diff options
Diffstat (limited to '38116-h')
| -rw-r--r-- | 38116-h/38116-h.html | 25482 |
1 files changed, 25482 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/38116-h/38116-h.html b/38116-h/38116-h.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..93706fe --- /dev/null +++ b/38116-h/38116-h.html @@ -0,0 +1,25482 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> +<head> + <meta name="generator" content= + "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 25 March 2009), see www.w3.org" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> + <meta name="DC.Creator" content="Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger" /> + <meta name="DC.Title" content="Letters From Rome on the Council" /> + <meta name="DC.Date" content="November 23, 2011" /> + <meta name="DC.Language" content="English" /> + <meta name="DC.Publisher" content="Project Gutenberg" /> + <meta name="DC.Identifier" content= + "http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/38116" /> + <meta name="DC.Rights" content="This text is in the public domain." /> + + <title>The Project Gutenberg EBook of Letters From Rome on the Council by + Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger</title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[*/ + /* + The Gnutenberg Press - default CSS2 stylesheet + + Any generated element will have a class "tei" and a class "tei-elem" + where elem is the element name in TEI. + The order of statements is important !!! + */ + + .tei { margin: 0; padding: 0; + font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal } + + .block { display: block; } + .inline { display: inline; } + .floatleft { float: left; margin: 1em 2em 1em 0; } + .floatright { float: right; margin: 1em 0 1em 2em; } + .shaded { margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + padding: 1em; background-color: #eee; } + .boxed { margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + padding: 1em; border: 1px solid black; } + + body.tei { margin: 4ex 10%; text-align: justify } + div.tei { margin: 2em 0em } + p.tei { margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; text-indent: 0em; } + blockquote.tei { margin: 2em 4em } + + div.tei-lg { margin: 1em 0em; } + div.tei-l { margin: 0em; text-align: left; } + div.tei-tb { text-align: center; } + div.tei-epigraph { margin: 0em 0em 1em 10em; } + div.tei-dateline { margin: 1ex 0em; text-align: right } + div.tei-salute { margin: 1ex 0em; } + div.tei-signed { margin: 1ex 0em; text-align: right } + div.tei-byline { margin: 1ex 0em; } + + /* calculate from size of body = 80% */ + div.tei-marginnote { margin: 0em 0em 0em -12%; width: 11%; float: left; } + + div.tei-sp { margin: 1em 0em 1em 2em } + div.tei-speaker { margin: 0em 0em 1em -2em; + font-weight: bold; text-indent: 0em } + div.tei-stage { margin: 1em 0em; font-weight: normal; font-style: italic } + span.tei-stage { font-weight: normal; font-style: italic } + + div.tei-eg { padding: 1em; + color: black; background-color: #eee } + + hr.doublepage { margin: 4em 0em; height: 5px; } + hr.page { margin: 4em 0em; height: 2px; } + + ul.tei-index { list-style-type: none } + + dl.tei { margin: 1em 0em } + + dt.tei-notelabel { font-weight: normal; text-align: right; + float: left; width: 3em } + dd.tei-notetext { margin: 0em 0em 1ex 4em } + + span.tei-pb { position: absolute; left: 1%; width: 8%; + font-style: normal; } + + span.code { font-family: monospace; font-size: 110%; } + + ul.tei-castlist { margin: 0em; list-style-type: none } + li.tei-castitem { margin: 0em; } + table.tei-castgroup { margin: 0em; } + ul.tei-castgroup { margin: 0em; list-style-type: none; + padding-right: 2em; border-right: solid black 2px; } + caption.tei-castgroup-head { caption-side: right; width: 50%; text-align: left; + vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 2em; } + *.tei-roledesc { font-style: italic } + *.tei-set { font-style: italic } + + table.rules { border-collapse: collapse; } + table.rules caption, + table.rules th, + table.rules td { border: 1px solid black; } + + table.tei { border-collapse: collapse; } + table.tei-list { width: 100% } + + th.tei-head-table { padding: 0.5ex 1em } + + th.tei-cell { padding: 0em 1em } + td.tei-cell { padding: 0em 1em } + + td.tei-item { padding: 0; font-weight: normal; + vertical-align: top; text-align: left; } + th.tei-label, + td.tei-label { width: 3em; padding: 0; font-weight: normal; + vertical-align: top; text-align: right; } + + th.tei-label-gloss, + td.tei-label-gloss { text-align: left } + + td.tei-item-gloss, + th.tei-headItem-gloss { padding-left: 4em; } + + img.tei-formula { vertical-align: middle; } + + /*]]>*/ + </style> +</head> + +<body class="tei"> + <div lang="en" class="tei tei-text" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em" xml:lang="en"> + <div class="tei tei-front" style= + "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgheader" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em">The Project + Gutenberg EBook of Letters From Rome on the Council by Johann + Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This eBook is + for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no + restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use + it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License <a href= + "#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this eBook</a> or + online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p> + </div> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +Title: Letters From Rome on the Council + +Author: Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger + +Release Date: November 23, 2011 [Ebook #38116] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LETTERS FROM ROME ON THE COUNCIL*** +</pre> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"></div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.73em"><span style= + "font-size: 173%">Letters From Rome on the Council</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style= + "font-size: 144%">By</span> <span class="tei tei-q" style= + "text-align: center"><span style= + "font-size: 144%">“</span><span style= + "font-size: 144%">Quirinus</span><span style= + "font-size: 144%">”</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.44em"><span style= + "font-size: 144%">(Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger)</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style= + "font-size: 120%">Reprinted from the</span> <span class="tei tei-hi" + style="text-align: center"><span style= + "font-size: 120%; font-style: italic">Allgemeine + Zeiting</span></span><span style="font-size: 120%">.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.20em"><span style= + "font-size: 120%">Authorized Translation.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">Rivingtons</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">London, Oxford, and + Cambridge</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">1870</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1> + + <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"> + <li><a href="#toc1">Preface.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc3">Views of the Council. (Allgemeine Zeitung, May + 20, 1869.)</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc5">The Future Council. (Allg. Zeit., June 11, + 1869.)</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc7">Prince Hohenlohe and the Council. (Allg. Zeit., + June 20 and 21, 1869.)</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc9">The Council. (Allg. Zeit., Aug. 19, + 1869.)</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc11">The Fulda Pastoral. (Allg. Zeit., Sept. 25, + 1869.)</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc13">The Bishops and the Council. (Allg. Zeit., + Nov. 19 and 20, 1869.)</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc15">First Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc17">Second Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc19">Third Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc21">Fourth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc23">Fifth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc25">Sixth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc27">Seventh Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc29">Eighth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc31">Ninth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc33">Tenth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc35">Eleventh Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc37">Twelfth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc39">Thirteenth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc41">Fourteenth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc43">Fifteenth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc45">Sixteenth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc47">Seventeenth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc49">Eighteenth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc51">Nineteenth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc53">Twentieth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc55">Twenty-First Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc57">Twenty-Second Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc59">Twenty-Third Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc61">Twenty-Fourth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc63">Twenty-Fifth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc65">Twenty-Sixth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc67">Twenty-Seventh Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc69">Twenty-Eighth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc71">Twenty-Ninth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc73">Thirtieth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc75">Thirty-First Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc77">Thirty-Second Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc79">Thirty-Third Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc81">Thirty-Fourth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc83">Thirty-Fifth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc85">Thirty-Sixth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc87">Thirty-Seventh Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc89">Thirty-Eighth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc91">Thirty-Ninth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc93">Fortieth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc95">Forty-First Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc97">Forty-Second Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc99">Forty-Third Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc101">Forty-Fourth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc103">Forty-Fifth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc105">Forty-Sixth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc107">Forty-Seventh Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc109">Forty-Eighth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc111">Forty-Ninth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc113">Fiftieth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc115">Fifty-First Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc117">Fifty-Second Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc119">Fifty-Third Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc121">Fifty-Fourth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc123">Fifty-Fifth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc125">Fifty-Sixty Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc127">Fifty-Seventh Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc129">Fifty-Eighth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc131">Fifty-Ninth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc133">Sixtieth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc135">Sixty-First Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc137">Sixty-Second Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc139">Sixty-Third Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc141">Sixty-Fourth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc143">Sixty-Fifth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc145">Sixty-Sixth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc147">Sixty-Seventh Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc149">Sixty-Eighth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc151">Sixty-Ninth Letter.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc153">Appendix I.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc155">Appendix II.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc157">Appendix III.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc159">Appendix IV.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc161">Appendix V.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc163">Advertisement.</a></li> + + <li><a href="#toc165">Footnotes</a></li> + </ul> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-body" style= + "margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagev">[pg v]</span><a name="Pgv" id="Pgv" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a> <a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Preface.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These Letters of + the Council originated in the following way. Three friends in Rome + were in the habit of communicating to one another what they heard + from persons intimately acquainted with the proceedings of the + Council. Belonging as they did to different stations and different + classes of life, and having already become familiar, before the + opening of the Council, through long residence in Rome, with the + state of things and with persons there, and being in free and daily + intercourse with some members of the Council, they were very + favourably situated for giving a true report as well of the + proceedings as of the views of those who took part in it. Their + letters were addressed to a friend in Germany, who added now and then + historical explanations to elucidate the course of events, and then + forwarded them to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Allgemeine Zeitung</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Much the authors + of these Letters could only communicate, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "pagevi">[pg vi]</span><a name="Pgvi" id="Pgvi" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> because the Bishops themselves, from whose + mouth or hand they obtained their materials, were desirous of + securing publicity for them in this way, That there should be + occasional inaccuracies of detail in matters of subordinate + importance was inevitable in drawing up reports which had to be + composed as the events occurred, and not seldom had only rumours or + conjectures to rest upon. But on the whole we can safely affirm that + no substantial error has crept in, and that these reports supply as + faithful a portrait as can be given of this Council, so eventful in + its bearings on the future history of the Catholic Church, and not + only conscientiously exhibit its outward course, but in some degree + unveil those more secret and hidden movements whereby the definition + of the new dogma of infallibility was brought about. If it were + necessary here to adduce testimonies for the truth of these reports, + we might appeal to the actual sequence of events, which has so often + and so clearly confirmed our predictions and our estimate of the + persons concerned and their motives, as well as to the Letters and + other works of the Bishops, whether published with or without their + names.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This collection of + Letters then is the best authority for the history of the Vatican + Council. No later historian <span class="tei tei-pb" id="pagevii">[pg + vii]</span><a name="Pgvii" id="Pgvii" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + the Council will be able to dispense with them, and the Liberal + Catholic Opposition, whose ecclesiastical conscience protests against + the imposition of dogmas effected by all kinds of crooked arts and + appliances of force, will find here the most serviceable weapons for + combating the legitimacy of the Council.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In order to + preserve the original character of the Letters, as a chronicle + accurately reflecting the opinions and feelings of the Bishops of the + minority, they are published now in a complete collection without any + change, with the exception of a few corrections here and there in a + foot-note. Some articles from the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Allgemeine + Zeitung</span></span> are prefixed to the Letters, which have an + important bearing on the previous history of the Council;<a id= + "noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a> and an + appendix is subjoined containing documents partly serving to throw a + further light on the history of the Council and partly to corroborate + our statements.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">September + 1870.</span></span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page001">[pg 001]</span><a name= + "Pg001" id="Pg001" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a> <a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Views of the Council. (Allgemeine + Zeitung, May 20, 1869.)</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cardinal Antonelli + is said on good authority to have replied very lately to the question + of the ambassador of a Northern Government, that it is certainly + intended to have the dogma of Papal Infallibility proclaimed at the + ensuing Council; and, moreover, as this has long been the belief of + all good Catholics, that there would be no difficulty about the + definition. It by no means follows, if this report is correct, that + the importance of the new principle of faith to be created is not + well understood at Rome. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà Cattolica</span></span> leaves no room + for doubt that one of its principal effects is already distinctly + kept in view, and that a further principle, which again must involve + an indefinite series of consequences, is being deliberately aimed + at.<a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href="#note_2"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a> In the + number for April 3, it has <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page002">[pg + 002]</span><a name="Pg002" id="Pg002" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + spoken with full approval, with reference to the approaching Council, + of the famous Bull of Boniface <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">viii.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unam + Sanctam</span></span>, doubly confirmed by Papal authority, and + addressed as a supreme decision on faith to the whole ecclesiastical + world, and treats it as self-evident that all the contents of the + Bull, with other doctrinal decrees issued throughout the Church, will + come into full force after the Council, and thenceforth form the + basis of Catholic doctrine on the relations of Church and State. The + maxims that will have to be adopted, as well by the learned as in + popular instruction, when once Papal Infallibility has been defined, + are these:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The two powers, + the temporal and spiritual, are in the hands of the Church, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the Pope, who permits the + former to be administered by kings and others, but only under his + guidance and during his good pleasure (<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">ad + nutum et potentiam sacerdotis</span></span>). It belongs to the + spiritual power, according to the Divine commission <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page003">[pg 003]</span><a name="Pg003" id="Pg003" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and plenary jurisdiction bestowed on + Peter, to appoint, and, if cause arise, to judge the temporal; and + whoever opposes its regulations rebels against the ordinance of + God.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a word, the + absolute dominion of the Church over the State will next year come + into force as a principle of Catholic faith, and become a factor to + be reckoned with by every Commonwealth or State that has Catholic + inhabitants; and by <span class="tei tei-q">“Church”</span> in this + system must always be understood the Pope, and the Bishops who act + under absolute control of the Pope.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From the moment + therefore when Papal Infallibility is proclaimed by the Council, the + relations of all Governments to the Church are fundamentally changed. + The Roman See is brought into the same position towards other States + which it now occupies towards Italy in regard to the provinces + formerly belonging to the States of the Church. All States find + themselves, strictly speaking, in an attitude of permanent revolt + against their lawful and divinely ordained suzerain, the Pope. He + indeed on his side can and will tolerate much which properly ought + not to be—for it has long been recognised in Rome that right, even + though divine, by no means implies the duty of always exercising it. + In numberless cases <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page004">[pg + 004]</span><a name="Pg004" id="Pg004" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + silence will be observed, or some such formula adopted as that of the + Austrian Concordat, art. 14: <span class="tei tei-q">“Temporum + ratione habitâ Sua Sanctitas haud impedit,”</span> etc. But that must + only be understood <span class="tei tei-q">“during good + behaviour,”</span> or so long as the times do not change or it seems + expedient. In conscience every Catholic is bound to be guided, in the + first instance, in political and social questions, by the directions + or known will of his supreme lord and master the Pope, and of course, + in the event of a conflict between his own Government and the Papal, + to side with the latter. No Government therefore can hereafter count + on the loyalty and obedience of its Catholic subjects, unless its + measures and acts are such as to secure the sanction, or agreement of + the Pope. As to non-Catholic Governments, moreover, the former + declarations of Popes against heretical princes, which receive fresh + life from the dogma of Infallibility, come into full force. If it is + already a common complaint that in countries where the Government or + the majority are Protestant, Catholics are treated with suspicion + when they take any part in the service of the State, and are + purposely excluded from the higher and more important posts, how will + this be after the Council?</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page005">[pg 005]</span><a name= + "Pg005" id="Pg005" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a> <a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">The Future Council. (Allg. Zeit., June + 11, 1869.)</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We have received + the following interesting information from a trustworthy person, who + is returned to Germany after a long sojourn in Rome, where he was in + a position, among other things, to get to know the projects for the + Council. The relations of Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> to the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> + may be fully understood from the fact—attested by the officials of + the Chancery—that the editors are regularly admitted to an audience + with the Holy Father, like the prime minister, usually once a week, + never less often than every fortnight. At these audiences the + manuscripts prepared for the next number are laid before the Pope, + who reads them, and, according to his interest in the contents, + comments on them or returns them unaltered to the Chancery. The ideas + of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> are therefore not only not + unknown to the Pope, but are published with his express and personal + approval. The chosen model of Pius IX. is Gregory <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vii.</span></span>, and his favourite + notion is to discharge that <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">rôle</span></span> + in the present Church which Gregory did in the middle ages. He is + therefore thoroughly given up to theocratic tendencies in the contest + against the modern State, and the attacks <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page006">[pg 006]</span><a name="Pg006" id="Pg006" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> upon it and the whole + system of modern civilisation express his innermost thoughts. Even + the General of the Jesuits is said often to be uneasy about the + language used by members of his Order in their journal, and unable to + avoid the apprehension that it may seriously prejudice the Order + hereafter.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the Chancery, + where Antonelli's confidant Mgr. Marini revises the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>, + it very seldom happens that any alterations are made in the articles, + partly because the Cardinal Secretary of State would at no price get + into bad odour with the Jesuits. Only the record of contemporary + events (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cronaca Contemporanea</span></span>) is + submitted <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">pro formâ</span></span> to the Dominican Spada, + the Master of the Palace, for inspection. But although there can be + no shadow of doubt that in all its utterances about the approaching + Council the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>, is simply the organ of + the Holy Father himself, Antonelli does not cease to give the most + reassuring answers to questions addressed to him on the subject by + the various diplomatic agents. Rome, he assures them, will not take + the initiative in making either the propositions of the Syllabus or + Papal Infallibility into dogmas. Many representatives of foreign + Governments have been deceived by these declarations, and have + written home in that sense, the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page007">[pg 007]</span><a name="Pg007" id="Pg007" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> immediate consequence of which was seen in the + reception accorded in some Courts to the despatch of the Bavarian + Government. But they will not allow at Rome that they mean themselves + to give the first impulse for these solemn dogmatic decisions. That + only proves the confidence felt in the Vatican that a considerable + number of the Bishops will come forward to demand it. It is a secret + already pretty well published in Rome, how the play is to be put on + the stage, and who is to be the protagonist. Nor does any one there + venture seriously to deny the fact that a version of the Syllabus, + composed by Father Schrader, at the wish of the Pope himself, + changing its negative theses into positive, is already drawn up.