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diff --git a/38130-h/38130-h.htm b/38130-h/38130-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d24ce93 --- /dev/null +++ b/38130-h/38130-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,13152 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Legends of Loudoun, by Harrison Williams. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + +hr { + margin: 3em auto 3em auto; + height: 0px; + border-width: 1px 0 0 0; + border-style: solid; + border-color: #dcdcdc; + width: 500px; + clear: both; +} + +hr.hr2 { + width: 250px; + margin: 3em auto 3em auto; +} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +table.toc { + margin: auto; + width: 50%; +} + +td.c1 { + text-align: right; + vertical-align: top; + padding-right: 1em; +} + +td.c2 { + text-align: left; + margin-left: 0em; + padding-left: 2em; + text-indent: -2em; + padding-right: 1em; + vertical-align: top; +} + +td.c3 { + text-align: right; + padding-left: 1em; + vertical-align: bottom; +} + +td { padding: 0em 1em; } +th { padding: 0em 1em; } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + color: #999; +} /* page numbers */ + + .blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + .center {text-align: center;} + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .gap { margin-top: 1em; } + + .hanging {margin-left: 2em; + text-indent: -2em; +} + +/* Images */ + .figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + + .bord img { + padding: 1px; + border: 2px solid black; +} + +p.caption { + margin-top: 0; + font-size: 70%; + text-align: left; +} + +p.caption2 { + margin-top: 0; + font-size: 70%; + text-align: center; +} + +/* Transcriber Notes */ +div.tn { + background-color: #EEE; + border: dashed 1px; + color: #000; + margin-left: 20%; + margin-right: 20%; + margin-top: 5em; + margin-bottom: 5em; + padding: 1em; +} + +ul.corrections { + list-style-type: circle; +} + +/* Footnotes */ +div.fn { + background-color: #EEE; + border: dashed 1px; + color: #000; + margin-left: 20%; + margin-right: 20%; + margin-top: 5em; + margin-bottom: 5em; + padding: 1em; +} + + .footnote { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + font-size: 0.9em; +} + + .footnote .label { + position: absolute; + right: 84%; + text-align: right; +} + + .fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: none; +} + + + .signature { + text-align: right; + margin-right: 5%; +} + + .signature2 { + text-align: right; + margin-right: 15%; +} + +ins {text-decoration:none; + border-bottom: thin dotted gray;} + + +/* INDEX */ +ul.index { list-style-type: none; + width: 20em; + margin: 2em auto; +} + +ul.index2 { list-style-type: none; } + +li.pad { padding-top: 2.0%; } + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Legends of Loudoun, by Harrison Williams + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Legends of Loudoun + An account of the history and homes of a border county of + Virginia's Northern Neck + +Author: Harrison Williams + +Release Date: November 25, 2011 [EBook #38130] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LEGENDS OF LOUDOUN *** + + + + +Produced by Mark C. Orton, Julia Neufeld and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<div class="center"><br /><br />LEGENDS OF LOUDOUN<br /><br /><br /> +Reprinting of this book has been granted to the Loudoun Museum by Mrs. Harrison Williams and Mr. and +Mrs. Winslow Williams.<br /> + +All proceeds from the sale of book will benefit the Loudoun Museum.<br /> + +We are indeed grateful to the Williams family for this generous gesture and to the Loudoun County Independent + +Bicentennial Committee for assistance in making this possible.<br /><br /></div> + +<a name="Page_Frontispiece" id="Page_Frontispiece"></a> +<p><span class="pagenum"></span></p> + + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 328px;"> +<img src="images/illus-006.png" width="328" height="550" alt="John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun (1705-1782). Governor-in-Chief of Virginia +and Commander-in-Chief of British forces in America, for whom +Loudoun County was named in 1757." title="John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun (1705-1782). Governor-in-Chief of Virginia +and Commander-in-Chief of British forces in America, for whom +Loudoun County was named in 1757." /> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">John Campbell</span>, 4th Earl of Loudoun (1705-1782). Governor-in-Chief of Virginia +and Commander-in-Chief of British forces in America, for whom +Loudoun County was named in 1757.</span> +<br /></div> + +<h1> +LEGENDS OF<br /> +LOUDOUN</h1> +<div class="center"> +<i>An account of the history<br /> +and homes of a border county<br /> +of Virginia's Northern Neck</i> +</div> + +<h2>By HARRISON WILLIAMS</h2> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 145px;"> +<img src="images/illus-007.png" width="145" height="150" alt="man on horse" title="man on horse" /> +</div> + + +<div class="center"><br /><br /><br />GARRETT AND MASSIE INCORPORATED<br /> +RICHMOND VIRGINIA</div> + +<hr style="width: 25%;" /> + +<div class="center">COPYRIGHT, 1938, BY<br /> +GARRETT & MASSIE, INCORPORATED<br /> +RICHMOND, VIRGINIA<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES<br /> +</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="center">To<br /> + +J. S. A.</div> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p> +<h2>PREFACE</h2> + + +<p>Many causes have contributed to the great upsurge of +interest now manifesting itself in Virginia's romantic +history and in the men and women who made it. If, perhaps, +the greatest and most potent of these forces is the splendid +restoration of Williamsburg, her colonial capital, through the munificence +of Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., of New York, we must not +lose sight of the part played by the reconstruction of her old historic +highways and their tributary roads into the fine modern highway +system which is today the Commonwealth's boast and pride; the +systematic and constructive activities of the Virginia Commission +of Conservation and Development of which the present chairman +is the Hon. Wilbur C. Hall of Loudoun; and the excellent work +done by the Garden Club of Virginia in holding its annual Garden +Week celebration in each spring and the generous permission it obtains, +from so many of the present owners of Virginia's historic old +homes and gardens, for the public to visit and inspect them at that +time and thus capture, if but for the moment, a sense of personal +unity with Virginia's glamourous past.</p> + +<p>The increasing flow of visitors to Loudoun and to Leesburg, its +county seat, has developed a steadily growing demand for more information +concerning the County's past and its charming old homes +than has been available in readily accessible form. These visitors, +in their quest, usually call at Leesburg's beautiful Thomas Balch +Library which, during Garden Week, lends its facilities to Virginia's +Garden Clubs for their Loudoun headquarters; and Miss Rebecca +Harrison, its Librarian, has upon occasion found the lack of published +information in convenient form somewhat a handicap in her +always gracious efforts to welcome and inform our growing tide of +visitors. Knowing as she did my lifelong interest in Colonial history +and the lives and family stories of the men and women who +enacted their parts therein (my sole qualification, if such in charity +it may be called, for such a task) she, from time to time, had suggested +that I prepare a book upon Loudoun, the people who built +up the County and the old homes which they erected and in which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span> +they lived. The present volume has been written in an effort to +respond to those requests. When some four years ago the work was +contemplated, it was proposed to make it primarily a small, informal +guidebook to Loudoun's older homes; but as my research into her +earlier days progressed, I became deeply conscious that the people +of Loudoun have forgotten much of her past that tenaciously and +loyally should be remembered; and so the story of the County almost +crowded out, beyond expectation, the story of the homes. It is +hoped that, sometime in the future, another book pertaining wholly +to these old plantations and their owners may be prepared and published.</p> + +<p>Although there has been no very recent book devoted to her history, +Loudoun has had her historians within and without her +boundaries and, above all, has been fortunate in attracting the interest +of that outstanding scholar and historian of the Northern +Neck, the late Fairfax Harrison, Esq., whose beautiful country-seat +of Belvoir is near by in the adjoining county of Fauquier. As +the most casual reader of the following pages will quickly recognize, +I have been under constant obligation, in the preparation of this +work, to these earlier writers and can but here sincerely acknowledge +the help I have derived from them.</p> + +<p>The first published history of Loudoun was written by Yardley +Taylor, a Quaker of the upper country, prior to 1853 in which year +it made its printed appearance. With it was published a map of +the County prepared by him (for his vocation was that of a land-surveyor) +and both map and book are highly creditable to their +author. The book, however, is not very large and, concerning itself +somewhat extensively with the topography, geology, etc. of the +County, it has less to say of Loudoun's history than its admirers +could wish. The map, embellished with cartouches of old buildings, +was the first county map to be prepared in this part of Virginia and +so accurate was it found to be that it was used by both Federals +and Confederates in the devastating War Between the States. That +war, with its aftermath, set back the cultural activities of Virginia +for a full generation; thus it was not until 1909 that the next Loudoun +history appears, this time by Mr. James W. Head of Leesburg.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span> +His volume is more comprehensive than Mr. Taylor's but, +again, it covers far more than the County's history, including carefully +prepared surveys of its minerals, soils, farm statistics, commercial +activities, and many other interesting and closely related subjects. +In 1926 Messrs. Patrick A. Deck and Henry Heaton published +their <i>Economic and Social Survey of Loudoun County</i> +which is somewhat similar in its scope to the work of Mr. Head +but not so large a volume. In the meanwhile, however, in 1924, +Mr. Fairfax Harrison, himself a scion of the Fairfax family, had +privately published his comprehensive <i>Landmarks of Old Prince +William</i> covering the early history of all the territory originally +comprised in old Prince William County; and thereby built an +enduring monument to his own erudition and industry that will +stand as long as there remains a man or woman who retains an interest +in the fairest part of the princely Colepeper-Fairfax Proprietary. +It remains a pleasant and grateful memory that I had the +benefit of Mr. Harrison's personal suggestions and advice, as well +as access to the overflowing treasury of his published writings, in +my preparation of this volume.</p> + +<p>In addition to the authors named, much help was derived from +Mr. John Alexander Binns' treatise on his agricultural experiments, +from the war-books of Major General Henry Lee, Col. John S. Mosby, +Col. E. V. White, Rev. J. J. Williamson, Captain F. M. Myers +and Mr. Briscoe Goodhart, although in the case of the two latter +authors their writings are measurably impaired by the rancour +which controlled their pens. Dr. E. G. Swem's <i>Virginia Historical +Index</i> was of constant assistance as were the publications of the +Virginia Historical Society, those of the College of William and +Mary and similar historical magazines as well as Virginia's Colonial +records and the records of Loudoun County. The resources of the Library +of Congress, the Smithsonian Institution and those of our little +Thomas Balch Library in Leesburg have all been available to me. +In short, I had intended to append a bibliography of volumes consulted +and relied upon for many of the views hereafter expressed; +but when those volumes grew in number to five or six hundred I +realized that limited space would permit no such project. Therefore<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span> +I have contented myself with frequently indicating in footnotes the +principal sources from which my information has been derived.</p> + +<p>To my acknowledgment of aid obtained from books, pamphlets, +newspapers and magazines, official records and documents, must be +added my appreciation of the help of many friends. Mr. Thomas +M. Fendall of Morrisworth and Leesburg, of distinguished Virginia +background himself, has made such careful and comprehensive +studies of Loudoun's past that he was and is the logical prospective +author of a book thereon; but his modesty equals his industry and +scholarship to the very obvious loss, in this instance, to the County +and its people. From him I have had such constant and constructive +assistance and cheerful response to my frequent appeals that without +his aid this book could not have attained its present form. To Loudoun's +present County Clerk Mr. Edward O. Russell and to his deputy +Miss Nellie Hammerley; to Mrs. John Mason; Mrs. E. B. White +and Miss Elizabeth White of Selma; Mrs. Frederick Page; the Rev. +G. Peyton Craighill, the present Rector of Shelburne Parish; the +Rev. J. S. Montgomery; Miss Lilias Janney; Judge and Mrs. J. R. +H. Alexander of Springwood; Mrs. Ashby Chancellor; Mrs. John +D. Moore; Mr. Frank C. Littleton of Oak Hill, and his long studies +of the history of that estate and of President Monroe; Trial Justice +William A. Metzger; Mr. J. Ross Lintner, Loudoun's County +Agent; Hon. Charles F. Harrison, Commonwealth's Attorney; Mr. +Oscar L. Emerick, Superintendent of Schools, for permission to use +the map of the County prepared by him; Mr. E. Marshall Rust; +Mr. George Carter; Hon. Wilbur C. Hall and his efficient official +staff; Mr. Valta Palma, Curator of the Rare Book Collection of the +Library of Congress, and Mr. Hirst Milhollen of the Fine Arts Division +of the same great institution; Mr. John T. Loomis, Managing +Director of Loudermilk and Co. of Washington, as well as to very +many others, my sincere thanks are again tendered for the valuable +help they all so willingly have given me.</p> + +<p>The illustrations used to embellish the text deserve a word of comment. +The portrait of the Right Honourable John Campbell, 4th +Earl of Loudoun, Captain-General of the British forces in America +and Governor-in-Chief of Virginia, in whose honour the County of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span> +Loudoun was named, is reproduced from an engraving that appeared +in the London Magazine of October, 1757, when Loudoun was at +the height of his career. It was copied from the engraving by Charles +Spooner of an earlier painting of the Earl by the Scotch artist Allan +Ramsay (1713-1784), who later became the principal portrait +painter to King George III and his court. I have in my collection +two copies of this London Magazine engraving, one of which I +found in the hands of a dealer in New York and the other in London. +No other copies, so far as I can learn, have recently been offered +for sale.</p> + +<p>The fine portrait of the Right Honourable William Petty-FitzMaurice, +Earl of Shelburne and 1st Marquess of Landsdowne, for +whom Shelburne Parish was named, is by Sir Joshua Reynolds and is +now in the National Portrait Gallery in London to which it was presented +by his son Henry, 3rd Marquess of Landsdowne, K. G., in +June, 1858. I obtained an official photograph of this painting at +the National Portrait Gallery in the summer of 1937, and permission +to reproduce it in this book.</p> + +<p>The portrait of Sir Peter Halkett, Baronet, of Pitfiranie, Scotland, +who commanded that part of Braddock's army that passed through +the present Loudoun on its way to the fatal battle near Fort DuQuesne, +is from P. McArdell's engraving of the portrait painted by +Allan Ramsay in 1740, and is considered by me one of my most +fortunate discoveries.</p> + +<p>The pictures of Oak Hill in the body of the book and that of the +meeting of the Middleburg Hunt on its spacious lawns, reproduced +on the dust-jacket, are from the extensive collections of Mr. Frank +C. Littleton. The original of the portrait of General George Rust +of Rockland (1788-1857), builder of that cherished family seat in +1822, belongs to and is in the possession of a grandson, Mr. John Y. +Rust of San Angelo, Texas, but a carefully executed copy hangs on +Rockland's walls. During the two administrations of President Andrew +Jackson, General Rust was in command of the United States +Arsenal at nearby Harper's Ferry and for many years he was one of +the most respected and influential of the County's citizens. The photograph +of the original portrait herein used I owe to another grandson,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[xii]</a></span> +Mr. E. Marshall Rust of Leesburg and Washington, as I do the +picture of Rockland itself and that of the old John Janney residence +in Leesburg, later so long the home of the late Mr. and Mrs. Thomas +W. Edwards, the latter a sister of Mr. Rust. They were all photographed +in this masterly fashion by Miss Frances Benjamin Johnston +of Washington. The pictures of Foxcroft, Oak Hill and the +old Valley Bank in Leesburg are from the Pictorial Archives of Early +American Architecture in the Division of Fine Arts of the Library +of Congress and the negatives are also the work of Miss Johnston.</p> + +<p>Reproduction of the portrait of Nicholas Cresswell, the Journalist, +is due to the courtesy of the Dial Press, of New York, publishers of +the American edition of his journal. The original portrait is owned +by Mr. Samuel Thorneley of Drayton House, near Chichester, West +Sussex, England, a descendant of Cresswell's younger brother, Joseph +Cresswell. The map of Loudoun is based on that prepared by Mr. +Oscar L. Emerick in 1923, and is used by his kind permission.</p> + +<p>And now, gentle reader, step with me into the pleasant land of +Loudoun.</p> + +<div class="signature"> +<span class="smcap">Harrison Williams.</span></div> +<p>Roxbury Hall<br /> + Near Leesburg, Virginia<br /> + March, 1938. +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</a></span></p> +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents"> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Preface</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_vii">vii</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Earlier Indians</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">England Acquires Virginia</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Passing of the Indians</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Settlement</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Melting Pot</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Roads and Boundaries</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Speculation and Development</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The French and Indian War</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Organization of Loudoun and the Founding of Leesburg</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_97">97</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Adolescence</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Revolution</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_123">123</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">The Story of John Champe</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Early Federal Period</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Maturity</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Civil War</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Recovery</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Index</span></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv"></a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[xv]</a></span></p> +<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Illustrations"> +<tr><td align="left"><i>John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun</i> <a href="#Page_Frontispiece">Frontispiece</a></td><td align="left"><span class="smcap">Face Page</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Map of Loudoun County</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Sir Alexander Spotswood</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Sir Peter Halkett, Bart</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>The Fall of Braddock</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_93">93</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>William Petty-FitzMaurice</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Nicholas Cresswell</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Noland Mansion</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Oatlands</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Foxcroft</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Rockland</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>General George Rust</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Oak Hill</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Oak Hill, East Drawing Room</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Old Valley Bank</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Battle of Ball's Bluff</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><i>Old John Janney House</i></td><td align="right"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>LEGENDS OF LOUDOUN</h2> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> + + +<h2>CHAPTER I</h2> + +<h3>THE EARLIER INDIANS</h3> +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 521px;"> +<img src="images/illus-024.png" width="521" height="550" alt="Loudoun County, Virginia" title="Map of Loudoun County, Virginia" /> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Loudoun County, Virginia</span></span> +</div> + +<p>The county of Loudoun, as now constituted, is an +area of 525 square miles, lying in the extreme northwesterly +corner of Virginia, in that part of the Old Dominion known +as the Piedmont and of very irregular shape, its upper apex formed +by the Potomac River on the northeast and the Blue Ridge Mountains +on the northwest, pointing northerly. It is a region of equable +climate, with a mean temperature of from 50 to 55 degrees, seldom +falling in winter below fahrenheit zero nor rising above the upper +nineties during its long summer, thus giving a plant-growing season +of about two hundred days in each year.</p> + +<p>The county exhibits the typical topography of a true piedmont, a +rolling and undulating land broken by numerous streams and traversed +by four hill-ranges—the Catoctin, the Bull Run and the Blue +Ridge mountains and the so-called Short Hills. These ranges are of +a ridge-like character, with no outstanding peaks, although occasionally +producing well-rounded, cone-like points. The whole area is +generously well watered not only by the Potomac, flowing for thirty-seven +miles on its border and the latter's tributary Goose Creek +crossing the southern portion of the county, but also by many +smaller creeks or, as they are locally called, "runs"; and by such innumerable +springs of most excellent potable water that few, if any, +of the farm-fields lack a natural water supply for livestock. These +conditions most happily combine to create a climate that for healthfulness +and all year comfortable living is without peer on the eastern +seaboard and, indeed, truthfully may be said to be among the best +and most enjoyable east of the Mississippi.</p> + +<p>Before the advent of the white man, the land was covered by a +dense forest of oak, hickory, walnut, sycamore, locust, ash, pine, +maple, poplar and other varieties of trees—not by any means unbroken, +for here and there the Indian tribes that roamed the area, +had burned out great clearings for grazing-grounds to entice the wild +animals they hunted and in which the native grasses then quickly +and indigenously sprang up; attracting particularly the buffalo, in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> +those days, and at least until as late as 1730, to be found in vast +numbers all through the Piedmont region and always in the forefront +as an unending supply of flesh-food to their Indian hunters. +With the buffalo were great herds of "red and fallow deer" and +wolves, foxes in abundance, bears in the mountains, opossum, +racoons, and, along the streams, otter and beaver (later to be so +greatly valued for their pelts) and whose presence, with that of other +fur-bearing animals, was to have its influence on the history of the +region.</p> + +<p>When in 1607 the doughty Captain John Smith—in writing of +any part of Virginia one sooner or later is certain to shake hands with +that amourous hero—when Captain Smith made his first voyage to +Virginia and came in contact with her aboriginees, the latter were, +in a broad sense, of several stocks or nations, distinguishable principally +by linguistic affinity and more or less common cultural idiosyncracies +rather than by close alliances; and indeed frequently +appearing to cherish their bitterest enmities among their own blood-kindred. +Along the coast, in what we now know as Tidewater, the +territory running from the Chesapeake to those rocky outcrops +making waterfalls in all the great rivers flowing from Virginia into +the Bay, the Indians were generally of the Algonquin stock, a tribe +covering an enormous territory along the Atlantic seaboard from the +neighborhood of Hudson's Bay southerly to at least the Carolinas but +by no means monopolizing the regions where they were found.</p> + +<p>To the north, in what is now New York, centred the Iroquoian +tribes, with ramifications as far south as Virginia and North Carolina. +Among these more southerly Indians of the Iroquoian stock +were the fierce and powerful "Susquehannocks" along the river we +still call by that name who later were to play a prominent rôle in our +Loudoun yet to be; the Nottoways, occupying a part of southeastern +Virginia; the Cherokees, occupying the area in Virginia and North +Carolina west of the Blue Ridge, extending north as far as the Peaks +of Otter near the headquarters of the James; and the Tuskaroras of +famous and bloody memory, who were paramount in North Carolina +until their conquest and all but annihilation by the English in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> +1711. What were left of the fiercest and most implacable of the +Tuskaroras after that crushing defeat, retreated to New York where, +as the sixth nation they joined the Iroquois Confederacy of their +near kinsmen of the Long House. A few of the more friendly were +removed to a local reservation in 1717 but gradually, in small parties, +says Mooney, they too moved to join their kindred in the north.</p> + +<p>Both Algonquins and Iroquois were to be classed as barbarians +rather than savages. The former have been described as having +generally "found locations in permanent villages surrounded by +extensive cornfields. They were primarily agriculturists or fishermen, +to whom hunting was hardly more than a pastime and who +followed the chase as a serious business only in the interval between +the gathering of one crop and the sowing of the next." The Iroquois, +who found their highest development in their confederacy of the +Five Nations of the Long House in central New York (the Massawomecks +so dreaded by the Powhattans and Manahoacs of Smith's +narratives) were even further advanced. Described by historians +as the Romans of America, they led all other Indians of what is now +the United States in their powers of organization and extraordinary +political development. They lived in cleverly and strongly palisaded +villages and their agricultural activities, falling to the women's share +of tribal work, were probably further advanced than those of any +other Indians north of Mexico. Our earliest knowledge places them +on the banks of the St. Lawrence, in the neighborhood of the present +Montreal, whence they were driven by the neighboring Algonquins. +Their defeat and expulsion to the south bred in them a deep +determination for revenge. In the New York wilderness they developed +and cultivated a passion for ruthless warfare and forming +their famous Confederation somewhere about the year 1570, they +rapidly became the most powerful Indian military force east of the +Mississippi and a sombre threat and terror to the other Indian tribes +far and wide.</p> + +<p>In contrast to both Algonquins and Iroquois, the Siouan tribes +who ranged the Piedmont country from the Potomac south, were +primarily nomads—and nomads, observes Mooney, have short histories.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> +Modern scholarship inclines to place the origin of the great +Siouan or Dakotan family possibly amidst the eastern foothills of the +southern Alleghanies or at least as far east as Ohio, whence, after a +long period, they probably were driven by the Iroquois and other +enemies beyond the Mississippi. Being essentially nomadic, without +permanent villages and relying on constant hunting for their +food, following their game wherever it might lead, they necessarily +ranged widely and covered broad areas. From the days of the +earliest European invasion, locations of the Iroquois and Algonquin +stock were known, but as the earliest English scouts and adventurers +found no such long established villages in the Piedmont country, +their tendency and following them, that of the early writers and +historians, was to loosely assume that the Indians found there were, +in common with their neighbours, either Algonquins or Iroquois. +Later antiquarians and ethnologists seem to have followed their lead; +with an exasperating paucity of record, tradition or material remains, +there was but little on which to base knowledge of language, whence +racial stock might be deduced. It was not until Horatio Hale announced, +sixty years ago, his discovery of a Siouan language bordering +the Atlantic coast and James Mooney, in 1894, published his +<i>Siouan Tribes of the East</i> that these Indians of the northern Virginia +Piedmont, known to be members of the Manahoac Confederacy, +were identified as of the Siouan stock. They "consisted of perhaps +a dozen tribes of which the names of eight have been preserved. +With the exception of the Stegarake," writes Mooney, "all that is +known of these was recorded by Smith, whose own acquaintance +with them seems to have been limited to an encounter with a large +hunting party in 1608."</p> + +<p>As Smith's narrative, after its wont, paints a vivid picture of the +Manahoacs, a picture which almost stands alone in the mist of +conjecture and deductive reasoning making up what is left to us +of them, it is well to quote it in full, bearing always in mind that +while these people were found on the upper Rappahannock, we +have excellent reason to believe that they also occupied all the land +now within the bounds of Loudoun. As allied bands, without fixed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> +habitation, they wandered over the lands between Tidewater and +the Blue Ridge, from the James to the Potomac.</p> + +<p>The story is contained in Smith's <i>Generall Historie of Virginia</i> +which states on its title page to be "by Captaine John Smith sometymes +Governor in those Countryes & Admirall of New England." +Chapter VI of the book, from which we quote, is however apparently +signed by Anthony Bagnall, Nathaniel Powell and Anas +Todhill who were three of Smith's companions on this adventure. +Bagnall and Powell were among the six listed as "Gentlemen" in +distinction to an additional six listed as "Souldiers," among the +latter being Todhill.</p> + +<p>On the 24th July, 1608, Smith and these twelve men set out +on this second voyage of discovery along the shores of the Chesapeake +Bay. Going as far north as the head of the Bay and the "Susquesahannock's" +river and noting their many findings, they eventually, +upon their return south, came to "the discovery of this river +some call Rapahanock" up which they proceeded, with occasional +brushes with the Indians along its banks. On their third day upon +the river</p> + +<p>"Wee sailed so high as our Boat would float, there setting up +crosses, and graving our names in the trees. Our Sentinell saw an +arrowe fall by him, though he had ranged up and downe more than +an houre in digging in the earth, looking of stones, herbs, and +springs, not seeing where a Salvage could well hide himselfe.</p> + +<p>"Upon the alarum by that we had recovered our armes, there +was about an hundred nimble Indians skipping from tree to tree, +letting fly their arrows so fast as they could: the trees here served +us for Baricadoes as well as they. But Mosco (their Indian guide) +did us more service than we expected, for having shot away his quiver +of Arrowes, he ran to the Boat for more. The Arrowes of Mosco at the +first made them pause upon the matter, thinking by his bruit and +skipping, there were many Salvages. About halfe an houre this +continued, then they all vanished as suddenly as they approached. +Mosco followed them so farre as he could see us, till they were out +of sight. As we returned there lay a Salvage as dead, shot in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> +knee, but taking him up we found he had life, which Mosco seeing, +never was Dog more furious against a Beare, than Mosco was to have +beat out his braines, so we had him to our Boat, where our Chirugian +who went with us to cure our Captaines hurt of the Stingray, so +dressed this Salvage that within an houre after he looked somewhat +chearefully, and did eat and speake. In the meane time we contented +Mosco in helping him to gather up their arrowes, which were an +armefull, whereby he gloried not a little. Then we desired Mosco to +know what he was, and what Countries were beyond the mountaines; +the poore Salvage mildly answered he and all with him were of +Hassinninga, where there are three Kings more like unto them, +namely the King of Stegora, the King of Tauxuntania and the +King of Shakahonea, that were coming to Mohaskahod, which is +onely a hunting Towne, and the bounds betwixt the Kingdom of +the Mannahocks, and the Nantaughtacunds, but hard by where we +were. We demanded why they came in that manner to betray us, +that came to them in peace, and to seeke their loves; he answered +they heard we were a people come from under the world, to take +their world from them. We asked him how many worlds he did +know, he replyed, he knew no more than that which was under the +skie that covered him, which were the Powhattans, with the Monacans, +and the Massawomecks, that were higher up in the mountaines. +Then we asked him what was beyond the mountaines, he answered +the Sunne: but of anything els he knew nothing; because the woods +were not burnt. These and many such questions we demanded, +concerning the Massawomecks, the Monacans, their owne Country, +and where were the Kings of Stegora, Tauxintania, and the +rest. The Monacans he said were their neighbours and friends, and +did dwell as they in the hilly Countries by small rivers, living upon +rootes and fruits, but chiefly by hunting. The Massawomecks did +dwell upon a great water and had many boats, & so many men that +they made warre with all the world. For their Kings, they were +gone every one a severall way with their men on hunting: But +those with him came thither a fishing until they saw us, notwithstanding +they would be altogether at night at Mahaskahod. For +his relation we gave him many toyes, with perswasions to go with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> +us, and he as earnestly desired us to stay the coming of those Kings +that for his good usage should be friends with us, for he was brother +to Hassinninga. But Mosco advised us presently to be gone, for they +were all naught, yet we told him we would not till it was night. All +things we made ready to entertain what came, & Mosco was as +dilligent in trimming his arrowes. The night being come we all imbarked, +for the river was so narrow, had it biene light the land on the +one side was so high, they might have done us exceeding much +mischiefe. All this while the K. of Hassinninga was seeking the +rest, and had consultation a good time what to doe. But by their +espies seeing we were gone, it was not long before we heard their +arrowes dropping on every side the Boat; we caused our Salvage to +call unto them, but such a yelling and hallowing they made that +they heard nothing but now and then a peece, ayming for neere as +we could where we heard the most voyces. More than 12 miles +they followed us in this manner; then the day appearing, we found +ourselves in a broad Bay, out of danger of their shot, where we came +to an anchor, and fell to breakfast. Not so much as speaking to them +till the Sunne was risen; being well refreshed, we untyed our +Targets<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> that covered us as a Deck, and all shewed ourselves with +these shields on our armes, and swords in our hands, and also our +prisoner Amoroleck; a long discourse there was betwixt his countrimen +and him, how good we were, how well wee used him, how we +had a Patawomeck with us, loved us as his life, that would have +slaine him had we not preserved him, and that he should have his +liberty would they be but friends; and to doe us any hurt it was impossible. +Upon this they all hung their Bowes and Quivers upon +the trees, and one came swimming aboard us with a Bow tyed on +his head, and another with a Quiver of Arrowes, which they delivered +to our Captaine as a present, the Captaine having used them +so kindly as he could, told them the other three Kings should doe +the like, and then the great King of our world should be their friend, +whose men we were. It was no sooner demanded than performed, +so upon a low Moorish poynt of Land we went to the Shore, where<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> +those foure Kings came and received Amoroleck: nothing they had +but Bowes, Arrowes, Tobacco-bags, and Pipes: what we desired, +none refused to give us, wondering at every thing we had, and +heard we had done: our Pistols they tooke for pipes, which they +much desired, but we did content them with other Commodities, +and so we left foure or five hundred of our merry Mannahocks, +singing, dancing, and making merry and set sayle for Moraughtacund."</p> + +<p>The spelling, punctuation and capitalization follow the text of the +first edition (1624) in which, opposite page 41, is a map shewing +apparently the Manahoacs (there spelled "Mannahoacks") in +possession of the present Loudoun and the Monacans south of them, +around the upper waters of the James.</p> + +<p>With Smith's return to the mouth of the Rappahannock the mist +descends again upon Loudoun for many years.</p> + +<p>In 1669 and 1670, John Lederer made three journeys into the interior +of Virginia. His first journey took him up the York River; +his second, up the James; and the route of his third he describes as +"from the Falls of the Rappahannock River to the top of the Apalataen +Mountains." Although he obtained the consent of Sir William +Berkeley before making his explorations, he seems to have +incurred the ill-will of the Virginians themselves and by them was +forced to flee to Maryland. There he met Sir William Talbot, who +sympathized with and befriended him and translated his story of +his travels from the latin in which it had been written. It was published +in London in 1672 with a "foreword" by Talbot in Lederer's +defense.</p> + +<p>Of the "Indians then Inhabiting the western parts of Carolina +and Virginia," Lederer says:</p> + +<p>"The Indians now seated in these parts are none of those which +the English removed from Virginia, but a people driven by the +Enemy from the northwest, and invited to sit down here by an +Oracle above four hundred years since, as they pretend for the +ancient inhabitants of Virginia were far more rude and barbarous,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> +feeding only upon raw flesh and fish, until they taught them to +plant corn, and shewed them the use of it."</p> + +<p>Concerning the whole Piedmont region, called by Lederer "The +Highlands" he writes:</p> + +<p>"These parts were formerly possessed by the Tacci, alias Dogi, +but they are extinct and the Indians now seated here, are distinguished +into the several nations of Mahoc, Nuntaneuck, alias +Nuntaly, Nahyssan, Sapon, Managog, Mangoack, Akernatatzy +and Monakin &c. One language is common to them all, though +they differ in dialects. The parts inhabited here are pleasant and +fruitful because cleared of wood and laid open to the Sun."</p> + +<p>Apparently in Lederer's "Monakins" and "Mangoacks" we may +recognize Smith's "Monacans" and "Mannahocks" or "Mannahoacks"; +but on his third or Rappahannock journey he does not +speak of such Indians as he may have actually met. James Mooney +thinks that by that time the Manahoacs may have been driven out +of their earlier hunting grounds. The "Tacci, alias Dogi" described +by Lederer are suggested by Mooney to have been only a mythic +people, a race of monsters or unnatural beings, such as we find in +the mythologies of all tribes and had no relation to the Doeg, named +in the records of the Bacon rebellion in 1676, who were probably a +branch of the Nanticoke.</p> + +<p>What became of the Manahoacs? Did their pursuit of the game +they hunted gradually draw them westward or were they, more +probably, driven from the Piedmont country by their terrible foes +the northern Iroquois, aided perhaps by the Susquehannocks who +next appear upon the scene? But before taking up the story of the +Iroquois and Susquehannock influence in Loudoun, we must turn +to the English Kings and their grants of Virginia and particularly +its Northern Neck, that spacious territory lying between the Rappahannock +and Potomac, extending from the Chesapeake to a disputed +western boundary.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER II</h2> + +<h3>ENGLAND ACQUIRES VIRGINIA</h3> + + +<p>Mighty in her military strength and with +an all but inexhaustible wealth pouring into her coffers +from her American conquests, Spain stood as a very colossus +over the Europe of the sixteenth century; and England, watching +and fearing her hostile growth, grimly determined that she too, +should have her share of that fabulous new world and its treasure. +So deeply planted and so greatly grew this determination that it +eventually became a part of England's public policy and in June, +1578, the great Elizabeth, with her eyes on the American coast, +issued letters patent to Sir Humphrey Gilbert, and after Gilbert's +death reissued them on the 25th March, 1584, to his half-brother +Sir Walter Raleigh, to discover, have, hold and occupy forever, such +"remote heathern and barbarous lands, countries and territories not +actually possessed by any Christian prince, nor inhabited by Christian +people." As by its terms the new grant was to continue but for +"the space of six yeares and no more," it was clear that advantage of +its provisions should be taken with promptness; and Raleigh was +not a man given to delay or indecision. He had been making his +preparations; hardly more than a month elapsed before an expedition +of two ships captained by Philip Amidas and Arthur Barlow +set sail from England, bound for America. On the 4th of the following +July, having landed on an island off the coast of the present +Carolinas, these men raised the English flag and formally declared +the sovereignty of England and its Queen. They brought home with +them such glowing accounts of their discovery that Elizabeth was +moved to bestow upon all the coast the name of Virginia—the land +of the Virgin Queen. Two more attempts were made to establish +permanent settlements in the neighborhood and although both +failed, enough had been done to found a claim of English ownership +and dominion, a claim which covered the entire coast from the +French settlements in the north to the Spanish settlements upon +the Florida peninsula, and thus the original Virginia became coextensive +with England's pretensions on the North American continent.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> +It is true that Spain then claimed the entire coast under a +Papal Bull but Papal Bulls meant very little to Elizabeth or to her +pugnacious sea-rovers. One of the many curiosities of history is that +neither Raleigh nor his captains ever saw the soil of that part of +America which was to become the Virginia we know, nor did the +Queen who named it ever have knowledge of its physical characteristics, +its resources or its inhabitants. In short, Virginia proper was +neither to be discovered nor have its first precarious settlement until +after Elizabeth's death.</p> + +<p>After these first abortive attempts to found English settlements +under his patent, Raleigh, on the 7th March, 1589, assigned it and +all his rights thereunder to a company of merchants and adventurers +who were resolved to proceed with the enterprise. These assigns, +after the death of Elizabeth, became the leaders in seeking from +King James I "leave to deduce a colony in Virginia." That monarch, +says Bancroft, "promoted the noble work by readily issuing an ample +patent" and on the 10th day of April, 1606, signed and affixed his +seal to the first Charter of an English colony in America under which +permanent settlement was to be effected. This charter declared the +boundaries of Virginia to extend from the 34th to the 45th parallels +of longitude and authorized the planting of two colonies. The first of +these, to be founded by the London Company, largely made up of +men of that city, was designated a "First Colony" to be established +in the southerly portion of England's claim; the right to establish a +"Second Colony" to be planted in the north, went to the Plymouth +Company, whose membership, headed by Sir Ferdinando Gorges, +Governor of the garrison of Plymouth in Devonshire, came principally +from the west of England. Under this Charter the King named +the first "Council for all matters which shall happen in Virginia;" +under it the London Company dispatched the expedition of three +ships in command of Sir Christopher Newport and having Captain +John Smith among its members; and under it and the Second Charter +(of 1609) the infant colony was governed until, in the year +1624, the Charter was revoked and the Crown took over the affairs +of the Colony.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>Until the troubled reign of the first Charles, the growth of Virginia's +population had been very slow. It was not until the defeat of +the Royalists in 1645 by the forces of the Parliament and the King's +execution in January, 1649, that the first great increase in population +occurred. In a pamphlet published in London in that latter +year, by an unknown author, it is stated that her population was at +that time 15,000 English and 300 negroes and these were scattered +along the lower portions of the James and the York and the shores +of the Chesapeake. Then the defeated Cavaliers began to arrive in +such great numbers that by 1670 Sir William Berkeley estimated +that 32,000 free whites, 6,000 indentured servants and 2,000 +negroes were there. Many of the old population and the newer arrivals +as well, were pressing northward to the land between the +mouth of Rappahannock and that of the Potomac which in 1647 +had been organized into a new county, under the name of Northumberland, +to include all the lands lying between those latter rivers +and running westerly to a still indefinite boundary. This was new +territory recently, and still very sparsely, settled by the English and +even as late as 1670 it was contemporaneously estimated that the +Indians between the two rivers had nearly 200 warriors.</p> + +<p>Although the Stuarts had been deposed in England and the +younger Charles forced to fly to the Continent, he was still King in +Virginia with loyal and devoted subjects. It was under such conditions +that Charles, actuated not only by a desire to reward certain +of his Cavalier adherents who were sharing his exile, but also to create +a refuge for others of his followers from the ire and oppression of +the triumphant Roundheads, granted by charter dated the 18th day +of September, 1649, the whole domain between the Rappahannock +and Potomac to seven of his faithful lieges who, during the Civil +War, had fought valiantly in the Stuart cause. These men were described +in the charter, still preserved in the British Museum, as +Ralph Lord Hopton, Baron of Stratton; Henry Lord Jermyn, Baron +of St. Edmund's Bury; John Lord Colepeper, Baron of Thoresway; +Sir John Berkeley, Sir William Morton, Sir Dudley Wyatt and +Thomas Colepeper Esq. And thus, says Fairfax Harrison, "the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span> +proprietary of the Northern Neck of Virginia came into existence."</p> + +<p>He notes that of the patentees Lord Jermyn, after the Restoration, +became Earl of St. Albans and Sir John Berkeley, Baron Berkeley of +Stratton. "The only conditions" quotes Head "attached to the conveyance +of the domain, the equivalent of a principality, were that +one-fifth of all the gold and one-tenth of all the silver, discovered +within its limits should be reserved for the royal use and that a +nominal rent of a few pounds sterling should be paid into the +treasury at Jamestown each year."</p> + +<p>But to receive a grant of this splendid Proprietary from a fugitive +and powerless King was one thing and to reduce it to actual possession +was another and very different one. Charles might and did +consider himself King in both England and Virginia and the ruling +Virginians might and did consider themselves his very loyal and +obedient subjects; but unfortunately for the seven Cavalier patentees +of the Northern Neck, the Parliament and Cromwell took a radically +different view of the matter and, even more unfortunately, were in +a position to enforce that view. No sooner had the representatives +of the new Proprietors come to Virginia and were duly welcomed +by the royalist Governor Sir William Berkeley, than a Parliamentary +fleet of warships arrived from England, deposed the Governor, set +up the rule of Parliament in 1652 and abruptly ended, for the time +being, the patentees' hopes of gaining possession of their new grant.</p> + +<p>There was little to be done by these Cavaliers while Parliament +and Cromwell ruled. And then the wheel of history, after its fashion, +completed another cycle. On the 3rd September, 1658, Cromwell +died and soon the ruthless and efficient but never very cheerful control +of England by the Puritans came to an end. In 1659 word came +to Virginia of the resignation of Richard Cromwell and the Puritan +Governor Mathews dying about the same time, the Virginia Assembly +in March, 1660, proceeded to elect Sir William Berkeley to be +their Governor again. On the 8th of the following May, Charles II +was proclaimed King in England and in September a royal commission +for Berkeley, already elected by the Assembly, arrived, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> +Virginians themselves welcoming the restoration of Stuart rule +with great enthusiasm.</p> + +<p>The owners of the patent of the Northern Neck believed that +their patience was at length to be rewarded. Again they sent a representative +to Virginia, this time with instructions from King to +Governor to give his aid to the Proprietors to obtain possession of +their domain. But during all the years of their forced inactivity, the +settlement of Virginia had gone on apace. What had been in 1649 a +thinly settled frontier, shewed now a largely increased population and +land grants to these new settlers had been freely issued by Virginia's +government. Many of those newly seated in the Northern Neck +were very influential men and in their opposition to the claims of +the patentees received popular sympathy and encouragement. As a +result, Berkeley found himself confronted by a Council which obstructed +his every effort to carry out the King's instructions and the +endeavours of the Proprietors to gain possession of their grant being +completely blocked, they were obliged to appeal to the home government +for relief. The outcome of negotiations between them and +Francis Moryson, then representing Virginia in London, was that +the patent of 1649 was surrendered by its holders for a new grant +carrying on its face substantial limitations of the earlier patent. This +new grant was dated the 8th day of May, 1669, almost twenty years +after the first, and contained provisions recognizing the title to lands +already seated or occupied under other authority; generally limiting +the Proprietors' title to such other lands as should be "inhabited or +planted" within the ensuing twenty-one years, together with a constructive +recognition of the political jurisdiction of the Virginia government +within the Proprietary.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> + +<p>This appeared a reasonably satisfactory compromise of the controversy +to both sides. But suddenly in February, 1673, Charles +made a grant of all Virginia to the Earl of Arlington and Lord Colepeper +to hold for thirty-one years at an annual rent of forty shillings +to be paid at Michaelmas. Thus was Virginia rewarded for her faithful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> +loyalty to the Stuarts. When the news came to Jamestown the +Colony flamed with resentment and anger; and now Berkeley and +his Council were in hearty accord with the wrathful indignation of +the Colonists. Even though the King had not intended to interfere +with the title of individual planters in possession of their land, his +action threw the whole situation, and particularly in the Northern +Neck, into turmoil and confusion. Exasperation was directed against +the holders of the Charter of 1669 as well as those of 1673 and again +the original patentees appealed to the Privy Council for relief. +Again the King sought to help them but by this time they had +grown weary of the long controversy and indicated their willingness +to sell out their rights to the Colony; before an agreement could be +reached, Bacon's Rebellion flared up and the whole subject was again +in abeyance.</p> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + +<p>We must now return to the Indians. The Dutch settlements along +the Hudson had early developed a very lucrative and active trade +with their native neighbours, particularly the Iroquois, who brought +to them furs for which they were given European manufactures, +especially spirits and firearms and when, in 1664, the English conquered +and took possession of these Hudson settlements, they +continued the Dutch trade and friendship with the Iroquois. To +obtain furs, the hunters and warriors of the Five Nations ranged +further and further afield and before long were in bitter conflict with +the Susquehannocks who had their headquarters and principal +stronghold fifty or sixty miles above the present Port Deposit in +Maryland on the east bank of that river from which they derived +their name. They were mighty men and warriors, these Susquehannocks. +All the early English who mention them pay tribute to +their splendid strength and stature. Smith who, it will be remembered, +came in contact with them before his skirmish with the +Manahoacs, said of them that "such great and well proportioned +men are seldom seen, for they seem like giants to the English, yea +to their neighbours." And in 1666 Alsop wrote that the Christian +inhabitants of Maryland regarded them as "the most noble and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> +heroic nation of Indians that dwelt upon the confines of America.... +Men, women and children both summer and winter went +practically naked," and adds, among other details, that they painted +their faces in red, green, white and black stripes; that the hair of +their heads was black, long and coarse but that the hair growing on +other parts of their bodies was removed by pulling it out hair by +hair; and that some tattooed their bodies, breasts and arms with outlines. +Our American soil, from the beginning, appears to have +favoured the art of the barber and beauty-shop.</p> + +<p>From the English in Maryland these Susquehannocks acquired +guns and ammunition and thus were able to hold their own with +their Iroquois foe for over twenty years of the harshest warfare. But +the Iroquois were relentless and though repulsed again and again, +returned year after year to the attack. The Susquehannocks finally +weakened by an epidemic of smallpox, were overcome, the Iroquois +captured their main stronghold and completely overthrew their +power. Fugitive bands of Susquehannocks, nominally friendly to +the English of Maryland and Virginia, then roamed the western +frontiers of those colonies and along both banks of the Potomac, +still harassed by pursuing bands of Senecas.</p> + +<p>Under such conditions it was not long before they came in open +conflict with the English settlers, some say through Indian thefts, +others because the English attacked a party of them, mistaking them +for pilfering Algonquin Doegs. The fighting, once begun, spread +rapidly and the settlers on their exposed frontiers, denied practical +assistance by the Virginia Governor Berkeley and his colleagues +(whom rumor said were making such substantial profits from the +Indian trade that they were loath to antagonize the Indians by +sending organized forces against them) turned for leadership to +Nathaniel Bacon, a young planter of gentle birth, not long come out +from England. Bacon was a natural leader, their cause was popular +and soon Virginia found herself in the midst of an Indian war and +a rebellion against the Jamestown government as well. Bacon led +his men to victory over both Indians and Governor but suddenly dying +from a dysentery or from poison—to this day the cause of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> +death is surrounded by uncertainty—the "rebellion collapsed with +surprising suddenness," his former followers were overcome by the +Governor with the aid of English troops and Berkeley proceeded to +wreak a vindictive and merciless revenge.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile knowledge of the turmoil had reached England and +the King sent Commissioners to Virginia to investigate the causes +of the trouble and Berkeley's wholesale executions and confiscations +of estates. These men made a fair report of their findings to the +King, which, added to the many complaints from the families of +Berkeley's victims, caused Charles to exclaim: "As I live, that old +fool has taken more lives in that naked country than I have done +for the murder of my father." In the spring of 1677 the royal order +for Berkeley's removal arrived and he sailed for England in an attempt +to justify himself in an audience with Charles, his departure +being "joyfully celebrated with bonfires and salutes of the cannon" +by the Virginians. But in England he found that the King, resentful +at his abuse of power, avoided meeting him and in July the old man +fell ill and died, his end hastened, it is said, by his vexation and +chagrin over the King's attitude.</p> + +<p>Upon the death of Berkeley, the King appointed Lord Colepeper +Governor of Virginia. As he was not ready nor, possibly, inclined to +go immediately to his post, the King issued a special commission to +Sir Herbert Jeffries, who had been one of his emissaries to investigate +Berkeley, as Lieutenant Governor in immediate charge of affairs. +Jeffries ruled until his death in 1678 when he was succeeded by Sir +Henry Chicheley as Deputy Governor under an old Commission +issued to him as early as 1674. Colepeper did not personally take +charge on Virginia's soil until 1680, and then but for a brief period, +soon returning to England and remaining there over two years. It +was not until December, 1682, that we again find him in Virginia.</p> + +<p>Colepeper, it will be remembered, was not only by inheritance a +part owner of the patents of 1649 and 1669 to the Northern Neck +but he was coproprietor with Arlington under the grant of 1673 of +all Virginia and now in his own person Governor of the Colony as +well. For good measure, his cousin, Alexander Colepeper, was also<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> +an owner by inheritance of a share in the grants of 1649 and 1669. +It was apparent that he was in a position at long last to turn his Virginia +interests to account; but in doing so he sought to make the +new dispensation as personally profitable to his rapacious self as possible. +Therefore he opened negotiations with his old associates, by +1681 had succeeded in buying most of them out, and declared himself +sole owner of all these grants, although his cousin still owned his +one-sixth interest. But the King had become annoyed at his conduct +and the stories of his rapacity and, seeking an opportunity to punish +him, seized upon the pretext that he had been absent from his post +without leave. On this charge he, in 1682, was deprived of his office +as Governor. Two years later (1684) Colepeper sold out his rights +under the so-called Arlington Charter of 1673 to the English Crown +for a pension of Ł600 a year for twenty-one years. He tried also to +sell to Virginia his rights to the Northern Neck under the Charter +of 1669, but in that transaction he was unsuccessful. A curiously +ironic fate seemed intent upon keeping the Northern Neck Proprietary, +reward of Cavalier loyalty and devotion, as an inheritance +for the still unborn sixth Lord Fairfax, scion and representative of +the family of two of the most able of the Parliamentary leaders.</p> + +<p>Although Bacon and his men, when they took the field in 1676, +had thoroughly disciplined the Indians in Virginia, the Iroquois and +the Susquehannocks still entered Piedmont and roamed its forests. +The Iroquois are believed to have driven out the Manahoacs and +their kinsmen prior to 1670 and certainly claimed their lands by +conquest; not coveting them for settlement but for hunting and +particularly for such furs as they could trap and collect in a land +plentiful of beaver and otter. The Virginians built forts at the navigation +heads of the great rivers for the protection of settlers; but the +northern Indians passed beyond and between them and not only attacked +the tributary Virginia Algonquin tribes, from time to time, +but were frequently in conflict with the English as well. Lord +Howard of Effingham, successor to Colepeper as Governor, met +Governor Dongan of New York in July, 1684, and with him closed +a treaty with the Iroquois whereby the latter were to call out of Virginia<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> +and Maryland "all their young braves who had been sent +thither for war; they were to observe profound peace with the +friendly Indians; they were to make no incursions upon the whites +in either state; and when they marched southward they were not +to approach near to the heads of the great rivers on which plantations +had been made."<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> But the treaty also contained a provision that the +Iroquois, when in Virginia, should "Keep at the Foot of the Mountains" +which seemed to acknowledge their right to be there and so +continued the Indian menace to such settlers as pushed into Piedmont. +Nevertheless the frontier forts of the Virginians were allowed +to fall into disuse, the Colony depending on companies of +armed and mounted rangers to patrol the back country and keep +the Indians in order, and there seemed some prospect of peace +though the outlying plantations, long keyed up to Indian alarms, +remained alert and watchful. However for awhile there was less +Indian trouble in the upper country and then a new alarm occurred, +resulting in the first recorded exploration of the present Loudoun.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER III</h2> + +<h3>THE PASSING OF THE INDIANS</h3> +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 475px;"> +<img src="images/illus-045.png" width="475" height="550" alt="Sir Alexander Spotswood" title="Sir Alexander Spotswood" /> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Sir Alexander Spotswood</span></span> +</div> + +<p>When Smith came to Virginia, there was an Indian +tribe of the Algonquin stock called by him the Nacothtanks, +a name later evolving into Anacostans, which occupied +the land about the present city of Washington and some +years later having moved its principal village southward to the banks +of the Piscataway Creek, thereafter was known by the name of that +stream. A daughter of their so called "Emperor" or Chief, having +been converted to Christianity, married Giles Brent of Maryland +and with him moved across the Potomac to land he acquired on the +north shore of Aquia Creek, then still in a frontier wilderness. The +Susquehannocks, at the time of their outbreak in 1675, had sought +refuge within the fort of the Piscataways but had been refused +asylum, the Piscataways remaining loyal to their Maryland neighbours +and aiding them in the fighting. In consequence the Susquehannocks +bore these lower river Indians bitter hatred. When the +Iroquois completed their conquest of the Susquehannocks and reduced +them to vassalage, they embraced their side of the quarrel. +Toward all the tribes of the east the attitude of the Iroquois was +simple, consistent and uncompromising. Rule or ruin, subjugation +or extinction, was the harsh choice offered and there was no alternative +for these others save in remotest flight. To protect the Piscataways, +the Marylanders gave them a reservation amidst their settlements. +Blocked and perhaps made jealous by this move, the Iroquois +changed from force to guile, seeking every opportunity to turn them +against their Maryland protectors and, it is thought, eventually in +1697, persuading them to move across the Potomac into the forests +of the Virginia piedmont where they camped for a while near what +is now The Plains in Fauquier County. It was not long before white +hunters or friendly Indians brought the news to the settlements and +the Virginians, still having sporadic troubles with the Iroquois and +Susquehannocks in these backwoods, viewed the incursion of another +tribe with great alarm. They immediately sought to induce the newcomers +to return to Maryland but this they suavely, though none<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span> +the less stubbornly, refused to do. At length in 1699, feeling the +loss of their normal and accustomed diet of fish, they, of their own +accord, broke up their camp and traversing the forests of the present +Loudoun, settled on what has since been known as Conoy Island in +the Potomac at the Point of Rocks. There had recently occurred +several murders of English settlers by Indians, probably roving Iroquois; +and Stafford County—which some years before, had come +into existence to cover this upper country and was to include all this +northern piedmont wilderness until through increasing settlement, +it was separately formed into Prince William County in 1731—was +again in fine ferment over the whole Indian menace. By direction of +Governor Nicholson, the county sent two of its officers, Burr Harrison +of Chipawansic and Giles Vandercastel whose plantation was +on the upper Accotink, to summon the "Emperor" of the Conoy +Piscataways to Williamsburg. Mounted on horseback and, we may +believe well armed, the two intrepid emissaries promptly set out +upon their mission, travelling it is thought, an Indian trail about a +mile or more south of the Potomac, which is in its course approximately +followed by the present Alexandria Pike, and fording as +well as they could the various creeks which run into that stream from +the south. The Governor had ordered that they keep a record of +their journey and a description of their route and the land traversed +and complying with those instructions they wrote the first detailed +description of any part of Loudoun. Their report exactly complied +with the Governor's orders as to its scope and became a document of +primary importance in Loudoun's history. It reads:</p> + +<p>"In obedience to His Excellency's command and an order of this +Corte bearing date the 12th day of this Instance, April," (1699) +"We, the subscribers have beene with the Emperor of Piscataway, att +his forte, and did then Comand him, in his Maj'tys name, to +meet his Excellency in a General Assembly of this his Maj'ties most +Ancient Colloney and Dominion of Virginia, the ffirst of May next +or two or three days before, with sume of his great men. As soone +as we had delivered his Excellency's Commands, the Emperor summons +all his Indians thatt was then at the forte—being in all about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> +twenty men. After consultation of almost two oures, they told us +they were very bussey and could not possibly come or goe downe, but +if his Excellency would be pleased to come to him, sume of his great +men should be glad to see him, and then his Ex-lly might speake +whatt he hath to say to him if Excellency could nott come himself, +then to send sume of his great men, ffor he desired nothing butt +peace.</p> + +<p>"They live on an Island in the middle of the Potomack River, its +aboutt a mile long or something Better, and aboute a quarter of a +mile wide in the Broaddis place. The forte stands att ye upper End +of the Island butt nott quite ffinished, & theire the Island is nott +above two hundred and ffifty yards over; the bankes are about 12 +ffoot high, and very heard to asend. Just at ye lower end of the +Island is a Lower Land, and Little or noe Bank; against the upper +end of the Island two small Island, the one on Marriland side, the +other on this side, which is of about fore acres of Land, & within two +hundred yards of the fforte, the other smaller and sumthing nearer, +both ffirme land, & from the maine to the fforte is aboute foure +hundred yards att Leaste—not ffordable Excepte in a very dry time; +the fforte is about ffifty or sixty yardes square and theire is Eighteene +Cabbins in the fforte and nine Cabbins without the forte that we +Could see. As for Provitions they have Corne, they have Enuf and +to spare. We saw noe straing Indians, but the Emperor sayes that +the Genekers Lives with them when they att home; also addes that +he had maid peace with all ye Indians Except the ffrench Indians; +and now the ffrench have a minde to Lye still themselves; they +have hired theire Indians to doe mischief. The Distance from +the inhabitance is about seventy miles, as we conceave by our +Journeys. The 16th of this Instance April, we sett out from the +Inhabitance, and ffound a good Track ffor five miles, all the rest +of the days's Jorney very Grubby and hilly, Except sum small +patches, but very well for horses, tho nott good for cartes, and +butt one Runn of any danger in a ffrish, and then very bad; that +night lay at the sugar land, which Judge to be forty miles. The 17th +day we sett ye River by a small Compasse, and found it lay up N.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> +W. B. N., and afterwards sett it ffoure times, and always ffound it +neere the same Corse. We generally kept about one mile ffrom the +River, and a bout seven or Eight miles above the sugar land, we came +to a broad Branch of a bout fifty or sixty yards wide, a still or small +streeme, it tooke our horses up to the Belleys, very good going in +and out; about six miles ffarther came to another greate branch of +about sixty or seventy yeards wide, with a strong streeme, making +ffall with large stones that caused our horses sume times to be up to +theire Bellyes, and sume times nott above their Knees; So we conceave +it a ffreish, then not ffordable, thence in a small Track to a +smaller Runn, a bout six miles, Indeferent very, and soe held on +till we came within six or seven miles of the forte or Island, and then +very Grubby, and greate stones standing Above the ground Like +heavy cocks—they hold for three or ffoure miles; and then shorte +Ridgges with small Runns, untill we came to ye forte or Island. As for +the number of Indeens, there was att the fforte about twenty men & +aboute twenty women and abbout Thirty children & we mett sore. +We understand theire is in the Inhabitance a bout sixteene. They +informed us there was sume outt a hunting, butt we Judge by theire +Cabbins theire cannot be above Eighty or ninety bowmen in all. +This is all we Can Report, who subscribes ourselves</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 10em;">"Yo'r Ex'lly Most Dutifull Servants</span></p> + +<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Giles Vanderasteal</span></div> +<div class="signature"><span class="smcap">Bur Harrison </span>." </div> + + +<p>This "Sugar land" where our emissaries spent the first night of +their journey, and the Sugarland Run passing through and named +from it, are frequently referred to in the early records and the +mouth of the Run became in 1798 the starting point of Loudoun's +corrected southern boundary line with Fairfax. They derived their +name from the groves of sugar maples found growing there which, +with the use of their sap, were well known to the Indians from earliest +times. In 1692 David Strahane "Lieut. of the Rangers of Pottomack" +tells in his journal that while patrolling the upper woods, he +and his men on the 22nd September "Ranged due North till we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> +came to a great Runn that made into the sugar land, & we marcht +down it about 6 miles & ther we lay that night." The wording +quite clearly shows that the sugar land was then well known to the +whites.</p> + +<p>Although, as their report shews, Vandercastel and Harrison +reached their goal and duly delivered their message, the Piscataways +did not then or later comply with the Governor's pressing invitation. +That their attitude was not prompted by defiance but rather by +worried caution based on their appreciation of the manifold difficulties +of their then relations with the whites, is indicated by the report +of two other English envoys who, later in the same year, were sent +by the authorities to Conoy. These men, Giles Tillett and David +Straughan, kept a journal from which we learn that in November, +1699, they in their turn reached the fort and found that "one Siniker" +(i.e. Seneca or Iroquois) was among the Piscataways who had had +trouble with "strange Indians" who they called Wittowees and that +the "Suscahannes" had captured and brought two of these Wittowees +to the fort. The "Emperor" received the Englishmen very +kindly and told them that he was then willing to "come to live +amongst the English againe but he was afeared the sstrange Indians +would follow them and due mischief amongst the English, and he +should be blamed for it, soe he must content himselfe to live there." +He accused the French of stirring up these "strange Indians" and +"presents his services to the Gove'n'r, and thanks him for his Kindness +to send men to see him to know how he did."</p> + +<p>Our friend the Emperor shews his knowledge of statecraft. Doubtless +he continued to find plausible reasons for holding on to Conoy +where he and his people complacently continued to remain until +after the Spotswood-Iroquois Treaty of 1722 which had such a +broad effect on Loudoun and which we shall presently consider. +During this long occupation of the island, the Piscataways finished +building and occupied their fort and village and to this day evidence +of their tenure, in arrowheads and other objects, is still, from time to +time, discovered.</p> + +<p>The journey of Harrison and his companion Vandercastel is important<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span> +to Loudoun not only because it resulted in the first known +description of any of the topography of what is now that county, +but also because it marks the first definitely known white exploration +of the locality above the Sugarland Run and while unknown +English hunters may have theretofore penetrated some part of +Loudoun's wilderness, these men were, it is believed, the first whites +<i>named and recorded</i> who ever trod Loudoun's soil above the Sugarland. +Vandercastel's connection with our story then ends; but Burr +Harrison became the progenitor of one of the most prominent and +respected families of the county which has now been identified with +its best life for five generations. He had been baptized in St. Margaret's, +Westminster, in 1637 and came with his father Cuthbert +Harrison of Ancaster, Yorkshire, to Virginia some time prior to +1669 when Burr, with others, patented land on Asmale Creek near +Occoquan. Afterward, but before 1679, he acquired land on the +Chipawansic, presumably from Gerrard Broadhurst. Therefore, to +distinguish him and his descendants from the other numerous and +not necessarily related Virginia Harrisons, he and they were thenceforward +usually known as the Harrisons of Chipawansic. It was not, +however, until 1811 that Burr Harrison's descendants in the male +line took up their permanent residence in Loudoun; in that year the +widow of his great-great-grandson Mathew Harrison moved with +her children to Morrisworth, an estate seven miles southeast of Leesburg, +now the home of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Fendall, which had +come to her from her family the Ellzeys of Dumfries, and there she +continued to live until her death.</p> + +<p>In the <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original omits 'year'">year</ins> +1712 another courageous adventurer sought out Conoy. +The Swiss Baron Christopher de Graffenreid had been interested in +forming a colony of Germans, refugees from the lower Palatinate, at +New Bern in North Carolina and also having obtained authority to +make a settlement on the Shenandoah in Virginia's remote frontier, +he proceeded to explore the neighbourhood. He followed the Potomac +up to Conoy Island and drew a map of the surroundings. This +map notes the great number of wild fowl on the river, particularly +at the mouth of Goose Creek. "There is in winter," he wrote, "such<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span> +a prodigious number of swans, geese and ducks on this river from +Canavest to the Falls that the Indians make a trade of their feathers." +Such a description is enough to reduce to envious inanition our +Loudoun Nimrod of today whose occasional reward of a few wild +ducks may at rare intervals reach the hardly hoped for bagging of a +single wild goose, as a rule now far too alert and wary to alight in +their spring and fall flights over the county. The wild swan has, +alas, wholly disappeared.</p> + +<p>De Graffenreid's reference to the vast number of wild fowl on the +upper Potomac, in those early days, has abundant confirmation from +others. So numerous were the wild geese that the Indians called +the river above the falls "Cohongarooton" or Goose River and the +English at first gave it the same name; applying the name Potomac +to only so much of the stream as lay between the falls and the bay. +It was not until well after 1730 that the whole river was generally +called by the latter name.</p> + +<p>The "Canavest" referred to by de Graffenreid was the village of +the Piscataways on Conoy and in his journal he describes it as "a +very pleasant and enchanting spot about forty miles above the falls +of the Potomac, we found a troop of savages there ... we made +an alliance, however with these Indians of Canavest, a very necessary +thing in connection with the mines which we hoped to find in +that vicinity, as well as on account of the establishment which we +had resolved to make in these parts of our small Bernese colony +which we were waiting for. After that we visited those beautiful +spots of the country, those enchanted islands in the Potomac above +the falls." De Graffenreid's "mines" and "establishments" were to +be over the Blue Ridge in the nearby Shenandoah Valley; but he +shrewdly recognized the advisability of making friends with a tribe +so firmly and strategically planted as he found at the settlement on +Conoy. As to his "enchanted islands," those contiguous to the +Loudoun bank of the Potomac long have had Loudoun owners and +seem to its people to be sentimentally part of her domain; as a matter +of cold fact and colder law, they lie within the bounds of Maryland; +for in 1776 the long dispute over the sovereignty of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> +Potomac was settled by a clause in Virginia's Constitution of that +year relinquishing jurisdiction.</p> + +<p>Two years before de Graffenreid's expedition, there arrived in +Virginia as Lieutenant Governor, Colonel (afterward Sir) Alexander +Spotswood, the most alert, devoted and able ruler the Colony had +had since Smith—a man "who still enjoys an almost unrivalled +distinction among Virginia's Colonial Governors"<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> and, says Howison, +whose "chief advantage consisted in his social and moral character, +in which aspect it would not be easy to find one of whom +might be truly asserted so much that is good and so little that is +evil."<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> Spotswood came to love Virginia as though it were his +native land and great was the moral debt the Colony, and especially +the counties created from its old frontier, came to owe to his strong +and conscientious administration. Under a vicious practice by that +time obtaining in England, the titular governship of Virginia had +been held, since 1697, by George Hamilton Douglas, Earl of Orkney, +who though never setting foot in the Colony, drew Ł1,200 of +the annual salary of Ł2,000 attached to the office until his death in +1737; and thus Spotswood, preëminent among Virginia's rulers, +served but under a lieutenant-governor's commission. A great-grandson +of John Spottiswoode, Archbishop of St. Andrew's and +Lord High Chancellor of Scotland, who lies buried in Henry VII's +Chapel in Westminster Abbey, Spotswood descended from an old +and aristocratic Scottish family, whose progenitor, a cadet of the +great house of Gordon, married an heiress of the ancient race of +Spottiswoode which took its name from the Barony of Spottiswoode +in the Parish of Gordon, County of Berwick. Born in 1676 in +Tangier where his father Robert Spotswood then served as physician +to the English Governor and garrison, Spotswood "a tall robust man +with gnarled and wrinkled face and an air of dignity and power"<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> +had, in 1704, fought valiantly under Marlborough and had been +desperately wounded in the battle of Blenheim. He brought with +him recognition of the right of Virginians to the writ of Habeas<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> +Corpus, which though, since Magna Carta, the common heritage +of every free-born Englishman, had not theretofore run in Virginia. +Had this been his all, Virginia would have been his debtor; in the +event it was but an augury of many benefactions to follow.</p> + +<p>From the first, Spotswood shewed a keen and enlightened interest +in the problems of the frontier. His efforts to expand the settlements +westerly and to subdue the Indians did not always meet with co-operation +from the Virginia legislature, controlled by representatives +of the more protected and densely settled tidewater sections, whose +people, the "Tuckahoes" as they were called, were frequently unresponsive +to the plight of those in the upper country; and from +time to time Spotswood's impatience with his legislators boiled up +into strong and bluntly worded reproof. To one of his assemblies, +recalcitrant in Indian affairs, he addressed his well remembered +words of dismissal: "In fine I cannot but attribute these miscarriages +to the people's mistaken choice of a set of representatives whom +Heaven has not ... endowed with the ordinary qualifications +requisite to legislators; and therefore I dissolve you." A few Spotswoods, +scattered here and there in the seats of the mighty of our +modern America, might not prove inefficacious.</p> + +<p>In May, 1717, we find him reporting upon the Indian situation to +Paul Methuen, the then English Secretary of State, that though +the English had carefully kept the terms of Lord Howard's Treaty +of 1685, the Iroquois "had committed divers hostilitys on our +ffrontiers, in 1713 they rob-d our Indian Traders of a considerable +cargo of Goods, the same year they murdered a Gent'n of Acco't near +his out Plantations; they carried away some slaves belonging to our +Inhabitants, and now threaten not only to destroy our Tributary +Indians but the English also in their neighbourhood." He adds that +such conduct requires "some Reparation" and asks the Secretary to +instruct the Governor of New York to cause his Iroquois to "forebear +hostilitys on the King's subjects of the neighbouring Colonies and +likewise any nation of Indians under their protection."<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p> +<p>Neither by temperament nor training was Spotswood a man to +acquiesce in such conditions. After consulting with and urging co-operation +upon the Governors of Maryland and Pennsylvania, he +set out in the winter of 1717-'18 for New York "to demand something +more substantial than the bare promises of the Chief men of +those Indians, w'ch they are always very liberal of, in expectation of +presents from the English, while at the same time their young men +are committing their usual depredations upon ye Frontiers of these +Southern Governments." He was fortunate in arriving in New +York "very opportunely to prevent the march of a Great Body of +those Indians w'ch I had Advice on the Road was intended chiefly +against the Tributaries of this Governm't, and the Governor of New +York's Messengers overtook them upon their march and obtained +their promise to Abstain from any hostilitys on the English Governments."