens shall be at liberty at +all times, and whether for business or pleasure, peaceably to travel +the Creek country; and to drive their stock to market or otherwise +through the same, and to halt such reasonable time on the way as may +be necessary to recruit their stock, such delay being in good faith +for that purpose.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Article xxiii</span>. It is also further agreed that the members of the Creek +Nation shall have the same right of travelling, driving stock and +halting to recruit the same in any of the Confederate States as is +given citizens of the Confederate States by the preceding article [p. +295].</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_292' id='f_292' href='#fna_292'>[292]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">LXV</span> of the Creek Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVI</span> of the Choctaw and +Chickasaw Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXI</span> of the Seminole Treaty, and Article <span class="smcaplc">XXII</span> of +the Cherokee Treaty.</p> + +<p><a name='f_293' id='f_293' href='#fna_293'>[293]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XVIII</span> of the Creek Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXV</span> of the Choctaw and +Chickasaw Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XIX</span> of the Seminole Treaty, and Article <span class="smcaplc">XXI</span> of +the Cherokee Treaty.</p> + +<p><a name='f_294' id='f_294' href='#fna_294'>[294]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">LXV</span> of the Creek Treaty and Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXI</span> of the Seminole +Treaty.</p> + +<p><a name='f_295' id='f_295' href='#fna_295'>[295]</a> Tush-ca-hom-ma at Boggy Depot and Cha-lah-ki at Tahlequah.</p> + +<p><a name='f_296' id='f_296' href='#fna_296'>[296]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XXX</span> of the Creek Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XLIII</span> of the Choctaw and +Chickasaw Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXX</span> of the Seminole Treaty, and Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXV</span> of +the Cherokee Treaty.</p> + +<p><a name='f_297' id='f_297' href='#fna_297'>[297]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVIII</span> of the Creek Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XLIV</span> of the Choctaw and +Chickasaw Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVIII</span> of the Seminole Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXIII</span> of +the Cherokee Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXVI</span> of the Osage Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVII</span> of +the Seneca and Shawnee Treaty, and Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVII</span> of the Quapaw Treaty.</p> + +<p><a name='f_298' id='f_298' href='#fna_298'>[298]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XXIX</span> of the Cherokee Treaty and Article <span class="smcaplc">XXIII</span> of the Choctaw +and Chickasaw Treaty.</p> + +<p><a name='f_299' id='f_299' href='#fna_299'>[299]</a></p> + +<p class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">Article xxxi</span> (Cherokee Treaty). Any person duly charged with a +criminal offence against the laws of either the Creek, Seminole, +Choctaw or Chickasaw Nations, and escaping into the jurisdiction of +the Cherokee Nation, shall be promptly surrendered upon the demand of +the proper authority of the nation within whose jurisdiction the +offence shall be alleged to have been committed; and in like manner, +any person duly charged with a criminal offence against the laws of +the Cherokee Nation, and escaping into the jurisdiction of either of +the said nations, shall be promptly surrendered upon the demand of the +proper authority of the Cherokee Nation [pp. 401-402].</p> + +<p>Note the development from the corresponding extradition clause in the +earlier treaties of the series. In the Creek and Seminole treaties, +extradition was as between Creeks and Seminoles exclusively. In the +Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty, it was as between Choctaws and Chickasaws +exclusively. In this treaty of the Cherokees, all the tribes were to be +sharers in the extradition privilege; but it is difficult to understand +how a clause in the Cherokee Treaty could be made legally binding upon +other Indians than Cherokee.</p> + +<p><a name='f_300' id='f_300' href='#fna_300'>[300]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVI</span>.</p> + +<p><a name='f_301' id='f_301' href='#fna_301'>[301]</a> It was also a one-sided affair in the treaties of the Second Class. +See Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXIV</span> of the Osage Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXV</span> of the Seneca and +Shawnee Treaty, and Article <span class="smcaplc">XXV</span> of the Quapaw Treaty.</p> + +<p><a name='f_302' id='f_302' href='#fna_302'>[302]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXVII</span> of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty [p. 320], and +Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXII</span> of the Cherokee Treaty [p. 402].</p> + +<p><a name='f_303' id='f_303' href='#fna_303'>[303]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXI</span> of the Creek Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XLVI</span> of the Choctaw and +Chickasaw Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXII</span> of the Seminole Treaty, and Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXVI</span> +of the Cherokee Treaty. Note that the enjoyment of the privilege by the +Seminole Nation was to be conditioned upon its own establishment of +regular courts.</p> + +<p><a name='f_304' id='f_304' href='#fna_304'>[304]</a> There were also secret articles to some of the treaties. The +indications are that such secret articles entailed the customary bribery +of chiefs and influential men upon whose support depended successful +negotiation.</p> + +<p><a name='f_305' id='f_305' href='#fna_305'>[305]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">VII</span> of the Osage Treaty [p. 364].</p> + +<p><a name='f_306' id='f_306' href='#fna_306'>[306]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XIII</span> of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty [p. 315].</p> + +<p><a name='f_307' id='f_307' href='#fna_307'>[307]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">IX</span> of the Cherokee Treaty [p. 397].</p> + +<p><a name='f_308' id='f_308' href='#fna_308'>[308]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">LXVI</span> of the Creek Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XLIV</span> of the Seminole, +Article <span class="smcaplc">LIII</span> of the Cherokee.</p> + +<p><a name='f_309' id='f_309' href='#fna_309'>[309]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">LXIV</span> [p. 330].</p> + +<p><a name='f_310' id='f_310' href='#fna_310'>[310]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XL</span> of the Wichita Treaty and Article <span class="smcaplc">X</span> of the Comanche.</p> + +<p><a name='f_311' id='f_311' href='#fna_311'>[311]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XI</span> of the Creek Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XVI</span> of the Choctaw and +Chickasaw Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XI</span> of the Seminole Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XIII</span> of the +Cherokee Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">IV</span> of the Osage Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">V</span> of the Seneca +and Shawnee Treaty, and Article <span class="smcaplc">IV</span> of the Quapaw Treaty.</p> + +<p><a name='f_312' id='f_312' href='#fna_312'>[312]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XII</span> of the Creek Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XVII</span> of the Choctaw and +Chickasaw Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XII</span> of the Seminole Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XIV</span> of the +Cherokee Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">V</span> of the Osage Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">VI</span> of the Seneca +and Shawnee Treaty, and Article <span class="smcaplc">V</span> of the Quapaw Treaty. After the war the +posts in certain specified cases were to be garrisoned by native troops.</p> + +<p><a name='f_313' id='f_313' href='#fna_313'>[313]</a> The reference is the same as the foregoing with two exceptions; +viz., Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVIII</span> of the Osage Treaty and Article <span class="smcaplc">XX</span> the Quapaw Treaty.</p> + +<p><a name='f_314' id='f_314' href='#fna_314'>[314]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XIII</span> of the Creek Treaty, Article <span class="smcaplc">XVIII</span> of the Choctaw and +Chickasaw Treaty, and Article <span class="smcaplc">XIII</span> of the Seminole Treaty.</p> + +<p><a name='f_315' id='f_315' href='#fna_315'>[315]</a> The provision in the Osage Treaty was one exception to this. It was +definitely said there that there should be no compensation.</p> + +<p><a name='f_316' id='f_316' href='#fna_316'>[316]</a> The details of this will come out in the chapter following.</p> + +<p><a name='f_317' id='f_317' href='#fna_317'>[317]</a></p> + +<p class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">Article xxxviii</span> (Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty). In order to secure the +due enforcement of so much of the laws of the Confederate States in +regard to criminal offences and misdemeanors as is or may be in force +in the said Choctaw and Chickasaw country, and to prevent the Choctaws +and Chickasaws from being further harassed by judicial proceedings had +in foreign courts and before juries not of the vicinage, the said +country is hereby erected into and constituted a judicial district of +the Confederate States to be called the Tush-ca-hom-ma District, for +the special purposes and jurisdiction hereinafter provided; and there +shall be created and semi-annually held, within such district, at +Boggy Depot, a district court of the Confederate States, with the +powers of a circuit court, so far as the same shall be necessary to +carry out the provisions of this treaty, and with jurisdiction +co-extensive with the limits of such district, in such matters, civil +and criminal, to such extent and between such parties as may be +prescribed by law, and in conformity to the terms of this treaty [p. 320].</p> + +<p>Articles <span class="smcaplc">XXXIX</span>, <span class="smcaplc">XL</span>, <span class="smcaplc">XLI</span>, +and <span class="smcaplc">XLII</span> more specifically define the jurisdiction.</p> + +<p><a name='f_318' id='f_318' href='#fna_318'>[318]</a> See Article <span class="smcaplc">XXIII</span> of the Cherokee Treaty, and, for the jurisdiction +of the court, see Articles <span class="smcaplc">XXIV</span>, <span class="smcaplc">XXV</span>, and <span class="smcaplc">XXVI</span>.</p> + +<p><a name='f_319' id='f_319' href='#fna_319'>[319]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXV</span>.</p> + +<p><a name='f_320' id='f_320' href='#fna_320'>[320]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVI</span>.</p> + +<p><a name='f_321' id='f_321' href='#fna_321'>[321]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XXVI</span>.</p> + +<p><a name='f_322' id='f_322' href='#fna_322'>[322]</a> In other ways than this, the treaties with the minor tribes stressed +the “peculiar institution.” Consider, for instance, in the matter of +extradition, how it was not the criminal generally, but only the fugitive +slave that was to be reciprocally extradited. Moreover, as a rule, the +weak tribes all pledged themselves to try to return negroes and other +property and were assured that negroes should come under the jurisdiction +of tribal laws.</p> + +<p><a name='f_323' id='f_323' href='#fna_323'>[323]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">II</span> [p. 395].</p> + +<p><a name='f_324' id='f_324' href='#fna_324'>[324]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">LII</span> [p. 410].</p> + +<p><a name='f_325' id='f_325' href='#fna_325'>[325]</a> Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXIX</span> [p. 403].</p> + +<p><a name='f_326' id='f_326' href='#fna_326'>[326]</a> Without doubt some preliminary sounding of Leeper must have preceded +the accompanying document. Pike would hardly have written with such +assurance or given such instructions unless he had been very sure of his +ground.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith, Arkansas</span>, 26th May 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have been appointed by the President of the Confederate States +of America Commissioner to the Indian Tribes West of Arkansas, with +discretionary powers, for the purpose of making treaties of alliance +with them, and of enlisting troops to act with the forces of the +Confederate States.</p> + +<p>In the exercise of the powers entrusted to me, I hereby authorize and +request you to exercise the powers of Agent for the Wichitas and other +Indians in the Country leased from the Choctaws and Chickasaws, until +you shall receive a regular commission therefor. Your compensation +will be the same as that received from the United States, to commence +from the day when you resigned as agent of the United States.</p> + +<p>And you are hereby instructed forthwith to repair to your agency, and +to inform the Indians under your charge that the Confederate States of +America will take you themselves and fully comply with all the +obligations entered into by the United States in their behalf; +securing and paying all that may be due them from injury; and +especially that they will continue to supply them with rations, as it +has heretofore been done, until they shall no longer need to be +supplied.</p> + +<p>You will also please inform them that I shall in a short time be among +them, to enter into a treaty with them, on the part of the Confederate +States.</p> + +<p>You will impress upon them that the people of Texas are now a part of +the Confederate States, and must no longer be looked upon as enemies: +and if any troops from Texas should come within your jurisdiction, you +will particularly warn them against doing any harm to the Indians +under your charge.</p> + +<p>You will make known to the Delawares, and if practicable to the +Kickapoos, that it is my desire, and I have authority, to enlist a +battalion of 350 men, of the Delawares, Kickapoos, and Shawnees, and +will especially assure the Kickapoos, that if they have any cause of +complaint against any of the people of Texas, it will be inquired +into, and reparation made, and that they must in no case commit any +act of hostility against Texas.</p> + +<p>I shall be greatly obliged to you for all assistance you can render in +securing the services in arms of the Kickapoos and Delawares. They +will be paid like other mounted men, receiving 40 cents a day for use +and risk of their horse, in addition to their pay, rations, and +clothing.</p> + +<p>I need not say that I place much reliance on your zeal and +intelligence and assure you that your services will not fail to be +appreciated by the Government of the Confederate States. Most +respectfully yours</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span>, Comm<sup>r</sup>, C. S. A. to the</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Indian Tribes, West of Arkansas.</span></p> + +<p>Matthew Leeper Esq.</p></div> + +<p><i>Leeper Papers.</i></p> + +<p><a name='f_327' id='f_327' href='#fna_327'>[327]</a> It is not clear as to just when Elias Rector left the United States +service or when he entered the Confederate. The Indian Office in +Washington was communicating with him officially for some little time +after Griffith had been notified of his appointment. There seems no reason +to doubt that Rector was working in the interests of the Southern +Confederacy all through the spring of 1861; and, when he went over openly +to the South, he did not close his accounts with the United States Indian +Office. He was accordingly regarded as a defaulter and there was talk of +confiscating his property at Fort Smith [W. G. Coffin to Dole, January 29, +1864, General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1863-1864</i>, I640; Dole to +Usher, February 2, 1864, Indian Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no. 13, p. 297].</p> + +<p>In the course of his official connection with the United States government +Elias Rector had frequently been accused of irregularities and even of +crookedness [General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, C1222]. +As touching the Seminole removal from Florida, he had much that was +peculiar to explain away. Apparently he quite frequently made queer +contracts, was given to making over-charges for mileage and to favoring +his friends at the expense of the Indians and of the government. In 1861, +he rendered a voucher showing he had paid a certain Henry Pape $6000.00 +for building the Wichita Agency house. On various matters connected with +his official record, see Rector’s <i>Letter Press Book</i> and Indian Office, +<i>Letter Books</i>, no. 64, p. 342; no. 65, P. 49; no. 66, p. 26. In 1865, +Rector made application to be allowed to straighten out his accounts [J. +B. Luce to Cooley, November 2, 1865].</p> + +<p>Returning, however, to the subject of Rector’s incumbency: on the twelfth +of June, 1861, he wrote quite frankly to John Schoenmaker, principal of +the Osage Mission,</p> + +<p class="blockquot">... I have no connection at this time with the Indian Department under +the old U. S. Government. I am now acting as Superintendent under the +Government of the Confederate States, and as no treaties have as yet +been concluded between the Southern confederacy and the tribes of +Indians with whom you are engaged I of course can say nothing to you +on the subject matter of your letter....—General Files, <i>Southern +Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>.</p> + +<p>The Confederate southern superintendency had not at the time been filled, +but Rector seems to have been considered the most competent candidate. +Johnson, in recommending various men to Walker for various positions, +recommended Rector in strong terms of implied commendation,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Dr. Griffith wants to be appointed superintendent in place of E. +Rector. Do not allow this to be done. Hold everything as it is until +peace and unity are attained, and then make all the changes you think +proper; but not now—not now, by all manner of means.</p> + +<p>I do earnestly beg you to keep your agencies as they were. They are +good and true men, and popular and qualified with the tribes and their +business. Restore and commission Elias Rector, superintendent; John +Crawford, Cherokee agent; William Quesenbury, Creek agent; Samuel M. +Rutherford, Seminole agent; and Matthew Leeper, Wichita agent; and if +Cooper has resigned (which I fear is the case), appoint Richard P. +Pulliam (who is the next best living man on earth for the place, I +believe) as agent of the Choctaws. With this programme you will have +peace and success; without it, no one can tell your troubles or our +misfortunes on this frontier....—<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. +iii, 598.</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_328' id='f_328' href='#fna_328'>[328]</a> Dole to Robinson, April 9, 1861 [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. +65, 323].</p> + +<p><a name='f_329' id='f_329' href='#fna_329'>[329]</a> Dole to Rector, April 6, 1861 [—<i>ibid.</i>, p. 317].</p> + +<p><a name='f_330' id='f_330' href='#fna_330'>[330]</a> General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, G463.</p> + +<p><a name='f_331' id='f_331' href='#fna_331'>[331]</a> General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, G463.</p> + +<p><a name='f_332' id='f_332' href='#fna_332'>[332]</a> Smith to Dole, May 4, 1861; Dole to Rector, May 9, 1861 [Indian +Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 65, p. 440].</p> + +<p><a name='f_333' id='f_333' href='#fna_333'>[333]</a> Johnson to Walker, June 25, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., +vol. iii, 598].</p> + +<p><a name='f_334' id='f_334' href='#fna_334'>[334]</a> Caleb B. Smith to Dole, April 6, 1861 [General Files, <i>Southern +Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>].</p> + +<p><a name='f_335' id='f_335' href='#fna_335'>[335]</a> Dole to Quesenbury [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 65, p. 330]. +In the middle of the summer, George A. Cutler became United States agent +for the Creeks [<i>ibid.</i>, no. 66, p. 200].</p> + +<p><a name='f_336' id='f_336' href='#fna_336'>[336]</a> Dole to Crawford [<i>ibid.</i>, no. 65, p. 331].</p> + +<p><a name='f_337' id='f_337' href='#fna_337'>[337]</a> Rector to Greenwood, August 31, 1860 [<i>Letter Press Book</i>].</p> + +<p><a name='f_338' id='f_338' href='#fna_338'>[338]</a> November 27, 1860, he voted in the affirmative on a resolution +against Lincoln’s election and against the advisability of Arkansas +members of Congress taking their seats during his administration [Arkansas +House <i>Journal</i>, thirteenth session, 1860-1861, p. 234].</p> + +<p><a name='f_339' id='f_339' href='#fna_339'>[339]</a> On the thirteenth of June, when Crawford wrote, resigning his +commission, he said in extenuation of his conduct,</p> + +<p class="blockquot">I only accepted through the influence of friends knowing then the +Cherokee Indians was Southern in their feelings and did not wish a +Northern man sent among them to act as Agent & as the Government of +the Southern Confederacy has in their wisdom thought best to take +charge of all the Indian Tribes south of Kansas and the Indians all +being anxious to join in with the South and oppose to the bitter end +the course now pursued by the Northern Government—I most respectfully +decline acting as agent for the Cherokee Indians under the +Administration of A. Lincoln.—<span class="smcap">Crawford</span> to Dole, June 13, 1861 +[General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C1376].</p> + +<p><a name='f_340' id='f_340' href='#fna_340'>[340]</a> Crawford to Dole, May 20, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>].</p> + +<p><a name='f_341' id='f_341' href='#fna_341'>[341]</a></p> + +<p class="blockquot">The excitement here is at an alarming pitch for the last few days I +trust to God that those in power will do something to settle this +interruption in the government and something must be done soon or War +will ensue troops were drilling here last night at ten oclock, State +troops, strong talk of attacking Fort Smith the President of the +Convention has called the Convention to meet on the 6th day of May and +the State will seceed if there is not something done immediately +perhaps war will be commenced before you receive my letter though I +trust not. I should very much to know that the North and South were +engaged in a war, if you can do anything to have those troubles +settled use your influence with the President in calling a national +convention or something else to have peace....—<span class="smcap">Crawford</span> to Dole, +dated Van Buren, April 21, 1861 [General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C1044].</p> + +<p><a name='f_342' id='f_342' href='#fna_342'>[342]</a> Smith to Dole, April 20, 1861 [General Files, <i>Wichita, 1860-1861</i>, +I320].</p> + +<p><a name='f_343' id='f_343' href='#fna_343'>[343]</a> Some slight account of the Wichita Agency and of Agent Leeper’s +defection has already been narrated. A number of documents elucidating the +subject are to be found in the “Appendix.”</p> + +<p><a name='f_344' id='f_344' href='#fna_344'>[344]</a> Dole to Elder, April 29, 1861 [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 65, +pp. 390-391]; Mix to Elder, August 22, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>, no. 66, pp. +283-284].</p> + +<p><a name='f_345' id='f_345' href='#fna_345'>[345]</a> See, for instance, Stockton to Usher, February 20, 1864 [General +Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1863-1864</i>].