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Archbishop Manning + and Cardinal Reisach are the leading persons in all these designs. + Reisach,<a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href= + "#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a> who is + accounted in Rome a man of eminent learning and wisdom, and who + always manifests the most unbounded devotion to the Pope, takes an + unfavourable view of German affairs. It was through him that Dr. + Mast, well known through what occurred at Rottenburg, was placed on + two of the preparatory Commissions (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Politico-Ecclesiastica</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page008">[pg 008]</span><a name="Pg008" + id="Pg008" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De Disciplinâ + Ecclesiæ</span></span>) as consultor. So again, he has sought out + Moufang of Mayence and Molitor of Spires, for his own Congregation, + because he presumes them to be like-minded with himself. The general + rule in selecting persons for the preliminary work has been to + consider their devotion to the cause, not their scientific + capabilities. First among them, in the directing Congregation of + Cardinals, must be named Bilio, who never loses an opportunity in + conversation of eloquently extolling Papal Infallibility. To the same + class belongs Panebianco, a zealous friend of the extremest claims of + the Bourbons. Neither of them is known for learned labours of any + note, as neither are Barnabo and the aged Patrizzi, who is named + President of this Congregation merely on account of his name and age. + Among the domestic consultors of the Commission on dogma, known in + literature, and as its very soul, sits the Jesuit Perrone, who is + become indispensable to the Pope; then comes Spada, the Dominican, + Master of the Palace, who gained his theological reputation by a + controversial treatise in defence of eternal punishment; Cardoni, who + exhibited his strong views in a work advocating the obligation of + religious when named to bishoprics <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page009">[pg 009]</span><a name="Pg009" id="Pg009" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> still to live according to the rules of their + Order; and finally, Bartolini, who has vindicated the identity of the + Holy House of Loretto with the house of the Blessed Virgin at + Nazareth—all simply men of the most rigid type. Among those employed + in these preliminary labours, Professor Biondo, of St. Apollinare, + excels all the rest, if in nothing else, in his conviction that true + devotion to the Church can only be found in Italy. We may take as a + significant illustration of the method of choosing foreign + consultors, the appointment of Mgr. Talbot for England, who, when + appointed, was out of his mind, and has now been for four months in a + lunatic asylum. Among the French who are invited the Abbé Freppel + appears to be the most moderate. But even in Rome there are many + clergymen, and even Cardinals, who do not conceal their opinion that + with such designs the Council will be an embarrassment for Rome, and + a danger for the Church. But nothing of this comes to the ear of the + supreme authority, nor would information of it directly conveyed to + the Pope be likely to effect any change. Even the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> + measures the sentiment of the Catholic world by the homage paid to + the Pope, and therefore the solemnity can only encourage them in + their designs about the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page010">[pg + 010]</span><a name="Pg010" id="Pg010" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Council. It is sometimes feared that the French Bishops may give + trouble; any opposition on the part of secular governments is not + taken into account, for the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> has completely broken with + the modern State, and has systematically ignored it both in the + project and the proclamation of the Council, while according to the + precedent of nearly all former Œcumenical Synods, an understanding + should have been come to with the Catholic States as to the time and + place of holding it, and the subjects to be discussed. The separation + of Church and State in this last procedure is the act of Rome, + although the opposite theory is sanctioned in the Syllabus. Anything + like a literary and scientific opposition, or a movement among the + laity, such as has here and there begun to show itself, is regarded + in the Vatican as a mere tempest in a tea-cup.</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a> <a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Prince Hohenlohe and the Council. + (Allg. Zeit., June 20 and 21, 1869.)</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In former times, + the assembling of an Œcumenical Council was caused by a general sense + throughout the Catholic world of some religious need, whether the + definition of an article of faith or the abolition of grave evils + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page011">[pg 011]</span><a name="Pg011" + id="Pg011" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and abuses—in short, a + reformation—was felt to be necessary. It was universally known what + questions the Council was to treat of. The sovereigns communicated, + for this end, with the heads of the Church and the Pope, and brought + forward their own wishes and requirements, as at the last Œcumenical + Council of Trent, which had at least to be taken into consideration. + But how entirely different is this Council under Pius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span>! Already, in 1854, an + episcopal assembly, at Rome, raised to the dignity of a dogma the + thesis of a theological school of the middle ages, combated even by + Thomas Aquinas, but which happens to have become a favourite opinion + of the Pope, although no ground had been discovered for this new + article of faith in any want of the religious life which the Church + has to cultivate. And this was done against the judgment of a + considerable number of the prelates who were consulted, without any + basis for the doctrine being able to be found in Scripture and + Tradition, by the acclamations of the assembled bishops—after a + fashion, that is, in which no dogma had ever been defined before. The + Abbé Laborde, who craved permission to lay his objections before the + assembly, received for answer his banishment from Rome, and the name + of another priest was <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page012">[pg + 012]</span><a name="Pg012" id="Pg012" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + subscribed to the Bull proclaiming the dogma without his knowledge or + consent, so that he found himself compelled to protest publicly + against it. In view of these facts, and under the just anticipation + that at the approaching Council the dominant party in Rome will be + equally tyrannical in their treatment of dissentients,—it is already + reported that three members of the present Commission, who are + opposed to Jesuit tendencies and practices, have been suffered to + retire—several distinguished heads of the Church have renounced the + idea of delivering their testimony there. And how is this Council the + outcome of any urgent requirements of the Church's life, and does + Catholic Christendom know what end it is designed to serve, and what + is to be expected of it? Nothing of the sort. The necessity of the + Council, if it will not put its hand to a reformation of the Church, + in accordance with the needs of modern civilisation, is not + everywhere understood by the clergy themselves. Only this winter + wishes were loudly expressed by some of them that its assembling + might be dispensed with, considering the position of the Church in + Austria and Spain; but in the Holy Father's state of exaltation on + the subject these wishes could have no effect. Then again,—what is + perhaps without precedent in all Church history—the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page013">[pg 013]</span><a name="Pg013" id="Pg013" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the matters to be treated of in the + Council have been carefully kept secret; the Bull of Indiction + confines itself to vague generalities, and the theologians employed + in the preliminary labours were bound to silence by the oath of the + Holy Office,—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, the Inquisition—imposed + under pain of excommunication to be incurred <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ipso + facto</span></span>. It seems not to be necessary, therefore, at + least for the present, that Christendom should have even any inkling + of the doctrines on the acceptance or rejection of which salvation or + damnation is to be made dependent.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is not the + satisfaction of real religious needs that is contemplated—there would + be no need to shun publicity in that case—but chartering dogmas which + have no root in the common convictions of the Catholic world. + Leibnitz used to call even the Council of Trent a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“concile de contrabande;”</span> the way in which this + last Council is to be brought on the stage would make the designation + for the first time fully applicable.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If these + circumstances alone are enough to make Governments that have Catholic + subjects suspicious of the designs of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, + there are also further proofs that their designs are not confined to + strictly ecclesiastical affairs, but involve direct encroachment on + the life <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page014">[pg + 014]</span><a name="Pg014" id="Pg014" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + the modern State. Not to dwell here on the too open-hearted + confidences of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>, which, although published + with the approval of the Holy Father himself, have been characterized + by him as an <span class="tei tei-q">“imprudenza,”</span><a id= + "noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a> we will + pass to other facts which sufficiently indicate the projected decrees + of the Council.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To the inquiries + of ambassadors about the reasons for summoning a General Council, + Antonelli could only reply by referring to the great revolution and + fundamental change in civil and political relations. It may be + inferred from this declaration that the Council is intended to + discharge a political office also, and in what sense, Rome has told + us in the Syllabus and the condemnation of the Austrian Constitution. + For this object an ecclesiastico-political consulting committee has + been formed, subordinate to the Commission intrusted with the supreme + control of the Council, with Cardinal Reisach at its head, and whose + Italian members are as conspicuous for their want of scientific + culture as for their opposition to any concession to the requirements + of the age, and their hostility to all foreign countries, and + especially to the non-Roman portions of Italy. The Syllabus will be + put into shape in its <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page015">[pg + 015]</span><a name="Pg015" id="Pg015" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + affirmative form by this Section, in order thus to be submitted for + sanction to the Council. One of its members lately expressed himself + in the following terms, with the applause of his colleagues and of + the Holy Father himself:—<span class="tei tei-q">“The Syllabus is + good, but raw meat, and must be carefully dressed to make it + palatable.”</span> This skilful dressing, which is to make it + everywhere acceptable, it is hoped to effect by publishing the + propositions in the form of exhortations, instead of commands, which, + however, will come to the same thing, as the exhortations emanate + from the head of the Church.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is with good + reason that Prince Hohenlohe, in his despatch, expresses the fear + that the Council, according to the programme of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, + will publish decrees on political rather than ecclesiastical + questions, and he rightly states that the projected dogma of Papal + Infallibility is also an eminently political question. For when once + that is defined, the mediæval pretension of the Pope to dominion over + kings and nations, even in secular matters, which has never been + abandoned, is thereby also raised to the rank of an article of divine + faith. Thiers lately made the remarkable observation that the + temporal power alone holds the Pope in check;—a monk, who was Pope, + would think himself <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page016">[pg + 016]</span><a name="Pg016" id="Pg016" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + omnipotent. Certainly, without the temporal power, the maintenance of + which depends on the goodwill of the French Government, and the + administration of which keeps the Pope within a political area, he + would give freer rein, when it was possible, to his views of the + corruption of the modern State. Once seat a monk on the Papal throne, + as many have already sat there, unacquainted with the actual world, + and in heart alienated from it, and arm him with the prerogative of + infallibility,—his decrees in the present condition of society are + sure to evoke the most deplorable conflicts.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The ultramontane + press in Germany, which is itself beginning to find the decisions + sketched out by the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> intolerable, now adopts + the tactics of denying the official character of the Jesuit journal, + and clings to the straw of hope that neither Papal Infallibility nor + the Syllabus will be made dogmas. But it is no secret in Rome that + those alarming communications of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> + were letters written by French Jesuits, prepared and published with + the sanction of the Holy Father himself, and cannot therefore be + treated as mere chance contributions of private correspondents.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For several years + past the Court of Rome, with the aid of its indefatigable allies the + Jesuits, has been preparing <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page017">[pg + 017]</span><a name="Pg017" id="Pg017" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + way for securing beforehand the votes of the Bishops on Papal + Infallibility. Thus some years ago the Bishops of different countries + received, quite unexpectedly, an urgent admonition from Rome to hold + Provincial Synods, and frame decrees at them. These decrees had to be + sent to Rome, to the Congregation exclusively charged with the + revision of such ordinances, and were then returned, after correction + and enlargement by the Cardinals and Committees of the Congregation. + When they came to be printed, it was found that all these Synods had + shown a wonderful unanimity in adopting Papal Infallibility as a + self-evident principle into their exposition of universally known + Catholic doctrine. The Jesuit organs have not failed to point + triumphantly to these decisions of so many Bishops and Synods.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is a fact that + Antonelli publicly declared there could be no difficulty about the + promulgation of Papal Infallibility, because it was a doctrine + already held by all good Catholics. And this is the watchword of the + whole ultramontane party at Rome. It is also a fact that the question + was brought before the directing Commission in order to be put into + shape, and then submitted for confirmation to the Council. And + although it is certain that the discussion of it by the Commission is + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page018">[pg 018]</span><a name="Pg018" + id="Pg018" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> finished, the decision will be + carefully kept secret for a time, because as yet courage fails them + for a straightforward course of procedure, and they hope to gain + their end by a sort of <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">coup + d'état</span></span>, viz., carrying the dogma by spontaneous + acclamation, to be evoked by a foreign prelate.<a id="noteref_5" + name="noteref_5" href="#note_5"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a> And thus + Governments will be deprived of the opportunity of gaining any + influence over the decisions of the Council, and protecting + themselves against threatening eventualities.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Well-informed + persons, who do not deny the intention of making Infallibility into a + dogma, think that some innocuous formula will at last be discovered, + such as prefixing a <span class="tei tei-q">“quasi”</span> to + <span class="tei tei-q">“infallibilis,”</span> so that all the + trouble expended in gratifying this darling wish of Pius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ix</span></span>. + will be almost labour lost. But so long as the decision rests with + the Jesuits, who have an overwhelming majority in the preparatory + Congregation, there is no ground for this hope. They foresee the + possibility of being again driven from the helm a few days after the + death of the Pope, and therefore press for an unqualified definition, + that they may make capital out of the infallible Pope for conquering + a new position of influence for themselves in civilized Catholic + countries. And if they <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page019">[pg + 019]</span><a name="Pg019" id="Pg019" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + could not reckon without some regard to other factors also, still + their calculations had a good prospect of success, for Pius + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix</span></span>. is completely in the + hands of the Jesuits, especially of Father Piccirillo, the chief + person on the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> staff, who will act as + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">spiritus rector</span></span> of the Council. + The Pope is seldom left alone, lest he should fall under the + influence of others who judge more correctly of the situation of the + modern world and the real wants of the Catholic Church; he lives in + an artificial atmosphere of homage poured forth by the ultramontane + journals. He is so possessed with a sense of his own power that he + believes he ought not to regard or fear any possible opposition of + the French Government to the decisions of the Council.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile there + are growing signs that at least a portion of the French episcopate + are not willing to degrade themselves to the humiliating <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">rôle</span></span> + of mere acclaimers to the propositions of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>. In + two articles of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Français</span></span> (for March 18 and 19) + Dupanloup has already decisively disclaimed sympathy with the + tendencies and insinuations loudly expressed in the notorious + correspondence of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>. He gives a specimen of + the hopes and wishes about the Council intimated by the French + Bishops in their pastorals, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page020">[pg + 020]</span><a name="Pg020" id="Pg020" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + where he shows that they are all far from expecting it to assail + political and social liberty and freedom of conscience, to condemn + modern civilisation and widen the breach between the Catholic Church + and other Christian bodies, by proclaiming new dogmas; but, on the + contrary, that they look for a reformation of Church discipline + adapted to the age, and a work of general reconciliation with the + great ideas of cultivation, freedom, and the common weal. These + declarations of the French episcopate excited great surprise and deep + disgust at Rome, without, however, to all appearance, having + disturbed the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> in their plans, as they know + from the statistics that they can count on an imposing majority in + the Council.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Seats are prepared + for 850 Bishops at the Council, but the question whether Bishops + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">in partibus</span></span> are to have decisive + votes is not yet decided. Since, however, their admission will not + materially affect the relative position of the two parties, they may + be left out of the account. To these voting members of the Council + must be added 57 Cardinals, and the number might be raised before its + opening to 72, by the bestowal of the 15 hats vacant at present. + There are thus about 920 decisive votes, including 40 Italian + Cardinals, 294 Italian <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page021">[pg + 021]</span><a name="Pg021" id="Pg021" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Bishops, 66 Spanish, 22 Portuguese, 90 French,—in all 512 prelates of + the Romance race in Europe, to whom must be added 77 Brazilian, + Mexican, and South American Bishops, raising the whole Romance + representation to 600 votes. From this number about 60 must be + deducted for vacant Italian Sees, and some 140 who may presumably be + unable to attend. And so about 400 are left, whose votes, with the + exception of a number of French Bishops, are counted upon by the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>. The Court also reckons on + the votes of 48 from England and Ireland, 52 from North America, 20 + from Greece and Turkey, 6 from Belgium, 5 from Holland, and 16 from + Canada. If the Polish and Russian Bishops are allowed to come, they + too will swell the majority; and so, it is believed, will the + Armenian and Uniate Bishops in Austria, Russia, and Bulgaria, + numbering about 40. Of the 65 German and Austrian Bishops scarcely + half will side with the Opposition. And so, if matters are to be + settled by majorities, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> is fully assured of its + victory. Cardinal Antonelli counts on from 500 to 600 votes of those + actually present.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Under these + circumstances the Governments of countries with Catholic populations + should be urgently pressed to devote their serious attention to what + is <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page022">[pg 022]</span><a name= + "Pg022" id="Pg022" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> already going on in + Rome, and not to let themselves be taken by surprise by the decrees + of the Council, which, when once promulgated, will place their + subjects in a painful dilemma between their duties towards the State + and their obedience to the Church; will everywhere create disquiet + and conflicts; and must, above all, involve their Bishops in + contradictions with the Constitutions they have sworn to observe. In + the present difficulties of the general political and social + situation in Europe, a conflict in the highest degree fatal might + ensue with the Church, whose mission of culture is not yet diminished + even for the time, and whose co-operation for its own purposes the + State cannot dispense with. In this contest the Church cannot + conquer, because the spirit of the age is against her; but the very + crash of so mighty an edifice would cover and destroy with its ruins + the institutions of the State itself, perplex consciences, and entail + universal mischief by for the first time fully confirming the spirit + of absolute negation of the ethical and ideal conception of life. The + proceedings of Prince Hohenlohe may have sprung from this + statesmanlike consideration; they are inspired by a friendly spirit + towards the Church herself, and are of a thoroughly loyal character. + He <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page023">[pg 023]</span><a name= + "Pg023" id="Pg023" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> wishes the Governments + openly to communicate with their Bishops, in order to point out to + them the deplorable consequences which must follow from so + premeditated and systematic a revolution of the existing relations + between Church and State, and also, while there is still time, to + take precautions against the event of conciliar decrees encroaching + on the political domain. He challenges the learned corporations of + the State most directly competent, to give their opinion publicly as + to the practical results involved in making the Syllabus and Papal + Infallibility into dogmas. This proceeding is far from being + premature, for it is the business of a statesman not only to + legislate in view of accomplished facts, but to provide for menacing + dangers, nor will his conduct be blamed by any true friend of Church + and State, whose faculty of judgment is not utterly blinded by + hatred. The repressive measures which Governments would be compelled + to employ after the promulgation of the contemplated dogmas would not + be at all in the interest of the Church. Suppose, for instance, + freedom of conscience, already condemned in the Syllabus, were + anathematized by the Council, and the doctrine of religious + compulsion sanctioned, the Bavarian Bishops who had assented to this + decree, or wished to obey it, would <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page024">[pg 024]</span><a name="Pg024" id="Pg024" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> have broken their oath to the Constitution, the + Constitution which guarantees freedom of conscience would be under + the ban of Rome, and the Government would have to answer by + publishing the Concordat.</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc9" id="toc9"></a> <a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">The Council. (Allg. Zeit., Aug. 19, + 1869.)</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If the present + situation in regard to the Council is considered, the triumph of the + Jesuit ultramontane party there appears highly probable. The + demonstration of the Rhenish Catholics has as yet assumed no larger + dimensions, and will evidently gain nothing by the projected Catholic + meeting at Düsseldorf; for not only is red-hot ultramontanism a + decisive obstacle, but the widely growing and deepening religious + indifference hinders men from taking any part in movements based on a + spirit of loyalty to the Church. In Rome, accordingly, little notice + is taken of the movement, and satisfaction is felt at the prospect of + expelling this mischievous liberal element from the Church, because + then it is hoped the kernel which remains true may be more boldly + dealt with. Our German ultramontane press, which lost no time in + making a bitter and contemptuous <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page025">[pg 025]</span><a name="Pg025" id="Pg025" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> attack on the address of the Rhenish Catholics, + is therein only the exponent of the mind of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>. + Meanwhile the German Bishops are preparing themselves to commit an + act of doctrinal and ecclesiastical suicide, by renouncing for ever + their long obscured but not as yet surrendered rank and authority as + supreme judges of faith.<a id="noteref_6" name="noteref_6" href= + "#note_6"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a> Two of + them, Bishops Ketteler of Mayence and Fessler of St. Pölten, have + already pronounced in separate works for the infallibility of the + Pope.