</p> + +<p>It being late in the season for a conference with the Sachems of +the Long House and the New York Assembly being in the "height +of its business and like to make a larger session than ordinary," +Spotswood arranged, through the Governor of New York, preliminary +negotiations with the Indians and returned to his Virginia.</p> + +<p>The discussions thus begun dragged along during the ensuing +five years. At length, in 1721, the Iroquois sent their representatives +to Williamsburg with more definite proposals and in May, 1722, +the General Assembly passed an act reciting in detail the terms on +which the treaty would be made.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> Later in the summer Spotswood, +with certain of his Council, went to New York on a man-of-war +and thence proceeding to Albany (where he was joined by the +Governor of Pennsylvania) the new treaty was closed after the usual +endless speech making and other ceremony. By its terms the +Iroquois were prohibited from ever again crossing the Potomac or +the Blue Ridge "without the license or passport of the Governor +or commander-in-chief of the province of New York, for the time +being"; and the Virginia tributary Indians were similarly prohibited<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> +from crossing the same boundaries. Moreover, there were provisions +that should any Indians—Iroquois or tributary—ignore the +prohibition, they were, upon capture and conviction, to be punishable +by death or transportation to the West Indies, there to be sold as +slaves. There was added a clause rewarding him who captured an +Indian found in Virginia without permission, with 1,000 pounds of +tobacco when the latter should be condemned to death; or, if he +should be condemned to transportation, the captor should "have +the benefit of selling and disposing of the said Indian, and have +and receive to his own use, the money arising from such sale."</p> + +<p>There was nothing ambiguous in this treaty's terms; the Iroquois +in signing it realized that their Piedmont hunting grounds +were lost to them and that the sportive raids of their war parties +below the Potomac were ended.</p> + +<p>And now Spotswood's consulship had reached its end. His +enemies in London and Williamsburg had been industriously intriguing +and upon his return he found he had been superseded. He +had acquired a vast estate of over 45,000 acres in the Piedmont +forests and to settle and improve those lands he proceeded to devote +his great and able energies. But he had far from retired from his +public labours. As Postmaster General for the American Colonies +he, by 1738, developed a regular mail service from New England +to the James; and was about to sail as a major-general on Admiral +Vernon's expeditions against Carthagena when he suddenly died. +He was buried on his estate, Temple Farm, near Yorktown, where +latterly he had made his home. It was in his mansion there, then +owned by his eldest daughter Ann Catherine and her husband +M. Bernard Moore, Senior, that many years later the negotiations +for the surrender of Lord Cornwallis to General Washington closed +the American Revolution.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER IV</h2> + +<h3>SETTLEMENT</h3> + + +<p>Although Spotswood's treaty, as we now know, +had finally ended the Indian menace in Piedmont, the +Colonists had to be convinced of that fact by reassuring +experience before any great movement to the upper lands would +begin. There had been other treaties and, as they well knew to their +cost, Indian promise and performance were not always consistent. +The first ten years following the treaty, or from 1722 to 1732, are a +twilight zone for Loudoun in which one has to depend on fragmentary +traditions and comparatively few grants as to actual settlement; +but after the latter year the records become increasingly +numerous and tradition more definite and the student stands on +progressively firmer ground. Slowly there grew a steady increase in +trappers and hunters to the cismontane region and then, gradually +and cautiously, the landless men, the poorer whites from the lower +settlements, the redemptioners or indentured servants who had +fulfilled their contracts of service, began to make their way by Indian +trail or through the untravelled woodlands. Very soon, however, +there were purchases of substantial tracts by a more prosperous class +who began to seat themselves upon their new possessions. They +were a rough and sturdy folk, those first poorer arrivals, illiterate for +the most part, bred to primitive conditions of living, many accustomed +from birth to self-reliance in meeting the problems of existence +on a sparsely settled land and wholly ignorant of the relative +comforts of life enjoyed by the prosperous planters in tidewater. +They built their rude cabins of logs in such places as seemed best +to them, paying scant attention to land titles and being in fact, for +the most part, mere squatters on their holdings; and there they +planted small patches of corn and beans which, with the abundant +game in the woods and fish in the streams, provided their liberal +and hearty fare. It has been traditional that these earliest pioneers +found many open spaces burned over before their arrival; for so +prevalent had been the Indian habit of firing the woods, that historians +have suggested that had the coming of the Europeans to Virginia<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> +been delayed for a few more centuries, its great forests would +have vanished before their arrival. Taylor records that the early +whites found the timber (probably second or younger growth) "far +inferior in size and beauty to what it is at present. Indeed it has been +asserted that in clearing ten acres of land there could hardly be obtained +from it sufficient material to enclose it;" but as he was a +Quaker, living in the midst of the Quaker settlement between the +Catoctin range and the Short Hills in the northern part of the county, +whose people were in habits and daily life somewhat isolated and up +to Taylor's time at least, given to keeping largely to themselves, we +may assume that his tradition applied more particularly to his locality. +However, the present writer, some twenty years ago, while +improving a farm then owned and occupied by him in the Catoctin +hills, about four miles northeast of Leesburg, had occasion to clear +woodland for roads and gardens, he found that none of the larger +trees, many of them oaks, had rings indicating an age of over two +hundred years. Taylor, and following him Head, places the responsibility +of burning the forests upon the hunters (ranging over the +ground before the first settlers) who are said to have fired the underbrush +"the better to secure their quarries;" but it is unquestionable +that the Indians had preceded them in the practice. It will be remembered +that more than a hundred years before, Smith's Manahoacs +could not inform him of conditions <i>beyond</i> the mountains +"because the woods were not burnt;" obviously in contrast to conditions +on the Piedmont side; and Beverly in his history, written in +1705, amply confirms the Indian usage.</p> + +<p>Although tradition tells us, and the absence of recorded grants +confirms, that these earliest settlers were mostly squatters, there had +been acquisition of large tracts within present Loudoun from the +Proprietor of the Northern Neck long before their arrival.</p> + +<p>In an earlier chapter the title to the Northern Neck has been +traced down to the year 1681 when it vested for the most part in +the second Lord Colepeper and it is now time to continue its history. +Upon Colepeper's death, in 1689, his only child Catherine, with her +mother, inherited the Proprietary. This second Lady Culpeper, or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> +Colepeper as the name was then also spelled, was something of a +character. By birth, it seems, she was Dutch and had inherited from +her own family both a large fortune and an independent spirit, not +infrequently found together; and it was this fortune</p> + +<p>"which enabled Lord Colepeper to hold together his large properties, +particularly the vast Northern Neck proprietary in the Colony +of Virginia. It was also her fortune which rescued from bankruptcy +the English property of her son-in-law, the fifth Lord Fairfax.... +Lady Colepeper, it appears, never succeeded in mastering the English +language. She both spoke and wrote it very imperfectly."<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> + +<p>Lady Culpeper died in 1710. The daughter Catherine had, some +years before, married Thomas, fifth Lord Fairfax, Baron of Cameron +in the peerage of Scotland and, on her mother's death, the grant +rested in them; for in the meanwhile Alexander Colepeper also had +died (1694) and left his one-sixth interest to Lady Margaret Colepeper, +the second Lord's widow. The fifth Lord Fairfax, dying in +1710, left three sons (all of whom later died without issue) and it +was the eldest of these, Thomas, who inherited the title and became +the sixth Lord. This sixth Lord Fairfax had been born in England in +1691 and came later to Virginia, living out his long life as something +of a misogynistic recluse (due, it is said, to an unfortunate love affair +in early life with a mercenary adventuress) at his seat Greenway +Court, then in the wilderness of Frederick County, where he died in +1781. Today his body rests in Christ Church, Winchester. He it was +who became the friend and patron of the youthful George Washington +and who fills so large a part in the history of the Northern +Neck.</p> + +<p>The family of Fairfax had long been seated in Yorkshire where +the men were something more than typical English squires, often +rising to positions of much national as well as local importance. It +traced its descent from Richard Fairfax, Lord Chief Justice of England +in the reign of Henry VI. Sir Thomas Fairfax accompanied the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> +Earl of Essex to France and was knighted for bravery in the camp +before Rouen. On the 4th May, 1627, he was created a Baron of +Scotland with the title of Lord Fairfax of Cameron, which not very +glorious honour he purchased for the sum of Ł1,500.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> His son, Sir +Ferdinando, was a general in the Parliamentary Army during the +English civil war, becoming the second Baron, and the latter's son +Sir Thomas, later third Baron, was commander-in-chief of the Parliamentary +Armies and a most capable soldier. Becoming dissatisfied +with the extreme policies of the Parliamentary party, he resigned +his position in 1650 and was succeeded by Oliver Cromwell. This +third Baron died in 1671, without male issue, and the title then +passed to his cousin Henry, grandson of the first Lord. Upon his +death, in April, 1688, he was succeeded by his son Henry as the +fifth Lord Fairfax who has already been mentioned as the husband +of Catherine Culpeper.</p> + +<p>The fifth Lord Fairfax, although his marriage brought the great +Proprietary into the family, seems to have been dissolute and extravagant. +When he died in London, on the 6th of January, 1710, his +affairs were in great disorder and it is said that at that time "his +servant who attended him robbed him of the little money he had +left." His widow, however, was a woman of thrift and character and +intent on guarding her Virginia patrimony for the benefit of her +sons. In 1702 Robert Carter had been appointed local agent for the +Proprietary; but after her husband's death Lady Fairfax became dissatisfied +with his conduct of its affairs and the revenues she was receiving +and appointed in his place Edmund Jenings and Thomas +Lee (then only twenty-one years of age) as resident agents. As +Jenings was unable to go to Virginia at the time, young Lee found +himself for four years in sole charge; and a most conscientious and +capable agent he became and continued until Jenings came to Virginia +in 1717 and took matters into his own hands. This Jenings was +a man of considerable prominence who later was to serve, for a short +time, as acting governor awaiting the arrival of Spotswood. After the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span> +death of Lady Fairfax, her testamentary trustees "turned again to +Micajah Perry<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> for help and he pursuaded Robert Carter to agree +once more to assume the agency"<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> (1722) which he continued to +hold until his death ten years later. The Virginia office of the estate +then remained closed until 1734 when Lord Fairfax appointed his +cousin William Fairfax (whose son Bryan by his second wife Deborah +Clarke of Salem, Massachusetts, was eventually to succeed to +the title as the eighth Lord and in whose descendants the title still +remains) to act as collector of rents. In 1736 Lord Fairfax himself +assumed the management in Virginia for a short time; once more +the office was closed until in 1739 we find William Fairfax again in +charge, this time with more extensive powers until Lord Fairfax returned +to Virginia in 1745 and took upon himself control for the +rest of his life.</p> + +<p>We are thus introduced to two more men who, in themselves and +their families, had paramount rôles to play in and about the territory +now Loudoun; and between whom there was to develop no little +rivalry and conflict of personal ambitions and interests. Lee, himself +between 1717 and 1719 a purchaser of several thousand acres of +wilderness lying on either side of Goose Creek, had been born in +1690 at the family home Mt. Pleasant in Westmoreland County +and eventually became "President<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> and Commander-in-Chief" of +Virginia, as he is described in his will. He was a grandson of that +Richard Lee of a family long in possession of the estate of Coton in +Shropshire who, coming to Virginia sometime prior to 1642, first +settled in that part of York which subsequently became Gloucester, +later moved to Northumberland and became the progenitor of a +family ever since of outstanding importance in the Northern Neck +and Virginia. Carter, a later purchaser of land on a truly vast scale, +whose father Colonel John Carter, believed to have been the son of +William Carter of Carstown, Hertfordshire and of the Middle +Temple, had come to Virginia prior to 1649 and first settled in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> +upper Norfolk, now Nansemond County, came to wield an even +greater power than his long-time rival. Our Robert Carter, (1663-1732) +the "King Carter" of towering memory, was the second surviving +son, and his residence Corotoman was in Lancaster County. +The descendants of both Lee and Carter continued for many years +to hold great estates in Loudoun. One of Lee's grandsons, Thomas +Ludwell Lee, built Coton (long since vanished) about 1800 and +another grandson Ludwell Lee built about the same time and just +across the highway, the beautiful Belmont, that home of irresistible +charm; while in 1802 George Carter, great-grandson of the mighty +Robert, built and occupied Oatlands. Both Lee and Carter and their +families and the great mansions built in Loudoun by their descendants +will receive later mention.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p> + +<p>Unfortunately for the development of parts of the southern and +southeastern portion of the county, the purchase of these great tracts +by Lee, Carter and others greatly delayed their settlement and this to +the disadvantage of the owners as well as the neighborhood. Even +Lord Fairfax is found setting off to himself large specific tracts.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> It +was their intention to create hereditary landed estates, modelled on +those existing in England and to be farmed by a numerous class of +yeoman tenantry. But as the very type of farmer-settler most desired +as tenants by the great owners came in, they early and strongly +evinced that determination, common to all in the Colonies, to hold +their land in a freehold that could be passed on indefinitely to their +children and thus insure to them the benefit of their parents' industry +and thrift rather than to become tenants for a limited period +of any great estate; and this no matter how advantageous or tempting +the proffered terms of tenancy. Under then existing conditions, +with the supply of new and cheaply purchasable land seemingly inexhaustible +if one had but the determination and courage to push on +to the newer frontier, they went beyond the great manors, as they +came to be called, and seated themselves in the upper lands or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> +crossed the Blue Ridge to the Shenandoah Valley. Eventually and +much later, when parts of the manors were sold, it was often in +comparatively large parcels and these and the remaining portions +were, as a rule, farmed with slave labor, a custom practically nonexistent +in the northwest part of the county. Thus the relative thinness +of settlement, persisting to this day, of much of the lower lands +of Loudoun may be attributed not wholly to the fact that the +stronger and more fertile lands lay above Goose Creek but in part to +the social history of those early days as well.</p> + +<p>The first specific grant of land in the later Loudoun appears long +before the treaty of 1722. Under date of the 2nd February, 1709, +Captain Daniel McCarty "of the Parish of Cople in the County of +Westmoreland, Esq." obtained title to 2,993 acres "above the falls +of the Potowmack River, beginning on said River side at the lower +end of the Sugar Land Island opposite to the upper part of the rocks +in said River,"<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> apparently for speculation or investment rather than +for immediate occupation; the number and character of the Indians +still to be encountered thereabout made settlement on isolated plantations +or farms far too risky to be inviting to rich or poor. This +Daniel McCarty was the founder of another eminent family of the +Northern Neck which intermarried in early days with many of the +best known of the early Potomac gentry. He subsequently married, +as her second husband, Ann, sister to Thomas Lee already mentioned, +and widow of Colonel William Fitzhugh of Eagle's Nest +in King George County. The joining together of the prominent +families of the lower peninsula began very early and by the closing +years of the eighteenth century had gone so far that almost all were +in very truth "Virginia cousins" of various degrees and through +numerous alliances. Indeed this became so general that the social +status of any family, tracing back to that period and locality, can +generally be determined merely by the test of its affinities.</p> + +<p>It is remarkable that the literature of romance has concerned itself +so little with Daniel McCarty. His ancestry, his own life and that of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> +his descendants unite in offering the richest material but, save in +the traditions of Virginia, he is today all but unknown. He was the +son of Donal, the son of Donough, Earl of Clancarty. Donal was an +officer in the Irish Army that fought against King William and was +ruined with its defeat. The Earl and his descendants were exiled and +Daniel came to Virginia as a youth and settled in Westmoreland +County. The Earls of Clancarty were the heads of a family descended +from Cormac who was King of Munster in 483; and Burke, +the great authority on the British peerage, declares that "few pedigrees +in the British Empire, if any, can be traced to a more remote +or more exalted source" than theirs; while another authority asseverates +that "long before the founders of the oldest royal families +of Europe, before Rudolph acquired the empire of Germany, or a +Bourbon ascended the throne of France, Cormac McCarty ruled +over Munster and the title of King was at least continued in name +in his posterity down to the reign of Elizabeth."<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> Daniel's eldest son +and heir, Colonel Dennis, married Sarah Ball, first cousin to Mary +Ball, mother of General Washington; and Augustine Washington, +the general's father, named him as one of the executors of his will. +It was another descendant of Captain Daniel who was surviving +principal in the famous McCarty-Mason duel over a century later—an +event that so profoundly stirred the country and cost the life of +one of the most prominent and beloved citizens of the Loudoun of +that day.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p> + +<p>Francis Aubrey became a large purchaser of Loudoun land soon +after the Iroquois evacuation, first obtaining a grant at the mouth of +Broad Run about 1725. Among the tracts he later acquired was a +grant of about 962 acres purchased on the 19th December, 1728 +from Lord Fairfax on or near which later he built a home and lived. +Nothing of this early house has survived; but we know that it was +near the "Big Spring" then as now a conspicuous landmark on the +old Carolina Road and about two miles north of the present Leesburg.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> +Probably "the Chappel above Goose Creek" of the Truro Vestry +books, the Chapel of Ease or convenient neighbourhood church, the +building of which was supervised by him for the Parish, was immediately +adjacent to his home and the location of that structure, +the first church edifice of any kind to be erected within the bounds +of present Loudoun, is known within a fair degree of accuracy and +in 1926 with appropriate ceremonies, was marked with a stone monument.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p> + +<p>Hamilton Parish was coextensive with Prince William County +when the latter was created in 1731. By a legislative act of May, +1732, that part of Prince William lying above "the river Ockoquan, +and the Bull Run (a branch thereof) and a course thence to the +Indian thoroughfare of the Blue Ridge of Mountains" (Ashby's +Gap) was set off as Truro Parish and a Parish organization promptly +followed. The new Parish was named for Truro in Cornwall, a +great mining district, for mining was expected to be an important +industry there. The first Vestry meeting was held on the 7th November, +1732; at a meeting held on the 16th April, 1733, an agreement +was made with the Rev. Lawrence De Butts to preach at the +Parish Church and "at the Chappell above Goose Creek" for 8,000 +pounds of tobacco, clear of the warehouse charges and abatements. +The chapel was then either contemplated or preliminary work on its +construction may have been begun; it was not finished until 1736. +But during that interval it is obvious, from the Vestry records, that +occasional services were held there—perhaps at first in the open air +or at the nearby house of Aubrey and thereafter in the unfinished +chapel. At a Vestry meeting held on the 12th October, 1733, +Joseph Johnson was chosen "Reader to the new Church and the +Chappell above Goose Creek.... In the Parish Levy for this year +provision is made for 2,500 pounds of tobacco to Captain Francis +Aubrey toward building the Chapel above Goose Creek, and the +next year the same amount and in 1735, 4,000 pounds for finishing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> +said chapel."<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> Thus the construction of the chapel cost the Parish +9,000 pounds of tobacco which about this time seems to have been +valued at eleven shillings per 100 pounds,<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> making the money cost +of the chapel about Ł49″ 10s in Virginia currency or much less in +the more stable money of England. Undoubtedly it was built of +logs from the trees in its immediate vicinity and we may assume +that it was very small.</p> + +<p>At a Vestry meeting held on the 18th November, 1735, a payment +of 1,000 pounds of tobacco was ordered made to Samuel Hull, +Clerk of the Chapel above Goose Creek. In a meeting nearly a year +later, on the 11th October, 1736, the Vestry ordered "that the +Reverend Mr. John Holmes Minister of this Parish preach six times +in each year at the Chappell above Goose Creek; and it is also +ordered, that the Sundays he preached at the said Chappell the +sermon shall be taken from the new Church;" but Mr. Holmes' +ministry seems to have been somewhat irregular for at the bottom +of the page is found this note signed by the Rev. Charles Green "the +first regular Rector of Truro Parish":</p> + +<p>"The Levity of the members of the Vestry is worth notice. They +applyed to Collo. Colvill & entered an order, 23d Sept. 1734 for +him to procure them a Clergyman from England. By the order on +the other page they gave Cha. Green a title to the Psh. when ordained, +and he had scarcely left the country when they received Mr. +John Holmes into the parish as appears by the above order. N.B. +Mr. Holmes was an Itinerant Preacher without any orders, & recd. +Contrary to Law."</p> + +<p>This Dr. Green, for he was a physician before becoming a clergyman, +was "received into, and entertained as Minister" of Truro +Parish at a Vestry meeting held on the 13th day of August, 1737. +At the same meeting it was "ordered that the Churchwardens place +the people that are not already placed, in Pohick and the new +Churches in pews, according to their several ranks and degrees."<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> +Also "Ordered that the Reverend Mr. Charles Green preach four +times in a year only, at the Chappell above Goose Creek. And that +the Sundays he preaches at the Chappell, the sermon shall be taken +from the new Church."</p> + +<p>At a meeting on the 3rd October, 1737, the Vestry appropriated +"To Francis Aubrey gent. for finding books for the Chappell 200 +pounds tobacco." Also</p> + +<p>"Whereas the Rev. Charles Green hath this day agreed with the +Vestry to take the tobacco levied to purchase books for the Chappell +above Goose Creek and ornaments for the Churches, at the rate of +eleven shillings current money per hundred. He by the said agreement +obliging himself to find and provide the said books and ornaments, +being allowed fifty per cent. upon the first cost in accounting +with the Church-Wardens. It is ordered that the collector pay to +the said Green the sum of 8000 pounds of tobacco, it being the +quantity this day levied for the purpose aforesaid."</p> + +<p>At a Vestry meeting held on the 15th April, 1745, it was ordered +that Messrs. John West, Ellsey and French view what necessary +repairs were wanting at Goose Creek Chapel and agree with workmen +therefor.</p> + +<p>That seems to be the extent of the Truro Parish records concerning +the "Chappell." It is believed to have been in use until about +1812 and thereafter utterly disappeared.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> In 1742 Fairfax County +was created, consisting of the Parish of Truro. In October, 1748, +the Assembly passed an act dividing Truro Parish at Difficult Run +and the upper part became Cameron Parish, in delicate compliment +to the Lord Proprietor's Barony; but most unfortunately the Vestry +book of Cameron, which would be invaluable source material for +the Loudoun student seeking information for the period from 1748 +until after the Revolution, seems to have wholly disappeared or +been destroyed.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> The Chapel had from its beginning until it became +a part of Cameron Parish, that is from 1733 to 1748, these Clerks +and Lay Readers:</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Joseph Johnson, new or Falls Church and Goose Creek 1733-1735</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Samuel Hull, Goose Creek, 1736-1740</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John Richardson, 1741-1745</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John Alden, 1745-1746</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">John Moxley, 1747</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Thomas Evans, 1748</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>Aubrey is believed to have been the son of John Aubrey or +Awbrey of Westmoreland, was an ally and close friend of Thomas +Lee and, from his appearance in what is now Loudoun until his +death in 1741, was of such dominant importance that he has been +called its then "first citizen." When the county of Prince William +was set off from Stafford in 1731, he became a member of its first +Court and, in 1732, "the inspector of the Pohick warehouse and a +member of the Truro Vestry." Two years before his death he became +the Sheriff of Prince William County and, at about the same time, +established the ferry at the Point of Rocks.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p> + +<p>But before Francis Aubrey settled at Big Spring, Philip Noland +in 1724 had purchased land at the mouth of Broad Run. He married +Aubrey's daughter Elizabeth and later removed to lands on the +Potomac above the mouth of the Monocacy which his wife had inherited +from her father. As early as 1758 and probably before, Noland +operated a ferry across the Potomac from his new plantation to +the Maryland side; thus joining the Maryland and Virginia sections +of the Carolina Road, from the earliest days of local history a main +artery of travel between north and south.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> It was in this immediate +vicinity that he built the mansion he was destined never to finish +and which still stands incomplete, a most interesting example of +one of the earliest of the more pretentious homes of Loudoun.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER V</h2> + +<h3>THE MELTING POT</h3> + + +<p>Thus far we have been noting the arrival of Virginians +from Tidewater. Rich or poor, great landowners or squatters, +gentlemen of position and influence or the mere riff-raff of +the settlements, with all the varying gradation between those extremes, +they had at least in common their English blood and traditions +and being the product of Virginia life, either through birth +or years of residence. It is now time to consider other and wholly +dissimilar strains which, during this period of early settlement, were +coming into the newly opened country and which were to have such +a lasting influence on its population.</p> + +<p>As early as 1725 there was, it is said, a group of Irish immigrants +which had established itself on the Virginia bank of the Potomac, +opposite the mouth of the Monocacy. This particular cluster had +come from Maryland having, perhaps, been attracted to the large +grant between the Monocacy and the Point of Rocks which, before +1700, had been acquired by the first Charles Carroll, founder of his +family in Maryland who, when he acquired the land on the Monocacy, +was acting as Agent for Maryland's Proprietor, Lord Baltimore. +Later his grandson, another Charles Carroll, inherited the grant, +added greatly thereto, bestowed upon it the name of Carrollton +Manor and in signing the <i>Declaration of Independence</i> as Charles +Carroll of Carrollton, gave it and himself immortality. The Carrolls +were Irish and Roman Catholics; perhaps they had encouraged these +newcomers to go out to their great holdings on the Monocacy where +life could be begun anew and there was less danger of interference +with their religion than in the strongly Protestant east. However, +whether encouraged or not, our particular covey of Irish seem eventually +to have crossed to the Virginia shore and there planted themselves +with small formality and no title. All was wilderness on both +sides of the Potomac. The matter of a legal title was probably the +least of our adventurers' troubles.</p> + +<p>In the first half-century following the founding of Jamestown, +few Irish were to be encountered in Virginia. The Colony was overwhelmingly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> +English with, it is true, occasional Welsh, Irish and +Scotch here and there; but these were accidental and the basic and +dominating race of the settlers was so wholly Anglo-Saxon that the +few others were submerged and lost in the English flood. But between +1653 and 1660, hundreds of unfortunate Irish, resisting +Cromwell, were shipped as political prisoners and little better than +white slaves to Virginia and the other Colonies. Again, after the +defeat in 1690 of James II and his Irish supporters by William III +at the Battle of the Boyne and the resultant Treaty of Limerick the +next year, great numbers of the Irish were banished or condemned +to transportation and of these many were sent to Maryland and Virginia +where as servants or labourers on the land, their services were +in demand. While the majority thus transported were ignorant +peasants, feudal vassals of their lords, the "Kerns and gallowglasses" +of Macaulay, numbers of the nobility and gentry were exiled as +well, of which we have already recorded a prominent example in +Daniel McCarty. Inasmuch as those transported were so treated as +punishment for their uprising in favour of James and against the de +facto English government of William, they were stigmatized as +criminals, although, as shown, their offense was purely political. But +Irish offenders against the penal laws other than political were also +from time to time condemned to transportation and as the demand +for labourers by wealthier planters in Virginia grew and until negro +slaves later were generally available to them, there was also much +kidnapping of wholly innocent Irish who, too, were taken to the +Colonies and sold into servitude. Among this heterogeneous mass +of unfortunates there were undoubtedly many who were disorderly, +depraved and vicious and who, we know, subsequently gave great +trouble to the Virginians; but to classify all the Irish forcibly transported +as criminals or lawless would be as unjust as it would be untrue. +It well may be borne in mind that to most of the English, they +were a strange, impulsive and foreign people and equally or even +more damning, Romanists in an intensely anti-Roman community. +As such, we may well believe, they seldom enjoyed the benefit of a +doubt of their inherent depravity.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>The town of Waterford was, according to tradition, founded by +an Irishman, one Asa Moore, who is reputed to have built his, the +first house there in 1732, naming the new settlement for the place +of his nativity. Later it received many English, Scotch-Irish, Germans +and, particularly, Quakers to whom it largely owed the prosperity +and progress it was then to enjoy.</p> + +<p>During the interminable wars of the seventeenth century—in +ghastly refutation as they were of those blissful dreams of the solidarity +of Europe and that international brotherhood of peace and +culture so fondly entertained by the Erasmian school only a few +generations before—few parts of that same Europe had suffered +more hideously than the land known as the Palatinate along the +Rhine. The so-called Thirty Years War, from 1618 to 1648, brought +devastation particularly to its lower portion. In 1688 its whole territory +was invaded again by the French of Louis XIV—an invasion +which, for sheer savage brutality to the people there and the inconceivable +atrocities perpetrated on them, is difficult to parallel in the +annals of civilized nations but which, with its certain legacies of distrust +and hatred, is somewhat conveniently forgotten by the professional +French patriot of today. The land was reduced to little more +than a desert and such of its inhabitants as survived, to the utmost +want and privation. For nine years, until the Treaty of Ryswick +(1697), the French scourging of the land ground it to dust. A few +years of quiet followed, in which the poor Palatines sought to restore +their ruined towns and farms but fate seemed resolved on their annihilation. +In 1703 another war, that of the Spanish Succession, broke +out and raged until 1713 and the Palatinate again and again was +overrun by hostile armies. It was during these years and after, that +those left with the breath of life in their bodies appeared to give up +hope of ever again occupying their homeland in peace. A great emigration +began, ten thousand fugitives first going to England where +they were received kindly by Queen Anne and her people and given +much aid; but, in an England where work was none too plentiful, +the Germans soon became an economic and social problem. About +3,800 were sent to Ireland where, in Munster, their descendants are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> +still to be found; but many more were sent to America, some to New +York but the greater number to Pennsylvania. In the latter Colony +they were so well received that they sent back word encouraging +others to follow them; and soon the harassed Germans began to arrive +in such swarms that between 40,000 and 50,000 are believed +to have come to Pennsylvania between 1702 and 1727, wholly +changing its complexion. The Colony's Governor, George Thomas, +writing to the Bishop of Exeter in 1747 stated his belief that the +Germans then comprised three-fifths of the population of that Province. +But of the early arrivals many of the most impoverished worked +out toward the cheaper and still wild lands on the then frontier and +thence south through the strong and fertile regions of western Maryland.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile Virginia had been encouraging settlements of refugee +Europeans on her frontiers in an effort to form buffer groups between +the inimical French and Indians to the north and the seated parts of +her domain. In 1730 a grant of 10,000 acres on the Shenandoah +River was made to one Stover for settlement by Germans who began +to pour south from Pennsylvania and Maryland and soon the Valley +was taking on that perceptible Teutonic colour with which it is still +dyed.</p> + +<p>In 1731 there came to the present Loudoun the first colony of +Germans from the Valley. Of all the early settling it is doubtful if +any was more intelligently planned or more reasonably could anticipate +success. Instead of a few individuals pioneering in haphazard +fashion, there was a compact and homogeneous group of about sixty +families, the men almost without exception artisans of various trades +or peasants skilled in thrifty farming; and their lot had heretofore +been so harsh and their fortune so adverse that the hardships inseparable +from making a new home in the wilderness were, by comparison, +a kindly dispensation of a hitherto hostile fate. On crossing +the Blue Ridge they and those following them settled the land between +the Catoctin Mountains and the Short Hills, north of the +present Morrisonville, which from that time on has been known as +the German Settlement and than which no part of Loudoun has<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span> +been more industriously and providently farmed. Little those early +Teutons spent on luxury or even comfort; a sound and certain living +was their objective and the land and its increase, rather than ornate +dwellings, received their uttermost effort. Even as late as 1853, +Yardley Taylor was moved to record that their "farms are generally +small and well cultivated and the land rates high. This class of population +seldom goes to much expense in building houses ... many +old log houses that are barely tolerable are in use by persons abundantly +able to build better ones." But if their houses were primitive, +the occupants were generally prosperous and free from debt and in +later years comfortable and commodious farmhouses have taken the +place of the earlier cabins. These earliest Germans, having neither +speech nor habits in common with their neighbours, developed a +self-sustained and independent community wholly different and set +off from those of others around them and to this day their locality +measurably carries on its distinctive life.</p> + +<p>Following so closely upon the advent of the Germans that there +has arisen some dispute as to which actually entered first, we find +the arrival of the Quakers. "In 1733 Amos Janney left his residence +at the Falls of the Delaware in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and +migrating to Virginia with his family, established himself at Waterford"<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> +and many other Quakers soon joined him. Local tradition +places, even earlier than Janney, David Potts (another Pennsylvania +Quaker) as a pioneer in the northern part of the present county but +no record confirms his presence before the 16th November, 1746, +when he leased 866 acres on "Kittockton Run" from Catesby Cocke +for five shillings in hand paid with right of purchase. Legend may +or may not be correct; the earliest settlers, as we have seen, often +seated themselves without title. Both Janney and Potts were founders +of well known families in the county where their descendants +still worthily bear their names. It is definitely known, however, that +soon the Quakers became very numerous; and as ever since they +have been such a conspicuous element in the diversified population<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span> +of the county, a brief narration of their story and migration is of +interest.</p> + +<p>The "Friends" or "Quakers" as they were subsequently called, are +a religious sect founded by George Fox in England in 1647 when he +was but twenty-three years old. They owe their name of Quakers to +their tendency, in their early religious meetings, to have become so +wrought up in individual enthusiasm as to be seized with an +emotional trembling or quaking and the earlier Friends "definitely +asserted that those who did not know quaking and trembling, were +strangers to the experience of Moses, David and other Saints."<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a> +Their characteristic tenets included the doctrine of non-resistance +and opposition to all formalism in religious services and as Fox began +his activities at a time of intense religious fanaticism met by relentless +persecution, it was not long before he and his followers were in open +conflict with the constituted authorities. From proselyting in public +and interrupting conventional religious services, the more extravagant +of the zealots indulged in activities which can only be ascribed to religious +mania and the authorities promptly met their challenge.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> +Merciless whippings, dragging at cart-tails, the pillory, branding +with hot irons and even occasional execution were their fate; but in +common with other religious persecution their growth in number +seems to have been coincident with the most vigourous efforts made +to suppress them. Fox, a man of humble birth, with no advantages +of formal education, possessed tireless energy and great bodily vigour +coupled with the assurance of a natural and magnetic evangelist; +and although equally detested by Churchmen and Puritans and in +conflict with every other religious body, his following rapidly grew +throughout England. Journeys by his proselytes to continental +America, the West Indies, Holland, Germany, Austria, Hungary +and Italy left converts where they preached and this was particularly +so in the American Colonies where Fox himself came in 1672.</p> + +<p>The first of the Colonies to hear Quaker preaching was Massachusetts +in 1656, but Virginia was a close second; for in the following<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> +year Thomas Thurston and Josiah Cole of Bristol arrived in the Old +Dominion and are said to have made a number of converts before +they were promptly banished. The Quakers were as little welcome +in either Massachusetts or Virginia as in England itself and both +Colonies passed stringent laws for their repression. Virginia ordained +that any shipmaster found guilty of smuggling in Quakers was to +be fined Ł100 and upon the third return of a Quaker after banishment, +he was to be treated as a felon. But even before the passage of +the English Toleration Act of 1689 the persecution had died down. +By the end of the century they had so increased in number that they +were a major element in Rhode Island, controlled New Jersey and +Delaware and had, under William Penn in 1681, founded and were +supreme in Pennsylvania. Penn declared for liberty of conscience in +the Colony he termed his "experiment," with absolute religious +freedom "for Papists, Protestants, Jews and Turks"—if not an absolutely +unique, at least a sorely needed attitude in the seventeenth +century religious life. Thence forward Pennsylvania was to be a +great centre of Quakerism and from it mainly but also from Maryland, +New York and other Colonies, as well as directly from Great +Britain, were recruited the Quakers of Loudoun. Undoubtedly the +familiar combination of economic pressure, the cheaper and more +fertile lands of the new settlement and the pioneering spirit inherent +in the British race explains the migration. It is interesting to note +that by 1694 a Quaker had become Governor of South Carolina and +that from 1725 to 1775 there was a constant flow of Friends from +Pennsylvania, New York, New England and Great Britain to that +State. As a main north-and-south highway, the famous Carolina +Road, passed through the Loudoun to be, doubtless many came that +way and we may believe that not a few of those emigrants joined +their coreligionists who they found living in such comfort and prosperity +in their fertile Virginia colony.</p> + +<p>The Quakers of Loudoun had with characteristic shrewdness +picked out for their settlement that part of the far-famed Loudoun +Valley, between the Catoctin Hills and the Blue Ridge, that lies in +the central part of the present county—perhaps the best and most<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span> +fertile land the county boasts; and there the so-called "Quaker +Settlement" continues to the present time. In common with their +German neighbours to the north, they tended to form a more-or-less +compact colony, segregated from the other pioneers. They were +frugal, industrious, far better farmers than their Virginia neighbours; +but between Germans and Quakers no love was lost and, though +each was isolated from the Tidewater element, there was little or no +intermingling. Nevertheless we find them occasionally making +common cause against the slaveholding portion of the community +and, in the next century in the War Between the States, both German +and Quaker adhered to the Federal cause and were, at least for +the time being, more than ever cut off from their then intensely +Confederate neighbours. Time has softened and gradually worn +down these old-time edges of difference and today, perhaps more +than ever before, we find the descendants of these earlier opponents +living in concord and mutual respect.</p> + +<p>Our melting-pot is slowly filling. In the Scotch-Irish it now takes +another human ingredient as distinct from the Anglo-Saxon as +were the Germans or Irish but destined to make a major contribution +not only to the new population of the Piedmont but to that of Virginia +generally and the other Colonies as well. They were splendid +pioneering material with the persistent industry and frugality of the +German and Quaker but, unlike them, mixing freely with the other +settlers, planting themselves anywhere and everywhere they found +conditions and lands to their liking and so soon and freely intermarrying +with their Virginia neighbours that their blood today is +found very generally mixed with the older Virginia strain. Concerning +their origin and history there has been much misinformation and +occasionally rather prejudiced and heated argument; but the main +facts are not obscure.</p> + +<p>In the sixth century one of the Irish tribes known as the Scotti +or Scots, inhabiting the island then known as Scotia, but which we +now call Ireland, crossed the Irish Sea and made a mass descent on +the west coast of ancient Caledonia; and driving before them the +Picts they found occupying the land, they settled down in possession<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> +of their newly conquered territory, covering roughly the present +Argyle. Five centuries later the descendants of these invaders, having +waxed mightily in power and numbers and become one of the +four tribal kingdoms of Caledonia, united with the others, the Picts, +British and Angles, to make the Kingdom of Scotland to which they +gave their name and of which their history thenceforth was a part. +Thus apparently their future destiny was fixed for all time in Scotland; +but Providence had not forgotten them and had other plans.</p> + +<p>In all Ireland, never renowned for its meekness nor pacification, +there was in Elizabethan days and before, probably no part more +constantly and consistently embroiled than the Province of Ulster. +More or less continuous fighting between its people and Elizabeth's +soldiers gradually wore down the Irish and their final complete collapse +came in 1607 when their native princes, the Earls of Tyrconnel +and Tyrone, deserted them and fled to the Continent. Thereupon +the first James of England, having succeeded Elizabeth, declared all +the lands of the Province forfeited and escheated to the English +Crown, thus providing a convenient and legal basis for dispossessing +the native Irish of their holdings, which the King thereupon undertook +to repopulate with English and Scotch. But the English did not +view the King's inducements with enthusiasm. Inasmuch as, in +comparison with the Scotch, they "were a great deal more tenderly +bred at home in England, and entertained in better quarters than +they could find in Ireland, they were unwilling to flock thither except +to good land such as they had before at home, or to good cities +where they might trade, both of which in those days were scarce +enough" in Ulster.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> But the Scotch, many of them from Argyle +found Ulster, their old homeland, to their liking and James, Scotch +himself, seems to have preferred them for his purpose. They came +in great numbers, took root immediately and soon were creating a +peace and prosperity in the Province unknown there for many a long +day, their ranks being later heavily augmented by Covenanters fleeing +from the persecution of Charles I. But between these Presbyterian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> +newcomers and the native Irish Roman Catholics, their neighbours, +there was friction and hostility from the beginning which has +lasted unabated to the present day.</p> + +<p>Had the English government the wit and policy to have let this +new settlement alone all would have been well; but the England of +those days had yet to learn, from the costly experience of the American +Revolution, that art of governing colonies in which she is today +without peer. After the final crushing of the Irish at the Battle of the +Boyne, in which the new Ulster population was of no small assistance, +the English merchants grew jealous of the trade, manufactures +and aggressive competition of the Province and in 1698 succeeded in +obtaining from Parliament restrictive laws which all but ruined her +industries, particularly in linen and woolen then, as now, outstanding. +And now to the ruin of their trades was to be added religious +coercion. Although, as we have seen, a Toleration Act had been +passed for England in 1689, it was not until nearly one hundred +years later that in 1782 the Toleration Act for Ireland became law. +From 1704 on there was a great effort to force the Presbyterians of +Ulster, as well as those of Scotland, to conform to the English +Church and those who refused were forbidden to keep schools, marriages +performed by their ministers were declared invalid and other +civil disabilities were imposed. By 1719 the people of Ulster had been +made desperate by this senseless interference and persecution and +they, too, began to flock to America. As with the others, the movement, +once started, grew rapidly and in this instance reached such +proportions that it became by far the greatest immigration that, until +the later day of steam, was to come to America's shores. Again +Philadelphia appears to have been the chief port to receive them, as +many as six shiploads landing there in one week alone. Before the +emigration was eased by the Toleration Act and a generally saner +attitude in England, it is estimated that half a million of the Scotch-Irish +had crossed the Atlantic, carrying with them a deep resentment +toward England, for which she later was to pay a heavy price in the +stubborn and valiant support these people and their descendants +gave to the American side in the war of the Revolution.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span>As most of these Scotch-Irish immigrants were very poor, many +paid for their passage by selling their services and labour for a term +of years, becoming a part of that flood of "indentured servants" +which we shall soon consider. Fairfax Harrison in his <i>Landmarks of +Old Prince William</i> vividly describes their advent and early distribution +in the Northern Neck. As soon as the earlier arrivals had +worked out their contracted years of servitude, Colonel Robert Carter, +about 1723, began seating them around Brent Town and Elk +Marsh. But as their numbers grew, they soon shewed a disinclination +to become tenants, preferring to push further into the wilderness +"where they could and did take up small holdings on the same terms +that Colonel Carter took up his great ones and in that process they +scattered."<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> Being too poor to purchase negro slaves and the supply +of "redemptioners" or indentured servants by that time beginning +to diminish, they bought the cheaper convicts for labourers and the +Piedmont backwoods of the Proprietary acquired a reputation for +turbulence and lawlessness to which both master and servant contributed +his share. But they settled the land, planted tobacco and +corn as persistently and relentlessly as did their more prosperous +neighbours and in common with them laboured to develop the +future Loudoun.</p> + +<p>To understand the status of the "indentured servants," who were +so numerous in the Virginia Colony and were such a large and important +factor in the population of the Northern Neck, it is well to +first consider the meaning of the term. In the seventeenth and +eighteenth centuries the word servant was not at all confined to +one who was engaged in a menial task but broadly referred to anyone +who, for compensation, rendered service to another and it was +customary in all occupations, calling for especial training or instruction, +to take on apprentices "bound to serve for a certain time in +consideration of instruction in an art or trade"—the apprentice to +be fed, lodged and clothed by the master during the term and to +give his labour and services in compensation for his support and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> +instruction. This custom obtained not only in the various crafts +and trades but even in the professions as well, lawyers and doctors +taking students on similar terms. In modern England the broader +and older meaning of the word persists in the expression "civil servant" +in reference to a government clerk or employé in what in +America, too, is known as the Civil Service.</p> + +<p>Virginia's agriculture was based on the cultivation of tobacco and +corn—both hand-hoed crops, with practically no use whatever of the +plow. As land was plentiful and the plantations increased in size, +the great and pressing need was always for labor—and more labor. +This system of indentured service in Virginia began very early and +opened a great supply of labor not otherwise available. There were +many in England of the poorer class and even of those once more +affluent who had for one reason or another become the victims of +misfortune and sought a fresh start in the colonies but were without +the money to pay their passage. No small number of those who had +become bankrupt became indentured servants. The severe English +laws against debtors forced many to fly from that country and +Virginia was a safe escape; for in 1642 a law had been passed in +Virginia protecting these fugitives from their English creditors.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> +Little social stigma seems to have attached to the indentured servants +as such. Frequently they lived with the family of their master, +especially so when he was one of the smaller proprietors, and as +they became proficient and earned their master's confidence they +were often made overseers of their fellow workers. Although by far +the greater demand was always for workers on the land, not all of +them were so employed; some were artisans, some of the better +educated became teachers and it was not unusual for the wealthier +planters to seek and purchase these latter for that purpose. George +Washington is said to have thus received his earlier schooling. As +a whole, they appear to have been well and humanely treated in +Virginia, or at least after the earlier days of their introduction, with +little or none of the shocking brutality they are known to have met<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> +with upon occasion in Maryland, such as called for that Colony's +legislation of 1664, 1681, etc.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p> + +<p>That there had been some earlier harshness, but more probably to +convicts, is suggested by the effort made by Robert Beverley, in his +<i>History of Virginia</i>, first published in 1705, to refute rumours of +ill-treatment or undue hardship in the lives of these people which had +been spread abroad in the England of his day. No doubt the writings +of Defoe and other authors without personal knowledge of what they +undertook to describe, had had their affect. "A white woman is +rarely or never put to work on the ground, if she be good for anything +else," Beverley declares and further on has this to say:</p> + +<p>"Because I have heard how strangely cruel and severe the service +of this country is represented in some parts of England, I can't forebear +affirming, that the work of the servants and slaves is no other +that what every common freeman does; neither is any servant required +to do more in a day than his overseer; and I can assure you, +with great truth, that generally their slaves are not worked so hard, +nor so many hours in a day, as the husbandman and day labourer in +England. An overseer is a man, that having served his time, has +acquired the skill and character of an experienced planter, and is +therefore entrusted with direction of the servants and slaves ... +all masters are under the correction and censure of the County +Courts to provide for their servants food and wholesome diet, clothing +and lodging."</p> + +<p>And again:</p> + +<p>"If a master should be so cruel, as to use his servant ill, that is fallen +sick or lame in his service, and thereby rendered unfit for labor, +he must be removed by the churchwardens out of the way of such +cruelty, and boarded in some good planters home till the time of +his freedom, the charge of which must be laid before the next county +court, which has power to levy the same, from time to time, upon +the goods and chattels of the master, after which, the charge of +such boarding is to come upon the parish in general.... No master<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> +of a servant can make a new bargain for service or other matter with +his servant, without the privity and consent of the County Court, to +prevent the masters over-reaching, or scaring such servant into an +unreasonable compliance."</p> + +<p>Moreover, when the servant had redeemed himself by working +out his time, he received from his former master, as assistance to +start out for himself "ten bushels of corn (which is sufficient for +almost a year) two new suits of clothes, both linen and woolen, and +a gun, twenty dollars value"; all of which were given to him as his +due. He had the right to take up fifty acres of unpatented land +and thereupon took his place, according to his merit and industry, +in the free life of the Colony.</p> + +<p>The system was necessary from the first; for if the servants had +not been bound they promptly would have secured tracts of land to +work for themselves, leaving those who had paid for their passage +in the lurch. That it was advantageous to both master and servant +is indicated by its growth. Its end in Virginia was caused by a +cheaper labor supply having become available rather than from any +lack of those seeking transportation. It has been estimated that, +between the years 1635 and 1680, from 1,000 to 1,600 came annually +to Virginia under its conditions and that from first to last not +less than eighty thousand persons so arrived. But with the importation +of negroes, beginning on a larger scale about 1680, the custom +declined until by the middle of the eighteenth century, it seems to +have practically ended in Virginia.</p> + +<p>The transporting of convicts by England to her American Colonies—a +far greater injustice to them than the later taxation by which +they were lost to her—began early and was, in Virginia, at once and +most vigourously opposed; but the everpressing demand for laborers +seems to have rapidly modified the opposition, at least on the +part of the larger proprietors whose power and influence was out of +all proportion to their number; and it was not long before convicts +were not only accepted without protest but even sought. It is the old +story, in America as elsewhere, of a selfish economic advantage +blinding those in power to the welfare of the State as a whole, although<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> +many continued to hold misgivings of the outcome. Thus +we find Beverley in a later edition of his history, recording: "as for +malefactors condemned to transportation, the greedy planters will +always buy them, yet it is to be feared that they will be very injurious +to the Country, which has already suffered many murders and robberies, +the effect of that new law of England."<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p> + +<p>But a loose assumption that all the convicts or prisoners arriving +were moral derelicts, or those whose offense essentially involved +moral depravity, and that the proportion these bore to others leaving +Europe for Virginia fixes the ratio of their descendants or influence +in the Old Dominion's later population, would be wholly and +demonstrably untrue. We must be much more discerning and +analytical than that and, as in another instance, look to our +definitions.</p> + +<p>The penal law of England, in the seventeenth and eighteenth +centuries, was far more severe than today. Literally scores of offenses +were punishable by death or transportation which today are +either not crimes or, if still so considered, are punishable only by fine +or imprisonment. Among the transgressions most severely dealt +with, were purely political offenses; and a political offense was +essentially to have picked the wrong side in the many religious, +dynastic or civic disturbances of the period. After the various +Irish upheavals of the seventeenth century—and that island, it may +be said, was conquered by the English no less than three times within +less than a hundred years—there was banishment or transportation +of many of the losing side. The transportation was especially +ruthless after Cromwell's operations and again, a generation or +more later, after the Battle of the Boyne. But the Irish were not +the only political victims. When the forces of Parliament defeated +the Stuart followers, they condemned to transportation a goodly +number of their opponents; treatment which was promptly reciprocated +by the triumphant Royalists after the Restoration who meted +out the same punishment to former Cromwellian soldiers and non-conformists<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> +as well. Again, after the abortive effort made in 1685 +by the Duke of Monmouth to seize his uncle's crown, the vicious +and bloody Jeffries and his colleagues, in their less frenzied moments, +sentenced, as criminals, multitudes of the unfortunate followers of +Monmouth to transportation to Virginia—there to be sold into as +virtual slavery as any thug convicted of murder or highway robbery +who had, in one way or another, been lucky enough to escape hanging. +On arrival they sold for from Ł10 to Ł15 each; and we find +the King adding his gentle touch to the work. "Take all care" +wrote James to the Council of Virginia "that they shall serve for +ten years at least; and that they be not permitted to return themselves +by money or otherwise until that term be fully expired. Prepare +a bill for the Assembly of our Colony, with such clauses as shall +be requisite for that purpose." Thus the king; but in four years he +has lost his throne and William III is issuing a full pardon for all +political offenders.</p> + +<p>Hence no small part of the convicts were unfortunates, rather +than criminals, to our modern way of thought. But there remained +a large and unpalatable number who had been convicted of crimes +of all degrees and in their ranks were found a motley crew ranging +from the lowest type of profligate, whose escape from the noose had +been a public misfortune, to the minor offenders punished for a first +violation of law. However even this evil residue was fated to leave +but a minor contamination of the Colony's bloodstream. A great +death-toll was taken by sickness on the transporting ships, particularly +by the dreaded "goal distemper" as it was called. Those who +survived the voyage naturally received far less consideration from +their purchasers than was accorded the indentured servant; the unaccustomed +climate took its quota and all in all the mortality was +very great. Of those who outlived their period of servitude, some +rose to positions of trust; many of the incorrigibles soon made the +Colony too hostile for their comfort and took themselves off either +voluntarily or as fugitives—sometimes to the more remote and unseated +parts of Piedmont or, more generally, to the North Carolina +backwoods, a favorite refuge for the dregs of Virginia's Colonial<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> +population. And at length, in 1740, came an opportunity for a +great and general house-cleaning. In raising the Virginia levies for +the ill-fated expedition against Carthagena, many a convict was +pressed into service and, in the disasters attending that adventure, +ended his turbulent career. But unfortunately the polluted stream +continued to pour in on Virginia's shores until after the Revolution.</p> + +<p>An unduly large proportion of these undesirables appears to have +found its way into the backwoods of the Northern Neck which, in +1730, Governor Gooch described as "a part of the Country remote +from the Seat of Government where the common people are generally +of a more turbulent and unruly disposition than anywhere +else, and are not like to become better by being the Place of all this +Dominion where most of transported Convicts are sold and settled."<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> +One may, without an undue straining of the imagination, discover +the descendants of some of these people in modern Loudoun's small +lawless element.</p> + +<p>The negro slaves were practically confined to the eastern and +southern parts of Loudoun. They were all but unknown in the +German Settlement and the Quakers as a sect were so opposed to +the very institution of slavery that, as early as the eighteenth century, +the Society in America reached the decision to disown any +member thereof who held slaves.</p> + +<p>In all this varied assortment of population, it is a tribute to the +natural leadership of the Tidewater Virginian that he maintained +his supremacy and control. From him the county inherits all that is +best and most attractive in its social life—the courtesy of its people, +the unfailing hospitality, the love of social intercourse, the ardour for +outdoor sports, particularly the devotion to horses, dogs and fox-hunting, +all of which so definitely distinguish it today and contribute +to the outstanding and well-recognized charm of its life.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VI</h2> + +<h3>ROADS AND BOUNDARIES</h3> + + +<p>We have mentioned in the foregoing pages that +an unusual feature in the settlement of these Stafford or +Prince William backwoods, soon to be known as Loudoun, +was not only the diversity of origin of the new population +but that it came almost simultaneously from the north and the south +and the west as well as from the Tidewater east. As the falls of the +Potomac and Rappahannock blocked continuous water transport +from the older settlements, the pioneers all were forced to come +through the woodland trails and these trails or roads, if they could +be then so called, now demand our attention.</p> + +<p>What one might call the Appian Way of Piedmont, the <i>longarum +regina viarum</i> as Statius calls the Roman road, was undoubtedly that +aboriginal trail which, perhaps beginning as a buffalo path,<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> was +followed habitually by the Indians in their north-south journeys to +the earliest knowledge of the whites and appears in the records of the +Colony at a very early date. The Carolina Road, as it is best known, +became a great highway between the north and the south and if our +surmise be correct that, in common with so many of our earliest +colonial roads, it owes its origin to a beaten trail made by the heavier +animals of the forest, it was probably used by the Manahoacks and +their predecessor tribes long before the Susquehannocks frequented +it in the latter half of the seventeenth century, not only on their +trading journeys between the Dutch of Manhattan and the Carolina +Indians, but in their war forays as well. The Iroquois of New York, +as we have seen, followed their Susquehannock kindred to Piedmont +and in Spotswood's day it was their ordinary and accustomed route. +We think we get our first record of it among the Susquehannock +"plain paths" noted in the Virginia Act of 1662 and it was sometimes +referred to by that name. Later and from about 1686 until at +least 1742, that part of the road between Brent Town and the Rappahannock +was also known as the "Shenandoah Hunting Path," a +name still occasionally heard; but the popular name was the Carolina<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> +Road with its no less popular descriptive appellation of "The Rogue's +Road" due to the cattle and horse thieves who infested it throughout +the eighteenth century. That these gentry misused the road only, +rather than were residents of the country it traversed, was always +maintained, and apparently with truth, by the Piedmont people; +but so numerous had they become by 1742 that the Assembly +passed an act<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> calling on those driving stock along the public highways +to have in their possession a bill of sale of their cattle and +horses to be exhibited to any justice of the peace when due demand +therefor was made. Yet the rogues still continued to travel their +road until the ebb and wane of its traffic in the early nineteenth century. +Although the records fail to shew that highwaymen plied +their trade on this or other Virginia roads, Loudoun folklore has +held to a belief in their activities as witness the legend concerning +Captain Harper, Loudoun's own Robin Hood:</p> + +<p>"This portion through the present Loudoun of the old Carolina +Road was then locally known as 'Rogue's Road' on account of the +many bold robberies committed along its route by the famous gentleman +highwayman of the day, Captain Harper, who regularly patrolled +it and terrorized all those who lived adjacent to it until such +was the fear of this dashing and bold highwayman, that women were +afraid to venture out upon this road alone. A rather pretty story is +related in this connection—a young Virginia maiden was walking +this road alone one evening about twilight, hurrying from a visit to +a neighbour, when a dashing cavalier rode up and reined his horse +beside her. 'Are you not afraid to walk this road alone on account +of Captain Harper and his band?' he asked. 'No' replied the maiden +'for I have always heard Captain Harper was a gentleman.' The +dashing horseman looked at her a moment and then walked his +horse beside her until she reached the gate leading to her home. +And then raising his hat and bowing he said: 'Captain Harper bids +you good night' and digging the rowels into his steed he vanished as +he came."<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> The writer omits to mention the local tradition that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> +Harper, though mercilessly robbing the rich, gave generously to the +poor.</p> + +<p>The Carolina Road entered Virginia at a point on the bank of the +Potomac, above the mouth of Maryland's Monocacy, where Noland's +Ferry sometime prior to 1756 became its connecting link with +Maryland; thence it ran in a southeasterly direction somewhere +along the present clay road to Christ Church just south of modern +Lucketts; thence south, following closely the present Leesburg-Point +of Rocks State Highway, through Leesburg over what is +known as King Street (the King's Highway of yesteryear) and +approximately along the present James Monroe Highway (Route 15 +of the United States Highway System) to Verts' Corner, thence +along what is still locally called the Carolina Road (or sometimes +the Gleedsville Road) to Goose Creek at Oatlands. The present +hard road from Verts' Corner to Oatlands, now the main road, was +probably built and the old road's traffic at that point diverted about +1830 when the rough pavement of the road was undertaken. From +Goose Creek at Oatlands the old road followed United States Route +15 as at present to the Little River Turnpike, now known as the +Lee-Jackson National Highway, just east of the village of Aldie; +crossing this, it followed what is now but a local and little used +county road which, in its progress south of the county and under +changing conditions, eventually crosses the other great rivers above +their falls line and so on to North Carolina. Along its route the first +church in Loudoun, Aubrey's little log "Chapel of Ease," was +erected at the Big Spring; and later many of the mansions of the +Loudoun gentlefolk, such as the Noland House, Rockland, Springwood, +Selma, Raspberry Plain, Morven, Rokeby, Oatlands, Oak +Hill, and others in due time came to be built and historic "Ordinaries" +or taverns such as that known as West's and later as Lacey's +and towns such as Leesburg and the nearby Aldie grew up. All +through the eighteenth century the flow of its colorful traffic continued +and developed in volume until the founding of the City of +Washington, as the nation's Capital, drew to the east those travelling +between the northern and southern States. And now, over a hundred<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> +years after the passing of its golden days of activity, there are +rumoured plans to revive the old road as a main north and south +highway and once again, in the not too distant future, we may see its +old life restored, with motors and trucks speeding along its surface +where the old-time foot and horse-travel and Indians and soldiers, +missionaries and traders, drovers honest or otherwise, were wont +slowly to pass.</p> + +<p>Nor are the old mansions and towns the only surviving landmarks +along its way. The famous Big Spring still rises in as steady volume +as of yore; the Tuscarora and Goose Creeks, no longer needfully +forded but now spanned by modern concrete bridges, still flow complacently +in their old-time channels and between them, on the west +side of the present road and two and a half miles south of Leesburg, +still stand the old Indian mounds.</p> + +<p>These mounds, for there are others scattered to the west of the one +so noticeable from the highway, have always excited local interest +but the present generation has all but forgotten their traditional +story. Somewhere in the neighbourhood of the house of Mr. T. W. +Gaines, on whose land rises the mound nearest the road, or perhaps +over the land where the mounds themselves now stand, there was +fought a hardly contested Indian battle at about the time the first of +the white pioneers were coming into that neighbourhood. Many +years ago the late Mrs. William H. Martin, then a bride recently +come to Leesburg, with the assistance of the late Miss Lizzie Worsley, +who gave a lifetime of study to the past of Leesburg and +Loudoun, carefully gathered up what she then could of the old story +which had been handed down from generation to generation and +incorporated it in a gracefully written "History and Traditions of +Greenway" which was published in the <i>Record</i> of Leesburg, then +edited by her husband.</p> + +<p>"Numberless were said to be dead warriors," wrote Mrs. Martin, +"who found their last resting place so far from their native lands +beneath the mounds that were easily distinguishable in the gloom of +the thick forest. This battle had been between the Catawbas of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> +Carolinas and the Delawares.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> An hereditary enmity existed between +these two tribes, distant as they were, the one from the +other. A large band of Delawares, pushing into the territory of the +Catawbas had severely punished that tribe, and victorious, were +travelling northward to their home. The Catawbas followed and +unexpectedly fell upon them, having overtaken them at the Potomac. +Terrible and swift was their revenge, yet such were the fighting +qualities of the Delawares thus brought to bay, that the Catawbas +were forced to retreat, without prisoners. But when the remaining +Delaware warriors looked upon their dead they saw the flower +of their tribe, stark in death, and too far to be carried to their own +hunting grounds. So there they were buried...."<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></p> + +<p>The surviving conquerors gathered together the bodies of their +slain tribesmen and over them toiled to erect the mounds that still +stand. The mounds and many hundred acres of surrounding land +were early acquired by the Mead family, who later built nearby +Greenway, and in that family the legend was handed down that in +the springtime of each year, about the anniversary of the battle, +there came through the forest a band of Indians who, when they +reached the mounds, conducted weird mourning rites for their fallen +brethren, made offerings of arrows and food and then disappeared in +the surrounding woods as silently as they came. As the years passed, +the mourners grew fewer and fewer until at length but a solitary +old warrior arrived and held what proved to be the final ceremony. +But the story does not end with those last solitary rites. According +to the Mead family tradition, year after year, as the night fell on the +anniversary of the battle, weird sounds of conflict came from the +Indian mounds though no person or living thing could be seen.</p> + +<p>Perhaps of equal antiquity and second only to the Carolina Road +in early importance but in that respect now by far surpassing it, is +the highway roughly paralleling the Potomac, the old Ridge Road +now generally known as the Alexandria Pike. This road also originated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +in an Indian trail, possibly following an earlier buffalo path; it +joined the famous Potomac Path of Tidewater above the ford at +Hunting Creek and it was along its course that we have seen Giles +Vandercastel and Burr Harrison, in 1699, exploring their way on +their mission to Conoy Island. This was the main entrance from +the lower part of the Northern Neck to at least so much of Loudoun +as lies between the Potomac and the Catoctin Hills; and along its +course and that of the Colchester Road to the south came the majority +of the Tidewater settlers. Its route through what later was to +be the Town of Leesburg is marked by Loudoun Street. The late +Charles O. Vandevanter of Leesburg, who made a careful study of +the location of these old roads, believed that originally its course west +of Leesburg followed what is now known as the Dry Mill Road to +Clark's Gap; but there is reason to believe that he was mistaken. +As the road approaches the rise of the Catoctin Hills, it certainly at +one time followed the hollow to the west of the present established +road and upon the land later owned by the author; so running west +of the present Roxbury Hall and on to Clark's Gap, marks of its +old route being still plainly discernible. When the highway was +incorporated in 1831, its route at this point was changed to approximately +its present location to avoid the sharpness of the grade as it +left the little branch now crossed by stone culverts. Remains of the +old road were discovered in 1923 when building the private road to +the house last named. At the foot of the hill and in front of the +present tenant house, rough piking was uncovered and nearby, where +the path leaves the lane to go to the barn, some old brick were dug +up. The late Samuel Norris, who died in 1933 at the age of eighty-four, +said that at this point there once was a cottage where, as he had +heard when a boy from older people, there had lived a man whose +duty it was to care for the extra horses which were attached to the +stage coaches before they began the abrupt rise of the road at that +point in following the hollow northwesterly. From Clark's Gap the +early road followed the present sandclay road to what is now known +as Ely's Corner, past the present Paeonian Springs and Warner's +Cross Roads and Wheatland and Hillsboro to the depression in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> +Blue Ridge known as Vestal's or Key's Gap—Gershom Keys having +owned land at that point as early as 1748 and the Vestal family having +operated a ferry across the Shenandoah nearby at least as early +as 1754 and perhaps in 1736; for we know it was in operation at +that time and that one G. Vestal was living in the immediate neighbourhood +then. Washington followed this road on his mission to +Fort du Quesne in 1753 and once again in 1754 as major of that +expedition against the French on the Alleghany (to the command +of which he later succeeded on the illness and death of Colonel Fry), +which resulted in the building and surrender by him of Fort Necessity.<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> +In the following year it was trodden by that brigade of Braddock's +army which, under the command of Sir Peter Halkett, left +the main body of the troops when that main body crossed the Potomac +over into Maryland at the present Georgetown as is related in +a later chapter.</p> + +<p>In an effort to attract the increasing traffic to and from the west, +Leesburg citizens incorporated in 1831 the Leesburg and Snickers' +Gap Turnpike Company which built an improved road north from +Clark's Gap to Snickers' Gap, as the old Williams' Gap had then +come to be called; and this new road (which is the present Alexandria-Winchester +Highway) took the traffic theretofore going +through Vestal's Gap and has since been the northerly main route +across the Blue Ridge.</p> + +<p>To carry the old Ridge Road over Broad Run, we know that +there was built, before 1755, one of the earliest highway bridges in +Loudoun's territory of which record has been preserved; for on the +1755 edition of the Fry & Jefferson map a wooden bridge is shewn +at that point. The picturesque stone bridge that now spans the +stream, venerable as it appears, may not have been constructed before +1820, at about which time that part of the road was being improved +by the Leesburg Turnpike Company; nevertheless in eastern Loudoun +it is a popular legend that it was built by George Washington +as a young man and the inhabitants of the neighbourhood firmly +believe that to be true.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>The third of the principal roads of colonial Loudoun is called by +Fairfax Harrison the Colchester Road and is described by him as also, +in its first beginning an Indian path, developed about 1728 by King +Carter and his sons Robin and Charles from the Occoquan below the +falls "past the future sites of Payne's Church and the present Fairfax +Court House all the way to the Frying Pan run."<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> The Carters +believed that there was copper on certain of their recently acquired +lands and this road was developed to bring the ore to tidewater. It +became known as the Ox Road and a year or so later joined Walter +Griffin's Rolling Road running west across Little Rocky Run and +eventually across Elk Lick and Bull Run, across the Carolina Road +(near which crossing West's Ordinary was built), and so above the +ford over Little River to the Blue Ridge Road to Williams' Gap. It +was over this road that the youthful Washington returned in the +spring of 1748 from his survey with George William Fairfax of the +lands of Lord Fairfax in the valley and thus first set foot in the present +Loudoun; crossing the Blue Ridge at Williams' Gap<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> they proceeded +to William West's house, later to be licensed as West's +Ordinary and still later as Lacey's. Incidentally this old building +and landmark continued to stand until the year 1927 when it was +quite needlessly and most unfortunately torn down.</p> + +<p>The Colchester Road continued to be a main thoroughfare up to +about 1806 when the construction of Little River Turnpike diverted +most of its travel and the new road with its branches became the +principal highway system in southern Loudoun.