</p> + +<p><a name='f_346' id='f_346' href='#fna_346'>[346]</a> See Isaac Coleman, United States Indian agent, to Superintendent +Elijah Sells, a copy of which letter is retained in the Office of Indian +Affairs, the original having been sent to the office of the United States +attorney-general, October 10, 1865.</p> + +<p><a name='f_347' id='f_347' href='#fna_347'>[347]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, pp. 310, 345.</p> + +<p><a name='f_348' id='f_348' href='#fna_348'>[348]</a> The reference is, presumably, to a portion of the money that the +United States government had allowed the Choctaws in satisfaction of +claims arising under the treaties of 1830 and 1855 [Act of March 2, 1861, +U. S. <i>Statutes at Large</i>, vol. xii, 238]. The episode of the Corn +Contract was directly connected with the expenditure of the money. For +documents bearing upon it, see Land Files, <i>Choctaw, 1874-1876</i>, Box 39, +C1078, particularly documents labelled “N,” “O,” and “P.” Document “N” is +a communication from Albert Pike to the General Council of the Choctaw +Nation, received at the June session, 1861, and is most interesting as +showing how Pike mixed up private and public business and, indeed, gave to +private the preference.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Friends and Brothers</span>: You are aware that since the year 1854 M<sup>r</sup> John +T. Cochrane and myself, aided by Col. Cooper your agent and by your +delegates, have been engaged at Washington in prosecuting the just +claims of your people under the treaty of 1830 before the Government +of the United States.</p> + +<p>We have succeeded in procuring a final award of the Senate, giving you +the net proceeds of all the lands which you ceded by that treaty, and + +a Report from the Committee of Indian Affairs, estimating the sum due +you at over two millions three hundred thousand dollars.</p> + +<p>At the last session of Congress, we succeeded in procuring an +appropriation on account of this debt of $250,000 in money and +$250,000 in bonds of the United States.</p> + +<p>Owing to the unfortunate difficulties between the Northern and +Southern States, one hundred and thirty-eight thousand dollars, only, +of the sums, has been paid, $135,000 of which was placed in your +Agent’s hands, ostensibly to purchase corn; and most of it remains +unexpended.</p> + +<p>Towards my expenses while prosecuting your claims and towards my fee, +I have received the sum of sixteen hundred dollars. My expenses alone, +in four years have been five thousand dollars.</p> + +<p>I have had to abandon my other business, to attend to yours: and +unless some part of my compensation is paid, or my expenses repaid me, +my property will have to be sold to pay my debts. I am entirely +without money, and have you only to look to.</p> + +<p>I have labored for you very faithfully; and am sure your Delegates +will tell you that, but for me your claims would never have been +allowed; and but for me, after they were allowed, the appropriation +would not have been obtained.</p> + +<p>The whole of the claims will be paid whenever peace is restored, +either by the United States, or by the Confederate Southern States. I +shall take it in charge and never desert you until all is paid.</p> + +<p>I respectfully and earnestly request you to cause to be paid to me, +out of the moneys now in the Agent’s hands, for my expenses, and on +account of my fee, such sum of money as you may think just and right; +and which I hope will not be less than seven thousand five hundred +dollars.</p> + +<p>I also desire to inform you that I have been appointed by the +President of the Confederate States, a Commissioner to your Nation, +and all the other Nations and Tribes west of Arkansas; that I shall at +the proper time come among you to counsel with you, and that I shall +take your interests in charge, and see that your title to your lands, +and all annuities, and other moneys due you by the United States are +assumed and guaranteed by the Confederate States. On this you may +implicitly rely; as it is the promise of one who never breaks his +word.</p> + +<p>Let your people therefore, and the Chickasaws remain perfectly quiet +until the proper time arrives, and look to me for advice. If any +emissaries from Arkansas come among you, hear them and say nothing. So +it is that wise men do. The State of Arkansas has nothing whatever to +do with you, and cannot protect you. The Confederate States are both +able and willing to do so; and when they have guaranteed your rights, +it will be time enough for you to act. Your friend</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">(signed) <span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span>.</span></p> + +<p>Office of the National Secretary of the Choctaw Nation.</p> + +<p>[Endorsement] I hereby certify that the foregoing is a true copy from +the original letter from Albert Pike on file in the National +Secretary’s Office.</p> + +<p>Given under my hand and official seal. Done at Chahta Tamaha, November +1<sup>st</sup> A.D. 1873.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">(signed) <span class="smcap">Jno. P. Turnbull</span>, National Secretary Choctaw Nation.</span></p></div> + +<p><a name='f_349' id='f_349' href='#fna_349'>[349]</a> Pike’s programme of operations is outlined in his letter to Toombs +of May 29, 1861:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I leave this morning for Tahlequah, the seat of government of the +Cherokee Nation, and Park Hill, the residence of Governor Ross, the +principal chief. Since 1835 there have always been two parties in the +Cherokee Nation, bitterly hostile to each other. The treaty of that +year was made by unauthorized persons, against the will of the large +majority of the nation and against that of the chief, Mr. Ross. +Several years ago Ridge, Boudinot, and others, principal men of the +treaty party, were killed, with, it was alleged, the sanction of Mr. +Ross, and the feud is today as bitter as it was twenty years ago. The +full-blooded Indians are mostly adherents of Ross, and many of +them—1,000 to 1,500 it is alleged—are on the side of the North. I +think that number is exaggerated. The half-breeds or white Indians (as +they call themselves) are to a man with us. It has all along been +supposed, or at least suspected, that Mr. Ross would side with the +North. His declarations are in favor of neutrality. But I am inclined +to believe that he is acting upon the policy (surely a wise one) of +not permitting his people to commit themselves until he has formal +guarantees from an authorized agent of the Confederate States. These I +shall give him if he will accept them. General McCulloch will be with +me, and I strongly hope that we shall satisfy him, and effect a formal +and firm treaty. If so, we shall have nearly the whole nation with us, +and those who are not will be unimportant. If he refuses he will learn +that his country will be occupied; and I shall then negotiate with the +leaders of the half-breeds who are now raising troops, and who will +meet me at the Creek Agency on Friday of next week. Several of those +living near here I have already seen.</p> + +<p>On Wednesday of next week I will meet the chiefs of the Creeks at the +North Fork of the Canadian. I will then fix a day for a council of the +Creeks, and go on to meet the Choctaws at Fort Washita. When I shall +have concluded an arrangement with them I will go to the Chickasaw +Country, and thence to the Seminoles.</p> + +<p>I hope to meet the heads of the Wichitas, Caddos, Iowas, Toncawes, +Delawares, Kickapoos, and Reserve Comanches at Fort Washita. I have +requested their agent to induce them to meet me there. The Creek +chiefs have a council with the wild Indians, Comanches and others, +high up on the North Fork of the Canadian, on the 10th proximo. I +shall endeavor, through the Creek chiefs, to have an interview with +the heads of the wild tribes at Fort Washita and induce them to come +in and settle on the reserve upon the False Washita River near Fort +Cobb.</p> + +<p>As I shall be absent from this post some six weeks or more, it is not +likely that I shall be able to give you frequent advice of my +movements. There are no mails in the Indian country and I shall have +to employ expresses when I desire to send on letters.</p> + +<p>We shall have no difficulty with the Creeks, Seminoles, Choctaws, and +Chickasaws, either in effecting treaties or raising troops. The +greatest trouble will be in regard to arms. Not one in ten of either +of the tribes has a gun at all, and most of the guns are indifferent +double-barreled. I do not know whether the Bureau of Indian Affairs is +a part of the Department of State, and of course whether this is +properly addressed to you. I do not address the Commissioner because I +understand he is on his way hither. The suggestions I wish to make are +important and I venture to hope that you will give them their proper +direction. I have already spoken of arms for the Indians. Those arms, +if possible, should be the plain muzzle-loading rifle, large bore, +with molds for conical bullets hollowed at the truncated end, which I +suppose to be the minie-ball. Revolvers, I am aware, cannot be had, +and an Indian would not pick up a musket if it lay in the road.</p> + +<p>Our river is falling and will soon be low, when steam-boats will not +be able to get above Little Rock, if even there. To embody the Indians +and, collecting them together, keep them long without arms would +disgust them, and they would scatter over the country like partridges +and never be got together again. The arms should, therefore, be sent +here with all speed.</p> + +<p>No funds have been remitted to me, nor have I any power to procure or +draw for any, for my expenses or for those of the councils I must +hold. It has always been customary for the Indians to be fed at such +councils, and they will expect it. I have borrowed $300 of Mr. Charles +B. Johnson, giving him a draft on the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, +for incidental expenses, and if I have a council at Fort Washita shall +contract with him to feed the Indians. I have seen Elias Rector, late +superintendent of Indian affairs at Fort Smith, and William +Quesenbury, appointed agent for the Creeks by the Government at +Washington, but who did not accept, and Samuel M. Rutherford, agent +for the Seminoles, who forwards his resignation immediately; and have +written to Matthew Leeper, agent for the Wichitas and other Reserve +Indians; and have formally requested each to continue to exercise the +powers of his office under the Confederate States. They are all +citizens of Arkansas and Texas and have readily consented to do so.</p> + +<p>If we have declared a protectorate over these tribes and extended our +laws over them we have, I suppose, continued in force there the whole +system. Even if we have not we cannot dispense with the superintendent +and agents. I shall also see Mr. Crawford, agent for the Cherokees, +and request him to continue to act, as I have requested Colonel Cooper +to do as agent for the Choctaws and Chickasaws. Unless all this were +done there would be both discontent and confusion, and I therefore +earnestly request that my action may be immediately confirmed and +these officers assured that they shall be continued, and that their +compensation shall be the same as under the United States and date +from the day of the resignation of each or of his acceptance of office +under the Confederate States. And I also strenuously urge that no +changes be made in these offices. The incumbents are all good men and +true, competent, and honest, and are, or will be, very acceptable to +the Indians. To make changes will be to make mischief.</p> + +<p>Mr. Charles B. Johnson is feeding the Wichitas and other Reserve +Indians under a contract which ends on the 30th of June. I have +instructed him to continue feeding them during the present season +under the same contract, <i>i.e.</i>, on the same terms, which I know to be +reasonable.</p> + +<p>It is very important that some funds should be at my disposition. The +State of Arkansas has furnished me an escort of a company and General +McCulloch has procured me transportation. To meet contingent expenses +it is necessary that at least $1000 should be placed here subject to +my draft; and, as I have several times urged, money should be placed +in the proper hands to pay a bounty to each Indian that enlists.</p> + +<p>I wish I had more definite instructions and power more distinctly +expressed, especially power in so many words to make treaties and give +all necessary guarantees. For without giving them nothing can be done, +and I am [not] sure that John Ross will be satisfied with my statement +or assurance that I have the power, or with anything less than a +formal authority from the Congress. He is very shrewd. If I fail with +him it will not be my fault.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to be, sir, very truly and respectfully, yours,</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Albert Pike</span>, Commissioner, &c.</span></p></div> + +<p><i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 359-361.</p> + +<p><a name='f_350' id='f_350' href='#fna_350'>[350]</a> Pike to Cooley, February 17, 1866.</p> + +<p><a name='f_351' id='f_351' href='#fna_351'>[351]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. liii, supplement, 688.</p> + +<p><a name='f_352' id='f_352' href='#fna_352'>[352]</a> A military escort had also been furnished by the Arkansas Military +Board to General McCulloch [<i>ibid.</i>, 687].</p> + +<p><a name='f_353' id='f_353' href='#fna_353'>[353]</a> Motey, or Moty, Kennard is occasionally spoken of, in the records, +as the principal chief of the entire Creek Nation. The tribe was, however, +very sharply divided into the Lower and the Upper Creeks. Their +differences had been accentuated by the unpleasant and even dishonorable +and tragic circumstances of their removal from Georgia and Alabama. The +Lower Creeks represented the faction that had stood back of William +McIntosh and that had consented to the fraudulent treaty of Indian +Springs, the Upper Creeks were the dissenters [Abel, <i>History of Indian +Consolidation</i>, chapters vi and vii; Phillips, <i>Georgia and State Rights</i>, +56-57].</p> + +<p><a name='f_354' id='f_354' href='#fna_354'>[354]</a> Letter from Greenwood to the Delegation, February 4, 1861 [Indian +Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 65, pp. 140-141].</p> + +<p><a name='f_355' id='f_355' href='#fna_355'>[355]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1861. Note that as early +as March 18, 1861, Secretary Smith had ordered the suspension of the +issuance of all requisitions to ordinary disbursing officers in the +seceding states. This order probably affected indirectly even the Indian +Territory [Smith to commissioner of Indian affairs, March 18, 1861, +<i>Miscellaneous Files, 1858-1863</i>].</p> + +<p><a name='f_356' id='f_356' href='#fna_356'>[356]</a> Governor Thomas O. Moore of Louisiana to President Davis, May 31, +1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 588].</p> + +<p><a name='f_357' id='f_357' href='#fna_357'>[357]</a> See letter of W. S. Robertson to the Secretary of the Interior +[General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, R1664].</p> + +<p><a name='f_358' id='f_358' href='#fna_358'>[358]</a> See statement of the “Loyal” Creek Delegation at the Fort Smith +Council, September, 1865 [Land Files, <i>Indian Talks, Councils, etc., +1865-1866</i>, Box 4; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, pp. +328-329].</p> + +<p><a name='f_359' id='f_359' href='#fna_359'>[359]</a> Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la was nevertheless a very prominent man among the +Upper Creeks and had been prominent even before the exodus from Georgia +and Alabama. At all events he was sufficiently prominent to protest with +others against the transportation contracts that had been made by the War +Department [Lewis Cass to Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la and other Creek chiefs, dated +Tuckabatchytown, Alabama, January 27, 1836]. Again in 1838, +Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la headed a party of protest, that time against the +selling of certain Creek lands left unsold at the time of emigration +[<i>Creek Reservation Papers</i>, 25].</p> + +<p>Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la seems to have been one of the assassins of William +McIntosh; that is, if the subjoined statement of Acting-superintendent +William Armstrong is to be trusted:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Choctaw Agency</span> August 31, 1836</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">C. A. Harris</span> Esqr, Com<sup>r</sup> of Ind Affairs,</p> + +<p>Sir: The first party of emigrating Creeks are now on the opposite side +of the river Arkansas, on their way up. I shall leave tomorrow so as +to meet them at Gibson; while there, I will see the McIntosh party and +endeavor to learn the state of feelings amongst the several parties. +Many threats have been made; and much dissatisfaction manifested by +both Chilly & Rolly McIntosh, the latter has sworn to kill +A-po-the-ho-lo who was concerned in taking the life of his Father. +Rolly McIntosh and the other Chiefs now over, are opposed to +Ne-a-math-la the Chief who is with the party emigrating, upon the +ground mainly that they may probably be superseded, or their authority +abridged. I will however report to you, fully, after I shall have +informed myself, of the state of feeling &c., and will endeavor with +Gen<sup>l</sup> Arbuckle, to bring about a reconciliation. Respectfully Your +Obt Servt</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Wm Armstrong</span> Act Supt West<sup>n</sup> Ter<sup>y</sup></span></p></div> + +<p><i>War Department Files</i>, A37.</p> + +<p>Early in the forties, Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la posed as a trader in the Creek +country. He was the partner of J. W. Taylor, a white man. The company so +composed failed, in 1843, “to give bond and license” and so Agent J. L. +Dawson closed its store [Communication of J. L. Dawson, September 5, 1843, +<i>War Department Files</i>, I1537].</p> + +<p><a name='f_360' id='f_360' href='#fna_360'>[360]</a> G. W. Stidham was probably a half-breed. Naturally, being the +official interpreter, he signed as the interpreter and not as a member of +the tribe.</p> + +<p><a name='f_361' id='f_361' href='#fna_361'>[361]</a></p> + +<p class="blockquot">We the loyal Creek Indians represented by the Delegation now present, +solemnly declare that the Treaty of July 10, 1861 was alone made by +the rebel portion of the Creek Indians, and never was executed or +assented to by the Union portion of the Nation, and is, not now, and +never has been, obligatory upon them and the names to said treaty, of +the loyal party, was a forgery—Land Files, <i>Indian Talks, Councils, +etc.</i>, Box 4, 1865-1866; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, p. 330.</p> + +<p><a name='f_362' id='f_362' href='#fna_362'>[362]</a> The document herewith given presents one view of the case:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The undersigned Delegates from the Creek Nation would respectfully ask +to make the following statement concerning the alliance between the +said Creek Nation and the so-called Confederate States of America. To +the end that the Creek Nation may be put upon a proper footing in the +estimation of your honorable body and that there may be no +misapprehension on the part of the Government you here represent we +beg leave to state:</p> + +<p>1st. The Alliance entered into by the Creek Nation with the +Confederate Government was entered into voluntarily, and without the +interference of any person or persons other than members of our tribe. +In taking that step the assembled wisdom of the Nation in council, +thought they were acting for the best interests of the Nation and of +their posterity.</p> + +<p>2d. Hopoethle Yoholo the far-famed leader of those members of our +tribe who battled against us, was not at the time of the making of the +treaty with Albert Pike Commissioner on the part of the Confederate +States, a Chief, counsellor or head man in said tribe and had no voice +in the council, he was however present at the making of said Treaty +and give said Pike to understand that he fully concurred in the result +of our deliberations. After the making of the Treaty Hopoethle Yoholo +collected together his adherents, and for reasons entirely of a +domestic character and in no wise connected with the National question +at issue, withdrew from the country and assumed a hostile attitude. +With this exception the Creeks were united as one man in action and +were ever united as one man in principle on the National question then +agitated.</p> + +<p>3d. Although the Nation we represent would not attempt at this time to +urge anything in palliation of the course of conduct they adopted in +this matter, other than to ask your honorable body to esteem the error +as one of the “head and not of the heart”—but we beg leave to state +that at the time of the forming of the Alliance above refered to +circumstances over which we could not possibly exercise control seemed +to <i>demand</i> an adoption of the course taken. The protection always +borne with the idea of allegiance, was taken from our Nation by the +withdrawal of the United States forces from the Indian Territory. This +movement left the Nations entirely without the support of the United +States government, and had they desired to remain neutral or to take +active measures on the side of the United States they could not +possibly have done so without having their Country desolated, or by +abandoning their homes. Surrounded by States, in a tumult of angry +excitement attendant upon a dissolution of their connection with the +United States, they were completely in the power of those States, +without having United States forces to call to their aid or +assistance. An alliance under such circumstances were [was] +indispensible to the safety of the country. Viewing the matter in this +light the Treaty was made, and once having linked our destiny with +those of the Confederacy, we could not in honor betray our trust. In +conclusion we beg leave to say that as long as events cannot be +controlled by human wisdom and foresight and until an honorable +adherence to promises made voluntarily, is dishonorable so long must +we deem ourselves in one sense at least—guiltless of any criminality +in this matter.—Land Files, <i>Indian Talks, Councils, etc., Box 4, +1865-1866.</i></p></div> + +<p><a name='f_363' id='f_363' href='#fna_363'>[363]</a> They were also worried over rumors of sequestration:</p> + +<p class="blockquot">Statements having found their way into some of the public prints, to +the effect that supplies purchased for the use of the Choctaws, have +been detained by citizens of the Northern States, which statements if +uncontradicted may engender hostile feelings between those Indians and +the Government, I have thought proper to forward to you the enclosed +copies of official correspondence in relation to this subject, that +you may be able authoritatively to contradict such statements and +satisfy the Choctaws that the Government intends faithfully to +preserve and perpetuate the amicable relations subsisting between +itself and those people.—Dole to Rector and same to Coffin, May 16, +1861 [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 65, p. 458].</p> + +<p><a name='f_364' id='f_364' href='#fna_364'>[364]</a> Particularly by means of the resolutions of the National Council, +June 10, 1861.</p> + +<p><a name='f_365' id='f_365' href='#fna_365'>[365]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 593.</p> + +<p><a name='f_366' id='f_366' href='#fna_366'>[366]</a> For evidence of this and for the fullest extant account of the +progress of secession among the Choctaws, see letter of S. Orlando Lee to +Dole, March 15, 1862.</p> + +<p><a name='f_367' id='f_367' href='#fna_367'>[367]</a> The following is found in the <i>Fort Smith Papers</i>:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right">Tishomingo, C. N. Nov. 26, 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gen. A. G. Mayers</span></p> + +<p>Sir: Having been appointed as a Delegate from this Nation (the +Chickasaw) to the Southern Congress, am at a loss (to know) when the +Congress does meet. I have all along understood from newspaper +accounts that it was to be on the 22d of February, but some seems to +think it is sooner. Will you please inform me at your earliest +convenience at what time the S. Congress does meet. Your attention to +the above is respectfully requested. I am yours very Respectfully</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">James Gamble</span>.