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The diplomatic + action of Prince Hohenlohe in regard to the Council has indeed + created for the time a sensation, which still continues among the + States interested in the matter, and which eventually culminated in + the desire to obtain further information about the propositions to be + submitted for the acceptance of the assembled Bishops, but even the + representative of France has been baffled by the arts of the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>. When, in June, M. + Banneville put the decisive question whether they were not prepared + to deny the alarming rumours as to the propositions to be laid before + the Council, and to take immediate steps for facilitating the + representation of Catholic States in the Council through ambassadors + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page026">[pg 026]</span><a name="Pg026" + id="Pg026" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of their own, Antonelli + replied that he had no knowledge of what was going on in the + Commissions, but as to the second point, the Church in her present + changed relations with Catholic States, which sometimes persecute her + and sometimes put her on an equality with other religious bodies, + could not take the initiative. M. Banneville, who had simply spoken + of the presence of an ambassador at the Council, but had said nothing + of his rights, stated that this conversation had <span class= + "tei tei-q">“profoundly humiliated him.”</span> Thenceforth the Court + of Rome was the more confirmed in its resolve to keep out + diplomatists from the Council. To an indirect question as to the + admission of an ambassador from non-Catholic States, which have a + large Catholic population, an instant negative was returned. The + quarrel of the Austrian Government with the Bishop of Linz has given + a further impulse in the same direction, for then Antonelli began to + declare more openly that it was indeed possible, but not likely, that + any ambassadors would be admitted, till now at last he makes no + secret of its being out of the question for Rome, under existing + circumstances, to think of allowing Governments to be represented. It + would not be feasible, he opines, to admit France alone, and what + other Catholic States are <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page027">[pg + 027]</span><a name="Pg027" id="Pg027" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + there that have not already disqualified themselves for taking part + in the Council? Thus by degrees France too is gently thrust aside + with her inquiries and demands, and the only question is whether + Napoleon's Government will be content with this. Unless the clerical + party in France itself causes the Emperor to assume an attitude of + opposition to the Jesuit ultramontane programme of the Council, there + is not much to be expected from him, since in view of the internal + difficulties his Government at present has to contend with, he is + obliged to take that party into account as an important factor in his + calculations.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Jesuits work + assiduously in France, as well as Germany, to form a propaganda for + the projected dogmas, and to familiarize men's minds with the idea + that absolute certainty and inerrancy are only to be found with one + man, viz., the Pope. Bouix in Paris, and Christophe at Lyons, have, + with the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Monde</span></span>, and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Univers,</span></span> + already most urgently inculcated on the Bishops what <span class= + "tei tei-q">“good Catholics”</span> expect of them in regard to the + acclamation. But, with the exception of the Bishop of Nîmes, none of + them have openly adhered to the Jesuit programme of the Council; on + the contrary, the attitude of the French episcopate is perhaps at + this <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page028">[pg 028]</span><a name= + "Pg028" id="Pg028" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> hour the only black + speck on the horizon of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>. And in fact with them rests + the decision in the present ecclesiastical crisis. To the French + episcopate it belongs to show that they still preserve the great + traditions of internal freedom in the Church, newly brought to light + since the mediæval reforming Councils by French theologians, and + thenceforth always conspicuously represented among them, and that + they are filled with the spirit of Bossuet, who did not confound + loyalty to the Church with blind devotion to unfounded claims of the + Pope, but understood it to mean, above all things, loyalty to the + ancient spirit and original institution of the Church.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But there are good + grounds for hoping that at least a majority of the French Bishops + will constitute a free-spoken opposition at the Council; the two + French theologians Freppel and Trullet, as well as Cardinal + Bonnechose, are said to have exercised a most powerful influence in + this direction.<a id="noteref_7" name="noteref_7" href= + "#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a> The + latter openly complains that words of moderation are not listened to + in Rome, and that, up to this time, giving any definite declarations + of a reassuring nature has been avoided. He is understood to have + said plainly that the great majority of the <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page029">[pg 029]</span><a name="Pg029" id="Pg029" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> French episcopate wished to keep peace with the + State, and would lend no hand to the sanctioning of extreme + tendencies. It is even rumoured that a collective remonstrance of the + French Bishops on the notions prevalent at Rome is already + contemplated, but has not yet been able to be carried out on account + of some hesitation about the mode of action. Much may be hoped from + Dupanloup's attitude at the Council; in him freedom of discussion and + voting is sure to find a representative equally bold and + eloquent.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But even the + opposition of the French Bishops will produce no results, if the + decisions of the Council are to depend on majorities, for there can + be no doubt that Rome may safely count on the great majority + upholding her designs. We should have a repetition of what occurred + in the Doctrinal Commission, when the question of Infallibility came + before it, and a Monsignore and titular Bishop, residing in Rome, + produced a memorial intended to prove that this high prerogative of + the Pope had been the abiding faith of the Church all along, and + arguing from this belief for the opportuneness of promulgating the + new dogma, on the ground especially, among others, that at no period + had the Bishops been so devoted to the Holy See as now. It is natural + to expect of men so submissive, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page030">[pg 030]</span><a name="Pg030" id="Pg030" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> and so ready to follow every hint of the Papal + will, that they should joyfully seize the occasion for offering this + grand homage also to the Pope. This was so conclusive to the + Committee that they all decided at once, without any discussion, for + the promulgation of the new dogma. Only one of the two German + theologians, Alzog of Freiburg, opposed it; Schwetz of Vienna, on the + other hand, fully agreed. For Rome, therefore, the question is + settled, and whoever is otherwise minded at once forfeits his + character for Catholic orthodoxy.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nor is there any + more doubt about making the Syllabus dogmatic, for Roman prelates, + who wish to have the character of being very enlightened, openly + affirm that the propositions contained in it might already be + regarded as dogmas. And it is stated on the best authority, even by + high dignitaries themselves, that the whole of the seventeen + questions laid before the assembled episcopate by Cardinal Caterini + at the time of the Centenary, are to come before the Council for + discussion, on the basis of the opinions then transmitted by the + Bishops to Rome. And as a considerable number of these questions + concern the relations of Church and State—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, + civil marriage, the relations of Bishops to the civil power, etc.,—it + is clear enough what credit is <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page031">[pg 031]</span><a name="Pg031" id="Pg031" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> to be given to the assurances that the Council + will not deal with any matter that could involve the Church in + conflict with the State. It was found almost necessary, after public + opinion had been alarmed by the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>, to change the method of + procedure. It was either expressly denied that the Council would deal + with such matters as the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> had indicated, or it was + said that even in Rome what subjects would come on for discussion and + decision was unknown, since the intentions of the Bishops, at present + scattered over all parts of the world, were not known, and on the + general ground that the decisions of a Council acting under Divine + guidance cannot be conjectured beforehand. As if the recent + Provincial Synods, and the answers of the Bishops to the questions + laid before them by Caterini, had not supplied Rome with a perfectly + clear understanding of their views! As if it was not notorious that + the work the Council was desired to accomplish had been already cut + out for it in detail in the preparatory Congregations!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, at length, if + we may trust a communication dated from Rome in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Donau + Zeitung</span></span>, the authorities seem inclined to abandon this + system of playing at hide-and-seek with the public, and find it + necessary, in some <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page032">[pg + 032]</span><a name="Pg032" id="Pg032" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + measure at least, to lift the mask from their designs for the + Council. Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> himself is said no + longer to make any secret of his intention to bring forward the + question of Infallibility; but he declares that the Council will be + left entirely free in discussing and deciding on it, and that it will + only be raised to a dogma if a large majority pronounce for it. And + with this agrees a recent statement of Antonelli, made in the teeth + of his earlier declarations, that the Holy Father will meet the + Council with positive proposals of his own, and that no doubt can be + allowed as to the acceptance of his authority. This last clause shows + what is meant in Rome by the so-called freedom to be enjoyed by the + Council. If then that freedom is all of a sudden pointedly dwelt on, + this is only one of the devices of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> for + hoodwinking public opinion, just as eminent theologians of liberal + tendencies were summoned to the previous Commissions, which were none + the less occupied with duties of a precisely opposite kind.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It may be + conceived that loyal but far-sighted Catholics, like Montalembert, + are profoundly afflicted at the course things are taking in questions + of decisive interest for the authority and the whole future of the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page033">[pg 033]</span><a name="Pg033" + id="Pg033" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Church, The religious + indifference of the age will prevent any open schism in the Catholic + Church, but the internal apostasy will be all the more extensive. All + modern culture will separate itself in spirit from the Church, which + has nothing but anathemas for the development of the human mind. And + when an Œcumenical Council, which is the highest teaching authority + in the Church, degenerates into the instrument of an extreme party, + and sanctions doctrines in glaring contradiction to the teaching and + history of the Church, the very foundation on which the confidence of + faith has hitherto reposed is undermined and destroyed. And thus the + ever growing rejection of Christianity will be powerfully + strengthened, so that even believing Protestants watch with sorrow an + Œcumenical Council preparing to compromise its authority. Very + different, of course, is the view of men like Manning and Ward, who + fancy the definition of Papal Infallibility will be a short and easy + way for restoring their countrymen to the bosom of the Catholic + Church. Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix</span></span>. himself is indeed + convinced that he is only building up the Church and crowning her + work in placing the dogma of Infallibility on it as a cupola.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It has been + thought fit by statesmen to exercise no <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page034">[pg 034]</span><a name="Pg034" id="Pg034" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> constraint on the designs of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, + but to await its decisions, and afterwards, if they should be + menacing to political interests, to employ measures of repression. + This conduct cannot, of course, accord with the mind of believing + Catholics who are not ultramontanes, as it leaves their obligations + towards those articles of faith untouched, and cannot annul the + definitions for their consciences. But the question arises, whether + from a political point of view this expedient must not be pronounced + a mistake. Consider the dangerous influence conciliar decrees + provoking hostility against the modern State and its civilisation may + exert on those numerous classes, which are always in the hands of the + clergy, and form an important factor in the life of the State. + Consider, again, what is to be expected in this respect of a clergy + who, as everything serves to indicate, will hereafter more than ever + before be alienated from all modern culture, on the express ground of + the decrees of the approaching Council, educated in a spirit of + hostility to the State, and made into a mere passive instrument of + Rome. It is difficult to exaggerate the conflicts between Church and + State that may be expected to follow.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page035">[pg 035]</span><a name= + "Pg035" id="Pg035" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc11" id="toc11"></a> <a name="pdf12" id="pdf12"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">The Fulda Pastoral. (Allg. Zeit., Sept. + 25, 1869.)</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Pastoral which + the Bishops assembled at Fulda ordered to be read in all the Churches + under their jurisdiction is an important document. It reflects the + excited and abnormal state of feeling prevalent among Catholics, + since the Jesuits, and some Prelates allied with them, have announced + the design of using the Council for proclaiming new dogmas, + especially that of Papal Infallibility. <span class="tei tei-q">“Even + among loyal and zealous members of the Church,”</span> say the + Bishops, <span class="tei tei-q">“anxieties calculated to weaken + confidence are being excited.”</span> The object and main substance + of their Pastoral is directed to allaying those anxieties, and + assuring German Catholics that their Bishops at least will not assent + to the projected dogmas. They have solemnly pledged their word, + before the whole nation, that they will avouch at the Council the + three following principles—<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">first</span></em>, <span class="tei tei-q">“That + the Council can establish no new dogmas, or any others than are + written by faith and conscience on all your (German Catholics') + hearts;”</span> <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">secondly</span></em>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“That a General Council never will or can proclaim a new + doctrine not contained in Holy Scripture <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page036">[pg 036]</span><a name="Pg036" id="Pg036" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> or Apostolic Tradition;”</span> <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">thirdly</span></em>, + That only <span class="tei tei-q">“the old and original truth will be + set in clearer light.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This indeed is + very re-assuring. The Jesuits have proclaimed that the bodily + Assumption of the Holy Virgin and the Infallibility of the Pope are + to be made dogmas at the Council. The Bishops are aware that the two + Jesuit organs, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>, and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rheinischen + Stimmen</span></span>, from the Monastery of Laach, as well as the + Archbishop of Mechlin (Deschamps), and Bishop Plantier of Nîmes, have + put forward the erection of Papal Infallibility into a dogma of the + Universal Church. Moreover, the assembly at Fulda knew well enough + that the preliminary materials for this definition were already + prepared at Rome. Now nobody will seriously maintain that these two + opinions are written by faith and conscience on the heart of every + Catholic, or are doctrines contained in Scripture and Tradition, and + ancient and original truths. The Pastoral therefore contains a + promise, worded with all the distinctness that could be desired, + that, so far as it depends on the votes of the German Bishops, the + yoke of the new articles of faith shall not be laid on the German + nation.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The German Bishops + cannot of course pledge themselves beforehand for the whole Council, + for they will <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page037">[pg + 037]</span><a name="Pg037" id="Pg037" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + have at most only about 25 votes at their disposal—a small number in + an assembly of 400 or 500 bishops. But if these 25 votes, which + represent nearly eighteen million Catholics, and the whole of a great + nation, remain united and firm, they are a guarantee that the new + dogmas will not be decreed. For it is not majorities or minorities + that decide on dogmas, but the Church requires the actual or + approximate unanimity of the whole assembly. And it may be assumed as + probable that the Austrian Bishops will not separate themselves from + their German colleagues in these weighty questions, except, of + course, the Bishop of St. Pölten, who already openly declares himself + for the principal new dogma, and will therefore no doubt vote for it. + It may, moreover, be confidently asserted that a considerable portion + of the French Bishops will unite with the German Opposition against + the new dogmas. And an Opposition so numerous and so compact will + make it impossible for the Latin Prelates to carry through their pet + doctrines, powerful as they may appear, if their votes are counted + and not weighed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From another point + of view, too, the Pastoral is noteworthy and gratifying. It markedly + discountenances that pessimism which for some thirty years past has + characterized Papal documents, and which gave occasion <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page038">[pg 038]</span><a name="Pg038" id="Pg038" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to the observation that Pius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> + and his predecessor whine whenever they talk Latin. Occurrences in + Italy, Spain, and Germany, and the history of the Austrian Concordat, + with many other things, have led most of the clerical organs to take + a gloomy view of the state of the world; and we frequently find them + maintaining that a universal overthrow of the whole order of society + in the Christian world, a universal deluge, is inevitable, but that + the ship of the Church, the one asylum of safety, will float, like + the ark, upon the waves, and then will begin a new order of things, + and new period of history corresponding to the ultramontane ideal. In + sharp antithesis to these gloomy pictures and predictions, the + Bishops declare, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">first</span></em>, that throughout the world the + kingdom of God increases with fresh vigour, and brings forth fruit; + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">secondly</span></em>, that all attacks on the + Church, and sufferings brought upon her, work for her good; and + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">thirdly</span></em>, that religious and + ecclesiastical life is strengthened. Such a view as this is better + calculated to arouse and sustain attachment to the Church and + confidence in her indestructible powers of life and providential + guidance than the opposite view, which exhibits to Catholics + everywhere nothing but the humiliation of their Church and the + triumph of her enemies.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page039">[pg 039]</span><a name= + "Pg039" id="Pg039" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc13" id="toc13"></a> <a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">The Bishops and the Council. (Allg. + Zeit., Nov. 19 and 20, 1869.)</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As the moment for + the opening of the Council approaches, the excitement and disquiet, + not only of Catholics but of all who concern themselves with the + movements of the day, increases in view of so important an event. For + the notion that the Council is merely an internal affair of the + Catholic Church, and that its decrees will be confined to the sphere + of the religious conscience, will be accepted by nobody who has heard + of the projects entertained by the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, + and who is not ignorant of the close connection of the Church with + the culture of modern life, and the powerful position this gives her + in the State and in the social order generally.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We may safely + state that the Fathers of the Council are already divided into two + camps, and that anxiety and painful uncertainty prevail in both of + them. The occurrences of the last few weeks have brought out their + opposite views and designs into sharp contrast. It is now known in + Rome that a considerable number of Northern Bishops are not disposed + to accept the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">rôle</span></span> assigned to them of simple + assent to ready-made decrees, and that the German Bishops, except + those trained by the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page040">[pg + 040]</span><a name="Pg040" id="Pg040" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Jesuits, most decisively object to making new articles of faith. Many + Bishops also dread the far-reaching consequences of Papal + Infallibility, and the retrospective effects of the new dogma, and + they know that the establishment of such doctrines would drive the + educated classes of the country, if not into open schism, to an + internal and lamentable breach with the Church. Accordingly, + remonstrances have been forwarded to the Pope from three + quarters—from the Prelates of Hungary, Bohemia, and + Germany,—expressing the most emphatic desire that the Council should + not be forced to any decision on Papal Infallibility, or on matters + affecting the relations of Church and State, in the sense of the + Syllabus. What reception this document met with in Rome may readily + be divined from the great astonishment the Fulda Pastoral is known to + have excited there, when a translation of it was laid before the + Pope. It is now thought politic in Rome to deny the existence of + these letters of remonstrance, but they have taken such effect that + the highest authorities begin to hesitate, and ask themselves the + question whether they have not gone too far in their confident + assurance of victory. The idea of being able to carry the + Infallibility dogma off-hand by acclamation seems at least to have + been abandoned. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page041">[pg + 041]</span><a name="Pg041" id="Pg041" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> It + is understood that some less summary method of gaining their object + must be resorted to, if it is to be gained at all. And hence at the + last moment they have begun to look out for some Council Chamber + where the Bishops may discuss the matters to be decided upon, for the + chapels appropriated to the Council in St. Peter's are only designed + for solemn sessions.<a id="noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href= + "#note_8"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a> It is + said in Rome that the pungent remark of a Cardinal to the Holy Father + has had something to do with the change of the original scheme of an + acclamation. Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> had asked his opinion as + to the most effective way of carrying the decrees, and he replied, + that obviously the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">theatrical</span></em> effect would be greater + if there was no debating, but simply decision by acclamation, as + though by inspiration of the Holy Ghost. And thus the hope of getting + the Council over in three weeks is also given up, and it is now + expected to last to the Feast of St. Peter and St. Paul.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The drawing up of + the letter of remonstrance at Fulda is said not to have been such + plain sailing. The Pastoral originally sketched out by Heinrich, + Canon of Mayence, but to which important additions were made + subsequently, was subscribed by all the Bishops, even those who had + been pupils of the Jesuits, who consoled <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page042">[pg 042]</span><a name="Pg042" id="Pg042" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> themselves with the belief that the dogma of + Infallibility did exactly combine the conditions specified there as + requisite for a dogmatic decree, and was really scriptural, + primitive, and written on the hearts of all good Catholics. So their + Jesuit masters had taught and assured them. But the secret document + sent to the Pope had necessarily to be more explicit, and though it + was limited to pointing out how inopportune the definition of new + dogmas, especially of Papal Infallibility, would be, that was + precisely opposite to what the Jesuitizers among the Bishops were + convinced of. The Jesuits themselves lose no opportunity of + proclaiming that nothing can be more opportune than this dogma, and + from their own point of view they may be right enough, for the rich + and ripe fruits of the dogma would fall into their own laps, and + would help the Society to absolute dominion over science, literature, + and education within the Catholic Church. The proposed dogma would + give canonical authority to the Jesuit theology, and identify it with + the doctrine of the Church, and the Order, or the spirit of the + Order, would always be required for teaching and vindicating the new + system. The Bishops of Paderborn and Würzburg therefore refused to + sign, and the representative of the Bishop of Spires followed their + example.