</p> + +<p>The Virginia roads in the early days were in terrible condition for +wheeled traffic. Their most earnest defenders can only allege that +they were no worse than other American roads of those days and +better than many, a defense that damns without even the proverbial +faint praise. Englishmen of the period were still asleep in their attitude +toward road building and many of the highways of England +seem to have been as bad as those in America. One peculiarity of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> +the Virginia road was its general lack of side-fencing. Adjacent +property owners were quite apt to run their boundary fences across +the highway, leaving a gate for the traveller to open and pass +through. Curious as this may seem to us, it was not wholly without +its advantage; for where the highway had become a sink-hole of +mud, it thus was possible for the passer-by to make as wide a detour +through adjacent fields or woods as might be necessary to avoid the +obstruction. This throws light upon the effort at Georgetown, +predecessor settlement of the larger Leesburg, to have the course of +the Carolina Road as it passed through that hamlet definitely established +by the court as early as 1742 and again in 1757.<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p> + +<p>Bridges were few, far between, and primitive. There was, as we +have shewn, a wooden bridge prior to 1755 carrying the Ridge Road +over Broad Run and it is believed that prior to 1739, the same road +crossed Difficult near Colvin Run over a bridge of sorts; but for the +most part fords were used to cross streams, or ferries in the case of +the Potomac and other great rivers. When fords and ferries failed, +the mounted traveller swam his horse across, leaving the wayfarer +on foot to such more precarious adventure as conditions and his +courage offered.</p> + +<p>In a preceding chapter we have seen the Vestrymen of Truro +Parish engaged in ecclesiastical affairs committed to their charge; +among their secular duties was to appoint every four years reputable +Freeholders to "perambulate" the Parish, that is to say to travel over +the plantations and farms within it and renew their landmarks. +In Virginia this was called "processioning" but it derived from a +very ancient English practice know as "beating the bounds" believed +to have been brought by Saint Augustine to England from Gaul +where "it may have been derived from the Roman festival of +Terminus, the god of landmarks, to whom cakes and ale were +offered, sports and dancing taking place at the boundaries." In +England we find the "beating of the bounds" observed under Alfred +and Aethelstan, whose laws mention it. In later days, maps still<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> +being rare, it continued an English parish custom, generally observed +on Ascension Day or during Rogation Week. A procession was +formed, headed by the Priest of the Parish, the Churchwardens and +other Parish dignitaries and followed by a crowd of boys who were +armed with sticks with which they beat the Parish boundary stones +and were sometimes beaten themselves at each marker in order to fix +those markers in their minds and to insure the location of the +boundary stones being remembered through the life of the younger +generation. The procession frequently ended in a "parish-ale" or +feast which doubtlessly assisted in reconciling the boys to it all.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> +In earlier days the Priests sought the Divine blessing for the following +harvest on the lands within the parish. But translated to Virginia +the procedure was robbed of much of its formality and many +of its picturesque features and came to apply to renewing the landmarks +of private holdings rather than confirming in memory those +of the Parish bounds. There was a Truro Vestry meeting held on +the 8th October, 1743, to appoint "Processioners," which meeting, +the record states, was pursuant to an order of Fairfax County Court, +Loudoun then being included in Fairfax. The Vestrymen at their +meeting "laid off the said Parish into Precincts and appointed Processioners +in manner following." As the men appointed were representative +men in their neighbourhoods and as the "Precinct" may +be taken to forecast the later division of Loudoun into its Magisterial +Districts of modern days, it is interesting to study so much of +the record as refers to the country above Difficult Run which in a +few years was to be organized as Loudoun:</p> + +<p>"That John Trammell and John Harle procession between Difficult +Run and Broad Run; that Anthony Hampton and William +Moore procession between Broad Run and the south side of Goose +Creek as far as the fork of Little River; that Philip Noland and John +Lasswell procession between Goose Creek and Limestone Run as far +as the fork of Little River; that Amos Janney and William Hawling +procession between Limestone Run and the south branch of +Kitoctan.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span></p> +<p>"Between the south fork of Kitoctan and Williams Gap, no free +holder in this precinct; between Williams Gap, Ashley's Gap, +the County line and Goose Creek, to the Beaver Dam, and back to +the Gap, no freeholder in this precinct. Between the Beaver Dam +and the north east fork of Goose Creek no freeholder in this precinct."</p> + +<p>Level Jackson and Jacob Lasswell were ordered to procession between +the northeast and northwest forks of Goose Creek; John +Middleton and Edward Hews between Little River and Goose +Creek; William West and William Hall Junior between Little River +and Walnut "Cabbin" branch; George Adams and Daniel Diskin +between Walnut Cabbin branch, Broad run and Cub run and Popes +head. The editors of the record add that these Processioners owned +land within their several precincts at that date.<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p> + +<p>The statement that there were no freeholders</p> + +<blockquote><p class="hanging">(a) between the south fork of "Kitoctan" and Williams Gap; and</p> +<p class="hanging">(b) between Williams Gap, Ashley's Gap, the County line and +Goose Creek to the Beaver Dam and back to the Gap; and</p> +<p class="hanging">(c) between the Beaver Dam and the north east fork of Goose Creek +</p></blockquote> + +<p>is interesting. A and C take in parts of the Quaker Settlement. +Also it is traditional in the Osburn family of Loudoun that their +forebears John and Nicholas Osburn, sons of Richard Osburn of +New Jersey and later of Chester County, Pennsylvania, came from +Pennsylvania to the Shenandoah Valley near Harper's Ferry and +thence in 1734 crossed the Blue Ridge and settled on its eastern +foothills near the present Bluemont. It may be that with other +pioneers in the upper lands they occupied their farms at first without +title and later were obliged to buy the lands they had rescued +from the wilderness from the more shrewd and far-sighted land +speculators for we find no grants from the Proprietor to them. Many +of the earliest settlers were in that position. Catesby Cocke and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> +Benjamin Grayson particularly, took title to great tracts west of the +Catoctin Hills and in 1740 sold their holdings to John Colvil of +Cleesch as will later appear.<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> Neither Cocke nor Grayson were +settlers in Loudoun. The former was the son of Dr. William Cocke, +Secretary of State and he himself had been successively clerk of the +counties of Stafford, Prince William and Fairfax. Grayson, a Scotch +merchant from Quantico, became the father of Colonel William +Grayson of Revolutionary fame who, with Richard Henry Lee, first +represented Virginia in the United States Senate.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VII</h2> + +<h3>SPECULATION AND DEVELOPMENT</h3> + + +<p>In the Quarter century, between 1730 and the +French and Indian War of 1755, the lands of the future Loudoun +became progressively more populous. Although Truro +Parish had been created as recently as 1732, this pressure of incoming +settlers seemed to call for the division, in its turn, of Truro and +in 1748 the government of the Colony set off the upper part of +Truro, beyond Difficult Run, as a new parish which was named +Cameron in delicate compliment to the Lord Proprietor's Scotch +Barony. Most unfortunately, the first vestry book of the new +parish, which would be invaluable source material for the Loudoun +student seeking information for the period from 1748 until the +Revolution, has vanished or been destroyed. The first parson of +Cameron was the Rev. John Andrews, probably the hero of a +convivial incident soon to be related.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p> + +<p>Increasing population meant rapidly rising land values, exercising +an irresistible lure to many of the more active speculators +of the Northern Neck. Such men of substance as Aubrey and +Noland were developing the lands they purchased; but in another +class were Benjamin Grayson, Catesby Cocke, George Eskridge, the +wealthy Potomac trader John Colvil of Cleesh, that turbulent +though gifted son of Dublin John Mercer and even William Fairfax +himself, all of whom, so far as Loudoun was concerned, were +active in land ventures rather than development. The Germans we +have met coming over the Blue Ridge were more intent upon subduing +the wilderness than skilled in the niceties of land titles; hence +they, in common with many of the other pioneers, appear to have +frequently omitted to secure grants from the proprietor for their +holdings, giving Cocke, Grayson, Mercer and even Aubrey the +opportunity, knowingly or otherwise, to secure the legal title to the +lands of which they had taken possession.</p> + +<p>In 1740 John Colvil bought out Cocke and his colleagues and, +writes Fairfax Harrison "many lesser men and by pre-arrangement<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> +divided the territory with William Fairfax. Keeping for himself the +lands lying between Catoctin Creek and the Catoctin Ridge and +stretching from the Potomac to Waterford, he conveyed to William +Fairfax 46,466 acres, constituting all the territory on the Potomac +lying between Catoctin Creek and the Shenandoah River, including +the Blue Ridge from Gregory's Gap to Harper's Ferry. The purchaser +divided the property at the Short Hills into two estates, naming +the northern one 'Shannondale' and the southern one 'Piedmont' +and administered them as manors, on leases for three lives. By his +will he left these lands, with his mansion house, Belvoir, to his eldest +son, and the latter in turn, by his will of 1780, entailed them, with +the intention that they should constitute the 'plantation' of Belvoir +House, always to be held with it. But soon after this last will was +written, the success of the American Revolution made it necessary +for George William Fairfax, by codicil, to change his testamentary +dispositions and his proposed entail was never made effective."<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a></p> + +<p>After Colvil had settled with William Fairfax, he still held +16,290 acres along Catoctin Creek, to say nothing of 1,500 acres +on Difficult Run, his plantation on Great Hunting Creek known +as Cleesh and other lands in the Northern Neck. Born at Newcastle-on-Tyne, +he was closely related to the Earl of Tankerville, through +the latter's mother being his first cousin—a matter in which he +took some pride and which was to be of even more moment to +the Earl; for when Colvil came to make his will in 1755, he left his +plantation Cleesh, then containing about 1,000 acres, to his own +brother, Thomas Colvil, for life with remainder over "to the Right +Honourable the present Earl of Tankerville and his heirs forever" +and also "in consideration of my relation and alliance to the said +Earl of Tankerville son of my father's brother's daughter," he left +to him outright his 16,000 acres of land on the Catoctin, his 1,500 +acres on Difficult and his interest in a certain nearby copper mine.<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> +Thenceforth these lands remained in the Earl's family until after +the Revolution. Thus originated the Earl of Tankerville's title to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> +certain Loudoun lands, reference to which occasionally yet is heard.</p> + +<p>About 1739 Josias Clapham, of an ancient family of Yorkshire +(which long has been associated with the Fairfaxes there) bought +land near the Point of Rocks and before his death owned much land +in the Northern Neck. He died sometime prior to the 27th December, +1749, when his will, dated the 29th October, 1744, was proven +in Fairfax County. In that will he left</p> + +<p>"to my brother's son Josias Clapham two hundred fourty three +Achres of four hundred joyning to Madm. Mason commonly called +the Flat Spring to him and his heirs forever."</p> + +<p>A codicil added to the will reads</p> + +<p>"I leave my hole real Estate and Parsonable Estate to my brothers +son Josias Clapham and if he dont come in, it is my desire that his +brother Joseph should have it."<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p> + +<p>Nicholas Cresswell, the journalist, as we shall see in Chapter XI, +states that the younger Josias lived in Wakefield in Yorkshire and +was much in debt. He decided to "come in" by emigrating to Virginia +and soon appeared on his lands in the upper country. He became +a great leader in Loudoun affairs. Toward the end of his long +life he, in 1796, deeded to his son Samuel the estate later known as +Chestnut Hill and the latter, soon thereafter, built the beautiful +mansion which became another of Loudoun's outstanding and +stately family seats and which still stands, in all its old-time charm, +not far from the Point of Rocks, in one of the most fertile and captivating +regions of Loudoun. Through the marriage of Betsy Price, a +granddaughter of Josias Clapham, to Thomas F. Mason of the +Gunston Hall branch of that family (and therefore cousin to that +Thomson Mason of Raspberry Plain who we are about to meet) +the house and estate, until very recent years, continuously was occupied +by these Mason descendants of Clapham.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a></p> + +<p>A few years after the death, in 1741, of Francis Aubrey, much of +his great estate lying between the old Ridge Road (where it now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> +passes through Leesburg under the name of Loudoun Street) north +to the Limestone Branch and from the Potomac westerly to the +Catoctin Hills, came into the possession of Mrs. Ann Thomson +Mason, widow of the third George of that ilk; thus introducing to +our frontier of that day another of the most prominent of the Tidewater +families and one which also was to play a very notable rôle +in Loudoun for at least a century. This George Mason, at the age +of forty-five, had been drowned while attempting to cross the Potomac +in a sailboat in the year 1735. In 1721 he had married, as his +second wife, Ann Thomson, daughter of Stevens Thomson of +Hollins Hall, Staffordshire, England, who had served as Attorney-General +of Virginia for some years during Queen Anne's reign. He, +in turn, was the son of Sir William Thomson of the Middle Temple, +a Sergeant at Law who, to his credit, in 1680 had had the courage +to act as counsel for the defendants Tasborough and Price in the +malodorous Popish Plot trials of disgraceful memory. By this second +wife, Mason had six or seven children, of whom only three were to +survive him: George his eldest son (for his first wife had been childless) +who later was to build Gunston Hall and become the author of +the famous Bill of Rights; Thomson, later to become at least a part-time +resident of Loudoun and a famous lawyer in his day; and Mary, +who, on the 11th April, 1751, was to marry Samuel Selden of +Salvington in Stafford County, near Fredericksburg. She died at +her mother's plantation Chipawamsic, on the 5th day of January, +1758, leaving two children, Samuel and Mary Mason Selden, the +latter inheriting her Loudoun lands.</p> + +<p>When George Mason met his accidental death he left no will. +Under the Colonial law of primogeniture, his extensive holdings of +land therefore went to his eldest son. According to the family historian, +his younger children were left penniless. His widow thereupon +bent all her energies to create an estate for each of them. +Saving what she could, through every available economy and acting +under the advice of her late husband's friends, she acquired "ten +thousand acres of what was then called 'wild lands' in Loudoun +County, for which she paid only a few shillings per acre." She,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> +during her lifetime, divided these lands between her two younger +children "for the reason assigned by her that she did not wish her +children to grow up with any sense of inequality among them in +regard to fortune. The investment turned out a most fortunate one, +and she thereby unwittingly made her younger children wealthier +than their elder brother."<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p> + +<p>It is thus so many of the beautiful modern estates between Leesburg +and the Limestone Branch trace their title back to the Mason +family. Mrs. Ann Thomson Mason died on the 13th November, +1762, "leaving a reputation among her connections and neighbours +for great prudence and business capacity, united to the charms of an +amiable, womanly, character." Her Rector, friend and relative, the +Rev. John Moncure, described her as "a good woman, a great +woman, and a lovely woman."<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></p> + +<p>Though she planted the Mason line in Loudoun, she herself does +not appear ever to have lived in that rough and for those days remote +frontier country. The actual seating of her line on her large +purchase was left to her son Thomson who, after going to England +to acquire his training in law and being admitted to the Middle +Temple on the 14th August, 1751, as its records show, returned +to Virginia, practiced law at Dumfries, became, perhaps, the most +eminent lawyer of his time at the Virginia Bar and vigourously aided +the American Revolution. He either had improved and extended +the first Raspberry Plain home or, as Lancaster says, built a new one +for he deeded the existing structure with the supporting land to his +son Stevens Thomson Mason, confirming the grant in his will, together +with the plate and furniture then in the dwelling; which +indicates a more impressive home than the first building.</p> + +<p>Thomson Mason died at Raspberry Plain on the 26th February, +1785, and was there buried; but the first mansion and burial place +were not where the imposing modern house of the same name now +stands but rather much to the north, near the fine spring and branch +for a long time included in the present Selma lands, for the latter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> +estate was, of course, at that time and long afterward but another +part of the extensive Mason holdings. It is of interest to note that +this original Raspberry Plain holding was never acquired by Francis +Aubrey nor was it part of Mrs. Ann Thomson Mason's purchase. +On the contrary, it comprised a small grant, stated to be 322 acres, +made by the Proprietor to one Joseph Dixon, a blacksmith, by patent +dated the 2nd July, 1731.<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> Dixon, in turn, sold it to Aeneas Campbell +by deed dated the 15th July, 1754, for a consideration nominally +stated as "five shillings"—the old-time equivalent of our "One Dollar +and other good and valuable considerations"—and Campbell +was living there when commissioned the first sheriff of Loudoun in +1757. In the deed to him the plantation is described as being "On +the branches of Limestone run called and known by the name of +raspberry plain" and the grant goes on to give the exact location by +metes and bounds. It apparently had been more carefully surveyed +and found to have more area than first believed, for it is further described +as containing "393 acres as appears by a survey thereof" and +the grant specifically includes "all houses, buildings, orchards, ways, +waters, water-courses," etc. Therefore Dixon may be credited with +having built the first Raspberry Plain house, a matter long in doubt +locally.<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> The estate was subsequently sold by Campbell and Lydia +his wife to Thomson Mason, by deed dated the 15th day of May, +1760, for 500 pounds current money of Virginia.</p> + +<p>Around 1750 there came from Scotland to this same country, +north of the present Leesburg, that William Douglass who is to be +so frequently mentioned by Nicholas Cresswell in his journal at the +time of the Revolution. Colonel Douglass, as he afterward became, +was the son of Hugh Douglass of Garalland in Ayshire who, in turn, +was sixth in descent from the Earl of Douglas and also a descendant +of the Campbell Barons of Loudoun, thus making the Douglass +family of Loudoun County kinsfolk to the Earl of Loudoun for +whom the county was to be named. Our William Douglass owned +the estates of Garalland and Montressor in Loudoun, served as one of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span> +her justices (1770) and as sheriff in 1782. He died in the latter year, +leaving a will which was probated on the 24th September 1782.<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a></p> + +<p>In the meanwhile the settlement of the Quakers was increasing +rapidly in population. As early as 1736, it is said, Hannah Janney, +the wife of Jacob Janney, held the services of her sect twice a week +on a tree-stump in the forest "and on that spot a log house was built +in 1751 and a meeting established" which was and still is known +as the Goose Creek meeting. This log hut in 1765 was superseded +by a stone building and as the congregation grew and the latter +building was found too small, it was replaced, in 1817, by a brick +meeting-house; but the old stone building of 1765 still stands and is +owned by the Friends. Remodelled as a dwelling house it is now +occupied by Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Taylor.</p> + +<p>A monument today marks the place, now in the village of Lincoln, +where the good Hannah Janney worshipped. It stands in a +grove of trees and reads:</p> + +<p>"Here on a log in the unbroken forest Hannah Janney, wife of +Jacob Janney, worshipped twice weekly in 1736. In 1738 Friends +meetings were held in a private house once a month. Then a log +meeting house. Then the old stone house in 1765 and the brick +house in 1817."</p> + +<p>By 1743 or 1744 the Friends had erected a church, known as +the Fairfax Meeting, at Waterford, where as we have seen in a prior +chapter (V), they soon had become very numerous and through +their energy and thrift had really established that little settlement's +early character and prosperity. This first meeting house of the +Friends followed the fate which appeared to hover over so many of +Virginia's early structures; it duly disappeared in flames and in its +place in 1868 there was constructed the present substantial and +commodious edifice, now only too seldom used because of the +dwindling of the Quaker population there.</p> + +<p>Concurrently another religious organization had been growing +rapidly in the colonies. The Baptists had experienced the well-proved<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> +truth that religious persecution is a most fertile soil for religious +growth. "Magistrates and mobs, priests and Sheriffs, courts +and parsons all vainly combined to divert them from their object," +writes one of their historians. The Baptists in Virginia are said to +have originated from three sources—emigrants in 1714, directly +from England, settling in the southeasterly part of the Colony, +others from Maryland about 1743 going to the northwesterly part, +and still another group leaving New England about 1754 and going +to what is now Berkely County in West Virginia. Between 1750 +and 1755 John Gerrard, a Baptist preacher of Maryland, is said to +have gone to Berkely County and thence journeyed over the Blue +Ridge into the present Loudoun "where he found the people ready +to listen to the proclamation of the gospel." The first Baptist church +in Loudoun (and perhaps in Virginia as well) was built at Ketocton +in 1756 or 1757, according to tradition, to be followed by a stone +building in 1815 and then, in 1856, by the present brick edifice.</p> + +<p>Until 1765 the Baptist congregations in Virginia were united to +the Philadelphia Association but in that year obtained their dismissal +and set about the task of building their own association in Virginia. +Their first convention was held "in Ketocton in Loudoun" the +old church there thus giving the first Baptist Association in Virginia +its name. At that time the Colony had only four Baptist churches +but all of them were represented at this first convention by the following +delegates</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ketocton: John Marks and John Loyd.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smith and Lynsville Creek: John Alderson.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mill Creek: John Garrard and Isaac Sutton.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Broad Run: David Thomas and Joseph Metcalf.</span></p> + +<p>A resolution was adopted to seek from the parent association in +Philadelphia instructions for the guidance of the new organization. +As their association grew in membership, it "was divided into two in +1789 by a line running from the Potomac a south course." The +westerly portion retained the Ketocton name and that to the east was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> +known as the Chappawamsick. This division continued until 1792 +when the districts were again united.<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></p> + +<p>It is believed that a congregation of the German Reformed Church +at Lovettsville was organized before 1747 and possibly at once on the +arrival of the first German settlers in the Lovettsville neighbourhood, +about 1731. Again we are faced with the loss or destruction +of early records; but the Rev. Michael Schlatter, one of the early +founders of the Reformed Church in America, kept a journal from +which it appears that he preached to a Reformed congregation in our +German Settlement at the home of Elder William Wenner in the +month of May, 1747. It is believed that there was, at a very early +day, a building of logs used as a church and as a schoolhouse as well +and that this continued to serve its congregation until 1810, when a +larger brick building was erected which gave way in 1901 to another +structure.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p> + +<p>By patent dated the 7th day of December, 1731, Rawleigh Chinn +of Lancaster County acquired from Lord Fairfax 3,300 acres near +Goose Creek and adjacent to a huge patent of 13,879 acres lying +along the east side of Goose Creek which already had been granted +to Colonel Charles Burgess, also of Lancaster. This grant to Chinn +was on the Proprietor's usual terms, reserving to the latter "yearly +and every year on the feast day of Saint Michael the Archangel the +fee rent of one shilling sterling money for every fifty acres of Land +hereby granted and so for a greater or lesser quantity"; and also +meticulously reciting, "Royal mines excepted and a full third part +of all lead, copper, tin, coals, iron mines and iron ore that shall be +found thereon." Raleigh Chinn had married Esther, a daughter of +Colonel Joseph Ball of Epping Forest, Lancaster County, an older +sister of Mary Ball who was to marry Augustine Washington; and +he, although never living on his purchase of forest lands in the "upper +country," appears to have been so well pleased with his investment +that he subsequently added heavily thereto; so that at the time +of his death in August, 1741, he left to his children a large estate in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> +what later became Loudoun and Fauquier Counties. One of Raleigh +Chinn's sons, Joseph, in January, 1763, sold to Leven Powell 500 +acres of his inheritance and on a part of this land Colonel Powell +later (1782) laid out the town of Middleburg. Thomas Chinn, a +brother of Joseph, lived on the land on Goose Creek he had inherited +from his father and according to family tradition, employed his +young cousin, George Washington, to survey it for him, Washington +occupying "an office on a beautiful hill," built for him by Chinn. +Another surveyor who had run out the Chinn lines was Colonel +Thomas Marshall who was the first county surveyor of Fauquier, +subsequently became its burgess and sheriff, played a most gallant +part in the Revolution and became the father of the famous Chief +Justice.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p> + +<p>Leven Powell, at the time of his purchase from Joseph Chinn, +was no stranger to Loudoun, for his father, William Powell, had acquired +land in the neighbourhood of the present Middleburg as +early as 1741. Although these lands had been repeatedly surveyed +from the time of the original patents to Raleigh Chinn, Charles +Burgess and others, in a day when forest surveys customarily ran to +a red or white oak, an ash or a walnut tree, it may be supposed that +boundary lines, in spite of "processioning," not infrequently became +the subject of vigourous dispute; so in the Middleburg neighbourhood +the Chinn and Powell heirs fell out, in 1811, over their dividing +lines and the accuracy of the survey made in 1731 by John +Barber for Charles Burgess, William Stamp, Thomas Thornton and +Rawleigh Chinn the burgess. About 500 acres of arable land and +500 acres of forest were involved and hot was the legal warfare and +very numerous the depositions from distant witnesses in Virginia +and Kentucky obtained and filed in Loudoun's Superior Court. At +the end, the litigation appears to have resolved itself into some sort +of compromise; for on the 7th April, 1814, we find the Superior +Court ordering "this Day came the Parties by their Attorneys and +this suit is discontinued being agreed between the Parties."<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a> But the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> +memory of their warfare still ruffled the litigants' minds; for upon +the settlement being effected, "Sailor" Rawleigh Chinn, grandson +and namesake of the patentee, proceeded to build upon the land +set off to him "Mount Recovery" which, burned in the Civil War, +was afterwards rebuilt and became the home of Mr. Thomas Dudley, +subsequently being sold to Mr. Oliver Iselin; while Burr Powell, +the other litigant, built on the tract set off to him a house he called +Mount Defiance which in later years was owned by the Thatcher +and Bishop families.</p> + +<p>In 1744 John Hough, according to family tradition, settled in +these Fairfax backwoods "and served for many years as surveyor for +the vast estate of Lord Fairfax." He became the progenitor of the +family which has become numerous in Loudoun and includes Emerson +Hough, well known American novelist, though the latter was +born in Iowa.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> His surveys were much needed, for by 1750 the pressure +of settlers for grants in these uplands had so increased that "Lord +Fairfax's land office was crowded with applicants" we are told.<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER VIII</h2> + +<h3>THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR</h3> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 382px;"> +<img src="images/illus-110.png" width="382" height="550" alt="Sir Peter Halkett, Bart. In command of that part of Braddock's Army +that marched through the present Loudoun in 1755." title="Sir Peter Halkett, Bart. In command of that part of Braddock's Army +that marched through the present Loudoun in 1755." /> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Sir Peter Halkett</span>, Bart. In command of that part of Braddock's Army +that marched through the present Loudoun in 1755.</span> +</div> + + +<p>We have come to the outbreak of that great world +conflict between England and Prussia on the one side +against France and Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Saxony +on the other which Fiske, writing before the devastation of 1914, +called the most memorable war of modern times and which, involving +three continents, ultimately passed the vast French territories +in Canada and India to the British crown. In European history +the contest is known, somewhat inadequately, as the Seven Years +War and gave Frederick the Great of Prussia the fateful opportunity +to demonstrate his extraordinary military genius; but in America it +is known as the French and Indian War from the terrible alliance +that the English colonists were forced there to face.</p> + +<p>The menace of the French control of Canada had never oppressed +the imagination of Virginia as it had that of New England and +New York. Distance and lack of colonial unity tended to build +in the minds of the Virginia Assembly the belief that it was a matter, +to the Old Dominion at least, of secondary interest; though her +royal governors, and especially Dinwiddie, recognized its true and +pressing danger. Virginia claimed jurisdiction over a vast and largely +unknown western territory, including much of what is now western +Pennsylvania and that strategic point marking the confluence of the +Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, now covered by the city of Pittsburgh. +The French in Canada were well aware of the huge military +importance of this "gateway of the west" and, although at the time +peace was supposed to exist between England and France, in 1753 +sent a small expedition south to take possession of it. News of these +Frenchmen in Virginia territory came to Governor Dinwiddie who, +in turn, sent the twenty-one year old Washington, already a major in +the militia of Virginia, to remonstrate and protest to their commander. +On his journey Washington travelled the road to Vestal's +Gap and crossed the Blue Ridge at that point. Though he faithfully +delivered his message, the English protest was ignored, the French +commander asserting that all that domain belonged to his King and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> +that the English had no territorial rights west of the mountains. +Thereupon the energetic Dinwiddie decided that war or no war the +French should be dislodged. A regiment of 300 Virginians was +organized under Colonel Joshua Fry, with Major Washington as +second in command, to take possession of the disputed "gateway" +and fortify it.</p> + +<p>This expedition, too, followed the road to Vestal's Gap and +Washington, as was his habit, kept a journal of his experience. By +the mischance of events this journal was to be captured later by the +French at Fort Necessity; but in 1756, to bolster their claim that +this English expedition was an unprovoked attack against a friendly +power in time of peace, they published in French so much of it as +served their purpose. Unfortunately the published portion did not +include the march through Piedmont; but in Washington's accounting +with the Virginia government we find these items:</p> + +<p> +"1754<br /> +"Apl. 6 To expences of the Regim<sup>t</sup> at Edward<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Thompson's in marching up 2″ 16.0</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">8 To Bacon for D<sup>o</sup> of John Vestal at</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Shenandoah & Ferriges over 1.9"<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></span><br /> +</p> + +<p>Edward Thompson was a Quaker who lived near the present Hillsboro +and who was to leave numerous descendants in Loudoun.</p> + +<p>From the Shenandoah the little force pressed on into Western +Maryland where at Will's Creek (the present Cumberland) then +a trading station of the Ohio Company, 140 miles west from their +objective, Colonel Fry was stricken with an illness which, a short +time later, was to prove fatal. Leaving their colonel behind, the Virginia +militia, now under the command of Major Washington, advanced +very slowly cutting a narrow road through the forest and +sending a small force ahead to begin work on the proposed fort at +the confluence of the rivers. That work was hardly begun, however, +when a greatly superior force of French and Indians, arriving suddenly +on the scene from the north, drove the Virginians away, took<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> +possession of the place and continued the fort's construction naming +it, on completion, Fort DuQuesne after Canada's French Governor.</p> + +<p>The retreating Virginians fell back through the woods until they +joined Washington's main force, encamped at Great Meadows, and +it was not long before Washington learned from his Indian scouts +that a small party of enemy skirmishers was cautiously advancing to +deliver a surprise attack. Washington promptly determined on a +counter-surprise with such complete success that the Virginians +killed Jumonville, the French leader, and nine of his followers and +captured the remaining twenty-two. But Washington knew that a +much larger force of French would soon attack him and that his position +was precarious. With earthworks and logs he caused his men +to hastily fortify their camp, grimly called by him Fort Necessity. +They had not long to wait for the enemy. There soon emerged from +the surrounding forest a force of six hundred French and Indians +from Fort DuQuesne who, apparently not finding that the appearance +of the fort or the reputation of its defenders invited an attack, +settled down to a siege. Washington, though in the meanwhile reinforced, +had not more than three hundred Virginians and about one +hundred and fifty Indian auxiliaries; but more serious than his inequality +of numbers were his rapidly dwindling supplies of food and +ammunition. This was the situation which resulted in Washington's +first and last surrender during his long military career. The French so +little relished an attack on the fort or a longer siege that the English +were allowed to march out and begin their retreat (4th of July, 1754) +under arms and with full honors of war.</p> + +<p>All of this began to look very much like a fresh outbreak of war +between England and France; but more and worse was to follow before +a formal declaration of war was made in 1756. The Duke of +Cumberland, son of George II, then Captain General of the British +Armies, laid plans for a great American campaign which, once for +all, was to cripple the French power in the west. Three expeditions +were devised against French strategic strongholds on the American +continent: One was to proceed against Crown Point on Lake George, +a second against Fort Niagara and the third to capture the newly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span> +erected Fort DuQuesne. Major-General Edward Braddock, a veteran +soldier thoroughly trained on Europe's battlefields, of unquestioned +personal courage but abysmally ignorant of Indian warfare, was +vested with the supreme command and with two British regiments, +the 44th and 48th, set sail for America. The expedition landed at +Alexandria where a general conference was immediately called at +which were present, in addition to Braddock, Governor Dinwiddie +of Virginia, Governor Delancey and Colonel William Johnson of +New York, Governor Shirley of Massachusetts, Governor Sharp of +Maryland, Governor Morris of Pennsylvania and other leaders. To +these men Braddock revealed his orders and plans and the governors +received the King's instructions as to the part they were to play in +the campaign.</p> + +<p>Alexandria was a poor starting point for Fort DuQuesne. Far better +would have been Philadelphia, offering as it did not only a +shorter route but more abundant and easily available supplies. Maryland +interests, seeking the advantage of the highway to the west +which the army would make, brought pressure to bear to have the +force go through that Colony. It was finally decided to send a part +of the troops through Maryland and a part through Virginia, the +divided army to come together again at Will's Creek where, in the +meanwhile, a large and strongly palisaded fort had been built by +Colonel James Innes under the instructions of Governor Dinwiddie. +A force of 1,400 Virginians and Marylanders was raised and added +to the English troops and "on the 8th and 9th of April the provincials +and six companies of the 44th under command of Sir Peter +Halkett set out for Winchester, Lieutenant Colonel Gage and four +companies remaining to escort the artillery. On the 18th of April the +48th, under Colonel Dunbar, set out for Frederick."<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> Although +General Braddock, with Major Washington on his staff, crossed over +into Maryland at Rock Creek and went to Will's Creek through +that Colony, never entering or even seeing the embryo Loudoun, +the local stories are still repeated, and with the utmost confidence,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> +of the route he followed through that County and even where he +spent the night. It was, as it still is, "Braddock's Army" in popular +parlance and, as time passed, the commander's presence with the +march through Virginia became a part of its story.</p> + +<p>Had the supreme command of the expedition been vested in +Halkett, rather than Braddock, one may reasonably believe that +there would have been a very different outcome. A trained and able +soldier, no less courageous than his chief, he was more cautious, +more susceptible to new ideas and methods and far less arbitrary +than lay in Braddock's nature to be. He learned to respect the dearly +bought and superior knowledge of Indian fighting traits possessed +by the provincials and wished to follow their recommendations that +to Braddock, with his unbounded confidence in iron discipline, +simply savoured of colonial ignorance and lack of military courage. +Loudoun should remember Halkett not only as the commander of +the march through her domain but as a brave and devoted soldier as +well.</p> + +<p>"Sir Peter Halkett of Pitferran, Fifeshire, a baronet of Nova +Scotia," writes Sargent, "was the son of Sir Peter Wedderburne of +Gosford, who, marrying the heiress of the ancient family of Halkett, +assumed her name."<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> Our Sir Peter had married Lady Amelia Stewart, +second daughter of Francis, 8th Earl of Moray, by whom he had +three sons. Of these, James, the youngest, was a subaltern in his +father's regiment and accompanied him on the expedition.</p> + +<p>Of the Virginia troops serving in this campaign an effort has been +made to identify such as came from the incipient Loudoun. All the +Virginians were directly under the command of Captain Waggoner. +As Loudoun was then a part of Fairfax her men were, of course, +listed as from the latter county.</p> + +<p>In March, 1756, the Virginia Legislature passed as its first act<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> an +emergency measure from which we learn the names of certain soldiers +from the then undivided Fairfax but from which side of Difficult +Run each man came does not appear, or as to whether they went<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> +on Braddock's expedition or served nearer home, then or subsequently. +The small amount of compensation awarded to each indicates +a period of active service too short to have permitted them to be +at the battle. Probably they were used east of the Blue Ridge.</p> + +<p>That not all of the Virginia soldiers of the expedition of 1755 +were enthusiastic volunteers is suggested by the passage of Chapter +II of the session of 1754 which states in its preamble that as the King +had instructed his lieutenant governor to raise soldiers for the expedition +against the French on the Ohio and that there were "in every +county and corporation within this Colony, able bodied persons, fit +to serve his majesty, and who follow no lawful calling or employment" +the justices of the peace, through the sheriffs, were ordered to +forcibly enlist them, provided they were not voters or indentured +servants!<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a> To raise money for the campaign an act was passed in +May, 1755, instituting a public lottery with a first prize of Ł2,000 +"current money" and many other prizes amounting altogether to +Ł20,000 "current money."<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p> + +<p>The route to be followed by Halkett's command is given in Braddock's +Orderly Book as follows:</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Route"> +<tr><td align="left">"Alexandria 11th April 1755</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">.... March Rout of Sir Peter Halkett's Regiment from the</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Camp at Alexandria to Winchester</span></td><td> miles</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">To Y<sup>e</sup> old Court House</span></td><td align="right">18</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">To Mr. Colemans on Sugar Land Run</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">where there is Indian Corn</span></td><td align="right">12</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">To Mr. Miner's</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">To Mr. Thompson ye Quaker wh is 3000 wt. corn</td><td align="right">12</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">To Mr. They's ye Ferry at Shanh</td><td align="right">17</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">From Mr. They's to Winchester</td><td align="right">23</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align="right">—</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td><td align="right">97"</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Thus from the date of entry, only two days after the last of Halkett's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span> +men had left the camp, we learn that the route given was the +one ordered followed, rather than a report of one that had been pursued; +but as it carefully describes the main northern road from Alexandria +to Winchester it is safe to assume that the troops held to the +course laid down for them.</p> + +<p>The "Old Court House" was the first courthouse of Fairfax +County built about 1742 and in use about ten years until another +was built in Alexandria. Thus at the time of the march it was no +longer used for the purpose for which it had been built. It stood near +the present Tyson's Corner and in recent years its site has been +marked by an appropriate inscription.</p> + +<p>The "Mr. Colemans on Sugar Land Run" was the house of Richard +Coleman who was thereafter in 1756 licensed by the Fairfax +Court to keep an Ordinary there. It stood where the road then +crossed Sugarland Run at the mouth of Colvin Run.</p> + +<p>The "Mr. Miners" was the plantation of Nicholas Minor who +served as a captain in this war and who soon was to lay out the town +of Leesburg on part of his estate. It was known as Fruitland and the +residence was situated on a knoll on the south side of the road about +a mile east of the present Leesburg where a later building but bearing +the same name now stands. There Miner in connection with his +other activities, operated a distillery, probably for making brandy +from peaches, apples and persimmons; according to General John +Mason, a son of the famous George of Gunston Hall "the art of distilling +from grain was not then among us" and he spoke of the time +of his boyhood—a period well after 1755. A later writer comments: +"The choice of such camping places as this perhaps explains +in some measure the frequent court-martials in the army and the +liberal rewards of from 600 to 1,000 lashes to recreant soldiers for +drunkenness and for giving liquor to the Indians who accompanied +the march or whom they met on the way."<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> There is much evidence +that the British regulars, who had been recently recruited, frequently +were disciplined for infraction of military rules and the disciplinary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> +measures employed in British armies of that day were not gentle.</p> + +<p>The "Mr. Thompson ye Quaker" we have already met in the +preceding year when Washington, in Fry's expedition against the +French at the "Gateway," noted his "expences." He lived, it will be +recalled, in the locality which is now Hillsboro.</p> + +<p>The "Mr. They's ye Ferry at Shanh" was, it is believed, in error +for "Mr. Key's" and was at the Key's Gap Ferry.</p> + +<p>All of this gives very little local detail. Fortunately that is more +freely supplied from another and fortuitous source. There was attached +to Braddock's expedition, when it left England, a certain +commissary who had a widowed sister, one Mrs. Browne. She accompanied +her brother from London to Fort Cumberland and, following +the valuable eighteenth century habit, kept a journal which +in 1924 was owned by Mr. S. A. Courtauld of the Howe, Halstead, +Essex, and a photostatic copy of which has been acquired by the +Library of Congress.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> This journal or diary runs from the 17th November, +1754, to the 19th January, 1757. When Braddock and his +men departed from Alexandria in April he had a number of soldiers +too ill to travel. These he left there temporarily in charge of a force of +"1 officer and 40 men" and the commissary (Mrs. Browne's +brother), and Mrs. Browne stayed with them to help nurse the invalids. +By June the sick men had so far recovered that they moved to +join the main force, following the old Ridge (Alexandria-Winchester) +Road over which Halkett and his men had marched before +them. Here follows a full copy of Mrs. Browne's journal entries +from her entrance into present Loudoun until she reached the Shenandoah:</p> + +<p>1755. "June the 2. At Break of Day the Drum beat. I was extreemly +sleepy but got up, and as soon as our Officer had eat 6 Eggs +and drank a dram or two and some Punch we march'd; but, my +Waggon being in the Rear the Day before, my Coachman insisted +that it was not right that Madam Browne should be behind, and if +they did not give way they should feel the soft end of his Whip. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span> +gain'd his Point and got in Front. The Roads are so Bad that I am +almost disjointed. At 12 we halted at Mr. Coleman's, pitched our +markeys and dined on Salt Gammon,<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> nothing better to be had.</p> + +<p>"June the 3. At 3 in the Morning was awak'd by the Drum, but +was so stiff that I was at a loss to tell whether I had any Limbs. I +breakfasted in my waggon and then sent of in front; at which all +the rest were very much enrag'd, but to no Purpose for my Coachman +told them that he had but one Officer to Obey and she was in +his Waggon, and it was not right she should be blinded with Dust. +My Brother the Day before left his Cloak behind, so sent his Man +back for it on his Horse, and march'd on Foot. On the Road met with +Mr. Adams a Parson<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> who left his Horse & padded with them on +Foot. We halted at Mr. Minors. We order'd some Fowls for Dinner +but not one to be had, so was obliged to set down to our old Dish +Gammon & Greens. The Officer and the Parson replenish'd their +Bowl so often that they began to be very joyous, untill their Servant +told them that their Horses were lost, at which the Parson was much +inrag'd and pop'd out an Oath but Mr. Falkner said 'Never mind +your Horse, Doctor, but have you a Sermon ready for next Sunday?' +I being the Doctor's country woman he mad me many Compts. and +told me he should be very happy if he could be better acquainted +with me, but hop'd when I came that way again I would do him the +Honour to spend some Time at his House. I chatted til 11 and then +took my leave and left them a full Bowl before them.</p> + +<p>"June the 4. At break of Day my Coachman came and tap'd my +Chamber Door and said Madam all is ready and it is right early. I +went to my Waggon and we moved on. Left Mr. Falkner behind +in Pursuit of his Horse. March'd 14 Miles and halted at an old sage +Quaker's with silver Locks. His Wife on my coming in accosted me +in the following manner: 'Welcome Friend set down, thou seem's +full Bulky to travel, but thou art young and that will enable thee. We +were once so ourselves but we have been married 44 Years & may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span> +say we have lived to see the Days that we have no Pleasure therein.' +We had recourse to our old Dish Gammon, nothing else to be had; +but they said they had some Liquor they called Whiskey which was +made of Peaches. My Friend Thompson being a Preacher, when the +soldiers came in as the Spirit mov'd him, held forth to them and told +them the great Virtue of Temperance. They all stared at him like +Pigs, but had not a word to say in their justification.</p> + +<p>"June the 5. My Lodgings not being very clean, I had so many +close Companions call'd Ticks that deprived me of my Night's +Rest, but I indulg'd till 7. We halted this Day all the Nurses Baking +Bread and Boiling Beef for the March to Morrow. A fine Regale 2 +Chickens with Milk and water to Drink, which my friend Thompson +said was fine temperate Liquor. Several things lost out of my +Waggon, amongst the rest they took 2 of my Hams, which my +Coachman said was an abomination to him, and if he could find out +who took them he would make them remember taking the next.</p> + +<p>"June the 6. Took my leave of my Friend Thompson, who bid me +farewell. A great Gust of Thunder and Lightning and Rain, so that +we were almost drown'd. Extreem bad Roads. We pass'd over the +Blue Ridge which was one continual mountain for 3 miles. Forg'd +through 2 Rivers. At 7 we halted at Mr. Key's, a fine Plantation. +Had for Dinner 2 Chickens. The Soldiers desired my Brother to advance +them some Whisky for they told him he had better kill them +at once than to let them dye by Inches, for without they could not +live. He complied with their Request and it soon began to operate; +they all went to dancing and bid defiance to the French. My Friend +Gore" (the coachman) "began to shake a Leg. I ask'd him if it was +consistent as a member of his Society to dance; he told me that he was +not at all united with them, and that there were some of his People +who call'd themselves Quakers and stood up for their Church but +had no more religion in them than his Mare. I told him I should set +him down as a Ranter."</p> + +<p>But to return to Halkett and the troops under his immediate command. +From Winchester they proceeded to the new fort at Will's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> +Creek which Braddock, upon his arrival, named Fort Cumberland in +honour of his captain general. Here the main detachments of the +expedition came together again in accordance with the plans made +in Alexandria. The troops were given a short rest after their long +march, the final plans were developed and on the 7th, 8th and 9th of +June the army resumed its march to the west, widening the path +through the woods made by Washington and his men the year before +and hauling its artillery over the mountains with the utmost difficulty. +So slow was their progress that Braddock decided to send on a +large advance party, more lightly equipped, leaving the others to +bring on the greater part of the supplies and baggage.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 550px;"> +<img src="images/illus-122.png" width="550" height="353" alt="The Fall of Braddock. (From a painting by C. Schuessele, published in 1859.)" title="The Fall of Braddock. (From a painting by C. Schuessele, published in 1859.)" /> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Fall of Braddock.</span> (From a painting by C. Schuessele, published in 1859.)</span> +</div> + +<p>In contrast to Braddock's unbounded assurance, Halkett seems to +have had a strong premonition of the impending disaster and his +own tragic fate. Lowdermilk, in his excellent <i>History of Cumberland</i>, +describes his dejection the night before the battle:</p> + +<p>"Sir Peter Halkett was low spirited and depressed; he comprehended +the importance of meeting the wily red skins with their own +tactics, and while he urged the General to beat the bushes over every +foot of ground from the camp to the Fort, he had little hope of seeing +his advice put into effect; when he wrapped his mantle about him +that night as he lay upon his soldier's bed his soul was filled with the +darkest forebodings for the morrow, which he felt would close his +own career as well as that of many another gallant soldier, a presentiment +which was sadly realized."</p> + +<p>Upon the following day, the 9th of July, the advance party of +British, now making better progress, pressed on to a point five or six +miles from Fort DuQuesne where they encountered the awaiting +French and Indians. Against such British strength of numbers and +equipment the French had one chance and well they knew it lay in +meeting the attacking force in the forest before it could bring its artillery +to play on their fortification. The mass of the scarlet-coated +British troops were in close formation in the open; the French and +Indians hid themselves behind the surrounding trees. As the first +bullets poured into their ranks the British could see no foe and Braddock, +deaf to the entreaties of the Virginians, insisted that his troops<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span> +hold their ranks in the unprotected and open clearing. The provincials +scattered and fought the foe in its own manner from behind +every tree and mound they could find to shelter them; but Braddock, +wholly immune to fear or reason himself, continued to hold his +regulars together, in his anger beating back with his sword into the +ranks those seeking cover. Even so the situation, impossible though +it were rapidly becoming, might have been saved by the desperate +and determined efforts of the provincials who had found a small ravine +or ditch from which they were able to deliver an effective flanking +fire against the French; but as the latter began to waver and the +Americans left their protection to charge, the panic-stricken regulars +fired upon them, killing and wounding a great number. It was +the end. Braddock, who throughout the fighting had shewn the +most reckless and obstinate courage and had had his horses killed +from under him again and again, now received a mortal wound and +the surviving English broke into a wild and disorderly retreat. Had +the French and their allies pressed their advantage, hardly one of +their foe would have escaped death or capture; but the Indian allies +of the French, when the British fled, addressed themselves to killing +the wounded and robbing and scalping the dead, thus giving the +English their chance of flight, disorderly and panic-stricken, back +over the road they had come. Braddock, crushed with the completeness +of his defeat, died on the fourth day of the retreat and was +buried in the roadway to protect his body from the Indian savages. +How overwhelming was the French victory is shewn by the English +record that of the 1,386 men who were under Braddock in the fight, +only 459 escaped. That the British regulars stood their ground +bravely in the face of most difficult conditions and stupid leadership +there seems no question. But the greater praise went to the Americans +who inflicted far more damage on the foe; and particularly to +their leader Washington who with cool courage was everywhere encouraging +his men in the fight and though his clothing was pierced +repeatedly with rifle balls, he escaped wholly unwounded.</p> + +<p>During the battle Halkett was shot and killed and his son James, +seeing him fall and rushing to his aid, at once met the same fate.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> +Both bodies were scalped and robbed and then left where they fell. +Three years later Halkett's eldest son, the then Sir Peter Halkett, a +major in the 42nd Regiment, joined General Forbes' new and successful +expedition against Fort DuQuesne, especially to seek some trace +of the fate of his father and brother. With friendly Indian help the +bodies were found and identified and given a military burial nearby.</p> + +<p>As the defeated English retreated to the east, the story of the +calamity spread terror and dismay among the more westerly settlers. +In Virginia the people in the valley were panic-stricken and in great +numbers fled over the Blue Ridge to the Piedmont counties, spreading +their terror among the people there. Washington wrote that he +learned from Captain Waggoner who, as we have seen, had had +command of the Virginia troops and had been wounded in the battle +"that it was with difficulty he passed the Ridge for crowds of people, +who were flying as if every moment was death." The fear and restlessness +continued among the colonists on both sides of the Blue +Ridge until General Forbes, as noted, in 1758 led his force to Fort +DuQuesne and took possession of what was left by the French who +burned and abandoned it at his approach. From then until after the +Revolution this former outpost of France, under its new name of +Fort Pitt, remained in the hands of the English government.</p> + +<p>On the 1st day of September, 1758,<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a> an act was passed in Virginia +to pay arrears to "forces in the pay of this colony" and to raise money +therefor. Section 5 recites:</p> + +<p>"And whereas several companies of the militia were lately drawn +out into actual service, for the defense and protection of the frontiers +of this colony, whose names, and the time they respectively continued +in the said service, together with the charge of provisions +found for the use of the said militia are contained in the schedule to +this act annexed....</p> + +<div class="center">"Loudoun County</div> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Schedule"> + + +<tr><td> </td><td>l</td><td>s</td><td>d</td></tr> + +<tr><td align="left">To captain Nicholas Minor</td><td align="right">1</td><td align="right">00</td><td align="right">00</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aeneas Campbell, lieutenant,</span></td><td> </td><td align="right">7</td><td align="right">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francis Wilks,</span></td><td align="right">1</td><td align="right">17</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">James Willock,</span></td><td align="right">1</td><td align="right">15</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">To John Owsley, and William Stephens,</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">15 s. each;</span></td><td>1</td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Robert Thomas</span></td><td> </td><td align="right">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Moss, Jun.</span></td><td> </td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Thomas for provisions</span></td><td> </td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Moss, do</span></td><td> </td><td align="right">2</td><td align="right">8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Ross, do</span></td><td> </td><td align="right">2</td><td>"</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>On page 217 of the same act under the head of "Fairfax County" +appear the following items, the names suggesting that the list was +prepared prior to the time of the setting off of Loudoun from Fairfax +and for services prior to those above listed:</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Fairfax"> +<tr><td> </td><td>l</td><td>s</td><td>d</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">"To Nicholas Minor, Captain</td><td align="right">15</td><td align="right">12</td><td align="right">0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Josias Clapham, lieutenant,</span></td><td> </td><td align="right">7</td><td align="right">16</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Trammell, ensign</span></td><td> </td><td align="right">5</td><td align="right">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">To Captain James Hamilton his pay and</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">guards subsistence carrying soldiers</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">to Winchester</span></td><td align="right">10</td><td align="right">4</td><td align="right">1"</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The names of many other soldiers are given with the compensation +awarded each. It is quite possible that among them were men who +resided in that part of Fairfax which, at the time of the passage of the +act, had been set off as Loudoun.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER IX</h2> + +<h3>ORGANIZATION OF LOUDOUN AND THE FOUNDING +OF LEESBURG</h3> + + +<p>In the Virginia of England's rule, the vestry of a Parish "divided +with the County Court the responsibility of local government, +having as their especial charge the maintenance of religion +and the oversight of all things pertaining thereto in the domain +of charity and morals."<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> The parish was a territorial subdivision with +large civil as well as ecclesiastical powers and duties and when, +through increasing population, a parish came to be divided, in those +days of expanding settlement, it usually was followed by the creation +of a new county. As has been noted in a prior chapter, Truro +Parish, then coextensive with Fairfax County, was divided in 1748 +by the Assembly setting off the upper part thereof, above Difficult +Run, as Cameron Parish, thus indicating the early organization of +a new county. But the politicians of Tidewater were beginning to +look askance at the rapid increase of new counties in the upper country, +fearing a diminution of their influence and control and perhaps +there was some opposition in Fairfax itself. A petition presented to +the Assembly in 1754 by the people of Cameron that they be +formed into a new county resulted in a bill being passed to that end +which, however, was disapproved by the Council. Again a petition +was presented to the next Assembly with no better success; but on +the 8th day of June, 1757 a bill was passed creating the new county. +It reads as follows:</p> + +<p>"An Act for Dividing the County of Fairfax</p> + +<p>"I. Whereas many inconveniences attend the upper inhabitants +of the County of Fairfax by reason of the large extent of said county, +and their remote situation from the court house, and the said inhabitants +have petitioned this present general assembly that the said +county be divided: Be it, therefore enacted, by the Lieutenant-Governor, +Council and Burgesses of this present General Assembly, and +it is hereby enacted, by the authority of the same, that from and +after the 1st day of July next ensuing the said county of Fairfax be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span> +divided into two counties, that is to say: All that part thereof, lying +above Difficult run, which falls into the Patowmack river, and by a +line to be run from the head of the same run, a straight course, to +the mouth of Rocky run, shall be one distinct county, and called and +known by the name of Loudoun: And all that part below the said +run and course, shall be another distinct county, and retain the name +of Fairfax.</p> + +<p>"II. And for the due administration of justice in the said county +of Loudoun, after the same shall take place: Be it further enacted by +the authority aforesaid, that after the first day of July a court for +the said county of Loudoun be constantly held by the justices thereof, +upon the second Tuesday in every month in such manner as by +the laws of this colony is provided, and shall be by their commission +directed.</p> + +<p>"III. Provided always, that nothing herein contained shall be +constructed to hinder the sheriff or collector of the said county of +Fairfax, as the same now stands entire and undivided, from collecting +and making distress for any public dues, or officers fees, which shall +remain unpaid by the inhabitants of said county of Loudoun at the +time of its taking place; but such sheriff or collector shall have the +same power to collect or distrain for such dues and fees, and shall +be answerable for them in the same manner as if this act had never +been made, any law, usage or custom to the contrary thereof in any +wise notwithstanding.</p> + +<p>"IV. And be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, that +the court of the said county of Fairfax shall have jurisdiction of all +actions and suits, both in law and equity, which shall be depending +before them at the time the said division shall take place; and shall +and may try and determine all such actions and suits, and issue process +and award execution in any such action or suit in the same manner +as if this act had never been made, any law, usage, or custom to +the contrary in any wise notwithstanding.</p> + +<p>"V. And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that +out of every hundred pounds of tobacco, paid in discharge of quit +rents, secretary's, clerk's, sheriff's, surveyor's, or other officers fees,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> +and so proportionately for a greater or lesser quantity, there shall be +made the following abatements or allowances to the payer, that is to +say: For tobacco due in the county of Fairfax ten pounds of tobacco, +and for tobacco due in the county of Loudoun twenty pounds of tobacco; +and that so much of the act of the assembly, intitled, An Act +for amending the staple of tobacco, and preventing frauds in his +Majesty's customs, as relates to anything within the purview of this +act, shall be and is hereby repealed and made void."<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p> + +<p>The boundaries of the new county thus fixed have since that time +been changed but once, when in 1798, a part of the originally constituted +Loudoun was, by act of the Legislature, returned to Fairfax as +later will be noted.<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a></p> + +<p>Thus, from the formation of Northumberland County in 1647, +it had taken 110 years for a sufficient population to penetrate, settle +and develop in the backwoods to justify the organization of Loudoun. +At first the creation of new counties out of the early Northumberland +had been rapid. Lancaster along the Rappahannock was formed +in 1651 and Westmoreland along the Potomac in 1653. Out of +Westmoreland came Stafford in 1664. Then, so far as the line of +descent of Loudoun is concerned, there is a long wait. Indian warfare +and Indian domination of the upper country effectually held +back settlement until Spotswood's epochal treaty of 1722. With the +withdrawal of the Indians the pressure from Tidewater rapidly had +its effect. Out of the Stafford "backwoods" and those of King George +to the south was organized in 1731 Prince William with a disputed +western boundary, the Proprietor claiming much of the Shenandoah +Valley and the Virginia government holding to the Blue Ridge but +the act discretely leaving that question untouched. In 1742 the territory +above "Occoquan and Bull Run and from the head of the main +branch of Bull Run by a straight course" to Ashley's Gap became the +County of Fairfax of which, as shown, Loudoun in 1757 was born. +Her contiguous county Fauquier was, by contrast, taken directly +from Prince William in 1759.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>It would have been wholly appropriate to have named the new +county Lee or Carter, honoring families and individuals which had +been so active in its development but the Lees then loved the Carters +not at all nor the Carters the Lees and doubtlessly each would, and +perhaps did, prevent the honor going to the other. So it came about +that the lusty infant became the namesake of a man whose fame, so +far as Virginia and the other American Colonies were concerned, +was highly ephemeral. On the 17th February, 1756, in the winter +following Braddock's defeat, John Campbell, fourth Earl of Loudoun, +had been appointed Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief +of Virginia and, on the 20th of the month following, Commander-in-Chief +of the British forces in America. He seems to have owed his +selection to his own and his family's influence with Court and ministry; +certainly nothing in his earlier career had logically earned the bestowal +of a paramount command in such a critical period for Britain. +Loudoun, the only son of the third Earl of that ilk and his wife the +Lady Margaret Dalrymple (only daughter of John 1st Earl of Stair) +had been born in 1705 and succeeded his father in the title and +estates in 1731. From 1734, until his death in 1782, he was one of +the representative peers of Scotland. At the age of twenty-two he +entered the army and had been appointed Governor of Sterling +Castle in 1741, becoming aide-de-camp to the king in 1743. When +the Jacobite rebellion broke out in 1745 he had been a staunch supporter +of the House of Hanover, raising a regiment of Highlanders +of which he became colonel and which later was cut to pieces at the +Battle of Preston. Loudoun was one of the few who came out of the +fight unscathed and, shewing that upon occasion he was capable of +energy as well as loyalty, promptly he raised a force of more than two +thousand new soldiers.</p> + +<p>When he arrived in New York on the 23rd July, 1756, he found +affairs in great confusion. After the care with which Braddock's campaign +had been planned for him and the disastrous outcome, the +home authorities were now slow to adopt measures to cope with the +crisis. Not only Fort DuQuesne but Forts Oswego and Ontario were +held by the French, aggressive and confident from their repeated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> +successes. After spending a year in surveying the situation, Loudoun +headed an expedition against Louisburg, going as far as Halifax and +then, though a caution made to appear the more excessive by inevitable +comparison with the dash and reckless courage of Pepperell's +earlier and sensationally successful expedition, returned to New York +without striking a blow. He had incurred great unpopularity earlier +in New York and now in Halifax although in the former, at least, +his measures of quartering troops and interference with commerce +fairly could be defended on the ground of military necessity. Of +more unfortunate importance, the ineptitude and dilatory inefficiency +of his Louisburg campaign had drained its defenders from the Hudson +Valley, thus permitting a successful and disastrous invasion of +the Province of New York by the French and their Indians and +Loudoun was peremptorily recalled to England (1757), General +Jeffrey Amherst being sent over to take his place. Loudoun's indecision +inspired Benjamin Franklin's famous epigram which all down +the years, to the few who remember Loudoun, remains inseparably +associated with his name: that, "he was like King George upon the +signposts, always on horseback but never advancing." There was, +however, at least one voice publicly raised on his behalf; an effort was +made in England to defend his conduct in America through an +anonymous pamphlet published in London the following year entitled +"The Conduct of a Noble Commander in America Impartially +Reviewed with the genuine Causes of the Discontents at New York +and Hallifax," one of the few surviving copies of which is now lodged +in the Library of Congress. And it was for this British general with +but a year of American experience (and that far from glorious) who +never, so far as it is known, set foot on Virginia's soil that the fairest +of Piedmont's counties was named during those brief months when +his ascendant star glowed with an all too temporary brilliance and +hope and expectation ran high. Had the county been organized +when first proposed or had its formation been further postponed, it +is a fair presumption that another name would have been chosen.</p> + +<p>Lord Loudoun's American record seemingly did not end his influence +in London. In 1762, when war broke out between England<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> +and Spain, he was appointed second in command, under Lord Tyrawley, +of the British troops sent to Portugal. As he never married, +his title upon his death at Loudoun Castle on the 27th April, 1782, +passed to his cousin, James Mure Campbell, a grandson of the +second Earl.</p> + +<p>Of the first officials of Loudoun County, the following men by +commission of the Virginia Council, dated the 24th May, 1757, became +its first court or governing body: Anthony Russell, Fielding +Turner, James Hamilton, Aeneas Campbell, Nicholas Minor, William +West, of the Quorum, Richard Coleman, Josias Clapham, +George West, Charles Tyler, John Moss, Francis Peyton and John +Mucklehany. These men may be taken as outstanding residents.</p> + +<p>We can learn from the early records something concerning the +actual procedure followed in organizing the new county. The first +entry in the volume of Court Orders is a record on the 12th day of +July, 1757, that a Commission of the Peace and Dedimus of the +county directed to the last mentioned "Gentlemen, justices of the +said County was produced and openly Read, and pursuant to the +Dedimus" that they took the oaths prescribed by law.</p> + +<p>The first county clerk was Charles Binns who served thirty-nine +years in that capacity, from 1757 to 1796; to be succeeded by his +son Charles Binns, Jr., who, in his turn, served forty-one years or +from 1796 to 1837, a record indicating that Loudoun had been fortunate +in the selection for this office. It is traditional in the county that +the first clerk's office was at Rokeby, the present country seat of Mr. +and Mrs. B. Franklin Nalle.</p> + +<p>The first sheriff was Aeneas Campbell who came to the then Fairfax +County from Saint Mary's County, Maryland, just in time to +become a lieutenant in that Fairfax company in the French War +captained by Nicholas Minor and whose home was at Raspberry +Plain as already has been shown.<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a> It is also locally related that the +first jail was a small brick building about twelve feet square, in his +yard there. A ducking-spring was also a part of the new sheriff's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> +equipment at his home and was used to temper the enthusiasm of +females too greatly addicted to mischievous talking. A woman duly +convicted of idle gossip and slandering her neighbours, was generally +fined in tobacco; if the fine were not paid by her husband or the +dame herself, she was taken to the ducking-spring, where a long +pole had a chair with arms attached to its end. The talkative lady +was then tied in the chair, the pole lowered and she was immersed in +the pond a sufficient number of times to cause her ruefully to remember +her experience and, let us hope, amend her conduct. Alas! Alas! +<i>Tempora mutantur</i>.</p> + +<p>Campbell's bond as sheriff occupies the place of honor in the first +Deed Book of the county on page one. He and his two sureties, +Anthony Russell and James Hamilton, bind themselves "unto our +Sovereign Lord King George the second in the sum of one thousand +pounds Current Money to be paid to our said Lord the King his +Heirs and Successors." Tobacco as money was all well enough in +Virginia but apparently was not appreciated by Royalty across the +sea.</p> + +<p>Both county clerk and sheriff qualified at this first session of the +Court.</p> + +<p>Aeneas Campbell was one of the leading spirits in the new county. +Not only was he its first sheriff but he built its first courthouse, as +later noted, and was an original trustee of Leesburg when that town +was "erected." In those days the outstanding men in a community +were chosen for public office and the frequency of his name on the +records unquestionably confirms his influential prominence. His +later career was interesting. After he sold Raspberry Plain to Thomson +Mason in 1760, we find him, in 1776, back in Maryland and +busily engaged in the work of the Revolution. He became captain of +the First Maryland Battalion of the Flying Camp in July of that year +and on the 18th of the month in Frederick County, is credited with +presenting to that command thirty-two men, including his son +Aeneas Campbell, Jr., (who held the rank of cadet) all of whom +were then reviewed and passed (accepted?) by Major John Fulford.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span><a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> +His descendants, including the Giddings family of Leesburg, +proudly retain the tradition that Campbell raised and accoutred +this force entirely at his own expense, setting an example of patriotism +which Loudoun should remember.</p> + +<p>The county lieutenant, first officer in rank but, in the present instance, +the last to be chosen, was not commissioned until December, +1757, when Francis Lightfoot Lee, son of our old friend Thomas +Lee, was selected and settled himself on lands which he had inherited +from his father and which were within the boundaries of the new +county. His residence in Loudoun, however, did not prove to be +permanent, for upon his marriage in 1769, to Miss Rebecca Tayloe +of Mount Airy, he removed to Menokin on the Rappahannock +where he continued to reside until his death, without issue, in the +winter of 1797; but as a result of his frontier experience he was always +thereafter called "Loudoun" by his brothers.<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> In addition to +his position as county lieutenant he and James Hamilton served as +the first Burgesses from Loudoun and continuously so acted for a +number of years.</p> + +<p>The first county surveyor was recognized at the court held on +the 9th August, 1757, when "George West, Gent. produced a +Commission to be Surveyor of this County and thereupon he took +the Oath directed by the Act of Assembly and entered into and +acknowledged his Bond to the President and Masters of the College +of William & Mary in Virginia with Charles Binns & Lee Massey +his Sureties which is Ordered to be recorded."</p> + +<p>The first attorneys to qualify to practice law before the Loudoun +Court were Hugh West, Benjamin Sebastian, William Elzey, and +James Keith.</p> + +<p>Few institutions of the Northern Neck of those days of slow travel +and thin settlement were more important than the inns or as they +are usually designated "ordinaries;" and the keeper of an Ordinary +was generally a man of parts and consequence in his community. +The matter of cost of food, drink and lodging in the public inns was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> +a subject close to the heart of the eighteenth century colonial and +Loudoun's Court lost no time in taking control of the ordinaries within +its boundaries. Already several were in existence. As early as 1740 +William West had acquired land on the Carolina Road near the +present Aldie and soon had constructed a dwelling and was keeping +an ordinary there. The Loudoun Court on the 9th May, 1759, gave +him a license to keep his ordinary for a year—presumably to be annually +renewed—but he had been acting as the local Boniface for +many years before that. The first Loudoun license for an ordinary, +however, was granted on the 10th August, 1757, "to James Coleman +to keep Ordinary at his House in this County (at the Sugar +Lands) for one Year he with Security having given Bond as the Law +directs;" but Coleman, too, had been conducting an ordinary at his +residence before then.</p> + +<p>On the 12th September, 1759, the court licensed John Moss to +keep an Ordinary at Leesburg.</p> + +<p>But on the 9th day of August, 1757, the day before it granted its +first license to keep ordinary to James Coleman, the court laid down +its rules and regulations for Loudoun inn keepers. That the gentlemen +justices gave far more detailed attention to the charges for alcoholic +refreshment than to the other matters regulated may or may +not have been mere coincidence.</p> + +<p>"The Court," so runs the record, "proceeded to rate the Liquor +for this County as follows:</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Liquor"> +<tr><td> </td><td align="left">L </td><td align="left">S </td><td align="left">d</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">For a gallon of rum and so in proportion</td><td> </td><td align="left">8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nantz Brandy Pr Gallon</td><td> </td><td align="left">10</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Peach or Apple Brandy Pr Gallon</td><td> </td><td align="left">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">New England Rum Pr Gallon</td><td> </td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Virginia Brandy from Grain Pr Gallon</td><td> </td><td align="left">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Arrack the Quart made into Punch</td><td> </td><td align="left">8</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">For a Quart of White, red or Madeira Wine</td><td> </td><td align="left">2</td><td align="left">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">For Royall and other low Wines Pr Quart</td><td> </td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">English Strong Beer Pr Quart</td><td> </td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">London Beer called Porter Pr Quart</td><td> </td><td align="left">1</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span>Virginia Strong Beer Pr Quart</td><td> </td><td align="left">7<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Cyder the quart Bottle</td><td> </td><td align="left">3<sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">English Cyder the Quart</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">For a Gill of Rum made into Punch with loaf Sugar</td><td> </td><td align="left">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ditto with fruit</td><td> </td><td align="left">7<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">For ditto with Brown Sugar</td><td> </td><td align="left">3<sup>3</sup>/<sub>4</sub></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">For a Hot Diet</td><td> </td><td align="left">9</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">For a Cold Diet</td><td> </td><td align="left">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">For a Gallon of Corn or Oats</td><td> </td><td align="left">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Stableage & Fodder for a horse 24 hours or one night</td><td> </td><td align="left">6</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Pasturage for a Horse 24 Hours or one night</td><td> </td><td align="left">4</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">For lodging with clean Sheets 6d. Otherwise nothing</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">All soldiers and Expresses on his Majesty's service paying</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">ready money shall have <sup>1</sup>/<sub>5</sub> part deducted.