</span></p> + +<p>P.S. Please continue to send me the Parallel, I will make it all right +with you when on my way to Va.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">J. G.</span></p></div> + +<p><a name='f_368' id='f_368' href='#fna_368'>[368]</a> In the list of members of the Confederate congresses, given in +<i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. iii, 1184-1191, no Indian delegate +is specified until 1863.</p> + +<p><a name='f_369' id='f_369' href='#fna_369'>[369]</a> Cooper to President Davis, July 25, 1861 [<i>ibid</i>., first ser., vol. +iii, 614].</p> + +<p><a name='f_370' id='f_370' href='#fna_370'>[370]</a> E. H. Carruth, in a letter to General Hunter of November 26, 1861 +[Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 47], would have us +understand that the Seminoles as a tribe did not negotiate with Pike, but +that the whole affair was as between Pike and Jumper, Jumper being +assisted by four chosen friends. The five were probably bribed. That Pike +was not averse to the use of money for such ends, his letter to Walker of +June twelfth would lead us to suspect [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., +vol. iii, 590]. We have, however, no definite proof of the same. John +Jumper was early rewarded by the Confederate government. By act of the +Provisional Congress, January 16, 1861 [<i>Statutes at Large</i>, p. 284], he +was made an honorary lieutenant-colonel of the army of the Confederate +States. Carruth further says that the family influence of Jumper “enabled +him to raise forty-six men, not all Seminoles, and Ben McCulloch +authorized him to call to his aid six hundred rangers from Fort Cobb, that +he might crush out the Union feeling in his tribe.”</p> + +<p><a name='f_371' id='f_371' href='#fna_371'>[371]</a> It is just possible that Rector had been with him all the time. At +all events Rector subsequently entered an expense account against the +C. S. A. for services from July tenth to August twenty-fourth inclusive. See +<a href="#Page_285">Appendix A</a>, <i>Fort Smith Papers</i>.</p> + +<p><a name='f_372' id='f_372' href='#fna_372'>[372]</a> See letter of Agent Snow, dated March 10, 1864, and its enclosures, +one of which is a speech of Long John, who became principal chief when the +aged Billy Bowlegs died, and another, a speech of Pas-co-fa, who, provided +his signature to the treaty be genuine, eventually must have repented of +his Confederate alliance. He was soon, with Bowlegs and Chup-co, in the +ranks of Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la [General Files, <i>Seminole, 1858-1867</i>, S291].</p> + +<p><a name='f_373' id='f_373' href='#fna_373'>[373]</a> The report of the United States commissioner of Indian affairs for +1863 estimates the loyal Seminoles at about two-thirds of the tribe [House +<i>Executive Documents</i>, 38th congress, first session, vol. iii, 143], that +of the Confederate States commissioner of Indian affairs as fully one-half +[S. S. Scott to Secretary Seddon, January 12, 1863, <i>Official Records</i>, +fourth ser., vol. ii, 353].</p> + +<p><a name='f_374' id='f_374' href='#fna_374'>[374]</a> While at the Creek Agency, Pike had communicated, so it seems, with +John Jumper and had asked him to meet him there with six others competent +and authorized to make a treaty. Up to the time of hearing from Pike, John +Jumper seems to have been inclined to adhere faithfully to the United +States government. The excellent report of E. H. Carruth, July 11, 1861 +gives full particulars of this whole affair.</p> + +<p><a name='f_375' id='f_375' href='#fna_375'>[375]</a> See supplementary Article [<i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, +525].</p> + +<p><a name='f_376' id='f_376' href='#fna_376'>[376]</a> See communications from Bowlegs [So-nuk-mek-ko] to Commissioner of +Indian Affairs, March 2, 1863 and May 13, 1863 [General Files, <i>Seminole, +1858-1869</i>, B131, B317]. See also Dole to Coffin, March 24, 1863 [Indian +Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 70, pp. 208-209].</p> + +<p><a name='f_377' id='f_377' href='#fna_377'>[377]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Report, 1869 [House <i>Executive +Documents</i>, 41st congress, second session, vol. iii, part 3, p. 521].</p> + +<p><a name='f_378' id='f_378' href='#fna_378'>[378]</a> See letter of E. H. Carruth.</p> + +<p><a name='f_379' id='f_379' href='#fna_379'>[379]</a> William P. Davis of Indiana had been given the United States +Seminole Agency but he never reached his post [Dole to John D. Davis, +April 5, 1862, Indian Office <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 68, p. 39]. Consequently, +the Confederate States agent, Rutherford, had sole influence there. Not +until George C. Snow of Indiana became United States Seminole agent, did +the non-secessionist Indians get the encouragement and support they ought +to have had all along.</p> + +<p><a name='f_380' id='f_380' href='#fna_380'>[380]</a> See <a href="#Page_329">Appendix B</a>—<i>Leeper Papers</i>.</p> + +<p><a name='f_381' id='f_381' href='#fna_381'>[381]</a> The <i>Leeper Papers</i>, printed in the Appendix, furnish convincing +proof of this. Note also that July 4, 1861, Rector wrote to Leeper from +Fort Smith as follows:</p> + +<p class="blockquot">In the 3rd section of the law of the Confederate Congress, regulating +the Indian service connected with said government, and making +provision for the continuance in office of the Superintendent and +Agents heretofore connected with the original U. S. government, you +will be continued upon the same terms and at the same salary, as +heretofore received from the federal government, and before entering +upon your duties as such it will be your duty to take an oath before a +proper officer of a State of the Confederate States, to support the +Constitution of and accept a Commission from the Confederate States of +America....—<i>Leeper Papers.</i></p> + +<p><a name='f_382' id='f_382' href='#fna_382'>[382]</a> Pike to Walker, dated Seminole Agency, July 31, 1861 [<i>Official +Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 624]. Writing to Benjamin, December 25, +1861 [<i>ibid.</i>, vol. viii, 720], Pike said he had “64 men.”</p> + +<p><a name='f_383' id='f_383' href='#fna_383'>[383]</a> These two treaties are interesting in various particulars. They +contained fewer concessions, fewer departures from established practice +than any others of the nine. They were made primarily for the maintenance +of peace on the Texan frontier. That fact is only too evident from their +contents and from the circumstances of their negotiation. One of the chief +reasons, cited by Texas, for her withdrawal from the Union was the failure +of the United States to protect her from Indian ravages. It seems never to +have occurred to her to mention the fact that her citizens, by their +aggressions, had constantly provoked the ravages, if such we can call +them. The northern counties of Texas were not “Southern” in climate or +industries, so it was especially necessary to enlist their sympathy in the +Confederate cause by keeping the Indians of the plains quiet and peaceful.</p> + +<p>The Comanche treaties were also interesting in the matter of their +signatures and of their schedules. The signatures included that of Rector, +of the Creek chiefs, Motey Kennard and Chilly McIntosh, and of the +Seminole chief, John Jumper. The schedules promised such things as the +following to the Indians but in amounts that were beautifully indefinite:</p> + +<p class="blockquot">Blue drilling, warm coats, calico, plaid check, regatta cotton shirts, +socks, hats, woolen shirts, red, white and blue blankets, red and blue +list cloth, shawls and handkerchiefs, brown domestic, thread, yarn and +twine, shoes, for men and women, white drilling, ribbons, assorted +colors, beads, combs, camp kettles, tin cups and buckets, pans, coffee +pots and dippers, needles, scissors and shears, butcher knives, large +iron spoons, knives and forks, nails, hatchets and hammers, augers, +drawing knives, gimlets, chopping axes, fish-hooks, ammunition, +including powder, lead, flints and percussion caps, tobacco.</p> + +<p>Two of a kind would have satisfied most of the requirements of these +schedules. The list of things is interesting from the standpoint of +domesticity and general utility and also from the standpoint of the things +that the same Indians had previously seemed to need in such immense +quantities. For illustration it would be well to note that when Agent +Leeper handed in his last accounts to the United States government, he +claimed to have issued during the second quarter of 1861 to the Indians at +the Wichita Agency, 550 pounds of coffee, 550 pounds of sugar, 650 pounds +of soap, 600 pounds of tobacco, etc.</p> + +<p>In conclusion, with respect to these Comanche treaties, we may say that, +since the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty had put the Leased District under +the jurisdiction of the C. S. A., there was very little for the reservees +themselves to do, except take the protection and other things offered by +the Confederacy (the Comanches of the Prairie and Staked Plain had +promised to become reservees on the Leased District) and be content. Pike +did not bother about promising to make them citizens eventually or about +making them admit the legality of the institution of slavery. Their +political status had never been high and it was no higher under the +Confederacy than it had been under the Union.</p> + +<p><a name='f_384' id='f_384' href='#fna_384'>[384]</a> The Tonkawas seem to have been the ones who were the most completely +persuaded of all to adhere to the South and they continued unwaveringly +loyal thereafter to its failing fortunes [S. S. Scott to Governor +Winchester Colbert, dated Fort Arbuckle, November 10, 1862; Colbert to +Scott, same date; Moore’s <i>Rebellion Record</i>, vol. vi, 6; Commissioner of +Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1863, House <i>Executive Documents</i>, 38th +congress, first session, vol. iii, 143; Indian Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no. +19, pp. 186-188]. Apparently the Confederacy was rather careful in +carrying out its obligations to the Tonkawas. Among the <i>Leeper Papers</i> +are various documents proving this, such as an unsigned receipt for money +received from Pike, July 19, 1862, to carry out the terms of Articles <span class="smcaplc">XVI</span> +and <span class="smcaplc">XVII</span> of the treaty of August 12, 1861; and a copy of a letter, from +Leeper probably, to J. J. Sturm, commissary, dated November 30, 1861, +complaining that Sturm had not followed “instructions in making issues to +Tonkahua Indians.”</p> + +<p><a name='f_385' id='f_385' href='#fna_385'>[385]</a> <i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 565.</p> + +<p><a name='f_386' id='f_386' href='#fna_386'>[386]</a> Message of Dec. 12, 1861 [Richardson, <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. i, 149-151; +<i>Official Register</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 785-786].</p> + +<p><a name='f_387' id='f_387' href='#fna_387'>[387]</a> This report I have been unable to find.</p> + +<p><a name='f_388' id='f_388' href='#fna_388'>[388]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The pecuniary obligations of these treaties are of great importance. +Apart from the annuities secured to them by former treaties, and which +we are to assume by those now submitted, these tribes have large +permanent funds in the hands of the Government of the United States as +their trustee. These funds may be divided into three classes: First. +Money which the Government of the United States stipulated to invest +in its own stocks or stocks of the States, and which has been partly +invested in its own stocks and partly uninvested, remains in its +Treasury, but upon which it is bound to pay interest. Second. Funds +invested in the stocks of States not members of this Confederacy. +Third. Money invested in stocks of States now members of this +Confederacy.... By the treaties now submitted to you the first and +second class are absolutely assumed by this Government; but this +Government only undertakes as trustee to collect the third class from +the States which owe the money and pay over the amounts to the Indians +when collected. It is fortunate for the Indians and ourselves that the +amounts embraced in classes one and two are relatively small, and the +obligations incurred by their assumption cannot be onerous, as the +amount due by States of the Confederacy on account of investments in +the funds of Northern Indians considerably exceeds the amount to be +assumed under this provision of the treaties. We thereby have the +means to compel the Government of the United States to do justice to +the Indians within the jurisdiction of the Confederate States, or to +indemnify ourselves for its breach of faith.</p> + +<p>... I also submit to you the report of Albert Pike, the commissioner, +which contains a history of his negotiations and submits his reasons +for a departure from his instructions in relation to the pecuniary +obligations to be incurred. [The reference here is to a letter from +Pike to Toombs, May 20, 1861, <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. +iii, 581.] In view of the circumstances by which we are surrounded, +the great importance of preserving peace with the Indians on the +frontier of Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri, and not least, because of +the spirit these tribes have manifested in making common cause with us +in the war now existing, I recommend the assumption of the stipulated +pecuniary obligations, and, with the modifications herein suggested, +that the treaties submitted be ratified.—<i>Official Records</i>, fourth +ser., vol. i, 786.</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_389' id='f_389' href='#fna_389'>[389]</a> <i>Official Record</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 785-786.</p> + +<p><a name='f_390' id='f_390' href='#fna_390'>[390]</a> <i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 564, 565.</p> + +<p><a name='f_391' id='f_391' href='#fna_391'>[391]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 590-596.</p> + +<p><a name='f_392' id='f_392' href='#fna_392'>[392]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 590-591.</p> + +<p><a name='f_393' id='f_393' href='#fna_393'>[393]</a> <i>Statutes at Large</i>, 330.</p> + +<p><a name='f_394' id='f_394' href='#fna_394'>[394]</a> <i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 591-592.</p> + +<p><a name='f_395' id='f_395' href='#fna_395'>[395]</a> <i>Statutes at Large</i>, 331.</p> + +<p><a name='f_396' id='f_396' href='#fna_396'>[396]</a> <i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 597.</p> + +<p><a name='f_397' id='f_397' href='#fna_397'>[397]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 593.</p> + +<p><a name='f_398' id='f_398' href='#fna_398'>[398]</a> <i>Statutes at Large</i>, 367.</p> + +<p><a name='f_399' id='f_399' href='#fna_399'>[399]</a> <i>Journal</i>, 601.</p> + +<p><a name='f_400' id='f_400' href='#fna_400'>[400]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 598.</p> + +<p><a name='f_401' id='f_401' href='#fna_401'>[401]</a> <i>Statutes at Large</i>, 331.</p> + +<p><a name='f_402' id='f_402' href='#fna_402'>[402]</a> <i>Statutes at Large</i>, 331.</p> + +<p><a name='f_403' id='f_403' href='#fna_403'>[403]</a> <i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 610.</p> + +<p><a name='f_404' id='f_404' href='#fna_404'>[404]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i></p> + +<p><a name='f_405' id='f_405' href='#fna_405'>[405]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 632-633.</p> + +<p><a name='f_406' id='f_406' href='#fna_406'>[406]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 634.</p> + +<p><a name='f_407' id='f_407' href='#fna_407'>[407]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 635.</p> + +<p><a name='f_408' id='f_408' href='#fna_408'>[408]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 574.</p> + +<p><a name='f_409' id='f_409' href='#fna_409'>[409]</a> Chief Justice M. H. McWillie of La Mesilla, Arizona, was among the +number. See his letter to President Davis, June 30, 1861, quoted in +<i>Official Records</i>, vol. iv, 96.</p> + +<p><a name='f_410' id='f_410' href='#fna_410'>[410]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 578-579.</p> + +<p><a name='f_411' id='f_411' href='#fna_411'>[411]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, vol. i, 618.</p> + +<p><a name='f_412' id='f_412' href='#fna_412'>[412]</a> Letter to Johnson, May 11, 1861, <i>ibid.</i>, vol. iii, 572.</p> + +<p><a name='f_413' id='f_413' href='#fna_413'>[413]</a> Letter to Toombs, May 20, 1861, <i>ibid.</i>, 581.</p> + +<p><a name='f_414' id='f_414' href='#fna_414'>[414]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 14.</p> + +<p><a name='f_415' id='f_415' href='#fna_415'>[415]</a> Act of March 2, 1861, U. S. <i>Statutes at Large</i>, vol. xii, 239.</p> + +<p><a name='f_416' id='f_416' href='#fna_416'>[416]</a> On the twenty-second of May, Whitney reported, generally, on the +condition of several tribes:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Owing to the extremely dangerous state of political affairs in +Missouri especially along the line of the H. & St. Jo. RR., I have +refrained from writing to you.... Although the <i>Delawares</i> were not +especially refered to in my instructions yet I visited the Mission & +Agent as it was quite convenient ... and ascertained to my complete +satisfaction ... that they were a wealthy tribe and that although many +of their individual members were <i>necessitous</i> yet they were not of +the <i>destitute</i> kind contemplated by your department: 2d. that the new +agent who had heard of this movement towards relief was very anxious +to make it appear that his tribe was very needy & to have large +amounts of relief furnished at his residence on the Missouri River +away from the agency & also from a central point....</p> + +<p>I next visited the Osage River Agency and ascertained that all of the +tribes belonging to that Agency were in rather a destitute condition, +they having used and still (are) using their school fund in buying +provisions: the Miamis of that agency I found to be the most needy & +it might be said that they were <i>suffering</i> to some extent....</p> + +<p>... In reference to the Neosho Agency, as that was such a long +distance I engaged three trains of wagons before leaving +Leavenworth....</p> + +<p>Whitney speaks harshly of the Osages as lazy vagabonds and continues,</p> + +<p>... The general famine throughout Kansas had but little to do with +their sufferings as they cultivate nothing of consequence ... and +therefore ... they are not morally & strictly proper objects of +government charity....</p> + +<p>... Systematic and well planned solicitations had been and are being +made by Missourians to them to take up arms against the borderers to +which the people throughout this entire section feared they might be +induced on account of the neglect of Government [and because the +whites steal their ponies]—Land Files, <i>Central Superintendency, +1852-1869</i>, W223.</p></div> + +<p>Note that Whitney thought the reports of border ruffian inducements, +though true in a measure, had been exaggerated. On the eighth of June, he +reported again,</p> + +<p class="blockquot">When I got within reach of the H. & St. J. R. R. it became apparent +that my produce would be at best somewhat exposed to seizure by the +secessionists and that such hazard would be very greatly enhanced if +it was known to be government property and especially if it should be +known to be going to the Indians whom the Missourians were even then +as was reported upon authority endeavoring to excite against the +borderers....—Land Files, <i>Central Superintendency, 1852-1869</i>, W223.</p> + +<p>Slaughter had less to report; but even he, on the twenty-first of June, +said, while insisting that the reports had been exaggerated,</p> + +<p class="blockquot">I have no doubt overtures have been held out to them [the more +northern tribes], but whether from authorized parties from [the] South +no one can tell. It is all matter of conjecture. A general council of +the tribes it is understood has been solicited by some of the Southern +Indians, but I doubt whether it will be held.—General Files, <i>Central +Superintendency, 1860-1862</i>, S404.</p> + +<p>Slaughter further surmised, from personal observations, that the northern +tribes would remain loyal to the United States. See his letter to Dole, +June 15, 1861. Other people were of the same opinion, although, in early +1861, the various tribes had much to complain of, much to make them +discontented and therefore very susceptible to bad influences. Some of the +Miamis were preferring charges against Agent Clover for misapplication of +funds and other things [Louis Lefontaine, etc. to Greenwood, January 13, +1861, Land Files, <i>Osage River, 1860-1866</i>]; the Kaws were suffering and +R. S. Stevens slowly working out the details of his preposterous graft in +the construction of houses for them [M. C. Dickey to Greenwood, February +26, 1861, General Files, <i>Kansas, 1855-1862</i>, D250, and same to same, +March 1, 1861, <i>ibid.</i>, D251]; the Shawnees were having the usual troubles +over their tribal elections, Joseph White having recently been elected +second chief in place of Eli Blackhoof [Robinson to Greenwood, February +19, 1861, Land Files, <i>Shawnee, 1860-1865</i>]; and then, even farther north, +from among the Otoes, came additional complaints; for Agent Dennison, who +by the way, became a secessionist and a defaulter [Dole to Thaddeus +Stevens, May 26, 1862, Indian Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no. 12, pp. 388-386], +was withholding annuities and an uprising was threatening in consequence +[General Files, <i>Otoe, 1856-1862</i>].</p> + +<p><a name='f_417' id='f_417' href='#fna_417'>[417]</a> The alien influence extended itself even to the wild Indians of the +Plains. On the sixth of August, 1861 [General Files, <i>Pottawatomie, +1855-1861</i>, B704], Branch reported bad news that he had received from +Agent Ross regarding the hostile approach of these Indians and remarked,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I think there can be little doubt but what emissaries of the Rebels +have been and are actively engaged in creating dissatisfaction against +the government with every tribe of Indians that they dare approach on +that subject.</p> + +<p>As soon as I can get the business of this office in a shape so I can +conveniently leave my office duties I propose visiting the most of the +tribes under this superintendency with a view to reconciling them and +enjoining peace....</p></div> + +<p>Similarly Captain Elmer Otis from Fort Wise, August 27, 1861, and A. G. +Boone from the Upper Arkansas Agency, September 7, 1861, reported the +Texans’ tampering with the Kiowas [Land Files, <i>Upper Arkansas, +1855-1865</i>, O40, B772], who seem successfully to have resisted their +threats and their blandishments. The Comanches of Texas were also +approached but they fled rather than yield [Boone to Mix, October 19, +1861, <i>ibid.</i>, B361]. They, however, importunately demanded a treaty from +the United States government in return for their loyalty. They were poor, +they said, and had lost their hunting-grounds. Boone made good use of them +as scouts and spies against the Texans [Letter of December 14, 1861, +<i>ibid.</i>, B1006]. They were of the Comanches who had treated with Pike and +who had solemnly pledged themselves, under duress and temporary +excitement, to amity and allegiance. Secret agents from the South went +also among the Blackfeet and Agent Thomas G. McCulloch sent an ex-employee +of the American Fur Company, named Alexander Culbertson and married to the +daughter of the Blackfeet chief, as a secret agent to counteract their +influence [General Files, <i>Central Superintendency, 1860-1862</i>].</p> + +<p><a name='f_418' id='f_418' href='#fna_418'>[418]</a> Letter to Walker, July 18, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., +vol. iii, 611].