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page043">[pg + 043]</span><a name="Pg043" id="Pg043" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The scruples of + these Northern Bishops were so utterly unexpected that they must have + created great surprise at Rome. Their informant in the matter of the + Infallibility dogma had assured the authorities, in the teeth of the + Northern Prelates, and with the full concurrence of all the members + of the Commission, that no fitter or more favourable time could be + found for establishing the new dogma, for at no former period could + the Court of Rome reckon so securely on the unconditional devotion of + the Bishops, nor was there ever a time when they were so ready as at + this moment to surrender before the Pope all exercise of their own + judgment or independent examination. The remonstrances of the + Hungarian, Bohemian, and German Bishops have of course poured water + into this wine, to the no small astonishment and indignation of the + Roman Prelates, with whom it is an axiom that nobody is a good + Christian who does not believe the infallibility of the Pope as + firmly as the divine mission and truthfulness of Christ. Accordingly, + the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Correspondance de Rome</span></span> cast in the + teeth of Prince Hohenlohe, that since all true Catholics already hold + the infallibility of the Pope when speaking <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">ex + cathedrâ</span></span>, a decree of the Council will only confirm + what is universally <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page044">[pg + 044]</span><a name="Pg044" id="Pg044" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + known and believed.<a id="noteref_9" name="noteref_9" href= + "#note_9"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a> Let those + good souls who flatter themselves that the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>, + with its expectations and demands, stands alone, weigh well the + utterances of so well-known a journal.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Austrian + Bishops have not thought it well to follow the example of their + Hungarian, Bohemian, and German colleagues. One of them, Dr. Fessler, + is notoriously the most determined advocate of the whole ultramontane + system, and was the first Bishop to declare the definition of the new + dogma to be at once a natural and suitable work for the Council. His + services were promptly rewarded; he is already named chief secretary + of the Council, and his hand will press heavily on its decrees. The + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> may congratulate itself on + its choice. The silence of the Austrian Bishops is further explained + by the differences of opinion among them about the questions coming + before the Council.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In their secret + letters the Northern Bishops have opposed the new definition only as + being inopportune, and it is known that the French Opposition Bishops + mean to take the same ground. But it deserves careful <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page045">[pg 045]</span><a name="Pg045" id="Pg045" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> consideration whether this line of action + can be really tenable or effective at the Council. Surely it may be + certainly foreseen that the far more numerous, and, from its + determined attitude, stronger party on the other side will answer, + <span class="tei tei-q">“If your only objection to the dogma is that + it is unsuited for the times, you thereby admit its truth; for if you + thought it doubtful or erroneous, you must have opposed the + definition on that ground. By not venturing to assail its truth, you + deprive your objection to its opportuneness of all weight, for when + was ever a religious truth, on which eternal salvation depends, + suppressed on such a ground as this? Does this holding back, inspired + merely by fear of men, correspond to the ancient spirit and lofty + mission of the Church? How many of her doctrines would she have dared + to proclaim if she had chosen to wait on the approval of the age? + Rather, for that very reason, must religious truths be loudly and + emphatically proclaimed, when a contrary opinion is growing among + men, because thereby an insidious heresy is marked out and judged by + the supreme authority in the Church. Your plea of inopportuneness is + therefore a fresh and urgent ground for adhering firmly to the solemn + definition of Infallibility by the Council.”</span></p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page046">[pg 046]</span><a name="Pg046" id="Pg046" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">How far better + then would it be if these Prelates were to declare simply and + directly, what the German Bishops have indeed said in their Pastoral, + but, of course, in general terms only, and without express mention of + the Infallibilist hypothesis; <span class="tei tei-q">“This doctrine + possesses none of the requisite conditions of an article of faith; it + has no guarantee either of Scripture or Tradition, and no roots in + the conscience and religious mind of the Christian world.”</span> + Such a line would be incomparably worthier of the Bishops, and would + make their position far stronger and more unassailable. Instead of + letting themselves, as is intended, be yoked, like willing prisoners, + to the triumphal chariot of the sole infallible and sole defining + Pope and lord, they would be making a beginning for the revendication + of their ancient apostolical rights, which the Papacy has sequestered + or robbed them of. They would be asserting, by implication, that the + Papacy and the Church are not identical, and therefore that the + Church cannot be made responsible for all decrees and actions of the + Popes. Half-and-half courses, and false piety, in the tremendous + crisis the Catholic Church is now entering upon, are not only + powerless but fatal. And this half-heartedness, which looks only too + like fear, will make <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page047">[pg + 047]</span><a name="Pg047" id="Pg047" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + Ultramontane and Jesuit party all the bolder and stronger in their + plans. And they continue still as firm as the rock of Peter. In the + number for Oct. 2, p. 64, the Civiltà maintains, against a new French + paper, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Avenir Catholique</span></span>, that the + relation of the Bishops assembled in Council to the Pope is simply + one of most absolute subjection and obedience to Papal commands, and + declares, on the authority of Ferraris, who is a classical authority + at Rome, what is meant by <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">præsidentia + auctoritativa</span></span>, viz., the Pope's right, not only to + decide on everything, but to coerce all opponents, by ecclesiastical + censures—excommunication, suspension, and deposition—and other + judicial means.<a id="noteref_10" name="noteref_10" href= + "#note_10"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a> If the + Pope strikes down every contradiction or refusal of a Bishop at once, + with the thunderbolt of his anathemas, according to the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> + he no more violates the freedom belonging to the Fathers of the + Council, than a man who keeps within his own rights in his dealings + violates his neighbour's rights of property. We must remember, as to + this definition of freedom, that the logic of the Jesuits has always + gone <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page048">[pg 048]</span><a name= + "Pg048" id="Pg048" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> its own way without + troubling itself with the logic of the rest of mankind.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It deserves + notice, however, that two months before the opening of the Council + the Jesuits had traced out for the Bishops the extent and nature of + the freedom they are to enjoy there. They do their part frankly + enough in dispelling any illusion on the subject. If any complaint + from the Bishops should be heard in Rome, such as was made by the + Spanish and French Bishops at Trent, the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> can + reply that they were told all this beforehand. The <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> + has the most direct sources of information, and may therefore be + safely trusted when it says, in a recent number, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“We are not the authors of the Papal thoughts, nor does + Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> speak and act under our + inspiration, but <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">we are certainly the faithful echo of the Holy + See</span></em>.”</span> And, as an echo of the Pope, the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà,</span></span> in its last number, p. + 182, gives a more precise explanation or statement of the + infallibility of <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">ex cathedrâ</span></span> + decisions, as extending, not only to all dogmas, but to <span class= + "tei tei-q">“all truths and doctrines connected with the various + kinds of revealed dogmas, and so to all sentences and decrees + concerning the common weal of the Church, her rights and + discipline.”</span> In truth, if the Bishops don't even yet see the + precipice to the edge of which they have <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page049">[pg 049]</span><a name="Pg049" id="Pg049" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> been led step by step for years, and which they + are just going to spring into, that is no fault of the Roman Jesuits, + who have honestly done what they could to open their eyes. It is + therefore to be earnestly wished that the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> + may be read and well weighed as widely as possible, for then one may + hope they will be <span class="tei tei-q">“forewarned, + forearmed.”</span> They have certainly had no lack of signs and + warning voices, who are expected and are willing to subscribe the + intended decrees of the Council. <span class="tei tei-q">“The true + echo of the Holy See”</span> proclaims to the world that every Pope + is, ever has been, and ever will be infallible, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">first</span></em>, + when he teaches or maintains anything in any way connected with + revealed truths of faith or morals; <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">secondly</span></em>, + when he decrees anything affecting the welfare, rights, or discipline + of the Church. Clearly therefore, henceforth the question will be, + not in what cases the Pope is infallible, but what are the few cases + where he is not infallible. He, as being infallible, will have the + first and only right to determine what is the welfare of the Church, + and what it requires. And since, in the whole range of public life, + of politics and science, there is scarcely anything not permanently + or incidentally connected with the weal of the Church, and with its + real or assumed rights and discipline, he will have it in his + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page050">[pg 050]</span><a name="Pg050" + id="Pg050" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> power to make every secular + question a Church question. For it must certainly be anathematized as + an error, as the Syllabus says, to affirm that the Pope has exceeded + the limits of his power. How can he possibly do so on this theory? He + is infallible alike in the definition of doctrine and in its + application to concrete cases. He is therefore always right in every + claim and every decision, and whoever opposes him, or does not at + once unconditionally submit, is always wrong. Whatever demand he + makes of any State or Sovereign, whatever law or constitution he + abrogates, he must at once be obeyed, for he acts for the good of the + Church, and he, as being infallible, can alone judge and settle what + that is. The episcopate and clergy must blindly submit to his + infallible guidance and serve dutifully under his banner, when he + proclaims war against a State, or an institution.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Need we explain in + detail what painful conflicts with their Governments and the + Constitutions they have sworn to, Bishops and clergy, nay all + Catholics, might be precipitated into on this system? What caused + that lamentable persecution and oppression of Catholics in Great + Britain, and their loss of civil privileges for centuries, but Paul + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span>'s prohibiting their + taking the oath of allegiance <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page051">[pg 051]</span><a name="Pg051" id="Pg051" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> to their Sovereigns? Although the oath + contained nothing against the religious conscience of Catholics, the + Pope condemned it because, identifying his own pretensions with the + interests of the Church, he thought it intolerable that it denied the + power of Popes to depose kings, absolve subjects from their + allegiance, and excite revolt and treason against the Sovereign and + the State. It is a maxim of the Decretals that no oath against the + interests of the Church is binding.<a id="noteref_11" name= + "noteref_11" href="#note_11"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a> But what + is for the benefit of the Church the infallible Pope determines. How + often have Popes identified their own political interests with the + good of the Church, and required and occasioned the breach of oaths + and treaties! Thus Innocent <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> absolved John from his + oath to observe Magna Charta, on his consenting to receive back his + crown as a gift from him. When, in the fifteenth century, Eugenius + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> was at war with Francis + Sforza, and the general Piccinino had promised not to attack him, the + Pope absolved him from his promise, because it was prejudicial to the + interests of the Papacy, and <span class="tei tei-q">“a treaty + prejudicial to the Church is not binding.”</span> Charles + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span> and Francis <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>, + in their treaty of Madrid, had stipulated <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page052">[pg 052]</span><a name="Pg052" id="Pg052" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> that neither should have his oath dispensed + without the consent of the other; but Pope Clement <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vii.</span></span> was the first to seduce + the King to commit perjury, in order that he might form an alliance + with him against the Emperor. So again did Paul <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> + release Henry <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> from his five years' + truce with Charles <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span>, confirmed by oath, in + order to gain the King of France as an ally against Spain.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Jesuit theory + of the infallible Pope and the extent of his powers is in no way less + extravagant than that which deluded Agostino Trionfo into his + deification of the Pope under John <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xxii.</span></span><a id="noteref_12" + name="noteref_12" href="#note_12"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">12</span></span></a> Once + admit the maxim of the Syllabus, that the Popes have never exceeded + the just limits of their power, and it must obviously be their right + to dispose of crowns and peoples, property and freedom, since they + have in fact claimed and exercised the right. Thus, for instance, + Nicolas <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span> did not at all violate + the common rights of men, but only made a proper use of his own + absolute authority, when he gave full power to King Alfonso of + Portugal, and his successors, to subjugate unbelieving nations, + appropriate their territories and all their possessions, and reduce + their persons to perpetual slavery. Nor was Alexander <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">vi.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page053">[pg 053]</span><a name="Pg053" + id="Pg053" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> less justified in conferring + on Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain and their successors the newly + discovered countries of America, and then drawing the famous line + from north to south through the New World, and dividing it between + Spain and Portugal. It was to the authority of the Pope, as the lord + of all mankind, to whom all men are subject, wherever born, and of + whatever religion, since God has subjected the whole earth to his + jurisdiction, and made him master of it, that the Spanish conquerors + appealed against the natives. On this plea they treated all refusal + to submit as rebellion, for which they meant to take vengeance on the + natives—as in fact they did in the most horrible manner—by cruel + wars, confiscation of property, and slavery. Their lust of conquest, + with all the abominations they perpetrated, could always be excused + and justified by the remembrance that they were only acting with the + sanction of God's earthly representative, and punishing the refusal + to recognise his legitimate dominion over the world.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the article we + have cited, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> affirmed anew, on the + authority of the Minorite, Bonaventure of S. Bernardino (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trattato della + Chiesa</span></span>), that the Pope can dispose of the whole + <span class="tei tei-q">“Temporali”</span> of kings and princes, + their authority and possessions, whenever, in his judgment, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page054">[pg 054]</span><a name="Pg054" + id="Pg054" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the good of the Church + requires it. The work of a French writer, Maupied, gives the Fathers + of the Society of Jesus the desired opportunity of again commending + their <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Magna + Charta</span></span>—their favourite Bull, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unam + Sanctam</span></span>—as the completest exposition of the relations + of Church and State (p. 213): <span class="tei tei-q">“Fall down on + your faces, and adore your lord and master in Rome, who can after his + pleasure depose you, deprive you of your rights and bishoprics, and + bid you draw or sheathe the sword.”</span> This is a compendium of + the teaching the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> addresses to princes and + magistrates. If Papal Infallibility is defined by the Council as an + article of faith, the whole system is sanctioned, down to its + extremest consequences, and the Jesuits will not fail to point to it + as proving that their political doctrines also are now approved.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Under such + auspices does the Council open, when the Bishops, according to the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“the faithful echo of the Holy See,”</span>—have only to + say Yea and Amen to the teachings and commands of their master. Never + in her whole history has the Church had a severer task imposed upon + her, or passed through a more perilous and decisive crisis than the + present. It is not only a question of internal freedom; it is, above + all, the question <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page055">[pg + 055]</span><a name="Pg055" id="Pg055" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + whether she is to be involved in an endless war with the political + order and civilisation of the modern world, or by keeping to the + really religious sphere, and thus guarding her rightful independence, + is for the future too to fulfil throughout the widest area her + blessed mission towards mankind. The Council, which has to decide on + this alternative, acquires a weight and significance such as none had + before it.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page059">[pg 059]</span><a name= + "Pg059" id="Pg059" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc15" id="toc15"></a> <a name="pdf16" id="pdf16"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">First Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, December + 1869.</span></span>—The Council is opened. It is, we may say, in full + swing, and the situation has to a certain degree revealed itself. Two + great questions are in every mind and on every tongue—<em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">first</span></em>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Wherein will the freedom promised to the + Council consist, and how far will it extend?”</span> and <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">secondly</span></em>, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Will Papal Infallibility be erected into a + dogma?”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As regards the + freedom of the Council, the position of the episcopate is in some + respects better and in others worse than at Trent three centuries + ago. Then the Italians had the most complete and undeniable + preponderance over the Spanish and French Prelates, who were the only + others that came into the reckoning at all. The opposition of the + latter could at best only stop the passing of some particular + decrees, but, generally speaking, whatever the legates and their + devoted troop of Italian Prelates desired was carried, and as + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page060">[pg 060]</span><a name="Pg060" + id="Pg060" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> they desired it. The numerical + relations are entirely changed now, and there is a far more + comprehensive representation of National Churches. The Italian + Bishops, even if unanimous among themselves, do not form a third of + the whole Synod. But what they have lost in numbers is abundantly + made up by the lion's share the Papal Court seizes beforehand for + itself, and thereby for the Italian <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">prelatura</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first step + taken, and the regulations already made by Pius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> + for the present Council, prove that it is not to follow the + precedents of the ancient free Councils, or even of the Tridentine. + At Trent all decrees still ran in the name of the Council. + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Œcumenical Tridentine Synod, lawfully + assembled in the Holy Ghost, ordains and decrees, etc.,”</span> is + the heading of every session and its decrees. Very different is to be + the arrangement at Rome. There has already been distributed to the + Bishops a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Methodus in primâ Sessione Concilii + observanda</span></span>, which prescribes thus: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Pope will hand over the decrees to the Secretary or + another Bishop to read, who reads them with the heading, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Pius, Episcopus, servus servorum Dei, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">sacro approbante + Concilio</span></em>, ad perpetuam rei memoriam.’</span> ”</span> + After reading them he asks the Cardinals and Bishops whether they + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page061">[pg 061]</span><a name="Pg061" + id="Pg061" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> assent. If all say <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet</span></span>, the Pope declares the + decrees carried <span class="tei tei-q">“nemine dissentiente.”</span> + If some answer, <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Non placet</span></span>, he + mentions the number, and adds, <span class="tei tei-q">“Nosque, sacro + approbante Concilio, illa ita decernimus, statuimus atque sancimus ut + lecta sunt.”</span> This is the formula first introduced after + Gregory <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vii.</span></span>'s time, when the Papacy + had climbed to its mediæval eminence. The first to use it was + Alexander <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, at the Roman Synod of + 1079.<a id="noteref_13" name="noteref_13" href= + "#note_13"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">13</span></span></a> It + stands in glaring contrast to the practice of the ancient Synods for + the first thousand years of Church history, which drew up and + promulgated all their decisions freely, independently, and in their + own name. Here the Pope appears as the author of the decrees, the one + authoritative legislator, who out of courtesy allows the Bishops to + express their opinions, but finally decides himself, in the plenitude + of his sovereign power, as seems good to him. In another Papal + document communicated to the Bishops it is said still more + emphatically, <span class="tei tei-q">“Nos deinde supremam nostram + sententiam edicemus eamque nunciari et promulgari mandabimus, hâc + adhibitâ solemni formulâ, Decreta modo lecta, etc.”</span> Meanwhile + one concession has been made, which might possibly have some value: + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page062">[pg 062]</span><a name="Pg062" + id="Pg062" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the Pope has declared that, + though the right of initiating measures belongs entirely to himself, + he is willing to allow the Bishops to exercise it. This would give + them the opportunity of at least bringing forward for discussion some + of the worst evils—such as, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, what many of them feel to be + the hateful nuisance of the Index—and preparing remedies. But then it + must be borne in mind that on every question the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> has + at its disposal a majority of Prelates, who are its own creatures, + and many of them in its pay. With the help of this troop of devoted + followers it can get rid of every disagreeable proposal before it is + even submitted to discussion.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Sessions of + the Council are solemnities only held for the formal promulgation of + decrees already discussed and passed; the real business is done in + the previous Congregations. Every Bishop who wants to speak there is + to give notice the day before, but those who wish to speak without + having given notice are not to be prevented. A congregation of + twenty-four members is to be chosen by the Bishops from among + themselves, for the purpose of specially investigating subjects on + which differences of opinion have been expressed, and reporting on + them. At least nine-tenths of the Prelates <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page063">[pg 063]</span><a name="Pg063" id="Pg063" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> are condemned to silence simply from being + unable to speak Latin readily and coherently through want of regular + practice. And to this must be added the diversities of pronunciation. + It is impossible, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, that Frenchmen or Italians + should understand an Englishman's Latin even for a minute.<a id= + "noteref_14" name="noteref_14" href="#note_14"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">14</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There will no + doubt be some subjects on which the Bishops may really speak and + determine freely. But the moment a question in any way affects the + interests and rights of the Roman <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, + there is an end of their freedom. For every Bishop has sworn not only + to maintain but constantly to increase all the rights of the Pope, + and it is notorious that at Rome, and in regular intercourse with the + Papal Congregations, one can take no step without being reminded, + directly or indirectly—by courtly insinuation, or rudely and + openly,—of this oath, and the enormous extent of the obligations + incurred by it, which embrace the whole range of ecclesiastical life. + The Bishops then are so far free in Council, that no Bishop who + expresses an opinion unpalatable to the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> is + threatened with imprisonment or bodily injury.