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>"Ordered that the respective Ordinary keepers in this County do +sell according to the above rates in Money or Tobacco at the rate of +12s 6d per hundred and that they do not presume to demand more +of any Person whatsoever."</p> + +<p>The first deed recorded in Loudoun but on page 2 of the first volume +of Deed Books, is dated the 6th day of August, 1757, from +Andrew Hutchison "of Loudoun County and Cameron Parish" +and runs to his sons John and Daniel, also of Loudoun; it conveys a +piece of land "containing by estimation seven hundred acres more or +less whereon now lives the said John Huchison and to be equally +divided between them." Thus another old and well-known Loudoun +family is introduced.</p> + +<p>The first will recorded was that of "Evan Thomas of Virginia +Coleney in Loudoun County." It was proved at the court held on +the 8th day of November, 1757, and its record is followed by a +long and interesting inventory of his estate.</p> + +<p>For some time prior to the organization of the county there had +been a small backwoods settlement, perhaps only a few scattered log +houses, near the intersection of the Carolina and old Ridge Roads. +This tiny hamlet had dignified itself with the name of George Town<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> +in rugged loyalty to King George the Second. Deck and Heaton say +that in 1757 a little fort was built there. Protection from attack by +the French and Indians was deemed necessary to every frontier +settlement. Nicholas Minor, who was a captain in the Virginia +Militia and in active service at this period, may have had a hand in +the building of this fort and it is probable that he was in military +command there. He lived on his nearby plantation of Fruitland and +his estate included some sixty acres or more at the intersection of the +Carolina and Ridge Roads. In the year 1756, it is believed, he employed +John Hough (who, as stated in the last chapter, had in 1744 +settled in these backwoods and was acting as a surveyor for Lord +Fairfax) to survey this land for a town site. Hough thereupon made +his survey and perhaps mapped his first rough draft in 1757, probably +making a more carefully detailed copy in 1759, after the establishment +of the Town had been formally authorized by the Legislature +and Minor had sold off a number of the lots as plotted on the plan. +If so, this first rough draft is now lost or has been destroyed and the +copy of 1759 was destined for many years also to be involved in +mysterious disappearance. Though constantly in use for the first +forty years of its existence, through oversight or negligence neither +this 1759 "edition," nor the original draft, had been entered on the +county records. Then in the latter part of the eighteenth century, the +1759 copy was used as an exhibit in the suit of Cavan vs. Murray, +involving land adjacent to the town and in 1798 folded up and filed +with the county clerk together with other exhibits in that litigation. +The story of its disappearance and recovery is attached to a photostatic +copy of the map now before me:</p> + +<p>"For generations the mystery of its disappearance has been a subject +of speculation and many believed that it had been withdrawn +from the public records into private lands, and there held or possibly +lost. In November 1928, the bundle containing the papers in the +above suit was opened by Charles F. Cochran, and the old plat +brought to light, just 130 years after it had been placed there. The +paper was worn through at many of the creases, being completely in +two through the middle, many minute bits were turned under or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> +hanging only by a shred, and in places there has been shrinkage. +Through the courtesy of Dr. Herbert Putnam, Librarian of Congress, +and Col. Lawrence Martin, Chief of the Division of Maps, +and in return for permission to file a photostat of the plat in the +Library of Congress, the plat was mounted by Mr. William F. +Norbeck, the Library's expert in the restoration of old maps. It was +due to Mr. Henry B. Rust of Rockland, near Leesburg that the extended +search of the Loudoun County records was made, in which +the plat was brought to light, and he has had it framed."<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a></p> + +<p>This framed map of 1759 was presented to the county, by delivery +to Mr. B. W. Franklin, then county clerk of Loudoun, on the 30th +December, 1928, by Mr. E. Marshall Rust, the brother of Henry +B. Rust.</p> + +<p>Upon the organization of the county, the matter of location and +establishment of a county seat had to be determined. It was not, +however, until the 15th June, 1758, that the Council of the Colony, +by deciding to locate the courthouse of Loudoun on the lands of +Nicholas Minor on the old Carolina Road near the crossing of the +Alexandria-Keys Gap Highway, fixed the importance of what was +to be known as Leesburg. The order of the Council reads:</p> + +<p>"The Council having this day taken under Consideration the +most proper Place for establishing the Court House of Loudoun +County, it appearing to them that the plantation of Captain Nicholas +Minor was the most convenient place and agreeable to the Generality +of the People in that County, it was their opinion, and accordingly +Ordered, That the Court House for the said County be +fixed on the land of the said Minor."</p> + +<p>When this order of the Council was made on the 15th June, 1758, +the Loudoun Court, as we have seen, had been duly organized and +from time to time was meeting for the performance of its duties +since the preceding 12th July. Where these early meetings were +held does not appear on the records, nor so far as I can learn, is now +known. The record of the court's sittings at the time generally begin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span> +"At a court held at the courthouse" so that the presumption +arises that, for the time being, the residence of one of its members +may have been used for that purpose. Apparently the court was becoming +impatient to have an official home and weary of the Council's +delay; for at the court's session of the 11th day of July, 1758, or four +days before the date of the Council's order, we find that it is, by the +Loudoun Court,</p> + +<p>"Ordered that the Sheriff of this County Advertise for Workmen +to build a Courthouse to meet here at the next Court to agree for the +same."</p> + +<p>The proposed edifice was so carefully described that we can get a +very clear idea of its appearance from the specifications recorded at +this session of the 9th August, 1758. It was to be a brick building +28 x 40, with a jury room added sixteen feet square, having "an outside +chimney and fireplace, eight feet in the clear from the foundation +to the surface, two feet from the surface to the water table +four feet, from thence to the joist ten feet." There significantly follows +"and also a Prison and Stocks of the same Dimensions as those +in Fairfax County for this County."<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a></p> + +<p>A month later, at the court's sitting of the 12th September, 1758, +it was</p> + +<p>"Ordered that the courthouse for this County be Built on a Lott of +Captain Nicholas Minor's No. 27 and 28 and that he convey the +same to William West and James Hamilton Gent. as Trustees in +Fee for the use of the County."<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a></p> + +<p>Nevertheless no deed from Minor actually was obtained until +nearly three years later, as will subsequently appear. That shrewd +and careful Founder of Leesburg well might have been unwilling to +give to the county two of the best lots in his new subdivision until +he was abundantly protected; so the deed was not given until the +new courthouse was built and any lingering doubt removed from +his mind that the county's project would be carried out. At the court's +session of the 13th September, 1758, a contract to build the courthouse<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> +was confirmed to "Aeneas Campbell Gent." for the sum of +365 pounds current money to be paid in two equal payments, the +first on the first day of August next ensuing and the remaining half +in the year 1760, Campbell having given a bond for the due performance +of his contract. At the same session the contract to build +the "Goal and stocks for this county" was confirmed to "Daniel +French Gent" for 83 pounds current money to be paid on or before +the 20th day of August then next; and it is noted that Campbell +and French were the lowest bidders.</p> + +<p>The building operations duly progressed. At the court held on +the 15th November, 1759, a levy was laid in tobacco for the compensation +of county officers and of 29,200 pounds of tobacco for the +balance due Campbell, referred to as being "late sheriff" and succeeded +by "Nicholas Minor Gt."</p> + +<p>Upon completion of the building in 1761 the cautious Captain +Minor felt assurance to execute his deed to the county. On the 17th +day of June in that year he conveyed to "Francis Lightfoot Lee +Gentleman the first Justice named and nominated in the Commission +of the Peace for the said County of Loudoun for and in behalf of him +the said Francis Lightfoot Lee and the rest of the Justices in the said +Commission named and their and his successors" for the nominal +consideration of five shillings, "Current Money of Virginia, the two +Lots of Land situate lying and being in the Town of Leesburg in the +County and Colony aforesaid being the same whereon the Courthouse +and Prison now stand laid off and surveyed by John Hough +to contain each Lot half an Acre and numbered twenty seven and +twenty eight." There were some formal rites attending the transfer +of the land and the ancient "livery of seizin" ceremony was duly +enacted. Then, following the signature of Minor and his witnesses +to the deed:</p> + +<p>"Memorandum that on the Eleventh Day of June Anno Domini +one Thousand seven hundred and sixty one full peaceable and Quiet +possession of the within mentioned premises was given by Nicholas +Minor Gent to Francis Lightfoot Lee and the other Justices within +named by delivery to him and them Turf and Twig on the said<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span> +premises in the presence of the underwritten Persons then Present."<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a></p> + +<p>And finally, at the court held on the 12th November, 1761, it was</p> + +<p>"Ordered that Nicholas Minor Gen't. and John Moss Junr. Agree +with Workmen to clear away the Bricks and Dirt about the Courthouse +and likewise for building a Necessary House and Posting and +Railing in the Courthouse Lott and bring in their Account at the +Laying of the next Levy."<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a></p> + +<p>And from that day to this the Loudoun courthouse, in its various +and successive reconstructions, has always stood on these lots of Captain +Nicholas Minor, thus granted by him to the county for that +purpose. In the process of time the prison, the stocks and the "Necessary +House" have been removed.</p> + +<p>In September, 1758, the Assembly passed an act "erecting" Leesburg +as a town, in the same measure "erecting" Stephensburg and +enlarging Winchester, which act reads, in part, as follows:</p> + +<p>"An Act for erecting a town on the land of Lewis Stephens, in +the county of Frederick: For enlarging the town of Winchester, and +for erecting a town on the land of Nicholas Minor, in the county +of Loudoun....</p> + +<p>"III And whereas Nicholas Minor of the county of Loudoun, +gentleman, hath laid off sixty acres of his land, adjoining to the +court-house of the said county into lots, with proper streets for a +town, many of which lots are sold, and improvements made thereon, +and the inhabitants of the said county have petitioned this general +assembly that the same may be erected into a town, Be it therefore +enacted by the authority aforesaid, that the land so laid off into lots +and streets, for a town, by the said Nicholas Minor, be and the same +is hereby erected and established a town, and shall be called by the +name of Leesburg; and that the free holders and inhabitants thereof +shall for ever hereafter enjoy the same privileges which the inhabitants +of other towns, erected by act of Assembly, now enjoy.</p> + +<p>"IV And whereas it is expedient that trustees should be appointed +to regulate the buildings in the said towns of Stephensburg,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> +Winchester and Leesburg: Be it therefore enacted by the authority +aforesaid, ... And that the honorable Philip Ludwell Lee, esquire, +Thomas Mason, esquire, Francis Lightfoot Lee, James Hamilton, +Nicholas Minor, Josias Clapham, Aeneas Campbell, John Hugh, +Francis Hague, and William West, gentlemen, be constituted and +appointed trustees for the said town of Leesburg; and that they, or +any five or more of them, are hereby authorized and empowered, +from time to time, and all times hereafter, to settle and establish +such rules and orders for the more regular and orderly building of +the houses in the said town of Leesburg, as to them shall seem best +and most convenient. And in the case of death or removal, or other +legal disability of any one or more of the trustees above mentioned, it +shall and may be lawful for the surviving or remaining trustees of +the said towns of Stephensburg, Winchester, and Leesburg, respectively, +from time to time, to elect and choose so many other persons +in the room of those so dead, removed or disabled, as shall make up +the number of ten; which trustees, so chosen, shall by all intents +and purposes be vested with the same power as any other in this Act +particularly named."<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></p> + +<p>Of the members of the Lee family participating in the early affairs +of the town and county or owning land in Loudoun, it is generally +held that the new town was named in honour of Francis Lightfoot +Lee, the first county lieutenant. Thus the Lees are appropriately +and locally commemorated, though their river still remains Goose +Creek and the county of their large holdings goes by another and +less congruous name.</p> + +<p>Now it must be remembered that in this year of 1758 which +marked the formal recognition and naming of Leesburg, the French +and Indian menace was a very real and terrible anxiety in the minds +of the Loudoun settlers and had been responsible for the erection of +the small frontier fort at this point which has been mentioned. The +local tradition that the little town, when first built, was surrounded +by a timber stockade seems not only plausible but highly probable.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span><a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> +It was a well established custom of the English Colonists on the +Indian frontier, north and south, to protect their outlying villages +in that manner. Leesburg people always insist that the noticeable +crowding together of houses in the older part of the town and the +pronounced local custom of building immediately on the street line +is a survival of this very early need of concentration for protection.</p> + +<p>Where the two main roads, to which the town owes its existence, +passed through its future site, they followed the old Virginia custom +in being decidedly indefinite in their bounds; and their condition +was further complicated by the ground at this point being marshy +and fed by numerous springs. Therefore even before Leesburg was +laid out or Loudoun organized, the people living in the neighborhood +had petitioned the Fairfax Court for the construction of a highway +at that point in such manner as would be most convenient for +the travel from Noland's Ferry to the Carolinas. When Loudoun was +organized the petition was certified to the court of the new county +which, in its November term of 1757, ordered that the roads leading +from Alexandria to Winchester and from Noland's Ferry to the +Carolinas be opened to go through that neighbourhood "in the most +convenient manner;" and James Hamilton, John Moss and Thomas +Sorrell were ordered "to view the most convenient way for the same +and make report to the Court." These viewers proceeded to so +efficiently fulfill their duties that when they eventually reported to +the court, on the 12th April, 1758, that they had "viewed the +most convenient way for the Roads to pass through the Town and +find them convenient and good with proper clearing,"<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> a corduroy +road had been constructed through the marshy ground and Hough +was thus able to have his King Street in definite bounds when he +mapped his survey for Minor.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER X</h2> + +<h3>ADOLESCENCE</h3> + + +<p>Our upper country, at last, has graduated from being +classified as merely part of the backwoods of Lord +Fairfax's Northern Neck and is now enrolled in the rapidly +growing roster of colonial Virginia's counties. Unfortunately the +conferring of that dignity did not alter the social problems of the +frontier nor change, to any great degree, the turbulence and +heterogeneous character of its population. The Irish element, particularly, +appears to have been pugnacious and lawless, if one may +judge from the frequency of proceedings before the Court for "battery" +wherein defendants carry distinctly Hibernian names. There +was no dearth of business, civil or criminal, awaiting the court's sessions.</p> + +<p>Those of the poorer class, however, were not alone in taking the +law into their own hands. Cameron Parish, as heretofore appears, +was set up in 1748. Whether its vestry was more arbitrary and tenacious +of office or merely less diplomatic than was the rule elsewhere is +not clear; but that there developed great dissatisfaction with its activities +the records show. The Parish vestry, it will be remembered, +exercised many powers of civil government. Originally the vestry of +twelve gentlemen and their successors were chosen by vote of the +parishioners; but gradually the practice developed in existing vestries, +upon the death or resignation of a member, for the survivors themselves +arbitrarily to appoint his successor. There never was unanimity +of religious belief in Cameron the Parish nor in Loudoun the county. +From the very beginning, as we have seen, the land was peopled by +men and women of definitely divergent religious views—the Churchmen +from Tidewater with some Baptists and Presbyterians, a large +number of Quakers from Pennsylvania, Germans from overseas and +no small number whose religious convictions, if existent, were of +nebulous tenuity. Had the vestries stood annually for election the +populace might have felt more closely represented; but with their +membership exclusively taken from the landowning class which +had migrated from the lower country, the Quakers, the Scotch-Irish,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> +the Germans accepted a somewhat arbitrary rule less willingly than +were they all churchmen and meeting together in common worship. +The friction was not confined to Cameron. Similar troubles had +developed elsewhere and petitions had been sent to Williamsburg +for relief. In 1759 the Legislature decided to act. "Whereas" reads +the preamble to Chapter XXI of the Laws of 1758-59</p> + +<p>"it has been represented to this present General Assembly, that +the Vestries of the parish of Antrim, in the County of Halifax; of +the parish of Cameron in the County of Loudoun; of the parish of +Bath, in the County of Dinwiddie; and of the parish of Saint-Patrick, +in the County of Prince Edward, have been guilty of arbitrary +and illegal practices to the great oppression of the inhabitants +of said parishes ... and the inhabitants of said parishes have respectively +petitioned this Assembly that the said vestries may be +dissolved;"<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a></p> + +<p>the Legislature thereupon dissolved the vestries named, their +future acts were "declared utterly void to all intents and purposes +whatsoever" and the freeholders and housekeepers of the respective +parishes authorized to meet, on notice, and "elect twelve of the most +able & discreet persons of the said parishes respectively to be vestrymen +of the same." So far was the Legislature willing to go; but the +orthodox rulers of Virginia did not for a moment propose to turn +over control of the vestries in the dissatisfied parishes to a dissenting +element; there was a further provision that should any vestrymen +dissent from the communion of the Church of England and join +"themselves to a dissenting congregation, and yet continue to act as +vestrymen" they should be displaced.</p> + +<p>During the ensuing ten years Loudoun's population grew rapidly +and a parish extending from Difficult Run to the Blue Ridge covered +so much territory that it made it difficult for a vestry, chosen from +different parts of the parish, to assemble frequently for business. +The project of dividing Cameron was the subject of a petition to +the Legislature in 1769 but because of opposition and disagreement<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span> +the division was not made until June, 1770, when an act was passed +creating a new parish beyond Goose Creek and running to the Blue +Ridge.<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> It was given the name of Shelburne in compliment to the +British statesman William Petty-FitzMaurice, Lord Shelburne.</p> + +<p>This contemplated division of Cameron had repercussions in the +relations between that parish and its mother parish Truro. The new +Shelburne would take from Cameron many of its tithables or taxpayers +and suggested intensive study of its remaining economic +resources. In November, 1766, or twenty-eight years after the +creation of Cameron, the Legislature passed an act empowering +Truro's vestry to sell its parish Glebe and church plate and divide +the proceeds between Truro and Cameron; while three years later, +in the act creating Shelburne, it was provided that as the Cameron +Glebe was then located inconveniently, the latter's vestry was +authorized to sell it and use the proceeds "toward purchasing a more +convenient glebe, and erecting buildings thereon, for the use and +benefit of the minister of the said parish of Cameron, for the +time being, forever."<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 411px;"> +<img src="images/illus-147.png" width="411" height="550" alt="William Petty-FitzMaurice. Earl of Shelburne, 1st Marquis of Lansdowne, +for whom Shelburne Parish was named." title="William Petty-FitzMaurice. Earl of Shelburne, 1st Marquis of Lansdowne, +for whom Shelburne Parish was named." /> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">William Petty-FitzMaurice.</span> Earl of Shelburne, 1st Marquis of Lansdowne, +for whom Shelburne Parish was named.</span> +</div> + + +<p>The parish well may continue to take satisfaction in having been +named worthily. Shelburne came of an historical and noble family, +being a direct descendant of the very ancient Lords of Kerry. Born +in Dublin on the 20th May, 1737, his childhood is said to have been +"spent in the remotest parts of the south of Ireland and according to +his own account when he entered Christ Church, Oxford in 1755 +he had both everything to learn and everything to unlearn." Perhaps +his friendship and conciliatory attitude always shewn toward the +American Colonies arose from his naturally amiable and considerate +disposition, perhaps from his participation under Wolfe in campaigns +against the French. However that may be, he was well-liked +and trusted in Virginia. He succeeded his father as Earl of Shelburne +in 1761. During the critical years of 1766 and 1767 he was serving, +under Pitt, as Secretary of State and sought, as a friend of the +Colonies, to avoid the crisis which was surely developing. Unfortunately<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> +his efforts toward conciliation were blocked by others +of the ministry and the King and in 1768 Shelburne was dismissed. +In 1782 he reassumed office under Lord Rockingham, with the express +understanding that the independence of the American Colonies +should be recognized; an attitude requiring courage and strength +to maintain. When Rockingham died, Shelburne succeeded him +as Premier but through an alliance of Fox with Shelburne's old +enemy North, he was forced to resign that position in 1783. A year +later, when Pitt returned to power, he caused Shelburne to be created +first Marquis of Landsdowne with which his public career ended. +He was succeeded in his titles and estates, upon his death on the +7th May, 1805, by his eldest son.<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a></p> + +<p>More fortunate in its fate than the early vestry books of Cameron, +which have been destroyed or lost, the first vestry book of Shelburne, +covering the period from 1771 to 1805, has been preserved and after +being for many years in the library of the Episcopal Theological +Seminary at Alexandria was sent to the State Library in Richmond. +A photostatic copy has been made and is held in Loudoun.<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a></p> + +<p>By way of contrast to the first vestry books of Virginia's older +parishes, the earliest entries in that of Shelburne do not yield a great +amount of interesting material. Its pages are largely filled with details +of the levy of taxes and there is a protracted quarrel over the +sites to be chosen for new church buildings which, in the event, +prevented action until the Revolution and its aftermath deprived the +Vestries of much of their authority. A few entries in the Vestry +book have been abstracted:</p> + +<p>"30th November 1772 Ordered that the Church Wardens for +the Present Year do provide Benches to accomodate the persons who +come to attend Divine Service at the Court House in Leesburg."</p> + +<p>And then, to shew what a Church the Parish might have had but +did not, there is this entry on the 30th December 1774. (Page 30) +"Ordered that there be a Church built at or near the place +where the Chapple now stands at Stephen Rozels and that it be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span> +50 feet long & 40 feet broad in the clear. To be built either of +brick or stone. To be of Sufficient Pitch for two rows of Windows, +if built of brick the wall to be 2<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> brick thick if built of stone the +walls to be 2 feet thick; the Pews & all the Carpenter work to be +of pine plank (framing excepted) The Base to be of Stone 2<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> feet +thick & to be finished off in such manner as the person appointed +shall direct."</p> + +<p>From the 10th day of June, 1776, no meeting of the vestry is +recorded until the 1st day of April 1779.</p> + +<p>At the meeting of the 4th November, 1795, Mr. Jones, the minister +was ordered to preach "one Sunday at the Church at Rozels +& the rest at Leesburg."</p> + +<p>Thus the county was divided into two parishes. A little later +Cameron secured the services, as Parson, of a member of another +well-known family of the Northern Neck when, in 1771, the Rev. +Spence Grayson returned from his theological studies and ordination +in England and assumed that position. He was the son of Benjamin +Grayson and Susan Monroe and had inherited from his father his +home, Belle Air, in Prince William County which he left to +go to England to enter the church. He married Mary Elizabeth +Wagener, sister to Colonel Peter Wagener (clerk of Fairfax County +and subsequently an officer in the Revolution) and became one of +the original trustees in 1788 of the town of Carrborough on the +south side of the mouth of Quantico Creek, where now are situated +the Marine Corps Barracks. His nephew was the well-known +Colonel William Grayson who, after serving with distinction in the +Revolution, became one of the original two senators from Virginia.</p> + +<p>But Shelburne was not to be cast in the shade in this matter of +Parsons. In 1771 there was inducted there as minister the man who, +of her long line of clergy, has left in Church, State, and Nation the +most prominent name of all. The Rev. Dr. David Griffith had been +born in the city of New York in 1742. Like the Rev. Charles Green, +early minister of Truro, Dr. Griffith first became a physician, taking +his medical degree in London and then returning to New York and +beginning his practice as a physician there in 1763. Determining to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> +enter the church ministry, he returned to England and was ordained +in London by Bishop Terrick on the 19th August, 1770. Again he +returned to America and worked as a missionary in New Jersey, +whence he came to take charge of Shelburne Parish in 1771. When +the Revolution came on, he, in 1776, became Chaplain of the 3rd +Virginia Regiment and, in December of that year, he "was acting +as a surgeon in the Continental Army in Philadelphia." Long a +close and confidential friend of George Washington, he became the +Rector of Christ Church, Alexandria, in 1780, in which position he +continued until his death. He was a leader in building up the church +in Virginia from its depressed condition after the Revolution, was a +member of its first convention in Richmond in 1785 and was elected +first Bishop of Virginia at the second annual convention of the +Diocese in May, 1786. Unfortunately there were no funds available +to pay his expenses to England and thus he was never formally consecrated. +He died at the house of Bishop White in Philadelphia, while +attending a church convention there, in 1789. He has been described +as "large and tall in person but firm in manner. Without perhaps +being brilliant, he was an able man of sound judgment and consecrated +life, who had the esteem and affection as well as the confidence +of his contemporaries. His memory ought to be held by us +in highest honour."<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></p> + +<p>In those days Loudoun shared, with other of Virginia's frontier +counties, a pest of numerous wolves which indeed penetrated into +the older counties as well. There was a broad demand that the +bounty for killing the animals be increased and in 1765 the Assembly +passed an act authorizing Loudoun and six other counties to pay +larger bounties, providing that a person killing a wolf within their +respective boundaries "shall have an additional reward of fifty +pounds of neat tobacco for every young wolf not exceeding the age +of six months, and for every wolf above that age one hundred pounds +of neat tobacco, to be levied and paid in the respective counties where<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> +the service shall be performed."<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a> The act was to continue in force, +however, only three years.</p> + +<p>Five years later the hunting activities of Leesburg, at least, took +on a more domestic hue. The inhabitants of the little town were +busy in building up the reputation of a famous Virginia delicacy +but apparently were rather overdoing it. "It is represented" reads an +act of 1772 "that a great number of hogs are raised and suffered to +go at large in the town of Leesburg, in the county of Loudoun to +the great prejudice of the inhabitants thereof;" so the act forbade +owners from allowing such liberties to their porkers and permitted +any person to "kill and destroy such swine so running at large."<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a></p> + +<p>That Francis Aubrey established the first ferry from Loudoun's +shore across the Potomac prior to 1741 has been noted in Chapter +IV. It was at the Point of Rocks and was inherited by Thomas +Aubrey, son of its founder, who obtained a license for its operation +in 1769. By 1775 the travel was very light at that point and complaint +was made of inadequate equipment. In 1834 it, with the surrounding +land on the Loudoun side, was in the possession of Rebecca +Johnson and in 1837 in that of Margaret Graham. The construction +of the Point of Rocks bridge by the Potomac Bridge Company in +1847 ended its usefulness.</p> + +<p>A second ferry, also across the Potomac and heretofore recorded, +became far more famous than that of the Aubreys. When Philip +Noland acquired land on that river where travel over the old Carolina +Road had, from time immemorial, crossed it, he had the most +valuable and frequented ferry-site in the neighborhood. He had +sought, but unsuccessfully, a ferry license as early as 1748; in 1756, +with or without a license, he was operating his ferry. Its operation +was eventually authorized by the Legislature in 1778 to the land of +Arthur Nelson in the State of Maryland. No other ferry from +Loudoun's shores acquired the fame that did Noland's. At the +height of its activities the travel at that point is said to have supported +a country store, a blacksmith's shop, a wagon shop, a tailor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span> +and a shoemaker. The coming of the railroads and the construction +of the Point of Rocks Bridge together were responsible for its ultimate +abandonment. We have a suggestive glimpse of conditions +there. In May, 1780, the Moravian emissary John Frederick Reichel, +in the course of his ministrations to those of his faith in America, +undertook a journey from Bethlehem in Pennsylvania down the +Carolina Road to the present Winston-Salem in North Carolina. One +of his companions kept a journal from which we learn that upon successfully +crossing into Virginia at Noland's Ferry, Bishop Reichel and +his company "made camp near Mr. Th. Noland's house close to +the road which turns to the right from the Foart road towards Noland's +Ferry which crosses the Patomoak two miles from here. So far +our journey had been very pleasant. Now, however, the Virginia air +brought storms." While the weary travelers were resting that night +from their journey, some of Noland's negroes left their "Quarters" +and proceeded to lay their hands on the strangers' equipment. The +diarist on the next day indignantly records the following "Note. +Mr. Th. Noland and his father and father in law have 200 negroes +in this neighbourhood on both sides of the Potomoack and this +neighbourhood is far-famed for robbery and theft." On their return +the travellers found that Mr. Noland had busied himself in recapturing +much of the loot and duly returned the articles to their rightful +owners.<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a></p> + +<p>Between Noland and Josias Clapham there was a controversy for +many years over which of the two should control the very profitable +ferry business over the nearby stretches of the Potomac. Both had +powerful associations and friends and both were, through their own +activities and characters, outstanding figures in the Loudoun of +their day. Noland as the son-in-law of the most prominent of +Loudoun's earliest settlers, Francis Aubrey, and through his wife +in possession of part of Aubrey's great land-grants, could well have +entertained a conviction that he was Aubrey's representative and as +such entitled to especial consideration as well as for his own accomplishments; +while, on the other hand, Clapham's inherited friendship<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span> +with Lord Fairfax and his own recent military services as a lieutenant +in the troublous times following Braddock's defeat and death, +his early and continued ownership of extensive tracts of land, his +sound personal qualities and the high esteem in which he was held +by his neighbours, made him a formidable opponent and rival. He +successfully fought Noland's application to the Legislature for a +ferry license in 1756 and in 1757 obtained one himself for the +operation of a ferry below that of Noland, "from the lands of Josias +Clapham, in the County of Fairfax, over Potowmack river, to the +land on either side of Monochisey creek, in the province of Maryland; +the price for a man four pence & for a horse the same."<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> +Though this license was afterwards suspended, Clapham appears +to have operated his ferry until 1778 when the Legislature ordered +it discontinued as inconvenient. As Clapham at that time was himself +a member of that body, it is probable that the old rivalry between +the neighbours had ended.</p> + +<p>We learn something of yet another ferry from this same act of +the Legislature passed in the war year of 1778. Therein it was also +provided "that publick ferries be constantly kept at the following +places and the rates for passing the same be as follows, that is to say: +From the land of the earl of Tankerville, in the County of Loudoun +(at present in the tenure of Christian Shimmer) across Potowmack +river to the opposite shore in the state of Maryland, the price for a +man eight pence, and for a horse the same: ..." The act authorized +Noland to collect the same tolls at his ferry, thus permitting the +doubling of the ferry charges by the act of 1757.<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XI</h2> + +<h3>REVOLUTION</h3> + + +<p>When the American Colonies joined issue with Great +Britain in the controversy which was to result in American +independence, Loudoun's population, beginning +with a thin trickle of adventurers, had been growing for over fifty +years, during which time, save for the short period before and after +Braddock's defeat, her sure but steady development and increase +of people had received no serious reversal. The exact number of her +inhabitants in 1775 is unknown; but fifteen years later she was +credited with 14,747 whites and 4,030 slaves or a total of 18,777 +individuals. One writer goes so far as to assert that the county was +one of the most densely populated in the Colony at that period.<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> +Toward the close of the conflict, in 1780 and 1781, her militia numbered +no less than 1746 men, which is claimed by Head to have +been "far in excess of that reported by any other Virginia County." +When it is remembered that her present population does not greatly +exceed 20,000 inhabitants and that, in the years which have intervened, +the towns have substantially increased in number and size, +it is probable that the country districts were quite as populous in +1775 as they are today.</p> + +<p>With her early diversity of population, it might well be expected +that the county's inhabitants would be divided in their attitude as +to the wisdom of war with England. There seems, however, to have +been practically a solid front, save for the Quakers who, because of +their oppugnance to all war, opposed the Revolution in Loudoun as +elsewhere and suffered bitterly in consequence as later will be related.</p> + +<p>As it was, Loudoun lost no time in placing herself on record, as +the following amply demonstrates:</p> + +<p>"At a meeting of the Freeholders and other inhabitants of the +County of Loudoun, in the Colony of Virginia, held at the Courthouse +in Leesburg, the 14th June 1774—F. Peyton, Esq., in the +chair—to consider the most effective method to preserve the rights<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span> +and liberties of N. America, and relieve our brethren of Boston, +suffering under the most oppressive and tyranical Act of the British +Parliament, made in the 14th year of his present Majesty's reign, +whereby their Harber is blocked up, their commerce totally obstructed, +their property rendered useless</p> + +<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That we will always cheerfully submit to such prerogatives +as his Majesty has a right, by law, to exercise, as Sovereign +of the British Dominions, and to no others.</p> + +<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That it is beneath the dignity of freemen to submit to +any tax not imposed on them in the usual manner, by representatives +of their own choosing.</p> + +<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That the Act of the British Parliament above mentioned, +is utterly repugnant to the fundamental laws of justice, in +punishing persons without even the form of a trial; but a despotic +exertion of unconstitutional power designedly calculated to enslave +a free and loyal people.</p> + +<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That the enforcing the execution of the said Act of +Parliament by a military power, must have a necessary tendency to +raise a civil war, and that we will, with our lives and fortunes, assist +our suffering brethren of Boston, and every part of North America +that may fall under the immediate hand of oppression, until a release +of all our grievances shall be procurred; and our common liberties +established on a permanent foundation.</p> + +<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That the East India Company, by exporting their tea +from England to America, whilst subject to a tax imposed thereon +by the British Parliament, have evidently designed to fix on the +Americans those chains forged for them by a venal ministry, and +have thereby rendered themselves odious and detestable throughout +all America. It is, therefore, the unanimous opinion of this meeting +not to purchase any tea or other East India commodity whatever, +imported after the first of this Month.</p> + +<p>"<i>Resolved</i>, That we will have no Commercial intercourse with +Great Britain until the above mentioned Act of Parliament shall be +totally repealed, and the right of regulating the internal policy of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span> +N. America by a British Parliament shall be absolutely and positively +given up.</p> + +<p><i>"Resolved,</i> That Thompson Mason and Francis Peyton, Esqs., be +appointed to represent the County at a general meeting to be held at +Williamsburg on the 1st day of August next, to take the sense of +this Colony on the subject of the preceeding resolves, and that they, +together with Leven Powell, William Ellzey, John Thornton, +George Johnston and Samuel Levi, or any three of them, be a committee +to correspond with the several Committees appointed for +this purpose</p> + +<p>"Signed by</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Independence"> +<tr><td align="left">John Morton</td><td align="left">Thomas Williams</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Thomas Ray</td><td align="left">James Noland</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Thomas Drake</td><td align="left">Samuel Peugh</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">William Booram</td><td align="left">William Nornail</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Benj. Isaac Humphrey</td><td align="left">Thomas Luttrell</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Samuel Mills</td><td align="left">James Brair</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Joshua Singleton</td><td align="left">Poins Awsley</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Jonathan Drake</td><td align="left">John Kendrick</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Matthew Rust</td><td align="left">Edward O'Neal</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Barney Sims</td><td align="left">Francil Triplitt</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">John Sims</td><td align="left">Joseph Combs</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Samuel Butler</td><td align="left">John Peyton Harrison</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Thomas Chinn</td><td align="left">Robert Combs</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Appollos Cooper</td><td align="left">Stephen Combs</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lina Hancock</td><td align="left">Samuel Henderson</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">John McVicker</td><td align="left">Benjamin Overfield</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Simon Triplett</td><td align="left">Adam Sangster</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Thomas Awsley</td><td align="left">Bazzell Roads</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Isaac Sanders</td><td align="left">John Wildey</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Thomas Williams</td><td align="left">James Graydey</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Henry Awsley</td><td align="left">Joseph Bayley</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wm. Finnekin</td><td align="left">John Reardon</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Richard Hanson</td><td align="left">Edward Miller</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">John Dinker</td><td align="left">Richard Hirst</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Jasper Grant</td><td align="left">James Davis"<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The names of the following men, composing the Committee for +Loudoun, are taken from the record of its meeting on the 26th +May, 1775:</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Committee"> +<tr><td align="left">Francis Peyton, Esq.</td><td align="left">James Lane</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Josias Clapham</td><td align="left">Jacob Reed</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Thomas Lewis</td><td align="left">Leven Powell</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Anthony Russell</td><td align="left">William Smith</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">John Thomas</td><td align="left">Robert Johnson</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">George Johnson</td><td align="left">Hardage Lane</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Thomas Shore</td><td align="left">John Lewis</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>with one of the members, George Johnson, acting as clerk.</p> + +<p>When war began, the gentlemen justices of the county's court +recommended certain of her men to the governor from time to time +as worthy of commissions in the military forces being raised by the +Colony. Many an old and familiar Loudoun name appears on the +list and for the interest of their descendants and relatives it is here +appended as abstracted from the county records by James W. Head +in his very useful <i>History of Loudoun</i>:<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a></p> + +<p>"March 1778: James Whaley Jr., second lieutenant; William +Carnan, ensign; Daniel Lewis, second lieutenant; Josiah Miles and +Thomas King, lieutenants; Hugh Douglass, ensign; Isaac Vandevanter, +lieutenant; John Dodd, ensign.</p> + +<p>"May 1778. George Summers and Charles G. Eskridge, colonels; +William McClellan, Robert McClain and John Henry, captains; +Samuel Cox, Major; Frans Russell, James Beavers, Scarlet Burkley, +Moses Thomas, Henry Farnsworth, John Russell, Gustavus Elgin, +John Miller, Samuel Butcher, Joshua Botts, John Williams, George +Tyler, Nathaniel Adams and George Mason, lieutenants; Isaac +Grant, John Thatcher, William Elliott, Richard Shore, and Peter +Benham, ensigns.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span>"August, 1778 Thomas Marks, William Robison, Joseph Butler +and John Linton, lieutenants; Joseph Wildman and George Asbury, +ensigns.</p> + +<p>"September 1778 Francis Russell, lieutenant, and George Shrieve, +ensign.</p> + +<p>"May 1779 Joseph Wildman, lieutenant, and Francis Elgin Jr., +ensign.</p> + +<p>"June 14, 1779 George Kilgour, lieutenant and Jacob Caton, ensign.</p> + +<p>"July 12, 1779 John Debell, lieutenant and William Huchison, +ensign.</p> + +<p>"October 11, 1779 Francis Russell, captain.</p> + +<p>"November 8, 1779 James Cleveland, captain; Thomas Millan, +ensign.</p> + +<p>"February 14, 1780 Thomas Williams, ensign.</p> + +<p>"March, 1780 John Benham, ensign.</p> + +<p>"June, 1780 Wethers Smith and William Debell, second lieutenants, +Francis Adams and Joel White, ensigns.</p> + +<p>"August, 1780 Robert Russell, ensign.</p> + +<p>"October, 1780. John Spitzfathem, first lieutenant; Thomas +Thomas and Matthew Rust, second lieutenants; Nicholas Minor +Jr., David Hopkins, William McGeath and Samuel Oliphant ensigns; +Charles Bennett, captain.</p> + +<p>"November, 1780. James Coleman, Esq., Colonel, George West, +lieutenant-colonel; James McLlaney, Major.</p> + +<p>"February, 1781. Simon Triplett, Colonel; John Alexander, +lieutenant-colonel; Jacob Reed, Major; John Linton, captain; William +Debell and Joel White, lieutenants; Thomas Minor, ensign; +Thomas Shores, captain; John Tayler and Thomas Beatty, lieutenants; +John McClain, ensign.</p> + +<p>"March 1781. John McGeath, captain; Ignatius Burns, captain; +Hugh Douglass, first lieutenant; John Cornelison, second lieutenant; +Joseph Butler and Conn Oneale, lieutenants; John Jones, Jr., ensign; +William Tayler, Major first battalion; James Coleman, Colonel; +George West, lieutenant-colonel; Josiah Maffett, captain; John<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span> +Binns, first lieutenant; Charles Binns, Jr., second lieutenant and +Joseph Hough, ensign.</p> + +<p>"April 1781. Samson Trammell, captain; Spence Wigginton and +Smith King, lieutenants.</p> + +<p>"May 1781. Thomas Respass, Esq., Major; Hugh Douglass, +Gent. captain; Thomas King, lieutenant; William T. Mason, ensign; +Samuel Noland, captain; Abraham Dehaven and Enock +Thomas, lieutenants; Isaac Dehaven and Thomas Vince, ensigns; +James McLlaney, captain; Thomas Kennan, captain; John Bagley, +first lieutenant.</p> + +<p>"June 1781. Enoch Furr and George Rust, lieutenants; Withers +Berry and William Hutchison (son of Benjamin), ensign.</p> + +<p>"September 1781. Gustavus Elgin, captain; John Littleton, ensign.</p> + +<p>"January 1782. William McClellan, captain.</p> + +<p>"February 1782. William George, Timothy Hixon and Joseph +Butler, captains.</p> + +<p>"March 1782. James McLlaney, captain; George West, colonel, +Thomas Respass, lieutenant-colonel.</p> + +<p>"July 1782. Samuel Noland, Major; James Lewin Gibbs, second +lieutenant and Giles Turley, ensign.</p> + +<p>"August 1782. Enoch Thomas, captain; Samuel Smith, lieutenant; +Matthias Smitley, first lieutenant; Charles Tyler and David +Beaty, ensigns.</p> + +<p>"December 1782. Thomas King, captain; William Mason, first +lieutenant and Silas Gilbert, ensign."</p> + +<p>By a stroke of good fortune, there has been brought to light and +published in recent years a journal kept by one Nicholas Cresswell, +a young Englishman of gentle birth who, in 1774, at the age of 24 +years obeyed a keen impulse to emigrate to Virginia with the expectation +of buying a plantation and becoming a Virginia farmer.<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> +His home in England was the estate of his father, known as Crowden-le-Booth, +in the parish of Edale in the Peak of Derbyshire. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span> +father seems to have been a somewhat stern disciplinarian, against +the rigidity of whose rule and unhappy home conditions young +Cresswell fretted; and that and an ambition to make his own way in +the world, coupled with an appetite for adventure common to his +age and race, induced Nicholas to his course. After many difficulties, +he sailed from England in the ship <i>Molly</i> on the 9th of April, 1774, +and thus began a series of adventures, his excellent record of which +has been characterized as "a valuable addition to Revolutionary +Americana" and, it may be added, is nothing less than treasure trove +to the student of Loudoun's past. In the course of his ensuing experiences +he met, among a multitude of others, Jefferson, Lord +Howe, Patrick Henry, Francis Lightfoot Lee; was upon occasion +Washington's guest at Mount Vernon and paints and proves Thomson +Mason to have been one of the kindliest and most hospitable of +men. His wanderings took him through many parts of Virginia and +particularly Leesburg and its neighborhood, Maryland, Pennsylvania, +New York; on a voyage to Barbados to recoup his health and +on an expedition as a viewer and surveyor of new lands, down the +Ohio River into Indiana country, in an unsuccessful effort to recoup +his fortune. An educated young Englishman, loyal to his King and +country, arriving in the Colonies as the storm of the Revolution was +about to break, he soon was suspected of being an English spy, was +bullied and persecuted by some, befriended by others and, withal, +records his experiences in a narrative of such fascination that one +reads it from end to end with unabated interest. Of the Leesburg +and Loudoun of the period he gives the best contemporary, if not +always complimentary, account known to the present writer. +Through the courtesy of the Dial Press, the publishers of his +Journal in the United States, the following abstract of Loudoun material +is permitted:</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 384px;"> +<img src="images/illus-162.png" width="384" height="550" alt="Nicholas Cresswell, the Journalist. (From a portrait now owned by Samuel +Thorneley, Esquire.)" title="Nicholas Cresswell, the Journalist. (From a portrait now owned by Samuel +Thorneley, Esquire.)" /> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Nicholas Cresswell</span>, the Journalist. (From a portrait now owned by Samuel +Thorneley, Esquire.)</span> +</div> + +<p>Cresswell first passed through Loudoun in November, 1774, in +the course of a journey to the Valley. He arrived in Leesburg on Sunday +the 27th and records:</p> + +<p>"The land begins to grow better. A Gravelly soil and produces +good Wheat, but the roads are very bad, cut to pieces with the wagons,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span> +number of them we met today. Their method of mending the +roads is with poles about 10 foot long laid across the road close together; +they stick fast in the mud and make an excellent causeway. +Very thinly peopled along the road, almost all Woods. Only one +public House between this place and Alexandria."</p> + +<p>On the next day he inspected Leesburg. "Viewing the town. It +is regularly laid off in squares, but very indifferently built and few +inhabitants and little trade, tho' very advantageously situated, for it +is at the conjunction of the great Roads from the North part of the +Continent to the South and the East and the West. Lodged at Mr. +Moffit's, Mr. Kirk's partner in a store which he has here."</p> + +<p>On the following Sunday, "Went to a Methodist meeting. This +Sect is scattered in every place and have got considerable footing +here, owing to the great negligence of the Church Parsons."</p> + +<p>The next day he continued his journey to the West, returning to +Leesburg on the 14th December, 1774. On the following day, being +Sunday, he simply notes "but no prayers." On Monday, "Court +day. A great number of litigious suits. The people seem to be fond +of Law. Nothing uncommon for them to bring suit against a person +for a Book debt and trade with him on an open account at the same +time. To be arrested for debt is no scandal here." And on the next +day he "Saw the Independence Company exercise. A ragged crew." +In January he amuses himself "with shooting wild Geese and Ducks. +Here is incredible numbers in the River likewise Swans. It is said they +come from the Lakes."</p> + +<p>Again on his way to the West, this time to the Indian country, he +arrived in Leesburg on Sunday the 26th March, 1775. On the following +Wednesday he "went to look at a silver mine. Saw some appearance +of metal but don't know what it is." On the 31st: "At Leesburg +waiting for my gun and goods coming from Alexandria. The +Peach Orchards are in full blossom and make a beautiful appearance." +On the following Sunday, the 2nd April, he notes "But no +Parson. It is a shame to suffer these people to neglect their duty in +the manner they do."</p> + +<p>After his journey in the "Illinois Country" we find him again in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> +Leesburg in the employment of one Kirk, a merchant of Alexandria +who, son of a blacksmith in Cresswell's home parish, had gone to +Virginia and prospered there. On Sunday, the 19th November, +1775, Nicholas records that he "went to Church or Courthouse +which you please in the forenoon" thus further confirming that the +established church services were, at that time, held in the courthouse +at Leesburg. Cresswell meets and is much in the company of +George Johnston, Captain McCabe, George Ancram, and Captain +Douglas. As a sidelight on Leesburg's evening diversions of the +period, he writes under date of the 28th November that he "dined +at Captn. McCabe's in Company with Captn. Douglas and Cavan. +Spent the evening at the store in company with Captn. McCabe and +Captn. Speake and all of us got drunk."</p> + +<p>On the 4th December he made a short visit to "Frederick Town +in Maryland," and, both going and some days later on his return, +dined at Noland's Ferry, suggesting some accommodation for travellers +there. On Sunday the 10th December, he "went to Church, +spent the evening at Mr. Johnson's with the Rev. Mr. David Griffiths +and several gentlemen."</p> + +<p>He was a guest at "Garalland, seat of Captn. William Douglas. A +great deal of agreeable Company and very merry." On the next day +there was "Dancing and playing at Cards. In the evening several of +the company went in quest of a poor Englishman, who they supposed +had made songs on the Committee, but did not find him." +This week was one of celebration; on the following Friday, (5th +January, 1776) "This being my birthday, invited Captn. McCabe, +H. Neilson, W. Johnston, Matthews, Booker and my particular +Friend P. Cavan to spend the evening with me. We have kept it +up all night and I am at this time very merry." On Saturday: +"Spent the evening at Mr. Johnston's with our last night's company. +He is going to camp. All of us got most feloniously drunk. +Captn. McCabe, Hugh Neilson and I kept it up all night." On +Sunday: "went to bed about two o'clock in the afternoon, stupidly +drunk. Not been in bed or asleep for two nights."</p> + +<p>A party was a party in the Leesburg of 1776.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span>Virginia was heading toward independence, with war if need be. +Popular sentiment is shown by such entries as "Nothing but Independence +will go down. The Devil is in the people." "All in confusion. +The Committee met to choose Officers for the new Company +that are to be raised. They are 21 in number, the first men in the +County and had two bowls of toddy," (he carefully explains elsewhere +that "toddy" means punch) "but could not find cash to pay +for it." On the 12th February, "Court day. Great Confusion, no +business done. The populace deters the Magistrates and they in turn +are courting the rebels' favour. Enlisting men for the Rebel Army +upon credit. Their paper money is not yet arrived from the Mine." +On the 22nd March he "went to see the general musters of the +Militia in town, about 700 men but few arms." On Sunday the 17th +May he says: "This day is appointed by the Great Sanhedrim to +be kept an Holy Fast throughout the continent, but we have no +prayers in Leesburg. The Parson (Rev. David Griffiths) is gone into +the Army."</p> + +<p>He has this to say about a Quaker meeting in February, probably +at Waterford, to which he went with his friends Cavan and Thomas +Matthews. "This is one of the most comfortable places of worship I +was ever in, they had two large fires and a Dutch stove. After a long +silence and many groans a Man got up and gave us a short Lecture +with great deliberation. Dined at Mr. Jos. Janney's one of the +Friends."</p> + +<p>It was not until the 24th April, 1776, that Thomson Mason, who +was to prove so consistently a friend to him, is introduced, when +Cresswell notes that he was a dinner guest at his home—presumably +Raspberry Plain. By that time Cresswell had made a host of acquaintances +and friends. He enjoyed popularity with his new companions, +frequently was entertained or was a host himself. To add +to his scanty resources, he made lye, nitre and saltpetre on shares +and his process and progress he records in detail. His work was interrupted +by frequent illness, due doubtless to the heavy drinking indulged +in by him and his associates.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span>On the 9th July, 1776, he learns, to his dismay, of the <i>Declaration +of Independence</i>.</p> + +<p>From time to time he dined with Thomson Mason who on the +26th July "proffers to give me a letter of recommendation to the +Governor Henry for liberty to go on board the Fleet in the Bay. I +have no other choice to go home but this;" and on the next day, "a +general muster of the Militia. Great confusion among them. Recruiting +parties offer 10 Dollars advance and 40 S per month."</p> + +<p>But Cresswell realized the increasing danger to him, loyal Briton +that he was, of a continued stay in America. In August he determined +to go to New York for he was convinced that he "must +either escape that way or go to jail for Toryism." He did not tell Mr. +Mason of his design to leave the county, but only that he contemplated +a northern journey; and from him obtained a "letter to +Messrs. Francis Lightfoot Lee, Thos. Stone, Thos. Jefferson and +John Rogers Esq., all members of the Congress." On the 23rd +August "in company with Mr. Alexander Cooper, a Storekeeper +in town" he left Leesburg for the north.</p> + +<p>He duly arrived in Philadelphia which greatly pleased him in its +size and cleanliness.</p> + +<p>He calls on Lee and Jefferson, presents his letters, is kindly received +and through the latter obtains "a pass written by Mr. John +Hancock, Pres. of the Congress." Thence to New York, where he +sees the British Army and ships in the distance but cannot reach +them and begins to feel that to do so would be a dishonourable return +for Thomson Mason's kindness. So back again to Leesburg he +journeys, bewailing his situation but to his credit determining "to +rot in a Jail rather than take up Arms against my native country."</p> + +<p>On the 10th October, 1776, the 6th Regiment of Virginians, encamped +at Leesburg on their way to the North, are described as "a +set of dirty, ragged people, badly clothed, badly disciplined and +badly armed." Salt was selling there at "Forty shillings, Currency, +per Bushel. This article usually sold for four shillings. If no salt comes +in there will be an insurrection in the Colony." In Alexandria a few +days later, he learns that the committee "will not permit me to depart<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span> +this Colony as they look upon me to be a Spy and that I must be +obliged to give security or go to jail." Then to Leesburg again, which +he seems to regard as his American home and on the 28th October +sees a "General Muster of the County Militia in town, about 600 +men appeared under-armed, with Tobacco sticks in general much +rioting and confusion. Recruiting Officers for the <i>Sleber</i> Army offer +Twelve Pounds bounty and 200 acres of land when the War is over, +but get very few men." In spite of repeatedly admonishing himself in +his journal to avoid political arguments he was unable to do so, particularly +when in his cups, and so on the 28th November his criticism +of the Revolution and its adherents caused him to be waited upon by +three members of the Committee of Safety who obliged him to +pledge himself not to leave the Colony for three months.</p> + +<p>At this time there was an ordinary at Leesburg known as the +Crooked Billet.<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> It was a favourite place for the heavy drinking +parties in which Cresswell and his friends indulged. He records, after +a night of debauchery, he had sent all his companions "to bed drunk +and I am now going to bed myself at 9 in the morning as drunk as an +honest man could wish." The next day the carouse continued. The +Leesburg of the eighteenth century was as little noted for sobriety +as were other parts of the English-speaking world.</p> + +<p>After spending much of the winter of 1776-'7 in and around Leesburg +and recording the great encouragement the Americans obtained +from Washington's successes at Princeton and elsewhere, he, +on the 1st March, 1777, "went with Captn. Douglas and Mr. +Flemming Patterson to see Mr. Josiah Clapham. He is an Assembly +Man, Colonel of the county and Justice of the Peace on the present +establishment. He is an Englishman from Wakefield in Yorkshire, +much in debt at home, and in course a violent Sleber here. Has made +himself very popular by erecting a Manufactory of Guns, but it is +poorly carried on. His wife is the most notable woman in the County +for Housew'fery, but I should like her much better if she would +keep a cleaner house. He has got a very good plantation, takes every<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span> +mean art to render himself popular amongst a set of ignorant Dutchmen +that are settled in his neighbourhood. Dirty in person and +principle."</p> + +<p>Though much embarrassed by his poverty Cresswell refuses a +commission as a captain of Engineers at $3 per day offered to him by +Colonel Green and Colonel Grayson. He told them he "could not +bear the thoughts of taking up arms against my native country" +and they "were pleased to make me some genteel compliment about +my steadiness and resolution." His despondency returns and Mason +invites him to dinner and offers him "a letter of introduction and +recommendations to the Governor of Virginia by his permission to +go on board the man of war in the Bay." He resolves to accept the +letter and make an attempt to return to England in April. The Rev. +David Griffith returns to Leesburg and preaches "a political discourse." +He speaks of meeting Mr. Griffith and his wife at Mr. +Neilson's. Griffith, writes Cresswell "is a most violent Sleber. He +is Doctor and Chaplain to one of their Regmt." On the 22nd March, +1777, he records "Great tumults and murmurings among the +people caused by them pressing the young men into the Army. The +people now begin to feel the effects of an Independent Government +and groan under it, but cannot help themselves, as they are almost +in general disarmed."</p> + +<p>On the 6th April, 1777, he left Leesburg and eventually succeeded +in getting to the British man-of-war <i>Phoenix</i> off the mouth +of the Chesapeake. After another visit to New York he finally +reached England in safety. In spite of all his tribulations and the +very real dangers he incurred in his American sojourn, he records that +"Virginia is the very finest country I ever was in"—no small concession.<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a></p> + +<p>The people of Loudoun's German Settlement may have been "a +set of ignorant Dutchmen" to the irritated Cresswell but they +proved loyal and effective fighters in the American cause. They seem +to have been whole-heartedly with their Tidewater and Scotch-Irish<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span> +neighbors in the controversy and are reputed to have largely joined +Armand's Legion under Charles Trefin Armand, Marquis de la +Rouaire (1751-1793) who, after service in the Garde de Corps in +Paris, had volunteered in the American Army on the 10th May, +1777, under the name of Charles Armand, had been commissioned +a colonel by the Congress, saw much service and was greatly beloved +by his men, few of whom were able to speak English.</p> + +<p>Cresswell is confirmed in his statement regarding Clapham's gun +factory by the record of a session of the Committee of Safety of Virginia, +held on the 27th March, 1776, at Williamsburg:</p> + +<p>"Ordered that a letter be written to Colonel Clapham in answer +to his of Feby 23rd and March 24th informing him that we have +sent him Ł360 to pay for the rifles mentioned by Chro. Perfect, that +the Comm'ee agree to take all the good musquets that shall be made +by the 5 or 6 hands he mentions by the 1st December next, and desire +him to contract for the 12 large rifles also mentioned."<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a></p> + +<p>Two other men in Loudoun must again be cited for their activities +in the cause of independence—one as a statesman, the other as a +soldier. Thomson Mason, from his ownership of Raspberry Plain, +was identified closely with the county although not a continuous +resident there. We find him constantly devoting his time and abilities +to the American cause. Even as early as 1774 he wrote</p> + +<p>"You must draw your swords in a just cause, and rely upon that +God, who assists the righteous, to support your endeavours to preserve +the liberty he gave, and the love of which he hath implanted in +your hearts as essential to your nature."</p> + +<p>Less eloquent but more active was Leven Powell. He with Mason, +in that same year of 1774, was urging his neighbors to resistance. In +1775 he received a commission as major in a battalion of Minute +Men from Loudoun, in 1777 was made by General Washington a +lieutenant colonel of the 16th Regiment of Virginia Continentals, +spent the greater part of that year in raising and equipping his command +and saw much active service until invalided home from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span> +vigours of the following terrible winter at Valley Forge. His impaired +health forced him to resign his commission in the autumn of +1778.</p> + +<p>By way of sharp contrast to the other people of Loudoun, the +Quakers refused to aid or abet the Revolution in any way. Through +their industry and frugality they had, by that time, acquired some +influence in the County but when they refused to aid their fellow-Virginians +in the great struggle, all that was changed. Non-resistance +was a cardinal principle of their faith and come weal or woe they +stuck to it. They refused to serve in the army. They refused to pay +muster-fines. "Not even the scourge" writes Kercheval of the +Quakers of the Valley, "would compel them to submit to discipline. +The practice of coercion was therefore abandoned and the legislature +enacted a law to levy a tax upon their property to hire substitutes to +perform militia duty in their stead."<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> Refusing to pay these taxes +their property was sold and many were reduced to great distress. +Others, taking advantage of these tax sales, bought up their properties +and profited largely by their shrewdness.</p> + +<p>As the war continued, Virginia faced difficulties in raising her +quota of Continental troops. We have read Cresswell's record of +these troubles in Loudoun as early as October, 1776. In 1778 the +Assembly passed an act recognizing as inadequate prior laws on the +subject, calling for 2,216 men, rank and file, and offering for eighteen +months enlistment $300; while to those who enlisted for +three years, or the duration of the war, $400 was to be given "together +with the continental bounty of land and shall be entitled +to receive the pay and rations which are allowed to soldiers in the +continental army from the day of their enlistment and shall be +furnished annually, at the public expense with the following articles, +a coat, waistcoat and breeches, two shirts, one hat, two pairs of +stockings, one pair of shoes and a blanket...."<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a> In the same year +the Legislature was obliged to pass an act against "forestallers and +engrossers"—in other words what we today call war profiteers,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span> +authorizing the governor to seize grain and flour for the army in +the hands of those gentry.<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></p> + +<p>The objection to enlistment seems to have been directed against +the longer term rather than to military service itself. Also there was +confusion and lack of that complete authority necessary in such a +crisis. We find Colonel Josias Clapham writing to the Council of +Virginia on the 11th September, 1778, asking to be permitted to +send a company of volunteers, which had been raised in Loudoun, +to the assistance of General McIntosh's Brigade, but his request was +declined on the ground that the "Executive power" had no right to +send volunteers to join any corps whatsoever.<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a></p> + +<p>The lot of the Loyalist or "Tories" as they were popularly termed, +was not a happy one. There was one James White who indiscreetly +"spoke many disrespectful words of his Excellency G. Washington +and that he was not fit to be the son of a Stewart dog." White appears +to have been indicted in Loudoun as a Tory and thereupon to +have fled the county. There is the suggestion that he was a man of +some property and that to avoid its confiscation he later saw the error +of his ways, returned to Loudoun, apologized to the court for his behavior, +took the oath of allegiance to the new State of Virginia and +so succeeded in having his indictment dismissed.<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a></p> + +<p>At the other end of the social scale were the white convicts of +which, as we have seen, Loudoun had long had her share or more. +There has been preserved an advertisement of 1777 by Sam Love, a +justice of the peace:</p> + +<p>"Ran away from the subscriber, in Loudoun County, two convict +servants, David Hinds, an Irishman, about 35 years of age, 5 feet, 6 or +8 inches high, pitted with small pox, hath a wart or pear on his chin, +hath short, black, curled hair, had on when he went away a country +cloth jacket and breeches, yarn stockings, country linen shirt, old +shoes and felt hat almost new,—George Dorman, born in England, +about 20 years of age, 5 feet, 6 or 7 inches hight, had on when he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> +went away nearly the same clothing as Hinds, they both had iron +collars on when they went away, its expected they will change their +clothing and have forged passes. Whoever brings the said servants +home shall have Two Dollars reward for each if taken ten miles from +home, and in proportion for a greater or less distance, as far as 50 +miles, including what the law allows.</p> + +<div class="signature"> +"Paid by Gm. Sam Love." +</div> +<p> </p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 550px;"> +<img src="images/illus-174.png" width="550" height="393" alt="From the Loudoun-Fauquier Magazine +Noland Mansion. Built about 1775." title="From the Loudoun-Fauquier Magazine +Noland Mansion. Built about 1775." /> +<span class="caption">From the Loudoun-Fauquier Magazine<br /> +<span class="smcap">Noland Mansion.</span> Built about 1775.</span> +</div> + +<p>But negroes and convicts were not the only class in Loudoun deprived +of liberty. Early in 1776 the unfortunate prisoners of war +began to arrive. Of a number of "Highland Prisoners taken by Captain +James and Richard Barren in the Ship Oxford," the following +were sent to Loudoun by the Committee of Safety at its session on +the 24th June 1776:</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Prisoners"> +<tr><td align="left">Donald McLeod</td><td align="left">John Gunn</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Donald Keith</td><td align="left">Murdock Morison</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">John McLeod</td><td align="left">Hugh McKay</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">William Kelly</td><td align="left">John Forbas</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Alexander McIntosh</td><td align="left">William Robinson</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">John McLeod, Jr.</td><td align="left">John McKay<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Peter Robinson</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>The next year a much larger contingent made its appearance. +The Hessian prisoners taken at the Battle of Saratoga were divided +into parties which were sent to different parts of the Colonies. A +numerous band was sent to Noland's Ferry where a camp for them +was established and, it is said, some of their number were employed +in building the Noland mansion there, thus fixing the long disputed +date of its construction. Briscoe Goodhart says that few of +these prisoners were returned to Europe after the war but that, for +the most part, they settled in Loudoun and in Frederick and Montgomery +counties, Maryland, in all of which were many of German +descent and that the former Hessian prisoners became useful and industrious +citizens in their new homes.<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span></p> +<p>As the war drew to its close in 1781, there appears to have been a +large accumulation of war supplies in Loudoun. Lafayette wrote to +Washington on the 1st July of that year:</p> + +<p>"There must be a great quantity of accoutrements in the country. +By a letter from the Board of War, I find that 100 Saddles, 100 +Swords, 100 pairs of pistols may be soon expected at Leesburg, supposing +that the same number be got in the country...."<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a></p> + +<p>On the 26th of the same month Colonel William Davis, in covering +the situation in the Northern Neck, wrote</p> + +<p>"At Noland's there are 920 muskets and 486 bayonets. Those +added to the 275 at Fredericksburg are too many by 195...."<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a></p> + +<p>And on the 9th August in the same year, Captain A. Bohannan +wrote from Fauquier Court House to Colonel Wm. Davis:</p> + +<p>"I have this moment returned from Leesburg—the stores that +were there & at Noland's Ferry are now on their way to this place; +it was with the greatest difficulty that I could procure waggons in +the neighbourhood of Leesburg for the Transportation of them; in +short I cou'd not have done it had I not promised to pay them when +they arrived at this place & discharge them. It is useless to pretend to +impress waggons in this part of the Country, as you will seldom see +a waggon on any plantation but what wants either a wheel or Geer. +the Inhabitants say they are willing to work for the public, provided +that they cou'd get paid for their services. They are willing to +take what the Q. M. Genl: allows, tho' it shu'd be less than they +could get from private persons."</p> + +<p>It was estimated that it would cost "Fifteen or Twenty Thousand +Pounds" (presumably tobacco) to move the stores, and the writer +"desires some pay for himself, being without a shilling and not having +received any money for eighteen months."<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a></p> + +<p>And now, a final glimpse of Loudoun and Leesburg in the Revolution, +afforded in the diary of Captain John Davis of the Pennsylvania +line who passed through the county with General Anthony<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span> +Wayne's Brigade on its way to Yorktown and victory; the entries to +be quoted begin on the 31st day of May, 1781, when the command +was on its way from "York Town" in Pennsylvania:</p> + +<p>"Took up the line of march at sunrise, passed through Frederick +Town, Maryland and reached Powtomack, which, in crossing in +Squows, one unfortunately sunk, loaded with artillery & Q. M. +stores and men in which our Sergeant & three men were drowned; +encamped on the S. W. side of the river. Night being very wet, our +baggage not crossed, Officers of the Reg. took Quarters in Col. Clapham's +Negro Quarter, where we agreeably passed the night.</p> + +<p>"June 1st. Continued on our ground till four o'clock in the afternoon, +when we mov'd five miles on the way to Leesburg.</p> + +<p>"June 2d. Very wet day ... & continued till evening.</p> + +<p>"3rd (Loudoun Co.) Took up the line of March at 10 o'clock, +passed through Leesburg—the appearance of which I was much disappointed +in; encamped at Goose Creek, 15 miles.</p> + +<p>"4th. (Prince Wm. Co.) Marched from Goose Creek at six +o'clock at which place left our baggage & sick, and proceeded +through the low country. Roads bad in consequence of the rains; +encamped at Red house 18 miles."</p> + +<p>All writers of the period who describe the town agree that Leesburg, +after twenty years or more of existence, was still a shabby +little place, "of few and insignificant wooden houses" as one traveller +records his impressions. The day of permanent buildings in the +town had not yet arrived. Hardly an edifice standing in Leesburg +today was then in existence.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XII</h2> + +<h3>THE STORY OF JOHN CHAMPE</h3> + + +<p>While the Powells and the Masons, the Lees, the +Claphams, the Nolands and the Rusts, the Chinns, the +Peytons, the Mercers, the Ellzeys and others of her +natural leaders and large landowning families of the time, had +abetted and supported, in one capacity or another, the Revolutionary +cause, it was, in the end, the simple, homespun, backwoodsman class +that bred Loudoun's most romantic figure in the Revolution. Sergeant +Major John Champe of Lee's Partisan Legion, mighty of bone +and sinew, stout-hearted, resourceful and of such boundless devotion +and loyalty to his country and his commander-in-chief in its +hour of travail that he consented to incur the scorn and hatred of +his fellow-soldiers when along that hard path lay his duty, deserves +to have his fidelity, his courage and his exploits commemorated at +length in every story of his native county.</p> + +<p>John Champe was born in what was soon to become Loudoun in +the year 1752. Little or nothing is known of his boyhood. His +family was too humble and his early life too obscure to have challenged +the pen of his scattered neighbors. When the American +Colonies revolted against the mother country, he at once enlisted in +Virginia's forces and in 1780 was serving as a dragoon in Light +Horse Harry Lee's cavalry Legion in which he had by sheer merit +attained the rank of sergeant major and, through the esteem he had +earned, was in line for promotion to a commission. The morale of +the American Army had been profoundly shaken by Arnold's recent +treason and escape; the courageous but unfortunate young British +officer Andrč was a prisoner in Washington's hands as a result of +his part in the affair and Washington was deeply troubled lest the +treason which had corrupted Arnold had spread its vicious poison +elsewhere among his soldiers. Henry Lee of Virginia, famous enough +in his own right but also destined to be known as the father of General +Robert E. Lee as well, was afterward, in the War of 1812, commissioned +a major general; but then, as a cavalry major of twenty-three +in command of an independent partisan corps of Dragoons,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> +had already achieved his magnificent capture of the British-held +fort at Paulus Hook and for that and many another daring exploit +enjoyed no small military distinction. At the time our story opens, +Lee and his corps were with Washington along the Hudson River. +Many years later he was to write his famous <i>Memoirs of the War in +the Southern Department of the United States</i>,<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> an important source-book +of American history. It is to this work that we are principally +indebted for our knowledge of Champe's exploit and from it I shall +quote largely the story, condensing but the less essential parts. Only +thus can be taken the true measure of Champe's heroism, now too +generally forgotten in Loudoun.</p> + +<p>There had fallen into Washington's hands certain anonymous +papers which appeared to involve other of his soldiers in treason, and +particularly one of his generals.<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> He had sent for Lee and handed him +the papers. Lee studied them carefully and when asked his counsel, +said he thought they represented a contrivance of Sir Henry Clinton, +the British commander-in-chief, to destroy confidence between +Washington and his men and purposely had been permitted by the +British to fall into Washington's hands. Washington rejoined that +the idea was plausible and had already occurred to him; but the +danger involved in the possible defection of one of his highest officers +was so great that the truth must be ascertained at once.</p> + +<p>"'I have sent for you'" Lee quotes Washington as saying, "'in +the expectation that you have in your corps individuals capable and +willing to undertake an indispensable, delicate and hazardous project. +Whoever comes forward upon this occasion, will lay me under +great obligations personally, and in behalf of the United States I will +reward him amply. No time is to be lost: he must proceed if possible +this night. My object is to probe to the bottom the afflicting intelligence +contained in the papers you have just read; to seize Arnold, +and by getting him, to save Andrč. They are all connected. While +my emissary is engaged in preparing means for the seizure of Arnold, +the guilt of others can be traced; and the timely delivery of Arnold<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> +to me, will possibly put it into my power to restore the amiable and +unfortunate Andrč to his friends. My instructions are ready, in +which you will find my express orders that Arnold is not to be hurt; +but that he be permitted to escape if to be prevented only by killing +him, as his public punishment is the sole object in view. That you +cannot too forcibly press upon whomsoever may engage in the +enterprise; and this fail not to do. With my instructions are two +letters to be delivered as ordered and here are some guineas for expenses.'