</p> + +<p><a name='f_419' id='f_419' href='#fna_419'>[419]</a> The scarcity of arms proved to be a serious matter. On the thirtieth +of July, the assistant-quartermaster general, George W. Clark, telegraphed +to Walker that arms had not yet arrived and that the Indians, encamped at +the Old Choctaw Agency, were, in consequence, showing signs of discontent +[<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 620].</p> + +<p><a name='f_420' id='f_420' href='#fna_420'>[420]</a> Cooper probably spoke the truth, for the Choctaws and Chickasaws +together had a population of twenty-three thousand.</p> + +<p>In 1861, the Indian population of the Southern Superintendency was, as +reported by Dole upon inquiry from Hon. J. S. Phelps of Missouri [John C. +G. Kennedy, of the Census Office, to Dole, August 9, 1861]:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> +<tr><td>Chickasaws</td> + <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td align="right">5,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>Choctaws</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">18,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cherokees</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">21,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>Creeks</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">13,550</td></tr> +<tr><td>Seminoles (of which 1,247 were males)</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">2,267</td></tr></table> + +<p>[Dole’s answer, August 10, 1861].</p> + +<p>In April, the report from the Indian Office had been:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="table"> +<tr><td>Choctaws</td> + <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td align="right">18,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>Chickasaws</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right" class="botbor">5,000</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Total</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">23,000</td></tr> +<tr><td>Creeks</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">13,550</td></tr> +<tr><td>Cherokees</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">17,530</td></tr> +<tr><td>Seminoles</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">2,267</td></tr> +<tr><td>Neosho Agency</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">4,863</td></tr> +<tr><td>Leased District</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right" class="botbor">2,500</td></tr> +<tr><td align="right">Total</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">63,710</td></tr></table> + +<p>[Indian Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no. 12].</p> + +<p><a name='f_421' id='f_421' href='#fna_421'>[421]</a> Letter to President Davis [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, +614].</p> + +<p><a name='f_422' id='f_422' href='#fna_422'>[422]</a> Identical with Article I of both the Cherokee and the Choctaw and +Chickasaw, but different from the Seminole in that the Seminole provided +simply for “perpetual peace and friendship.”</p> + +<p><a name='f_423' id='f_423' href='#fna_423'>[423]</a> The corresponding Choctaw and Chickasaw Article [<span class="smcaplc">XLIX</span>] stipulated +that the colonel of the regiment should be appointed by the president. Of +course, Douglas H. Cooper, was at this time, the one and only candidate +for the place and there is no doubt that the exception was made for his +especial benefit. However, Pike objected to his holding, in addition to +the colonelcy, the office of Indian agent [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., +vol. iii, 614].</p> + +<p>Agent Garrett wanted the position of colonel in the Creek regiment and +Pike recommended him, but McCulloch objected saying,</p> + +<p class="blockquot">I hope the appointment will not be made, for Colonel Garrett is in no +way qualified for the position, and from what I know of his habits, I +am satisfied that a worse appointment could not be made.—<i>Official +Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 597.</p> + +<p>This was before the treaty had been negotiated and, after it had been +negotiated, Pike wrote to Walker as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>When I recommended the appointment of William H. Garrett, the present +agent for the Creeks, to be colonel of the Creek regiment, I had not +sufficiently estimated the ambition and desire for distinction of the +leading men of that nation, and I also supposed that Mr. Garrett, +popular with them as an agent, would be acceptable as colonel of their +regiment; but when I concluded with them the very important treaty of +July 10, instant, they strenuously insisted that the colonel of the +regiment to be raised should be elected by the men. As the public +interest did not require I should insist upon a contrary provision, by +which I might have jeoparded the treaty, I yielded, and the +consequence is that by the treaty, as signed and ratified by the Creek +council, the field officers are all to be elected by the men of the +regiment.</p> + +<p>This being the case, I have this day written Colonel Garrett, +requesting him to inform the Creeks immediately, as I have already +done, that notwithstanding his appointment they will elect their +colonel. If he should not do so he will cause much mischief, and would +deserve severe censure; but I do not doubt he will promptly do +it....—<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 623-624.</p></div> + +<p>On the twenty-fourth of August, the matter was settled at Richmond by +Walker’s writing to Pike,</p> + +<p class="blockquot">In order that there shall be no misunderstanding with the friendly +Indians west of Arkansas, this Department is anxious that the article +in the treaty made by you, guaranteeing to them the right of selecting +their own field officers, shall be carried out in good faith. The name +of Mr. Garrett will therefore be dropped as colonel of the Creek +regiment, and that regiment will proceed to elect its own officers. +The regiment being formed among the Seminoles will exercise the same +right. Reassure the tribes of the perfect sincerity of this Government +toward them.—<i>Ibid.</i>, 671.</p> + +<p>The corresponding Cherokee Article [<span class="smcaplc">XL</span>] differed slightly from the Creek. +It seems to have taken certain things, like the choice of officers, both +company and field, for granted. It reads thus:</p> + +<p class="blockquot">In consideration of the common interest of the Cherokee Nation and the +Confederate States, and of the protection and rights guaranteed to the +said nation by this treaty, the Cherokee Nation hereby agrees that it +will raise and furnish a regiment of ten companies of mounted men, +with two reserve companies, if allowed, to serve in the armies of the +Confederate States for twelve months; the men shall be armed by the +Confederate States, receive the same pay and allowances as other +mounted troops in the service, and not be moved beyond the limits of +the Indian country west of Arkansas without their consent.</p> + +<p><a name='f_424' id='f_424' href='#fna_424'>[424]</a> Identical with Article <span class="smcaplc">LI</span> of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty and +with Article <span class="smcaplc">LXI</span> of the Cherokee.</p> + +<p><a name='f_425' id='f_425' href='#fna_425'>[425]</a> Identical with Article <span class="smcaplc">L</span> of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty, with +Article <span class="smcaplc">XLII</span> of the Cherokee, and with Article <span class="smcaplc">XXXVI</span> of the Seminole.</p> + +<p><a name='f_426' id='f_426' href='#fna_426'>[426]</a> Identical with Article <span class="smcaplc">LII</span> of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty and +with Article <span class="smcaplc">XLIII</span> of the Cherokee.</p> + +<p><a name='f_427' id='f_427' href='#fna_427'>[427]</a> Frémont reported to Townsend, August 13, 1861, that Cherokee +half-breeds, judging from the muster roll and from the corroborating +testimony of prisoners, were with McCulloch in this battle, fought about +ten miles south of Springfield, August 10, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first +ser., vol. iii, 54]. Connelley says, in 1861, Quantrill, returning from +Texas, lingered in the Cherokee Nation with a half-breed Cherokee, Joel +Mayes,</p> + +<p class="blockquot">Who, many years after the war, was elected Head Chief of the Nation. +Mayes espoused the cause of the Confederacy and was captain of a +company or band of Cherokees who followed General Ben McCulloch to +Missouri.—<i>Quantrill and the Border Wars</i>, 198.</p> + +<p>A letter, written by McCulloch to Colonel John Drew, September 1, 1861, +seems to indicate that individual Cherokees had joined him [<i>Official +Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 691].</p> + +<p><a name='f_428' id='f_428' href='#fna_428'>[428]</a> The Federal defeat was believed by contemporaries to have been due +to mismanagement, to army friction, to the incompetency and sloth of +Sigel, and to Frémont’s failure to reinforce the redoubtable Lyon, who +fell in the engagement. An investigation into Sigel’s conduct was +subsequently made by Halleck, Sigel’s bitter enemy. Halleck hated Sigel, +because Sigel so greatly admired Frémont, whom Halleck supplanted; and +because Sigel was the hero of the Germans, and one of them. For the +Germans, Halleck had a great antipathy. Many of them were +“pfälzisch-badischen Revolutionäre” and Halleck regarded them as +adventurers or as refugees from justice. They in turn referred to Halleck +as one of the West Point “bunglers” who were so numerous in the northern +army, the really efficient and capable West Pointers, so they said, having +all gone with the South [Kaufmann’s “Sigel und Halleck” in +<i>Deutsch-Amerikanische Geschichtsblätter</i>, Band, 210-216, October 1910].</p> + +<p><a name='f_429' id='f_429' href='#fna_429'>[429]</a> Even in the latter part of May, these were so serious as to threaten +a Cherokee civil war [Letter of John Crawford, May 21, 1861, General +Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>; Mix to Crawford, June 4, 1861, Indian +Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 66, pp. 15-16].</p> + +<p><a name='f_430' id='f_430' href='#fna_430'>[430]</a> Ben McCulloch to Walker, September 2, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, +first ser., vol. iii, 692]; Pike to Benjamin, December 25, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>, +vol. viii, 720].</p> + +<p><a name='f_431' id='f_431' href='#fna_431'>[431]</a> “Meetings and Proceedings of the Executive Council of the Cherokee +Nation, July 2, 1861” [General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C515].</p> + +<p><a name='f_432' id='f_432' href='#fna_432'>[432]</a> See “Meetings and Proceedings of the Cherokee Executive Council, +August 1, 1861” [General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, C515].</p> + +<p><a name='f_433' id='f_433' href='#fna_433'>[433]</a> Pike to Ross, August 1, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>].</p> + +<p><a name='f_434' id='f_434' href='#fna_434'>[434]</a></p> + +<p class="blockquot">A general meeting of the Cherokee people was held at Tahlequah on +Wednesday, the 21st day of August, 1861. It was called by the +executive of the Cherokee Nation for the purpose of giving the +Cherokee people an opportunity to express their opinions in relation +to subjects of deep interest to themselves as individuals and as a +nation. The number of persons in attendance, almost exclusively adult +males, was about 4,000, whose deportment was characterized by good +order and propriety, and the expression of whose opinions and feelings +was frank, cordial, and of marked unanimity.—<i>Report of the +Proceedings at Tahlequah, August 21, 1861</i>, transmitted to General +McCulloch by the Executive Council, August 24, 1861 [<i>Official +Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 673].</p> + +<p><a name='f_435' id='f_435' href='#fna_435'>[435]</a> Evan Jones of the Baptist Mission, Cherokee Nation, to Dole, dated +Lawrence, Kansas, November 2, 1861 [General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, +J503].</p> + +<p><a name='f_436' id='f_436' href='#fna_436'>[436]</a> W. S. Robertson, who for twelve years had been “teaching in the +Tullahassee Manual Labor School in the Creek Nation under the care of the +Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions” [Robertson’s Letter of September +30, 1861, General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, R1615].</p> + +<p>Robertson says, that</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Having witnessed the whole struggle between the Loyal & War parties, +when the latter prevailed, I was on the 25<sup>th</sup> of August ordered by a +party of the “Creek Light Horse” acting under the written orders of +Moty Kenard and Jacob Derrysaw, Chief of the Creeks, to leave within +twenty-four hours from the Creek country. I retired to my friends at +Park Hill in the Cherokee where the same struggle was going on.</p> + +<p>At Park Hill I enjoyed every facility for knowing the feelings of the +people, the designs of the Executive.</p> + +<p>When at last the Rebel flag flaunted over the council ground at +Tahlequah, I left the Cherokee country with my family, and after +encountering many dangers, succeeded in reaching Rolla, on the 23<sup>rd</sup> +Sept. without giving any pledge to the enemy.</p> + +<p>Having written to the Sec. of the Interior (from St. Louis, Oct. +1<sup>st</sup>) stating my long residence among the Creeks and Cherokees, my +means of information, and my desire to give any information that would +benefit our Gov’t or my loyal friends among the Indians—and having +forwarded all the printed correspondence between the Rebels and Chief +Ross (except the last letter of the Rebel commissioner, Albert Pike) +together with Chief Ross’ speech at the Cherokee Convention at +Tahlequah, on the 21<sup>st</sup> of Aug. and the resolutions passed at said +Convention, without receiving any answer, I concluded that Col. +Humphrey’s (of Tenn.) mysterious movements were all right, that he was +loyal, and kept our Gov’t well informed as to the Rebel doings among +the Indians. That I had redeemed my pledge to loyal Creeks & +Cherokees.</p> + +<p>Recent letters from St. Louis, & New York stating that “Gov’t agents +are seeking information everywhere,” and urging me to write to “Gen. +Hunter” & Washington, induce me to send you my address, to urge you in +the name of humanity and justice not to take decisive measures against +the betrayed and oppressed people, until you have heard all that can +be said in their behalf.—Letter to Department of the Interior and +referred to Commissioner of Indian Affairs, dated January 7, 1862 +[General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, R1664].</p></div> + +<p>Mix answered it February 14, 1862 [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 67, +P. 357].</p> + +<p>In a somewhat earlier letter, the one from which the extract, in the body +of the text was taken, Robertson had said,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I am ... deeply interested in their welfare, acquainted with the +feelings of the people, well informed as to the men and measures which +have detached these nations from their allegiance to the U. S.</p> + +<p>Chief among the traitors were not only the Superintendent of that +District, and the Agents under him appointed by the late +Administration but others claiming to have received commissions as +Indian Agents “since the 4<sup>th</sup> of March last” from the U. S. Gov’t.</p> + +<p>On the 21<sup>st</sup> of Aug. last I was in Tahlequah, the capital of the +Cherokee Nation, at a convention of the Cherokee people called by +their Chief Jno. Ross....—<span class="smcap">Robertson</span> to President Lincoln, dated +Winneconne, Wisconsin, December 12, 1861 [General Files, <i>Southern +Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, R1658].</p></div> + +<p>Concerning the responsibility attaching to government agents for Indian +defection, E. C. Boudinot and W. P. Adair wrote, January 19, 1866, to +Cooley,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The Southern Indians have repeatedly repudiated the idea that they +were induced by the machinations of any persons to ally themselves +with the rebellion, but accept the full responsibility of their acts +without such excuse.</p> + +<p>The passage above quoted [meaning one from Coffin’s report of +September 24, 1863—“They resisted the insidious influences which were +brought to bear upon them by Rector, Pike, Cooper, Crawford and other +rebel emissaries for a long time.”] however does great injustice to +all the parties named, particularly to Genl Cooper, who had no earthly +connection with the Cherokees until several months after. Mr. John +Ross made the treaty with the so-called Confederate States.—General +Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, B60.</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_437' id='f_437' href='#fna_437'>[437]</a> “Ross was overborne. It is said that his wife was more staunch than +her husband and held out till the last. When an attempt was made to raise +a Confederate flag over the Indian council house, her opposition was so +spirited that it prevented the completion of the design.”—Howard, <i>My +life and experiences among our hostile Indians</i>, 100.</p> + +<p><a name='f_438' id='f_438' href='#fna_438'>[438]</a> For the entire address of John Ross, see <i>Official Record</i>, first +ser., vol. iii, 673-675.</p> + +<p><a name='f_439' id='f_439' href='#fna_439'>[439]</a> <i>Official Record</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 675-676. A slightly +incorrect copy of these same resolutions is to be found in vol. xiii, +499-500.</p> + +<p><a name='f_440' id='f_440' href='#fna_440'>[440]</a> John Ross and others to McCulloch, August 24, 1861 [<i>Official +Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 673].</p> + +<p><a name='f_441' id='f_441' href='#fna_441'>[441]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865. The Report of the +Commissioner of Indian Affairs to President Johnson, February 25, 1866, in +answer to the Cherokee protest against Chief Ross’s deposition contains +this statement:</p> + +<p class="blockquot">As early as June or July, the exact date is not known, John Ross +authorized the raising of Drew’s Regiment, for the Southern army....</p> + +<p><a name='f_442' id='f_442' href='#fna_442'>[442]</a> McCulloch to Ross, September 1, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first +ser., vol. iii, 690].</p> + +<p><a name='f_443' id='f_443' href='#fna_443'>[443]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>; McCulloch to John Drew, September 1, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>, 691].</p> + +<p><a name='f_444' id='f_444' href='#fna_444'>[444]</a> In the course of the war, both inside and outside of Kansas, many +instances occurred of Indians’ expressing a wish to fight or of their +services being earnestly solicited. In late April of 1861, a deputation, +headed by White Cloud, came east and tendered to the United States +government the services of some three hundred warriors, Sioux and +Chippewas [Moore’s <i>Rebellion Record</i>, vol. i, 43].</p> + +<p>Agent Burleigh, in charge of the Yancton Sioux, asked permission to +garrison Fort Randall with Indians [Commissioner of Indian Affairs, +<i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 118]. The Omahas manifested great interest in the war, +so their agent, O. H. Irish, reported [<i>ibid.</i>, p. 65]. Towards the end of +the struggle a young recruiting officer, who went among them, persuaded +about thirty youths, mostly students at the Mission School, to enlist. +Their terms had not expired when the war closed, so they were sent out as +scouts to protect the Union Pacific Railroad, in course of construction +from Denver to Salt Lake City, against the Sioux who were attacking +workmen and emigrants. Even Senecas from the far away Cattaraugus +Reservation, New York, offered to enlist [Dole to Strong, December 7, +1861, Indian Office <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 67, p. 129]; and so did the Pawnees +from the great plains. The United States government, however, refused to +accept the Pawnees for anything but scouts and, in that capacity, they +proved exceedingly useful [Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1869, +p. 472]. Winnebagoes were in the United States employ [Indian Office, +<i>Report Book</i>, no. 13, pp. 276-277], as were also many individuals from +other tribes. Some Indians became commissioned officers and a number were +at the head of companies. Captain Dorion of Company B, Regiment Fourteenth +Kansas Volunteers was an Iowa [<i>ibid.</i>, 261] and Eli S. Parker on General +Grant’s staff was a Seneca.</p> + +<p>After the Enrollment Act of March 3, 1863 [United States <i>Statutes at +Large</i>, vol. xii, 731-737] was passed, several attempts were made to force +the Indians to serve in the army but Mix, the Acting Commissioner of +Indian Affairs, declared they were exempt from the draft [Letter to Agent +D. C. Leach, September 4, 1863, Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 71, p. +354]. On the sixteenth of July, 1863, the United States War Department +inquired very particularly as to the Indian eligibility for enrollment and +Secretary Usher took occasion to instruct Mix that the respective agents +should be</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Directed to offer no resistance to the enrolling officers, after +notifying said officers of the fact, that the tribe or tribes under +their charge are composed of Indians who have not acquired the rights +of Citizenship, but immediately upon being informed of the drafting of +any member of his tribe, he will report the case to the Com<sup>r</sup> of +Indian Affairs, for such action as may be necessary to procure the +exemption of the Indians from military service.—Letter of Secretary +Usher, September 12, 1863, <i>Miscellaneous Files</i>, 1858-1863.</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_445' id='f_445' href='#fna_445'>[445]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The bearer has a train of goods at this point en route for the Indians +on the western border of the State, containing quite a quantity of +arms & ammunition.</p> + +<p>There is great excitement in the community with reference to arming +the Indians at the present time, as for several days past reports have +come to us that our frontier settlements are in danger of attack from +hostile Indians who are collecting in the neighborhood. I am daily +importuned to send them aid. Also, report says, and it seems very +reliable, that the Indians on our southern border are arming +themselves against our citizens. In addition to these Indian rumors it +is believed by many that these arms are in danger of falling into the +hands of secessionists, before reaching their destination. Quite a +number of that class of men have recently passed up this way (Topeka) +and through Riley County. In this condition of affairs I do not think +these arms & ammunition can be taken west without an escort, as the +rabble will be almost certain to waylay them as soon as they get on +the Pottawatomie Reserve. I can protect them while in this county & +will do so, but cannot follow them. Would it not be well, if you have +the authority, to direct the bearer to leave that part of his freight +in charge of the U. S. Marshal, or in my charge, until there shall be a +change of circumstances, or until further orders from Washington?</p> + +<p>Although I would not undertake to oppose the action of Government in +the matter and would not interfere unless it should be to prevent the +property from falling into the hands of a mob, yet I do think under +the circumstances it is very bad policy to arm the Indians on the +border. I feel very sure from what I learn, they will be used against +our citizens within three months time. I am ready to co-operate at all +times with the U. S. authorities....—General Files, <i>Central +Superintendency, 1860-1862</i>, B479. See also Branch’s reply, May 23, +<i>ibid.</i></p></div> + +<p><a name='f_446' id='f_446' href='#fna_446'>[446]</a> H. B. Branch to Mix, September 16, 1861, transmitting a letter from +Agent Farnsworth of September 16, 1861, enclosing communications from +Senator Lane, Captain Price, and others, “relative to organizing the +Indians for the defense of the Government” [General Files, <i>Kansas, +1855-1862</i>, B774].