<a id="noteref_15" + name="noteref_15" href="#note_15"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">15</span></span></a> Those + Bishops enjoy a larger <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page064">[pg + 064]</span><a name="Pg064" id="Pg064" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + freedom who have the moral courage to incur the reproach of perjury + and the threat of Papal displeasure and its consequences; who, + knowing well that they can only carry out the most indispensable + rights and duties of their office by virtue of Papal privileges and + delegations—quinquennial faculties and the like,—yet vote simply + according to their convictions.<a id="noteref_16" name="noteref_16" + href="#note_16"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">16</span></span></a> The only + question is how many Bishops will act thus.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The members of the + Court of Rome vie with one another in assurances that perfect freedom + will be left to the Bishops in the grand question of the proclamation + of the new dogma of Papal Infallibility. This is confidently asserted + by those Germans who are more deeply initiated into the views of the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, such as the Jesuits + Franzelin, Schrader, and Kleutgen. And above all, Bishop Fessler, the + Secretary of the Council and favourite of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, + who was the first among the Bishops to declare that it was the main + business of the Council to formulate and proclaim the new dogma, + takes especial pains to convince the Bishops that the Pope has no + intention of bringing the subject before them <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page065">[pg 065]</span><a name="Pg065" id="Pg065" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> himself. He admits that the preparatory + Commission has discussed this most important and comprehensive of all + doctrines, and has almost unanimously decided it to be both true and + opportune; and that their reporter has shown conclusively, that + considering the boundless devotion to Rome of the present episcopate + (at least the majority of them), no more favourable moment could be + chosen for enriching the Church with this new and fundamental article + of faith.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This is now their + watchword. All the initiated repeat it, and some episcopal optimists + try to persuade themselves and others that the danger is really past, + and the scheme abandoned for this time. But the truth is this: the + authorities know well enough that the absolutists among the + Bishops—all those who hope to strengthen their dominion and extend it + over secular matters by means of Papal Infallibility—are both + numerous and organized, and only await the intimation that the right + moment has arrived to come forward themselves with a motion + powerfully supported. To begin with the Germans, there is the Bishop + of Paderborn, whose Jesuit theologian, Roh, says that, precisely + because Papal Infallibility is called in question by Bishops like + Dupanloup and Maret, the Council must <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page066">[pg 066]</span><a name="Pg066" id="Pg066" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> define it, to make any repetition of this + atrocity impossible for the future. Then there are the Bishops of + Regensburg, Würzburg, St. Pölten, and Gratz, the Belgian and English + Prelates, and those of French Switzerland, among whom Mermillod + rivals Manning in his fanatical zeal for the new dogma; the Spanish + Prelates—men selected for promotion by Queen Isabella and the nuncio + at Madrid, simply for their thorough-paced ultramontanism—pure + absolutists in Church and State, who would gladly see the new dogma + ready-made at once, but have to be restrained for a while. To these + must be added such French Prelates as Plantier of Nîmes, Pie of + Poitiers, the Bishops of Laval and Montauban, and others. One knows + least of the votes of the Italian and United States Bishops, who, + like the Irish, will probably be divided. In any case the Court party + can count on a considerable majority in favour of the new dogma.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of course the + opposite party, who wish to stave it off, is strong and numerous. To + it belong the majority of the German and Austrian, as well as the + Bohemian and Hungarian Prelates, and among the French, the + Archbishops of Paris, Rheims, and Avignon, the Bishops of Marseilles, + Grenoble, Orleans, Chalons, and many more. <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page067">[pg 067]</span><a name="Pg067" id="Pg067" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> And on the point of the time being inopportune + for defining the Infallibilist dogma, a portion of the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“old Papal guard,”</span>—viz., the Italian Bishops—will + join them, not to speak of American and Irish Prelates.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But—and in this + lies their weakness—they are only held together by a very loose bond. + The one point they are agreed upon is that the promulgation of the + new dogma will cause great embarrassments to the Church and to + themselves personally, and involve them in all sorts of conflicts. On + the main question, whether this substitution of an infallible man for + an infallible Church is true, and attested by Scripture and + Tradition, they are themselves divided. If the confidants of the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> understand how to insert the + wedge into this split, and drive it home, they may perhaps contrive + to break up the whole Opposition, and carry through, by an imposing + and apparently almost unanimous vote, this Alpha and Omega of + ultramontanism, in which all their wishes and hopes are concentrated. + Meanwhile no stone will be left unturned, and very various methods + will be applied, and arguments used, in working upon different + Bishops. The earnest desire of the Holy Father will be urged on some + soft-hearted Prelates; they will be told that the only way the + Council can <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page068">[pg + 068]</span><a name="Pg068" id="Pg068" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + rejoice his heart amid his bitter trials, and brighten the evening of + his life, is by freely offering him that crown of personal + infallibility which former Popes have striven for, but never + obtained. To others it will be intimated that the Council itself must + look like a play with the chief figure left out, or an abortion, if + the Syllabus and Infallibility are not made into dogmas, for there is + no other question important enough to justify collecting 500 Bishops + from five quarters of the world. Those who agree with the doctrine, + but shrink for the present from the unpleasant consequences it might + entail upon them, will be told, <span class="tei tei-q">“Now, or + perhaps never.”</span> With freedom of the press established + everywhere, it will be impossible much longer to keep the poison of + historical criticism, so especially rife in Germany, out of the + theological schools and seminaries, and so perhaps the next + generation of clergy will not believe so absolutely in Papal + Infallibility as the clergy in many countries do now, and then the + new dogma will come at an unseasonable time, and encounter powerful + opposition. Besides, it is best to lose no time in putting the iron + bar of the new dogma across the way, for then all historical facts + that witness against Infallibility, all results of criticism and + investigation, all appeals to the forgeries and fictions which helped + to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page069">[pg 069]</span><a name= + "Pg069" id="Pg069" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> build up the edifice, + are once for all got rid of and destroyed, at least within the + Church. No Catholic will any longer venture to appeal to them, and if + he is an historical student, he will only be able to console himself + by saying, <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Credo, quia + absurdum</span></span>. The dogma has triumphed over history, as + Manning has so admirably explained in his last Pastoral.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Their favourite + argument is the common one about increasing the strength and security + of the coercive power of the Church. The Bishops are told that the + personal infallibility of the Pope will make not only him but them, + his delegates and plenipotentiaries, much more powerful, and that + under its shadow they will rule with a stronger hand, for resistance + will, in most cases, be blasphemy against the Holy Ghost, speaking + through the Pope and his chosen instruments. Who, for instance, would + any longer dare to defend a book condemned by the Congregation of the + Index, after it had become infallible? On the other hand, the Bishops + have their scruples, and some of them may be heard saying that this + would be a poor consolation for losing half their episcopal + authority, and that it is hard to ask them to degrade themselves, and + renounce their former dignity as the supreme tribunal of faith, by + making the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page070">[pg + 070]</span><a name="Pg070" id="Pg070" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Pope infallible. It might not be pleasant to return home from the + Council with the consciousness of having themselves abdicated at Rome + the best, and what has hitherto been held in the Church the highest, + part of their authority, and burned it as a holocaust on the altar of + Papal autocracy. The <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">rôle</span></span> of a Papal courtier, however + convenient at Rome, has its dark side north of the Alps.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Already many + symptoms of uneasiness betray themselves. Pius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> + said the other day to a German Prince of the Church, who formerly + gave his opinion against the Immaculate Conception, and has now again + pronounced openly against the Infallibilist dogma, <span lang="fr" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ce dogme de l'infaillibilité passera, comme + l'autre, malgré vous</span></span>. On the other hand, the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Regolamento</span></span> has excited great + discontent, for it unmistakeably indicates the design of giving the + Pope the decision, and making the Bishops only consultors. Had the + assembly been in some degree prepared for it, and had time allowed + them for coming to an understanding, there would certainly have been + opposition to it. But the heads of the French episcopate have only + just come together, and no attempt even has been made to bring the + German and French Bishops into communication with each other. And a + feature of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page071">[pg + 071]</span><a name="Pg071" id="Pg071" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Roman policy about the Council, now first introduced, is not exactly + calculated to promote confidence and a happy expectation of the + prosperous results of the Synod. I mean the rigid secrecy. According + to the last directions, all, bishops and theologians, are to maintain + the strictest secrecy about everything, and the preliminary labours, + as is well known, had to be carried on under the seal of secrecy of + the Holy Office (the Inquisition). Nothing was communicated to the + Bishops themselves, who came to Rome in complete ignorance of what + they were to vote about—a procedure without any precedent in Church + history. It really seems sometimes as if the object was to turn the + Church topsy-turvy, and take pleasure in doing exactly the contrary + to what the Church of earlier ages did when nearer her original + foundation. Formerly the idea of a Council was associated with the + notion of the fullest publicity, and the common participation of all + the faithful; the deliberations were conducted with open doors, and + all were admitted who wished to hear them,—for from the beginning all + secrecy was strange and unnatural to the Church, which was + distinguished from heathenism in the very point of neither having nor + tolerating any esoteric doctrine or secret compact. But the Roman + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">prelatura</span></span> <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page072">[pg 072]</span><a name="Pg072" id="Pg072" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> too shares the Italian predilection for making + mysteries,—as evidenced in the number of secret societies in the + Peninsula,—and then the Jesuits of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>, + and their French and German copyists, had so solemnly promised that + the Council would provide in its decrees a sure and effective remedy + for humanity, sorely diseased as it is, and threatened with + destruction. As yet we have waited in vain for any intelligible + intimation of what this panacea is to be. Beyond Papal Infallibility + and the Syllabus, nothing has transpired. Were the curtain to be + drawn back at the beginning, and the secret betrayed,—that the much + lauded panacea is only moonshine, and that the Council is not in a + position to prescribe any other medicine to the patient named mankind + than the usual and well-known remedies of faith, hope, and + charity—the discord, already growing, would be still further + increased. It is well therefore to lay the finger on the lips.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meantime the Pope + has united the most thorough-paced Infallibilists, Manning, Plantier + of Nîmes, Pie of Poitiers, Mermillod of Geneva, and Deschamps of + Mechlin, on a Committee said to be intrusted with the discussion of + very important questions. Manning appears to be recognised as their + leader by all the adherents of <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page073">[pg 073]</span><a name="Pg073" id="Pg073" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the new dogma, and Mermillod strongly supports + him. Cardinal Pitra, the French Benedictine formerly intrusted with a + mission, which proved unsuccessful, to the Archbishop of Rouen, + Cardinal Bonnechose, has lately tried the same plan with the German + Bishops. He began by describing the Bishop of Orleans as a + mischievous teacher of error, and was obliged to hear, much to his + surprise, that these German Bishops quite agreed with Dupanloup, and + the Hungarians with the Germans. Thus all have taken their side, or + will do so in the next few days. All the Spanish, Belgian, and + English<a id="noteref_17" name="noteref_17" href= + "#note_17"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">17</span></span></a> Bishops, + the majority of the Italians, and a considerable number of the + French, have ranged themselves under the banner of the new dogma. + They all declare that it must now be decreed that every one, without + exception, must inwardly believe and outwardly confess Papal + Infallibility on pain of damnation; and all the more so, since Pius + himself has now abandoned the reserved attitude he had maintained up + to this time in presence of the diplomatists, and openly proclaims, + that, being himself profoundly convinced of his own infallibility, he + neither can nor will tolerate <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page074">[pg 074]</span><a name="Pg074" id="Pg074" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> any further doubt about it in others. And thus + the influence of this party is very powerful, and already + preponderates; the whole mechanism of the Council, the order of + business, the <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">personnel</span></em> of its officers, in short + everything, is substantially in their hands, or will be placed at + their disposal. All preparations were made in their interest, and all + alternatives were foreseen. That great ecclesiastical polypus, with + its thousand feelers and arms, the Jesuit Order, works for it under + the earth and on the earth; <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Mea res + agitur</span></span> is its watchword.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the other side, + ready for the contest, and resolved at least to show fight, stand the + German, Bohemian, and Hungarian Bishops,—with the exception, of + course, of Martin, Senestrey, Fessler, and some others—and all among + the French, American, and Irish Bishops who possess any culture and + knowledge. These men still hope to see a portion of the Oriental + Bishops—the real ones, not the mere Italian so-called + Vicars-Apostolic—join their side, and there is indeed a very general + anxiety as to what position the Orientals, especially the Armenians, + will take up in reference to the great questions at issue. They would + all like to keep the Church free from the millstone of the new dogma + intended to be hung about <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page075">[pg + 075]</span><a name="Pg075" id="Pg075" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> her + neck, though very few even among them have a clear perception of the + momentous consequences it would entail, in science and literature, in + politics, and in the relations of the Catholic Church to other + Churches. But the whole party has wind and sun against it, and has to + join battle in the most unfavourable position, on slippery soil, and + confined to acting on the defensive under the greatest difficulties. + The Infallibilists, from the nature of the case, are far clearer and + better agreed, both as to end and means, than their adversaries, many + of whom do not conceal their predilection for the dogma, though they + tremble at the consequences of it. Moreover, many of them will allow + themselves to be gained over before long, whether through devotion to + Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span>, or by the threats and + enticements the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> knows so well how to apply, + and for which it possesses an inexhaustible treasury to choose from. + There is, for instance, the honorary title granted by Rome to about + 250 Bishops, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">solio Pontificio assistens</span></span>, which + seems to the short-sighted only fit for lackeys, but is in fact + greatly sought after, and will be most graciously accorded to those + who unconditionally surrender themselves. And then there are those + manifold concessions out of the rich store of Papal reserved + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page076">[pg 076]</span><a name="Pg076" + id="Pg076" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> rights, special benedictions, + and the like, so that there are always nine out of every ten Bishops + who want one at least of these privileges.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We may readily + conceive the excitement in the Jesuit camp. After the patient, + indefatigable toil of years of seed-time, the harvest-time seems to + them to be come at last. Up to 1773, their Order, from its numbers, + the cultivation of its members, the influence of its schools and + educational establishments, and its compact organization, was + unquestionably the most powerful religious corporation, but at the + same time was limited and held in check by the influence and powerful + position of the other Orders. Augustinians, Carmelites, Minorites, + and, above all, Dominicans, were likewise strong, and, moreover, + leagued together for harmonious action through their common hatred of + the Jesuits, or through the natural desire to escape being mastered + by them. Dominicans and Augustinians possessed by long prescription + the most influential offices in Rome, so much so indeed that the two + Congregations of the Index and the Holy Office were entirely in the + hands of the Order of Preachers, to the exclusion of the Jesuits. + Since the restoration of the Jesuits this is completely changed, and + entirely in their interest. All the ancient Orders are now in + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page077">[pg 077]</span><a name="Pg077" + id="Pg077" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> decline, above all, in + theological importance and influence; they do but vegetate now. + Moreover, the Dominicans have been saddled with a General thoroughly + devoted to the Jesuits, Jandel, a Frenchman, who is exerting himself + to root out in his Order the Thomist doctrines, so unpalatable to the + Jesuits. The youngest of the great Orders, the Redemptorists or + Liguorians, act—sometimes willingly, sometimes unwillingly—as the + serving brothers, road-makers, and labourers for the Jesuits. And + hence, now that they enjoy the special favour of the Pope, they have + come to acquire a power in Rome which may be called quite unexampled. + They have, in fact, become already the legislators and trusted + counsellors of the Pope, who sees with their eyes and hears with + their ears. To those familiar with the state of things at Rome, it is + enough to name Piccirillo. For years past they have implanted and + fostered in the mind of Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> the views he now wants + to have consecrated into dogmas, and have managed to set aside, and + at last reduce to impotence, the influence of wise men, who take a + sober view of the condition of the times. When the Dominican Cardinal + Guidi, who was then the most distinguished theologian in Rome, freely + expressed to the Pope his views about the projected Council and the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page078">[pg 078]</span><a name="Pg078" + id="Pg078" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> measures to be brought before + it, from that hour he was not only allowed no audience of Pius + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span>, but was excluded from + all share in the preparatory labours of the Council, so that he + remained in entire ignorance of the matters to be laid before it. But + the Jesuits are also the oracles of many Cardinals, whose votes and + opinions are very often ready-made for them in the Gesu. The + Congregation of the Index, which they used formerly so often to + attack, blame, and accuse of partiality, when their own works were + censured by it, is now becoming more and more their own domain, + though the chief places are still in the hands of the Dominicans; and + this may gradually take place with most of the Congregations in whose + hands is centralized the guidance and administration of Church + affairs in all countries.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And thus, if Papal + Infallibility becomes a dogma, what inevitably awaits us is, that + this Infallibility will not merely be worked in certain cases by the + counsel and direction of the Jesuits; much more than that. The + Jesuits will for the future be the regular stewards of this treasure, + and architects of the new dogmas we have to expect. They will stamp + the dogmatic coinage and put it into circulation. It is enough to + know the earlier history of the Society to know what this means, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page079">[pg 079]</span><a name="Pg079" + id="Pg079" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and what an immense capital of + power and influence it will place at their command. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Rulers and subjects”</span>—that will henceforth be the + relation between the Jesuits and the theologians of other Orders. + Worst of all will be the position of theologians and teachers who + belong to no Order. At the mercy of the most contradictory judgments, + as is already, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, the case in France, + constantly exposed to the displeasure of the Jesuits, of the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, and of their Bishop or his + adviser, and daily threatened in their very existence, how are they + to get spirit, perseverance, or zeal for earnest studies, deep + researches, and literary activity? Every Jesuit, looking down from + the impregnable height of his privileged position, will be able to + cry out to the theologians of the secular clergy, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Tu longe sequere et vestigia prorsus adora;”</span> for + now is that fulfilled which the Belgian Jesuits demanded 230 years + ago in their <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Imago Societatis Jesu</span></span>. Their Order + is now really, and in the fullest sense, the Urim and Thummim and + breastplate of the High Priest—the Pope—who can only then issue an + oracular utterance when he has consulted his breastplate, the Jesuit + Order.<a id="noteref_18" name="noteref_18" href= + "#note_18"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">18</span></span></a> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page080">[pg 080]</span><a name="Pg080" + id="Pg080" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Only one thing was still + wanting for the salvation of a world redeemed and regenerated once + again: the Jesuits must again become the confessors of monarchs + restored to absolute power.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is one of the + notes of an age so rich in contradictions that the present General of + the Order, Father Beckx, is not in harmony with the proceedings of + his spiritual militia. Here, in Rome, he is reported to have said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“In order to recover two fractions of the + States of the Church, they are pricking on to a war against the + world—but they will lose all.”</span> But for that reason, as is + known, he possesses only the outward semblance of Government, while + it is really in the hands of a conference. With this the fact seems + to be connected that he has appointed for his theologian at the + Council the most learned and liberal-minded man of his Order, Father + de Buck—a man whose views stand in much the same relation to those of + his fellow-Jesuits Perrone, Schrader, and Curli, as the Bishop of + Orleans's views to those of the Archbishop of Westminster.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page081">[pg 081]</span><a name= + "Pg081" id="Pg081" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc17" id="toc17"></a> <a name="pdf18" id="pdf18"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Second Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Dec. 18, + 1869.</span></span>—After the solemn receptions, and the formal + opening of the Council, visits, audiences, and homages, the time for + serious business has arrived, and the Fathers have emerged from the + dim twilight of early synodical dawn into the clear daylight. People + have begun to get mutually acquainted, and to question one another. + The first chaotic condition of an exceedingly mixed assemblage, some + of whose members scarcely understand one another, or not at all, has + been succeeded by a sort of division, through the <span lang="fr" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">rapprochement</span></span> and closer + combination of men of similar views. As we related before, two great + parties of very unequal strength have organized themselves, and the + shibboleth which caused this division is the question of Papal + Infallibility, which is universally and consistently taken to imply + that whoever is resolved to vote for this dogma is also ready to give + his vote for all <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page082">[pg + 082]</span><a name="Pg082" id="Pg082" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + articles of the Syllabus, and generally for every dogmatic + proposition emanating from the Pope.