</p> + +<p>"Major Lee, replying, said that he had little or no doubt but that +his legion contained many individuals daring enough for any operation, +however perilous; but that the one in view required a combination +of qualities not easily to be found, unless in a commissioned +officer to whom he could not venture to propose an enterprise the +first step in which was desertion. That though the sergeant-major +of the cavalry was in all respects qualified for the delicate and adventurous +project, and to him it might be proposed without indelicacy, +as his station did not interpose an obstacle before stated; yet +it was very probable that the same difficulty would occur in his breast, +to remove which would not be easy, if practicable."</p> + +<p>Washington became at once interested in this hitherto unknown +sergeant major and asked his name, his country, his age, size, length +of service and character.</p> + +<p>"Being told his name," continues Lee "that he was a native of +Loudoun County in Virginia; about twenty-three or twenty-four +years of age—that he had enlisted in 1776—rather above the medium +size—full of bone and muscle; with a saturnine countenance, grave, +thoughtful and taciturn—of tried courage and inflexible perseverance, +and as likely to regret an adventure coupled with ignominy as any +officer in the corps; a commission being the goal of his long and +anxious exertions, and certain on the first vacancy—the general exclaimed +that he was the very man for the business; and that going +to the enemy by the instigation and at the request of his officer, was +not desertion though it appeared to be so. And he enjoined that this +explanation, as coming from him, should be pressed on Champe."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span>Leaving Washington, Lee hastened to the camp of his cavalry +corps where, arriving about 8:00 o'clock at night, he sent for +Champe and placed the matter before him, stressing "the very great +obligation he would confer on the commander-in-chief" and all else +Lee could think of to insure his acceptance of the assignment; concluding +with an explanation of the details of the plan, so far as they +had been developed, and an expression of his personal wish that he +would enter upon its execution instantly.</p> + +<p>"Champe listened with deep attention, and with a highly excited +countenance; the perturbations of his breast not being hid even by +his dark visage. He briefly and modestly replied, that no soldier exceeded +him in respect and affection for the commander-in-chief, to +serve whom he would willingly lay down his life; and that he was +sensible of the honour conferred by the choice of him for the execution +of a project all over arduous; nor could he be at a loss to know to +whom was to be ascribed the preference bestowed, which he took +pleasure in acknowledging, although increasing obligations, before +great and many."</p> + +<p>As for the plan itself, Champe thought it excellent and understood +at once how great might be the benefits resulting from its +success. "He was not deterred by the danger and difficulty which +was evidently to be encountered but he was deterred by the ignominy +of desertion, to be followed by the hypocrisy of enlisting with the +enemy; neither of which comported with his feelings, and either +placed an insuperable bar in his way to promotion. He concluded +by observing, that if any mode could be contrived free from disgrace, +he would cordially embark in the enterprise. As it was he prayed to +be excused."</p> + +<p>Thus Champe's reaction to the project justified Lee's prior opinion +expressed to his general and shewed his knowledge and understanding +of the man. But the plan, with the tremendous results involved, +pressed for immediate action and Lee exerted his utmost power of +persuasion. He pointed out that Washington himself had declared +that, in this case, the desertion was not a crime; adding that if +Champe accepted, Lee would consider the whole corps highly honored<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span> +by the General's call but that if it failed, at such a critical moment, +to furnish a competent man it would reduce Lee to "a mortifying +condition."</p> + +<p>It was a long and arduous task to overcome Champe's repugnance +to become involved, even seemingly, in a situation repellant to his +every standard of honor to which his soldier's life had been trained; +but slowly Lee overcame his scruples and obtained his consent. Then +the detailed instructions, already prepared, were read to him, covering +not only his behaviour and procedure when once safely away +but also the very difficult matter of the desertion itself which must +be so managed as to leave no doubt in his companions' minds as to +his treachery but also to insure, so far as possible, his safety from +their inevitable wrath. Obviously very little help could be given by +Major Lee at this point "lest it might induce a belief that he was +privy to the desertion, which opinion getting to the enemy would +involve the life of Champe." So that part of the matter was left to +the young sergeant, Lee promising, however, that if his escape were +discovered before morning, he would seek to delay the pursuit "as +long as practical."</p> + +<p>Giving Champe three guineas as initial expense money, Lee urged +him to start without delay and to let him hear from him, as promptly +as possible, after he had arrived in New York. Champe, again urging +Lee to delay pursuit, returned to his camp "and taking his cloak, +valise and orderly book, he drew his horse from the picket and +mounting him, put himself upon fortune."</p> + +<p>His anticipation of rapid discovery and pursuit proved only too +well founded. None knew better than he the alertness and efficiency +of his fellow-dragoons and the effective discipline maintained in +Lee's command. Less than half an hour had passed since he escaped +the camp, before his absence, under what appeared highly suspicious +circumstances, was discovered and promptly reported. "Captain +Carnes, Officer of the day, waited upon the Major<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a> and with considerable +emotion told him that one of the patrol had fallen in with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> +a dragoon, who being challenged, put spur to his horse and escaped, +though instantly pursued."</p> + +<p>Lee, mindful of the value to Champe of every minute of delay +which his ingenuity could devise, simulated a lack of understanding +of his report, and when that had been repeated and clarified, appeared +to doubt Carnes' deduction and sought to persuade him that +he was mistaken. The latter, however, was a competent officer and +moreover his suspicions had been thoroughly aroused. Arnold's +treason had raised mistrust of loyalty which, perhaps, normally +would not have been entertained. Therefore on leaving Lee, Carnes +at once returned to his men and ordered them to assemble, thus +quickly learning that Champe, "his horse, baggage, arms and +orderly book" were missing. His worst fears thus confirmed and, +greatly affected by the supposed desertion in his own command, he +hurriedly arranged a party for pursuit and returned to Lee for written +orders. Again Lee played for delay. While appearing to approve of +Carnes' zeal, he told him that he had already planned certain other +and particular service for him that night and that another officer +would have to lead the pursuit. For that purpose, after apparent deep +and protracted consideration, he chose a younger officer, Cornet +Middleton, being moved to do so, writes Lee by "his knowledge of +the tenderness of Middleton's disposition, which he hoped would +lead to the protection of Champe, should he be taken;" but he was, +at the end, obliged to issue orders in the customary form upon such +occasions and those delivered to Middleton, duly signed by Lee, read +ominously enough: "Pursue as far as you can with safety Sergeant +Champe, who is suspected of deserting to the enemy, and has taken +the road leading to Paulus Hook. Bring him alive that he may suffer +in the presence of the army; but kill him if he resists or escapes after +being taken."</p> + +<p>And still Lee procrastinated. With one device or another he contrived +to hold Middleton, giving him instructions in such detail that +they bordered on the trivial. Yet rake his imagination as he would, +he at length was obliged to dismiss the youthful Cornet, with an +expressed wish, however insincere, for his success.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span>In the meanwhile, and soon after Champe's departure, rain had +begun to fall, almost wrecking the carefully contrived plan; for +Champe's horse was shod in a manner peculiar to the Legion and +Middleton's party was thus better able to follow Champe's course +than otherwise would have been possible on a dark night through the +deserted country. Middleton and his men had finally succeeded in +leaving the American camp soon after midnight, something over an +hour after Champe had made his escape; but to examine the ground +for shoeprints and the prints themselves, on a rainy night, meant the +frequent dismounting of troopers, the striking of a light and thus an +ever-growing delay. With the break of day, however, the shoeprints +were clear enough and better time could be made—and then on a rise +before reaching Three Pigeons, some miles north of the Village of +Bergen, Middleton's men caught sight of the fugitive, not more +than half a mile ahead, Champe seeing his pursuers at the same time.</p> + +<p>The pursuit was now so grimly close that Champe knew a mistake +by him or taking any but the most essential risks meant quick capture +and no gentle treatment, if, indeed, he should survive that unpleasant +event. Therefore he quickly abandoned his first plan to +reach Paulus Hook (now part of Jersey City) and instead, with all +possible speed and by changing his course, sought immediate refuge +in the British galleys which he knew lay a few miles to the west of +Bergen "in accordance with British custom." Again, on the new +course, he was sighted, his determined pursuers coming within two +or three hundred yards of their quarry; but Champe, coming abreast +of the galleys "dismounted and running through the marsh to the +river, plunged into it, calling upon the galleys for help." This was +readily given; "they fired upon our horse" writes Lee "and sent a boat +to meet Champe, who was taken in and carried on board, and conveyed +to New York with a letter from the captain of the galley, +stating the circumstances he had seen." Escape had been achieved +by the narrowest of margins and in the gravest danger; but it had +created a realistic background for Champe's introduction to the +British, difficult indeed to have bettered. Not the slightest doubt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span> +was entertained by either group that it had witnessed a daring desertion +most narrowly achieved.</p> + +<p>Greatly chagrined as were the Americans, they were not obliged +to return entirely empty-handed. The fleeing Sergeant's horse with +its equipment, his cloak and scabbard fell into their hands and were +carried back by them; but Champe held onto his sword until he +plunged into the river and the British made it too hot at that point +for prolonged search. Dejectedly the dragoons returned to their +camp to report their failure; giving Lee, quite unknowingly, a very +bad moment when he saw Champe's riderless horse being led back, +until he was apprised of what had really happened; thereupon he +lost no time in presenting himself to General Washington and reporting +the complete success of the first part of the hazardous adventure.</p> + +<p>Four days slowly passed, and then an unsigned letter, in a disguised +hand, was received by Lee from his sergeant, telling of his +further adventures. He had, it seems, been kindly received on the +galley and taken at once to the British Commandant in New York +who was deeply interested in his story of his escape. The keen-witted +Champe did not fail to take full advantage of his sympathetic audience +and the good impression he was making. He assured the British +officers "that such was the spirit of defection which prevailed among +the American troops in consequence of Arnold's example, that he +had no doubt, if the temper was properly cherished, Washington's +ranks would not only be greatly thinned, but that some of his best +corps would leave him." This did not seem, to a reflective mind, +wholly consistent with the fire and spirit of the pursuit which the +sergeant had so narrowly eluded, but his circumstantial narrative +gave such welcome news to the British that they appear happily to +have succumbed to the very human inclination to believe what they +most wished were true. Their enthusiasm, however, did not cause +them to forego recording a very careful description of their new +ally: "his size, place of birth, form, countenance, hair, the corps in +which he had served, with other remarks in conformity with the +British usage." Delighted as were his new friends with the sergeant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> +and his story and inclined to accept both as offered, they apparently +had not wholly failed to profit from their long contact at home with +their canny northern neighbors.</p> + +<p>And now Champe was taken before His Majesty's Commander-in-Chief, +Sir Henry Clinton himself. Nothing was wanting to shew +the importance attached by the British to this latest deserter and the +causes believed by them to have impelled him to his course. Clinton +closely cross-examined the fugitive as to the possibility of the encouragement +of further desertions from the American forces, the +effect of Arnold's treason on Washington and the treatment being +given Andrč. Although there were moments when Champe's ingenuity +and presence of mind appear to have been sadly taxed, yet +on the whole he succeeded in so well and convincingly deporting +himself that Sir Henry, at the close of his examination, gave him a +couple of guineas and assigned him to the service of General Arnold, +with a letter telling the latter who and what he was. Arnold also received +Champe cordially, expressed much satisfaction on hearing +from him the manner of his escape and the fabulous effect of +Arnold's example; and concluded his numerous enquiries by assigning +to him similar quarters to those occupied by his own recruiting +sergeants.</p> + +<p>Nothing could have developed more favorably to the American's +plot. Of a surety, fickle fortune appeared at last to be broadly smiling +on him.</p> + +<p>Arnold's next move was to seek to persuade Champe to join his +legion; but that was a step so repugnant to the sergeant's spirit that +even devotion to Washington failed, in his mind, to justify it; so he +told Arnold, with some surliness, that for his part, he had had +enough of war and knew that if he ever were captured by the rebels +he would be hung out-of-hand which for him made further military +service doubly hazardous.<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a> Arnold had reason to appreciate the sergeant's +point and permitted him to retire to his quarters where at +once he devoted himself to the consideration of how and when he<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span> +could make contact with the American friends within the British +lines who were to get for him the information sought by Washington +as to the loyalty of certain of his officers. This contact, with fortune's +aid, he was able to establish the next night and his new friend +not only pledged himself to procure the information he sought but +engaged to send out Champe's reports to Major Lee as well.</p> + +<p>Thus was communication established between Champe and Lee +and promptly word came from the latter urging expedition; for +Andrč's situation had become desperate and further delay by Washington +increasingly difficult. And then Andrč himself destroyed his +own last chance and ruined the hopes and efforts of his well-wishers. +Disdaining pretense or defense, he freely acknowledged the truth of +the charges against him and sealed his own doom. By his acknowledgment +Washington's hands were tied and Andrč was promptly +condemned as a spy and duly executed.</p> + +<p>Andrč's tragic fate did not diminish Washington's desire to lay +his hands on Arnold. Champe was duly informed by Lee of the fatal +event and again urged to bring the plot in which he was engaged to +a successful outcome.</p> + +<p>But Champe needed no urging. With such alacrity had he and his +confederates been working, that soon he was able to send a report to +Lee completely vindicating the American general officer toward +whom Washington's doubts had been directed, which report Lee +duly transmitted to his chief; with the result that "the distrust +heretofore entertained of the accused was forever dismissed."</p> + +<p>And now Champe had but to secure the person of Arnold to +crown his task with success and to wholly justify the confidence reposed +in him by Lee and Washington. On the 19th October, 1780, +Major Lee received from him a full report of his progress toward +that end and the plan he had made. Again Lee laid his communication +before his general, from whom he received the following +letter in Washington's own handwriting, shewing how carefully +the latter sought to guard the secret and protect his emissary:</p> + +<div class="signature"> +"Headquarters October 20, 1780 +</div> + +<p>"Dear Sir: The plan proposed for taking A——d (the outlines of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span> +which are communicated in your letter, which was this moment put +into my hands without date) has every mark of a good one. I therefore +agree to the promised rewards; and have such entire confidence +in your management of the business, as to give it my fullest approbation; +and leave the whole to the guidance of your judgment, with +this express stipulation and pointed injunction, that he (A——d) is +to be brought to me alive.</p> + +<p>"No circumstance whatever shall obtain my consent to his being +put to death. The idea which would accompany such an event, +would be that ruffians had been hired to assassinate him. My aim is +to make a public example of him; and this should be strongly impressed +upon those who are employed to bring him off. The Sergeant +must be very circumspect—too much zeal may create suspicion, and +too much precipitency may defeat the project. The most inviolable +secrecy must be observed on all hands. I send you five guineas; but I +am not satisfied of the propriety of the Sergeant's appearing with +much specie. This circumstance may also lead to suspicion, as it is +but too well known to the enemy that we do not abound in this +article.</p> + +<p>"The interviews between the party in and out of the city, should +be managed with much caution and seeming indifference; or else the +frequency of their meetings, etc., may betray the design, and involve +bad consequences; but I am persuaded that you will place +every matter in a proper point of view to the conductors of this interesting +business, and therefore I shall only add that</p> + +<div class="signature"> +"I am, dear sir, etc., etc.<br /> +"<span class="smcap">G. Washington</span>." +</div> + + +<p>Written communications between Champe and Lee continued. +In ten days Champe had added the final touches to his plan for the +abduction and so informed Lee, asking that on the third subsequent +night a party of dragoons meet him at Hoboken to whom he hoped +to deliver Arnold.</p> + +<p>Our sergeant was by this time familiar with Arnold's habits and +movements. He knew that it was Arnold's custom to return to his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span> +home about midnight and to visit the garden before retiring. It was +at that time that Champe and the allies he, through Lee's letters, +had obtained, planned to seize and gag the renegade and remove him +by way of an adjoining alley to a boat, manned by other trusted conspirators, +at one of the wharves on the nearby Hudson.</p> + +<p>When the appointed day arrived, Washington directed Lee to +himself take command of the small detachment of dragoons who +were to meet Champe and his prisoner. "The day arrived," quoting +Lee again "and Lee with a party of dragoons left camp late in the +evening, with three led horses; one for Arnold, one for the sergeant +and the third for his associate; never doubting the success of the enterprise +from the tenor of the last received communication. The party +reached Hoboken about midnight, where they were concealed in the +adjoining wood—Lee with three dragoons stationing himself near the +river shore. Hour after hour passed—no boat approached. At length +the day broke and the major retired to his party and with his led +horses returned to camp, where he proceeded to headquarters to inform +the general of the disappointment as mortifying as inexplicable."</p> + +<p>Deeply concerned as were both Washington and Lee over the failure +of the plan, they were also very apprehensive as to Champe's +fate, but in a few days one of the sergeant's associates succeeded in +getting through to them an anonymous letter explaining the failure +of their plans. On the day preceding that fixed for the abduction, +Arnold most unexpectedly removed his quarters to another part of +the town to facilitate the supervision by him of the embarkation of +troops on a special mission to be commanded by him and wholly unforeseen +by the conspirators—an expeditionary force made up largely +of American deserters. "Thus it happened" Lee explains "that John +Champe, instead of crossing the Hudson that night, was safely deposited +on board one of the fleet of transports, from whence he never +departed until Arnold landed in Virginia! Nor was he able to escape +from the British Army until after the junction of Lord Cornwallis at +Petersburg, when he deserted; and proceeding high up into Virginia, +he passed into North Carolina near the Saura towns, and keeping<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> +in the friendly districts of that State, safely joined the army soon +after it had passed the Congaree in pursuit of Lord Rawdon.</p> + +<p>"His appearance excited extreme surprise among his former comrades, +which was not a little increased when they saw the cordial reception +he met with from Lieutenant Colonel Lee. His whole story +soon became known to the corps, which reproduced the love and +respect of officer and soldier, heightened by universal admiration of +his daring and arduous attempt.</p> + +<p>"Champe was introduced to General Green, who cheerfully complied +with the promises made by the commander-in-chief, so far as +in his power; and having provided the sergeant with a good horse +and money for his journey, sent him to General Washington, who +munificently anticipated every desire of the sergeant, and presented +him with a discharge from further service lest he might in the vicissitudes +of war, fall into the enemy's hands, when if recognized, he +was sure to die on a gibbet."</p> + +<p>Here ends Lee's account, apparently as first written; but subsequently +he seems to have acquired some further information of his +sergeant's later life which he appends in a note, as will appear later.</p> + +<p>When Champe was with the British in New York, he, according +to Lee and as appears above, refused to enlist in the enemy's forces; +but there is another account which says that when he arrived in +New York "he was placed in the company of Captain Cameron." +In the Champe family is the tradition that he wrote to Lee of this:</p> + +<p>"I was yesterday compelled to a most affecting step, but one indispensable +the success of my plan. It was necessary for me to accept a +commission in the traitor's legion that I might have uninterrupted +access to his house."</p> + +<p>This Captain Cameron, after the termination of the war, married +in Virginia and fortunately kept a diary, a part of which was published +in <i>The British United Service Journal</i>. From it we learn, +through Howe,<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> that Cameron had occasion to traverse the forests of +Loudoun with a single servant and—familiar touch—was caught in +one of those violent thunderstorms so characteristic of upper Piedmont.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> +Night came on, no habitation or shelter of any kind was discernible +to our travellers in that wilderness and, believing themselves +in grave peril, they were becoming really alarmed when they saw +through the woods a faint light. Riding toward it, they discovered it +came from one of the typical log-houses of a frontier clearing and +they lost no time in seeking shelter. The owner of the little home +received them with true backwoods hospitality. And now quoting +from Captain Cameron's journal:</p> + +<p>"He would not permit either master or man to think of their +horses, but insisted that we should enter the house, where fire and +changes of apparel awaited us, he himself led the jaded animals to a +shed, rubbed them down and provided them with forage. It would +have been affectation of the worst kind to dispute his pleasure in +this instance, so I readily sought the shelter of his roof, to which a +comely dame bade me welcome, and busied herself in preventing my +wishes. My drenched uniform was exchanged for a suit of my host's +apparel; my servant was accomodated in the same manner, and we +soon afterwards found ourselves seated before a blazing fire of wood, +by the light of which our hostess assiduously laid out a well-stocked +supper table. I need not say that all this was in the highest degree +comfortable. Yet I was not destined to sit down to supper without +discovering still greater cause for wonder. In due time our host returned +and the first glance which I cast towards him satisfied me +that he was no stranger. The second set everything like doubt at +rest. Sergeant Champe stood before me; the same in complexion, in +feature, though somewhat less thoughtful in the expression of his +eye, as when he first joined my company in New York.</p> + +<p>"I cannot say my sensations on recognizing my ci-devant sergeant +were altogether agreeable. The mysterious manner in which he both +came and went, the success with which he had thrown a veil over +his own movements, and the recollection that I was the guest of a +man who probably entertained no sense of honour, either public or +private, excited in me a vague and indefinite alarm, which I found it +impossible on the instant to conceal. I started, and the movement +was not lost upon Champe. He examined my face closely; and a light<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span> +appearing to burst all at once upon his memory, he ran forward +toward the spot where I sat.</p> + +<p>"'Welcome, welcome, Captain Cameron' said he 'a thousand +times welcome to my roof; you behaved well to me when I was under +your command, and deserve more of hospitality than I possess the +power to offer; but what I do possess is very much at your service, +and heartily glad am I that accident should have thus brought us together +again. You have doubtless looked upon me as a twofold +traitor, and I cannot blame you if you have. Yet I should wish to +stand well in your estimation too; and therefore I will, if you please, +give a faithful narrative of the causes which led both to my arrival in +New York, and to my abandonment of the British Army on the +shores of the Chesapeake. You are tired with your day's travel; you +stand in need of food and rest. Eat and drink, I pray you, and sleep +soundly; and tomorrow, if you are so disposed, I will try to put my +character straight in the estimation of the only British officer of +whose good opinion I am covetous.'</p> + +<p>"There was so much frankness and apparent sincerity in this, +that I could not resist it, so I sat down to supper with a mind perfectly +at ease and having eaten heartily I soon afterwards retired to +rest, on a clean pallet which was spread for me on the floor. Sleep was +not slow in visiting my eyelids; nor did I awake until long after the +sun had risen on the morrow, and the hardy and active settlers, to +whose kindness I was indebted, had gone through a considerable +portion of their day's labour.</p> + +<p>"I found my host next morning the same open, candid and hospitable +man that he had shewn himself on first recognizing me. He +made no allusion, indeed, during breakfast, to what had fallen from +him over night; but when he heard me talk of getting my horses +ready, he begged to have a few minutes' conversation with me. His +wife, for such my hostess was, immediately withdrew, under the pretext +of attending to her household affairs, upon which he took a seat +beside me and began his story."</p> + + + +<p>After the war and, it is said, on the personal recommendation of +General Washington, Sergeant Champe was appointed to the position<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span> +of doorkeeper or sergeant-at-arms of the Continental Congress, +then meeting at Philadelphia, but obliged, on account of rioting, to +remove to Trenton. His name appears on a roll of the 25th August, +1783, as holding that position. Soon afterwards he returned to +Loudoun, married and acquired a small holding near what is now +Dover, between the later towns of Aldie and Middleburg, close by +the present Little River Turnpike. The State of Virginia has erected +one of its excellent road markers adjacent to the spot, bearing the +following words:</p> + +<div class="center"> +"A Revolutionary Hero +</div> + +<p>"Here stood the home of John Champ, Continental soldier. Champ +deserted and enlisted in Benedict Arnold's British Command for the +purpose of capturing the traitor, 1780. Failing in this attempt +Champ rejoined the American Army."</p> + +<p>Nearby there is a pool of water still known locally as "Champe's +Spring."</p> + +<p>According to local tradition, he later lived in a log cabin on the +old Military Road near the old Ketoctin Baptist Church and on +lands afterward owned by Robert Braden. Thence he in turn moved +to Kentucky where, it is believed he died in or about the year 1797.</p> + +<p>And now we may return to General Lee's narrative for the note +he appended thereto:</p> + +<p>"When General Washington was called by President Adams to +the command of the Army prepared to defend the country from +French hostility, he sent to Lieutenant-Colonel Lee to inquire for +Champe, being determined to bring him into the field at the head +of a company of infantry. Lee sent to Loudoun County, where +Champe settled after his discharge from the Army, and learned that +the gallant soldier had removed to Kentucky, and had soon after +died."</p> + +<p>Of the sergeant's children, one son, Nathaniel, was born in Virginia +on the 22nd December, 1792, and in 1812 enlisted in Colonel +Duncan McArthur's regiment at Dayton, Ohio, that command +comprising a part of Hull's Army sent for the relief of Detroit. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span> +was in the battle of Monguagon, was among those captured at Detroit +and subsequently, in the regular army, saw further fighting +and was with General Arthur's advance-guard when Detroit was +reoccupied. After the war he engaged in business in Detroit, was a +buyer and seller of real estate and built Detroit's first "Temperance +Hotel" of which he acted as landlord and in which he was succeeded +by his son William. Later he moved to Onondago, Ohio, where he +died on the 13th February, 1870.<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XIII</h2> + +<h3>EARLY FEDERAL PERIOD</h3> + + +<p>From the close of the Revolution to the War of 1812, +there were at least four outstanding movements in Loudoun: +the restoration of the fertility of her soil, the disestablishment +of the church, the loss of a substantial part of her area which returned +to Fairfax and the erection of large country mansions. The +great project of Washington's Potomac Company, involving the +extensive improvement of that river for navigation, was not, of course +a Loudoun enterprise, although the welfare of her people was greatly +affected and such Loudoun men as Joseph Janney, Benjamin Shreve, +John Hough, Benjamin Dulaney, William Brown, John Harper, +William Ellzey, and Leven Powell were at one time or another, as +directors or stockholders, interested in the undertaking.</p> + +<p>In the settlement of county, the Virginians from Tidewater had +brought with them their improvident methods of farming. From the +earliest days, when land was more available than labor, scant attention +had been given by the Virginia planter or farmer to the conservation +or restoration of the fertility of his soil. A field was planted +and replanted to heavy-feeding crops, with perhaps an occasional +fallow year intervening; and when the inevitable result registered +itself in the falling off of production to a point where the planting of +that field became unprofitable, it was abandoned and new ground +broken up to be put through the same disastrous course. Rotation of +crops and the manuring of the land were seldom, if ever, practiced +outside perhaps the Quaker and German Settlements. Toward the +end of the eighteenth century, so far had this reckless agriculture +gone, that even the fertile lands of the Piedmont were recording the +result in no uncertain manner. The yield of corn and wheat to the +acre had been steadily declining, followed by an emigration of many +of the Loudoun people to Kentucky and elsewhere. It was then that +there arose in the county a farmer and leader who, measured by the +results of his work, may be considered as the most valuable man to +her own interests that Loudoun has thus far produced. John Alexander +Binns was the son of Charles Binns, the first clerk of Loudoun<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span> +and of his wife, Ann Alexander, a daughter of "John Alexander the +Eldest of Stafford County. Gent." as he is described in a deed to his +daughter in 1760. The son was born probably about 1761, although +the exact date seems uncertain. In March, 1781, he was, as we have +seen, recommended by the County Court of Loudoun to the governor +for appointment as a first lieutenant in the Virginia forces and +at the same time his brother, Charles Binns, Jr., later to succeed his +father as county clerk, was recommended for a commission as second +lieutenant. After the war, John Binns turned his attention to farming +and grappled with the problem of restoring the fertility of the +soil. He had learned of the use of land plaster (gypsum) and clover +for that purpose in the Philadelphia neighborhood, whence it is said +the system had been brought from Leipsic in Saxony. As early as +1780 he began his experiments, using not only the land plaster and +clover but practicing deeper ploughing and rotating crops. At first +he was, of course, ridiculed by his farmer neighbors, for the reluctance +of the husbandman to change his methods is an old, old story. +But Binns persisted. As he improved one farm and his profits rose, +he purchased other worn-out lands from their discouraged owners +and in time was profiting handsomely from his intelligence and industry. +At length, in 1803, his labors crowned with success and the +agricultural wealth of his home county rapidly rising as a result of +his long and patient work, he sat himself down to write the story +of what he had accomplished. His little book was printed in a very +small edition, due probably to the high price and scarcity of paper, +and was offered for sale at fifty cents, under the comprehensive title +"<i>A Treatise on Practical Farming, embracing particularly the following +subjects, viz. The Use of Plaster of Paris, with Directions for +Using it; and General Observations on the Use of Other Manures. +On Deep Ploughing; thick Sowing of Grain; Method of Preventing +Fruit Trees from Decaying and Farming in General.</i> By John A. +Binns Of Loudoun County, Virginia, Farmer." It was published at +"Frederick-Town, Maryland," and "Printed by John B. Colvin, +Editor of the <i>Republican Advocate</i>, 1803." "The little book" writes +Rodney H. True "is now hard to find and the first edition, but for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span> +the copy preserved by Jefferson and now treasured among the great +man's books in the Library of Congress, would well-nigh be lost."</p> + +<p>Thomas Jefferson, with his restless intelligence, was one of the +first to acquire the book. Having studied it and being impressed with +Binns' success, he wrote to Sir John Sinclair, the head of the English +Board of Agriculture, a letter dated the 30th June, 1803, sending +with it</p> + +<p>"the enclosed pamphlet on the use of gypsum by a Mr. Binns, a +plain farmer, who understands handling his plough better than his +pen. he is certainly something of an enthusiast in the use of this +manure; but he has a right to be so. the result of his husbandry +prooves his confidence in it well found for from being poor, it has +made him rich. the county of Loudoun in which he live(s) exhausted +& wasted by bad husbandry, has, from his example, become +the most productive one in Virginia: and its lands, from being the +lowest, sell at the highest prices. these facts speak more strongly for +his pamphlet than a better arrangement & more polished phrases +would have done. were I now a farmer I should surely adopt the +gypsum...."</p> + +<p>On the same day, in a letter to Mr. William Strictland, another +member of the English Board of Agriculture, Jefferson wrote</p> + +<p>"You will discover that Mr. Binns is an enthusiast for the use of +gypsum, but there are two facts which prove that he has a right to +be so 1. he began poor and has made himself tollerably rich by his +farming alone. 2. the county of Loudoun, in which he lives, had +been so exhausted & wasted by bad husbandry, that it began to depopulate, +the inhabitants going Southwardly in quest of better lands. +Binns' success has stopped that immigration. it is now becoming +on(e) of the most productive counties of the state of Virginia, and +the price given for the lands is multiplied manifold."</p> + +<p>Sir John Sinclair in his reply to Mr. Jefferson, whom he addresses +as "His Highness, Thomas Jefferson" wrote from Edinburgh under +date of the 1st January 1804:</p> + +<p>"On various accounts I received with much pleasure, your obliging +letter of the 30th June last, which only reached me, at the place, on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span> +the 19th November. I certainly feel highly indebted to Mr. Binns, +both for the information contained in the pamphlet he has drawn +up; and also, for his having been the means of inducing you to recommence +our correspondence together, for the purpose of transmitting +a paper which does credit to the practical farmers of America.</p> + +<p>"As to the Plaster of Paris, which Mr. Binns so strongly recommends, +it is singularly, that whilst it proves such a source of fertility +to you, it is of little avail in any part of the British Islands, Kent +alone excepted. I am thence inclined to conjecture, that its great advantage +must arise from its attracting moisture from the atmosphere, +of which we have in great abundance in these Kingdoms...."</p> + +<p>But it is time to turn to Binns' own record of his work. How +desperately poor the yield of grain had become in Loudoun is shown +by his statement that some of his unplastered land yielded but five +bushels of wheat to the acre and not more than three bushels of corn +on a place so worn out, when he took it over in 1793, that his friends +thought he "must starve on it." By 1798 he was getting from that +farm 15<sup>1</sup>/<sub>2</sub> bushels of corn to the acre and the next year, on that +corn land, had 27 bushels of heavy wheat per acre. In another place +he notes: "I put a parcel of it" (plaster) "on some corn in the hill +which produced about 22 bushels, the other part of the field yielding +about 12 bushels to the acre."</p> + +<p>As an interesting sidelight he indicates that tobacco was being +grown around Leesburg at that time. In 1803, as he wrote his book, +he expected a crop of 40 bushels of wheat per acre on his farms. And +by way of summarizing his work</p> + +<p>"There are several places on the Catocton Mountain, that some +few years past the corn stalks, when the tops were taken off, were +not above three feet high, and which would not produce more than +two or three barrels of corn to the acre, and from 5 to 6 bushels of +wheat; and perhaps not yield grass enough to the acre to feed a horse +for two weeks after the harvest was taken off; but from the use of +plaster will now produce from six to eight barrels of corn, and from +twenty to twenty-five bushels of wheat per acre; the luxuriant +growth of the white and red clover after harvest gives the fields<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span> +which once looked like a barren waste of country, the appearance of a +beautiful meadow."</p> + +<p>And upon sanitation he has this to say:</p> + +<p>"... These circumstances made me anxious to cleanse +my stables, stockyards, cow-pens, hog-pens, wood-yards and ash-heaps +by the first June. This rule I have always followed ever since +I began to farm for myself, and can say that my family have never +experienced an intermittent or remittent" (fever) "unless attacked +with them from home first, and upon their return they have immediately +left them. In my travels where ever I have discovered those +kind of fevers, I have always observed either dirty, filthy stables, +hog-pens or water standing in their cellars or ponds of water not far +off; I have also observed those places most liable to dysentaries...."</p> + +<p>In contrast to present-day views, he was wholly opposed to growing +rye on Loudoun lands, believing that it impoverished the soil and +that wheat yielded more in bushels; that rye destroyed grass and +clover and injured orchards. He approved the growing of wheat and +oats in orchards to maturity and strongly recommended the use of +plaster in them.</p> + +<p>The result of Binns' work was acclaimed throughout Virginia. +His methods became known as the "Loudoun system" and the term +became as significant and popularly familiar as the "Norfolk system" +of farming in England. Of his work and his book True says:</p> + +<p>"In spite of the fact that 'it is not written in a scholastic style,' +few books have been written in which more sound practical agriculture +is crowded into so small a space. Binns' chapter on the life history +of the Hessian fly stands as a piece of careful observation that +might have done credit to Dr. Thomas Say himself. The three fundamental +supports on which agriculture prosperity in Loudoun +County rests were never more clearly or soundly appreciated: gypsum, +clover and deep plowing. This was the background of the +famous 'Loudoun System' which came to be recognized as the progressive +practice for that part of the country a hundred years ago."<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span></p> +<p>Binns died in 1813. His will, dated the 11th January in that year, +was offered for probate on the 1st November following. In it he +makes provision for freeing his slaves after a certain period. As he +left his estate to his wife and nieces, it is surmised that no children +survived him. The family, however, is still represented in Loudoun. +Captain John A. Tebbs, U.S.M.C., is a descendant of Charles +Binns, Jr., the younger brother of our agronomist.</p> + +<p>It is difficult to escape the conclusion that religious thought and +observance were at a low ebb in Virginia in the latter part of the +eighteenth century. It was an age of transition, in some respects not +unlike that of today. Old ties were being broken, tradition and old-time +loyalties no longer received their former adherence. No small +responsibility attaches to that negligent and selfish minority of the +clergy of the colonial church and to an equally reprehensible element +in the early Federal days for remissness in their duties; and their +culpable behavior tends to attract more attention than the loyal devotion +of the majority of their brethren. It was inevitable that the +established church should be regarded as a part of the repudiated +British government and when its civil powers and ecclesiastical predominance +were taken from it and much of its property ruthlessly +confiscated, there ensued a period of confusion in religious matters, +with an unfortunate colouring of vindictive animosity on the part +of other communions. Concurrently the spread of Methodism took +from the older church many of its erstwhile adherents. Indeed, for +a disconcertingly long period after its "erection" in 1758, Leesburg +appears to have had no building devoted to religious purposes, services, +when held, having been at the courthouse. Cresswell, in his +journal, confirms this as does the first Shelburne Vestry book and +also an advertisement in Leesburg's '<i>True American</i>' of the 30th +December, 1800: "The Reverend Mr. Allen" it reads "intends to +perform divine service in the Court House, on the 4th January, at +half past eleven o'clock; he also proposes preaching every fortnight +from that date." This situation was repaired between 1780 and 1785, +when the Methodists, organized as a separate denomination in 1784, +erected their stone church on Cornwall Street with galleries around<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span> +three of its sides and with its interesting old-fashioned sounding +board, which church came to be endowed with many associations +until its needless destruction about 1901. Then, in 1804, the "Presbyterian +Society of Leesburg," which had probably existed since +1782, was more formally organized as a church by the Rev. James +Hall, D.D., of Concord, North Carolina, at that time the Moderator +of the Presbyterian General Assembly. The erection of the +present quaint old brick church on Market Street, the oldest church +building now standing in Leesburg, had already been begun in 1802 +and was completed in 1804. It was dedicated in May, 1804, by Dr. +Hall. Its first pastor was the Rev. John Mines, who served until +1822 and the first Elders were Peter Carr, Obadiah Clifford, and +John MacCormack. Through the courtesy of the Presbyterians, +their neighbors of the Episcopal faith held their services from time +to time in this old church until the erection of the first Saint James +Church on Church Street in 1812, long delayed because of conflicting +views as to whether the new building should be in town or +country.</p> + +<p>This first Saint James Church "was built of brick and quite small, +the windows not arched and there was a yard in front. This church +was torn down in 1836 and a new one, much wider and larger built, +the foundation brought more to the front. It was enlarged in 1848, +the vestibule built over the remainder of the yard, bringing the front +of the church even with the street."<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> This building continued to be +used until the present Saint James Church of gray stone on the +corner of Cornwall and Wirt Streets was completed in 1897.</p> + +<p>To the diversity in origin of the county's population frequent +reference has been made. The inhabitants of the southern part were +far more in sympathy in political philosophy, in manner of living, in +agricultural practices and in traditional background with the people +of Fairfax than were they with, perhaps, the majority of the heterogeneous +population of upper Loudoun. Also their leaders belonged +to the class which has ruled in Tidewater Virginia since its English +beginnings and they none too willingly faced the prospect, after the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span> +Revolution, of dividing their authority with and perhaps losing their +dominance to the upper-country people. In 1782 they sought to +create a new county coextensive with Cameron Parish; failing in +that, a compromise was reached in 1798 by which the erstwhile area +of Loudoun, south of Sugar Land Run, was returned to Fairfax—"All +that part of the County of Loudoun" reads the act of division "lying +between the lower boundary thereof and a line to be drawn from the +mouth of Sugar Land Run, to Carter's Mill on Bull Run, shall be +and is hereby added to and made a part of the County of Fairfax."<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> +This action had the immediate result of greatly strengthening the +political power of the Quakers, Germans and Scotch-Irish in the remaining +part of the county and correspondingly diminishing the +influence of the descendants of the old Tidewater aristocracy there.</p> + +<p>In the year 1787 Colonel Leven Powell laid out the town of +Middleburg on the road running to Ashley's Gap, for his purpose devoting +fifty acres on the southerly edge of the 500 acre tract of land +he had purchased from Joseph Chinn in 1763;<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> the town, of course, +obtaining its name from the position it occupied approximately halfway +between the major towns of Alexandria and Winchester as well +as halfway between the courthouses of Loudoun and Fauquier. The +first trustees were Francis Peyton, William Bronaugh, William +Heale, John Peyton Harrison, Burr Powell, Josias Clapham, and +Richard Bland Lee.<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a></p> + +<p>The much older town of Waterford did not receive formal legislative +sanction until 1801. Then by the fifth section of an act of the +Legislature, the place is recognized as already in existence: "the lots +and streets as the same are already laid off at the place known by the +name of Waterford." The first trustees were James Moore, James +Griffith, John Williams, and Abner Williams. Section 7 of the act +further provided "that as soon as Mahlon Janey and William Hough, +shall lay off into lots with convenient streets, so much of their lands +not exceeding ten acres adjoining the said town of Waterford, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span> +same shall thence-forth constitute and be deemed and taken as a +part of the said town."<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a></p> + +<p>The next year another old settlement was, in its turn, given legislative +acknowledgment. Hillsborough, somewhat belatedly, was +"established" on twenty-five acres already divided between a score +or more of owners: Mahlon Hough, Thomas Purcell, the representatives +of John Jenny (sic), deceased, Thomas Leslie, Thomas Hepburn, +Joseph Tribby, Josiah White, John Foundling, Edward Conrod, +Mahlon Roach, Thomas Stevens, Thomas Hough, Samuel +Purcell, John Wolfcaile, Richard Matthews, James Prior, John +Stevens, Richard Copeland, and Mahlon Morris. The first trustees +were Mahlon Hough, Thomas Purcell, Thomas Leslie, Josiah +White, Edward Conrod, Mahlon Roach, and Thomas Stevens.<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a></p> + +<p>In 1810 Aldie makes its appearance. It was laid out by Charles +Fenton Mercer, a great Loudoun figure in his day,<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> on a part of his +plantation to which he had given the name of Aldie in tribute to +Aldie Castle in Scotland, the seat of that Mercer family from which +he believed himself descended. The act of establishment describes +the town's location as "thirty acres of land lying on the westerly +extremity of the Little River Turnpike road, in the county of Loudoun, +the property of Charles F. Mercer, as soon as the same shall +be laid off into lots with convenient streets." The Little River Turnpike +road had been extended to that point but a few years before. +The town's first trustees were named as Israel Lacey, William Cook, +Matthew Adams, John Sinclair, James Hexon, David Gibson, +Charles F. Mercer, and William Noland.<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a></p> + +<p>Bluemont, under its earlier name of Snickersville which it bore +until the year 1900, was established in 1824. As early as 1769 Edward +Snickers had obtained a grant from John Augustine Washington +of 624 acres at this point and before and after that time had acquired +other lands in the neighbourhood. He it was who, according +to our local tradition, conveyed the first bushel of wheat easterly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> +across the Blue Ridge and gave his name not only to the village but +to the gap through the Blue Ridge and, on the other side, to the historic +ferry across the Shenandoah which he owned for many years. +He was born about 1735, married Elizabeth Toliaferro about 1755 +and died in 1790. In 1806 a postoffice had been established at the +little village with Lewis Stevens acting as postmaster. When the +town came to be formally "established" in 1824, its location was +described as being upon "ten acres at the entrance of Snickers Gap, +of the Blue Ridge Mountains in the county of Loudoun, property of +Amos Clayton, Martha Clayton, William Woodford and others, as +soon as the same shall be laid off into lots with convenient streets and +alleys." The first trustees were James Cochran senior, Craven Osburn, +Mordecai Throckmorton, Stephen Janney, Doctor E. B. +Brady, Amos Clayton, and Timothy Carrington.<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a></p> + +<p>The above list, with Leesburg, is the roll of earlier incorporated +towns of the county. Hamilton (1875), Lovettsville (1876), Purcellville +(1908), and Round Hill (1900), as the dates indicate, +were not formally organized until much later. The pleasant little +village of Lincoln remains unincorporated.</p> + +<p>As the eighteenth century neared its end, an increasing number +of representatives of the Tidewater gentry came to Loudoun and +with their neighbours already living there, built far more pretentious +homes than the county had theretofore known. As has been stated +in the preface, to tell something of the stories of these old estates was +the original incentive to the writing of this book; but those stories, +involving as they do their share of romance, tragedy and drama, +must in their more extensive narration, be left for a later volume. It +is appropriate however, in this place, to very briefly comment on a +few of these old plantations.</p> + + +<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Springwood</span></div> + +<p>Among the newcomers, in this post-revolution period, was Colonel +Burgess Ball, a great-grandson of that dignified old aristocrat +Colonel William Ball of Millenbeck on the Rappahannock, in Lancaster<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span> +County, who had come to Virginia in 1657. During the Revolution +Burgess Ball had served on the staff of General Washington, +his first cousin, then as a captain in the Continental Line and later +had raised and equipped a Virginia regiment at his own expense and +served with it as lieutenant colonel. After the war, his health broken +and his generous fortune seriously impaired by his expenditures for +military purposes and by his extravagant hospitality at his home, +Travellers Rest in Spotsylvania County, he in 1795, was obliged to +seek refuge in what was still known in Tidewater as the Loudoun +wilderness. On the 4th November, 1795, he purchased for Ł1741 +(the proceeds of his back pay for military services it is said) from +Abraham Barnes Thomson Mason, only acting executor and trustee +under the will of Thomson Mason, a tract of 247 acres including the +Great Spring and running to the Potomac. Here Colonel Ball either +built a rustic lodge for his home or, as has been surmised, occupied +and improved the old home of Francis Aubrey, calling his estate +Springwood. On that same 4th November, 1795, there was purchased +in trust for Colonel Ball from Stevens Thomson Mason by +William Fitzhugh, Mann Page, and Alexander Spotswood "three +of the trustees appointed by an Act of General Assembly to sell +certain lands devised by James Ball deceased to his grandson Burgess +Ball for his life," another tract of 147 acres about two miles north +of the Great Spring for Ł441, current money of Virginia. Other adjacent +tracts were purchased by Colonel Ball or by his trustees until +he controlled a very large estate from the Great Spring to the Limestone +Run of the most fertile land in the county.<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a> Far from his old +military companions, he kept up a correspondence with them in his +distant abode and many of them visited him there from time to +time; for whether surrounded by the refinements of Travellers Rest +or the wilderness of Springwood, Colonel Ball's lavish hospitality was +a part of the very man himself. He died on the 7th March, 1800, +and was buried just outside the graveyard surrounding the old +chapel above Goose Creek on the hill above the Great Spring. This +first Springwood dwelling was not on the site of the present mansion<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span> +but is believed to have been on the south side of the present road on +what is now a part of the Big Spring estate, in recent years known +as Mayfield. The existing Springwood residence was built by George +Washington Ball, later Captain C.S.A., grandson of Colonel Burgess +Ball, between 1840 and 1850. Louis Philippe is said to have been an +overnight guest there and, during the Civil War, General Lee, a +cousin of Captain Ball who had served on his staff, held a military +conference in the present dining room. The estate was acquired in +1869 by the late Francis Asbury Lutz of Washington who substantially +remodelled the mansion very soon thereafter. Since then it +has been in the possession of the Lutz family, its present occupants +being Mrs. Samuel S. Lutz, her son-in-law and daughter, Judge +and Mrs. J. R. H. Alexander and the latter's two sons.</p> + + +<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Raspberry Plain</span></div> + +<p>The genesis of Raspberry Plain, just north of Springwood, has +already been given. As shewn in Chapter VII, the property had +been originally acquired from Lord Fairfax by Joseph Dixon in 1731 +and he had sold the farm which he had improved with a dwelling, +orchard, etc., to Aeneas Campbell in 1754. Campbell, as we have +seen, was Loudoun's first sheriff. He maintained the county jail and +the ducking-stool at his home while he held that office. He sold the +place in 1760 to Thomson Mason. So far the residence, long since +vanished, was near the large spring, now a part of Selma. Mason is +said by T. A. Lancaster, Jr., to have built a new house about 1771 +(on the site of the present beautiful home). He then conveyed it +to his son Stevens Thomson Mason, subsequently confirming his +action in his will. Later, according to local tradition, another Mason +descendant, Colonel John Mason McCarty was living there when +he killed his cousin, General A. T. Mason in the famous duel in +1819, perhaps as a tenant, for the county records show that in 1830 +the estate, then of about 250 acres, was conveyed by the executors +of General Mason's will to George, John, Peter and Samuel Hoffman +of Baltimore for $8,500. It remained in the Hoffman family for +over eighty-five years and until sold by the Hoffman heirs on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span> +29th April, 1916, to Mr. John G. Hopkins who built the present +imposing brick edifice of colonial architecture. The estate was purchased +by Mr. and Mrs. William H. Lipscomb of Washington in +1931 and, until Mrs. Lipscomb's death, was the scene of many a +gay and picturesque hunt breakfast given in honour of the Loudoun +Hunt of which Mr. Lipscomb was Master.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 550px;"> +<img src="images/illus-208.png" width="550" height="358" alt="Oatlands. Built by George Carter from 1800 to 1802. Now the home of Mrs. W. C. Eustis." title="Oatlands. Built by George Carter from 1800 to 1802. Now the home of Mrs. W. C. Eustis." /> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Oatlands.</span> Built by George Carter from 1800 to 1802. Now the home of Mrs. W. C. Eustis.</span> +</div> +<p> </p> + +<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Belmont</span></div> + +<p>Ludwell Lee, a son of Richard Henry Lee, built Belmont in 1800 +and lived there until his death in 1836. He rests in its garden. Soon +after he died the estate was acquired by Miss Margaret Mercer who, +born in 1791, was the daughter of Governor John Francis Mercer of +Cedar Park, Maryland. Miss Mercer conducted a school for young +ladies at Belmont until her death in 1846. She was a woman of broad +education with pronounced views on the abolition of negro slavery +and she it was who built the nearby Belmont Chapel on a part of her +estate. After passing through the hands of many owners the property +was purchased in 1931 by Colonel Patrick J. Hurley, Secretary of +War under President Hoover, and since then he and Mrs. Hurley +have made it their country home. For several years he has invited +the Loudoun Hunt to hold its annual horse show there.</p> + + +<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Coton</span></div> + +<p>Across the highway Thomas Ludwell Lee, cousin to Ludwell Lee, +about the same time built his home Coton, naming it after an English +home of the earlier Lees. On Lafayette's visit to America in 1825, +he was a guest of Ludwell Lee and a great festival, in honor of his +visit, was staged at both Belmont and Coton. It is said that after +nightfall a double line of slaves, each holding aloft a flaming torch, +was stationed between the two mansions to light the way of the celebrants +as they passed from one house to the other. The original mansion +has long since disappeared save for parts of its foundations. A +second mansion was later erected on another part of the estate and +in turn was destroyed by fire. The present stone dwelling, the +third to bear the name, was erected by Mr. and Mrs. Warner +Snider, the present owners of the estate, in 1931.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span></p> +<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Oatlands</span></div> + +<p>George Carter, great-grandson of Robert Carter, the "King Carter" +of early Colonial days, received in 1800 from his father, Councillor +Robert Carter of Naomi Hall, a tract of 6,000 acres south of Leesburg, +a small part of the vast Carter holdings. Upon this land during +the ensuing two years he built Oatlands, the most pretentious and +elaborate of the Loudoun homes of that day. George Carter did not +marry until attaining the discreet age of sixty years when he took as +his bride Mrs. Betty Lewis, a widow, who had been a Miss Grayson. +Both George Carter and his wife are buried in the gardens of Oatlands. +The estate was acquired in 1903 by the late William Corcoran +Eustis of Washington and is now the country home of his widow +under whose care both residence and extensive gardens retain their +justly celebrated charm and beauty. Mrs. Eustis, a daughter of the +late Levi P. Morton, at one time Governor of New York and later +Vice-President of the United States, has long been the Lady Bountiful +of Loudoun. None of the county's residents has ever equalled her +benefactions to its poor and to its public institutions of every kind.</p> + + +<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Rokeby</span></div> + +<p>Rokeby, on the old Carolina Road south of Leesburg, so long the +home of the Bentley family, also belongs to this period. It acquired its +claim to fame during the War of 1812 when, in 1814, President +Madison, in expectation of the capture of Washington, sent many +of the more valuable Federal archives, including the <i>Declaration of +Independence</i> and, it is said, the Constitution of the United States, +to Leesburg for safekeeping whence they were removed to Rokeby +and stored for two weeks in its vaults. It is now the home of Mr. and +Mrs. B. F. Nalle who, upon its purchase by them many years ago, +made great changes in the old building.</p> + + +<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Foxcroft</span></div> + +<p>When, in the year 1914, Miss Charlotte Noland purchased the +lovely old estate of Foxcroft, four miles north of Middleburg, there +began a new era both in its interesting story and in the educational<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span> +standards of Loudoun. No modern institution of the county has +spread more generally knowledge of its charms than the famous +school which Miss Noland then founded; and it is particularly appropriate +that the institution should owe its inception and development +to one who in singular degree is a representative of Loudoun's +founders. Those Loudoun citizens of today who trace their descent +to one of the earlier Nabobs of the county feel a complacent satisfaction +therein; but Miss Noland unites lineal descent not only from +Francis Aubrey and Philip Noland but from Colonel Leven Powell +and Burr Harrison, the earliest explorer, as well, thus inheriting an +early Loudoun background believed to be unique.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 550px;"> +<img src="images/illus-212.png" width="550" height="357" alt="Photograph by Miss Frances B. Johnston + +Foxcroft, Garden Front." title="Photograph by Miss Frances B. Johnston + +Foxcroft, Garden Front." /> +<span class="caption">Photograph by Miss Frances B. Johnston<br /> + +<span class="smcap">Foxcroft</span>, Garden Front.</span> +</div> + +<p>As is the case with so many of the older houses of the county, the +age of Foxcroft and the identity of its builder are uncertain; but the +local tradition is that it is one of the earliest of the many old brick +houses to be found in that part of the county and that its builder +was one Kyle who had married a daughter of the Balls. The story +goes on that Mrs. Kyle lost her mind after the birth of one of her +children and that for a long time thereafter she was enchained in +the garret of the old house until, during the absence of her husband +on a journey, she freed herself and fell to her death down the stairs. +Another local story is that the building of the house was under the +supervision of William Benton, the land-steward and friend of President +Monroe who, it is said learned brick-making in his native England, +discovered good brick-clay in the Middleburg neighborhood +and made the brick for most of the early brick houses in that part of +the County.</p> + +<p>With these local stories as a guide, an examination of the county +records show a John Kile to have been a purchaser of land as early +as 1797 and also a deed to John Kile from William Shrieves, then of +Kentucky, on the 8th February, 1814, of 189 acres "on the waters +of Goose Creek" for Ł320. The description, running as it does from +one marked tree in the forest to another, requires a long search and +careful plotting to definitely place the property, but it suggests the +Foxcroft estate. That these Kiles or Kyles were quite certainly people +of standing is indicated by their marriages. John Kile, Jr., presumably<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span> +the son of the first John Kile, married Winney Powell, a +daughter of Elisha Powell and her sister Mary became the wife of +Pierce Noland.<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a> It all goes to suggest that the old Foxcroft mansion +was built by John Kile from brick made under the supervision of +William Benton sometime during the 1820's.</p> + +<p>Foxcroft School has become so much a part of Loudoun that it is +as difficult to picture the Middleburg neighbourhood without it as it +would be to think of Middleburg without its famous fox-hunting. +The school has eighty-five students, representative of the most +prominent families in the United States from coast to coast, with +students from abroad as well and there is always a long waiting list +of applicants for admission. A healthy outdoor life is combined with +carefully planned study. The young ladies are all expert riders, follow +the Middleburg Hunt at its numerous meets and every year, +since 1915, have their own horse show in May at Foxcroft which +is always a brilliant affair.</p> + + +<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Llangollan</span></div> + +<p>Llangollan was built about 1810 by Cuthbert Powell, (1775-1849) +a son of Colonel Leven Powell from whom he had inherited +the land upon the latter's death at Fort Bedford, Pennsylvania, on +the 6th August, 1810. Few families in Virginia are more deeply +rooted in her history than the Powells. Captain William Powell, +who, as a gentleman adventurer, accompanied Captain John Smith +to Virginia in 1607 is claimed in the family chronicles to be one of +the clan. Whether he was kinsman to that Nathaniel Powell who +was with Smith in his brush with the Manahoacs on the Rappahannock +in the summer of 1608 does not appear. After spending some +years in business pursuits in Alexandria, Cuthbert Powell returned +to Loudoun where he served as a justice, represented the county in +the Virginia Legislature as a Whig and was a member of Congress +from 1841 to 1843. Chief Justice Marshall once described him as +"the most talented man of that talented family." In 1930 Llangollan +was acquired by Mr. and Mrs. John Hay Whitney of New York<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span> +who have greatly enlarged the old stone mansion and made the +estate the home of one of the most famous racing establishments in +America. They organized in 1932 and hold there each year the +Llangollan Gold Cup races.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 441px;"> +<img src="images/illus-216.png" width="441" height="550" alt="The Front Porch at Rockland, Home of the Rusts. Built in 1822 by General +George Rust and still owned by his family." title="The Front Porch at Rockland, Home of the Rusts. Built in 1822 by General +George Rust and still owned by his family." /> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Front Porch at Rockland</span>, Home of the Rusts. Built in 1822 by General +George Rust and still owned by his family.</span> +</div> + + +<p> </p> +<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Morrisworth</span></div> + +<p>The 750 acres which originally composed Morrisworth were given +by William Ellzey to his daughter Catherine who married Mathew +Harrison of Dumfries. After his death his widow, with her children, +took possession of her patrimony and in 1811 built thereon the main +part of the stone mansion. There she resided for the remainder of her +life and reared her large family. Her children continued to own the +estate until they sold it about 1870 to their kinsman Dr. Thomas +Miller of Washington who, dying about two years later, never resided +there. He left the property to his daughters, the mansion and +about 550 acres going to Miss Virginia Miller and Mrs. Arthur +Fendall. In turn these ladies deeded the estate in 1900 to Mrs. Fendall's +son Thomas M. Fendall, the present owner, who, in 1915, +added the south wing to the house. Mr. and Mrs. Fendall have +greatly enlarged and developed the gardens, specializing in iris to +such an extent that Morrisworth has become widely known not only +for the beautiful scene when the five thousand plants are in bloom +but for the many new varieties of iris originated there.</p> + + +<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Chestnut Hill</span></div> + +<p>Chestnut Hill near the Point of Rocks, so long identified with the +Mason Family, is another of the mansions built about 1800. Samuel +Clapham, the son of the second Josias Clapham, was the builder on +land he had acquired in 1796 from his father. It came to Thomas F. +Mason through his marriage to Betsey Price, a granddaughter of +the second Josias as related in Chapter VII. It is now owned and occupied +by Mr. and Mrs. Coleman Gore.</p> + + +<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Rockland</span></div> + +<p>Rockland, four miles north of Leesburg, was built by General +George Rust in 1822 on land acquired by him in 1817 from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span> +heirs of Colonel Burgess Ball and is unique among the county's old +estates in that today it still is owned by a descendant of its builder, +Mrs. Stanley M. Brown, who before her marriage was Miss Elizabeth +Fitzhugh Rust, the only child of the late owner, Mr. Henry B. +Rust. Mr. and Mrs. Brown, with their children, spend each summer +at Rockland. The 419 acres of the present estate border for a long +distance on the Potomac and are regarded as equalling in fertility +any land in the county. During the War Between the States the old +house witnessed the alternate passing and repassing of the armies of +the North and South in front of it along the old Carolina Road. +Hospitality and gracious living have long been synonymous in +Loudoun with the very name of Rockland.</p> +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 501px;"> +<img src="images/illus-219.png" width="501" height="600" alt="General George Rust (1788-1857). The builder of Rockland." title="General George Rust (1788-1857). The builder of Rockland." /> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">General George Rust</span> (1788-1857). The builder of Rockland.</span> +</div> +<p> </p> +<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Exeter</span></div> + +<p>The plantation that became Exeter was inherited by Mary Mason +Seldon; a sister of Thomson Mason, from their mother Ann Thompson +Mason. This Mary Mason Seldon married, first, Mann Page +and upon his death took as her second husband her first cousin Dr. +Wilson Cary Seldon who, born in 1761, had served as surgeon in a +Virginia artillery regiment during the Revolution. Though she had +children by Page and none by Seldon, the latter secured this land +and between 1796 and 1800 built the main frame dwelling with its +pleasing design and interesting detail. The large brick extension in +the rear was added by General George Rust about 1854 during his +ownership of the estate. By his second wife, Dr. Seldon had a +daughter, Eleanor, and it was at Exeter on the 16th February 1843, +that she married John Augustine Washington, the last of his +family to own and occupy Mount Vernon. When the War Between +the States broke out, he at once volunteered for service, became an +aide on the staff of General Lee with the rank of lieutenant colonel +and was killed in a small engagement, which otherwise would have +been unimportant, at Cheat Mountain, now West Virginia, on the +13th September, 1861. In 1857 Exeter was purchased by the late +Horatio Trundle. It was inherited by his son Mr. Hartley H. Trundle +who with his family resides there.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Selma</span></div> + +<p>Selma, another part of Mrs. Ann Thomson Mason's great purchase +of "wild lands," saw its first mansion built between 1800 and +1810 by General Armistead Thomson Mason, United States Senator +from Virginia (affectionately known as "the Chief of Selma") +when he was killed by his cousin, John Mason McCarty, in the +famous duel at Bladensburg on the 6th February, 1819. He had inherited +the land from his father Stevens Thomson Mason of Raspberry +Plain. The property was purchased in 1896 by the late Colonel +Elijah B. White, who afterward represented the Loudoun district in +the Virginia Senate and was for many years a prominent Leesburg +banker. He was a son of the much-loved leader of White's Battalion +in the War of 1861. Upon his purchase of the estate, Colonel White +built the present stately mansion, so famed for its hospitality, in +which he incorporated parts of the older house, burned some years before. +Selma is now owned by Colonel White's widow (who before her +marriage was Miss Lalla Harrison) and his daughter, Miss Elizabeth +White. It long has had the reputation of being one of the most fertile +and successfully managed farming estates in the East.</p> + + +<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Aldie Manor</span></div> + +<p>Aldie Manor, in the present town of Aldie, was built by Charles +Fenton Mercer and named for Aldie Castle in Scotland, the home of +the Mercer family. The town in turn was named for the estate and +the Magisterial District in which both lie is named for Mercer. The +mansion has long been owned and occupied by the diZerega family.</p> + + +<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Morven Park</span></div> + +<p>Morven Park was acquired by Governor Thomas Swann of Maryland +who, about 1825, built the imposing mansion there. It was inherited +by his daughter who became the wife of Dr. Shirley Carter +and for many years much of the neighbourhood's social life centered +about it. In 1903 this estate of over 1,000 acres was purchased by +Mr. Westmoreland Davis, later Governor of Virginia, who now resides +there and carefully supervises the many and varied agricultural +activities of his domain.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 550px;"> +<img src="images/illus-223.png" width="550" height="358" alt="Oak Hill, North Front. Built by President James Monroe in 1820. Now the home of Messrs. Littleton." title="Oak Hill, North Front. Built by President James Monroe in 1820. Now the home of Messrs. Littleton." /> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Oak Hill, North Front.</span> Built by President James Monroe in 1820. Now the home of Messrs. Littleton.</span> +</div> +<p> </p> + +<div class="center"><span class="smcap">Oak Hill</span></div> + +<p>But to the nation the best known of all the old homes of Loudoun +has always been Oak Hill. When James Monroe, after long years of +service to his country, came to look forward to his retirement, he +owned a large tract of land on the Carolina Road nine miles south +of Leesburg, long in the possession of his family, which had occupied +a dormer-windowed cottage there. On a gentle elevation on the +plantation, President Monroe, in the year 1820, erected the great +brick house, three stories in height with its porticos and Doric +columns which he named Oak Hill. It was designed by Monroe's +friend Thomas Jefferson and the plans were completed by James +Hoban the designer and builder of the White House and the supervising +architect of the Capitol. President Monroe employed William +Benton, an Englishman (who is said to have "served him in the triple +capacity of steward, counsellor and friend") to superintend the construction +of the mansion under Hoban's supervision and to manage +the extensive farming operations of the estate which he did most successfully. +It was here that President Monroe wrote his famous message +to Congress, delivered in December 1823, embodying what +since has been known throughout the world as the "Monroe Doctrine" +and it was here also that he entertained Lafayette in 1825. +Mrs. Monroe died at Oak Hill in 1830. On Mr. Monroe's death in +1831, the property went to his daughter Mrs. Gouveneur of New +York by whom it was sold in 1852 to Colonel John M. Fairfax, who +set out the large orchard of Albemarle Pippins some of the fruit from +which, sent to Queen Victoria gave her such pleasure that thereafter +it enjoyed her preference over all other apples. Later when his +son, the much-loved State Senator Henry Fairfax, owned the estate +he became known throughout the nation for the Hackney horses +he raised there. In 1920 the property was acquired by Mr. and Mrs. +Frank C. Littleton who greatly enlarged the old building by the extension +of both wings. When Mr. Littleton was quarrying sandstone +on the place in 1923 there were found numerous imprints of prehistoric +dinosaurs—the first known evidence that these monsters had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span> +inhabited this portion of the eastern part of the present United +States.</p> + +<p>The estate took its name from a group of oaks planted on the +lawn by President Monroe, one from each of the then existing +States, each tree presented to him for that purpose by a congressman +from the State represented.</p> + +<p>Mrs. Littleton died in 1924. Mr. Littleton and his son Frank C. +Littleton, Jr., continue to make the historic old place their home, +carrying on extensive farming operations on its broad acres.</p> + +<p>On the 20th March, 1793, the first postoffice was established in +Leesburg. The first postmaster was Thomas Lewis, who was succeeded +on the 1st April, 1794, by John Schooley, who in turn gave +way to John Shaw on the 1st April, 1801. Then came Thomas +Wilkinson on the 1st April, 1803; William Woody on the 1st January, +1804, and Presley Saunders on the 12th February, 1823.</p> + +<p>At the end of the eighteenth century Loudoun was, in politics, a +Federal stronghold. Colonel Leven Powell has long been credited +with being the founder of that party in the county. The momentous +election for members of the Convention of 1788 was bitterly fought. +Stevens Thomson Mason and William Ellzey, both lawyers, were +opposed to the adoption of the Federal Constitution. For its adoption +stood Colonel Powell and Colonel Josias Clapham. Both of the latter, +as we have seen, were old soldiers but no match as orators to their +opponents and thus were at a great disadvantage in the contest. +Powell's great personal popularity alone is said to have secured his +election. Mason also won but the county remained so strongly +Federal that its vote dominated its Congressional District.</p> + +<p>When war with Great Britain was forced upon us in 1812, a cavalry +regiment was raised in Loudoun of which Armistead Thomson +Mason of Selma became colonel. But the incident in that war which +most prominently stands out in Loudoun's memory came in 1814.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 550px;"> +<img src="images/illus-227.png" width="550" height="355" alt="Oak Hill. East Drawing Room, showing mantel presented to Monroe by Lafayette, and other historical furniture." title="Oak Hill. East Drawing Room, showing mantel presented to Monroe by Lafayette, and other historical furniture." /> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Oak Hill. East Drawing Room</span>, showing mantel presented to Monroe by Lafayette, and other historical furniture.</span> +</div> + +<p>After the American forces under General William H. Winder +had been defeated by the British at Bladensburg in August of that +year, it was apparent that the capture of Washington was highly +probable. Madison's Secretary of State, James Monroe, had been in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span> +the camp of General Winder, closely studying with him the enemy's +movements and seeking to appraise the ability of the Americans to +successfully defend the Capital. That he was not reassured by what +he thus learned is shewn by the letter he sent to President Madison +wherein he advised him to remove from Washington the government's +more important records. The President recognized, none too +soon, the imminence of the danger. The more valuable of the government +archives were ordered to be taken from Washington and +Stephen Pleasanton, then a clerk in the State Department, was +placed in charge of their removal. He caused to be made a large number +of linen bags in which were placed the government's books and +documents, including the <i>Declaration of Independence</i> and the Constitution. +It is said that the painting of Mrs. Dolly Madison, hanging +in the White House, was cut from its frame and accompanied +the government's records. Some accounts aver that, so numerous +were the archives, twenty-two two-horse wagons were used in their +transportation from Washington; others who have written of the +incident say that four four-horse wagons only were used, while still +others claim the method of transportation to have been by ox-teams. +However they were carried, they left Washington across the old +Chain Bridge and sought their first safety in the grist mill of Edward +Patterson on the Virginia side of the Potomac two miles above +Georgetown. So threatening was the British advance, however, that +it was deemed prudent to carry the precious cargo further up-country; +the wagons were duly reloaded and the caravan continued to +Leesburg, where the sacks were placed for one night in the courthouse +according to some writers or, on the authority of others, in a +vacant building in the town, the key of which was given to a certain +Rev. Mr. Littlejohn, a young clergyman then recently ordained. +The next day the sacks were again placed in the wagons and driven +to the nearby plantation of Rokeby where in its vaults they were +stored for two weeks until it was safe to return them to Washington.</p> + +<p>During those two weeks President Madison was a guest of Ludwell +Lee at Belmont, whence he directed National affairs; and ever +since that time it has been a primary and essential asseveration in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span> +credo of every true Leesburger that the town was, during that stirring +fortnight, the de facto Capital of the United States.</p> + +<p>Proud as that memory may be today, the event itself is said to +have caused great anxiety to the more substantial citizens of the +town and nearby country for fear lest their sudden prominence in +the affairs of the nation would invite a swift and disastrous foray +upon them by the temporarily triumphant Britons; a denouement +which, happily, did not ensue.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XIV</h2> + +<h3>MATURITY</h3> + + +<p>When Patrick McIntyre published the one hundred and +tenth number of <i>The True American</i> in Leesburg on +Tuesday the 30th December, 1800, he, following the +tradition of his craft, probably left his office with a lively sense of +anticipation of the town's forthcoming celebration of the advent of a +new century; that he could have foreseen that a single copy of that +issue would be the sole available survivor of his journal in 1937 is not +to be presumed. Yet in the Library of Congress that single copy begins +its collection of Leesburg's newspapers and no copy of the paper +is known to survive today in Loudoun. Its four pages devote themselves +to the proceedings of Congress, to European affairs, to the +activities of the Virginia House of Delegates and to the new treaty +with France. The local news must be gleaned from the advertisements. +The Rev. Mr. Allen advertises religious services to be held in +the courthouse;<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a> one W. C. Celden, a slavedealer, informs the public +that he "has some likely young NEGROES which he will dispose +of reasonably for cash;" and on the 4th page is found an item, obviously +inserted by a private individual protecting himself with a cloak +of anonymity, "For Sale. A likely NEGRO GIRL who has to serve +for the term of nineteen or twenty years. She is now about twelve +years of age, and very well grown, and will have to serve one year +for every child which she may have during the term of her servitude. +The terms of sale may be known by application to the Printer." The +widow of Colonel Burgess Ball asks that those having claims against +his estate will send them to her as the Administrators were anxious +to make provision for their immediate payment.