</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right">Headquarters K.B. Ft. Lincoln, Aug. 22<sup>d</sup> 1861.</p> + +<p>To Indian Agents Sac and Foxes—Shawnees—Delawares—Kickapoos—Potawatomies—and Kaws—Tribes +of Indians</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gents</span>: For the defence of Kansas I have determined to use the loyal +Indians of the Tribes above named. To this end I have appointed +Augustus Wattles, Esq to confer with you and adopt such measures as +will secure the early assembling of the Indians at this point.</p> + +<p>If you have the means within your control I would like to have you +supply them when they march with a sufficient quantity of powder, lead +& subsistence for their march to this place, where they will be fed by +the Government.</p> + +<p>You can assure them for the Govt that they will not be marched out of +Kansas without their consent—that they will be used only for the +defence of Kansas.</p> + +<p>I enjoin each of you to be prompt and energetic that an early +assembling of said Indians at this point may thereby be secured.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">J. H. Lane</span>, Commanding Kansas Brigade.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">By <span class="smcap">Abram Cutler</span>, Acting assistant Adgt-Gen.</span></p> + +<p>The danger is imminent. Hordes of whites & half breeds in the Indian +country are in arms driving out & killing Union men. They threaten to +overrun Kansas and exterminate both whites & Indians. It it rumored +that John Ross, the Cherokee Chief is likely to be overcome unless he +is assisted.</p> + +<p>The Osages also need assistance. Gen. Lane intends to establish a +strong Indian camp near the neutral lands as a guard to prevent forage +into Kansas. He is very solicitous that you should come if possible +with the Chiefs & see him at Ft. Lincoln on the Little Osage 10 miles +south of Mound City.</p> + +<p>If you do come, please bring all the fighting men you can, of all +Kinds. Men are needed.</p> + +<p>If you do not come, please authorise some responsible man to lead the +Indians as far as Ft. Lincoln where Gen. Lane will receive them and +give them a big war talk. Bring an interpreter. Expenses will be paid.</p> + +<p>Congress will undoubtedly make suitable acknowledgements to the Kaws, +as an independent nation, for any valuable services which they may +render....</p> + +<p>P.S. A Captain’s wages will be given to any competent man whom you may +appoint to take the lead of the band, provided there are fifty or +more.—<span class="smcap">Augustus Wattles</span> to Major Farnsworth, dated Sac and Fox Agency, +Kansas, August 25, 1861.</p></div> + +<p>Wattles had evidently not yet heard of the Tahlequah mass-meeting. Postal +connections with Indian Territory were, of necessity, very poor. Dole had +recommended, May 29, 1861, to Secretary Smith a new postal route through +southwest Missouri or southern Kansas instead of the old route through +Arkansas [Indian Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no. 12, p. 170].</p> + +<p>The Confederates were similarly embarrassed. On the twenty-seventh of May, +the postmaster at Fort Smith had complained to the postmaster-general J. +H. Reagan,</p> + +<p class="blockquot">Enclosed please find letter of G. B. Hester (a Choctaw who was made +quarter-master and commissary in the First Choctaw Regiment and, in +1865, “cotton agent for the Creek Indians who were at that time +squatting in the Chickasaw Nation.” See O’Beirne’s <i>Leaders and +Leading Men of the Indian Territory</i>) at Boggy Depot, C. N. You will +see they are without mails in that country. For three weeks the mails +for the Indian country have been accumulating in this office. I sent +forward all the mail that could be packed on a single horse.... I +cannot get men to carry the mail. They say they are afraid of being +robbed or murdered.... Our neighbours, the Indians must suffer great +inconvenience on account of the stoppage of mail facilities. All +tribes are in favor of the South except the Cherokees. A little good +talk would do them good, perhaps a little powder and lead might help +the cause. Ross and his party are not to be relied on.—<i>Fort Smith Papers</i>.</p> + +<p>Mayers wrote Reagan in a similar vein a month later, on June 26, 1861,</p> + +<p class="blockquot">Our mails throughout the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw & Creek nations +have all been stopped by the old mail carriers....—<i>Ibid.</i></p> + +<p><a name='f_447' id='f_447' href='#fna_447'>[447]</a> On August 26, 1861, Wattles wrote Farnsworth from Lawrence,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I wrote you a few days ago concerning the employment of the Indians in +the defence of our frontier.</p> + +<p>The necessity seemed imperative. But on hearing that the Commissioner +of Indian Affairs was in Kansas and will probably see you—I think it +best to say nothing to the Indians till he is consulted in the matter.</p> + +<p>Gen. Lane has 60 miles of the Missouri border to guard, and an army of +at least double his to hold in check, which employs all his force +night & day.</p> + +<p>Besides this, he has the Indian frontier on the south of about 100 +miles. This he intends to intrust to the loyal Indians—I will add, if +the Commissioner agrees to it.</p></div> + +<p>The stay of execution was not of long duration, however; for, September +10, 1861, J. E. Prince sent Farnsworth from Fort Leavenworth a circular +requesting immediate enrollment and an estimate of the strength of the +loyal Indians.</p> + +<p><a name='f_448' id='f_448' href='#fna_448'>[448]</a> The conduct of Lane was presumptuous, arrogant, dictatorial; but he +had interfered in yet other ways in Indian concerns. He must have had +quite a hold, political or otherwise, over several of the agents and they +appealed to him in matters that ought, in the first instance, to have been +referred to the Indian Office and left there. Thus, in July, Agent F. +Johnson had approached Lane on the subject of having Charles Journeycake +appointed Delaware chief in place of Rock-a-to-wa deceased. Both Pomeroy +and Lane endorsed the appointment but it was unquestionably entirely out +of their province to do so. Tribal politics were assuredly no concern of +the Kansas delegation in Congress.</p> + +<p><a name='f_449' id='f_449' href='#fna_449'>[449]</a> Dole had gone to Kansas in the latter part of August “to submit in +person the amendments, made by the Senate at its last session, to the +Delaware treaty of May 30, 1860” [Commissioner of Indian Affairs, +<i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 11].</p> + +<p><a name='f_450' id='f_450' href='#fna_450'>[450]</a></p> + +<p class="blockquot">I find here your letter to the Agent of the Delaware, requesting <i>Fall +Leaf</i> to organize a party of 50 men for the service of your +Department. <i>Mr. Johnson</i> the Agent called the tribe together before I +arrived here, and found the Chiefs unwilling that their young men +should enter the service as you desired. Since my arrival I have seen +the Chiefs and stated to them that the Government was not asking them +to enter the war as a tribe but that we wished to employ some of the +tribe for Special Service and wished the Chiefs to make no objection. +I could not however get their consent even to acquiesce in their men +Volunteering for the service as you desired, & <i>Fall Leaf</i> and several +of the tribe are here and determined to tender you their Services, +with my consent. I have advised them that they are at Liberty to join +you if they choose. <i>Fall Leaf</i> says he will be able to report at Fort +Leavenworth in a very few days with twenty to twenty five men. Should +you require more men, you will have probably to call on some other +tribe. Those men who volunteer against the advice of their Chiefs +should be particularly remembered by the Gov’t.—<span class="smcap">Dole</span> to Frémont, +dated Leavenworth City, September 13, 1861 [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 66, p. 485].</p> + +<p><a name='f_451' id='f_451' href='#fna_451'>[451]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i></p> + +<p><a name='f_452' id='f_452' href='#fna_452'>[452]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I am instructed to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 13th +inst., and to state that the Commanding General will accept with +pleasure the services of Fall Leaf and his men.</p> + +<p>Other tribes will be applied to immediately. I have written to the +same effect to Mr. Johnson, at the Deleware Agency.—<span class="smcap">John R. Howard</span>, +captain and secretary, to William P. Dole, dated Headquarters, Western +Department, at St. Louis, September 20, 1861 [General Files, <i>Central +Superintendency, 1860-1862</i>].</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_453' id='f_453' href='#fna_453'>[453]</a> F. Johnson to Dole, June 6, 1862 [General Files, <i>Delaware, +1862-1866</i>].</p> + +<p><a name='f_454' id='f_454' href='#fna_454'>[454]</a> Dole to Captain Fall Leaf, November 22, 1863 [Indian Office, <i>Letter +Book</i>, no. 72, p. 109].</p> + +<p><a name='f_455' id='f_455' href='#fna_455'>[455]</a> Report to Dole, October 22, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs, +<i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 50]; Report to Dole, September 17, 1862 [Commissioner +of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, p. 98].</p> + +<p><a name='f_456' id='f_456' href='#fna_456'>[456]</a></p> + +<p class="blockquot">I send you a letter to <i>General Fremont open</i> that you may read and +understand its object. <i>Fall Leaf</i> will call upon you probably this +afternoon and receive from you such information as you see proper to +give him. I am disinclined to encourage the Indians to engage in this +war except in extreme cases, as guides. I have in this case used my +influence in favor of the formation of this Company, without any +knowledge of the views of Gov’t, supposing Gen<sup>l</sup> Fremont was a +special need of them or he would not have made the request....—<span class="smcap">Dole</span> +to Captain Price, dated Leavenworth, September 13, 1861 [Indian +Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 66, pp. 485-486].</p> + +<p><a name='f_457' id='f_457' href='#fna_457'>[457]</a> Letter of August 15, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, +1861, p. 39].</p> + +<p><a name='f_458' id='f_458' href='#fna_458'>[458]</a> General Orders, no. 23 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, +539].</p> + +<p><a name='f_459' id='f_459' href='#fna_459'>[459]</a> Villard says, as early as 1856, rivalry had developed between +Robinson and Lane [<i>John Brown</i>, 108].</p> + +<p><a name='f_460' id='f_460' href='#fna_460'>[460]</a> Thomas to Frémont, October 14, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., +vol. iii, 533].</p> + +<p><a name='f_461' id='f_461' href='#fna_461'>[461]</a> Lane to Lincoln, October 9, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>, 529].</p> + +<p><a name='f_462' id='f_462' href='#fna_462'>[462]</a> It would seem as if Lane were remotely responsible for the division +of the Western Department into the Department of Kansas and the Department +of Missouri. In his letter to President Lincoln of October 9, 1861, he +described the good work that his Kansas Brigade had done and asked that, +in order that it might be enabled to continue to do effective work, a new +military department be created, one that should group together Kansas, +Indian Territory, and so much of Arkansas and the territories as should be +advisable [<i>ibid.</i>].</p> + +<p><a name='f_463' id='f_463' href='#fna_463'>[463]</a> Ross’s Address to Drew’s Regiment, December 19, 1861 [Commissioner +of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, p. 355]; Letter of Albert Pike to D. N. +Cooley, February 17, 1866.</p> + +<p><a name='f_464' id='f_464' href='#fna_464'>[464]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>“Chisholm” the well known interpreter has been sent to the Comanches, +Creeks to the Osages—Matthews to the Senecas Quapaws +&c. ...—<span class="smcap">Robertson</span> in a letter, dated St. Louis, September 30, 1861 +[General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, R1615].</p> + +<p>... In the fall of the same year Albert Pike called a General Council +of the same tribes to meet at Talloqua and in order to secure their +attendance stated that John Ross was to make a speech ... he sent Dorn +late U. S. Indian Agent to notify the Osages, Quapaws Senecas & +Shawnees that there was to be a Council at Talloqua and that Ross was +going to talk at the same time to tell them that the U. S. Government +was breaking up—that they would get no more money and that they were +about to send an Army to take their Negroes and drive them from the +country and pointed to Missouri in proof of it, when the Council met +at Talloqua instead of Ross the council was opened by Pike who told +them “We are here to protect our property and to save our +Country.”...—<span class="smcap">Baptiste Peoria.</span></p></div> + +<p>Baptiste Peoria, in the spring and summer of 1862, went around as a secret +agent of the United States government among the southern Indians finding +out their real sentiments respecting the war. The report from which the +above extract is taken is dated May 1, 1862, and is in General Files, +<i>Osage River, 1855-1862</i>, B1430.</p> + +<p><a name='f_465' id='f_465' href='#fna_465'>[465]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Fort Smith, Arkansas</span>, September 19<sup>th</sup> 1865.</p> + +<p>In a talk held at the rooms of the Commission, with Commissioners +Sells and Parker, the following statement was this day voluntarily +made by Shon-tah-sob-ba (“Black Dog”) the Chief of the Black Dog band +of the Osage Indians, relating to a treaty with the so-called +Confederate States. In answer to a question by Commissioner Sells, +“How did you happen to be in this Southern Country?” Shon-tah-sob-ba +(Black Dog) replied “I am glad you have asked that question, for I +wish to make some statements in explanation. We came down here upon +the invitation of John Ross, Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, +who sent us a letter asking us to attend a Council for the purpose of +making a treaty with Albert Pike”—</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Comm<sup>r</sup> Sells</span>—Have you that letter now in your possession?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Answer</span>: We don’t know where the letter is. It was sent to Clermont, +whose son had it in his possession when he died & we suppose it was +buried with him. But I have it here in my head & will never forget it. +John Ross, the Cherokee Chief, said in that letter, “My Bros. the +Osages, there is a distinguished gentleman sent by the Confederate +States who is here to make treaties with us. He will soon be ready to +treat, and I want you to come here in order that we may all treat +together with him. My Brothers, there is a great black cloud coming +from the North, about to cover us all, and I want you to come here so +that we can counsel each other & drive away the black cloud.” This is +all that he said & signed his name. All the Osages went. We were all +there together, Pike, John Ross and I, sitting as you are. Pike told +us he was glad that we had come to make peace & a treaty. All your +other brothers have made treaties & shook hands, & if <i>you</i> want to, +you can do so too. I will tell you what John Ross said at the time. +John Ross told us, “My Red Bros. you have come here as I asked you & I +am glad to see you & hope you will do what the Commissioner wants you +to do. The talk the Commissioner has made is a good talk & I want you +to listen to it & make friends with the Confederate States. You can +make a treaty or not, but I advise you, as your older brother, to make +a treaty with them. It is for your interest & your good.” After he +finished talking, John Ross told us we could consult among ourselves +over there (pointing to our camp near his residence) & decide among +ourselves. We consulted on the matter, & on the request of John Ross +we signed the treaty. He asked us to do it. He was the man that made +us make that treaty, and that’s how we came to be away from our +country.</p> + +<p>The above statement was endorsed by Wah-tah-in-gah, Chief Counselor of +the Black Dog & Clermont bands of the Osage Indians.</p> + +<p>The above is a correct statement as interpreted.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">E. S. Parker</span> Com<sup>r</sup></span><span class="spacersig"> </span><span class="smcap">Geo. L. Cook</span> Ass’t Sec<sup>y</sup>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Elijah Sells</span> Com<sup>r</sup></span></p></div> + +<p>Papers relating to the Council at Fort Smith, September, 1865, <i>Indian +Office Files</i>.</p> + +<p><a name='f_466' id='f_466' href='#fna_466'>[466]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, pp. 353-354.</p> + +<p><a name='f_467' id='f_467' href='#fna_467'>[467]</a> These Creeks, of course, were the Upper Creeks, the anti-McIntosh +Creeks, the following of Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la. Some of the confidence that +Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la seems to have had in John Ross, in his discretion and +in his integrity, may have dated from the days when John Ross had refused, +as he must have refused, to share in the plan for a betrayal of his +country, at the instance of William McIntosh. The following document will +explain that circumstance:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Newtown</span> 21th October 1823</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">My Friend</span>: I am going to inform you a few lines as a friend. I want +you to give me your opinion about the treaty wether the chiefs will be +willing or not. If the chiefs feel disposed to let the United States +have the land part of it, I want you to let me know. I will make the +United States commissioner give you two thousand dollars, A. McCoy the +same and Charles Hicks $3000 for present, and no body shall know it, +and if you think the land wouldent sold, I will be satisfied. If the +land should be sold, I will get you the amount before the treaty sign, +and if you got any friend you want him to Receive it, they shall recd +the same. nothing moore to inform you at present. I remain your +affectionate Friend</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Wm McIntosh</span></span></p> + +<p>John Ross—an answer return</p> + +<p>NB. the whole amount is $12000. you can divide among your friends. +exclusive $7000.</p></div> + +<p>This letter is on file in the United States Indian Office and bears the +following endorsement:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>rec<sup>d</sup> on the 23<sup>rd</sup> Oct. 1823.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">M<sup>r</sup> John Ross</span> President <i>N. Committee</i></p> + +<p>Letter from Wm McIntosh to Mr John Ross read & exposed in open Council +in the presence of Wm McIntosh Oct 24<sup>th</sup> 1823</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">J Ross</span></span></p></div> + +<p><a name='f_468' id='f_468' href='#fna_468'>[468]</a> Letters to Dole, October 31, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs, +<i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 42] and November 2, 1861 [General Files, <i>Cherokee, +1859-1865</i>, J503].</p> + +<p><a name='f_469' id='f_469' href='#fna_469'>[469]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, pp. 353, 354.</p> + +<p><a name='f_470' id='f_470' href='#fna_470'>[470]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, fourth ser., vol. i, 669-687.</p> + +<p><a name='f_471' id='f_471' href='#fna_471'>[471]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 636-646.</p> + +<p><a name='f_472' id='f_472' href='#fna_472'>[472]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 659-666.</p> + +<p><a name='f_473' id='f_473' href='#fna_473'>[473]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 647-658.</p> + +<p><a name='f_474' id='f_474' href='#fna_474'>[474]</a> The Senecas of the mixed band of Senecas and Shawnees were not +originally parties to the treaty, but provision was duly made for their +becoming so.</p> + +<p><a name='f_475' id='f_475' href='#fna_475'>[475]</a> Ka-hi-ke-tung-ka for Clermont’s Band, Pa-hiu-ska for White Hair’s, +Shon-tas-sap-pe for Black Dog’s, and Chi-sho-hung-ka for the Big Hill.</p> + +<p><a name='f_476' id='f_476' href='#fna_476'>[476]</a> For information concerning Washbourne [Washburne or Washburn] and +charges against him, see Dean to Manypenny, December 28, 1855, December +31, 1855 [Dean’s <i>Letter Book</i>, Indian Office]; and Elias Rector to +Secretary Thompson, October 1, 1859 [Rector’s <i>Letter Book</i>, Indian +Office]. Rector’s letter was as follows:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>An important sense of my duty as Superintendent of Indian Affairs for +the Southern Superintendency compells me to recommend, most earnestly, +the immediate removal of the present incumbent of the Seminole Agency,</p> + +<p>The performance of this unpleasant duty is forced upon me by the +following consideration,—</p> + +<p>1st The neglect of duty and disregard of the orders and Regulations of +the Department in absenting himself repeatedly and for protracted +periods, from his Agency without authority for so doing; to the +prejudice of the public interests entrusted to him,—</p> + +<p>On this point I presume it is not necessary for me to enlarge, or to +urge upon the Department my views of the paramount necessity of Indian +Agents residing at their Agencies and being at all times present at +their Stations as well to cultivate the respect and confidence, and a +just knowledge of the character and wants of the people entrusted to +their care, as to be in position to execute promptly the orders, and +to promote the views of the Department,—</p> + +<p>2nd I consider him unworthy of the trust reposed in him from certain +facts connected with the late payment of money to the Indians under +his charge, which have come to my knowledge—</p> + +<p>Of the $90,000 recently paid to those Indians, appropriated by +Congress expressly to pay such of them as should remove under the late +Treaty; for their improvements and to assist in defraying their +removal expences I have ascertained, and it is notorious, that +thirteen thousand Dollars or more passed into the hands of Mr +Washbourne, through Collusion with the principal Chiefs, $5000 of +which he received under a private Contract with Senator Yulee of +Florida for services in obtaining the consent of the Chiefs to the +payment of thirty thousand dollars of this money to Senator Yulee on +an old claim presented by him of long standing in behalf of one Gov +Humphreys of Florida. The balance of the $13000 received by Mr +Washbourne was probably awarded him in consideration of his permitting +the Chiefs to appropriate certain portions of the money they paid over +to them in trust for the legetimate claimants, to their own use and +benefit,</p> + +<p>I have informed you in a late letter of the pains I took to make the +Chiefs acquainted with the true object of the appropriations. Having +been instructed to pay over the whole amount to the authorities of the +Nation, this was all I could do in furtherance of the intentions of +Congress; my efforts to accomplish which were thus frustrated by Mr +Washbourne and his advances.