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Synod is + unquestionably the most numerous ever held; never in the early or + mediæval Church have 767 persons entitled to vote by their episcopal + rank been assembled. It is also the most various in its national + representation. Men look with wonder at the number of missionary + Bishops from Asia, Africa, and Australia. If one considers the + constant complaints of want of funds in the missionary journals, the + great distance, the difficulty and expense of the journey, and how + much these men are wanted in the ill-organized state of their + dioceses, with so few priests, the question occurs, Who bears the + cost, and what means were employed to rob so many millions for a long + time of their spiritual guides? Meanwhile most of the Bishops are + pupils of the Roman Propaganda, and obedient to every hint of its + will. And the more the new dogma is combated, the more necessary is + the imposing <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">consensus</span></em> of five quarters of the + world—of Negroes, Malays, Chinese, and Hottentots, as well as + Italians and Spaniards.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">More than + two-thirds of the Council are either completely agreed, or at least + won over to the necessity of <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page083">[pg 083]</span><a name="Pg083" id="Pg083" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> making the personal infallibility of the last + 256 Popes, and their future successors, an article of faith now. + Since the original design of carrying it by simple acclamation has + been given up, Manning has renounced the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">rôle</span></span> + assigned to him of initiating it. But the Bishops of the Spanish + tongue on both sides the ocean—in South America and the Philippine + Isles—have declared, in a meeting held in the apartments of their + Cardinal, Moreno, that they are ready to propose the dogma. A Roman + Cardinal said lately of Bishops of this sort, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“If the Pope ordered them to believe and teach four + instead of three Persons in the Trinity, they would obey.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The other party, + opposed to the dogma, includes towards 200 Bishops, and this is more + than even the most sanguine ventured to hope at first. To it belong + the majority of the German, Austrian, and Hungarian Bishops, half the + French, all the Portuguese, some Irish, at least half the North + American and Canadian, and a considerable number of the Oriental. If + the votes were not only counted, but weighed according to the + intellectual standard of the voters, the 200 would be far the + majority. Among the German Bishops, besides those already named, the + two Tyrolese, Gasser <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page084">[pg + 084]</span><a name="Pg084" id="Pg084" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and + Riccabona, Leonrod Bishop of Eichstadt, and the Vicar of Luxembourg, + belong to the Infallibilists. Ketteler of Mayence, half won over by + his hosts—he lives in the German College<a id="noteref_19" name= + "noteref_19" href="#note_19"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">19</span></span></a>—half + succumbing himself, is said to purpose deserting to the same camp. + He, as well as Stahl, Leonrod, and Martin are hampered awkwardly by + the Fulda Pastoral, which they subscribed, but when once the knot is + loosened or cut, they have only to bring their assent to the new + dogma.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is said in the + ruling circles that an opposition of 40 Bishops and under is so small + and insignificant in so large a Council that no account need be taken + of it. This would be to give up the principle always hitherto + maintained, even at Trent, that no decision in points of faith could + be issued without the physical or moral unanimity of the Council. But + as the dogma in question is one which for the future will make all + majorities and minorities of episcopal votes superfluous and + valueless, it may very well be that by anticipation, or by virtue of + an exception which is now to be made into a rule, the minority should + in this case be pronounced non-existent and undeserving of any + notice. I hear other curialists say that, as soon as the Opposition + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page085">[pg 085]</span><a name="Pg085" + id="Pg085" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> is reduced to 40, they, under + a sense of their impotence, will give up all resistance, and either + quit the field, or come over to the conquering side. And so the + present strength of the Opposition must be greatly diminished, and + this is being strenuously laboured at. There are plenty of means for + the purpose, and as long as there are Bishops who think themselves + fortunate if they gain the title of <span class="tei tei-q">“Domestic + Prelate to the Pope,”</span> a gentle pressure or insinuation, the + prospect of a privilege, or a robe of distinguished colour, will + produce the desired effect on many. Such things act like those + insects which bore through the hardest wood. The episcopate of course + has still many men to show who are inaccessible to threats or + seduction. But we should like to count up at the end of the Council + how many have passed unscathed through the fiery ordeal. Meanwhile a + confident certainty of victory prevails among the majority. Manning + said the other day to an acquaintance of mine, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“So sure as I stand here, the dogma of Infallibility will + be proclaimed,”</span> and on the other hand, one of the leading + Bishops of the Opposition said lately, <span class="tei tei-q">“I + came here with small hopes, and with a feeling of oppression, but I + have found everything worse than I expected.”</span> A German priest + had been summoned to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page086">[pg + 086]</span><a name="Pg086" id="Pg086" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Rome as theologian of his Order by the General, a Spaniard. At first + greeting him the General said that the great end they were all bound + to work for was to come to an understanding on the dogma of Papal + Infallibility. And when the German professed an opposite opinion, and + handed him a work he had written in that sense, the conclusion was + soon arrived at: he was sent home at once as useless, and even + mischievous. When he was taking leave of certain Bishops, one of them + said to him, <span class="tei tei-q">“I should rejoice if any one + recalled me or sent me home; we Bishops have been ordered here to the + Council, without being told what we are to deliberate upon, and now + that I know it I would gladly turn my back on the Council and on + Rome.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The 500 + Infallibilists have good ground for their confidence. It is but + natural, to begin with, that they should trust the magical power of + those resources of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> they have themselves had + experience of. And, next, they are well aware of their excellent + organization, which has hitherto proved irresistible. They are + commanded from two centres acting in common, the Gesù and the + Propaganda. The Jesuit General, Beckx, if by no means in harmony with + the line taken by the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>, which has been removed + from his jurisdiction, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page087">[pg + 087]</span><a name="Pg087" id="Pg087" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + thinks and feels about the Infallibility question in strict + accordance with the doctrine and rules of his Order, and knows how to + hold fast the threads with the support and counsel of his assistants. + Not a few Bishops, without knowing it themselves, get drawn and moved + round by these wires which meet in the Gesù. If they cannot be + commanded at once, they will be slowly but surely led into the right + road by a chaplain or secretary or consultor devoted to the Order. + The Propaganda, as we said before, provides for all missionary + Bishops, and it again is inspired from the Gesù. The whole machine + works so accurately that lately, in the selecting of a Commission, + 450 voting papers contained the same names. So admirably is the + discipline managed that many a Cabinet majority might envy this + scarcely attainable ideal of the Council.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page088">[pg 088]</span><a name= + "Pg088" id="Pg088" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc19" id="toc19"></a> <a name="pdf20" id="pdf20"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Third Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Dec. 19, + 1869.</span></span>—Since I have been here, breathing physically and + morally the air of Rome, and have heard some of the most prominent + Infallibilists, I can understand a good deal which was an enigma to + me when in Germany. The leading spirits of this party believe in the + advent of a new spiritual dispensation, a period of the Holy Ghost, + which is to depend on the turning-point of this definition of Papal + Infallibility. Archbishop Manning declared some years ago, in a + speech received with enthusiastic applause by the Roman dignitaries, + <span class="tei tei-q">“La Chiesa Cattolica di oggidí esce tutta + nuova del fianco del Vicario di Gesù Cristo.”</span> This reference + to the formation of the woman from Adam's rib is very suggestive, for + Eve, by the Divine ordinance, was to be subject to the man,—and it + includes the notion which I have met with in several quarters here, + that the proclamation of the new dogma will be <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page089">[pg 089]</span><a name="Pg089" id="Pg089" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> immediately followed by an outpouring of + the Holy Ghost, and a renewal of the Pentecostal miracle. There will + of course be this difference, that henceforth the Bishops will no + longer speak with tongues, like the apostles and disciples on the day + of Pentecost, but only with the tongue of the Infallible Pope, and + will utter in this way the thoughts and words of the Holy Ghost. + Hence not the slightest effect is produced when any one, say a German + or Englishman, points to the terrible intellectual stumbling-block + that will thereby be obtruded on the faithful, and the perplexity and + inward alienation of so many thousands, and those too the higher and + leading minds, which may be certainly foreseen. The gain will far + exceed the loss; numberless Protestants and schismatics, attracted by + the powerful magnet of Papal Infallibility, and the power of the Holy + Ghost, hidden in Papal utterances, will stream into the Church—that + is the sort of vision hovering before these men. And a man who + believes in an age of the Holy Ghost cares nothing for what is said + of the breach with the views and traditions of the ancient Church + involved in the new article of faith: he thinks it quite in order + that a new dogma should inaugurate a new era. Compared with such + fanaticism, the speech <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page090">[pg + 090]</span><a name="Pg090" id="Pg090" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + another Infallibilist leader, a Frenchman, at a public dinner, sounds + sober, though in its way it is no less extravagant, when he assures + us that the great connoisseur and discoverer of subterranean Rome, + the Cavaliere de Rossi, has detected Papal Infallibility in the + Catacombs, and whoever wants to see and appreciate it there, has only + to descend into them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> + finds that he can undertake what he likes with a majority so + absolutely devoted to him and simply at his beck. The assurance, so + often reiterated not long ago, that nothing was meant to be decreed + which could disturb Governments or introduce conflicts between Church + and State, seems to be already forgotten or held superfluous, and a + number of Bishops, at a general audience, heard, not without + consternation, from the mouth of the highest authority, the statement + that the Syllabus must be made dogmatic: it would be better to yield + in other points than give that up.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile the + Opposition grows visibly stronger, and men like Darboy, Dupanloup, + and MacHale, Archbishop of Tuam,<a id="noteref_20" name="noteref_20" + href="#note_20"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">20</span></span></a> are not + to be despised as leaders. They are not content with getting rid of + Infallibility and the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page091">[pg + 091]</span><a name="Pg091" id="Pg091" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Syllabus, but strive for some freedom in the Council, and here they + find sympathy even among the Infallibilists. For to have their hands + so completely tied by the Pope's regulations, has surpassed all, even + the worst, anticipations of the Bishops. That first gleam of hope, + excited by the announcement that the Bishops would be allowed to + propose motions, has speedily vanished. For it has become clear that + this was merely intended to save the Pope from having to propose his + own Infallibility to the Council, and provide for the motion + emanating from the Bishops—according to the present plan, the Spanish + Bishops. The right of initiation is rendered purely illusory by the + fact that the Pope has reserved to himself and the Commission he has + named, composed of the stanchest Infallibilists, the sanction or + rejection of every motion. To this must be added the regulations for + the order of business, and the naming by the Pope of all the + officials of the Council, as well as the scrutators and presidents of + Congregations or Commissions. This is an act of arbitrary power, and + a gagging of the Council, far beyond anything attempted even at + Trent. Yet at Trent the want of freedom was felt to be so great that + for 300 years the Catholic world has manifested no desire to repeat + the experiment of a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page092">[pg + 092]</span><a name="Pg092" id="Pg092" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Council. But what will be the impression made by the present Council, + where the order of business is so managed as to make any serious + discussion impossible? The strongest expressions of discontent come + from the French Prelates, they feel how undignified, not to say + ridiculous, is the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">rôle</span></span> assigned to them,—of saying + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet</span></span> to ready-made decrees—even + more keenly than the Germans, who are also greatly disgusted. + Attempts to protest against this oppressive code in the Congregation + were suppressed by the declaration of the President, Cardinal de + Luca, that the Pope had so ordained, and no discussion could be + allowed on the subject. He would allow neither the courageous Bishop + Strossmayer nor Archbishop Darboy to say a word on these intolerable + restrictions. The whole scene made a profound impression.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On December 14 the + two parties measured their strength and organization in electing the + twenty-four members for the Commission <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">de Fide</span></span>, + which is, of course, the most important of all. The Liberals were + completely overmatched, and, notwithstanding their 200 votes, not + indeed properly combined, failed to carry one of their candidates. + Neither Dupanloup nor Hefele could be brought in. A list of names to + be <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page093">[pg 093]</span><a name= + "Pg093" id="Pg093" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> voted for from the + Propaganda was handed to every trusted partisan; the Italians and + Spaniards were also furnished with one, and so all the Infallibilist + leaders appear on the list of the Committee, Manning and Deschamps, + Martin and Senestrey, Pie of Poitiers, Reynier of Cambray, then some + Italians, Spaniards, and South Americans,—these therefore are the + flower of theological learning among the Bishops. One of these men + they must keep their eye fixed on, for he seems called to take a + place of supreme importance and honour in this Council, and if all + goes well, will certainly be counted with the heroes of ancient + Councils, Athanasius, Cyril, and Augustine. This is Mgr. Cardoni, + Archbishop of Edessa, Secretary to the Congregation for examining + Bishops, Consultor of several other Congregations, theologian of the + Dataria, and President of the Ecclesiastical Academy. Yet this man + was not long ago a very obscure personage, even in Rome, but as First + Consultor of the Preparatory Commission of Dogmas, he composed the + report or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Votum</span></span> of forty pages on Papal + Infallibility. This is now printed and distributed, and serves as the + basis for the discussion on the subject to be introduced in Council. + Cardoni himself, as reporter, will discharge the necessary + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page094">[pg 094]</span><a name="Pg094" + id="Pg094" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> offices of midwife at the + birth of the new dogma; he will have the last word if any doubts or + objections are raised, and then at least 500 votes will proclaim at + once the Infallibility of the Pope and the triumph of the greatest + and most fortunate of Roman theologians. Cardoni will immediately be + made Cardinal; as he brings this Divine gift to the Pope, he will + himself partake in the enjoyment of what is so much indebted to him, + and will reap the harvest of his labours.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page095">[pg 095]</span><a name= + "Pg095" id="Pg095" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc21" id="toc21"></a> <a name="pdf22" id="pdf22"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Fourth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Dec. 20, + 1869.</span></span>—It may truly be said that theology is now rare, + very rare, in Rome. There is, of course, no lack of theologians; the + Pope himself has no less than a hundred, chiefly monks; but if they + were all pounded together in a mortar into one theologian, even this + one would find some difficulty in getting his claims recognised in + Germany. If any one here were to demand of the so-called theologians + what, between the North Sea and the Alps, is considered the first + requisite for a theologian,—the capacity of reading the New Testament + and the Greek Fathers and Councils in the original language,—he would + be ridiculed as a dreamer. And as to the theology of many Bishops, + one is often reminded of the daughters of Phorcys, who had only one + eye and one tooth, which they lent each other by turns to use. Not a + few of them flutter about Infallibility like flies about a candle, in + evident fear of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page096">[pg + 096]</span><a name="Pg096" id="Pg096" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + getting burnt. But when the critical moment comes, they will vote + obediently as the master whose power they have sworn to increase bids + them. If the Prelates were even slightly acquainted with Church + history, they would certainly recoil in terror from the maxims and + doctrines their decision will recall from the realm of shadows they + seem to have sunk into, and clothe again with flesh and blood. They + would recoil from the complications and contests they and their + successors must hereafter be involved in with all nations and + governments, as forced executors of every infallible utterance of 256 + Popes.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The sudden + departure of Cardinal Mathieu, Archbishop of Besançon, is connected + with the election of the Commission on Faith, which turned out so + unfortunately for the Germans; the French Bishops after the previous + consultation had divided their forces, the Infallibilists voting for + Bonnechose, their opponents for Cardinal Mathieu. The defeated party + wanted to protest against a scandalous intrigue about the election, + carried on by a man whose name I suppress; and Mathieu's sudden + departure was in order to avoid being mixed up with the conflict, and + from disgust at the whole affair.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A singular + incident not long since created some <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page097">[pg 097]</span><a name="Pg097" id="Pg097" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> sensation and amusement in English circles. The + English Bishops, like their Archbishop, Manning, are declared + Infallibilists—a tendency first introduced among the clergy there + since Wiseman's time, for before that Gallican views prevailed almost + universally in England, and definite assurances were given on the + subject at the time of Catholic Emancipation. And as Papal + Infallibility implied necessarily the doctrine of the Pope's dominion + over monarchs and governments, which was formally + abjured—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, in the Irish clerical + seminary of Maynooth—the Infallibilist theory was supposed to be + shelved also. It chanced that lately the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pall Mall + Gazette</span></span>, which is much read even here, under the + heading, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Infallibility of the Pope a + Protestant Invention,”</span> quoted the following question and + answer from a widely-used manual of instruction, approved by many + Bishops, and highly praised even in Manning's journal, the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tablet</span></span>, called <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Controversial + Catechism</span></span>:—<span class="tei tei-q">“<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Q.</span></span> Are + not Catholics bound to believe that the Pope is in himself + infallible?—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">A.</span></span> This is a Protestant invention, + and is no article of Catholic belief; no Papal decision can bind + under pain of heresy, unless received and prescribed by the teaching + body, the Bishops of the Church.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page098">[pg 098]</span><a name="Pg098" id="Pg098" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the moment I am + writing, there is a pause, but by no means a truce. <span lang="fr" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Le Concile ne marche pas, mais il + intrigue</span></span>, I heard a Frenchman say this morning. The + acoustic qualities of the Assembly Hall, which is the whole height of + St. Peter's, make it quite unfit for use. If anything is to be + proclaimed, it must be shouted at full pitch to the four sides. It + happened the other day that the Bishops on one side were crying + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet</span></span>, while those on the other + side expressed their opinion by <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Non + placet, quia nihil intelleximus</span></span>. Pius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span>, who was long ago made + aware of the state of the case, really thought that all discussion + was superfluous. And as the hall must be abandoned as utterly + useless, the 120,000 scudi lavished on preparing it are wasted. There + is no lack of funds, however; so much so, that 20,000 scudi have been + spent already on laying the foundation of the memorial pillar of the + Council. These things must make an indescribable impression on those + who have heard most touching pictures drawn in the pulpit at home of + the wants and poverty of the Head of the Church.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Antonelli, to whom + the impossibility of carrying on the Council in this place has been + represented, has now taken the matter in hand, and another chamber is + to be <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page099">[pg 099]</span><a name= + "Pg099" id="Pg099" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> found and got ready. A + room in the Quirinal is talked of, or the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">atrium</span></span> over St. Peter's in the + Sistine. The latter would be an ominous place, for in the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sala + Regia</span></span>, which the Bishops must pass through to enter the + Sistine, is Vasari's famous picture, painted by order of Gregory + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xiii.</span></span>, for the glorification + of the massacre of St. Bartholomew. The contemplation of this + picture, which now, since the publication of the nuncio Salviati's + despatches, the Pope is proved to have ordered with full knowledge of + the real nature of that horrible occurrence, and full intention of + sanctioning it, might perhaps somewhat indispose the Prelates to vote + for the articles of the Syllabus on religious coercion and the power + of the Church to inflict bodily punishment. Antonelli means now to + take up the Council in earnest. For him, indeed, who was formerly an + advocate, the theological side of Infallibility has little interest; + but he is too skilful and experienced a statesman and financier not + to appreciate keenly the gain to be derived from the new dogma in all + countries, in the shape of power, influence, and revenue. He + understands well enough, and better than many statesmen this side the + Alps, the incalculable consequences of having it henceforth taught + and insisted on as a first principle in <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page100">[pg 100]</span><a name="Pg100" id="Pg100" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> every catechism, public school, and country + pulpit, that Papal decrees and decisions, not only in the domain of + faith but of morals, the relations of Church and State, and the whole + life of society, are absolutely infallible,—of its being made the + first and crucial question for Catholics in all cases, What has the + infallible Pope, either the reigning pontiff or one of his + predecessors, decided on this point, or what will he decide if + asked?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A Bull appeared + yesterday, which, if read and understood, would create great + excitement. It professes to abolish a part of the numerous + excommunications <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">latæ + sententiæ</span></span>,<a id="noteref_21" name="noteref_21" href= + "#note_21"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">21</span></span></a> which + the Popes have gradually accumulated; but virtually it is intended as + a renewal or confirmation of the Bull <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">In Cœnâ + Domini</span></span>, which Clement <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xiv.