</p> + +<p>The ultimate fate of <i>The True American</i> is unknown. In 1808 +there was established in the town the <i>Washingtonian</i> which became +the recognized organ of the Democratic party in Northern Virginia +for many years. No surviving copy of any issue of the first year of +this paper has been found by the present writer. Until 1841 it divided +the Loudoun field with Whig competitors; after that date its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span> +journalistic rivals appear to have been of its own political faith, +notably the <i>Loudoun Mirror</i>, established in 1855. In its early years +the <i>Washingtonian</i> had a sturdy competitor in the Whig <i>Genius of +Liberty</i>, copies of which are now rarely to be found. The most numerous +available are in a broken file in the Library of Congress, beginning +with numbers issued in 1817 and owing their conservation to +the fact that they had been sent by the editor to the Secretary of +State. As with the earlier <i>True American</i> these newspapers contain +much foreign news and correspondence with lengthy reports of +legislative activities in Richmond and Washington; and, in addition, +an acrimonious and undignified exchange of long-winded and abusive +letters in the Mason-McCarty-Mercer controversies. But that +a county paper should find its first duty in presenting local news was +not within the philosophy of the editor. Only here and there may +one find a paragraph recording some local incident—but patient +search is occasionally rewarded. A branch of the Bank of the Valley +had been opened in Leesburg in 1818 with local subscribers to its +stock and T. R. Mott acting as cashier. Then in the issue of the 31st +March, 1818, we read:</p> + +<p>"Specie. Arrived on Wednesday last at this port after a pleasant +passage of two days from Alexandria, the waggon Perseverance—Grub, +Master, laden with SIXTY FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS +IN SPECIE for the Branch Bank of the Valley in this place. The +Specie is deposited in the 'Strong box' thus laying a foundation for +the emission of a paper currency predicated upon Specie Capital, +which is the chief corner stone in all monied institutions; without it +they must eventually fail."</p> + +<p>That Leesburg was provided with its first street pavements +through the proceeds of a public lottery has long been town gossip. +By way of confirmation, there is an advertisement in the 12th May, +1818, issue of the <i>Genius of Liberty</i>: "By authority. Scheme of Lottery +to raise $8000 for the purpose of paving the streets of the town +of Leesburg, Va." providing a first prize of $4000 and 2011 other +prizes running from $1000 down to $6 each, totalling $30,000. +Against these 2012 prizes were to be 3988 blanks, to be represented<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span> +by 6000 tickets to be offered at $5 each; but the astute managers +stipulated that many of the larger prizes were to be paid in part by +other tickets and that each of the prizes were to be "subject to a deduction +of $15 to $100." To inspire the confidence of the public, the +notice was signed by the following representative citizens as Commissioners: +Prestley Cardell, C. F. Mercer, George Rust, Joseph +Beard, Richd H. Henderson, Samuel Clapham, John Humphreys, +John I. Harding, Sampson Blincoe, Fleet Smith, Samuel Carr, and +John Gray. So successful was the lottery, avers tradition, that with +its profits not only was the town able to pave its principal streets but +also brought in, through wooden pipes, a much needed supply of +water from Rock Spring, the present home of Mrs. H. T. Harrison. +To the community that system of finance exerted an appeal so +strong that once again it was used in 1844, to raise the necessary +money to build an office for the County Clerk. The present County +Office Building was purchased from the trustees of the Leesburg +Academy in 1879.<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a></p> + +<p>Always has Loudoun been a horse-loving country; but it may +surprise some of her people of today to know that in 1817 the county +seat possessed a "Jockey Club" which was sufficiently strong and +well supported to conduct a four day racing meet with more generous +prizes than are now offered. In the <i>Genius of Liberty</i> of the 14th +October 1817 there is this advertisement:</p> + +<p>"Leesburg Jockey Club. RACES will be run for on Wednesday +the 15th October, over a handsome course near the town. A Purse +of 200 Dollars three miles and repeat, and on Thursday the 16th +day, two miles and repeat a Purse of $100 Dollars, and on Friday the +17th and repeat, a Towne's Purse of at least $150 and on Saturday +the 18th an elegant SADDLE, <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'BRIDDLE': see Transcriber's note for ad as it appeared in the 'Genius of Liberty'.">BRIDLE</ins> +and MARTINGALE, +worth at least FIFTY DOLLARS. P. SAUNDERS, sec'y & +treas'r."</p> + +<p>Thus, although the local reporting was definitely remiss in those +days, the advertising columns yield much treasure. The times were +hard, land sales forced by worried creditors were frequent and often<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span> +in the sales advertisements a note is made of log-houses on the land, +shewing how numerous that form of habitation still must have been +in the Loudoun of that time. With the land sales are many offerings +of negroes, not infrequently with a humanitarian undertone pleasant +to read, for in Loudoun then there was much anti-slavery sentiment +not only among Quakers and Germans but, more significantly, +among the wealthy planters and educated town folk. Thus in the +issue of the 26th October 1818:</p> + +<p>"Negroes for Sale. For Sale, a family of Negroes, consisting of a +woman and children. To a good master they will be sold a great +bargain. They will not be sold to a southern trader."</p> + +<p>The financial stress of the day then, as later, bred much discontent +if we may judge from the frequent notices of runaway white apprentices +and negro slaves, the latter of both sexes; but while in the +case of the slaves rewards are offered for their return of varying +amounts from $5 to $200, the masters of the white apprentices, apparently +appraising their services somewhat dubiously, offered but +from one to six cents for their apprehension and return!</p> + +<p>Though times were hard and money scarce there was, in the community, +a healthy appreciation of the cultural side of life. George +Carter of Oatlands advertises the services of a professor of music, +seemingly brought into the county by him, who "now offers to +teach the fundamental rules of this science in 8 lessons so as to enable +those who are taught by him, to pursue their studies by themselves +until they may obtain a perfect practical knowledge of musick."<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> +Music seemed to have been in the air. Eighteen months later, there +is notice given by Henry Krebs that he has commenced teaching +the piano and German flute and the French language. He could be +found at Mrs. Peers' boarding house.<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> Lectures on English grammar +are announced by E. Hazen at the house of Mrs. McCabe<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> and +Charles Weineder, a miniature painter, came to Leesburg for two +weeks to take orders in his art.<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span></p><p>The profession of the law was followed in Leesburg by Richard +Henderson, Burr William Harrison, L. P. W. Balch (who was also +secretary of the school board) and John K. Mines. Dr. J. Clapper +practiced medicine at Hillsboro "where he may be found at Mr. +Hough's tavern," we trust not indicating undue conviviality of the +gentleman's disposition. There was ample accomodation for travellers, +their servants and horses. Enos Wildman announced that he +had lately acquired the Eagle Tavern, formerly run by W. Austen;<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> +while Samuel M. Edwards presided at the "Leesburg Hotel & Coffee +House" which he had recently purchased from Mr. H. Peers and +which was "situated on the main street leading from Winchester to +Alexandria, George Town and the City of Washington." Yet +another tavern was operated by one "Mr. Foley" and, as we have +seen, there were boarding-houses as well. Their bars were stocked +without difficulty, for Lewis Mix & Co. had a distillery near the +mouth of Sugar Land Run and called for rye, corn and oats.</p> + +<p>But perhaps the most impressive picture painted by these old +advertisements is that of the teeming industrial and commercial life +of the town. It was still, happily, the age of the handicraftsman; the +machinery age was yet to come. Transportation was uncertain and +slow, and country towns largely produced the furniture, tools, clothing +and other needed articles for their own inhabitants and those of +their surrounding communities. The variety of the activities of the +artisans and merchants of the Leesburg of that day paralleled those +of other similar towns throughout the nation. John Carney had a +"Boot & Shoe manufactory" which was conveniently located "on +King street, next door to Messrs. Humphreys and Conrad and immediately +opposite the Court House." In advertising his wares, he +added that he wished to take on two or three apprentices of from +thirteen to fifteen years of age. He had a business rival in William +King, who conducted a similar activity and confidently announced +that he had "some of the first rate workmen in the State."</p> + +<p>Hats were made and sold by Jacob Martin "at his shop opposite<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span> +the market house" who duly proclaimed "a very large assortment +of hats on hand from the first quality to those of lowest prices; including +a large assortment of Good Wool Hats, likewise some +Morocco Caps."</p> + +<p>If the Loudoun citizen of President Monroe's day needed the +services of a tailor, they were made available by Thomas Russel +whose business apparently flourished; for he advertised for "one or +two journeymen taylors to whom constant employ and the best +wages will be given." He also sought one or two apprentices to learn +his craft.</p> + +<p>Jonathan C. May was opening a dry goods and clothing shop +under charge of D. Carter, next to the drug store of Robert R. +Hough. As a competitor he had Joseph Beard with his "General and +Seasonable assortment of Dry Goods" and Daniel P. Conrad who, +"at the Stone House opposite the Court House" offered "a seasonable +supply of Fall Goods"; he and George Richards meanwhile +publishing notice of the dissolution of their former partnership. In +nearby Waterford, B. Williamson and C. Shawen also dissolve their +partnership in a general store, on account of Williamson moving to +Baltimore and Shawen carries on under the name of C. Shawen & +Co.</p> + +<p>Samuel Tustin was engaged in a coachmaking business in Leesburg +and sought "good tough white ash plant and timber—also a +quantity of poplar half inch plank." He, too, wanted an apprentice, +seeking one who was fifteen to seventeen years old. There was no +lack of opportunity to earn a living offered to a steady lad with an +inclination to work and a taste for trade. To the more mature, +Aaron Burson offered to rent his fulling mill and dwelling house +near Union, describing them as being in "an elegant neighbourhood +for the fulling business."<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a> John B. Bell, occupying a part of William +Drish's house on King Street, was a bookbinder. Not daunted +by the slump in business, James G. Jones and Company notify the +Loudoun public that they have commenced the brush making business +"at Mr. Wetherby's stone house, King Street, nearly opposite<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span> +Mr. Murrays and that they want a large quantity of hog's bristles" +for which a liberal price will be given "IN CASH."</p> + +<p>S. B. T. Caldwell advertised for sale writing paper, wrapping +paper and medium printing paper.</p> + +<p>The present day collectors of old furniture will note that David +Ogden had removed his business to the southeast corner of King and +Cornwall Streets where he had on hand and offered "some fashionable +sideboards, Eliptic Dining Tables, Secretary, Bureaus etc., etc., +which I will dispose of on moderate terms. Orders from the adjacent +country will be thankfully received." In the same year of 1818, +Jacob and Isaac Thomas of Waterford announced that they had on +hand a general assortment of Windsor and fancy chairs and were also +prepared to do "house, sign and fancy painting with neatness and +dispatch."</p> + +<p>The political dispute between Mason and McCarthy, mirrored +in the pages of <i>The Genius of Liberty</i>, was fated to resolve itself +into a tragedy that shook county and Commonwealth to their roots +and caused no small sensation throughout the youthful Republic. +General Armistead Thomson Mason of Selma,<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> a grandson of Thomson +Mason, was a graduate of William and Mary College, a veteran +of the War of 1812 and a Senator of the United States from Virginia +as well as the leader of the Democratic party in Loudoun. Opposed +to him as a Federalist was his cousin, Colonel John Mason McCarty, +a grandson of George Mason of Gunston Hall, a descendant of old +Daniel McCarthy of Westmoreland<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a> and who then occupied Raspberry +Plain. For a long time there had been political rivalry and +bickering between the two men and when Mason introduced a bill +in the Senate to permit Loudoun Quakers, when drafted for military +services in war-time, to furnish substitutes by the payment of $500 +apiece, McCarthy seized upon its political possibilities and promptly +accused him of cowardice. The issue flared in the political campaign +then on and, to add to the fire, Mason challenged McCarty's +vote at the polls. Some accounts say that this so incensed McCarthy,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span> +described as being generally a good-natured individual with a strong +sense of humour but also with a temper that upon occasion would +break out beyond bounds, that he thereupon, at the polling place, +defied Mason to personal combat, in his anger naming the weapons, +contrary to a universally recognized rule of the code. Mason decided +to ignore the matter, McCarthy taunted him in the public prints +and although Mason's side had been defeated at the election, the +affair gradually might have blown over and been forgotten had not +Mason, returning from a journey to Richmond, by evil chance found +himself a fellow stagecoach passenger with his old friend and superior +officer, General Andrew Jackson. The matter of the quarrel with +McCarthy, in due course, came up for discussion and Jackson, ever +a fire-eater himself, is said to have told Mason with some brusqueness +that he should not let the matter drop. On his return, therefore, +Mason sent his cousin a letter in which he said he has resigned +his commission for the sole purpose of fighting McCarthy and "I +am now free to accept or send a challenge or to fight a duel. The +public mind has become tranquil, and all suspicion of the further +prosecution of our quarrel having subsided, we can now terminate +it without being arrested by the civil authority and without exciting +alarm among our friends." He informed his opponent that he had +arranged his family affairs and was "extreemly anxious to terminate +once and forever this quarrel." How recklessly eager was his wish +was shewn by his instructions to his seconds to agree to any terms +at any distance—to pistols, muskets or rifles "to three feet—his +pretended favourite distance, or to three inches, should his impetuous +courage prefer it."</p> + +<p>McCarthy, in the meanwhile, had cooled down and was inclined +to turn aside this new challenge in a humorous vein. He suggested +to Mason's seconds that the antagonists jump from the dome of +the capitol; but the matter had gone too far for joking and he was +told his suggestion did not comply with the code. Again and yet +again he offered similar absurd solutions and being rebuffed and in +an effort to frighten Mason, suggested shotguns loaded with buckshot +at ten paces, suicidal terms which were modified by the seconds<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span> +to charging the weapons with a single ball and the distance to +twelve feet.</p> + +<p>After the fatal outcome of the Hamilton-Burr duel in 1804, a +wave of hostility to the whole institution of duelling had swept the +country. In January, 1810, Virginia had passed an act making the +death of a duellist within three months of the encounter, murder, +and providing that the survivor should be hung. Moreover, it was +provided that the mere act of sending or accepting a challenge +should make the offender incapable of holding public office. Therefore +it was expedient that the meeting should not be held in Virginia +and a field, along the side of which ran a little brook, near Bladensburg +in Maryland, was selected for the affair. Principals, seconds +and referee arrived at a nearby inn on the night of the 5th February, +1819, and at 8:00 o'clock the next morning, in the bitter cold and +snow, the cousins confronted each other on the field, standing so +close to one another that their "barrels almost touched." As the +signal was given both fired and then fell to the ground—Mason +dying and McCarthy dangerously wounded. Mason's body was +brought back to Leesburg where it rested for a while in the old +stone house on Loudoun Street now owned by Mr. T. M. Fendall, +before burial in the St. James graveyard in Church Street with +religious and Masonic rites. There the grave is still to be seen. It +is said that Mrs. Mason locked the main entrance of Selma after +the funeral and that no one again used it until her only son came +of age—a son destined to meet his death, many years later, as an +American officer, in the battle of Cerro Gordo in our war with +Mexico. Tradition has it that ever after the duel, McCarthy was +a morose and haunted man. A gruesome detail is added that long +after his death his marble gravestone was removed to the Purcell drug +store in Leesburg and there used for many years as a slab on which +prescriptions were compounded.</p> + +<p>From such a sombre picture we may turn with relief to the +spectacle of Loudoun in gala attire indulging in the greatest and gayest +county-wide celebration her history affords.</p> + +<p>Of all those who, from abroad, came to help the American<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span> +Colonies in their revolt, none so wholly captured the affections of her +people as the French Marquis de Lafayette and as the years after the +war passed by, that affection remained steadfast. In January, 1824, +the American Congress entertained the happy idea of authorizing +the President to officially invite the old general again to visit our +shores, this time as the guest of the whole nation. Lafayette sailed +from France on an American war ship in July, 1824, arriving in New +York on the 14th August. Then began the national welcome which, +continuing for over a year, stands by itself in our history.</p> + +<p>In August, 1825, Lafayette, being in Washington, informed his +hosts that he wished, once again, to see his old friend James Monroe, +then living in retirement on his estate, Oak Hill. Arrangements +were made accordingly and on the 6th August the Marquis, accompanied +by President John Quincy Adams, left Washington in the +latter's carriage for the long drive to Oak Hill. On their arrival they +were greeted by Monroe and a number of his friends who had gathered +to pay honour to the nation's guest. For three days Lafayette +tarried at Oak Hill, walking over the farm with his host and reminiscing +over the heroic days of nearly fifty years before. Leesburg, +determining to show its love and respect for the general, sent a +delegation to invite him to a celebration in his honour in that +town, to which Lafayette readily assented. On the morning of the +9th August, 1825, "Mr. Ball a member of the Committee of +arrangements and Mr. Henderson of the Town Council"<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a> went to +Oak Hill to escort their guest to Leesburg. With them were two +troops of cavalry commanded by Captains Chichester and Bradfield. +General Lafayette, President Adams, former President Monroe and +Mr. Henderson took their seats in the carriage drawn by splendid +bay horses which had been provided for the occasion and the procession +set out for the county seat. As it neared the town, salvos of +artillery greeted it and the roads and town itself were so lined and +filled with people that it was estimated that at least 10,000 (almost<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span> +half of the county's population) were present. And now, to quote +the historian of the occasion:</p> + +<p>"The guest of the nation, with his honoured friends, alighted in +the field of William M. McCarty, where in the shade of an oak, he +was introduced to Cuthbert Powell, Esq., chairman of the committee +of arrangements; who welcomed him in terms of respect and +affection apt to the occasion, and in a manner at once feeling and +grateful; to which General LaFayette replied, with the felicity which +seems never to forsake him. He was then introduced to the committee +of arrangements and to General Rust, the marshall of the day, +and his aids. The General then received the military, assembled to +honour him, consisting of the volunteer troops of cavalry, commanded +by Captains Chichester and Bradfield; the two rifle companies, +commanded by Captains Henry and Humphries; and the +companies of light infantry, commanded by Captains Moore and +Cockerill, who, by their equipments and discipline did credit to +themselves and the county."<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a></p> + +<p>After being introduced to a few surviving soldiers of the Revolution, +the distinguished party was driven to Colonel Osburn's Hotel +(the present home of Mr. T. M. Fendall on Loudoun Street) the +street in front of which was filled with a great crowd of orderly +and well-behaved citizens. Here Lafayette was received by the +Mayor of Leesburg, Dr. John H. McCabe and the common council. +The mayor made an address of welcome and again Lafayette spoke +in reply.</p> + +<p>After a few minutes for rest and refreshment in the hotel, the +carriages were resumed and</p> + +<p>"the procession moved through Loudoun, Market, Back, Cornwall +and King Street. Between the gate of the Court house square +and the portico of the court-house an avenue had formed, by a line +on the right, of the young ladies of the Leesburg Female Academy +under the care of Miss Helen McCormick and Mrs. Lawrence +... dressed in white, with blue sashes, and their heads were +tastefully adorned with evergreens. They held sprigs of laurel in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span> +their hands, which they strewed in the way as the General passed +them."</p> + +<p>Another account discloses that the other side of the "avenue," +facing the evergreen-crowned girls, was formed by a line of boys +from the Leesburg Institute, whose costumes were embellished with +red sashes and white and black cockades. As Lafayette, smiling and +bowing, mounted the portico steps, he was greeted by Ludwell Lee +on behalf of the people of Loudoun with a patriotic speech and +once again the cheerful Marquis managed to make yet another +appropriate response. After a full year of the young Republic's +exuberant enthusiasm, the delivery of a mere half-dozen or so of +speeches of grateful acknowledgment in a single day has lost its +earlier terrors. At 4:00 o'clock a great banquet was spread on the +tables set up in the courthouse square, the guests' table being protected +by an awning. Toasts were enthusiastically given and drunk +to Adams, Lafayette and Monroe, each in turn replying. With that +auspicious start and the stimulus of the potent beverages, it is recorded +that as the time passed, the "volunteer toasts" waxed in number +and ecstacy. Afterward, the distinguished guests visited the home +of Mr. W. T. T. Mason for the baptism of his two infant daughters, +Lafayette acting as godfather for one and Adams and Monroe in +similar capacity for the other. More gayety in Leesburg, then a +drive through the summer night to Belmont and participation in the +merry-making there, before the illustrious visitors sought their +rooms for the night in that gracious mansion.<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a> As they returned to +Washington the next day, it must have been with a profound, if +weary, appreciation of the county's enthusiasm, affection and hospitality.</p> + +<p>In this second quarter of the nineteenth century, to which we +have now come, the name of Charles Fenton Mercer, soldier, +statesman and philanthropist, is writ large in Loudoun's records. +Already we have read of him in his country home and of his founding +the town of Aldie in 1810;<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a> but the brief reference there made<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span> +is wholly inadequate to the man and his accomplishments. Born in +Fredericksburg on the 6th June, 1778, he was the son of James +Mercer and grandson of that John Mercer of Marlboro whom we +have already met.<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a> His father, after a distinguished career, left at +his death an estate so much involved that the son had some difficulty +in securing his education. He, however, was able to graduate at +Princeton in 1797 and the next year, at the time of friction with +France, was given a commission by Washington as a captain of +cavalry. When the danger of war passed, he studied law and, admitted +to the Bar, practiced his profession with great success. He +served as brigadier general in command of the defense of Norfolk in +the War of 1812, removed to Loudoun, was a member of the Virginia +Legislature from 1810 to 1817 and, as a Federalist, was elected +a member of Congress, in 1816, over General A. T. Mason, the +election being so close, however, that it had to be decided by the +House of Representatives. In Congress he served until 1840, a longer +continuous service "than that of any of his contemporaries." Always +deeply interested in the project of the Chesapeake and Potomac +Canal, he introduced the first successful bill for its construction and +it was in tribute to him that those interested in the plan met in +Leesburg on the 25th August, 1823. When the canal company +was organized taking over, in effect, much of the plant of General +Washington's cherished project the Potomac Company, Mercer +became its first president and continued in that position during the +period of Federal encouragement. Then came the Jackson administration +and its opposition and, as a final blow, the organization of +the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. The day of the canals +gave place to that of the railroads; but that section of the canal in +Maryland, across the river from Loudoun, was completed and placed +in successful operation, affording to her people better and cheaper +transportation to Washington and Alexandria for their products +than they before had known.</p> + +<p>Mercer was an ardent protectionist, intensely opposed to slavery +and an advocate of the settlement of freed slaves in Liberia. He died<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span> +near Alexandria on the 4th May, 1858, and was buried in the +Leesburg Cemetery. On his headstone it is justly reaffirmed that +he was "A Patriot, Statesman, Philanthropist and Christian."<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a></p> + +<p>Mercer's day well may be cited as the most active and, perhaps, +the most ambitiously progressive in business affairs in the county's +history. Space precludes enumeration and extensive description of +all the enterprises then undertaken but passing mention may be +made of a few. The improvement of transportation was a dominant +motive. Canals, railroads, turnpikes all were instruments to that +end. An early railroad was projected by the men of Waterford and +incorporated in 1831 as the Loudoun Railroad Company to run from +the mouth of Ketoctin Creek on the Potomac "passing Ketoctin +mountain to the waters of Goose creek so as to intercept the Ashby's +Gap turnpike road"; a curious and impractical route it may seem to +us in the light of present conditions and that it was just as well that +the project died in birth. In 1832 another railroad but sponsored in +Leesburg, to be known as the Leesburg Railroad and to run from +that town to the Potomac, also came to naught. At length in 1849 +the Alexandria, Loudoun and Hampshire Railroad was incorporated +and built, and under various names has been since continuously operated, +thus giving the county its only railroad communication within +its boundaries.</p> + +<p>In 1832 there was incorporated the Goose Creek and Little River +Navigation Company to make those streams available as highways +of traffic. Locks, dams, ponds, feeders, and other appurtenant works +were ambitiously undertaken. With assistance from the State and +the proceeds of the company's sales of stock much construction was +accomplished; but during the Civil War the works were destroyed +by the Federal armies and they never have been restored.</p> + +<p>The Catoctin Furnace Company was another ambitious project. +Iron ore was mined in Furnace Mountain, opposite the Point of +Rocks, and for a time shipped away for smelting. In 1838 a furnace +for treatment of the ore was completed on the property and the ore<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span> +smelted at first with charcoal made at the plant and later, as +operations increased, with coke brought from a distance. The business +was highly successful and profitable until ruined by the Civil +War. It was this activity that caused the construction, in 1850, of +the original Point of Rocks bridge across the Potomac.<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a></p> + +<p>Reference to some of the many turnpike companies of the period +already has been made. Undertaken for the profit of the shareholders +as well as the convenience of the people they, for the first +time in her history, gave the county roads fit to bear heavy traffic +and were another exemplification of the energy of the time.</p> + +<p>When the church was disestablished after the Revolution it was +agreed that it would be left in possession of her property. As time +went on there arose a clamour among those of other beliefs that +her property and particularly her glebe lands should be sold by the +Overseers of the Poor, to whom the proceeds should go, their argument +being that having been acquired by taxes laid on the whole +community, the taxpayers as a body should benefit therefrom. +Bishop Mead describes what took place in Loudoun concerning Shelburne's +glebe:</p> + +<p>"About the year 1772, a tract of land containing 465 acres, on the +North Fork of Goose Creek was purchased and soon after, a house +put upon it. When Mr. Dunn became minister in 1801 an effort +was made by the overseers of the poor to sell it, but it was effectually +resisted at law. At the death of Mr. Dunn, in 1827, the overseers of +the poor again proceeded to sell it. The vestry was divided in opinion +as to the course to be pursued. Four of them—Dr. W. C. Selden, +Dr. Henry Claggett, Mr. Fayette Ball and George M. Chichester—were +in favour of resisting it; the other eight thought it best to +let it share the fate of all the others. It was accordingly sold. The +purchaser lived in Maryland; and, of course the matter might be +brought before the Supreme Court as a last resort, should the courts +of Virginia decide against the church's claim. The minority of four, +encouraged by the decision in the case of the Fairfax Glebe, determined<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span> +to engage in a lawsuit for it. It was first brought in Winchester +and decided against the Church. It was then carried to the +Court of Appeals in Richmond, and during its lingering progress +there, three of four of the vestrymen who engaged in it died, and the +fourth was persuaded to withdraw it."<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a></p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XV</h2> + +<h3>CIVIL WAR</h3> + + +<p>It was a happy, prosperous, and contented Loudoun that the +sun shone down upon in 1850. In politics the county was +predominantly Whig and in the growing national issues of +States' rights, slavery and secession, her sentiment clung to the +preservation of the Union; but the seeds of dissension had been +sown. The repercussions of John Brown's insane raid on the nearby +Harper's Ferry arsenal on the 16th October, 1859, were particularly +severe in Loudoun. The madness of it all profoundly shocked +the community and seemed to strike at the foundations of existing +society, law, and order. Yet a dogged adherence to that Union, +which Virginia had been so instrumental in building, persisted. +Little doubt was felt concerning the <i>right</i> of a sovereign State to +withdraw from what had been a wholly voluntary confederation, +but sentiment and a deep feeling of expediency strongly opposed +such action. Elsewhere in the State the tendency toward secession +was stronger. As the fateful days passed, Virginia was torn between +conflicting views. It is probable that the ranting of the extreme abolitionists +in the North drove more Virginians toward secession, and +that against their will, than the most persuasive arguments of its +fieriest advocates.</p> + +<p>The Legislature of 1861 recognized the peril of decision in favor +of either side, and the gravity of attendant consequences to be so +great, that it wisely decided to refer the issue to the people themselves. +On the 16th January of that year it therefore authorized that +a convention be called, to be made up of delegates elected from every +county, for the express purpose of deciding upon Virginia's course. +Thereupon such delegates, having been duly elected, the convention +met in Richmond on the 13th February, 1861, Loudoun being represented +by John Janney, at that time and until his death in 1872, a +leader of her Bar, and John A. Carter. Both opposed secession and +voted against it in a convention in which it was apparent that its +proponents held a majority. Nevertheless, Mr. Janney was elected +permanent chairman by a majority of the delegates—a great personal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span> +tribute to the man and evidence of the respect in which he was held. +Both those who favoured and those who condemned withdrawal +from the Union were given ample opportunity to expound and +urge their views. When the ominous vote was cast in secret session +on the 17th April, 1861, eighty-five of the delegates favoured and +fifty-five opposed an ordinance of secession; but their action was +conditioned upon the majority decision being referred back to the +people of Virginia for approval or rejection. Both Janney and Carter +voted against the measure but even while the convention was in +session a mass meeting, convened in Leesburg, passed resolutions +advocating the proposed ordinance. How great a change had taken +place in the sentiment of the county, during those early and fateful +months of 1861, is shone in the following table of the results in +Loudoun of the election of the 23rd May in which the ordinance of +secession was overwhelmingly ratified there:</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Secession"> +<tr><td align="left">Precincts</td><td align="right">For Secession</td><td align="right"> Against</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Aldie</td><td align="right">54</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Goresville</td><td align="right">117</td><td align="right">19</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gum Spring</td><td align="right">135</td><td align="right">5</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Hillsboro</td><td align="right">84</td><td align="right">38</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Leesburg</td><td align="right">400</td><td align="right">22</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Lovettsville</td><td align="right">46</td><td align="right">325</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Middleburg</td><td align="right">115</td><td align="right">0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mt. Gilead</td><td align="right">102</td><td align="right">19</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Powells Shop</td><td align="right">62</td><td align="right">0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Purcellville</td><td align="right">82</td><td align="right">31</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Snickersville</td><td align="right">114</td><td align="right">3</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Union</td><td align="right">150</td><td align="right">0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Waterford</td><td align="right">31</td><td align="right">220</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Waters</td><td align="right">26</td><td align="right">39</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Whaleys</td><td align="right">108</td><td align="right">0</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="right">——</td><td align="right">——</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Total</td><td align="right">1626</td><td align="right">726</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>The great mass of the American people, North and South, neither<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span> +expected nor wanted war. The overwhelming tragedy of it all lay +in the nation being caught and carried on in a flood of events beyond +its imagination or control and these, with sinister assistance from +fanatics and trouble-makers on both sides, brought on the devastating +deluge.</p> + +<p>With Lincoln's call for volunteers, Virginia rallied to resist what +she believed to be a threat of hostile armed invasion. The die was +cast.</p> + +<p>It is not the purpose of this book to attempt a detailed account of +the war-epoch in Loudoun. Much of her story during those dreary +years already has been recorded by other writers. The full narrative +deserves, and sometime undoubtedly will have, a volume to itself.</p> + +<p>Inasmuch as fate had made it a border county, it was inevitable +that intense factional bitterness should exist and that much fighting +should take place within its boundaries; but no major engagements +occurred there. Loudoun at least was spared the terrible slaughter +that destiny staged in Tidewater, the Valley and north of the Potomac.</p> + +<p>It required but little imagination on the part of the county government +to foresee the probability of fighting in the county and the +subversion of the civil authority, with the confusion and lawlessness +that would consequently ensue. Therefore the Loudoun Court, +headed by its then presiding Justice Asa Rogers, ordered the county +clerk, George K. Fox, Jr., to remove the county records to a place +of safety and to use his discretion for their preservation. Pursuant to +these instructions, Mr. Fox loaded the records into a large wagon +and with them drove south to Campbell County. For the next four +years he moved his precious charge about from place to place, as +danger threatened each refuge in turn, and in 1865 was able to bring +back to Leesburg every record intact as will appear in the following +chapter. Thus to Mr. Fox's faithful performance of his duty, Loudoun +owes the preservation of her records in happy contrast to the +loss, damage and destruction which came upon the archives of her +sister counties during the ensuing conflict. From a subsequent entry<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span> +in the court's records, we also learn that no court was held in the +county from February, 1862, until July, 1865.<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a></p> + +<p>With the inception of actual warfare the county divided along the +lines forecast by the election in May, 1861. Those sections in which +the Quakers and Germans predominated, continued strong in their +adherence to the Union; the remaining people of the county, with +comparatively few exceptions, were so deeply and unswervingly attached +to the Southern cause as to suggest the burning conviction of +religious zeal. To add to the intensity of hostile feeling, there were, +nevertheless, in all parts of the county, as was inevitable in a border +community, individuals who passionately disagreed with the convictions +of their neighbors and these as occasion offered and to the +detriment of their former friends, reported surreptitiously upon local +matters to the side with which their sympathies lay.</p> + +<p>The recruiting of soldiers began among the Confederates, to be +followed in due course by the Union men. "The 56th Virginia +Militia" writes Goodhart "commanded by Col. William Giddings, +was called out and about 60 percent of the regiment that lived east +of the Catoctin Mountain responded."<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> Many of those who thus reported +for duty were put to work, it is said, building the fortifications +around Leesburg, while a number of their former comrades abruptly +left Loudoun for the quieter atmosphere of Maryland.<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a> But the demand +for men far surpassed the resources of the organized militia. +For the Confederates, new commands sprang into being throughout +Virginia. The 8th Virginia Regiment, Company C (Loudoun +Guard) of the 17th Virginia Regiment and White's (35th Virginia) +Battalion, known as the "Comanches," were largely made up of +Loudoun men and many of the county's sons also were to be later +in Mosby's famous Partisan Rangers as well as in many other commands. +How far flung in the forces of the Confederacy were Loudoun's +soldiers is suggested by a copy of the "Roster of Clinton +Hatcher Camp, Confederate Veterans," (organized in Loudoun<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span> +County on the 13th February, 1888) which, framed for preservation, +hangs on the wall in the County Clerk's Office. It gives the names +and pictures of the original members and the military organization +in which each man served. Each of the following commands are +there represented by one or more former members:</p> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Roster"> +<tr><td align="left">1st Virginia Cavalry</td><td align="left">Stribbling's Artillery</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">2nd Virginia Cavalry</td><td align="left">Letcher's Artillery</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">4th Virginia Cavalry</td><td align="left">Gillmore's Battalion</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">6th Virginia Cavalry</td><td align="left">34th Va. Artillery</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">7th Virginia Cavalry</td><td align="left">Loudoun Artillery</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">35th Va. (White's) Battalion</td><td align="left">8th Virginia Infantry</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">43rd Va. Battalion (Mosby's Rangers)</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1st Maryland Cavalry</td><td align="left">17th Virginia Infantry</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">1st Richmond Howitzers</td><td align="left">40th Virginia Infantry</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Stuart's Horse Artillery</td><td align="left">1st Georgia Infantry</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Chew's Battery</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<div class="center"><span style="margin-left: 10em;">7th Georgia Infantry</span></div> + +<p>while, in addition, were many who served with staff rank or otherwise, +such as Dr. C. Shirley Carter, Surgeon on General Staff; John +W. Fairfax, Colonel, Adjutant and Inspector General's Department; +J. R. Huchison, Captain on Staffs of Generals Hunton and B. Johnson; +A. H. Rogers, First Lieutenant and Aide-de-Campe; William +H. Rogers, Lieutenant on Staff; Colonel Charles M. Fauntleroy, +Inspector General on Staff of General Joseph C. Johnston; H. O. +Claggett, Captain and Assistant Quartermaster; Arthur M. Chichester, +Captain and Assistant Military Engineer; L. C. Helm, +scout for Generals Beauregard and Lee; B. W. Lynn, First Lieutenant +Ordnance Department; William H. Payne, Brigadier General of +Cavalry, A. N. V.; John Y. Bassell, staff of General W. L. Jackson +and midshipman C. S. Navy.</p> + +<p>In the northern part of the county, Union men joined two companies +of cavalry which were known as the Loudoun Rangers, an +independent command raised by Captain Samuel C. Means of +Waterford, under a special order of E. M. Stanton, the Secretary of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span> +War and later merged in the 8th U. S. Corps. Between the troopers +of this organization on the one side and those of White and Mosby +on the other, some of them former friends and schoolmates, even +brothers, there were frequent and vicious engagements and mutual +animosity ran high, as presently we shall see.<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 550px;"> +<img src="images/illus-252.png" width="550" height="392" alt="The Old Valley Bank, Leesburg." title="The Old Valley Bank, Leesburg." /> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Old Valley Bank, Leesburg.</span></span> +</div> + +<p>With the intensity of recruiting, the county was soon drained of +many of its most vigorous and ablebodied men. At that time there +was but one bank in Leesburg—the old Valley Bank, concerning the +founding of which in 1818 we have read in the last chapter. One +day, so runs the story, there suddenly appeared in the town three +bandits who, making their way to the bank, then located in what +has since been known as the "Club House" on the northwest corner +of Market and Church Streets, proceeded to loot it. Tradition says +that they found and seized over $60,000 in gold and, placing it in +sacks they had provided, fled with it south along the Carolina Road. +The greatly excited citizens hurriedly formed a posse, made up +largely of men who were too old for military service together with a +number of boys, which pursued the robbers so hotly that the latter +left the highway where it passes the woods on Greenway, south of +the mansion, and sought to hide themselves there. Here they were +surrounded in the woods and either made their escape or were killed, +the narrative at this point becoming somewhat vague. Be that as it +may, they disappear from the story and the pursuers turned to recovering +their booty. A diligent search, continued long after nightfall, +failed to reveal the hiding-place of the plunder. With daylight +the search was renewed and, although carried on for many days, +during which much ground was dug over, not a dollar ever was recovered; +but for years the story of the hidden treasure was repeated +and even after the late John H. Alexander purchased Greenway, +long after the war, his children were regaled by the negro servants +with the story of the believed-to-be buried gold.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the work of building fortifications of earthworks, begun +by Colonel Giddings' 56th Regiment of Militia, had so far<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span> +progressed that there were three forts on elevated ground on different +sides of Leesburg. One, known as Fort Evans, named in +honour of Brigadier General Nathan G. Evans, in command of the +Leesburg neighborhood, was on the heights on the part of the +original Exeter between the Alexandria Pike and the Edwards' +Ferry roads, recently purchased by Mr. H. B. Harris of Chicago +from Mrs. William Rogers and Mr. Wallace George; another, +known as Fort Johnston, in honour of General Joseph E. Johnston, +commander of a portion of the Confederate troops at the first battle +of Manassas, (Bull Run), crowned the hill now covered by the extensive +orchards of Mr. Lawrence R. Lee, about one and one-half +miles west of Leesburg on the Alexandria Road; and the third, +known as Fort Beauregard, was constructed south of Tuscarora in +the triangle formed by the old road leading to Morrisworth, the road +to Lawson's old mill and Tuscarora. The property is now owned by +the heirs of the late Mahlon Myers.</p> + +<p>All of these fortifications were, at the time, considered of great +potential importance but in the course of events none, save for a +long-distance bombardment of Fort Evans on the 19th October, +1861, were destined ever to be attacked nor, therefore, defended. +The remains of all remain largely in place, useful only as local monuments +to Loudoun's most tragic era.</p> + +<p>The principal engagement in the county between the hostile +armies took place in the first year of the war. Soon after the first +battle of Manassas (Bull Run) the Leesburg neighborhood was held +for the Confederates by Brigadier General Nathan G. Evans and +his 7th Brigade made up of the 8th Virginia Infantry under Colonel +Eppa Hunton; the 13th Mississippi, under Colonel William Barksdale; +the 17th Mississippi, under Colonel W. S. Featherstone, together +with a battery and four companies of cavalry under Colonel +W. H. Jenifer, all sent there by General Beauregard to protect his +left flank from attacks by General McClellan, whose forces lay +across the Potomac, and to keep open communications with the +Confederate troops in the Valley.</p> + +<p>On the 19th October, 1861 Dranesville, a hamlet on the Alexandria<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span> +Road, fifteen miles southeast of Leesburg, was occupied by +Federal troops under General McCall. That evening his advance +guard opened artillery fire on Fort Evans, just east of Leesburg, and +another bombardment began at nearby Edwards' Ferry. Evans thereupon +ordered certain of his troops to leave the town and occupy +trenches he had dug along the line of Goose Creek, to meet the expected +general attack. On the following day, a Sunday, word came to +McClellan that the Confederates were evacuating Leesburg, whereupon +that General sought to make a "slight demonstration," as he +termed it, that is an increased firing by the pickets on the north side +of the Potomac, with, perhaps, a small force of skirmishers thrown +across, to confirm the Confederates in their belief that a general attack +was impending and thus to hasten their complete evacuation of +the town. It was no part of McClellan's plan, apparently, that troops +should cross in force from the Maryland side or that a major engagement +should be precipitated. Brigadier General C. P. Stone, in +immediate command of the Federal forces along the river, nevertheless +ordered a considerable force to cross to the Virginia side, both at +Edwards' Ferry and also at Ball's Bluff, some four miles up the Potomac. +Apparently in ignorance of Stone's actions, McCall, at about +the same time, was retiring his men to their camp at Prospect Hill, +four miles west of the old Chain Bridge. Evans was in the fort bearing +his name. Early in the morning of the 21st, he learned that the +Federals had crossed the river at Ball's Bluff, driving back Captain +Duffy and a small force of Confederates. Thereupon Evans sent +Colonel Jenifer with four companies of Mississippi infantry and two +of cavalry to engage Stone. As a result, Stone's men were pressed +back to the river around Ball's Bluff.</p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 550px;"> +<img src="images/illus-256.png" width="550" height="359" alt="Battle of Ball's Bluff. (From an engraving published in 1862 by Virtus and Company. New York.)" title="Battle of Ball's Bluff. (From an engraving published in 1862 by Virtus and Company. New York.)" /> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">Battle of Ball's Bluff.</span> (From an engraving published in 1862 by Virtus and Company. New York.)</span> +</div> + +<p>In his official report Gen. Evans wrote:</p> + +<p>"At about 2 o'clock p.m. on the 21st a message was sent to Brigadier +General R. L. White to bring his militia force to my assistance at +Fort Evans. He reported to me, in person, that he was unable to get +his men to turn out, though there were a great number in town, and +arms and ammunition were offered them."</p> + +<p>The Federal force which first had crossed to Ball's Bluff, was composed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span> +of 300 men of the 15th Massachusetts under Colonel Devens. +Later it was augmented by a company from the 20th Massachusetts. +No adequate transportation across the river for a large force had been +provided, so that later it was difficult to send over needed Federal +support. When Evans became convinced that the main fight would +be at Ball's Bluff, he sent forward Colonel Hunton and his 8th Virginia +Regiment of which several of the companies had been recruited +in Loudoun. To these forces there were added, later in the day, the +17th and 18th Mississippi. Sharp fighting, with advantage first to +one side and then to the other, culminated in a Confederate bayonet +charge and the resulting route of the Federals, many of whom were +killed and wounded, others driven into the river and drowned and +by 8:00 o'clock the survivors surrendered and were marched as +prisoners to Leesburg. It is estimated that about 1,700 men were +engaged on each side. The Confederate loss was reported as 36 killed, +118 wounded and 2 missing. The Federals reported losses of 49 +killed, 158 wounded and 714 missing. The Confederate dead were +interred in the Union Cemetery at Leesburg; the Federal slain are +buried at Ball's Bluff where their lonely resting place long has been +cared for by the Federal Government.<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a></p> + +<p>Among the killed were Colonel Baker of the Massachusetts troops +and Colonel Burt of the 18th Mississippi. Among the very dangerously +wounded was a young Massachusetts first lieutenant who, +miraculously recovering, later crowned a long judicial career as a venerated +member of the Supreme Court of the United States and conferred +additional lustre upon the name of Oliver Wendell Holmes.</p> + +<p>The Confederates were led in the fighting by Colonel Eppa Hunton +of the 8th Virginia. It was he who rallied that regiment when a +part of it was in retreat and turned threatened disaster into victory. +Colonel Hunton had been born in Fauquier on the 2nd September, +1822, of a family long settled in that County. At the outbreak of the +war he was practicing law in Prince William and held a commission<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span> +as brigadier general in the Militia. After the Ordinance of Secession +was adopted, he was commissioned a colonel by Governor Letcher +and ordered to raise the 8th Virginia Infantry. For that purpose he +proceeded to Leesburg and recruited his command. Chas. B. Tebbs +became Lieut. Colonel and Norborne Berkeley, Major. Both were of +Loudoun and Berkeley eventually succeeded Hunton in command of +the Regiment. Of the ten companies in the regiment, six originally +were made up of Loudoun men under Captains William N. Berkeley, +Nathaniel Heaton, Alexander Grayson, William Simpson, Wampter, +and John R. Carter. Of the remaining four companies, one was +from Prince William, one from Fairfax and two from Fauquier. During +the war the regiment covered itself with glory by its splendid +fighting qualities from the first Manassas to Pickett's charge at +Gettysburg and suffered frightful losses. It became known from +these losses, as the "Bloody Eighth." Hunton, shot through the leg +at Gettysburg, was promoted for his valour there to brigadier general. +After the war he lived in Warrenton, practicing his profession +with marked ability in Fauquier, Loudoun, and Prince William +where juries, frequently including members of his former regiment, +seldom failed to give him their verdict. He served as a member of the +House of Representatives and later as United States Senator from +Virginia, holding in his professional and political life the esteem and +affection he had won on many a field of battle.</p> + +<p>Acting as a volunteer scout for Colonel Hunton, that day of the +Ball's Bluff Battle was a young trooper of Ashby's Cavalry who, +migrating from Maryland to Loudoun in 1857, purchased a farm +on the shore of the Potomac and became very much of a Virginian. +Elijah Viers White was born in Poolesville, Maryland, in 1832, attended +Lima Seminary in Livingston County, New York, and later +spent two years at Granville College in Licking County, Ohio. With +the restlessness of his age he went to Kansas in 1855 and, as a member +of a Missouri company, had some part in the factional fighting +then distracting that territory. At the time of John Brown's raid on +Harper's Ferry he served as a corporal in the Loudoun Cavalry and +soon after the outbreak of the war was transferred to Ashby's Legion.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span> +By December, 1861, he was a captain, reporting to General Hill, +and in charge of a line of couriers between Leesburg and Winchester. +During the winter of 1861-'62 this force was quartered in Waterford +and, somewhat augmented in numbers, was assigned to scouting +and guarding the Potomac shore. Thus originated the unit which +became so famous in Loudoun's history—the 35th Virginia Cavalry<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a> +or, as it was more generally known, "White's Battalion"—the +"Comanches" affectionately held in local memory. Although having +but about twenty-five men when wintering in Waterford, the +organization increased with such rapidity that before the war's end +its rolls, according to Captain Frank M. Myers, its historian, bore +nearly 700 names. On the 28th October, 1862, it was formally mustered +into the Confederate service by Colonel Bradley T. Johnson of +General J. E. B. Stuart's staff. In its inception formed for scouting, +raiding and other local duty, and regarded as an independent organization, +it was fated in January, 1863, to become a part of Brigadier +General William E. Jones' Brigade and thenceforward continued a +part of the regular military establishment of the Confederacy.</p> + +<p>As the fame and exploits of the command and its leader grew, the +latter was promoted major in October, 1862, and lieutenant colonel +in February, 1863. That he was not made a brigadier-general in accordance +with the recommendation of the military committee of the +Confederate Congress was due chiefly to General Lee's personal disapproval +of Colonel White's lack of severity as a disciplinarian. Undoubtedly +his men took advantage of his protective attitude toward +them and incidents of insubordination, desertion, and even mutiny +were not infrequent;<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> but as enthusiastic and fearless fighters they +won and held the respect of both sides alike. How well and dearly +this reputation as warriors was earned is shown by their participation +in no less than thirty-one battles, including Cold Harbor, Sharpsburg +(Antietam), Gettysburg, the Wilderness, Spotsylvania and +Appomattox and in fifty-nine recorded minor engagements as well.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span><a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a> +Colonel White himself was severely wounded on no less than seven +occasions. Such was the esteem in which he continued to be held in +Loudoun after the war, that he was elected sheriff of the county and +also its treasurer. He was a principal founder and the first president +of the Peoples National Bank of Leesburg which position he continued +to occupy until his death in 1907. General Eppa Hunton in +his autobiography has this to say of him: "No man in the Confederate +Army stood higher for bravery, dash and patriotic devotion +than Colonel 'Lige' White."</p> + +<p>In the meanwhile, as we have seen, the Loudoun Rangers had +been organized on the territory west and north of the Catoctin +Mountain by Union men and had been taken into the Federal service. +In August, 1862, this command, then numbering about fifty, +was making its headquarters in the small brick Baptist Meeting +House which still stands in Waterford, whence it had been participating +in raids on the Confederate portion of the county. About 3:00 +o'clock in the morning of the 27th of August, while a certain number +of the Rangers were away from the church on raids or picket duty, +Captain E. V. White, with forty or fifty men, made a carefully +planned attack on the building and after some sharp fighting, in +which one of the Rangers was killed and ten wounded, the men in +the church surrendered and were taken prisoners and paroled.</p> + +<p>On the 1st September the Rangers were involved in another fight, +this time with Colonel Munford's 2nd Virginia Cavalry sent forward +by General Stuart for that purpose, the encounter taking place between +the top of Mile Hill and the Big Spring on the Carolina Road. +The Rangers were at the time reinforced by about 125 men of Cole's +Maryland Cavalry but the Confederates, by getting in their rear and +completely surrounding them, put them to route in a hot sabre +fight. Goodhart, the Rangers' historian, comments that these two +defeats, coming so closely together, almost broke up that organization +and "did to a very large extent interfere with the future usefulness +of the command."<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a> It continued in service, however, until the +end of the war, participating in the battle of Antietam, in the Gettysburg<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span> +campaign, and in the Shenandoah Valley campaign in September, +1864.</p> + +<p>It was in the same September of 1862, it will be remembered, that +Lee undertook his first invasion of Maryland. He and General Stonewall +Jackson spent the night at the residence of the late Henry T. +Harrison on the west side of King Street, now occupied by Mr. Harrison's +grandchildren, Mr. Cuthbert Conrad and his two sisters. +"The triumphant army of Lee," writes Head "on the eve of the first +Maryland campaign, was halted at Leesburg and stripped of all +superfluous transportation, broken-down horses and wagons and +batteries not supplied with good horses being left behind."<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a> It is +said that Jackson rose early in the morning from his bed in the Harrison +house to examine the several suggested points for the Southern +Army to cross the Potomac. He is locally credited with the decision +that the place known as White's Ford was best for the purpose and +it was there, on the 5th September, that much of the Army crossed. +With such a vast number to put across the river, it is probable that +all the ferries and fords in the Leesburg neighborhood were used. It +is well to note that White's Ford and the present White's Ferry +(then known as Conrad's Ferry) are two very different places. The +Ferry is at the end of the road now marked by the State, running +along the south side of Rockland; the Ford is to the north thereof at +the head of Mason's Island. Obviously the depth of the water at +White's Ferry would preclude its use as a ford. Goodhart says Edwards' +and Noland's Ferries were used,<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a> while the report of the Federal +Signal Officer (Major A. J. Myers) made to Brigadier General +S. Williams, dated the 6th October, 1862, records the Confederates +"crossing the Potomac near the Monocacy, and the commencement +of their movement into Maryland."<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a> Nevertheless the Confederate +official reports definitely shew that a great number, probably the +major part of the vast host, crossed at White's Ford, including Stonewall +Jackson's own men, General Early's Division (which had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span> +passed through Leesburg the day before and camped that night +"near a large spring"—whether Big Spring or the old Ducking Pond +of Raspberry Plain does not definitely appear); General Hood's Division, +Colonel B. T. Johnson's 2nd Virginia Brigade, McGowan's +Brigade, etc.<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> Never were the hopes of the Confederates more rosy; +it is recorded that, as the Army crossed the river, the men sang and +cheered with joy and that every band played "Maryland, my Maryland." +Twelve days later there was fought the battle of Antietam, +the bloodiest day's conflict of the whole war, and on the night of +the 18th September the Confederates, in retreat but in good order, +recrossed the Potomac.</p> + +<p>While the battle of Antietam was being so hotly fought in nearby +Maryland, Lieutenant Colonel (later Major General) Hugh Judson +Kilpatrick, advancing from Washington with ten companies of +Federal cavalry, reached Leesburg where there still remained a small +Confederate force made up of Company A of the 6th Virginia Cavalry +and about forty Mississippi infantrymen under Captain Gibson, +then acting as Provost Marshal of the town. Being largely outnumbered, +the Confederates were about to retire when they were +joined by Captain E. V. White and thirty of his men. Persuading +the soldiers already there to make an effort to hold the town, White +and his men exchanged shots with the Federal advance guard; but +finding that Kilpatrick was bringing a battery forward, the Confederates +retreated through the town's streets. Kilpatrick, however, had +already trained his cannon upon Leesburg, thereby subjecting it to +its first and only artillery bombardment and greatly terrifying the +civilian population. Myers records that "shrieking shells came crashing +through walls and roofs" of Leesburg's buildings. The Federal +report avers that but a few shells were fired "over the town."<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> After +this brief artillery fire, Kilpatrick sent a detachment of his 10th New +York Cavalry through Leesburg's streets who came in touch with the +Confederates on the town's outskirts. Here Captain White, about to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span> +lead his cavalry in a charge, was severely wounded by the fire of the +Confederate Infantry and as his men, in retreat, carried him to +Hamilton, the Confederate Infantry also fell back, leaving the town +to Kilpatrick. By way of souvenir of this little engagement, there still +remains a bullet-hole in the front door of the house on the south side +of East Market street then occupied by the late Burr W. Harrison +but now the residence of his grandson, the Hon. Charles F. Harrison, +Commonwealth's Attorney of Loudoun. According to the official +Federal report, already quoted, the Confederate "force at Leesburg +was principally comprised of convalescents and cavalry sent to +escort them. The whole country from Warrenton to Leesburg is +filled with sick soldiers abandoned on the wayside by the enemy."</p> + +<p>At the outbreak of the war Loudoun was, as it now again has come +to be, one of the most fertile, prosperous and best farmed counties in +all Virginia. When the fighting was fairly under way, it, from its +position as border territory, was dominated by one side after the other +but at almost all times was overrun by scouts and raiding parties +from both armies. Her farms and their abundant livestock and produce +offered constant, if unwilling, invitation to these soldiers to replenish +their need of horses, cattle, hogs, grain and forage; and every +account of the period refers again and again to instances of seizure of +these supplies, involving the greatest hardships, as they came to do, +to the rightful owners. It seems to have made little difference as to +which side was temporarily in control, so far as these levies were concerned, +for both Federals and Confederates appropriated supplies +from the farms of foes and friends alike, sometimes, it is true, giving +receipts or certificates covering what they had taken, with a cheerful +promise of ultimate compensation, and sometimes wholly waiving +that formality. Also, as the armies passed and repassed, there were +roving deserters from both sides and "the mountains were infested +with horse-thieves and desperadoes who were ready to prey upon the +inhabitants, regardless as to whether their sympathies were with the +North or South."<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> "Numerous raids" quoting Deck and Heaton, +"made by both armies drained the abundant food resources of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span> +county. The women and the children were hard pressed for food, +but they met the privations of war bravely and loyally."<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a> Head, writing +prior to 1908, when there still lived many whose knowledge of +war conditions in Loudoun was based on personal experience and observation +and who, on every hand, were available for consultation, +says that the people of the county</p> + +<p>"probably suffered more real hardships and deprivations than any +other community of like size in the Southland.... Both +armies, prompted either by fancied military necessity or malice, +burned or confiscated valuable forage crops and other stores, and +nearly every locality, at one time or another, witnessed depredation, +robbery, murder, arson and rapine. Several towns were shelled, +sacked and burned but the worse damage was done the country +districts by raiding parties of Federals."<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a> Col. Mosby, of the famous +Partisan Rangers, adds his testimony, writing particularly of the upper +part of Fauquier and Loudoun:</p> + +<p>"Although that region was the Flanders of the war, and harried +worse than any of which history furnishes an example since the desolation +of the Palatinates by Louis XIV, yet the stubborn faith of the +people never wavered. Amid fire and sword they remained true to +the last, and supported me through all the trials of the war."<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a></p> + +<p>This last quotation brings to our story one of the most picturesque +figures in either army and one whose numerous exploits in Loudoun +and her adjoining counties were truly of that inherent nature from +which popular legend and folklore evolve. John Singleton Mosby +was born at Edgemont in Powhattan County, Virginia, on the 6th +December, 1833. He was educated at the University of Virginia, +was admitted to the Bar and when the war broke out was practicing +his profession in Bristol. Promptly volunteering for service, he became +a cavalry private in the Washington Mounted Rifles and when +that became a part of the 1st Virginia Cavalry, Mosby was promoted +to be its adjutant. Subsequently he served as an independent scout<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span> +for General J. E. B. Stuart until captured by the Federals and imprisoned +in Washington. After his exchange he was made a captain +in the Provisional Army of the Confederate States by General Lee,<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> +later a major and then colonel, serving on detached service under +General Lee's orders. During the winter of 1862-'63 he built up his +command known as Mosby's Partisan Rangers (which had more +formal status as the 43rd Battalion, Virginia Cavalry) in the territory +between the Rappahannock and the Potomac, where, for the remainder +of the war, he continued to operate; but the heart of his domain +was thus described</p> + +<p>"From Snickersville along the Blue Ridge Mountains to Linden; +thence to Salem (now called Marshall); to the Plains; thence along +the Bull Run Mountains to Aldie and from thence along the turnpike +to the place of beginning, Snickersville."<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a></p> + +<p>This was the true "Mosby's Confederacy," as it became known, +and Mosby's Confederacy in very fact it was, albeit a precarious and +but loosely held realm. By Mosby's orders, no member of his command +was to leave these bounds without permission.</p> + +<p>Mosby's purpose, always governing his operations, is thus described +by him:</p> + +<p>"To weaken the armies invading Virginia by harassing their rear—to +destroy supply trains, to break up the means of conveying intelligence, +and thus isolating an army from its base, as well as its different +corps from each other, to confuse their plans by capturing despatches, +are the objects of partisan war. I endeavoured, so far as I +was able, to diminish this aggressive power of the army of the Potomac, +by compelling it to keep a large force on the defensive."<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a></p> + +<p>He was amazingly successful. His men had no camps. To have had +definite headquarters would have been to invite certain destruction or +capture. When too hotly pursued, they scattered over the friendly +countryside, hiding in the hills, the woods, farmhouses or barns and +often, if discovered, appearing as working farmers. "They would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span> +scatter for safety" says Mosby, "and gather at my call, like the +Children of the Mist." Their attacks frequently were made at night; +but whether by day or night so unexpectedly as always to utterly +confuse their foes and keep them in such nervous anticipation of attack +at unknown and unpredictable points that Mosby became to +them a major scourge. Branded as "guerilla," "bushwhacker," and +"freebooter," Mosby stoutly and logically maintained that his +method of fighting was wholly within the rules of war and when +General Custer took some of his men prisoners and hanged them as +thieves and murderers, Mosby, acting on Lee's instructions, promptly +retaliated by hanging an equal number of Custer's men as soon +as he was able to capture them. That appears to have ended the execution +of captured Mosby men, save for rare individual and heinous +offences.</p> + +<p>One of the most spectacular and, upon the local imagination, lastingly +impressive forays made by him was the so-called "Greenback +Raid" in which, on the 14th October, 1864, his men wrecked a Baltimore +and Ohio train near Brown's Crossing. Among the passengers +were two Federal paymasters, carrying $168,000 in United States +currency. This was seized by Mosby's men, carried to Bloomfield in +Loudoun, and divided among the raiders, each receiving about +$2,000. It is related that thenceforth, until the end of the war, there +was ample Federal currency circulating in Loudoun.</p> + +<p>His men were volunteers, many having served in other Confederate +commands and thence attracted to Mosby by his romantic +reputation and his greater freedom of operation. Numerous Loudoun +men were in the organization<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a> but they made up a much smaller +proportion than in White's Battalion or in the 8th Virginia Regiment. +Many of his men were very young. One of these youths who +survived the constant perils which surrounded the band was John +H. Alexander, born in Clarke County. After peace was declared, he +completed his interrupted education, was admitted to the Bar and, +eventually taking up his permanent residence in Loudoun, very successfully +practiced his profession there until his death in February,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span> +1909. He wrote an interesting book, <i>Mosby's Men</i>, covering his experience +with that leader, which was published in 1907. His only +son, the Hon. John H. R. Alexander, one of the most esteemed and +efficient judges Loudoun has contributed to the Virginia Bench, now +presides over the Circuit Court for Loudoun and adjacent counties. +Two more of Mosby's youths, these both of Loudoun, were Henry +C. Gibson and J. West Aldridge. After the war Mr. Gibson married +Mr. Aldridge's sister. Dr. John Aldridge Gibson and Dr. Harry +P. Gibson, prominent Leesburg physicians, are the sons of this marriage. +Did space permit many others Loudoun members of the command +could be mentioned. The instances given go to show how the +sons of Mosby's Rangers still carry on in Loudoun.</p> + +<p>On the 17th June, 1863, Lee's Army was on its way north for its +second invasion of Maryland and toward the fateful field of Gettysburg. +General J. E. B. Stuart, in command of the Confederate Cavalry, +had established his temporary headquarters at Middleburg. +Early that morning Colonel Munford, with the 2nd and 3rd Virginia +Cavalry, acting as advance guard of General Fitzhugh Lee, was +foraging in the neighborhood of Aldie with Colonel Williams C. +Wickham, who had with him the 1st, 4th, and 5th Virginia Cavalry. +While Colonel Thomas L. Rosser was carrying out Colonel +Wickham's orders to select a camp near Aldie, he came in contact +with General G. M. Griggs' 2nd Cavalry Division of Federals made +up of General Kilpatrick's Brigade (2nd and 4th New York, 1st +Massachusetts and 6th Ohio Regiments) the 1st Maine Cavalry and +Randol's Battery. These forces attacked each other with the greatest +determination and courage. Charges were followed by counter-charges +and desperately contending every foot of ground the adversaries +surged up and down the Little River Turnpike and the Snickerville +Road, where two squadrons of sharpshooters from the 2nd and +3rd Virginia Cavalry were holding back Kilpatrick's men. Says Colonel +Munford in his report of the fight:</p> + +<p>"As the enemy came up again the sharpshooters opened upon him +with terrible effect from the stone wall, which they had regained, and +checked him completely. I do not hesitate to say that I have never<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span> +seen so many Yankees killed in the same space of ground in any fight +I have seen on any battle field in Virginia that I have been over. We +held our ground until ordered by the major-general commanding to +retire, and the Yankees had been so severely punished that they did +not follow. The sharpshooters of the 5th were mostly captured, this +regiment suffering more than any other."<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a></p> + +<p>In truth the Federal soldiers had paid dearly for their victory. Dr. +James Moore, who was acting as surgeon with Kilpatrick and afterward +wrote a life of that General, calls this engagement "by far the +most bloody cavalry battle of the war."<a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a></p> + +<p>While all this desperate fighting was going on around Aldie, +Colonel A. N. Duffie, with the 1st Rhode Island Cavalry, was on a +scouting expedition, having crossed the Bull Run Mountain at +Thoroughfare Gap and being headed for Noland's Ferry. His orders +were to camp on the night of the 17th at Middleburg. Approaching +that town about 4:00 o'clock in the afternoon, he drove in Stuart's +pickets "so quickly that Stuart and his staff were compelled to make +a retreat more rapid than was consistent with dignity and comfort."<a name="FNanchor_176_176" id="FNanchor_176_176"></a><a href="#Footnote_176_176" class="fnanchor">[176]</a> +The Confederate forces at Aldie were notified of the situation and +ordered to Middleburg but Duffie apparently was not aware of the +heavy fighting that had taken place at Aldie. When he at length +succeeded in getting a message through to Aldie, asking reinforcements, +Kilpatrick replied that his brigade was too exhausted to respond, +though he would report the situation at once to General +Pleasanton, in command of the Federals. "Thus" writes H. B. McClellan, +"Col. Duffie was left to meet his fate.... His men fought +bravely and repelled more than one charge before they were driven +from the town, retiring by the same road upon which they had advanced." +But during the night Duffie was surrounded by Chambliss's +Brigade and although Duffie himself, with four of his officers and +twenty-seven men, eluded their foes and reached Centreville the next +afternoon, he was obliged to report a loss of twenty officers and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span> +248 men. Some of these, at first thought killed or captured, also succeeded +in getting back to the Federal lines but the defeat had been +crushing.</p> + +<p>After Gettysburg, General Lee's Army passed through Loudoun, +followed by General Meade. Again, on the 14th July, 1864, General +Early, after the battle of Monocacy, crossed with his Army from +Maryland to Virginia at White's Ford. After resting his men in and +around Leesburg he proceeded by way of Purcellville and Snickers +Gap to the Valley.</p> + +<p>All this time Mosby had been active in his "Confederacy" and +attacks on the Federal communications also had been made by +White's Battalion when in and around Loudoun. These attacks, frequently +successful and always without warning, had caused great +losses to the Federals and forced them to keep a large number of men +engaged in their rear who badly were needed elsewhere. On the +16th August, 1864, General Grant, determining to end the menace, +sent the following order to Major General Sheridan:</p> + +<p>"If you can possibly spare a division of Cavalry, send them +through Loudoun County to destroy and carry off the crops, animals, +negroes and all men under fifty years of age capable of bearing arms. +In this way you will get many of Mosby's men. All male citizens +under fifty can fairly be held as prisoners of war, and not as citizen +prisoners. If not already soldiers, they will be made so the moment +the rebel army gets hold of them."</p> + +<p>But Sheridan at that time was far too busy with his campaign in +the Valley immediately to comply. It was not until after his decisive +victory over Early at Cedar Creek on the 19th October, that he felt +he could act. On the 27th November he issued the following orders +to Major General Merritt in command of the 1st Cavalry Division:</p> + +<p>"You are hereby directed to proceed, tomorrow morning at 7 +o'clock, with two brigades of your division now in camp, to the east +side of the Blue Ridge, via Ashby's Gap, and operate against the +guerillas in the district of country bounded on the south by the line +of the Manassas Gap Railroad, as far east as White Plains; on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span> +east by the Bull Run Range; on the west by the Shenandoah River; +and on the north by the Potomac.</p> + +<p>"This section has been the hot-bed of lawless bands who have +from time to time depredated upon small parties on the line of the +army communications, on safeguards left at houses, and on small +parties of our troops. Their real object is plunder and highway robbery.</p> + +<p>"To clear the country of these parties that are bringing destruction +upon the innocent as well as their guilty supporters by their cowardly +acts, you will consume and destroy all forage and subsistence, burn +all barns and mills and their contents and drive off all stock in the +region, the boundaries of which are above described. This order must +be literally executed, bearing in mind, however that no dwellings are +to be burned and that no personal violence be offered the citizens.</p> + +<p>"The ultimate results of the guerilla system of warfare is the total +destruction of all private rights in the country occupied by such +parties. The destruction may as well commence at once and the responsibility +of it must rest upon the authorities at Richmond, who +have acknowledged the legitimacy of guerilla bands.</p> + +<p>"The injury done to them by this army is very slight, the injury +they have indirectly inflicted upon the people and upon the rebel +army may be counted by millions.</p> + +<p>"The reserve brigade of your division will move to Snickersville +on the 29th. Snickersville should be your point of concentration, and +the point from which you should operate in destroying toward the +Potomac.</p> + +<p>"Four days' subsistence will be taken by your command. Forage can be +gathered from the country through which you pass.</p> + +<p>"You will return to your present camp, via Snickersville, on the fifth +day.</p> + + +<p> +"By command of Major-General Sheridan.<br /> + + +<span style="margin-left: 10em;">James W. Forsyth,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 10em;">Lieutenant-Colonel and Chief of Staff.</span> +</p> + +<p>"Brevet Major-General Merritt<br /> + Commanding First Cavalry Division."