—</p> + +<p>3d The breach of good faith in the Chiefs towards the Indians, +prompted by Mr Washbourne in the distribution of this $90.000 as +explained in my late letter, has incensed the Indians to such degree +that bloodshed has been threatened and is seriously to be +apprehended,—</p> + +<p>4th The influence of Mr Washbourne over the Chiefs acquired through +his Collusion with them in this swindling the intended legal +recipients of this money is such that, the Chiefs have intimated that +they will not send a delegation to Florida unless Mr Washbourne shall +accompany them, and I have reason to believe that in case he is not +permited to accompany them, he is prepared to throw every obstacle in +the way of the accomplishment of this, so much desired measure of the +Government,</p> + +<p>The conduct of the Chiefs and their Agent in the distribution of the +$90000 and the enclosed letter from Mr Jacoway U S Marshal of this +District, whose acquaintance you have made, taken in connection with +the declarations of the Chiefs, that they will not go without him (or +that they desire that he should go with and have charge of them) +justifies the apprehension that there is another scheme in embryo +between them to perpetrate another swindle. Should circumstances +favour its accomplishment; and if it is the intention of the +Department to charge me with conducting the negotiations of a +Delegation to Florida, I must decline the performance of this duty if +one in whom I have so little confidence is permited to accompany the +Delegation in the capacity of Agent; for I hesitate not to say, that +if disappointed in his hopes of making a profitable employment of his +influence he would exert himself to defeat any negotiations that might +be set on foot, and there is good reason to fear that he might be +successful,—</p> + +<p>For these reasons I beg leave respectfully to urge upon the Department +the immediate removal of Mr Washbourne and the appointment in his +stead of some gentleman who will perform the duties of the office with +a high appreciation of the trust confided to him and with a view, +rather to the honest discharge of this trust, than to his own profit,</p> + +<p>I make this communication direct to the Sec’t of Interior instead of +sending it through the Indian office for the reason that I learn that +the Comr Ind Affrs is absent on official acct.</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_477' id='f_477' href='#fna_477'>[477]</a> Agent Elder to Coffin, September 30, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian +Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 37]; Coffin to Dole, October 2, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>, +p. 38]; Moore’s <i>Rebellion Record</i>, vol. iii, 33.</p> + +<p><a name='f_478' id='f_478' href='#fna_478'>[478]</a> We the loyal Cherokee Delegation acknowledge the execution of the +treaty of Oct. 7, 1861. But we solemnly declare that the execution of the +Treaty was procured by the coercion of the rebel army [Land Files, <i>Indian +Talks, Councils, etc.</i>, Box 4, 1865-1866].</p> + +<p><a name='f_479' id='f_479' href='#fna_479'>[479]</a> Hon. J. S. Phelps to C. B. Smith, dated Rolla, Mo., October 3, 1861 +[General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, P44].</p> + +<p><a name='f_480' id='f_480' href='#fna_480'>[480]</a> A difference of opinion seems to exist as to the original object of +the organization of Drew’s regiment. When Ross wrote his despatches to +McCulloch concerning the proceedings at Tahlequah, he sent them for +transmission to the C. S. A. quartermaster at Fort Smith, Major George W. +Clark, to whom he imparted the information that the Cherokees were going +to raise a regiment of mounted men immediately and place it under the +command of Colonel John Drew, “to meet any emergency that may arise.” +“Having espoused,” said he, “the cause of the Confederate States, we hope +to render efficient service in the protracted war which now threatens the +country, and to be treated with a liberality and confidence becoming the +Confederate States.”—Moore’s <i>Rebellion Record</i>, vol. iii, 155, Document +63½.</p> + +<p>Those, who afterwards wanted to put the Cherokee position in the best +possible light, declared repeatedly that Drew’s regiment had no sectional +bias in the work mapped out for it, that it was nothing more than a home +guard. Writing to Dole, January 21, 1862, the Reverend Evan Jones said,</p> + +<p class="blockquot">A regiment of Cherokees was raised for home protection, composed of +one company for each of eight Districts, and either two or three +companies for the District of Tahlequah. But these were altogether +separate and distinct from the rebel force.... The great majority of +officers and men, in this case, being decidedly loyal Union men Four +of the Captains and four hundred men, gave evidence of their loyalty, +in the part they acted, at the battle in which Opothleyoholo was +attacked by the Texan rangers & rebel Creeks & Choctaws, under +Cooper....—General Files, <i>Cherokee, 1859-1865</i>, J556.</p> + +<p><a name='f_481' id='f_481' href='#fna_481'>[481]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, p. 355.</p> + +<p><a name='f_482' id='f_482' href='#fna_482'>[482]</a> Cooley’s Report to President Johnson, February 25, 1866. This letter +was found in the loose files of the Indian Office and is not to be found +in Indian Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no. 15, where it would properly belong.</p> + +<p><a name='f_483' id='f_483' href='#fna_483'>[483]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, p. 321.</p> + +<p><a name='f_484' id='f_484' href='#fna_484'>[484]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 35: Indian +Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no. 12, p. 176.</p> + +<p><a name='f_485' id='f_485' href='#fna_485'>[485]</a></p> + +<p class="blockquot">Enclosed pleaz find a coppy of a Commission given by General Lane to +E. H. Carruth together with coppies of Letters sent by him to the +various Tribes in the Indian Territory. I had an interview with Mr. +Carruth yesterday. I find him a very Inteligent man and thougherly +posted as to all matters relating to the Southern Indians he is very +confident that most if not all the Southern Indians written to will +Send deligations to Fort Scott as requested there ware three Creek +Indians came up to se General Lane who came to Iola for Caruthe to go +with them to General Lane which he did and they ware the barers of +letters of which the enclosed are coppies. I am going to Fort Scott +today and will make arrangements with Agent Elder to give the notice +imediately on their arrival or Bring them to Humboldt. I shall try to +secure the assistance of Mr. Caruthe tho he is now a voluntear in the +Home Guards for protection. I very much feer the service required of +me at the Sacks & Fox and Kaw agencies will take me to far off but +will try to attend to all if possible—General Files, <i>Southern +Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, C1348.</p> + +<p><a name='f_486' id='f_486' href='#fna_486'>[486]</a> Manypenny to Dean, April 9, 1855 [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. +51, pp. 232-233].</p> + +<p><a name='f_487' id='f_487' href='#fna_487'>[487]</a> Extract from commission, dated Fort Scott, August 30, 1861, issued +to Carruth by authority of J. H. Lane, Commanding the Kansas Brigade +[<i>ibid.</i>].</p> + +<p><a name='f_488' id='f_488' href='#fna_488'>[488]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, p. 328.</p> + +<p><a name='f_489' id='f_489' href='#fna_489'>[489]</a> The loyal Creeks testified, in 1865, that they sent their “chief” +and others to Washington and leave the reader to infer that the chief +meant was “Sands;” but the accredited delegates were most certainly Mik-ko +Hut-kee, Bob Deer, and Jo Ellis. These three men signed their names, or +rather attached their mark, to an address to the president of which the +following is a certified copy:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Shawnee Agency, Lexington</span>, September 18, 1861.</p> + +<p>Sir, we the Chiefs, Head Men, and Warriors, of the Creek Nation of +Indians, in the Indian Territory, through our delegates, the +undersigned desire to state to your excellency the condition of our +people. Owing to the want of correct information as to condition of +the Country and Government our people are in great distress. Men have +come among us, who claim to represent a New Government, who tell us +that the Government represented by Our Great Father at Washington, has +turned against us and intends to drive us from our homes and take away +our property, they tell us that we have nothing to hope from our old +Father and that all the Friends of the Indian have joined the New +Government. And that the New Government is ready to make treaties with +the Indians and do all and more for them than they can claim under +their old treaties. they ask us to join their armies and help sustain +the Government that is willing to do so much for us. But we doubted +their statements and promises and went to talk with the Agent and +Superintendent which Our father has always kept among us but they were +both gone and then some of our people began to think that Our Great +Father had forsaken us and a very few joined the Army of the New +Government and our people were in great trouble and we called a Grand +Council of the Chiefs of Creeks, Cherokees, Chickasaws, Shawnees, +Senecas, Quapaws, Kickapoos, Delawares, Weas, Peankeshaws, Witchetaws +Tribes and bands of Comanches, Seminoles, and Cadoes. And after a long +discussion of the source of their troubles, decided to remain loyal to +our Government and if possible neutral. The Chiefs went among their +people (and as a general thing) counteracted the influence of the +emissaries of the New Government. But these emissaries are still among +us giving us great trouble, while our Government has no one who can +officially represent itself. And we most earnestly ask that some +person shall be sent here who shall meet the Chiefs of the above +mentioned tribes in Council at some suitable place, and then make +known to them the condition, policy and wishes of the Government so +far as the interests of the Indians are concerned. If your Excellency +should deem it best to comply with our request, we would suggest that +Humboldt Allen County Kansas be the place for holding the Council. A +notice sent to the Agent of the Shawnees, will immediately be +forwarded by a messinger to the Chiefs. Very Respectfully, your +Obedient Servants</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">White Chief</span> X his mark</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Bobb Deer</span> X his mark</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Joseph Ellis</span> X his mark Interpreter</span></p> + +<p>P.S. The Choctaws were not present at the Council and we have reason +to feer that they have gone with the Southern Confederacy. It will +take near forty days to notify the Chiefs and get them together after +the notice gets at this place.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">White Chief</span> X his mark</span></p></div> + +<p><a name='f_490' id='f_490' href='#fna_490'>[490]</a> They also saw Agent Abbot [Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, +1865, p. 330] and received new assurances from him.</p> + +<p><a name='f_491' id='f_491' href='#fna_491'>[491]</a> Perchance the same letter, either the original or a copy of which, +Superintendent Branch transmitted to Dole along with an explanatory letter +from Agent Abbott. The “talk” of the Creek chiefs was accompanied by a +sort of Seminole and Chickasaw endorsement. Dole replied to the Creek and +Seminole delegate appeals, November 16, 1861 [Indian Office, <i>Letter +Book</i>, no. 67, pp. 78-79]. This is what the Creek chiefs said:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Creek Nat.</span> Aug 15, 1861.</p> + +<p>Now I write to the President our Great Father who removed us to our +present homes, & made a treaty, and you said that in our new homes we +should be defended from all interference from any people and that no +white people in the whole world should ever molest us unless they come +from the sky but the land should be ours as long as grass grew or +waters run, and should we be injured by anybody you would come with +your soldiers & punish them, but now the wolf has come, men who are +strangers tread our soil, our children are frightened & the mothers +cannot sleep for fear. This is our situation now. When we made our +Treaty at Washington you assured us that our children should laugh +around our houses without fear, & we believed you. Then our Great +Father was strong. And now we raise our hands to him we want his help +to keep off the intruder & make our homes again happy as they used to +be....</p> + +<p>I was at Washington when you treated with us, and now White People are +trying take our people away to fight against us and you. I am alive. I +well remember the treaty. My ears are open & my memory is good. This +is the letter of Your Children by</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Opothlehoyola</span></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Ouktahnaserharjo</span></span></p> + +<p>The Seminoles also send the same word & the full Indians of the +Chickasaws too send to the P—</p></div> + +<p>The reply to this letter was made by Dole, November 56, 1862. See Indian +Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 67, pp. 79-80.</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Pascofar the chief of Seminoles was present, he was not able to come +with us now but sent word. And if our Great Father want us we will +come to see him.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Miceo Hulka</span></span><span class="spacersig"> </span><span class="smcap">Jo Ellis</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">Rob Deer</span></span></p></div> + +<p>General Files, <i>Creek, 1860-1869</i>, B787.</p> + +<p><a name='f_492' id='f_492' href='#fna_492'>[492]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>There is a delegation of the Creeks now at Gen’l Lanes Head Quarters.</p> + +<p>We wish to see delegations from the tribes loyal to the U. S. +Government. You will send us a delegation who will report to the Head +Quarters of the Kansas Brigade where commissioners of the Government +will meet and confer with them.</p> + +<p>You are probably aware of the falsehoods resorted to by the enemies of +the U. S. to induce the Indians to withdraw their allegiance from the +Government. Could you come in person it would be grattifying to the +Commissioners.—Letter of September 11, 1861 [General Files, <i>Southern +Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, C1348].</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_493' id='f_493' href='#fna_493'>[493]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Your letter by Micco Hutka is received. You will send a delegation of +your best men to meet the Commissioners of the United States +Government in Kansas.</p> + +<p>I am authorized to inform you that the President will not forget you. +Our armies will soon go south and those of your people who are true +and loyal to the Government will be treated as friends—Your rights & +property will be respected. The Commissioners from the Confederate +States have deceived you they have two tongues.</p> + +<p>They wanted to get the Indians to fight and they will rob and plunder +you if they can get you into trouble. But the President is stil alive +his soldiers will soon drive these men who have treacherously violated +your homes from the land they have entered. When your Delegates Return +to you they will be able to inform you when and where your monies will +be paid those who stole your orphan funds will be punished and you +will learn that the people who are tru to the Government which has so +long protected you are your Friends.—Letter to Opoth-le-ho-yo-ho, +Ho-so-tau-hah-sas Hayo, dated Barnesville, September 11, +1861.—General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, C1348.</p></div> + +<p>The author’s opinion is that the mistakes in spelling were made by the +illiterate Coffin, who probably made a copy of Carruth’s letters for +transmission to the Indian Office. He may also have made a slight +alteration in the date of the letter to the Creeks; for the original of +the letter, bearing the date of September 10, 1861, was found in +Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la’s camp after the Battle of Chustenahlah, December 26, +1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. viii, 25].</p> + +<p><a name='f_494' id='f_494' href='#fna_494'>[494]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. viii, 26.</p> + +<p><a name='f_495' id='f_495' href='#fna_495'>[495]</a> In his letter to the Seminole chiefs and headmen, Carruth reminds +them that he was with them when letters came from Pike and that Pike “is +the man who has tried so hard to get your lands sectionalized” and asks, +“who brought up a bill in Congress to bring your tribes under Territorial +laws, Johnson of Arkansas....”</p> + +<p><a name='f_496' id='f_496' href='#fna_496'>[496]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 26.</p> + +<p><a name='f_497' id='f_497' href='#fna_497'>[497]</a> Coffin to Dole, October 2, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs, +<i>Report</i>, 1861, pp. 38-39].</p> + +<p><a name='f_498' id='f_498' href='#fna_498'>[498]</a> Evan Jones wrote, October 31, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs, +<i>Report</i>, 1861, pp. 41-43] that he had found it impossible to get anyone +who would undertake to carry a message to John Ross. The risk was too +great.</p> + +<p><a name='f_499' id='f_499' href='#fna_499'>[499]</a> Dole to Hunter, November 16, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>, p. 44].</p> + +<p><a name='f_500' id='f_500' href='#fna_500'>[500]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>On consultation with Gen’l Jas. H. Lane he thinks an auxiliary +Regiment of Indians are necessary to the service and could be used to +great advantage in this department. If it meets with your approbation +I would like and ask the privilege of Raising such Regt which I think +I could do in thirty days. I have made my estimate of the number of +men which I think would be furnished by each tribe as follows</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="table"> +<tr><td>Iowas & Kickapoos</td> + <td><span class="spacer"> </span></td> + <td align="right">225</td></tr> +<tr><td>Delawares</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">125</td></tr> +<tr><td>Potawatomies</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">250</td></tr> +<tr><td>Shawnees, Miamies, & Weas</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">100</td></tr> +<tr><td>Sacks & Foxes</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right">250</td></tr> +<tr><td>Senecas & Wyandotts</td> + <td> </td> + <td align="right" class="botbor">125</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td align="right">1075</td></tr></table> + +<p>This will be laid before you by Gen<sup>l</sup> Lane in person I hope it will +meet with your approval and that you will grant the permission to +raise the Regt and if necessary I have no doubt but a Brigade of +Indians could be organized by embracing the Osages and Loyal Creeks +and Cherokees.—Letter of October 10, 1861 [General Files, <i>Delaware, +1855-1861</i>].</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_501' id='f_501' href='#fna_501'>[501]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 553.</p> + +<p><a name='f_502' id='f_502' href='#fna_502'>[502]</a> I am not certain of the exact date of Lane’s departure for +Washington. Spring says [<i>Kansas</i>, 279] that he went there in November. +When an Indian delegation reached Fort Scott, seeking him, some time about +the middle of the month, he had already handed over his command to Colonel +James Montgomery and “had gone to Washington” [Cutler to Coffin, September +30, 1862, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, p. 138]. Yet +Dole’s letter to General Hunter would convey the impression that Lane was +still in Kansas the middle of the month and expected to be there on the +twenty-fourth. I am also in doubt as to when Hunter reached his post. He +communicated with Agent Cutler from St. Louis, November 20, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>, +1861, p. 44]. Hunter and Lane may very well have met even outside of +Kansas and have exchanged views and opinions that would have given a basis +for the representations that Lane must have made to Lincoln and Cameron +regarding Hunter’s approval of the “Jayhawking Brigade.” McClellan seems +to have advised the forward movement in the direction of the Indian +Territory; for he says, when writing to Hunter, December 11, 1861 +[<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. viii, 428]:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Immediately after you were assigned to your present department I +requested the Adjutant-General to inform you that it was deemed +expedient to organize an expedition under your command to secure the +Indian territory west of Arkansas, as well as to make a descent upon +Northern Texas, in connection with one to strike at Western Texas from +the Gulf. The general was to invite your prompt attention to this +subject, and to ask you to indicate the necessary force and means for +the undertaking.</p></div> + +<p>It is only fair to say that Lane had always advocated a more southern +concentration of forces. He more than any other northern man seems to have +appreciated fully the importance of Indian Territory. He continually +recommended using Fort Scott as a base for such military operations as had +the protection of Kansas as their main object.</p> + +<p><a name='f_503' id='f_503' href='#fna_503'>[503]</a> Hunter to Thomas, dated Leavenworth, January 15, 1862 [General +Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>].</p> + +<p><a name='f_504' id='f_504' href='#fna_504'>[504]</a> In January, 1862, Hunter deplored the fact that his request had not +been acceded to and said,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Had this permission been promptly granted, I have every reason to +believe that the present disastrous state of affairs, in the Indian +country west of Arkansas, could have been avoided. I now again +respectfully repeat my request—<i>Ibid.</i></p></div> + +<p><a name='f_505' id='f_505' href='#fna_505'>[505]</a> Dole to Hunter, November 16, 1861 [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. +67, PP. 80-82; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1861, pp. 43-44].</p> + +<p><a name='f_506' id='f_506' href='#fna_506'>[506]</a> Lane’s proposed conference called for the assembling of +representatives of Kansas tribes as well as of Indian Territory tribes. +Judging from Hunter’s letter to Agent Cutler of November 20, 1861 +[Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1861, pp. 44-45], I infer that +Hunter’s conference was to be confined to the southern Indians. The +purpose of Lane’s must have been represented to the Kansas Indians as +Creek needs [Shawnee “talk” to the Creeks, November 15, 1861, <i>ibid.</i>, p. +45]. Hunter intended to hold his conference at his headquarters, Fort +Leavenworth, which was making the southern Indians come a pretty long way +[Hunter to Cutler, November 20, 1861, <i>ibid.</i>, p. 44; Dole to Cutler, +December 3, 1861, Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 67, p. 107].</p> + +<p><a name='f_507' id='f_507' href='#fna_507'>[507]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 567.</p> + +<p><a name='f_508' id='f_508' href='#fna_508'>[508]</a> Major-general H. W. Halleck was to command the sister department of +Missouri.</p> + +<p><a name='f_509' id='f_509' href='#fna_509'>[509]</a> <i>Abraham Lincoln</i>, vol. v, 81-82.</p> + +<p><a name='f_510' id='f_510' href='#fna_510'>[510]</a></p> + +<p class="blockquot">I earnestly request and recommend the establishment of a new military +department, to be composed of Kansas, the Indian country, and so much +of Arkansas and the Territories as may be thought advisable to include +therein.—<span class="smcap">Lane</span> to Lincoln, dated Leavenworth City, Kansas, October 9, +1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 529].</p> + +<p><a name='f_511' id='f_511' href='#fna_511'>[511]</a> By the end of July, the First Regiment of Choctaw and Chickasaw +Mounted Rifles had been completely organized [<i>Official Records</i>, first +ser., vol. iii, 620, 624] and eight companies of a prospective Creek +regiment [<i>ibid.</i>, 624]. By October twenty-second, when McCulloch ordered +him [<i>ibid.</i>, 721] to take up a position in the Cherokee Neutral Lands, +Stand Watie’s battalion had apparently reached the proportions of a +regiment, the First Cherokee Mounted Rifles. On the twenty-seventh of +November, Pike who was then in Richmond informed Benjamin,</p> + +<p class="blockquot">We have now in the service four regiments, numbering in all some 3,500 +men, besides the Seminole troops and other detached companies, +increasing the number to over 4,000. An additional regiment has been +offered by the Choctaws and another can be raised among the Creeks. If +I have the authority I can enlist even the malcontents among that +people. I can place in the field (arms being supplied) 7,500 Indian +troops, not counting the Comanches and Osages, whom I would only +employ in case of an invasion of the Indian country....