</span></span> (Ganganelli) first + dropped the custom of publishing annually, and which, from his time, + had been regarded, everywhere out of Rome, as abrogated, though the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> always maintained that it + was binding in principle, as Crétineau-Joli shows in his Memoirs of + Consalvi. I am only giving here the judgment of a <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page101">[pg 101]</span><a name="Pg101" id="Pg101" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> friend who has read the Bull. If he is + rightly informed, it is but the first link in a chain of decrees + embodying the retrospective force of the anticipated dogma, for the + saying will hold good then, <span class="tei tei-q">“Quod fuimus + erimus, quod fecimus faciemus.”</span> Every claim once advanced must + be maintained, every doctrinal proposition renewed, and so the living + body will be chained to a corpse.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Desertions from + the ranks of the Opposition to the majority of 500, must, no doubt, + be reckoned on, and the renegades will say, like Talleyrand, that + they are not deserting, but only coming in earlier than others. + Whether these desertions will be numerous enough to reduce the + minority to 40 or 50, as the authorities hope, will be determined + when the question of opportuneness gets disentangled from the + question of principle. For it requires more than common courage to + make open profession of disbelief in the Infallibilist dogma at Rome, + since the Pope, in his letters to Manning and Deschamps, has indulged + in severe censures of those who question his infallibility; and every + Cardinal and Monsignore is accustomed to express himself in the same + sense.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Can this Council, + then, which can move neither hand <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page102">[pg 102]</span><a name="Pg102" id="Pg102" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> nor foot, be called free? Is an assembly free, + when no speech can be made, no single decision come to, without the + express permission of an external master? If this is freedom, there + has never been an unfree Council. So I hear many saying, as well + clergy as laity, and even Bishops. The Pope, of course, has not + forgotten that, on the day of his election, sitting on the High Altar + of that very church where the Council is now being held, he was + adored by the Cardinals, and four days afterwards crowned with the + triple tiara, with the words, <span class="tei tei-q">“Scias te esse + rectorem orbis.”</span> It has been summoned to arrange and negotiate + the transition from the previous condition of the Church to a new + one. Till now, at least in theory, Councils were, or were supposed to + be, assemblies deliberating and deciding freely. But, in the new + condition of the Church, under the rule of Papal Infallibility, + assemblies of Bishops are purely superfluous, or only useful as + machines for acclamation. The present assembly stands midway between + the old Church and the new, and participates in both. The vital + breath of freedom and independence it is deprived of, but it is not + yet a mere acclamation-machine: it can still dissent and say, + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Non placet</span></span>. On the day when the + new dogma is proclaimed, and the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page103">[pg 103]</span><a name="Pg103" id="Pg103" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> eternal city again, as in 1517,<a id= + "noteref_22" name="noteref_22" href="#note_22"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">22</span></span></a> declares + its joy by illuminations, the Synod will have killed itself with its + own hand, and marched into the grave as the last of its generation. + And just as when a knight died the last of his race, his shield was + broken and his arms obliterated, so will the usual chapter + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Conciliis</span></span> be obliterated from the dogmatic manuals.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page104">[pg 104]</span><a name= + "Pg104" id="Pg104" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc23" id="toc23"></a> <a name="pdf24" id="pdf24"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Fifth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Dec. 23, + 1869.</span></span>—The Council is suspended for a while, for want of + an available place of meeting, or is occupied only in studying the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schemata</span></span> that have been + distributed at home, and deliberating in different sections. The + German Bishops have resolved to address a memorial to the Pope, + protesting against being put into a strait-waistcoat by the + regulations for the order of business, and claiming the right of + proposing motions freely. They think it intolerable that every + proposal, wish, or motion should have first to be examined, revised, + and mutilated or changed at their pleasure by two Commissions, before + it can even come on for discussion. And how are these two Commissions + composed? Of course, the eight German Bishops who have already + separated themselves from their countrymen, and prefer to associate + with Spaniards and South Americans, hold aloof from this proceeding + too. If I am correctly informed, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page105">[pg 105]</span><a name="Pg105" id="Pg105" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> a similar memorial has been handed in from the + French Bishops; it was, at least, being circulated for signature + during the last few days.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You will have + received, or found in the French and English papers, the Bull of + Excommunications I mentioned in my last. As I said before, it is a + re-issue of the Bull <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">In Cænâ Domini</span></span>. Certain + excommunications nobody paid any attention to are dropped out, as, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, of sovereigns and + governments who levy taxes without permission of the Pope. But new + censures of wide application have come into their place. In reading + the Bull, one feels as if one had got into the thick of a tempest, so + fierce and frequent are the lightning-flashes of the Vatican ban, + darting and burning in all directions. If they were to be treated + seriously, there would not be many houses in the cities of Europe + that would not be struck. The Bishops are hit hard; one unpleasant + surprise follows on another. While they are considering how to secure + a minimum of freedom in the Council, they are suddenly overwhelmed + with a hailstorm of excommunications, many of which are directly + aimed at themselves, but all of which are to be administered and + executed by them and their clergy. They are summoned to Rome, and + hardly have they got <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page106">[pg + 106]</span><a name="Pg106" id="Pg106" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + there when this Bull of anathemas, drawn up without their knowledge + or participation, and which thrusts the souls intrusted to them by + thousands out of the Church, is sent to them; and the whole burden of + it, with all its endless consequences and complications, is laid on + their shoulders. They seem intended to drain the cup of humiliation + to the dregs. The only persons pleased with the Bull, as far as I can + see, are the Jesuits, who are in the very best spirits here in Rome, + and see both present and future in the most rosy hues. The view of + the pious Bishops is simple and unanimous: the more excommunications, + so many more reserved cases and perplexed and tormented consciences. + But the confessionals of the Jesuits will be doubly thronged, who are + furnished with all sorts of plenary powers of absolution, and are + thus made indispensable, and placed in a very superior position to + the secular clergy. Moreover, the Bishops are deprived of the power + of absolving from these censures. So each of these multiplied + excommunications is worth its weight in gold to the Order, and helps + to build Colleges and Professed Houses.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Bull + containing directions in the event of the Pope's death occurring + during the Council was not <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page107">[pg + 107]</span><a name="Pg107" id="Pg107" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + issued by Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> from any real anxiety to + provide for such an occurrence,—for he enjoys the best health, and in + all probability will falsify the old proverb, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Non numerabis annos Petri.”</span><a id="noteref_23" + name="noteref_23" href="#note_23"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">23</span></span></a> No one + really supposed the Council would claim the right of electing in + Conclave, as occurred once under totally different circumstances, + after the deposition of a Pope (John <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xxiii.</span></span>) at Constance. The + real point of the document lies in the declaration that the Council + is to be at once dissolved on the Pope's death, as a corpse from + which the soul has departed. And this is a decisive intimation of the + relations not only of the dead but of the living Pope to the Council. + The Bull might be summed up in the words, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Without me you are nothing, and against me and my will + you can do nothing.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The opposition of + German and French Bishops to the new dogma was more or less + anticipated here; what was not expected was that the Orientals, + numbering about sixty, and the North American Bishops, would + pronounce against it. The former declare openly that no surer means + could be found to throw back their <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page108">[pg 108]</span><a name="Pg108" id="Pg108" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Churches into schism, and place them under the + holy Synod in St. Petersburg or the Patriarch in Stamboul. The + Americans ask how they are to live under the free Constitutions of + their Republic, and maintain their position of equality with their + (Protestant) fellow-citizens, after committing themselves to the + principles attested by Papal Infallibility, such as religious + persecution and the coercive power of the Church, the claim of + Catholicism to exclusive mastery in the State, the Pope's right to + dispense from oaths, the subjection of the civil power to his supreme + dominion, etc. The inevitable result would be that Catholics would be + looked upon and treated as pariahs in the United States, that all + religious parties would be banded together against them as common + enemies, and would endeavour, as far as possible, to exclude them + from public offices. One of the American Bishops lately said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Nobody should be elected Pope who has not + lived three years in the United States, and thus learnt to comprehend + what is possible at this day in a freely governed + Commonwealth.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But even in the + apparently compact and admirably organized mass of the 500 + Infallibilists, softly whispered doubts are beginning to be heard + here and there. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page109">[pg + 109]</span><a name="Pg109" id="Pg109" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Before the eyes of some of these devoted Prelates hovers a pale and + warning ghost, called exclusion of the clergy and of Catholic + instruction from the public schools. It would indeed be impossible to + put more effective weapons into the hands of the powerful and + increasing party who are aiming at this, than by giving its due + prominence henceforth in all Catechisms to the supreme article of + faith of Papal Infallibility, with some of its consequences + expressed, and others left to be orally supplied by the teacher, so + that boys and girls would be trained in full knowledge of the glaring + contradiction between religion and the order of the State, the Church + and the Constitution of their country.<a id="noteref_24" name= + "noteref_24" href="#note_24"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">24</span></span></a> A + Belgian layman here assured me yesterday that the result of the new + dogma in his country would be a powerful movement against the + position of the clergy in the primary schools; the gymnasia and + middle schools they have lost already. One of the Belgian Bishops + even is said to begin to be troubled with these apprehensions. And + now a cry of distress is rising from England. The National Education + League has published its programme for a system of compulsory + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page110">[pg 110]</span><a name="Pg110" + id="Pg110" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> education of the people, + excluding all denominational teaching, and only allowing the Bible + for religious reading. The English Bishops now in Rome, who are + fanatical for the new dogma, may ask themselves if on their return + home they could make a more acceptable present to the Committee of + this already very powerful League than by issuing a corrected + Catechism, enriched with the new article of faith. A penny edition of + it would bring in hundreds of thousands of members to the League, and + admirably further the design it now openly proclaims of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“absorbing in a friendly way”</span> the schools already + existing.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page111">[pg 111]</span><a name= + "Pg111" id="Pg111" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc25" id="toc25"></a> <a name="pdf26" id="pdf26"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Sixth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Dec. 24, + 1869.</span></span>—The first part of a tolerably comprehensive + document, or <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, has been + distributed, it is said, to the Bishops, <span class="tei tei-q">“sub + secreto pontificio,”</span> and no less than seventeen parts equally + comprehensive are to follow. The <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> of a dogmatic constitution + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">contra + multiplices errores ex Rationalismo derivatos Patrum examini + propositum</span></span> is a sort of doctrinal compendium, divided + into chapters, and, as is easily seen, is only an amplification of + the opening propositions of the Syllabus. In this way we shall have + the unprecedented occurrence of a Papal decree, extending to the + length of a book, issued with the approval of the Council. If it is + received and promulgated in this shape, it will create astonishment + by its wholly unconciliar form. It is thrown into a declamatory + shape; it indulges in complaints and reproaches about the blindness + and misery of men, who have fallen into so many deadly <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page112">[pg 112]</span><a name="Pg112" id="Pg112" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> errors, even materialism and pantheism; + it carries on its front the impress of the new Jesuit school, and + seems to be inspired by the aim of bringing before the contemporary + world, in their crudest form, all the hardest and most offensive + principles of particular doctrinal schools, which it has hitherto + been endeavoured to soften or set aside. For the originator of this + tractate assures us that the aversion of men for such doctrines is + only one of the poisonous fruits of Rationalism. Here is a + characteristic specimen. At that Florentine Synod of 1439, which + bequeathed such painful recollections both to East and West, Eugenius + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">IV.</span></span> had it defined + <span class="tei tei-q">“that the souls of those who die only in + original, or in actual mortal sin, descend into hell, but are + unequally punished.”</span><a id="noteref_25" name="noteref_25" href= + "#note_25"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">25</span></span></a> This + proposition has sadly tormented theologians, and they have devised + all sorts of ways of softening or explaining it, even assuming the + very doubtful authority of this Council, which was rejected by the + whole Gallican Church. For even the most resolute faith recoils in + horror from the logical inference, that God has created the human + race in order from generation to generation to plunge into hell far + the larger portion of mankind, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page113">[pg 113]</span><a name="Pg113" id="Pg113" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> simply because they have not received the + baptism which in most cases was never offered them. The vast gulf + between this proposition and the Scriptural doctrine that God is + Love, and wills all men to be saved, no theologian has undertaken to + bridge over. But the Roman Jesuit to whom we owe this <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> really thinks these are + just the doctrines best adapted to cure men of this age of the fatal + Rationalism they have fallen into.<a id="noteref_26" name= + "noteref_26" href="#note_26"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">26</span></span></a> This + reminds one strongly of Antonelli's saying, that these Fathers have a + special talent for ruining whatever they touch.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The death of + Cardinal Reisach is considered here an irreparable loss, and above + all by the Pope himself, whose confidence he enjoyed more than any + other Cardinal. He had the greatest share in preparing the + propositions laid before the Council, and had he been able to make + his influence felt, he would certainly have given powerful support to + the new dogmas. He passed here for a man of comprehensive learning + and great penetration. His friends used to commend his friendly and + genial nature. For us Germans he was a sort of phenomenon, a show + specimen of his kind, so to speak. <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page114">[pg 114]</span><a name="Pg114" id="Pg114" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> In him we saw how far a German can go in the + process of being Italianized, so radically was his whole being + metamorphosed into that of the Italian <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">prelatura</span></span>, and the peculiar circle + of thought in which Roman clerics and dignitaries move had become a + second nature to him. What distinguishes a Roman Prelate is, first, + that liturgical endowment—that willing absorption in the <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">cæremonia</span></span>, as the old Romans + partly originated and partly borrowed it from the Etruscans—and next, + the faculty of calculating quickly and surely what loss or gain in + power and influence the settlement of any ecclesiastical question + will bring. Reisach was eminent in both respects. No one excelled him + in reverence for every line of the rubric and every ceremonial + detail, as practised here. And again, in his dislike for German + science, literature, and theology, he had become a thorough Italian, + so that his ignorance of even the most famous intellectual products + of Germany was quite fabulous. To him principally were addressed the + denunciations of German works not composed exactly to the taste of + the Roman Jesuits, and it was he who arranged with the Congregation + of the Index the censures pronounced during recent years on the works + of learned Germans.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus then there is + a niche left vacant in the Roman <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page115">[pg 115]</span><a name="Pg115" id="Pg115" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> temple of heroes. Another Reisach will not so + easily be found; for it is given to very few men to transmute their + originally single nature into the form of the Siamese twins, + inhabited by two souls, a German and an Italian.<a id="noteref_27" + name="noteref_27" href="#note_27"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">27</span></span></a> If the + vacant Hat is not to be the price of desertion from the ranks of the + Opposition, but the reward of past services, three German Bishops may + put in a claim for it, Martin, Senestrey, and Fessler. In fiery zeal + for the good cause, restless activity, and unquestioning devotion, + they are on a par, and were all Germany like-minded with this trio, + the great sacrifice—<span class="tei tei-q">“il sacrificio del + intelletto”</span>—so variously commended by the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>, + would have long since been accomplished, and the Jesuits might hold + up the Germans as a model for all nations to follow. Meanwhile for + the moment Fessler occupies the most conspicuous position.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Postscript.</span></span>—I have just learnt + that the Pope is not disposed to give up his Council Hall in St. + Peter's. Another attempt to hold a General Congregation there is to + be made on Tuesday, which can hardly be a success. The natural + consequence will be that the second Solemn Session, announced for + January 6, will fall <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page116">[pg + 116]</span><a name="Pg116" id="Pg116" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + through from lack of any decrees ready to promulgate. The protest of + a portion of the French Episcopate against the order of business has + really been sent in, and this has inspired fresh courage into the + German and Hungarian prelates, who have drawn up a protest against + the innovations differing so widely from the form of the ancient + Councils; they dwell especially on the violation of the right + belonging by Divine institution to the Bishops. I need not say that + the notorious eight—the Jesuit pupils and the Tyrolese + Bishops—declined to join in this proceeding. Meanwhile scruples have + arisen among the other pupils of the Jesuits, which again bring the + whole affair into doubt. There is a notion among the French of + dividing the Council into assemblies, formed according to the + different languages, so as to get over the difficulty or + impossibility of carrying on a free discussion in Latin. But then it + became clear at once that, through the number of missionary Bishops, + and Swiss or Belgians of the Romance tongues, the majority would be + on the side of the Infallibilist party. And the Pope, who hates all + these assemblies of Bishops, has interposed by causing a sort of + standing order to be proclaimed, through the curialistic Cardinal + Bonnechose, that he will allow no meetings of more than twenty + Bishops.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page117">[pg 117]</span><a name= + "Pg117" id="Pg117" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc27" id="toc27"></a> <a name="pdf28" id="pdf28"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Seventh Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cardinal + Schwarzenberg has been the subject of conversation in Rome for the + last few days. He is said to have formally gone over to the + Infallibilist camp, and the report will no doubt make the round of + Europe. But it is not true, and he himself declares, notwithstanding + appearances, that he has not changed, and does not mean to change, + his attitude and mind. The circumstance which has given occasion to + the rumour is as follows:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a combined + meeting of German and Hungarian Bishops, it was resolved, on + Haynald's motion, to request of the Pope a better representation, and + one more accordant with the dignity of the two Churches, on the + Commissions. It was hoped that a majority of the French and a + considerable number of the North American and Oriental Bishops, and + even some Spanish and Italian Prelates, would join in this step. For + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page118">[pg 118]</span><a name="Pg118" + id="Pg118" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Haynald's object was to + propose that the whole assembly should be divided into eight national + groups, and that each of these <span class="tei tei-q">“eight + nations”</span> should be entitled to have two or three members, + elected from its own body,—some sixteen or twenty-four in all—added + to the four elected Commissions, and to the Commission nominated by + the Pope for examining all motions proposed. This, it was thought, + would secure a counterpoise to the skilfully disciplined majority + which was crushing out all opposition. For it has already become + evident that the strength of the Romanist party lies in the number of + titular Bishops selected by the Pope, and Vicars-Apostolic or + missionary Bishops; in persons, that is, who, having no flocks, or + only having them in expectation, represent in fact nothing and + nobody, and can therefore bear no testimony to the faith of their + Churches, which have no existence. The Germans were greatly elated by + this project; they admired and congratulated themselves on having + shown so much spirit, and daring to tell the Pope something widely + different from the assurance that they were ready to die in absolute + subjection to him. Hereupon Schwarzenberg came forward to declare + that he would not sign the petition, as he did not choose to + compromise himself <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page119">[pg + 119]</span><a name="Pg119" id="Pg119" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + further with the Pope, and Rauscher of Vienna, and Tarnóczy of + Salzburg, sided with him. This caused great consternation, and at the + first moment many thought it betokened an entire apostasy, and that + in Schwarzenberg's case the Cardinal had triumphed over the German. + But he has so emphatically denied this that he must be believed. It + is very conceivable that Schwarzenberg, seeing more deeply into the + situation at Rome, was led by grounds of expediency to take this + course; possibly the mere wish to make as sparing use as they could + of the fund of high spirit and courage brought from Germany, and the + fear of using it up too quickly, in case the Council should last some + time, may have determined the three Prelates to decline subscribing. + Already a new demand has been made upon the Bishops, to adopt the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> the Pope had intrusted the + preparation of to the Jesuits.