</p> + + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span></p> + +<p>In pursuance of these orders Federal soldiers in three bodies entered +the county on their devastating work. Williamson, himself a member +of Mosby's band and an eyewitness of what followed, writes:</p> + +<p>"The Federals separated into three parties, one of which went +along the Bloomfield road and down Loudoun, in the direction of the +Potomac; another passed along the Piedmont pike to Rectortown, +Salem and around to Middleburg; while the main body kept along +the turnpike to Aldie, where they struck the Snickersville pike. Thus +they scoured the country completely from the Blue Ridge to the Bull +Run Mountains. From Monday afternoon, November 28th, until +Friday morning December 2nd, they ranged through the beautiful +valley of Loudoun and a portion of Fauquier County, burning and +laying waste. They robbed the people of everything they could destroy +or carry off—horses, cows, cattle, sheep, hogs etc; killing poultry, +insulting women, pillaging houses and in many cases robbing +even the poor negroes. They burned all the mills and factories as +well as hay, wheat, corn, straw and every description of forage. Barns +and stables, whether full or empty, were burned—Colonel Mosby +did not call the command together, therefore there was no organized +resistance, but Rangers managed to save a great deal of livestock for +the farmers by driving it off to places of safety. In many instances, +after the first day of burning, we would run off stock from the path +of the raiders into the limits of the district already burned over, and +there it was kept undisturbed or in a situation where it could be more +easily driven off and concealed...."<a name="FNanchor_177_177" id="FNanchor_177_177"></a><a href="#Footnote_177_177" class="fnanchor">[177]</a></p> + +<p>The loss to the county was enormous. Although many old and +well-built mills, and barns of brick or stone were not destroyed, as is +conclusively proven by their survival to this day, and the devastation +did not equal that in the Valley,<a name="FNanchor_178_178" id="FNanchor_178_178"></a><a href="#Footnote_178_178" class="fnanchor">[178]</a> yet how great was the aggregate +damage is suggested by a report submitted to the second session of +the Fifty-first Congress (1890-91) in which sworn claims of adherents +to the Union alone amounted to $199,228.24 for property +burned and to an additional $61,821.13 for live stock taken; the report<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span> +adding that there had been no estimate of the losses sustained +by those whose sympathies were with the Confederates.<a name="FNanchor_179_179" id="FNanchor_179_179"></a><a href="#Footnote_179_179" class="fnanchor">[179]</a> That the +total loss to the people of the County, as a result of Sheridan's order, +was over a million dollars well may be believed—and this in a community +which had been raided and robbed and levied upon by both +armies, as well as many outlaw bands for over three years of warfare! +The privations and suffering of the following winter and spring can +but be imagined. It may be noted that a Federal Brigade, under General +Deven, established its headquarters at Lovettsville about Christmas +time and that, although his soldiers patrolled all parts of Loudoun +during that winter, yet in spite of all the war-time strain and +hatreds, their relations with the people of the county were far better +than usually prevailed.</p> + +<p>"The year 1864 closed with a gloomy outlook for the Confederacy" +writes Williamson and adds that "the winter in Virginia was +very severe and the ground was covered with snow and sleet for the +better part of the season." About all the comfort Loudoun had was +in the repeated rumours of peace to which the people eagerly listened +and repeated one to another.</p> + +<p>And so the bitter winter passed and in the spring came Appomattox.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHAPTER XVI</h2> + +<h3>RECOVERY</h3> + + +<p>From east to west, from north to south, her farm lands ravaged, +plundered and made desolate, many of her sons dead or +incapacitated by wounds or sickness, her barns, outbuildings +and fences burned, her horses, cattle and other livestock stolen, confiscated +or wantonly driven away, Loudoun presented, in that summer +of 1865, a sad and dispiriting contrast to the fruitful abundance +of five years before. By the terms of the surrender at Appomattox +the Southern cavalryman had been allowed to retain the horse or +horses owned by him; but as the infantry started on their long trudge +homeward, they carried with them little beyond the ragged clothes +they wore and their determination to begin life anew. How slowly +and with what unremitting toil and self-denial the ruined farms were +restored, the fields again made to yield their corn and wheat and +clover, rails split to rebuild the vanished fences, makeshifts at first +and then better structures erected to replace those burned, only the +people who lived through those years of poverty could tell; and on +that slow path upward from ruin and desolation the part borne by +the women equalled, perhaps surpassed, that enacted by the men. +The County still reverently relates the uncomplaining toil and sacrifices +of mothers, wives and daughters during that grievous time.</p> + +<p>Bad as conditions were for the majority, they were even worse for +the large landowners, the former wealthier class. Gentlefolk, wholly +unused to manual labor, perforce turned to tasks theretofore the work +of their slaves. The men ploughed and hoed, their women cooked, +performed every household task and somehow kept up their homes. +One of the few bright spots in the drab picture was that dwelling-houses +seldom had been destroyed; thus at least there was human +shelter. Also the small towns and hamlets, having escaped the devastation +of the farm lands, were to a certain extent nuclei from +which the new life could be built.</p> + +<p>County government had well-nigh ceased to function during the +war. All those who had borne arms against the United States or +otherwise aided and abetted the Confederacy—that is, a very definite<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span> +majority of the men of the county—now found themselves disfranchised; +the minority of Union men, Quakers, Germans or others +who had discreetly avoided acting with one side or the other, controlled +the first local election after the peace. It was held on the 1st +day of June, 1865. The court record, after a long silence and copied +into its books later, begins again on the 10th of the following month:</p> + +<p>"At a County Court held for Loudoun County on Monday the +10th day of July, 1865, present: George Abel, R. M. Bentley, +Francis M. Carter, John Compher, Thomas J. Cost, John P. Derry, +Enoch Fenton, Herod Frasier, Fenton Furr, Henry Gaver, John +Grubb, William H. Gray, Eli J. Hoge, Joseph Janney, Alexander +L. Lee, Charles L. Mankin, Asbury M. Nixon, Rufus Smith, Basil +W. Shoemaker, Jno. L. Stout, Mahlon Thomas, Lott Tavenner, +Henry S. Taylor, Michael Wiard, Jno. Wolford, Thomas Burr Williams +and James M. Wallace. Gentlemen Justices elected who +were on the 1st day of June 1865 duly elected Justices of the peace +for the County of Loudoun, and who have been commissioned by +the Governor, were duly qualified as such Justices by William F. +Mercer, one of the Commissioners of Election for said County, +appointed by the Governor by taking the several oaths prescribed +by law."<a name="FNanchor_180_180" id="FNanchor_180_180"></a><a href="#Footnote_180_180" class="fnanchor">[180]</a></p> + +<p>The new county officers were William H. Gray, presiding justice +of the court; Charles P. Janney, clerk of the county; Samuel C. +Luckett, sheriff; William B. Downey, commonwealth's attorney; +Samuel Ball, commissioner of revenue.</p> + +<p>On the 11th July, 1865, there appears the following:</p> + +<p>"George K. Fox Jr., as Clerk of this Court having removed from +the County the records of this Court, under an order of Court heretofore +made, he is now ordered to return the said records to the +Clerks office as soon as possible."<a name="FNanchor_181_181" id="FNanchor_181_181"></a><a href="#Footnote_181_181" class="fnanchor">[181]</a></p> + +<p>These instructions were carried out by Mr. Fox. For over three +years he had guarded his trust, without opportunity to return to +Leesburg or see a member of his family during that time. He now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span> +found himself disfranchised; but between him and Charles P. +Janney the new county clerk, who before the war had worked in his +office, there was a strong friendship so that Mr. Janney appointed +Mr. Fox his assistant, in which position he served until his reëlection +as county clerk, which occurred as soon as the civil disabilities of the +former Confederates were removed. He continued as county clerk +until his death on the 14th of December, 1872, at the early age of +forty years. How truly valued was he in Loudoun was shown at +his funeral which is said to have been the largest the county had +known to that time.</p> + +<p>On the 2nd March, 1867, the Congress passed that indefensible +Reconstruction Act which was to leave more bitterness in the South +than the war itself, but, in all that followed, Virginia suffered less +than other States of the old Confederacy. Under that act Virginia +became Military District Number One and General John M. +Schofield, formerly the head of the Potomac Division of the Federal +Army, was given command. His choice was a most fortunate +one for Virginia. Of him Richard L. Morton writes:</p> + +<p>"He was conservative, just and wise; and it was due to his moral +courage that Virginia was spared the reign of terror that existed +in most of the Southern States during the Reconstruction period. +His policy was to gain the confidence and support of the people of +the State and to interfere as little as possible with civil authorities."<a name="FNanchor_182_182" id="FNanchor_182_182"></a><a href="#Footnote_182_182" class="fnanchor">[182]</a></p> + +<p>General Eppa Hunton came to know him well and between the +two men there developed mutual respect and friendship. Hunton, +in his biography, has this to say of conditions under Schofield's rule:</p> + +<p>"Fortunately for us the commanders in this district were good +men—not disposed to oppress us—and we had for several years a +fairly good military government in Virginia—our judges were military +appointees; our Sheriff and all the officers in this State owed their +appointment to the military Governor of Virginia. Our military +judge was Lysander Hill. We had great apprehensions of him as our +circuit judge when he took the place of Judge Henry W. Thomas, +of Fairfax, but Hill turned out to be a first rate man and a fine judge.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span> +He was the best listener I ever addressed on the bench. His decisions +were able and generally satisfactory. He certainly was not +influenced in the slightest degree by politics on the bench—(Schofield) +tried in every way to mitigate the hardships of our situation +and gave us the best government that was possible under the circumstances."<a name="FNanchor_183_183" id="FNanchor_183_183"></a><a href="#Footnote_183_183" class="fnanchor">[183]</a></p> + +<p>But even Schofield could not protect Virginia from the more +vicious legislation of the unscrupulous radicals then in control in +Washington. At the close of the war the necessities of the situation +were working out, in Virginia at least, a reasonable and moderate +readjustment of relations between the white people and the former +slaves. The negroes looked to their old masters for employment +and the whites, in their own great poverty, gave to them what they +could; and while wages were very low, the negro was assured of +shelter and food. The enfranchisement of the negroes in March, +1865, the establishment of the Freedman's Bureau in the following +June but more particularly the organization of the Union League +late in 1866 broke down the friendly relations between the races. The +representatives of those politically begotten organizations taught the +ignorant and always credulous negroes that the whites were their +enemies and oppressors, discouraged them from working and persuaded +them to ally themselves with the disreputable "carpetbaggers" +and "scalawags" who were perniciously active in their efforts +to foment trouble, for their own profit, between white and black. +The worst results were registered in the eastern and southern parts +of the State where the more extensive of the old plantations and +consequently the densest negro population existed; in Loudoun, +most fortunately, there was little or no racial animosity and the +negroes appear to have been more content and appreciative, as well +as dependable in their work, than in many of the other counties.</p> + +<p>To meet the confusion and turmoil in the State and the threatened +complete overthrow of white supremacy, the best and most representative +men in Virginia formed, in December, 1867, the Conservative<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span> +Party, drawing its membership from former Whigs and +Democrats alike. In the election of 1869, to accept or reject a new +Constitution, the Conservatives were successful, the proposed Constitution +adopted and the State rescued from fast developing chaos. +It is remembered that in this election John Janney made what was +practically his last public appearance. He had been an outstanding +leader of the Whigs in Virginia, had opposed secession but, at +the end, stood with Lee and many other Virginians in the belief +that coercion of the States by the Federal Government was the worse +evil of the two. Before this decisive election of 1869, he had suffered +a stroke of paralysis; but to set an example to his former Whig +associates, he had himself driven in his carriage to the polls to vote +the Conservative ticket. It was a last and effective act of patriotism. +He died in January, 1872.<a name="FNanchor_184_184" id="FNanchor_184_184"></a><a href="#Footnote_184_184" class="fnanchor">[184]</a></p> + +<p>By the Act of Congress of the 26th January, 1870, the civil disabilities +of the former Confederates were removed, Virginia was +enabled to take her rightful place again as a sovereign State in the +Union and a cleaning up of the carpetbaggers and scalawags was +begun; but it is said to have taken nearly another ten years to rid +the people of the last of them in those counties with the greater +negro population.<a name="FNanchor_185_185" id="FNanchor_185_185"></a><a href="#Footnote_185_185" class="fnanchor">[185]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter bord" style="width: 550px;"> +<img src="images/illus-279.png" width="550" height="357" alt="The Old John Janney House, East Cornwall Street, Leesburg." title="The Old John Janney House, East Cornwall Street, Leesburg." /> +<span class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Old John Janney House</span>, East Cornwall Street, Leesburg.</span> +</div> + +<p>In this period of confusion there came to Shelburne parish in 1869, +as its Rector, the Rev. Richard Terrell Davis of Albemarle who +had served as a Chaplain in the Confederate Army and whose +sympathetic ministrations to his new neighbours were of county-wide +solace. About that time the late Charles Paxton of Pennsylvania +came to Loudoun, purchased that part of Exeter which lies +near the northerly boundary of Leesburg and began the building +of the great house which he named Carlheim and which many +years later was to become the Paxton Memorial Home for ailing +children, established and endowed by his widow in her will in memory +of their daughter. Dr. Davis and Mr. Paxton became firm friends<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span> +and through that friendship and Dr. Davis' knowledge of those most +needing help, many a poor man in Loudoun was able to earn a sadly +needed living wage during the long construction of Carlheim. It is +remembered that on Dr. Davis' greatly lamented death in 1892, so +deeply had he engaged the affections of his adopted county, the +negroes, upon learning of a project of his white friends to erect in his +memory a suitable tombstone, begged that they too might contribute +to its cost. It was during the rectorship of Dr. Davis, and largely +through his influence, that the building of the present large gray +stone church edifice of Saint James in Leesburg was undertaken.</p> + +<p>Slowly, very slowly, the people doggedly fought their way up the +long and often discouraging hill of recovery. The Spanish-American +War, petty in itself, was in its foreign and, particularly, in its domestic +implications, of major importance; for it showed that, with a +new generation of Americans taking its place, the old sectional tears +and rents were growing together and that the national fabric once +again was becoming truly restored. In the last decade of the nineteenth +century there was a notable inflow of new residents, new +money, new determination, which continued with the succeeding +years and of which the most significant result was the vigorous +growth of the horse and sport-loving community in and around +Middleburg, resulting in the development of one of the great, perhaps +the greatest, centers of fox-hunting and horse-showing in +America. It should be here recorded that to the purchase by Mr. +Daniel C. Sands of an estate near Middleburg in 1907 and to his love +of horses and country life, as well as his tireless energy in spreading +among his many Northern friends knowledge of the charm of his +new neighbourhood and building on the Loudoun horse-loving traditions, +existing since early settlement, may be ascribed the great +prosperity and international repute of the Middleburg environment +of today. But the county at large, as well as Middleburg, has reason +to be grateful to Mr. Sands. During his more than thirty years of +residence here he, consistently and continuously, has been not only +one of the county's most constructive citizens but one of the most +generous and public-spirited as well.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span>Again we are reminded of the extraordinary part horses and the +various sports connected with them play in Loudoun's life. And all +that is no matter of present day chance but the legitimate flowering +of very old and greatly cherished traditions. Archdeacon Burnaby, +in writing of his travels in Virginia in 1759-1760, was moved to remark +that Lord Fairfax's "chief if not sole amusement was hunting; +and in pursuit of this exercise he frequently carried his hounds to +distant parts of the country; and entertained any gentleman of good +character and decent appearance, who attended him in the field, at +the inn or ordinary, where he took up his residence for the hunting +season."<a name="FNanchor_186_186" id="FNanchor_186_186"></a><a href="#Footnote_186_186" class="fnanchor">[186]</a> One of the ordinaries thus frequented by Lord Fairfax was +West's on the old Carolina Road, just south of the present Lee-Jackson +Highway, and in the territory now hunted by the Middleburg +pack.</p> + +<p>The county supports two hunts—the great Middleburg Hunt, +turning out upon occasion a field of over three hundred riders, under +the joint mastership of Miss Charlotte Noland and Mr. Sands and +hunting the territory around that town; and the smaller but hard-riding +Loudoun Hunt, covering the Leesburg neighborhood and of +which Judge J. R. H. Alexander is Master. In legitimate succession +to those of long ago, annual horse shows are held at Middleburg, +Foxcroft, Leesburg, and Unison-Bloomfield, the great Llangollan +races are run annually on that beautiful and historic estate, while +just over the Fauquier boundary is Upperville with its annual horse +show, the oldest in America. In short Loudoun is and always has been +a horse-loving county and thus very naturally it is widely known as +the Leicestershire of America. Today the raising and training of fine +horses, together with the maintenance of numerous herds of dairy +cattle (especially of the Guernsey breed) the fattening of great numbers +of beef cattle, the raising of hogs, sheep and poultry, the growth +and development on her many hillsides of extensive and well cared-for +apple orchards, all augment the agricultural revenue Loudoun<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span> +derives from her ever smiling fields of corn and wheat, grass and +clover.</p> + +<p>In the year 1900 the Southern Railway Company, then in control +of the old Alexandria, Loudoun and Hampshire Railroad, extended +it to Snickersville, encouraged by many people from Washington +and elsewhere who had built summer homes at and around +Snickers' Gap. The railroad company named its new station near the +village Bluemont and the postoffice authorities were persuaded also +to adopt the new name. Thereafter the old but not very euphonic +appellation disappears, save in history and memory of the inhabitants, +and the village became known by its new and present designation.</p> + +<p>In the World War the county played its part in a manner worthy +of its heritage. Her sons to the number of nearly six hundred joined +the military and naval forces and during that period the local Red +Cross Chapters and other civilian organizations were active and efficient. +The list of those Loudoun patriots who responded to their +country's call at that time is too long and their services too varied to +be fully recounted here; but no narrative, however greatly curtailed, +should fail to name those who then laid down their lives for their +country. A dignified monument, now standing in the grounds surrounding +Loudoun's courthouse in Leesburg, bears these words in +letters of bronze:</p> + +<div class="center">"Our Glorious Dead<br /> +'Their Bodies are buried in peace<br /> +but their names liveth for evermore.'<br /> +1917-1918. +</div> + +<p> </p> +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Dead"> +<tr><td align="left">Russell T. Beatty, Corp.</td><td align="left">Frank Hough, Lt.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Charles A. Ball, Pvt.</td><td align="left">Alexander Pope Humphrey, Pvt.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Charles E. Clyburn, Pvt.</td><td align="left">Robert Martz, Pvt.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Thubert H. Conklin, Sgt.</td><td align="left">Harry Milstead, Pvt.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Nealy M. Cooper, Pvt.</td><td align="left">Judge McGolerick, Pvt.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Mathew Curtin, Pvt.</td><td align="left">John O. McGuinn, Pvt.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Leonard Darnes, Wag.</td><td align="left">Edward Lester Nalle, Pvt.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span>Franklin L. Dawson, Pvt.</td><td align="left">Ernest H. Nichols, Pvt.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">John Flemming, Pvt.</td><td align="left">Linwood Payne, Pvt.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Edward C. Fuller, Captain</td><td align="left">Charles Carter Riticor, Capt.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Gilbert H. Gough, Pvt.</td><td align="left">Ashton H. Shumaker, Pvt.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Grover Cleveland Gray, Corp.</td><td align="left">Henry Grafton Smallwood, Pvt.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Leonard H. Hardy, Sgt.</td><td align="left">John Edward Smith, Corp.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Bolling Walker Haxall Jr., Maj.</td><td align="left">Valentine B. Johnson, Pvt.</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Ernest Gilbert, Pvt.</td><td align="left">Samuel C. Thornton, Pvt.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p> </p> + +<div class="center"> +Erected By<br /> +The people of Loudoun County<br /> +in memory of<br /> +Her Sons who made the Supreme Sacrifice<br /> +In the Great War."<a name="FNanchor_187_187" id="FNanchor_187_187"></a><a href="#Footnote_187_187" class="fnanchor">[187]</a><br /> +</div> + +<p>Memory also should be kept afresh of the names of eleven Loudoun +men who between them, for their services in the war, received +no less than nineteen American and foreign decorations: Colonel +Arthur H. Carter, Captain Edward C. Fuller, Major William Hanson +Gill, William R. Grimes, Samuel C. Hirst, First Lieutenant +William P. Hulbert, First Lieutenant James F. Manning, Jr., Colonel +Thomas Bentley Mott, Bryant Rust, Captain Edward H. Tebbs, +Jr., and Lieutenant Colonel Harry Aubrey Toulmin. This list is +incomplete; as given it is copied from the publications of the Virginia +War History Commission, Source Volume I, 1923.</p> + +<p>During the war, as Federal Food Administrator of Virginia, there +also served Colonel Elijah B. White of Selma so effectively that +among the recognitions of his work that he received was the Agricultural +Order of Merit bestowed by the Republic of France.</p> + +<p>In 1918, in the midst of the war, a new State Administration assumed +the reins of government under the leadership of Westmoreland +Davis of Loudoun who became Governor of Virginia in that +year and whose administration was accepted by the people as efficient, +sound and well balanced.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span>In culture the county is recovering the position it proudly held +one hundred years ago before ground down by war and poverty. Its +public schools, then nonexistent, now under the supervision of +Superintendent O. L. Emerick, grow and improve and are supplemented +by several excellent private institutions of which Foxcroft, +near Middleburg, has been described and the very successful Llangollan +School for younger children, opened in 1937 near Leesburg +by Mrs. Frances L. Patton (Miss Louise D. Harrison) also may be +mentioned. Loudoun has produced a naval architect of international +reputation in Lewis Nixon (1861- ), two well known artists in +Hugh A. Breckenridge (1870-1937) and the late Lucian Powell and +a number of writers upon her history whose works have been referred +to frequently in the foregoing pages. Supplementing her +schools and extending their educational work the county has two +large libraries, the older founded in Leesburg in 1907 as the Leesburg +Library largely through the efforts of the late Mrs. Levi P. +Morton and her daughter, Loudoun's benefactress, Mrs. William C. +Eustis of Oatlands. In the year 1918 the Thomas Balch Library was +incorporated and at once, on land bought for that purpose through +public subscription, the late Edwin Swift Balch and Thomas Willing +Balch of Philadelphia, sons of Thomas Balch of international arbitration +fame (who was born in Leesburg in 1821) began the construction +for it of the beautiful library building on West Market +Street, Leesburg, which so enhances the charm of the town. Mr. +Waddy B. Wood, a Washington architect of recognized authority +on the early Federal period of American architecture, drew the plans +and in 1922 the building was completed and dedicated and the collection +of books of the old Leesburg Library was presented and +moved to the new institution. That collection, since then much enlarged, +now numbers well over 10,000 volumes and is of a very +definite value to town and county.<a name="FNanchor_188_188" id="FNanchor_188_188"></a><a href="#Footnote_188_188" class="fnanchor">[188]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span></p> +<p>There had been a small library at Purcellville for a number of years +when in 1919 it was reorganized as the Blue Ridge Library and continued +its activities until about 1926. There followed a period in +which the library was closed. Then in 1934, largely through the +leadership of Mrs. Clarence Robey, a Federal grant was obtained +which, with about twice its amount in many smaller private subscriptions, +made possible the completion in 1937 of the present imposing +Purcellville Library building at a cost of nearly $30,000. It +is rapidly augmenting its collection of books and to its primary function +of library is adding that of civic centre, where lectures, concerts +and other entertainments are frequently given and enthusiastically +attended by the people of the neighbourhood. The new building is +expected to be dedicated during the summer of 1938.</p> + +<p>St. John's Roman Catholic Church, the first of its faith in Loudoun, +was erected in Leesburg in 1878 and was dedicated on the 13th +October of that year by the Right Rev. John J. Keane who was an +orator of wide reputation and who later became the Archbishop of +Dubuque. Among those most active in raising the necessary funds +for its construction was Miss Lizzie C. Lee of Leesburg. Until 1894 +mass was said but once a month by priests who came from Harper's +Ferry, West Virginia. In the latter year it became a mission of St. +James' Catholic Church at West Falls. Later, through the untiring +efforts of Father A. J. Van Ingelgem, masses were said each Sunday. +Father Van Ingelgem continued to guide the congregation and +church until Father Govaert was appointed the first regular pastor in +July, 1926. Soon thereafter the frame church was greatly enlarged +and beautified, largely through the generosity of the late Mrs. +Henry Harrison (Miss Anne Lee) of Leesburg, and was opened +with services conducted by the Right Rev. Andrew J. Brennan of +Richmond. At that same time the attractive rectory, adjoining the +church, was also opened. The Leesburg parish of this church covers +a territory of 2,000 square miles, extends from the West Virginia +line to that of Maryland and operates two missions, one of which is +at Herndon and the other at Purcellville. The Rev. Father John S.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span> +Igoe, a native Virginian who enjoys the affectionate esteem of the +whole community, is the present pastor.<a name="FNanchor_189_189" id="FNanchor_189_189"></a><a href="#Footnote_189_189" class="fnanchor">[189]</a></p> + +<p>As throughout Virginia, hospitality is inherent in the people of +Loudoun. Especially is this so at Christmas time when, from early +days, the old English custom of stopping all farm work (save only +necessitous care of the live stock) from Christmas Eve to the second +day of January still obtains. Then scattered Loudoun folk seek to return, +if but for a day, to their native soil bringing back with them +friends and acquaintances that they may show their birthright; +then open house prevails, time-honoured eggnogg and appletoddy +greet all guests and the Leesburg Assembly, following its custom +handed down through the generations, holds its eagerly awaited +Christmas Ball.</p> + +<p>With an unusually healthy climate the county is fortunate in the +rarely efficient and devoted corps of physicians, both general practitioners +and specialists, who faithfully guard the physical condition +of its people. Of their number the Virginia State Medical Society +has honored itself and Loudoun by electing as its President Dr. G. +F. Simpson of Purcellville. And to the marked ability of her physicians +is added the Loudoun Hospital, founded in 1912, first occupying +a building on Market Street, Leesburg, and later erecting and +in 1917 moving into the fine modern hospital building it now occupies. +"To Mr. P. Howard Lightfoot's interest and untiring efforts" +wrote the hospital's historian "is due the actual bringing together of +those factors and conditions which developed into the Leesburg +Hospital." Now called the Loudoun County Hospital, it has a large +nurses' home, beautiful grounds, fruitful gardens and withal has so +splendidly grasped its opportunities for service that it has become essential +to the county's welfare. To the physicians of the county, +many very generous contributors and to the selfless and untiring +work of Loudoun's women may all this great success be ascribed. To +add to this full measure, Mrs. Eustis supports in memory of her +mother Mrs. Morton, a visiting nursing service in and around Leesburg<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span> +through which the kindly professional care of a registered +nurse (now Mrs. Louise King) is at all times at the disposal of the +people for cases of an emergency nature or those not needing continuous +attention, entirely without cost to the patient, irrespective of +the desire and ability of its beneficiaries to pay therefor.<a name="FNanchor_190_190" id="FNanchor_190_190"></a><a href="#Footnote_190_190" class="fnanchor">[190]</a></p> + +<p>In this all too brief summary of her present day institutions at +least a word should be said of the county's banks. The Peoples National +Bank, the Loudoun National Bank, both in Leesburg; the +Middleburg National Bank, the Purcellville National Bank, the +Hamilton National Bank and the Round Hill National Bank, each +in its community, serves the local interest and all unite in this enviable +record: that not one bank in the County failed during the great +financial depression of recent and unhappy memory.</p> + +<p>The exceptionally healthy climate, the rich and well watered +lands of Loudoun, together with the fine sport for horse lovers carried +on through its long hunting season, have proved a potent magnet +to draw new residents to the county. Country homes are constantly +being created or restored and surrounding farms are, for the +most part, self-sustaining and well handled. With Virginia's assumption +of the rôle of a leader in good roads, the old reproach of +impassable highways has vanished.</p> + +<p>And Loudoun is proud of her people. It is an American community, +its roots very deep in soil and tradition. It believes that it +occupies that part of the Commonwealth and Nation most conducive +to a sane and healthy life. Its sons and daughters sometimes, +in following the beckoning finger of fortune, wander far afield; but +are prone to return equally convinced with those who seldom leave +the county that all in all no better homeland anywhere can be found—devoutly +believing that though God might have made a fairer +land, yet remaining strong in their reasonable conviction that God +never did.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span></p> +<h2>INDEX</h2> + +<div> +Abel, George, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Acquia Creek, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> +<br /> +Adams, Francis, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Adams, George, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Adams, John, Pres't, <a href="#Page_157">157</a><br /> +<br /> +Adams, John Q., Pres't, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a><br /> +<br /> +Adams, Matthew, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Adams, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Akernatatzy, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Alden, John, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> +<br /> +Anderson, John, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +Aldie, Battle of, <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br /> +<br /> +Aldie Castle, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a><br /> +<br /> +Aldie Manor, <a href="#Page_177">177</a><br /> +<br /> +Aldie Town, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br /> +<br /> +Aldridge, J. West, <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br /> +<br /> +Alexander, Ann, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br /> +<br /> +Alexander, John, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br /> +<br /> +Alexander, John H., <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br /> +<br /> +Alexander, John R. H., Judge and Mrs., <a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Alexandria, Christ Church, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /> +<br /> +Alexandria City, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a><br /> +<br /> +Alexandria, Loudoun and Hamp. R. R., <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Alexandria Pike, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br /> +<br /> +Alleghany River, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /> +<br /> +Algonquins, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> +<br /> +Allen, Rev., <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /> +<br /> +Alsop (Quoted), <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> +<br /> +Amidas, Philip, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Ameroleck, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> +<br /> +Anacostans, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> +<br /> +Ancram, George, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> +<br /> +Andrč, Major, <a href="#Page_143">143</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Andrews, John, Rev., <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> +<br /> +Anne, Queen, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> +<br /> +Antietam Battle, <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br /> +<br /> +Appomattox, <a href="#Page_221">221</a><br /> +<br /> +Apprentices, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Arlington, Earl of, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> +<br /> +Armand, Charles, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> +<br /> +Armand's Legion, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> +<br /> +Arnold, Benedict, <a href="#Page_142">142</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Asbury, George, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Ashby's Gap, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> +<br /> +Aubrey, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> +<br /> +Aubrey, Francis, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> +<br /> +Aubrey, Thomas, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /> +<br /> +Aubrey's Ferry, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /> +<br /> +Austen, W., <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Awsley, Henry, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Awsley, Poins, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Awsley, Thomas, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Bacon, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<br /> +Bacon's Rebellion, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<br /> +Bagley, John, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Bagnall, Anthony, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Baker, Col., <a href="#Page_206">206</a><br /> +<br /> +Balch, Edwin S., <a href="#Page_231">231</a><br /> +<br /> +Balch, L. P. W., <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Balch, Thomas, <a href="#Page_231">231</a><br /> +<br /> +Balch, Thomas, Library, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a><br /> +<br /> +Balch, Thomas W., <a href="#Page_231">231</a><br /> +<br /> +Ball, Burgess, Col., <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a><br /> +<br /> +Ball, Charles A., <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Ball, Esther, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +Ball, Fayette, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> +<br /> +Ball, George W., Capt., <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Ball, James, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +Ball, Mary, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +Ball, Samuel, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Ball, Sarah, <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> +<br /> +Ball, William, Col., <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Ball's Bluff, Battle of, <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Baltimore, Lord, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> +<br /> +Baltimore and Ohio R. R. Co., <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br /> +<br /> +Bank of County, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a><br /> +<br /> +Baptists, <a href="#Page_78">78</a> etc., <a href="#Page_114">114</a><br /> +<br /> +Barber, John, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /> +<br /> +Barksdale, Wm., Col., <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Barlow, Arthur, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Bassell, John Y., <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> +<br /> +Bayley, Joseph, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Beard, Joseph, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Beatty, Russell T., <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Beatty, Thos., <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Beaty, David, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Beaver, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<br /> +Beaver Dam, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Beavers, James, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Bell, John B., <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Belle Air, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /> +<br /> +Belmont, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a><br /> +<br /> +Belmont Chapel, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +Belvoir, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> +<br /> +Benham, Samuel, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Benham, Peter, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Bennett, Chas., <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Bentley family, <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /> +<br /> +Bentley, R. M., <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Benton, Wm., <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +Berkeley, John, Sir, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> +<br /> +Berkeley, William, Sir, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> +<br /> +Berkeley, William N., <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Berry, Withers, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Beauregard, Gen'l, <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Beverley, Robert, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> +<br /> +Big Spring, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br /> +<br /> +Binns, Charles <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br /> +<br /> +Binns, Charles, Jr., <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /> +<br /> +Binns, John A., <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Bishop family, <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /> +<br /> +Bladensburg, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a><br /> +<br /> +Blincoe, Sampson, <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /> +<br /> +Bloomfield, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Bloomfield Road, <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br /> +<br /> +Bluemont (see Snickersville), <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Blue Ridge, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span><br /> +Blue Ridge Library, <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br /> +<br /> +Bohannan, A., Capt., <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +Booker, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> +<br /> +Booram, Wm., <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Boston, <a href="#Page_124">124</a><br /> +<br /> +Botts, Joshua, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Boundaries, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Boyne, Battle of, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> +<br /> +Braddock, Edward, Gen'l, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<br /> +Braddock's Army, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a><br /> +<br /> +Braden, Robert, <a href="#Page_157">157</a><br /> +<br /> +Bradfield, Capt., <a href="#Page_191">191</a><br /> +<br /> +Brair, James, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Brady, E. B., Dr., <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Breckenridge, Hugh A., <a href="#Page_231">231</a><br /> +<br /> +Brennan, Andrew J., Bishop, <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br /> +<br /> +Brent, Giles, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> +<br /> +Brent Town, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Bridges, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> +<br /> +Broad Run, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Broad Run Bridge, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a><br /> +<br /> +Broad Run Church (Baptist), <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +Bronaugh, William, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Brown, Mrs. (Journalist), <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /> +<br /> +Brown, John's raid, <a href="#Page_197">197</a><br /> +<br /> +Brown, Stanley M., Mr. and Mrs., <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> +<br /> +Brown, William, <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br /> +<br /> +Brown's Crossing, <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br /> +<br /> +Buffalo, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> +<br /> +Bull Run, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Bull Run Battle (See Manassas), <a href="#Page_29">29</a><br /> +<br /> +Bull Run Mountains, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a><br /> +<br /> +Burgess, Chas., Col., <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /> +<br /> +Burkley, Scarlet, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Burnaby, Archdeacon, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Burns, Ignatius, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Burson, Aaron, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Butcher, Sam'l, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Butler, Joseph, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Butler, Sam'l, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Caldwell, S. B. T., <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> +<br /> +Cameron, Barony, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> +<br /> +Cameron, Captain, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /> +<br /> +Cameron, Glebe, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br /> +<br /> +Cameron Parish, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Campbell, Aeneas, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Campbell County, <a href="#Page_200">200</a><br /> +<br /> +Campbell, John, Earl of Loudoun, <a href="#Page_x">x</a>. (See Loudoun.)<br /> +<br /> +Canals, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a><br /> +<br /> +Canavest. (See Conoy.)<br /> +<br /> +Cardell, Presley, <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /> +<br /> +Carlheim, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a><br /> +<br /> +Carnan, Wm., <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Carnes, Capt., <a href="#Page_146">146</a><br /> +<br /> +Carney, John, <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Carolina Road, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Carpetbaggers, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a><br /> +<br /> +Carr, Peter, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /> +<br /> +Carr, Sam'l, <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /> +<br /> +Carrington, Timothy, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Carroll, Charles, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> +<br /> +Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> +<br /> +Carter, Arthur H., Col., <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Carter, Charles, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +Carter, D., <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Carter family, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br /> +<br /> +Carter, Francis M., <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Carter, George of Eglesfeld, <a href="#Page_x">x</a><br /> +<br /> +Carter, George of Oatlands, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a><br /> +<br /> +Carter, John A., <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a><br /> +<br /> +Carter, John R., Capt., <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Carter, Robert, Councillor, <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /> +<br /> +Carter, Robert, "King," <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /> +<br /> +Carter, Robin, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +Carter, Shirley, Dr. and Mrs., <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> +<br /> +Carter's Mill, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Carthagena, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a><br /> +<br /> +Catawbas, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> +<br /> +Catoctin Church, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +Catoctin Furnace Co., <a href="#Page_195">195</a><br /> +<br /> +Catoctin Hills, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a><br /> +<br /> +Catoctin Run, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a><br /> +<br /> +Caton, Jacob, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Cattle, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Cattle thieves, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> +<br /> +Cavaliers, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<br /> +Cavan, P., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br /> +<br /> +Cavan vs. Murray, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /> +<br /> +Cedar Creek, <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> +<br /> +Celden, W. C., <a href="#Page_182">182</a><br /> +<br /> +Centreville, <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> +<br /> +Champ, John, Sgt. Major, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Champ, John, Mrs., <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a><br /> +<br /> +Champ, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_157">157</a><br /> +<br /> +Champ, William, <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br /> +<br /> +Champ's Spring, <a href="#Page_157">157</a><br /> +<br /> +Chancellor, Ashby, Mrs., <a href="#Page_x">x</a><br /> +<br /> +Chapawamsic, Baptists, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +Chapel above Goose Creek, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +Charles I, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> +<br /> +Charles II, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> +<br /> +Cherokees, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, <a href="#Page_194">194</a><br /> +<br /> +Chesapeake Bay, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Cheat Mountain, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> +<br /> +Chestnut Hill, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> +<br /> +Chicheley, Henry, Sir, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> +<br /> +Chichester, Arthur M., Sr., Capt., <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> +<br /> +Chichester, Arthur M., Jr., Mrs., <a href="#Page_234">234</a><br /> +<br /> +Chichester, George M., Capt., <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> +<br /> +Chinn family, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> +<br /> +Chinn, Joseph, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Chinn, Raleigh, I, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /> +<br /> +Chinn, Raleigh, II, <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /> +<br /> +Chinn, Thomas, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Christmas, <a href="#Page_233">233</a><br /> +<br /> +Churches, Christ at Lucketts, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /> +<br /> +Churches, (See separate names or locations.)<br /> +<br /> +Church Disestablishment, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span><br /> +Civil War, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, etc.<br /> +<br /> +Claggett, Henry, Dr., <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> +<br /> +Claggett, H. O., Capt., <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> +<br /> +Clapham family, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> +<br /> +Clapham, Josias, Sr., <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> +<br /> +Clapham, Josias, Jr., Col., <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> +<br /> +Clapham, Josias, Jr., Mrs., <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> +<br /> +Clapham, Samuel, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /> +<br /> +Clapham's Ferry, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /> +<br /> +Clapper, J., Dr., <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Clark's Gap, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> +<br /> +Clayton, Amos, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Clergy, Established Church, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +Cleveland, James, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Clifford, Obadiah, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /> +<br /> +Climate, <a href="#Page_1">1</a><br /> +<br /> +Clinton, Henry, Sir., <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Clyburn, Charles E., <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Clover, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Cochran, Chas F., <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /> +<br /> +Cochran, James, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Cocke, Catesby, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> +<br /> +Cocke, William, Dr., <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> +<br /> +Cockerell, Capt., <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +Cole, Josiah, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> +<br /> +Colechester Road, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +Coleman, James, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Coleman, Richard, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /> +<br /> +Colepeper, 1st Lord, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Colepeper, 2nd Lord, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a><br /> +<br /> +Colepeper, Alexander, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +Colepeper, Catharine, Lady Fairfax, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> +<br /> +Colepeper, Margaret, Lady, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +Colepeper, Thomas, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Colvil, Thomas, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> +<br /> +Colvin, John, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> +<br /> +Colvin, John B., <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br /> +<br /> +Combs, Joseph, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Combs, Robert, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Combs, Stephen, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Committee of Correspondence, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Committee of Safety, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Compher, John, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Confederate sentiment, <a href="#Page_201">201</a><br /> +<br /> +Conklin, Thubert H., <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Conoy Island, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, et seq., <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> +<br /> +Conrad, <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Conrad, Daniel P., <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Conrad family, <a href="#Page_210">210</a><br /> +<br /> +Conrad's Ferry, <a href="#Page_210">210</a><br /> +<br /> +Conrod, Edward, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Conscription, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /> +<br /> +Conservation Commission, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a><br /> +<br /> +Conservative Party, <a href="#Page_225">225</a><br /> +<br /> +Convicts, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Cook, William, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Cooper, Alexander, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /> +<br /> +Cooper, Appollos, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Cooper, Neally M., <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> +<br /> +Copeland, Richard, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Copper, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> +<br /> +Corn, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Cornelison, John, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Cornwallis, Lord, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +Cost, Thos. J., <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Coton, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +Country homes, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a><br /> +<br /> +County Clerk's Office, <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /> +<br /> +County Officers, First, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, etc.<br /> +<br /> +County records, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Courthouse, First, <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /> +<br /> +Courthouse Church services, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /> +<br /> +Courtald, S. A., <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /> +<br /> +Covenanters, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> +<br /> +Cox, Samuel, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Craighill, G. P., Rev., <a href="#Page_x">x</a><br /> +<br /> +Cresswell, Joseph, <a href="#Page_x">x</a><br /> +<br /> +Cresswell, Nicholas, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, et seq., <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /> +<br /> +Cromwell, Oliver, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> +<br /> +Cromwell, Richard, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> +<br /> +Crooked Billet, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> +<br /> +Crown Point, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /> +<br /> +Cub Run, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Culpeper. (See Colepeper.)<br /> +<br /> +Culture, <a href="#Page_185">185</a><br /> +<br /> +Cumberland, Duke of, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /> +<br /> +Cumberland, Maryland, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> +<br /> +Curtin, Mathew, <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Custer, Gen'l, <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Dairy Cattle, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Darnes, Leonard, <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Davis, James, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Davis, John, Capt., <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +Davis, Richard T., Rev. Dr., <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a><br /> +<br /> +Davis, Westmoreland, Governor, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Davis, William, Col., <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +Dawson, Franklin L., <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Debell, John, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Debell, William, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +DeButts, Lawrence, Rev., <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> +<br /> +Deck, Patrick A., <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a><br /> +<br /> +Declaration of Independence, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> +<br /> +Deer, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Dehaven, Abraham, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Dehaven, Isaac, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Delancey, Governor of New York, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<br /> +Delawares, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> +<br /> +Democrats, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a><br /> +<br /> +Derry, John P., <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Deserters, <a href="#Page_212">212</a><br /> +<br /> +Detroit, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br /> +<br /> +Deven, Gen'l, <a href="#Page_221">221</a><br /> +<br /> +Devens, Col., <a href="#Page_206">206</a><br /> +<br /> +Difficult Run, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a><br /> +<br /> +Dinker, John, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Dinosaurs, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span><br /> +Dinwiddie, Governor, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<br /> +Disfranchisement, <a href="#Page_222">222</a><br /> +<br /> +Diskin, Daniel, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Distilleries, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Dixon, Joseph, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Dizerega family, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> +<br /> +Doctors, <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Dodd, John, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Doeg, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +Dogi, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Dongan, Governor, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<br /> +Dorman, George, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br /> +<br /> +Douglas, Earl of, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> +<br /> +Douglas, George H., <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +Douglass, Hugh, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Douglass, William, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> +<br /> +Downey, Wm. B., <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Drake, Jonathan, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Drake, Thomas, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Dranesville, <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Drish, W., <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Drunkenness, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> +<br /> +Dry Mill Road, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> +<br /> +Ducking-spring, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br /> +<br /> +Ducks, Wild, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +Dudley, Thos., <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /> +<br /> +Duelling, <a href="#Page_190">190</a><br /> +<br /> +Duffy, A. N., Col., <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> +<br /> +Duffy, Capt., <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br /> +<br /> +Dulaney, Benj., <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br /> +<br /> +Dunbar, Col., <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<br /> +Dunn, Rev., <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> +<br /> +Dutch, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Eagle Tavern, <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Early, Gen'l, <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> +<br /> +East India Co., <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> +<br /> +Edwards, Samuel W., <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Edwards, Thomas W., Mr. and Mrs., <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a><br /> +<br /> +Edwards Ferry, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br /> +<br /> +Elgin, Francis, Jr., <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Elgin, Gustavus, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Elizabeth, Queen, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> +<br /> +Elk Lick, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +Elk Marsh, <a href="#Page_53">53</a><br /> +<br /> +Elliott, William, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Ellzey, Catharine, <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> +<br /> +Ellzey family, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> +<br /> +Ellzey, William, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> +<br /> +Ely's Corner, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> +<br /> +Emerick, Oscar L., <a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a><br /> +<br /> +Enfranchisement of Confederates, <a href="#Page_226">226</a><br /> +<br /> +English Board of Agriculture, <a href="#Page_161">161</a><br /> +<br /> +Episcopal Theological Seminary Library, <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br /> +<br /> +Eskridge, Chas. G., <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Eskridge, George, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> +<br /> +Eustis, William C., Mr. and Mrs., <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a><br /> +<br /> +Evans, Nathaniel G., Gen'l, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Evans, Thomas, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> +<br /> +Exeter, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Fairfax, Calharme, Lady, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> +<br /> +Fairfax Family, Sketch, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +Fairfax, Ferdinando, 2nd Lord, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> +<br /> +Fairfax, 5th Lord, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> +<br /> +Fairfax, George W., <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> +<br /> +Fairfax, Henry, Col., <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +Fairfax, John M., Col., <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> +<br /> +Fairfax, Richard, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +Fairfax, Thomas, 1st Lord, <a href="#Page_33">33</a><br /> +<br /> +Fairfax, Thomas, 3rd Lord, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> +<br /> +Fairfax, Thomas, 6th Lord, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Fairfax, William, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> +<br /> +Fairfax County, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Fairfax County Court, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br /> +<br /> +Fairfax Courthouse, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br /> +<br /> +Fairfax, Glebe, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> +<br /> +Fairfax Meeting, <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br /> +<br /> +Falkner, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> +<br /> +Farnesworth, Henry, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Fauna, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Fauntleroy, Chas. M., Col., <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> +<br /> +Fauquier County, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br /> +<br /> +Featherstone, W. S., Col., <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Federalists, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> +<br /> +Fendall, Arthur, Mrs., <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> +<br /> +Fendall, Thomas M., <a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a><br /> +<br /> +Fendall, Thomas M., Mrs., <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> +<br /> +Fenton, Enoch, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Ferries, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, et seq., <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Ferries, Clapham's, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /> +<br /> +Ferries, Edwards, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br /> +<br /> +Ferries, Noland's, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, et seq., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> +<br /> +Ferries, Point of Rocks, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /> +<br /> +Ferries, Snickers, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Ferries, Vestal's, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Fevers, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /> +<br /> +Finnekin, William, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +First Colony, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> +<br /> +Fitzhugh, William, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +Flat Spring, <a href="#Page_74">74</a><br /> +<br /> +Flemming, John, <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Foley, Mr., <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Forbas, John, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Forbes, Gen'l, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br /> +<br /> +Fords, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a><br /> +<br /> +Forests, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /> +<br /> +Forests Burned, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> +<br /> +Forsyth, Jas. W., Lieut. Col., <a href="#Page_219">219</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Beauregard, <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Cumberland, <a href="#Page_93">93</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Du Quesne, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Evans, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Johnston, <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Necessity, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Niagara, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /> +<br /> +Fort Ontario, <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span><br /> +Fort Oswego, <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br /> +<br /> +Foundling, John, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Fox, George, <a href="#Page_48">48</a><br /> +<br /> +Fox, George K., Jr., <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Foxcroft, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a><br /> +<br /> +Foxes, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Fox-hunting, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Franklin, B. W., <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /> +<br /> +Frasier, Herod, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Frederick, <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br /> +<br /> +Freedman's Bureau, <a href="#Page_225">225</a><br /> +<br /> +French, Mr., <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +French and Indian War, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /> +<br /> +French and Indians, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> +<br /> +Fruitland, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /> +<br /> +Fulford, John, Major, <a href="#Page_103">103</a><br /> +<br /> +Fuller, Edward C., Capt., <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Furr, Enoch, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Furr, Fenton, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Fry, Joshua, Col., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> +<br /> +Fry, Major, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /> +<br /> +Fry-Jefferson Map, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Frying Pan Run, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Gage, Lieut. Col., <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<br /> +Garalland, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> +<br /> +Garden Club of Virginia, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a><br /> +<br /> +Garver, Henry, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Gates, General, <a href="#Page_143">143</a><br /> +<br /> +Geese, Wild, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +"Genius of Liberty," <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> +<br /> +George II, King, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /> +<br /> +George III, King, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a><br /> +<br /> +George, Wallace, <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +George, William, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Georgetown, D. C., <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> +<br /> +Georgetown, Virginia, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br /> +<br /> +German Reformed Church, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +German Settlement, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +Germans, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Gerrard, John, Rev., <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +Gettysburg, Battle of, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> +<br /> +Gibbs, James L., <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Gibson, Capt., <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br /> +<br /> +Gibson, David, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Gibson, Harry P., Dr., <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br /> +<br /> +Gibson, Henry C., <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br /> +<br /> +Gibson, John A., Dr., <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br /> +<br /> +Giddings family, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> +<br /> +Giddings, William, Col., <a href="#Page_201">201</a><br /> +<br /> +Gilbert, Ernest, <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Gilbert, Humphrey, Sir, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><br /> +<br /> +Gilbert, Silas, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Gill, Wm. H., Major, <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Gold, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> +<br /> +Goodhart, Briscoe, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a><br /> +<br /> +Gore (Coachman), <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /> +<br /> +Gore, Coleman, Mr. and Mrs., <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> +<br /> +Goose Creek, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> +<br /> +Goose Creek and Little River Navigation Company, <a href="#Page_195">195</a><br /> +<br /> +Goose Creek Meeting, <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br /> +<br /> +Gough, Gilbert H., <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Gouveneur, Mrs., <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +Govaert, Rev. Fr., <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br /> +<br /> +Graffenreid, Christopher, Baron de, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> +<br /> +Graham, Margaret, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /> +<br /> +Grant of 1649, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Grant of 1669, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> +<br /> +Grant of 1673, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a><br /> +<br /> +Grant, Isaac, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Grant, Jasper, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Grant, U. S., Gen'l, <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> +<br /> +Grass, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Gray, Grover C., <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Gray, John, <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /> +<br /> +Gray, William H., <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Graydey, James, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Grayson, Alex., Capt., <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Grayson, Benjamin, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /> +<br /> +Grayson, Spence, Rev., <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /> +<br /> +Grayson, William, Col., <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br /> +<br /> +Great Hunting Creek, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> +<br /> +Great Meadows, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /> +<br /> +Great Spring. (See Big Spring.)<br /> +<br /> +Green, Charles, Rev. Dr., <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /> +<br /> +Green, Colonel, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br /> +<br /> +Green, Nathaniel, Gen'l, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /> +<br /> +Greenback raid, <a href="#Page_215">215</a><br /> +<br /> +Greenway, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br /> +<br /> +Gregory's Gap, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> +<br /> +Griffin, Walter's Rolling Road, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +Griffith, David, Rev. Dr., <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br /> +<br /> +Griggs, G. M., Gen'l, <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br /> +<br /> +Grimes, William R., <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Grubb, John, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Guerillas, <a href="#Page_219">219</a><br /> +<br /> +Gun factory, <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> +<br /> +Gunn, John, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Gypsum. See Plaster(land)<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Habeas Corpus in Virginia, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +Hague, Francis, <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br /> +<br /> +Hale, Horatio, <a href="#Page_x">x</a><br /> +<br /> +Halkett, James, <a href="#Page_94">94</a><br /> +<br /> +Halkett, Peter, Sir., <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, etc.<br /> +<br /> +Halkett, Peter, Sir, (Jr.), <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br /> +<br /> +Halifax, <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /> +<br /> +Hall, James, Rev. Dr., <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /> +<br /> +Hall, Wilbur C., <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_x">x</a><br /> +<br /> +Hall, William, Jr., <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Hamilton, James, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br /> +<br /> +Hamilton Parish, <a href="#Page_39">39</a><br /> +<br /> +Hamilton Town, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a><br /> +<br /> +Hammerley, Nellie, Miss, <a href="#Page_x">x</a><br /> +<br /> +Hampton, Anthony, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> +<br /> +Hancock, John, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /> +<br /> +Hancock, Lina, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Hanson, Richard, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Harding, John I., <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span><br /> +Hardy, Leonard H., <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Harper, Capt., <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> +<br /> +Harper, John, <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br /> +<br /> +Harper's Ferry, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br /> +<br /> +Harris, H. B., <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Harrison, Burr, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> +<br /> +Harrison, Burr (2nd), <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> +<br /> +Harrison, Burr W., <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a><br /> +<br /> +Harrison, Catharine, Mrs., <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> +<br /> +Harrison, Charles F., <a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a><br /> +<br /> +Harrison, Cuthbert, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> +<br /> +Harrison, Fairfax, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a><br /> +<br /> +Harrison, Harry T., <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /> +<br /> +Harrison, Henry, Mrs., <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br /> +<br /> +Harrison, Henry T., <a href="#Page_210">210</a><br /> +<br /> +Harrison, John Peyton, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Harrison, Lalla, Miss (Mrs. White), <a href="#Page_177">177</a><br /> +<br /> +Harrison, Louise D., Miss (Patton), <a href="#Page_231">231</a><br /> +<br /> +Harrison, Mathew, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> +<br /> +Harrison, Rebecca, Miss, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a><br /> +<br /> +Harte, John, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> +<br /> +Hassininga, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Hawling, William, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> +<br /> +Haxall, Bolling W., Major, <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Hazen, E., <a href="#Page_185">185</a><br /> +<br /> +Head, James W., <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a><br /> +<br /> +Heale, William, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Helm, L. C., <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> +<br /> +Heaton, Henry, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a><br /> +<br /> +Heaton, Nathaniel, Capt., <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Henderson, Richard H., <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a><br /> +<br /> +Henderson, Samuel, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Henry, Capt., <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +Henry, John, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Henry, Patrick, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +Hepburn, Thos., <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Hessian Fly, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /> +<br /> +Hessian Prisoners, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Hews, Edward, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Hexon, James, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Highwaymen, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> +<br /> +Highways, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Hill, Lysander, Judge, <a href="#Page_224">224</a><br /> +<br /> +Hillsborough, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Hinds, David, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br /> +<br /> +Hirst, Richard, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Hirst, Samuel C., <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Hixon, Timothy, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Hoban, James, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +Hoboken, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +Hoffman family, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Hoge, Ei J., <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /> +<br /> +Hogs, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Holmes, John, Rev., <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +Holmes, Oliver W., Justice, <a href="#Page_206">206</a><br /> +<br /> +Hopkins, David, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Hopkins, John G., <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +Hopton, Ralph, Lord, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Horses, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Horse Racing, <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /> +<br /> +Horse Shows, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Horse thieves, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a><br /> +<br /> +Hough, Emerson, <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /> +<br /> +Hough, Frank, Lieut., <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Hough, John, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Hough, Joseph, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Hough, Mahlon, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Hough, Robert H., <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Hough, Thomas, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Hough, William, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Hough's Tavern, <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Hourihane, John T., <a href="#Page_233">233</a><br /> +<br /> +Howard of Effingham, Lord, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +Howe, Lord, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a><br /> +<br /> +Huchison, Andrew, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br /> +<br /> +Huchison, Daniel, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br /> +<br /> +Huchison family, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br /> +<br /> +Huchison, J. R., Capt., <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> +<br /> +Huchison, John, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br /> +<br /> +Huchison, William, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Hugh, John, <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br /> +<br /> +Hull, Samuel, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> +<br /> +Hull's Army, <a href="#Page_157">157</a><br /> +<br /> +Humphrey, <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Humphrey, Alexander P., <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Humphrey, Benj. I., <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Humphreys, John, <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /> +<br /> +Humphries, Capt., <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +Hulbert, Wm. P., Lieut., <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Hunting Creek, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> +<br /> +Hunton, Eppa, Gen'l, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a><br /> +<br /> +Hurley, Patrick J., Col. and Mrs., <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Igoe, John S., Rev., <a href="#Page_233">233</a><br /> +<br /> +Indentured servants, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a><br /> +<br /> +Indians, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Mounds, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Akernatatzy, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Algonquins, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Anacostans, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Catawbas, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Cherokees, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Delawares, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Doegs, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Dogi, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Hassininga, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Iroquois, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Mahocs, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Managogs, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Manahoacks, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Mangoacks, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Massawomecks (See Iroquois)<br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Monacans, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Nacothtanks, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Nahyssans, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Nantaughtacunds, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Nanticokes, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Nottoways, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span><br /> +Indian Tribes, Nuntaneuck, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Nuntally, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Piscataways, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Potomacs, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Powhatans, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Sapon, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Senecas, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Shakahonea, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Sioux, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Stegarake, <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Stegora, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Susquehannocks, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Tacci, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Tauxuntania, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Indian Tribes, Tuskaroras, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Innes, James, Col., <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<br /> +Intermarriage, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> +<br /> +Irish, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br /> +<br /> +Iroquois, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Iselin, Oliver, <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Jackson, Andrew, Gen'l, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>, <a href="#Page_189">189</a><br /> +<br /> +Jackson, Level, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Jackson, Stonewall, Gen'l, <a href="#Page_210">210</a><br /> +<br /> +Jail, County, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /> +<br /> +James I, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> +<br /> +James II, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +James River, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Janney, Amos, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> +<br /> +Janney, Charles P., <a href="#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a><br /> +<br /> +Janney, Hannah, Mrs., <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br /> +<br /> +Janney, Jacob, <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br /> +<br /> +Janney, John, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a><br /> +<br /> +Janney, Joseph, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Janney, Lilias, Miss, <a href="#Page_x">x</a><br /> +<br /> +Janney, Mahlon, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Janney, Samuel, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Janney, Stephen, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Jefferson, Thomas, President, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, et seq., <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +Jeffries, Herbert, Sir, <a href="#Page_17">17</a><br /> +<br /> +Jenifer, W. H., Col., <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br /> +<br /> +Jenings, Edmund, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> +<br /> +Jermyn, Lord, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> +<br /> +Johnson, Bradley T., Col., <a href="#Page_208">208</a><br /> +<br /> +Johnson, George, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> +<br /> +Johnson, Joseph, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> +<br /> +Johnson, Rebecca, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /> +<br /> +Johnson, Robert, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Johnson, W., <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> +<br /> +Johnson, William, Col., <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<br /> +Johnson, Valentine B., <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Johnston, Frances B., Miss, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a><br /> +<br /> +Johnston, Joseph E., Gen'l, <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Jones, Rev., <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /> +<br /> +Jones, James G., <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Jones, John, Jr., <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Jones, William E., Gen'l, <a href="#Page_208">208</a><br /> +<br /> +Jumonville, <a href="#Page_85">85</a><br /> +<br /> +Keane, John J., Bishop, <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br /> +<br /> +Keith, Donald, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Keith, James, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> +<br /> +Kelly, William, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Kendrick, John, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Kennan, Thos., <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Kentucky, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br /> +<br /> +Kercheval, Sam'l, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /> +<br /> +Ketocton. (See Catoctin.)