—<i>Official +Records</i>, first ser., vol. viii, 697.</p> + +<p>A supposed report of Agent Garrett, sent to the United States Indian +Office under the following endorsement, is not without interest as bearing +upon the strength of the Confederacy within the Indian country:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>The copy of a letter herewith, is without signature, but is said to be +in the handwriting of the late Col. Garret, who at that date, was U. +S. Indian Agent of the Creeks. It is not of much importance, but yet, +as historical and statistical, is nor without some interest. I +obtained it a few weeks ago, found among other papers at the Agency, +and I presume is a retained copy of the original.</p> + + +<p> </p> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Creek Agency</span> C. N. Dec. 16th 1861.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the +2d ultimo, requiring certain information from me in regard to the +number of Creek Indians; and their relations or feelings towards the +Confederate States. Owing to the great irregularity of the mails, I +did not receive your communication as soon as I ought. The difficulty +at the time I received your letter in regard to answering it properly, +caused me to delay a few days, so that I might answer it definitely. +Incidental to the confusion here, I could not state to you who were +reliable, and who were not, for I did not know myself, and believing +that a battle would be fought in a few days where every one would have +to show his hand, I thought I could give you more reliable +information: and from the valor and fidelity of the Creeks engaged +then I can give you reliable information.</p> + +<p>The Creeks number in all 14630, a portion of whom reside in Alabama, +Texas and Missouri, leaving about 13000 within the limits of the Creek +Nation:—From the best information I can get, there are among the +lower Creeks 1650 warriors, 375 of them are unfriendly—Among the +Upper Creeks there are 1600 warriors—only 400 of them are +friendly—to sum up the whole matter there are 1675 Creek warriors +friendly to the Confederate States and 1575 unfriendly—Of those +friendly there are in the service of the Confederate States 1375—One +Regiment is commanded by Col. Chilly McIntosh, numbering 400—and an +independent company commanded by Capt. J. M. C. Smith numbering 75 +men, all in the service, and armed with a very few exceptions, and I +think from recent indications are willing to do service wherever +ordered, and circumstances justify it.</p> + +<p>The Regiment, Battalion and Company were all mustered into service for +twelve months. This comprises nearly all the friendly warriors in the +Nation. I cannot answer you in regard to the number that are willing +to serve during the war. My opinion is, though, that the number now in +the service, and perhaps more, are willing to remain in the service as +long as they may be wanted. The Hostiles are headed by Ho path ye ho +lo who has engaged in his cause portions of several tribes viz a +portion of the Seminoles, Kickapoos, Shawnees, Delawares, Wichitas, +Comanches, and Cherokees—400 of whom deserted a few days before the +recent battle from Col. John Drews Regiment Cherokee Volunteers and +joined Hopathyeholo who is in communication with the federal forces in +Kansas, and has received goods and ammunition from them: His force is +estimated from 2500 to 3000—I would give you a more detailed account +of the battle, but I do nor think it proper in this communication and +I presume the commanding officer Col. Cooper has made his report of +the Battle to the Secretary of War—I may be mistaken to some extent, +in regard to the friendly and hostile Creeks, but I think I am not, +and it is correct from the best information I can get, and my own +knowledge of the facts. It will afford me much pleasure, to +communicate to you at any time anything of importance to the +Confederate States. Very Respectfully Your Obt Servt.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Hon. David Hubbard, Com. Indian Affairs</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Richmond Va.</span></p></div> + +<p><a name='f_512' id='f_512' href='#fna_512'>[512]</a> Therein lay the whole difficulty. It was simply impossible for the +Confederate government to honor all requisitions for arms.</p> + +<p><a name='f_513' id='f_513' href='#fna_513'>[513]</a> The matter must have been even earlier under advisement; for, on the +twenty-sixth of October, J. P. Benjamin, Acting Secretary of War, sent +this notion to “General Albert Pike, Little Rock, Ark.:”</p> + +<p class="blockquot">I cannot assign to your command any Arkansas troops at this moment. +Governor Rector is applying for return of the regiments in +Tennessee.—<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. iii, 727.</p> + +<p><a name='f_514' id='f_514' href='#fna_514'>[514]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, vol. viii, 690.</p> + +<p><a name='f_515' id='f_515' href='#fna_515'>[515]</a> <i>Daily State Journal</i> (Little Rock), Nov. 8, 1861.</p> + +<p><a name='f_516' id='f_516' href='#fna_516'>[516]</a> Colonel D. H. Cooper’s “Report” [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., +vol. viii, 5].</p> + +<p><a name='f_517' id='f_517' href='#fna_517'>[517]</a> Colonel D. H. Cooper’s “Report” [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., +vol. viii, 7, 709].</p> + +<p><a name='f_518' id='f_518' href='#fna_518'>[518]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, pp. 355-357.</p> + +<p><a name='f_519' id='f_519' href='#fna_519'>[519]</a> Extract from John Ross’s address to Drew’s regiment [Commissioner of +Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, p. 356].</p> + +<p><a name='f_520' id='f_520' href='#fna_520'>[520]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1865, p. 357.</p> + +<p><a name='f_521' id='f_521' href='#fna_521'>[521]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i></p> + +<p><a name='f_522' id='f_522' href='#fna_522'>[522]</a> McIntosh, at the time, was in charge of McCulloch’s brigade, +McCulloch having gone to Richmond to explain to the authorities there why +he had persistently laid himself open to the charge of refusing to +coöperate with Sterling Price in his many Missouri ventures, planned +subsequent to the Battle of Wilson’s Creek. McCulloch’s orders from the +Confederate War Department were that he should guard the Indian Territory. +Price’s great idea was to occupy the Missouri River country. Had McCulloch +gone northward with Price, he would, as he ably argued, have removed +himself altogether from his base.</p> + +<p><a name='f_523' id='f_523' href='#fna_523'>[523]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. viii, 11.</p> + +<p><a name='f_524' id='f_524' href='#fna_524'>[524]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 22.</p> + +<p><a name='f_525' id='f_525' href='#fna_525'>[525]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. viii, 23-24.</p> + +<p><a name='f_526' id='f_526' href='#fna_526'>[526]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, p. 136.</p> + +<p><a name='f_527' id='f_527' href='#fna_527'>[527]</a> The agents were, George A. Cutler, Creek, Charles W. Chatterton, +Cherokee, Isaac Coleman, Choctaw and Chickasaw, G. C. Snow, Seminole, and +Peter P. Elder, Neosho River. Agent Elder did not report for duty.</p> + +<p><a name='f_528' id='f_528' href='#fna_528'>[528]</a> The Indian agents usually referred to it as “Fort Roe” but the +military men, with a few possible exceptions, when meaning identically the +same locality, spoke of “Roe’s Fork.” There is no such place as Fort Roe +given in the <i>Lists of Military Posts, etc., established in the United +States from its earliest settlement to the present time</i>, published by the +United States War Department, 1902. That list, however, is far from being +complete.</p> + +<p><a name='f_529' id='f_529' href='#fna_529'>[529]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, p. 138.</p> + +<p><a name='f_530' id='f_530' href='#fna_530'>[530]</a></p> + +<p class="blockquot">In compliance with instructions from Major-General Hunter, contained +in your order of the 22d. ultimo, I left this place on the 22d. and +proceeded to Burlington, where I learned that the principal part of +the friendly Indians were congregated, and encamped on the Verdigris +river, near a place called Roe’s Fork, from twelve to fifteen miles +south of the town of Belmont. I proceeded there without delay. By a +census of the tribes taken a few days before my arrival, there was +found to be of the Creeks, 3,168; slaves of the Creeks, 53; free +negroes, members of the tribe, 38; Seminoles, 777; Quapaws, 136; +Cherokees, 50; Chickasaws, 31; some few Kickapoos and other tribes, +about 4,500 in all. But the number was being constantly augmented by +the daily arrival of other camps and families....—<span class="smcap">A. B. Campbell</span>, +surgeon, U. S. A., to James K. Barnes, surgeon, U. S. A., medical +director, Department of Kansas, dated Fort Leavenworth, February 5, 1862.</p> + +<p><a name='f_531' id='f_531' href='#fna_531'>[531]</a> These were purchased by Coffin, acting under the advice of Hunter +[Dole to Smith, June 5, 1862, Indian Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no. 12, pp. +392-396].</p> + +<p><a name='f_532' id='f_532' href='#fna_532'>[532]</a> Extracts from Agent Cutler’s <i>Report</i>, September 30, 1862. Various +reports, more or less detailed, descriptive of the intense sufferings of +Indian refugees in the first weeks of their sojourn in Kansas may be found +in the <i>Annual Report</i> of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1862, pp. +135-175. Those of Turner, Campbell, Cutler, and George W. Collamore are +particularly good. Some of the reports originally accompanied Dole’s +<i>Report</i> of June 5, 1862 [Indian Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no. 12, pp. +392-396; Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, pp. 147-149; +House <i>Executive Documents</i>, 37th congress, second session, vol. x, no. +132], which was prepared in answer to a House resolution, calling for +information on the southern refugee Indians.</p> + +<p>Collamore’s <i>Report</i> of April 21, 1862 is to be found in manuscript form +in General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, C1602. Another +report, most excellent in character, issued from the pen of special agent, +William Kile, February 21, 1862. It is in Land Files, <i>Southern +Superintendency, 1855-1870</i>, K107. There are also a few good accounts of +the Creek exodus of 1861. One of them is a sworn statement, presented by +Holmes Colbert in a letter, dated March 25, 1868, and authoritatively +cited by Mix in an office letter to Secretary Browning, June 8, 1868 +[Indian Office, <i>Report Book</i>, no. 17, p. 308].</p> + +<p>Another account came from John T. Cox to W. G. Coffin under date of March +28, 1864, and, while not in the least detailed, is worth quoting because +of its tribute of respect to the loyal Indians. It runs thus:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Herewith I enclose a map of the route of retreat of the early Loyal +Refugee Indians, under Apoth yo-ho-lo, in the Winter of 1861.</p> + +<p>With the facilities within my reach, for obtaining facts connected +with that remarkable exodus, I am fully warrented in saying, that the +history of the War does not furnish a parallel of patriotic devotion +to the Union.</p> + +<p>The Rebels had managed so adroitly during the administration of +Buchanan, as to secure the appointment of, or favor of every +Government Official, or Employee, within the limits of the South +Indian Country, all sources of information were corrupted or poisoned. +Postmasters deplored the fall of the Old Government, as already taken +place, Indian Agents, and all others holding business relations with +the several tribes, used every means in their power to discourage them +and destroy their confidence in the Old Government, resorting to the +grossest Misrepresentations, Bribery of Chiefs, Headmen, &c., +Malfeasance and Robbery—Military Posts, Government Stores, Ordnance +&c. &c. were surrendered or abandoned under color of the most dire +military necessity, and the apparent tardiness of the Old Government +to render them timely assistance, or in any way counteract those +influences, left them without counsel, and without friends, and +implied a total abandonment of the Indians. Yet under all the +discouraging surroundings a large portion of the Creeks, Cherokees, +Seminoles and others maintained their loyalty. The Chickasaws were +divided in their Councils, and the Choctaws went over almost entirely +to the Rebel Government.</p> + +<p>In the month of March 1861, international councils were held, first at +the Creek Agency, next at North Fork, without affecting very +materially the fidelity of the Indians. But in the latter part of +April, the Choctaws and Chickasaws gave in full adhesion to the +Confederate Government. The remaining tribes were alternating between +the Counsels of Apoth-yo-ho-lo, McDaniel and others on the one hand, +and a swarm of Rebel Commissioners on the other.</p> + +<p>The Rebel Government was pushing forward the organization of Indian +Regiments, under the McIntoshes, Stan Watie, Adair, Jumper, Smith and +others, while the Conservative element, forming a Cherokee Regiment +under Col. Drew, for armed neutrality, but in truth loyal to the +Union, while Apoth-yo-ho-lo headed the hostiles, as they were termed +by the Rebels.</p> + +<p>In a Report dated Creek Agency C. N. Dec. 16th., 1861, addressed to the +Hon. David Hubbard, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Richmond, Va., the +Creek Agent, Col. Garrett says, See Copy marked “A” (Garrett’s report +to Hubbard appears in another connection in the present work. It seems +to have come into the Indian Office from two independent sources). I +have noted this to show the attitude of the several tribes at the +beginning of the Rebellion.</p> + +<p>The principal object of this report is to call attention to the real +claims of the Indians upon the Government, not only to sympathy, but +compensation for services from the time they abandoned their homes and +all they possessed, and took up arms in support of the Government.</p> + +<p>Although they claim nothing of the kind, yet the moral effect of such +a tangible recognition of their early services, would insure fidelity +of all other tribes against any other future rebellion or disaffection +against our Government.</p> + +<p>The history of their destitution, and terrible sufferings in their +pilgrimage of three hundred miles in mid-winter, is familiar to you +and not necessary here to relate [General Files, <i>Southern +Superintendency, 1863-1864</i>, C824].</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_533' id='f_533' href='#fna_533'>[533]</a> Others had reached that decision likewise. On the tenth of December, +McClellan had written to Halleck, “I shall send troops to Hunter to enable +him to move into the Indian Territory west of Arkansas and upon Northern +Texas. That movement should relieve you very materially”—<i>Official +Records</i>, first ser., vol. viii, 419. See also the letter of December 11, +1861 [<i>ibid.</i>, 428].</p> + +<p><a name='f_534' id='f_534' href='#fna_534'>[534]</a> It was to this delegation, I have no doubt, that the Shawnees sent +their note of encouragement. It bears date November 15, 1861 and was +issued from the Shawnee Agency, Johnson County, Kansas. Its inspiring +passages are these:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Brothers, hold fast to the Union! Hold to your treaties! And now call +upon the United States government to fulfill their treaty stipulations +with you by protecting you in this your time of need, and save your +country to you first, and then, by so doing, save the whole of the +Indian country to the Union.</p> + +<p>... And now our advice to you is, go immediately to Washington City, +lay your case before President Lincoln, state everything, and we +assure you that he will protect you, and that immediately; we think +that delay on your part will be ruinous to your people; we believe +that your agent ought to conduct you there. Put your confidence only +in the Union and you will be safe....—Commissioner of Indian Affairs, +<i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 45.</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_535' id='f_535' href='#fna_535'>[535]</a> Report of Agent Cutler, September 30, 1862 [Commissioner of Indian +Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, p. 138].</p> + +<p><a name='f_536' id='f_536' href='#fna_536'>[536]</a> Montgomery to Lincoln, November 19, 1861 [<i>ibid.</i>, 1861, p. 461].</p> + +<p><a name='f_537' id='f_537' href='#fna_537'>[537]</a> Hunter to Dole, December 1, 1861 [Commissioner of Indian Affairs, +<i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 49].</p> + +<p><a name='f_538' id='f_538' href='#fna_538'>[538]</a> Note that Hunter, when writing to McClellan, December 19, 1861 +[<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. viii, 450], professed that, previous +to the receipt of McClellan’s letter of the eleventh, he had not known +that it was expected of him that he should undertake an expedition for the +defense of Indian Territory. He declared that Thomas’ communication of +November twenty-sixth, touching the matter, had been vague in the extreme.</p> + +<p><a name='f_539' id='f_539' href='#fna_539'>[539]</a> Extract from letter of Carruth to Hunter, November 26, 1861 +[Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1861, p. 49].</p> + +<p><a name='f_540' id='f_540' href='#fna_540'>[540]</a> It seems a little surprising that they did depart from Fort +Leavenworth in such good spirits; for, while there, they surely must have +heard rumors of the final attack upon Opoeth-le-yo-ho-la. Agent Cutler +tells us that he heard of the exodus a few days after his return to Kansas +with the delegation. He had then left Leavenworth, however, for he says +farther on in his letter that he went back there to confer with Coffin as +to what should be done.</p> + +<p><a name='f_541' id='f_541' href='#fna_541'>[541]</a> Extract from letter of Coffin to Dole, December 28, 1861 [General +Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>].</p> + +<p><a name='f_542' id='f_542' href='#fna_542'>[542]</a> See letter of Mix to F. Johnson at the Delaware Agency, Quindaro, +Kansas, dated January 22, 1862, acknowledging Johnson’s letter of January +fourth, which enclosed</p> + +<p class="blockquot">A copy of the reply of the Delaware Chiefs in Council to the letter of +the Creek Chief O-poeth-lo-yo-ho-la, inviting their coöperation +against the rebel States....—Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 67, +pp. 271-272.</p> + +<p><a name='f_543' id='f_543' href='#fna_543'>[543]</a></p> + +<p class="blockquot">On the 1st inst., I mailed you the letter of Opoth-la-yar-ho-la +Muscogee Chief to the Delawares asking for men and ammunition. On the +2nd inst. the Delaware chiefs in Council returned the following letter +in answer to Opoth-la-ho-la....—<span class="smcap">F. Johnson</span> to Dole, dated Quindaro, +Kansas, January 4, 1862 [General Files, <i>Delaware, 1862-1866</i>, J543].</p> + +<p><a name='f_544' id='f_544' href='#fna_544'>[544]</a></p> + +<p class="blockquot">John Connor, Head Chief, Ne-con-he-con, Sur-cox-ie, Chas. Journeycake, +Assistant Chiefs, to Oputh-la-yar-ho-la, Muscogee Chief Warrior and +our loyal Grand Children dated Delaware Nation, Kansas Jan. 3rd 1861.</p> + +<p><a name='f_545' id='f_545' href='#fna_545'>[545]</a> James McDaniel seems to have been a Cherokee. On April 2, 1862, +Agent Johnson reported to Dole that forty-one Delaware Indians had +returned destitute from the Cherokee country and that he had given them +assistance and also “a refugee Cherokee chief, James McDaniel.” This idea +is further borne out by the following letter:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right">Office of U. S. Agent for Cherokees<br /> +Tahlequah, Ind. Ter. April 7, 1873</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hon. H. R. Clum</span>, Acting Commissioner of Indian Affs</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>: I beg leave to call your attention to the fact that in the fall +and winter of 1861 Opothleyoholo a Creek and James McDaniel a Cherokee +placed themselves at the head of the loyal Creeks, Seminoles, +Cherokees & others. Unsustained by any U. S. forces they gathered on +Bird Creek, in this Nation, to resist rebel conscription into their +army. They tried to avoid a fight, to make their way peacably to the +union army in Kansas, by a far western route. But Gen. Douglas H. +Coopper, & Gen. Stand Watie, with troops from Texas, & Arkansas, & +with rebel Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws &c. pressed upon them, & +attempted to bring them into subjection to the Southern Confederacy. +They adhered to their loyalty. Fought the rebel forces in three or +four battles. At first vanquishing the rebel forces, but finally were +overcome, & compelled to flee to Kansas in mid-winter, with women & +children. In Kansas these men were organized into regiments, & on +arriving in the Cherokee Nation were largely reinforced by their +friends here, & in the Creek & Seminole Nations.</p> + +<p>I have made this statement so that you may see the situation in which +these men are placed, & judge intelligently.</p> + +<p><i>Now I wish to know if men wounded in those engagements, under +Opothleyoholo & James McDaniel, while fighting against the rebels, & +the widows of those who were killed, & those who were otherwise +disabled in those fights, & in the subsequent flight, are entitled to +the benefits of pension laws. Can they be pensioned under existing +laws?</i></p> + +<p>If not, can you, through the Secretary of the Interior, prevail on the +President to have the matter presented to the next Congress, with a +view to having these persons placed on the rolls of the pension +office. I need say nothing of the propriety of the Government +rewarding as far as possible, such acts of loyalty & voluntary +fighting for the Government by full blood Indians—when all the +influence & power of faithless Indian Agents, & Superintendants, & the +Southern army from Texas & Arkansas, & the more wealthy & educated +mixed blood Indians, were arrayed against them. It should be rewarded, +as far [as] practicable, as an incentive to like faithfulness in any +emergency that may arise in the future. I have the honor to be Very +Respectfully Your Obdt. Servant</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">John B. Jones</span>, U. S. Agent for Cherokees</span></p></div> + +<p><a name='f_546' id='f_546' href='#fna_546'>[546]</a> <i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. viii, 576.</p> + +<p><a name='f_547' id='f_547' href='#fna_547'>[547]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"> +<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Washington, D. C.</span> January 3, 1862.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Major-general Hunter</span>, Commanding Kansas Department:</p> + +<p>It is the intention of the Government to order me to report to you for +an active winter’s campaign. They have ordered General Denver to +another department. They have ordered to report to you eight regiments +cavalry, three of infantry, and three batteries, in addition to your +present force. They have also ordered you, in conjunction with the +Indian Department, to organize 4,000 Indians. Mr. Doles, Commissioner, +will come out with me.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 2em;"><span class="smcap">J. H. Lane</span>.</span></p></div> + +<p><i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. viii, 482.</p> + +<p><a name='f_548' id='f_548' href='#fna_548'>[548]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>It being the intention of the Gov’t of the United States to take into +its military service 4000 Indians from the borders of Kansas and +Missouri, to be organized under Major Gen<sup>l</sup> Hunter, you are hereby +made acquainted therewith. The different Agents in your +superintendency will be instructed direct from this Office to use +their best endeavors to engage the above number of Indians, taking +care that those so engaged are capable of good service and are well +affected towards this Government.