<br /> +<br /> +Key's, Gap, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Key's Gap Ferry, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a><br /> +<br /> +Keys, Gersham, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Key's plantation, <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /> +<br /> +Kile (See Kyle), John, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Kile, John, Jr., <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Kilgour, George, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Kilpatrick, Hugh J., Gen'l, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> +<br /> +King George County, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +King, Louise, Mrs., <a href="#Page_234">234</a><br /> +<br /> +King, Smith, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +King, Thomas, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +King, William, <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Kirk, Mr., <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> +<br /> +Krebs, Henry, <a href="#Page_185">185</a><br /> +<br /> +Kyle family, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>. (See Kile)<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Labour supplies, <a href="#Page_54">54</a><br /> +<br /> +Lacey, Israel, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Lacey's Ordinary, (See West's)<br /> +<br /> +Lafayette, de Marquis, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Lancaster County, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Lancaster, T. A., Jr., <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Lane, Hardage, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Lane, James, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Lasswell, Jacob, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Lasswell, John, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> +<br /> +Lawrence, Mrs., <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +Lawyers, <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Lederer, John, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> +<br /> +Lee, Alexander L., <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Lee, Anne, Miss, <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br /> +<br /> +Lee family, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> +<br /> +Lee, Fitzhugh, Gen'l, <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br /> +<br /> +Lee, Francis Lightfoot, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /> +<br /> +Lee, Henry, Gen'l, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> +<br /> +Lee, Lawrence R., <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Lee, Lizzie A., Miss, <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br /> +<br /> +Lee, Ludwell, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a><br /> +<br /> +Lee, Philip Ludwell, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /> +<br /> +Lee, Richard Bland, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Lee, Richard Henry, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +Lee, Robert E., Gen'l, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> +<br /> +Lee, Thomas, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> +<br /> +Lee, Thomas Ludwell, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +Lee-Jackson Highway, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span>Leesburg, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a> et seq., <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a> et seq., +<a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br /> +<br /> +Leesburg Academy, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +Leesburg Assembly, <a href="#Page_233">233</a><br /> +<br /> +Leesburg, Battle of, <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br /> +<br /> +Leesburg Industries, <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Leesburg Institute, <a href="#Page_193">193</a><br /> +<br /> +Leesburg, King Street, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br /> +<br /> +Leesburg Library, <a href="#Page_231">231</a><br /> +<br /> +Leesburg, Loudoun Street, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> +<br /> +Leesburg, nursing service, <a href="#Page_233">233</a><br /> +<br /> +Leesburg, pavements, <a href="#Page_183">183</a><br /> +<br /> +Leesburg, Postmasters, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> +<br /> +Leesburg Railroad Company, <a href="#Page_195">195</a><br /> +<br /> +Leesburg, stockade, <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br /> +<br /> +Leesburg, taverns, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> +<br /> +Leesburg, and Snickers Gap Turnpike Co., <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Leslie, Thomas, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Letcher, Governor, <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Lewis, Betty, Mrs., <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /> +<br /> +Lewis, Daniel, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Lewis, Thomas, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> +<br /> +Liberia, <a href="#Page_194">194</a><br /> +<br /> +Library of Congress, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a><br /> +<br /> +Lightfoot, P. Howard, <a href="#Page_233">233</a><br /> +<br /> +Little River, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Little River Turnpike, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br /> +<br /> +Little Rocky Run, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +Littlejohn, Rev., <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> +<br /> +Littleton, Frank C., Mr. and Mrs., <a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> +<br /> +Littleton, Frank C., Jr., <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> +<br /> +Littleton, John, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Limestone Run, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +Lincoln, Town of, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Linden, <a href="#Page_214">214</a><br /> +<br /> +Lintner, J. Ross, <a href="#Page_x">x</a><br /> +<br /> +Linton, John, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Lipscomb, Wm. H., Mr. and Mrs., <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +Llangollan, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Llangollan Races, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Llangollan School, <a href="#Page_231">231</a><br /> +<br /> +Log houses, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a><br /> +<br /> +London Company, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> +<br /> +London Magazine, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a><br /> +<br /> +Loomis, John T., <a href="#Page_x">x</a><br /> +<br /> +Lotteries, <a href="#Page_183">183</a><br /> +<br /> +Loudermilk & Company, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a><br /> +<br /> +Loudoun County Hospital, <a href="#Page_233">233</a><br /> +<br /> +Loudoun, Earl of, <a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a><br /> +<br /> +Loudoun Hunt, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Loudoun, Mirror, <a href="#Page_183">183</a><br /> +<br /> +Loudoun, Railroad Company, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> +<br /> +Loudoun, Rangers, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a><br /> +<br /> +Loudoun, System, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /> +<br /> +Loudoun, Valley, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> +<br /> +Louis Philippe, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Louisburg, <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /> +<br /> +Love, Sam, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br /> +<br /> +Lovettsville, Town, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a><br /> +<br /> +Loyalists, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br /> +<br /> +Loyd, John, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +Luckett, Sam'l C., <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Lucketts, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> +<br /> +Luttrell, Thos., <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Lutz, Francis A., <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Lutz, Samuel S., Mrs., <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +Lynn, B. W., Lieut., <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> +<br /> +Lynsville Creek, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +MacCormack, John, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /> +<br /> +Madison, Dolly, Mrs., <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> +<br /> +Madison, James, President, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> +<br /> +Maffet, Josias, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Magisterial Districts, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> +<br /> +Mahoc, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Managog, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Manahoacks, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Manassas, Battle, <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Manassas Gap R. R. Co., <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> +<br /> +Mangoack, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Mankin, Chas. L., <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Manning, James F., Jr., <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Manors, <a href="#Page_36">36</a><br /> +<br /> +Mansions, County, Erection of, <a href="#Page_159">159</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Maps, Emerick, <a href="#Page_x">x</a><br /> +<br /> +Maps, Fry and Jefferson, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Maps, Graffenreid, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><br /> +<br /> +Maps, Leesburg, First, <a href="#Page_107">107</a><br /> +<br /> +Maps, Taylor, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a><br /> +<br /> +Marks, John, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +Marks, Thomas, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Marshall, John, Ch. J., <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Marshall, Thomas, Col., <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /> +<br /> +Marshall, Town of, <a href="#Page_214">214</a><br /> +<br /> +Martin, Jacob, <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Martin, Lawrence, Col., <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /> +<br /> +Martin, W. H., Mr. and Mrs., <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> +<br /> +Martz, Robert, <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Maryland boundary, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +Maryland, Invasion of, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br /> +<br /> +Mason, Abraham B. T., <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +Mason, Ann Thomson, Mrs., <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a><br /> +<br /> +Mason, Armistead T., Gen'l, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Mason, Armistead T., Mrs., <a href="#Page_190">190</a><br /> +<br /> +Mason family, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> +<br /> +Mason, George, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> +<br /> +Mason, George III, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> +<br /> +Mason, George IV, of Gunston, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> +<br /> +Mason, John, Mrs., <a href="#Page_x">x</a><br /> +<br /> +Mason, Mary, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> +<br /> +Mason, Stevens T., <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> +<br /> +Mason, Thomas F., <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> +<br /> +Mason, Thomson, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> +<br /> +Mason, Thomson S., <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Mason, William T., <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Mason, W. T. T., <a href="#Page_193">193</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span><br /> +Mason-McCarty Duel, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Massawomecks. (See Iroquois)<br /> +<br /> +Massey, Lee, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> +<br /> +Mathews, Governor, <a href="#Page_13">13</a><br /> +<br /> +Mathews, Thos., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a><br /> +<br /> +Matthews, Richard, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +May, Jonathan C., <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Mayfield, <a href="#Page_170">170</a><br /> +<br /> +McArdell, P., <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a><br /> +<br /> +McCabe, Capt., <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> +<br /> +McCabe, Mrs., <a href="#Page_185">185</a><br /> +<br /> +McCall, Gen'l, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br /> +<br /> +McCarty, Daniel, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> +<br /> +McCarty, Dennis, Col., <a href="#Page_38">38</a><br /> +<br /> +McCarty family, <a href="#Page_37">37</a><br /> +<br /> +McCarty, John M., Col., <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +McCarty, William M., <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +McCarty-Mason Duel, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +McClain, Robt., <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +McClellan, Geo. B., Gen'l, <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +McClellan, H. B., <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> +<br /> +McClellan, William, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +McCormick, Helen, Miss, <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +McGeath, John, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +McGeath, William, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +McGolerick, Judge, <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +McGuinn, John O., <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +McIntosh, Alex., <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +McIntyre, Patrick, <a href="#Page_182">182</a><br /> +<br /> +McKay, Hugh, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +McLeod, Dan'l, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +McLeod, John, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +McLeod, John, Jr., <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +McLlaney, James, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +McVicker, John, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Mead family, <a href="#Page_64">64</a><br /> +<br /> +Mead, Bishop, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> +<br /> +Meade, Gen'l, <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> +<br /> +Means, Sam'l C., Capt., <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> +<br /> +Mercer, Chas. F., <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a><br /> +<br /> +Mercer family, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Mercer, James, <a href="#Page_194">194</a><br /> +<br /> +Mercer, John, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a><br /> +<br /> +Mercer, John F., Gov'r, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +Mercer, Margaret, Miss, <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +Mercer, William F., <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Merritt, Gen'l, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a><br /> +<br /> +Metcalf, Joseph, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +Methodists, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /> +<br /> +Methuen, Paul, <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +Metzger, W. A., Justice, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a><br /> +<br /> +Middleburg, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Middleburg, Battle of, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> +<br /> +Middleburg Hunt, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Middleton, Cornet, <a href="#Page_147">147</a><br /> +<br /> +Middleton, John, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Miles, Josiah, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Milhollen, Hirst, <a href="#Page_x">x</a><br /> +<br /> +Military Organizations, Civil War, <a href="#Page_201">201</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Military Organizations, Colonial Rangers, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> +<br /> +Military Organizations, French and Indian War, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<br /> +Military Organizations, Revolution, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, etc., <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +Military Organizations, War of 1812, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a><br /> +<br /> +Military Organizations, World War, <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Militia, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a> etc., <a href="#Page_201">201</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Mill Creek, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +Millan, Thos., <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Miller, Edward, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Miller, John, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Miller, Thomas, Dr., <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> +<br /> +Miller, Virginia, Miss, <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> +<br /> +Mills, Samuel, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Milstead, Harry, <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Mines, John, Rev., <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /> +<br /> +Mines, John K., <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Minor, Nicholas, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Minor, Thomas, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Mix, Lewis & Co., <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Moffet, Mr., <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +Mohascahod, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Monacans, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Monakin, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Moncure, John, Rev., <a href="#Page_76">76</a><br /> +<br /> +Monguagon, Battle of, <a href="#Page_158">158</a><br /> +<br /> +Monocacy, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> +<br /> +Monongahela River, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /> +<br /> +Monroe, James, Pres't, <a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a> 191 et seq., <a href="#Page_193">193</a><br /> +<br /> +Monroe, Susan, <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /> +<br /> +Monroe Doctrine, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +Monroe Highway, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> +<br /> +Morton, John, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Morton, Levi P., Mrs., <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a><br /> +<br /> +Morton, Richard L., <a href="#Page_224">224</a><br /> +<br /> +Morton, William, Sir, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +Montgomery, J. S., Rev., <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br /> +<br /> +Montressor, <a href="#Page_77">77</a><br /> +<br /> +Mooney, Jas., <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Moore, Asa, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> +<br /> +Moore, Captain, <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +Moore, James, Dr., <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> +<br /> +Moore, John D., Mrs., <a href="#Page_x">x</a><br /> +<br /> +Moore, M. Bernhard, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +Moore, William, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> +<br /> +Moraughtacund, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> +<br /> +Morison, Murdock, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Morris, Governor, Pa., <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<br /> +Morris, Mahlon, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Morrisonville, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> +<br /> +Morrisworth, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Morven Park, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a><br /> +<br /> +Moryson, Francis, <a href="#Page_14">14</a><br /> +<br /> +Mosby, John S., Col., <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Mosby's Confederacy, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> +<br /> +Mosby's Rangers, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a> et seq., <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br /> +<br /> +Mosco, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span><br /> +Moss, John, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br /> +<br /> +Moss, John, Jr., <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /> +<br /> +Moss, William, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /> +<br /> +Mott, T. R., <a href="#Page_183">183</a><br /> +<br /> +Mott, Thos. B., Col., <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Mount Defiance, <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /> +<br /> +Mount Pleasant, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> +<br /> +Mount Recovery, <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /> +<br /> +Mount Vernon, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +Moxley, John, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> +<br /> +Mucklehany, John, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /> +<br /> +Munford, Col., <a href="#Page_209">209</a><br /> +<br /> +Murray, Mr., <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> +<br /> +Myers, Albert J., Major, <a href="#Page_210">210</a><br /> +<br /> +Myers, F. M., Capt., <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a><br /> +<br /> +Myers, Mahlon, <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Nahyssan, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Nalle, B. F., Mr. and Mrs., <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a><br /> +<br /> +Nalle, Edward N., <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Nantaughtacund, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Nanticoke, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +National Portrait Gallery, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a><br /> +<br /> +Necessary house, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /> +<br /> +Negroes, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a><br /> +<br /> +Neilson, Hugh, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a><br /> +<br /> +Nelson, Arthur, <a href="#Page_120">120</a><br /> +<br /> +Newport, Christopher, Sir, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> +<br /> +Newspapers, <a href="#Page_182">182</a><br /> +<br /> +Nichols, Edw. H., <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Nicholson, Governor, <a href="#Page_21">21</a><br /> +<br /> +Nixon, Asbury M., <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Nixon, Lewis, <a href="#Page_231">231</a><br /> +<br /> +Noland, Charlotte H., Miss, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Noland family, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> +<br /> +Noland House, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Noland, James, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Noland, Phillip, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> +<br /> +Noland, Pierce, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +Noland, Samuel, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Noland, Thomas, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /> +<br /> +Noland, William, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Noland's Ferry, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a> et seq., <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> +<br /> +Norbeck, Wm. F., <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /> +<br /> +Norfolk System, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /> +<br /> +Nornail, Wm., <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Norris, Samuel, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> +<br /> +Northern Neck, (See also Proprietary), <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +Northumberland County, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Nottoways, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Numtaneuck, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Nuntally, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Oak Hill, <a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, etc., <a href="#Page_191">191</a><br /> +<br /> +Oatlands, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a><br /> +<br /> +Ockoquan River, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Ogden, David, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Ohio Company, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> +<br /> +Oliphant, Sam'l, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +O'Neal, Edward, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Oneale, Conn., <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Opossum, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Orchards, Apple, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Orchards, Peach, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +Ordinaries, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a> et seq., <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Organization of County, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /> +<br /> +Orkney, Earl of, <a href="#Page_27">27</a><br /> +<br /> +Osburn, Craven, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Osburn family, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Osburn, Richard, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Otter, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<br /> +Overfield, Benj., <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Owsley, John, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /> +<br /> +Ox Road, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Paeonian Springs, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> +<br /> +Page, Frederick, Mrs., <a href="#Page_x">x</a><br /> +<br /> +Page, Mann, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> +<br /> +Palatinate, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> +<br /> +Palma, Valta, <a href="#Page_x">x</a><br /> +<br /> +Parishes, <a href="#Page_97">97</a><br /> +<br /> +Parliament, (See Puritans), <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a><br /> +<br /> +Patterson, Flemming, <a href="#Page_134">134</a><br /> +<br /> +Patton, Francis, Mrs., <a href="#Page_231">231</a><br /> +<br /> +Paulus Hook, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a><br /> +<br /> +Paxton, Chas., Mr. and Mrs., <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a><br /> +<br /> +Paxton Memorial Home, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a><br /> +<br /> +Payne, Linwood, <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Payne, Wm. H., Gen'l, <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> +<br /> +Payne's Church, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +Peach Orchards, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +Peers, H., <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Peers, Mrs., <a href="#Page_185">185</a><br /> +<br /> +Penn, William, <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> +<br /> +Pepperell, Wm., Sir, <a href="#Page_101">101</a><br /> +<br /> +Perfect, Chro., <a href="#Page_136">136</a><br /> +<br /> +Perry, Micajah, <a href="#Page_35">35</a><br /> +<br /> +Petersburg, <a href="#Page_153">153</a><br /> +<br /> +Peugh, Sam'l, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Peyton, Francis, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Peyton family, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> +<br /> +Pickett's Charge, <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Piedmont Manor, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> +<br /> +Pioneers, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a><br /> +<br /> +Piscataway Creek, <a href="#Page_20">20</a><br /> +<br /> +Piscataways, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Pittsburg, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><br /> +<br /> +Plantations, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Plains, The, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a><br /> +<br /> +Plaster, (Land), <a href="#Page_160">160</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Pleasanton, Gen'l, <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> +<br /> +Pleasanton, Stephen, <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> +<br /> +Plymouth Company, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> +<br /> +Point of Rocks, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a><br /> +<br /> +Point of Rocks Bridge, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> +<br /> +Pope's Head, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Population, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span><br /> +Postmasters, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> +<br /> +Potomac Company, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a><br /> +<br /> +Potomac Islands, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><br /> +<br /> +Potomac River, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a> etc., <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a><br /> +<br /> +Potomacs, <a href="#Page_7">7</a><br /> +<br /> +Potts, David, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> +<br /> +Poultry, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Powell, Burr, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Powell, Cuthbert, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +Powell, Elisha, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Powell family, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Powell, Leven, Col., <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a> 166, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> +<br /> +Powell, Lucian, <a href="#Page_231">231</a><br /> +<br /> +Powell, Mary, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Powell, Nathaniel, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Powell, William, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Powell, Winney, Miss, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Powell vs. Chinn, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /> +<br /> +Powhatans, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Presbyterians, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a><br /> +<br /> +Price, Betsy, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a><br /> +<br /> +Prince William County, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Primogeniture, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> +<br /> +Prior, James, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Profiteers, War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /> +<br /> +Proprietary, (also see Northern Neck), <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a><br /> +<br /> +Purcell, Thos., <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Purcell, Samuel, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Purcellville, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> +<br /> +Purcellville Library, <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br /> +<br /> +Puritans, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a><br /> +<br /> +Putman, Herbert, Dr., <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Quakers, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Quaker Settlement, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a><br /> +<br /> +Quantico, <a href="#Page_71">71</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Racoons, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Raiding parties, <a href="#Page_212">212</a><br /> +<br /> +Railroads, <a href="#Page_195">195</a><br /> +<br /> +Raleigh, Walter, Sir, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> +<br /> +Ramsay, Allan, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a><br /> +<br /> +Rappahannock, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Raspberry Plain, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a><br /> +<br /> +Ray, Thomas, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Reardon, John, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Reconstruction, <a href="#Page_224">224</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Records, Colonial, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a><br /> +<br /> +Records, County, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Records, U. S. to Leesburg, <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> +<br /> +Rectortown, <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br /> +<br /> +Red Cross, <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Reed, Jacob, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Reichel, John F., Bishop, <a href="#Page_121">121</a><br /> +<br /> +Religion, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /> +<br /> +Respas, Thos., <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Revolution, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a> etc., <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +Reynolds, Joshua, Sir, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a><br /> +<br /> +Richards, George, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Richardson, John, <a href="#Page_42">42</a><br /> +<br /> +Ridge Road, (See Alexandria Pike).<br /> +<br /> +Riticor, Chas. C., Capt., <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Roach, Mahlon, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Roads, Early condition of, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +Roads, Bazzell, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Robey, Clarence, Mrs., <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br /> +<br /> +Robinson, Peter, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Robinson, William, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Rock Spring, <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /> +<br /> +Rockefeller, John D., Jr., <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a><br /> +<br /> +Rockland, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a><br /> +<br /> +Rogers, A. H., Lieut., <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> +<br /> +Rogers, Asa, Justice, <a href="#Page_200">200</a><br /> +<br /> +Rogers, John, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /> +<br /> +Rogers, William, Mrs., <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Rogers, William H., Lieut., <a href="#Page_202">202</a><br /> +<br /> +Rogues Road, <a href="#Page_61">61</a><br /> +<br /> +Rokeby, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a><br /> +<br /> +Rolling roads, <a href="#Page_67">67</a><br /> +<br /> +Roman Catholics, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br /> +<br /> +Rosser, Thos. L., Col., <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br /> +<br /> +Round Hill, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Roundheads, See Puritans.<br /> +<br /> +Roxbury Hall, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> +<br /> +Rozell, Stephen, <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br /> +<br /> +Ruin of Loudoun, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a><br /> +<br /> +Russell, Anthony, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Russell, Edward O., <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a><br /> +<br /> +Russell, Francis, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Russell, John, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Russell, Robert, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Russell, Thomas, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Rust, Bryan, <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Rust, E. Marshall, <a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a><br /> +<br /> +Rust, Elizabeth F., Miss, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> +<br /> +Rust family, <a href="#Page_142">142</a><br /> +<br /> +Rust, George, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Rust, George, Gen'l, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a><br /> +<br /> +Rust, Henry B., <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> +<br /> +Rust, John Y., <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a><br /> +<br /> +Rust, Matthew, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Rye, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /> +<br /> +Ryswick, Treaty of, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Saint James' Church, Leesburg, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a><br /> +<br /> +Saint John's Church, Leesburg, <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br /> +<br /> +Salem, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br /> +<br /> +Salt, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /> +<br /> +Sanders, Isaac, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Sands, Daniel C., <a href="#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Sanitation, <a href="#Page_163">163</a><br /> +<br /> +Sangster, Adam, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span><br /> +Sapon, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Saratoga, Battle of, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Saunders, Presley, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> +<br /> +Scalawags, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a><br /> +<br /> +Schlatter, Michael, Rev., <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +Schofield, John M., Gen'l, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a><br /> +<br /> +Schools, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a><br /> +<br /> +Schooley, John, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> +<br /> +Scotch, <a href="#Page_44">44</a><br /> +<br /> +Scotch, Irish, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Scotch Prisoners, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><br /> +<br /> +Sebastian, Benj., <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> +<br /> +Secession, <a href="#Page_197">197</a><br /> +<br /> +Secession Convention, <a href="#Page_197">197</a><br /> +<br /> +Secession Ordinance, <a href="#Page_198">198</a><br /> +<br /> +Second Colony, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Selden, Ann T., <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> +<br /> +Selden, Eleanor, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> +<br /> +Selden, Mary M., <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> +<br /> +Selden, Mary T., <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> +<br /> +Selden, Samuel, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> +<br /> +Selden, Wilson C., Dr., <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> +<br /> +Selma, <a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Senecas, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Settlement, <a href="#Page_31">31</a><br /> +<br /> +Settlers, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br /> +<br /> +Shakahonea, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Shannondale, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> +<br /> +Sharp, Governor, Maryland, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<br /> +Shaw, John, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> +<br /> +Shawen, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Sheep, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Shelburne, Earl of, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br /> +<br /> +Shelburne, Glebe, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> +<br /> +Shelburne, Parish, <a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a><br /> +<br /> +Shelburne Vestry, <a href="#Page_196">196</a><br /> +<br /> +Shelburne Vestry books, <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /> +<br /> +Shenandoah Hunting Path, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Shenandoah River, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a><br /> +<br /> +Shenandoah Valley, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> +<br /> +Sheridan, Philip, Gen'l, <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> +<br /> +Shimmer, Christian, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /> +<br /> +Shirley, Governor, Massachusetts, <a href="#Page_86">86</a><br /> +<br /> +Shoemaker, Basil W., <a href="#Page_227">227</a><br /> +<br /> +Shore, Richard, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Shore, Thos., <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Short Hills, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a><br /> +<br /> +Shreve, Benj., <a href="#Page_159">159</a><br /> +<br /> +Shrieve, George, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Shrieves, William, <a href="#Page_173">173</a><br /> +<br /> +Shumaker, Ashton H., <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Silver, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +Simpson, Geo. F., Dr., <a href="#Page_233">233</a><br /> +<br /> +Simpson, William, Capt., <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Sims, Barney, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Sinclair, John, Sir, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Singleton, Joshua, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Sioux, <a href="#Page_3">3</a><br /> +<br /> +Slaves, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a><br /> +<br /> +Smallwood, Henry G., <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Smith, Fleet, <a href="#Page_184">184</a><br /> +<br /> +Smith, John, Capt., <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Smith, John E., <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Smith, Rufus, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Smith, Samuel, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Smith, Wethers, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Smith, William, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Smithsonian Institution, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a><br /> +<br /> +Smitley, Matthias, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Snickers, Edward, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Snickers Ferry, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Snickers Gap, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Snickersville, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Snickersville Road, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a><br /> +<br /> +Snider, Warner, Mr. and Mrs., <a href="#Page_171">171</a><br /> +<br /> +Soil improvement, <a href="#Page_159">159</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Sorrell, Thos., <a href="#Page_113">113</a><br /> +<br /> +Southern Railway Company, <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Spain, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a><br /> +<br /> +Spanish-American War, <a href="#Page_227">227</a><br /> +<br /> +Spanish Succession, War of, <a href="#Page_45">45</a><br /> +<br /> +Speake, Capt., <a href="#Page_131">131</a><br /> +<br /> +Spitzfathen, John, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Spooner, Chas., <a href="#Page_xi">xi</a><br /> +<br /> +Spotswood, Alex., Sir, <a href="#Page_27">27</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Spotswood, Alex., Jr., <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +Spotswood, Catharine, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +Spotswood Treaty, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Springwood, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Stafford County, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Stamp, William, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /> +<br /> +Stanton, E. M., <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /> +<br /> +Stegarake, <a href="#Page_4">4</a><br /> +<br /> +Stegora, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Stephens, Wm., <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /> +<br /> +Stephensburg, <a href="#Page_111">111</a><br /> +<br /> +Stevens, Lewis, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Stevens, Thos., <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Stocks, <a href="#Page_110">110</a><br /> +<br /> +Stone, C. P., Gen'l, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br /> +<br /> +Stone, Thos, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><br /> +<br /> +Stout, John L., <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Stover, <a href="#Page_46">46</a><br /> +<br /> +Strahane, David, <a href="#Page_23">23</a><br /> +<br /> +Straughan, David, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Strictland, William, <a href="#Page_161">161</a><br /> +<br /> +Stuart, J. E. B., Gen'l, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> +<br /> +Sugarland Run, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Sugarlands, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a><br /> +<br /> +Summers, George, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Susquehannocks, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a><br /> +<br /> +Sutton, Isaac, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +Swann, Thos., Governor, <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br /> +<br /> +Swans, Wild, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a><br /> +<br /> +Swem, E. G., Dr., <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Tacci, <a href="#Page_9">9</a><br /> +<br /> +Talbot, William, Sir, <a href="#Page_8">8</a><br /> +<br /> +Taliaferro, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Tankerville, Earl of, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><br /> +<br /> +Tavenner, Lott, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span><br /> +Taxuntania, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><br /> +<br /> +Tayler, John, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Tayloe, Rebecca, Miss, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> +<br /> +Taylor, Henry S., <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Taylor, Lawrence, <a href="#Page_78">78</a><br /> +<br /> +Taylor, William, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Taylor, Yardley, <a href="#Page_viii">viii</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a><br /> +<br /> +Tebbs, Charles B., Col., <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +Tebbs, Edward H., Jr., Capt., <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Tebbs, John A., Capt., <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /> +<br /> +Temple Farm, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +Terrick, Bishop, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /> +<br /> +Thatcher family, <a href="#Page_82">82</a><br /> +<br /> +Thatcher, John, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Thomas, David, <a href="#Page_79">79</a><br /> +<br /> +Thomas, Enoch, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Thomas, Evan, <a href="#Page_106">106</a><br /> +<br /> +Thomas, Henry W., Judge, <a href="#Page_224">224</a><br /> +<br /> +Thomas, Isaac, <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> +<br /> +Thomas, Jacob, <a href="#Page_188">188</a><br /> +<br /> +Thomas, John, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Thomas, Mahlon, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Thomas, Moses, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Thomas, Robert, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /> +<br /> +Thomas, Thomas, <a href="#Page_129">129</a><br /> +<br /> +Thompson, Edward, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a><br /> +<br /> +Thomson, Stevens, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> +<br /> +Thomson, William, Sir, <a href="#Page_75">75</a><br /> +<br /> +Thorneley, Sam'l, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a><br /> +<br /> +Thornton, John, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Thornton, Samuel C., <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Thornton, Thomas, <a href="#Page_81">81</a><br /> +<br /> +Thoroughfare Gap, <a href="#Page_217">217</a><br /> +<br /> +Throckmorton, Mordecai, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Thurston, Thos., <a href="#Page_49">49</a><br /> +<br /> +Ticks, <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /> +<br /> +Tidewater Virginians, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a><br /> +<br /> +Tillett, Giles, <a href="#Page_24">24</a><br /> +<br /> +Tobacco as Money, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><br /> +<br /> +Tobacco planting, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a><br /> +<br /> +Todhill, Anas, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><br /> +<br /> +Toleration Acts, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a><br /> +<br /> +Toulmin, Harry A., Lt. Col., <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +Towns, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Trammell, John, <a href="#Page_69">69</a><br /> +<br /> +Trammell, Samson, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Trammell, William, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /> +<br /> +Tribley, Joseph, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Triplett, Francil, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Triplett, Simon, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +True, Rodney H., <a href="#Page_160">160</a><br /> +<br /> +"True American," (newspaper), <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a><br /> +<br /> +Trundle, Hartley H., <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> +<br /> +Trundle, Horatio, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> +<br /> +Truro Glebe, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br /> +<br /> +Truro Parish, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a> etc., <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a><br /> +<br /> +Tuckahoes, (See Tidewater Virginians), <a href="#Page_28">28</a><br /> +<br /> +Turley, Giles, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Turner, Fielding, <a href="#Page_102">102</a><br /> +<br /> +Tuscaroras, <a href="#Page_2">2</a><br /> +<br /> +Tuscarora Creek, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a><br /> +<br /> +Tustin, Samuel, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Tyler, Charles, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Tyler, George, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Tyson's Corner, <a href="#Page_89">89</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Ulster, Province of, <a href="#Page_51">51</a><br /> +<br /> +Union League, <a href="#Page_225">225</a><br /> +<br /> +Union men, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Union sentiment, <a href="#Page_201">201</a><br /> +<br /> +Union, Town of, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Unison, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Upperville Horse Show, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Valley Bank, <a href="#Page_xii">xii</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a><br /> +<br /> +Valley Forge, <a href="#Page_137">137</a><br /> +<br /> +Vandercastel, Giles, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> +<br /> +Vandevanter, Chas. O., <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> +<br /> +Vandevanter, Isaac, <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Van Ingelgen, A. J., Rev., <a href="#Page_232">232</a><br /> +<br /> +Vernon, Admiral, <a href="#Page_30">30</a><br /> +<br /> +Vert's Corner, <a href="#Page_62">62</a><br /> +<br /> +Vestal family, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Vestal, G., <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Vestal, John, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> +<br /> +Vestal's Ferry, <a href="#Page_66">66</a><br /> +<br /> +Vestal's Gap, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> +<br /> +Vestries, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a><br /> +<br /> +Vestry Books, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a> et seq., <a href="#Page_164">164</a><br /> +<br /> +Victoria, Queen, <a href="#Page_178">178</a><br /> +<br /> +Vince, Thomas, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Virginia Historical Index, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a><br /> +<br /> +Virginia Historical Society, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a><br /> +<br /> +Virginia State Library, <a href="#Page_117">117</a><br /> +<br /> +Virginia, troops in French and Indian War, <a href="#Page_87">87</a> etc., <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Wagener, Mary E., <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /> +<br /> +Wagener, Peter, Col., <a href="#Page_118">118</a><br /> +<br /> +Waggoner, Capt., <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a><br /> +<br /> +Wallace, James M., <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Walnut Cabin Branch, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Wampter, Capt., <a href="#Page_207">207</a><br /> +<br /> +War of 1812, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a> et seq.<br /> +<br /> +Warner's Crossroads, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> +<br /> +Warrenton, <a href="#Page_212">212</a><br /> +<br /> +Washington, Augustine, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +Washington, City of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Washington, George, Gen'l, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a> etc., <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a><br /> +<br /> +Washington, John A., <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a><br /> +<br /> +Washington's Journal, <a href="#Page_84">84</a><br /> +<br /> +Washingtonian (Newspaper), <a href="#Page_182">182</a><br /> +<br /> +Waterford, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a> et seq., <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a><br /> +<br /> +Wayne, Anthony, Gen'l, <a href="#Page_141">141</a><br /> +<br /> +Weidener, Chas., <a href="#Page_185">185</a><br /> +<br /> +Wenner, William, <a href="#Page_80">80</a><br /> +<br /> +West, George, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span><br /> +West, Hugh, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> +<br /> +West, John, <a href="#Page_40">40</a><br /> +<br /> +West, William, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a><br /> +<br /> +West's Ordinary, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a><br /> +<br /> +Westmoreland County, <a href="#Page_99">99</a><br /> +<br /> +Wetherby, <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Whaley, James, Jr., <a href="#Page_126">126</a><br /> +<br /> +Wheat, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Wheatland, <a href="#Page_65">65</a><br /> +<br /> +Whig Party, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a><br /> +<br /> +White, Bishop, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /> +<br /> +White, Elijah B., Col., <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a><br /> +<br /> +White, Elijah B., Mrs., <a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a><br /> +<br /> +White, Elijah V., Col., <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a> et seq., <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a><br /> +<br /> +White, Elizabeth, Miss, <a href="#Page_x">x</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a><br /> +<br /> +White, James, <a href="#Page_138">138</a><br /> +<br /> +White, Joel, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +White, Josiah, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +White, R. L., Gen'l, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><br /> +<br /> +White Plains, <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> +<br /> +White's Battalion, <a href="#Page_208">208</a> etc., <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> +<br /> +White's Ferry, <a href="#Page_210">210</a><br /> +<br /> +White's Ford, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a><br /> +<br /> +Whitney, John H., Mr. and Mrs., <a href="#Page_174">174</a><br /> +<br /> +Wiard, Michael, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Wickham, Williams C., Col., <a href="#Page_216">216</a><br /> +<br /> +Wigginton, Spence, <a href="#Page_128">128</a><br /> +<br /> +Wildey, John, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Wildman, Enos, <a href="#Page_186">186</a><br /> +<br /> +Wildman, Joseph, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Wilkinson, Thos., <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> +<br /> +Wilks, Francis, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /> +<br /> +William, III, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a><br /> +<br /> +William and Mary College, <a href="#Page_104">104</a><br /> +<br /> +William and Mary College Quarterly, <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a><br /> +<br /> +Williams, Abner, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Williams, John, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Williams, Thomas, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a><br /> +<br /> +Williams, Thomas Burr, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Williamsburg, <a href="#Page_vii">vii</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a><br /> +<br /> +Williams' Gap, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a><br /> +<br /> +Williamson, B., <a href="#Page_187">187</a><br /> +<br /> +Williamson, J. J., Rev., <a href="#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a><br /> +<br /> +Willock, James, <a href="#Page_96">96</a><br /> +<br /> +Wills Creek, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a><br /> +<br /> +Winchester, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a><br /> +<br /> +Winder, Wm. H., Gen'l, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> +<br /> +Wolfcaile, John, <a href="#Page_167">167</a><br /> +<br /> +Wolford, John, <a href="#Page_223">223</a><br /> +<br /> +Wolves, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a><br /> +<br /> +Wood, Waddy B., <a href="#Page_231">231</a><br /> +<br /> +Woody, William, <a href="#Page_179">179</a><br /> +<br /> +World War, <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +World War Monument, <a href="#Page_229">229</a><br /> +<br /> +Worsley, Lizzie, Miss, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><br /> +<br /> +Wyatt, Dudley, Sir, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +York River, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a><br /> +</div> + + + + + + + +<h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> i.e. Shields.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Harrison's <i>Virginia Land Grants</i>, 63.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> Howison's <i>History of Virginia</i>, I., 387.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> Dr. P. A. Bruce in <i>A Virginia Plutarch</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Howison's <i>History of Virginia</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> Fiske's <i>Old Virginia and her Neighbours</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> <i>Official Letters of Alexander Spotswood.</i> Virginia Historical Society, 1882.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> Hening IV, 103.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> <i>An Historical Sketch of the two Fairfax Families in Virginia.</i> Lindsay Fairfax, +(1913) p. 41. As to spelling of Culpeper or Colepeper, see Fairfax Harrison's <i>Proprietors +of the Northern Neck</i>; also 33 <i>Virginia Magazine History and Biography</i>, 223.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Neill's <i>Fairfaxes of England and America</i>, p. 8. (1868.)</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Micajah Perry, the great Virginia merchant of London.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> <i>Landmarks of Old Prince William</i>, I, 231.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> President of the Council.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Chapter XIII.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> The well known Leeds Manor in Fauquier was one; named for Leeds Castle, the +Fairfax seat in Kent.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Land Patents Book, III, 248.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Journal Cork Historical and Genealogical Society, 2nd Series, Vol. II, p. 213.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Captain Daniel's descent is given in <i>The McCarthys in Early American History</i>, +by Michael J. O'Brien, who corrects Hayden's assumption that Daniel was the son of +Dennis of Lynn Haven, Lower Norfolk. Also see Chapter XIV.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> Aubrey's house is shewn on Robert Brooke's survey (1737) of the Potomac River +below the Shenandoah. Original of survey is in Enoch Pratt Library, Baltimore; +photostat copy is in Library of Congress.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> <i>History of Truro Parish</i>, by Rev. Philip Slaughter, D.D., Edited by Rev. Edward +L. Goodwin, p. 7.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Idem, 16.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> <i>Landmarks of Old Prince William</i>, 304.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Chapter X post.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> <i>Landmarks of Old Prince William</i>, 148 and 155.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Chapter VI post.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> <i>Landmarks of Old Prince William</i>, I., 267.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>, <i>"Friends, Society of."</i></p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Fiske's <i>Beginnings of New England</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Testimony of a contemporary, the Rev. Andrew Stewart. <i>The Scotch-Irish Settlers +in the Valley of Virginia</i>, by Bolivar Christian.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> <i>Landmarks of Old Prince William</i>, I., 235.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Hening, 256. Also <i>Patrician and Plebeian in Virginia, T. J. Wertenbaker</i>, p. 164.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> E. I. McCormac's <i>White Servitude in Maryland</i>, p. 67.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> He refers to the Act passed in 1718, on the transportation of convicts.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> <i>Landmarks of Old Prince William</i>, I., 162.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> <i>Historic Highways of America</i>, A. B. Hulbert, I, 19.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Hening, V, 176.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> Harry T. Harrison in <i>Loudoun Times</i>, 20 Dec., 1916.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> According to C. W. Sam's <i>The Forest Primeval</i> (p. 382) the Delawares and Catawbas +were at war in 1732.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Balch Library. Loudoun Clippings, Vol. 2, p. 66.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> <i>Landmarks of Old Prince William</i>, 481, 511.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> <i>Landmarks</i>, 423; also C. O. Van Devanter in <i>Loudoun County Breeders Magazine</i>, +spring, 1931.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> Washington's <i>Journal Of My Journey Over the Mountains</i>. Edited by Dr. J. M. +Toner in 1892. p. 52.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Balch Library Clippings, III, 41 and 53.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>, and W. S. Walsh's <i>Curiosities of Popular Customs</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> <i>History of Truro Parish in Virginia</i>, 19.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> See Chapter VII post.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> See Mrs. Browne's narrative in next chapter.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> <i>Landmarks of Old Prince William</i>, 273.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> The will is on record in Fairfax County.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> <i>Landmarks</i>, 502; also Fairfax County Wills A1, 309 and B1, 26.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> C. O. Vandevantner in <i>Northern Virginian</i>, winter issue, 1932.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> <i>Life of George Mason</i>, by Kate Mason Rowland.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> <i>Idem.</i>, 79.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> Liber 3, Fol. 181, N. N. Grants.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Fairfax County Land Records Liber C1 p. 806.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> <i>Douglass Family</i>, by J. S. Wise.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> <i>Baptists in Virginia</i>, by R. B. Semple; also 3 Balch Library Clippings, 64.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> Balch Library Clippings, IV, 4.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Depositions in Powell vs. Chinn, Loudoun Archives.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Loudoun Superior Court Orders C 38.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Balch Library Clippings, II, 84.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> <i>Virginia Land Grants</i>, 130.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> <i>Journal of Washington 1754.</i> Edited by J. M. Toner M. D.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> <i>History of an Expedition Against Fort DuQuesne in 1755</i>, by Winthrop Sargent p. +193.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> Idem, 294.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> 7 Hening, 9.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> 6 Hening, 438.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> 6 Hening, 453.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Newspaper clipping Balch Library, Leesburg, Vol. 1. Loudoun County 70.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> <i>Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i>, Vol. 38, p. 169.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> i.e. Cured ham or even bacon.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Fairfax Harrison suggests error; that Rev. John Andrews, then Parson of Cameron +Parish, was the man. No Parson named Adams then in Virginia.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> 7 Hening, 171 and 222.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> <i>History of Truro Parish</i>, i.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> Known as Chapter XXII. See 7 Hening, 148.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> See Chapter XIII post.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> See chapter VII ante.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> Archives of Maryland, Published by Maryland Historical Society 1900.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> <i>Landmarks</i>, I., 327 and 344.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> I owe both the copy of the map and its history to Mr. Thomas M. Fendall of Morrisworth +and Leesburg.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> Loudoun Orders A, 142.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Loudoun Orders A, 162.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> Loudoun Deeds B, 149.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> Loudoun Orders A, 544.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> 7 Hening, 234.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> Head, 72.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Loudoun Orders A, 91.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> 7 Hening, 301.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> 8 Hening, 425.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> 8 Hening, 202.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> See biography in <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i> under name of Landsdowne.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> In Loudoun National Bank.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> <i>The Colonial Church in Virginia</i>, Rev. E. L. Goodwin, p. 116. Also see <i>Colonel Leven +Powell</i>, by Dr. R. C. Powell and Appleton's <i>Encyclopedia American Biography</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> 8 Hening, 147.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> 9 Hening, 586.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> <i>Landmarks</i>, 504.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> 7 Hening, 126.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> In this ferry situation, <i>Landmarks of Old Prince William</i> is an invaluable guide.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> Goodheart's <i>Loudoun Rangers</i>, 6.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> Copy found among papers of Colonel Leven Powell. See 12 William and Mary +Quarterly (1) 231.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> Loudoun "Orders" G 517-522. Head, 134.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> <i>The Journal of Nicholas Cresswell</i>, The Dial Press, New York.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> The name persists in England. In July, 1937, on leaving the Tower of London, I +found myself facing another "Crooked Billet," a public house at 32 Minories.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> The book itself should be read. The above abstractions necessarily omit much of +fascinating interest.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> 8 Calendar of Virginia State Papers, 139.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> <i>History of Shenandoah Valley of Virginia</i>, by Samuel Kercheval, 149.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> 9 Hening, 586.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> 9 Hening, 584.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> 23 Virginia Magazine History and Biography, 261.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> 2 Balch Library Clippings, 18.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> See Tyler's Quarterly V-61.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> Balch Library Clippings II, 48 and IV, 1.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> 5 Virginia Magazine History and Biography, 377.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> 2 Virginia Colonial State Papers, 258.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> 2 Virginia Colonial State Papers, 308.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> Quotations are from the 2nd edition published in 1827 in Washington by Peter Force.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> Supposed to have been General Gates.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> Lee, the narrator.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> Thus Lee's account, but Champe apparently afterwards found it expedient to enlist +with the British, as will appear later.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> <i>Historic Collections of Virginia</i>, by Henry Howe, 1849.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> Vol. 3, Balch Library Clippings, p. 30.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> See article on Binns by Rodney H. True in 2 William and Mary Quarterly (2) 20.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> <i>Old Saint James Episcopal Church</i>, by Miss Lizzie Worsley.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> 2 Shepherd, 107.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> See Chapter VII ante.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> 12 Hening, 605.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> 2 Shepherd, 270.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> 2 Shepherd, 549.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> See Chapter XIV post.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> Acts 1810, p. 37.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> Acts 1824-5, p. 86. For historical sketch of village see 2 Balch Library Clippings, 1. +For Snickers also see 2 Landmarks, 509.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> See Loudoun Deeds W271, W263, Y132, etc.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> Loudoun Deeds Y20, 2 R287 and 2 W208.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> See Chapter XIII ante.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> 6 Ns Deeds 272, Loudoun County records.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> Issue of 12th October, 1818.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> 2nd Nov., 1819.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> 9th Nov., 1819.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> 26th Oct., 1818.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> 20th Jan., 1818.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> i.e. the thickening and cleansing of woollen cloth.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> See Chapter XIII ante.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> Chapter IV ante.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> Presumably Fayette Ball of Springwood and Richard Henderson, a prominent lawyer +of Leesburg.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> <i>General Lafayette's Visit to Virginia</i>, by Robert D. Ward.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> See Chapter XIII.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> See Chapter XIII.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> See Chapter VII.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> <i>Charles Fenton Mercer</i>, by James M. Garnett.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> See Briscoe Goodheart in 4 Balch Clippings 33.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> Bishop Mead's <i>Old Churches of Virginia</i>, II, 274. Also see <i>Landmarks</i> 306 and +Selden vs. Overseers, XI Leigh 127.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> Loudoun Minute Book 1861-65, p. 69. Also statements to author by Mr. Fox's +daughter, Mrs. John Mason of Leesburg.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> <i>Loudoun Rangers</i>, by Briscoe Goodhart, p. 19.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> <i>The Comanches</i>, by F. M. Myers, p. 19.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> To get the full flavor of the bitterness engendered, read F. M. Myers' <i>Comanches</i>, +and Goodhart's <i>Loudoun Rangers</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> Condensed from Hotchkiss' <i>Virginia Military History</i> as quoted by Head, p. 138. +Also White's <i>Battle of Ball's Bluff</i>. For Gen. Evans' report see "Official Reports, Sept. +to Dec. 1861," published in Richmond in 1862.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> Myers' <i>Comanches</i>, p. 314.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> Same, pp. 148, 154, 242, 315, 342, 353, etc.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> See manuscript memorandum prepared by Mrs. Magnus Thompson and now in +possession of Colonel White's granddaughter, Miss Elizabeth White, of Selma.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> <i>The Loudoun Rangers</i>, by Briscoe Goodhart, 44.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> Head, 150.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> <i>Loudoun Rangers</i>, 44.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> <i>War of the Rebellion; Official Records</i>, Vol. 27, p. 118.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> "Reports Army of Northern Virginia," from June 1862 to Dec. 1862. Vol. II, pp. 99, +187, 211, 246, 282, etc.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> Myers' <i>Comanches</i>, 111; also report of Colonel J. M. Davis, <i>War of the Rebellion: +Official Records</i>, Vol. 27, p. 1091.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> Williamson, 105.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> <i>Economic and Social Survey of Loudoun County</i>, 22.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> <i>History of Loudoun County</i>, 149.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> Mosby's <i>War Reminiscences</i>, 41.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> <i>Mosby's Rangers</i>, by J. J. Williamson, 15.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> Same, 175.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> Mosby's <i>War Reminiscences</i>, 44.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> See rosters in Williamson, pp. 475 and 487.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> <i>Life and Campaigns of General J. E. B. Stuart</i>, by H. B. McClellan, 301.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> Moore's <i>Kilpatrick and Our Cavalry</i>, 71.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_176_176" id="Footnote_176_176"></a><a href="#FNanchor_176_176"><span class="label">[176]</span></a> <i>Life and Campaigns of Maj.-Gen. J. E. B. Stuart</i>, 303.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_177_177" id="Footnote_177_177"></a><a href="#FNanchor_177_177"><span class="label">[177]</span></a> Williamson, 317.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_178_178" id="Footnote_178_178"></a><a href="#FNanchor_178_178"><span class="label">[178]</span></a> <i>Comanches</i>, 356.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_179_179" id="Footnote_179_179"></a><a href="#FNanchor_179_179"><span class="label">[179]</span></a> House Report No. 3859.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_180_180" id="Footnote_180_180"></a><a href="#FNanchor_180_180"><span class="label">[180]</span></a> 17 Loudoun Minute Books, 70.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_181_181" id="Footnote_181_181"></a><a href="#FNanchor_181_181"><span class="label">[181]</span></a> Idem, 2.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_182_182" id="Footnote_182_182"></a><a href="#FNanchor_182_182"><span class="label">[182]</span></a> <i>The Negro in Virginia Politics</i>, 27.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_183_183" id="Footnote_183_183"></a><a href="#FNanchor_183_183"><span class="label">[183]</span></a> <i>Autobiography of Eppa Hunton</i>, pp. 147, 148.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_184_184" id="Footnote_184_184"></a><a href="#FNanchor_184_184"><span class="label">[184]</span></a> <i>Loudoun Mirror</i> of the 10th January, 1872.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_185_185" id="Footnote_185_185"></a><a href="#FNanchor_185_185"><span class="label">[185]</span></a> R. L. Morton's <i>The Negro in Virginia Politics</i> and H. J. Eckenrode's <i>Political Reconstruction +in Virginia</i>.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_186_186" id="Footnote_186_186"></a><a href="#FNanchor_186_186"><span class="label">[186]</span></a> <i>Travels through the middle settlements in North America</i> by Rev. (afterward Archdeacon) +Andrew Burnaby, DD. 3rd Edition. 1798. Appendix p. 163. The first and second +editions do not include the interesting little biography of Lord Fairfax.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_187_187" id="Footnote_187_187"></a><a href="#FNanchor_187_187"><span class="label">[187]</span></a> On every anniversary of the Armistice commemorative services are held before it.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_188_188" id="Footnote_188_188"></a><a href="#FNanchor_188_188"><span class="label">[188]</span></a> For a history of the Library see article in <i>The Northern Virginian</i>, Vol. 4, No. 1, p. +22, by the present author who is deeply interested in the institution of which he has been +President and a Director since 1925. Of its fine collection of historical material on +Loudoun free use has been made in the present work.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_189_189" id="Footnote_189_189"></a><a href="#FNanchor_189_189"><span class="label">[189]</span></a> I am indebted to Father Igoe and to Mr. John T. Hourihane of Leesburg for the +facts concerning St. John's.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_190_190" id="Footnote_190_190"></a><a href="#FNanchor_190_190"><span class="label">[190]</span></a> For a history of the hospital see article by Mrs. Arthur M. Chichester in <i>The Northern +Virginian</i>, Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 25.</p></div> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="tn"><h3>Transcriber's Note:</h3> + +<p>Research indicates the copyright on this book was not renewed.</p> + +<p>There are many inconsistencies in the spelling of names, such as McCarty and McCarthy.</p> + +<p>Obvious printer errors have been silently normalised, except for the following:</p> + +<p>On page 25: "In the 1712 another courageous adventurer" ... A missing word was added: "In the 'year' 1712" ...</p> + +<p>Regarding the ad on page 184: The original ad in the <i>Genius of Liberty</i> +of the 14th October 1817 reads as follows:</p> + +<p>"LEESBURG JOCKEY CLUB. RACES will be run for on Wednesday the 15th +October, over a handsome course near the town, A Purse of 200 Dollars, +three miles and repeat, and on Thursday the 16th day, two miles and repeat +A Purse of 100 Dollars, and on Friday the 17th one mile and repeat, a +Town's Purse of at least $150, and on Saturday the 18th an elegant SADDLE, +BRIDLE and MARTINGALE, worth at least FIFTY DOLLARS, P. SAUNDERS, sec'y & +treas'r."</p></div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Legends of Loudoun, by Harrison Williams + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LEGENDS OF LOUDOUN *** + +***** This file should be named 38130-h.htm or 38130-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/8/1/3/38130/ + +Produced by Mark C. 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