</p> + +<p>All the operations in this behalf should be conducted with dispatch +and as much secrecy as the nature of the measure will admit of.</p> + +<p>I understand that the Government proposes to equalize the pay of these +Indian volunteers with that of other volunteers, but giving the chiefs +an additional compensation. Each man will receive a blanket, and those +not having arms of their own will be provided by the Government. Their +subsistence will be the same as that provided in Revised Regulations +No. 5, Section 39 of this Bureau, or the army subsistence, whatever +that may be. Where any of the Indians, thus engaged, shall die or be +killed whilst in service, their pay will be given over to their +families—Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 67, pp. 211-212.</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_549' id='f_549' href='#fna_549'>[549]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 215-216.</p> + +<p><a name='f_550' id='f_550' href='#fna_550'>[550]</a> Farnsworth wrote on the 21st, acknowledging Dole’s letter of the +sixth and saying,</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Its contents has been explained to two trusty Indians, who will keep +the matter entirely secret until the time for public action comes. I +have sent for the Indians to come in. I think they will all be here by +the 30th or 31st of this month. I will enroll them as soon as +possible. I think I shall be able to enlist about 150 vigorous +warriors....—General Files, <i>Kickapoo, 1855-1862</i>, F335.</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_551' id='f_551' href='#fna_551'>[551]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>Your communication to this office of the 31st December last has been +received enclosing a letter which was brought to you by a messenger +from the South, as you were holding a Council with the Delaware Chiefs +of your Agency, and which letter you desired to be laid before the +President of the United States. Your communication also represented +the readiness of the Delawares and all the other Western tribes to +engage in military service on the side of the Government against the +rebel States.</p> + +<p>With reference to all these Subjects, you will have an opportunity of +conferring with the Commissioner of Indian Affairs (who has perused +your letter in person) at Leavenworth City, for which destination he +left this City on Sunday last on public business.—<span class="smcap">Charles E. Mix</span>, +acting commissioner, to F. Johnson, January 21, 1862 [Indian Office, +<i>Letter Book</i>, no. 67, p. 268].</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_552' id='f_552' href='#fna_552'>[552]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, pp. 26, 147-148.</p> + +<p><a name='f_553' id='f_553' href='#fna_553'>[553]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I have the honor to inform you that Capt. J. W. Turner, Chief +Commissary of Subsistence of the Department, has just returned from +the encampments of the loyal Indians, on the Verdigris river, and in +its vicinity. Having made arrangements for subsisting these +unfortunate refugees until the 15th day of the present month.</p> + +<p>In the neighborhood of Belmont and Roe’s Fort, there were, at the time +Capt. Turner left, about four thousand five hundred Indians, chiefly +Creeks and Seminoles. But their number was being constantly augmented +by the arrival of fresh camps, tribes and families.</p> + +<p>Their condition is pictured as most wretched—destitute of clothing, +shelter, fuel, horses, cooking utensils and food. This last named +article was supplied by Capt. Turner in quantities sufficient to last +until the 15th instant after which time, I doubt not, you will have +made further arrangements for their continued subsistence.</p> + +<p>In taking the responsibility of supplying their wants until the Indian +Department could make provision for their necessities I but fulfilled +a duty due to our common humanity and the cause in which the Indians +are suffering. I now trust and have every confidence that under your +energetic and judicious arrangements these poor people may be supplied +with all they need after the 15th instant, on which day the supplies +furnished by Capt. Turner will be exhausted.</p> + +<p>I make no doubt that provision should be made for feeding, clothing +and sheltering not less than six thousand Indians, and possibly as +high as ten thousand, on this point however, you are doubtless better +prepared to judge than myself. I only wish to urge upon you the +necessity for prompt measures of relief.</p> + +<p>P.S. Copies of the reports made by Capt. Turner and Brigade Surgeon +Campbell will be furnished to you by tomorrow’s post, in view of the +urgency of this case, and the fact that these Indians cannot be +supplied any further than have been done from the supplies of the +army, I send one copy of this letter to Topeka and the other to +Leavenworth City. Fearful suffering must ensue amongst the Indians +unless the steps necessary are promptly taken.</p></div> + +<p>This letter was forwarded by Edw. Wolcott, at Dole’s request, to the +Indian Office [General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, +W513].</p> + +<p><a name='f_554' id='f_554' href='#fna_554'>[554]</a> Coffin to Dole, dated Fort Roe, Verdigris River, Kansas, February +13, 1862 [General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, C1526]; +Snow to Coffin, February 13, 1862 [General Files, <i>Seminole, 1858-1869</i>].</p> + +<p><a name='f_555' id='f_555' href='#fna_555'>[555]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, p. 148.</p> + +<p><a name='f_556' id='f_556' href='#fna_556'>[556]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i></p> + +<p><a name='f_557' id='f_557' href='#fna_557'>[557]</a> Dole to Dr. Kile, February 10, 1862. [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, +no. 67, pp. 450-452].</p> + +<p><a name='f_558' id='f_558' href='#fna_558'>[558]</a> Commissioner of Indian Affairs, <i>Report</i>, 1862, p. 148.</p> + +<p><a name='f_559' id='f_559' href='#fna_559'>[559]</a> <i>Congressional Globe</i>, 37th congress, second session, p. 815.</p> + +<p><a name='f_560' id='f_560' href='#fna_560'>[560]</a> United States <i>Statutes at Large</i>, vol. xiii, 562.</p> + +<p><a name='f_561' id='f_561' href='#fna_561'>[561]</a> It was, however, the beginning of a great deal of graft and misuse +of government funds. Citizens of Kansas, otherwise reputable, prepared to +reap a rich harvest, and government officials were not at all behindhand +in the undertaking. Presumably, immediately upon the departure of Hunter’s +commissary from Fort Roe, the Indians began to get into the debt of the +settlers and the sum of the indebtedness soon mounted up tremendously. +Coffin again and again urged payment [Coffin to Dole, May 12, 1862], so +did Colonel C. R. Jennison of the Seventh Regiment Kansas Volunteers, and +so did General Blunt.</p> + +<p>The act of March 3, 1862, reinforced by that of July 5, 1862 [United +States <i>Statutes at Large</i>, vol. xii, 528] was re-enacted, in whole or in +part, each year of the war [Act of March 3, 1863, United States <i>Statutes +at Large</i>, vol. xii, 793; Act of June 25, 1864, <i>ibid.</i>, vol. xii, 180]. +In addition, special appropriations were made, like that of May 3, 1864, +for the refugees.</p> + +<p><a name='f_562' id='f_562' href='#fna_562'>[562]</a> Hunter to Thomas, December 11, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., +vol. viii, 428]; McClellan to Hunter, December 11, 1861, [<i>ibid.</i>].</p> + +<p><a name='f_563' id='f_563' href='#fna_563'>[563]</a> Halleck to McClellan, January 20, 1862 [<i>ibid.</i>, 509-510].</p> + +<p><a name='f_564' id='f_564' href='#fna_564'>[564]</a> Thomas to Hunter, January 24, 1862 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., +vol. viii, 525-526].</p> + +<p><a name='f_565' id='f_565' href='#fna_565'>[565]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i>, 529-530.</p> + +<p><a name='f_566' id='f_566' href='#fna_566'>[566]</a> —<i>Ibid.</i></p> + +<p><a name='f_567' id='f_567' href='#fna_567'>[567]</a> Stanton had become Secretary of War, January 15, 1862. On the real +reasons for Cameron’s retirement, see Welles’ <i>Diary</i>, vol. i, 57.</p> + +<p><a name='f_568' id='f_568' href='#fna_568'>[568]</a> Lincoln to Stanton, January 31, 1862 [<i>Official Records</i>, first +ser., vol. viii, 538].</p> + +<p><a name='f_569' id='f_569' href='#fna_569'>[569]</a> Lincoln to Hunter and Lane, February 10, 1862 [<i>ibid.</i>, 551].</p> + +<p><a name='f_570' id='f_570' href='#fna_570'>[570]</a> Hunter to Halleck, February 8, 1862 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., +vol. viii, 829-831]; Halleck to Hunter, February 13, 1862 [<i>ibid.</i>, +554-555]; McClellan to Halleck, February 13, 1862 [<i>ibid.</i>, 555].</p> + +<p><a name='f_571' id='f_571' href='#fna_571'>[571]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>My object more particularly in writing to you to-night is on account +of the orders that we learn here to-night from General Gennison to +General Hunter that no Indians are to be mustered into the Service we +have taken greate paines and have made flattering progress in +enrooling them according to the orders of your Selfe and General +Hunter nearly all of them set apart 10 Dollars out of their wages pr +month for their families and many that have no families leave it in +the hands of the Agents for their benefit after the war is over and +they are burning with revenge and spiling for a fight and I have no +dout at all but they would doo good Service there are two amongst them +at least perhaps many more that I think would make good Commanders +Billy Bowlegs & Little Captain the latter a Creek that commands in all +the Late Battles and they suposed that he was killed but he got in a +few days sinc Billy has also recently arivd I am fully of the opinion +that these Indians at least two Thousand of them for such a campaigne +as they are designed for or the one is suposed to be that is to go +South from here are as well calculated for as any Troops that could be +selected and it will make great trouble with them as they have their +harts set upon it and will be most cruelly disappointed if not +permettd to go and they should be got back as soon as posabl to their +homes as the planting season is near and if they do not get there in +time for putting in a crop the present Spring it looks like they will +have to be suportd by the Government til August 1863 or til a crop can +be maturd nex year which could not be sooner than August this would +entail a heavy expense upon the Indian department that I would like to +be avoidd I have had an Interview with General Gennison and he is very +sure that if they would arm these Indians and give him three thousd +other Troops he could put those Indians into their homes in time for a +crop this year all here are very much disappointed and mortified at +the course things are for their families will be no small Item in +lessening the expense of Subsisting them which with all the Economy we +can use will be very large.—<span class="smcap">Coffin</span> to Dole, dated Humboldt, Kansas, +February 28, 1862 [General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, +1859-1862</i>, C1541].</p> + +<p>Since writing you from Humboldt Dr. Kile & my selfe have visited Fort +Roe to make arrangements for moving the Indians to the Neosho on +getting there we found that about 1500 of them had left for this place +they left Saturday noon it turned cold Saturday night and commenced +snowing and snowed hard most of the day Sunday and last night was the +coldest of the season the Indians all got to timber Saturday night to +camp and remained in camp Sunday but most of them ware on the Road to +day tho it was too coald to travel in the fix they are in I saw many +of them barefooted and many more that the feett was a small part of +them that was bare, these people realy seem to be doomd to suffer for +this Loyalty beyond measure, the goods and shoes ordered by Dr. Kile +and an order sent by myselfe before Kile’s arival have not yet reached +here. Kile remained at Fort Roe to Settle and close up business there +and assist in the araingements for starting them from there and I came +on to se to those on the way and make araengments for taking care of +them when they get here I found many of them Sick and not able to +leave camp till teams are sent to them to aid them. We find that we +cannot move them with less than about three Teams to the Hundred and +it may overrun that the weather is moderating now and we shall make a +vigorous effort to move them as quick as possible, we find it very +dificult to get Teams on government vouchers and may not be able to +move them in a reasonable time on that account the funds I brot down +three Thousand Dollars was nearly exausted before Kile arived we are +now nearly destitute of money if I find it as dificult around here to +get teams as I have between here and the fort I shall make an effort +to raise some funds for that purpose tomorrow with what success +remains to be seen we have kept them pretty well suplied with +Something to eat so far but that is all we can bost of, iff we ware to +say they ware well clothed there would be ten thousand square ft of +nakedness gaping forth its contradiction; they have been out of +Tobacco for Several days and I doo think one days experience in camp +would convince the most skeptical that with Indians at least the weed +is a necessity, the Indians of all tribs held a grand council last +Thursday at Fort Roe in regard to the war, at which they determined +with great unanimity to gather up and arm as best they could, all +there able bodied men and go down with the army on their own hook and +aid in driving out the Rebels from their homes in time to plant a crop +for this season and then gather all the Ponies they can and they think +they can capture enough from the Rebels with what they have to come up +for their families. <i>Cannot the Government aid so Laudible an +enterprise as that at least with a few guns and some amunition</i> they +appear to be in good earnest and are feeding up the best of their +Ponies for the Trip....—<span class="smcap">Coffin</span> to Dole, dated Leroy, March 3, 1862 +[General Files, <i>Southern Superintendency, 1859-1862</i>, C1544].</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_572' id='f_572' href='#fna_572'>[572]</a> Letter of January 28, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. +viii, 534].</p> + +<p><a name='f_573' id='f_573' href='#fna_573'>[573]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>I have a despatch from Secretary Smith saying that the Secretary of +War is opposed to mustering the Indians into the service, and that he +would see the President and settle the matter that day (Feb. 6).</p> + +<p>This as you will see disarranges all my previous arrangements, and +devolves upon me the necessity of revoking my orders to you to proceed +with the agents, to organize the loyal Indians in your Superintendency +into companies preparatory to their being mustered into the service by +Gen. Hunter. I have now to advise that you explain fully to the Chiefs +that no authority has yet been received from Washington authorizing +their admission into the army of the United States; but I would, at +the same time advise that you proceed to ascertain what number are +able and willing to join our army, and that you so far prepare them +for the service as you can consistently do, without committing the +Government to accept them, as I still hope for the power to get these +refugees if no others, into the service, it being one, and as I think, +the best means of providing for their necessities....—<span class="smcap">Dole</span> to Coffin, +February 11, 1862 [Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. 67, p. 448].</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_574' id='f_574' href='#fna_574'>[574]</a> Coffin had not been written to, Jan. 6, because the original plan +did not contemplate the employment of southern Indians. Not until he heard +of their presence, as refugees in Kansas, did Dole include them in his +list of possible soldiers.</p> + +<p><a name='f_575' id='f_575' href='#fna_575'>[575]</a> Superintendent Branch may have had something to do with the +opposition that grew up in Washington after Dole’s departure; for he was +there the last days of the month. Lane asked for his immediate return to +the west [<span class="smcap">Mix</span> to Lane, January 27, 1862, Indian Office, <i>Letter Book</i>, no. +67, p. 293].</p> + +<p><a name='f_576' id='f_576' href='#fna_576'>[576]</a> Special Orders, no. 8, Jan. 10, 1862 [<i>Official Records</i>, vol. viii, +734].</p> + +<p><a name='f_577' id='f_577' href='#fna_577'>[577]</a> Van Dorn to Price, February 7, 1862 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., +vol. viii, 749].</p> + +<p><a name='f_578' id='f_578' href='#fna_578'>[578]</a> Cooper to Pike, February 10, 1862 [<i>ibid.</i>, vol. xiii, 896].</p> + +<p><a name='f_579' id='f_579' href='#fna_579'>[579]</a> Walker to Cooper, May 13, 1861 [<i>Official Records</i>, first ser., vol. +iii, 574-575].</p> + +<p><a name='f_580' id='f_580' href='#fna_580'>[580]</a> Report of Albert Pike, dated Fort McCulloch, May 4, 1862 [<i>ibid.</i>, +vol. xiii, 819].</p> + +<p><a name='f_581' id='f_581' href='#fna_581'>[581]</a> Van Dorn, Report to Bragg, March 27, 1862 [<i>Official Records</i>, first +ser., vol. viii, 283].</p> + +<p><a name='f_582' id='f_582' href='#fna_582'>[582]</a> Van Dorn to Mackall, February 27, 1862 [<i>ibid.</i>, 755].</p> + +<p><a name='f_583' id='f_583' href='#fna_583'>[583]</a> Maury to Pike, March 3, 1862 [<i>ibid.</i>, 763-764].</p> + +<p><a name='f_584' id='f_584' href='#fna_584'>[584]</a> Maury to Pike, March 3, 1862 [<i>ibid.</i>, 764].</p> + +<p><a name='f_585' id='f_585' href='#fna_585'>[585]</a> Maury to Drew, McIntosh, and Stand Watie, March 3, 1862 [<i>Official +Records</i>, first ser., vol. viii, 764].</p> + +<p><a name='f_586' id='f_586' href='#fna_586'>[586]</a> This will be discussed fully in a later volume.</p> + +<p><a name='f_587' id='f_587' href='#fna_587'>[587]</a> <i>Journal</i>, vol. i, 640, 743; vol. ii, 19, 20, 51, 52; vol. v, 47, +115, 116, 151, 167, 210.</p> + +<p><a name='f_588' id='f_588' href='#fna_588'>[588]</a> The act was passed April 8, 1862 [Confederate <i>Statutes at Large</i> +(edition of 1864), 11-25].</p> + +<p><a name='f_589' id='f_589' href='#fna_589'>[589]</a> The writer of this letter was evidently Elias Rector, although the +document from which this copy was made is in the handwriting of Albert +Pike.</p> + +<p><a name='f_590' id='f_590' href='#fna_590'>[590]</a> The history of the collection that I have designated for convenience +of reference, the <i>Leeper Papers</i>, is outlined in the following letter +from F. Johnson, Delaware Indian Agent, to Dole, January 20, 1863 [Indian +Office, General Files, <i>Wichita, 1862-1871</i>, J62].</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>On or about the first of September last a company of Delaware & +Shawnee Indians numbering ninety-six, seventy Delawares and twenty-six +Shawnees, left Kansas on an expedition southwest from Kansas under the +leadership of Ben Simon a Delaware Indian.</p> + +<p>He reports that the expedition traveled to the Neosho River in +southern Kansas where they halted a few days. From thence they marched +in a southwest direction seventeen days to the leased district in +Texas, they then traveled up the Wichita River, one day to the +neighbourhood of the Wichita Agency. Simon then sent Spies and Scouts +to the Agency who reported two hundred Indians well armed at the +Agency in the Service of the Southern Confederacy. On receiving this +intelligence the Delawares & Shawnees immediately proceded to the +Agency which they reached about sundown. On arriving at the Agency +they surrounded the buildings when the Agent a man large sized with +black hair came out of the house and asked them what was wanting. +Simon replied to him that he was his prisoner. At the same instant the +Indians rushed into the house when one of the Delawares was shot dead +and a Shawnee wounded—there was four white men at the Agency; when +the Indians saw their comrades killed and wounded they killed the +three men in the House and Agent Leeper who Simon had hold of at the +door—the Indians then took possession of the Property and papers +belonging to the Agency and burned the buildings. On the next morning +they found the trail of the Indians who had escaped from the Agency +and followed it to a grove of timber and found as they supposed about +one hundred & fifty Indians a part of whom was women and children whom +they attacked and report they killed about one hundred the Ballance +making their escape. The Delawares and Shawnees then turned homewards +with their Booty which consisted of about One hundred Ponies, Twelve +hundred Dollars in Confederate Money, the papers correspondence etc. +which is wrapped in a rebel Flag taken at the Agency Among the papers +taken I would respectfully call your attention to the treaties in +manuscript entered into between Albert Pike Commissioner on the part +of the Confederate States and the diferent Tribes of Southern Indians +as also the commission of Mathew Leeper Indian Agent from James +Buchanan President of the United States dated 1st of February 1861.</p> + +<p>These Indians few in numbers marching upon a point more than five +hundred miles distant furnishing their own transportation forage and +provisions without cost to the Government certainly exhibits a great +degree of Loyalty daring and hardihood.</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_591' id='f_591' href='#fna_591'>[591]</a> J. J. Stürm, commissary for the Indians of the Leased District +[Rector to Stürm, July 1, 1861]. On Oct. 3, 1861, Stürm reported to +Leeper:</p> + +<p class="blockquot">I arrived here over a week ago, and have been waiting for Maj. Rector, +who is absent making a Treaty with the Cherokees, and other Tribes at +Telequa.... No talk of anything but war here. Price has taken +Lexington, Mo., he took and killed over four thousand of Abe’s men, +with a great deal of war material....</p> + +<p><a name='f_592' id='f_592' href='#fna_592'>[592]</a> These two brief communications have a bearing upon Leeper’s case:</p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>You are hereby ordered to remain at Fort Smith Arkansas from 10th. +January 1862 untill further ordered by the undersigned, as a witness +in the case of the Confederate States of America against M. Leeper, +Ind. Agt. on certain charges preferred.—<span class="smcap">James P. Spring</span>, +commissioner, to J. J. Stürm; dated Fort Smith, Ark., December 22, 1861.</p> + +<p>Spring may not be able to begin on Leeper’s case before Jan. 20—Is +obliged to leave city. If Leeper wants while Spring is away, [to go] +to Fayetteville, he may & Spring will telegraph him upon his +return.—<span class="smcap">Spring</span> to Leeper, dated Fort Smith, Ark., December 23, 1861.</p></div> + +<p><a name='f_593' id='f_593' href='#fna_593'>[593]</a> William Quesenbury to Leeper, dated Fort Gibson, C. N., Nov. 28, 1861.</p> + +<p><a name='f_594' id='f_594' href='#fna_594'>[594]</a> H. P. Jones, late lieutenant-commanding to Brigadier-general A. +Pike, commanding Indian Territory, dated Washita Agency L. D., May 8, 1862.</p> + +<p><a name='f_595' id='f_595' href='#fna_595'>[595]</a> H. P. Jones to Pike, dated Washita Agency, May 8, 1862.</p> + +<p><a name='f_596' id='f_596' href='#fna_596'>[596]</a> Indian Office, Land Files, <i>Upper Arkansas, 1855-1865</i>, C1749.</p> + +<p><a name='f_597' id='f_597' href='#fna_597'>[597]</a> James Deshler to Leeper, dated Little Rock, Sept. 28, 1862.</p> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The American Indian as Slaveholder and +Seccessionist, by Annie Heloise Abel + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AMERICAN INDIAN AS SLAVEHOLDER *** + +***** This file should be named 38173-h.htm or 38173-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/1/7/38173/ + +Produced by Bryan Ness and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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