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The contest over + this <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> has begun + in good earnest, according to the impression made by the General + Congregation held yesterday, Dec. 28. The first part of the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> was the one the speakers + dwelt on,—as far, that is, as they could be heard, for the acoustic + uselessness of the hall makes itself felt before and behind, and the + pulpit had to be carried about all round the room <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page120">[pg 120]</span><a name="Pg120" id="Pg120" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> before the right position could be hit + upon for it. Meanwhile it had transpired, who were the authors of the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> which the Pope meant to + promulgate, <span class="tei tei-q">“with the approbation of the + Council,”</span> as a binding rule of faith. They were two German + Jesuits, Schrader, and another, either Franzelin or Kleutgen. It is + remembered how, a year ago, a great deal was made in the newspapers + of distinguished German scholars having been summoned to Rome for the + preliminary labours of the Council. If several of the names mentioned + created surprise from their obscurity, it gave satisfaction to find + among those invited men like Hefele and Haneberg. It is now clear + that every work of real importance was intrusted to other hands, + chiefly to the Jesuits, while Hefele was summoned to Rome to extract + the ceremonial from the Acts of the Council of Trent, after which he + was dismissed, and Haneberg was commissioned to prepare a report on + Eastern monasteries. Schrader has become notorious as the advocate of + the extremest Papal system by his book <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De Unitate Romanâ + Commentarius</span></span>, where he treats all episcopal authority + as a mere emanation of the Papal. According to him, every article of + the Syllabus is to be so understood that the contradictory statement + contains the true doctrine. It was <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page121">[pg 121]</span><a name="Pg121" id="Pg121" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> therefore with very good reason that he was + chosen out to draw up the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, + or, in other words, to fabricate a second strait-waistcoat for + theology, after the Council had already been put into one in the + regulations for the order of business.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> has aroused manifold + displeasure, even among allies of Schrader and his brethren, and men + who, like them, are Infallibilists. What I hear said everywhere is + that the whole thing is a poor and very superficial piece of + patchwork, with more words than ideas, and, as the blind old + Archbishop Tizzani said in the Congregation, is above all designed to + stamp the opinions of the Jesuit school as dogmas, and to substitute + a string of new obligatory articles of faith for the <span lang="el" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="el"><span style= + "font-style: italic">theologumena</span></span> or doctrines of the + theological schools hitherto left open to the judgment of + individuals. For a Society, like that of Loyola's disciples, it is of + supreme importance to possess in the multitude of new anathemas what + will always supply abundant matter for accusations; it appertains to + their <span class="tei tei-q">“arcana dominationis”</span> always to + keep alive the fear of being charged with heresy. It makes other + theologians dependent on the Order, and cramps their literary + energies. And it must be borne in mind that there are no longer any + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page122">[pg 122]</span><a name="Pg122" + id="Pg122" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> powerful theological + corporations which might meet the Jesuits on equal terms. Were the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> to be adopted, very few + professors of Old Testament Exegesis could escape the charge of + heresy, so far is the inspiration of the scriptural books, even the + deutero-canonical, extended here for the first time.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And thus it + happened yesterday that there was no single speaker for the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, but all, beginning with + Cardinal Rauscher, spoke against it; and Archbishop Conolly of + Halifax said in so many words, <span class="tei tei-q">“Censeo + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> cum honore esse + sepeliendum.”</span> This of course has only been the beginning of + the discussion, and we are naturally in suspense as to how it will + proceed. But so much is already gained, that a spirit of independence + is roused among the Bishops. Much is said here about the desertion of + certain Bishops from the ranks of the Opposition, and new names are + mentioned every morning, often with the remark that So-and-so has let + himself be caught with the bait of one of the fifteen vacant Hats. + These Hats are held here to be capable of working miracles. There is + thought to be no more effective means of working the conversion of a + hardened anti-Infallibilist than a decoration of that kind, and, in + truth, the number might not be great of those who would say + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page123">[pg 123]</span><a name="Pg123" + id="Pg123" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> with Darboy, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Je n'ai point de rhumer de cerveau, je n'ai pas besoin + de chapeau.”</span> As long as fifteen of these Hats are suspended in + the air ready to descend on a willing head, so long, every Italian is + convinced, there can be no lack of conversions. The example of the + Synod of Constantinople in 859 is quoted, where the Bishops were + induced to vote for the deposition of Synesius by promising each of + them separately the Patriarchal throne. Yet of the majority of + French, German, Hungarian, and American Bishops, no one who knows + them would expect this weakness; and so on closer inspection these + rumours come to nothing. Even Ketteler, who had been given up for + lost on account of his intimate relations with the Jesuits,—he lives + in the German College—shows himself firm, and the most important + personage who as yet has deceived the expectations formed of him is + Cardinal Bonnechose, Archbishop of Rouen. It is stated in German + circles that fifteen Spanish Bishops are wavering, and show a + disposition to join the Opposition. The apprehension that the other + party, whose admirable organization and adroitness in manœuvring + deserves the highest praise, will carry through Infallibility by a + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">coup</span></span> still survives, and only + yesterday several Bishops entered the Council Hall in <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page124">[pg 124]</span><a name="Pg124" id="Pg124" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> dread of being taken by surprise by the + acclamation. Cardinal di Pietro says it is no longer possible to drop + the affair; things have gone too far already.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I understand the + feeling of the Roman clergy, and their indignation at these stubborn + Hyperboreans. It is as though one wanted to snatch from the hands of + the thirsty wanderer, who, after long toil, had at length reached the + fountain, the cup he was raising to his lips. With Infallibility, as + it is now defined and made clear as the sun at noonday by the + Jesuits, all resistance is broken, every attack triumphantly parried, + every end brought within reach. If the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> + once becomes by this means the horny Siegfried, no vulnerable point + even in the back will be left. The Jesuit Schrader, in his book on + Roman unity, has proved that every act and every ordinance of the + Pope is infallible. For, as he says, <span class="tei tei-q">“all + Papal measures, as regards their truth, belong to the order of faith, + or morals, or law. All decrees, whatever their subject, always + contain a true doctrine, whether speculative, moral, or juridical. + But the Pope is infallible in the order of truth and doctrine, and + therefore in all his decrees.”</span> Your readers will believe I am + ridiculing or calumniating the valiant Jesuit, who shines at present + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page125">[pg 125]</span><a name="Pg125" + id="Pg125" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> as a star of the first + magnitude in the theological heavens of Rome; but I have only given a + faithful translation, as any one may ascertain for himself. That is + the logic which prevails here, and which no Roman cleric doubts to be + of triumphant force.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dec. + 30.</span></span>—The second Session of the General Congregation on + the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> took place + yesterday. About a third of the hall had been cut off by a partition, + so that the speakers could be somewhat better understood. Among the + five speakers, who, like the seven that had preceded them, pronounced + for the rejection of the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, + Strossmayer, and Ginoulbiac, of Grenoble, who is considered the best + theologian among the French Bishops, commanded most attention. The + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> was again censured for + going much too far in its statements and condemnations, and it was + shown that the Council, by accepting it, would enter on a wholly new + path, widely different from that of the earlier Councils, where the + Church would be forced into constantly narrower definitions, until a + complete dogmatic philosophy, stiff and rigid, had been formalized. + Strossmayer also observed on the formula of promulgation selected by + Pius, which represents the Pope as a dogmatic lawgiver, and the + Council as a mere consultative body called in to assist <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page126">[pg 126]</span><a name="Pg126" id="Pg126" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> him, that it is an unheard-of innovation, + departing from all conciliar traditions. This led to an opposite + statement by Cardinal Capalti, one of the Presidents, and a reply + from Strossmayer. As yet no single one of the host of 500 has said a + word in defence of the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>. + The excitement is, as may be conceived, great. That even Rauscher + came forward against the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> + created the more sensation, as it was he who brought its author, + Schrader, to the University of Vienna.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page127">[pg 127]</span><a name= + "Pg127" id="Pg127" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc29" id="toc29"></a> <a name="pdf30" id="pdf30"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Eighth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Jan. 8, + 1870.</span></span>—One month is now gone by without any result, or, + as many here say, simply wasted. The first real Session, on January + 6, went off without any single decree being published. It has + produced a very painful impression generally, that, for the obvious + purpose of something to do, the unmeaning ceremony has been adopted + of swearing to the profession of faith which every Prelate had + already sworn to at his ordination and at other times. The question + was inevitably forced on men's minds whether this profusion of + superfluous swearings, in an assembly of men on whose orthodoxy no + shadow of suspicion had been cast, was at all fitting or reconcilable + with the Scriptural prohibition of needless oaths. But the Session + had been announced, and the Opposition Bishops, contrary to + expectation, had found a great deal to censure in the <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> in general and in detail, + so that in four General <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page128">[pg + 128]</span><a name="Pg128" id="Pg128" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Congregations nothing had been effected. The simplest plan would have + been to defer the Session, and anywhere else that course would have + been followed. But in Rome? That would have been a <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">de facto</span></span> confession of having made + a mistake, and it is here a first principle that the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> is + always right. So they had 747 oaths taken, and thus the Solemn + Session was held.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is exceedingly + convenient to have to deal with a majority of 600 Prelates, who are + simply your creatures, obedient to every hint, and admirably + disciplined. Three hundred of them are still further bound to Pius + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> by a special tie, for + they are indebted to him, as the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> + of January 1 reminded them, for both food and lodging, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“sono da lui alloggiati e sostentati e assistiti in tutto + il bisognevole alla vita.”</span> Nor does that journal fail to point + to the extreme poverty of many of the Bishops or Vicars-Apostolic, + drawn hither from Asia, Africa, and Australia; even among the + European Bishops it calls many <span class= + "tei tei-q">“poverissimi.”</span> Who has paid their travelling + expenses, it says not. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> may be easy; none of them + will swell the ranks of the Opposition, or attack the <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, or refuse their votes and + acclamations to the infallibility of their benefactor. And then the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> has another powerful + factor to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page129">[pg + 129]</span><a name="Pg129" id="Pg129" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + rely upon; it says, and confirms what it says by the words used by + the Pope at the Centenary, June 27, 1867, that from the tomb of St. + Peter issues a secret force, which inspires the Bishops with a bold + and enterprising spirit and great-hearted decisions. If I rightly + understand the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>, it means that for many + Bishops it is a risk, and requires a lofty courage, to vote for Papal + Infallibility here in Rome, while the clergy and laity of their own + dioceses, excepting a few old women of either sex, never hitherto + knew, or wished to know, anything of this Infallibility, and the + prevalent belief has always been that the business of Bishops at a + Council was only to bear witness to the faith and tradition of their + Churches, not to construct new dogmas strange to the minds of their + flocks. <span class="tei tei-q">“Nous avons changé tout cela,”</span> + thinks the Roman journal, and therefore is the Council held in St. + Peter's, and not in the Lateran, that the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“secret force”</span> may take full effect. Certainly + there is no lack of secret forces here, They are in full activity; + there is an address being hawked about, praying the Pope to take up + the Infallibility question at once, and put the Council in a position + to vote upon it. This time the movement originated with two German + Bishops, Martin of Paderborn and Senestrey of Regensburg. + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page130">[pg 130]</span><a name="Pg130" + id="Pg130" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Slender causes and great + effects! When the pond is full, a couple of moles can produce a flood + by working their way through the dam. Both of these men have become + perceptibly impatient at the obstinate and rebellious disposition of + their German and Austrian colleagues, and are seeking to hasten the + day, when, with the new dogma in their hands, they may triumph as + willing believers over the forced belief of their brethren, only + converted at the last moment. The address seems to have flashed + suddenly upon the world, for—so said Mermillod and the rest of the + initiated—its very existence was hardly known of; and it had 500 + signatures. It was not shown to Bishops of notoriously + anti-Infallibilist sentiments, but no labour is spared with the + doubtful, and others who have not yet declared themselves, so that it + is quite possible 600 signatures may be scraped together. Papal + Infallibility is here limited to cases where the Pope addresses his + dogmatic decision to the whole Catholic Church.<a id="noteref_28" + name="noteref_28" href="#note_28"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">28</span></span></a> That was + Bellarmine's view, and it would certainly offer many advantages; for + all difficulties and objections drawn <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page131">[pg 131]</span><a name="Pg131" id="Pg131" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> from the first twelve centuries of Church + history would be cut off at a stroke, as it is notorious that no Pope + during that entire period addressed any decree on matters of faith to + the whole Church. The idea never occurred even to a Gregory + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vii.</span></span> or Alexander + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> or Innocent + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> The two last only + issued decrees at the head and in the name of General Councils. + Boniface <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">viii.</span></span>, in 1302, was the + first who in the title addressed his Bull <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unam + Sanctam</span></span> to the whole Christian world. This Bull + therefore, which makes the Pope king of kings and sole lord in + political as in religious matters, would indeed be covered with the + shield of Infallibility, and we should have a firm and immoveable + foundation for the policy and civil law both of the present and the + future. At the same time the various hypotheses and attempted denials + rendered necessary by the case of Pope Honorious would be got rid of + at one blow. Only this little difficulty would remain: how it came to + pass that the Popes, who only needed to prefix the word <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Orbi,”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“Ecclesiæ + Catholicæ,”</span> to their decrees, in order to make them infallible + and unassailable, so persistently despised this simple means, and + thereby tolerated or produced so much uncertainty in the world? All + their decrees before 1302, and most of <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page132">[pg 132]</span><a name="Pg132" id="Pg132" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> them since, are addressed to particular + individuals or corporations, and therefore fallible.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The question now + is, whether the minority of some 200 Prelates have spirit and harmony + enough for a counter-address. On this thread the fate of the Catholic + Church seems to hang. Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> says, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“As to Infallibility, I believed it as plain Abbé Mastai, + and now, as Pope Mastai, I <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">feel</span></em> it.”</span><a id="noteref_29" + name="noteref_29" href="#note_29"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">29</span></span></a> He could + therefore give us the best information, if he <span class= + "tei tei-q">“feels”</span> his infallibility, as to whether he only + feels it when he signs a decree addressed to the whole Church, or + also whenever his dogmatic anathemas, of which we possess such an + abundance, are addressed to a single Bishop or national Church only. + Meanwhile, if that large section of the Infallibilists who are + fanatical get the upper hand, no distinctions will be admitted; the + matter will be settled straight off by acclamation, and the Pope will + be simply told, <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou alone art always + inspired by the Holy Ghost, whether speaking to all, to many, or to + one, and every word of thine is for us the command of God.”</span> + Others naturally opine that the matter cannot be so easily arranged, + but that the question must be <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page133">[pg 133]</span><a name="Pg133" id="Pg133" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> taken up in good earnest and sifted to the + bottom, that it may be demonstrated to the whole world that + Infallibility admits of historical illustration.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a conversation + which took place to-day between two leading men of the opposite + parties, a Belgian and a Frenchman, the former said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Je veux que l'on discute à fond tous les textes et tous + les faits.”</span> The Frenchman answered, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Je souffre de penser que le Saint Siége va être discuté + et disséqué de la sorte!”</span> That is, in truth, a serious + anxiety. To begin with, no discussion among the Fathers can be dreamt + of so long as the Council Hall in St. Peter's is kept to, for the + speeches made there already for the most part were not understood at + all, or only by very few. What is heard is waves of sound, not words + and sentences. But even if at last a room better suited for human + voices and ears is found, the question of Infallibility would never + be submitted to a regular and really free discussion. How would the + Romance majority of Spaniards and Italians, who are the slaves of the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> but the masters of the + Council, and whose whole intellectual outfit is based on the + scholasticism of the seminaries—how would they receive it, if an + audacious German or Frenchman were to throw the light of history and + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page134">[pg 134]</span><a name="Pg134" + id="Pg134" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> criticism on the rambling + Infallibilist evidences of, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, a Perrone? What scenes + should we witness! The offenders would be reduced to silence, not + only by the throats but the feet of the majority.<a id="noteref_30" + name="noteref_30" href="#note_30"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">30</span></span></a> Either + the discussion will be broken off, when it is begun, or it will never + be allowed to begin. And therefore so many favour the plan of + acclamation; and it is related how Archbishop Darboy assured the + Cardinal de Luca that such an attempt would be followed by the + immediate departure and protest of a number of Bishops.<a id= + "noteref_31" name="noteref_31" href="#note_31"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">31</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page135">[pg 135]</span><a name= + "Pg135" id="Pg135" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc31" id="toc31"></a> <a name="pdf32" id="pdf32"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Ninth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Jan. 9, + 1870.</span></span>—The Opposition has become exceedingly + troublesome. The successive gradation of Roman judgments about it is + noteworthy. First, it was said that the Council ran like a well-oiled + machine; that all were of one mind, and only vied with each other in + their devotion to the Supreme Head. Then the local correspondents of + foreign papers reported that something which looked like opposition + was manifesting itself, but it was a mere drop in the ocean. So said + the London <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tablet</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Weekly + Register</span></span>. Next they allowed there was certainly an + Opposition, but it was already demoralized, or, as Antonelli said, + must speedily fall to pieces. In diplomatic circles it was said that + they were good people enough, but one must wait a little till the + impressions of Fulda had worn off, and they had imbibed the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">spirito Romano</span></span>; <span class= + "tei tei-q">“il leur faut deux mois de Rome, et tout le monde sera + d'accord.”</span> One <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page136">[pg + 136]</span><a name="Pg136" id="Pg136" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + month more, January, has to pass, and then in February conversions + and desertions will begin. Meanwhile, Simor, Primate of Hungary, + Tarnóczy of Salzburg, and Manning, are favourites for vacant Hats. It + is hoped that the first will split up the harmony of the Hungarian + Bishops, and bring over some with him as trophies into the + Infallibilist camp.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cardinals + Schwarzenberg and Rauscher—that is now become perfectly clear—have + not budged an inch; both of them feel thoroughly as Germans, and are + nowise minded to desert, cowardly and despairing, into the great + Romance camp. Schwarzenberg has circulated an excellently composed + treatise, which speaks out very judiciously on the real needs of the + Church, and certain reforms which are become urgently needed, and + emphasizes the perversity shown in the demand for the Infallibilist + dogma.<a id="noteref_32" name="noteref_32" href= + "#note_32"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">32</span></span></a> Cardinal + Rauscher has <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page137">[pg + 137]</span><a name="Pg137" id="Pg137" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + done the same, and his treatise against Infallibility is now in + circulation. Something more has occurred also: on the 2d of January, + 25 Austrian and German Bishops, with Schwarzenberg at their head, + subscribed a protest, drawn up by Haynald, Ketteler, and Strossmayer, + which is said to have been read and talked over fifteen times before + it gave entire satisfaction. They appeal to their inherent rights, + not dependent on Papal grace, but on Divine institution; ready as + they are to guard the rights of the Head, they must also demand that + the rights of the members shall be preserved and respected; the forms + and traditions of the Tridentine Synod should not be so far departed + from. The tone of the document is dignified. Rauscher has not + subscribed though he thoroughly agrees with it, it is said from + considerations the force of which the other Prelates acknowledged. + The petition handed in by 15 French Prelates for an alteration of the + order of business the Pope has answered by a mere dry refusal. We + shall soon see whether the Germans will meet with similar treatment; + in the eyes of these Italians the most modest criticisms and demands + are open rebellion. To many of the German and Hungarian Bishops even + this Protest seemed too bold and audacious, and they <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page138">[pg 138]</span><a name="Pg138" id="Pg138" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> have prepared another representation, + with forty signatures, expressed in much more moderate terms. They + entreat the Pope to be graciously pleased to allow them to inspect + the stenographic reports, and to let the Bishops print their + treatises on the questions laid before them without the censorship, + for the information of their colleagues. Posterity will marvel at the + humble submissiveness of these Bishops, and the wisdom of the Roman + policy, which, after two years' preparation for the Council, provides + a hall where all discussion is impossible, and furthermore prohibits + the Bishops from inspecting the stenographic reports of their own + speeches.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some ten of the + leading Bishops of different nations have formed themselves into an + International Committee, so as not, for the future, to ask + concessions of the Pope in the name of one nation only—the French or + German. They wish that every Bishop should be admitted to speak in + Congregation according to the order of inscription, irrespective of + hierarchial rank or age, and that the speeches should be at once + printed, and distributed to the Bishops before the next Session; and + finally, that the Papal Commission for revising motions, which holds + the whole Council in its hands, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page139">[pg 139]</span><a name="Pg139" id="Pg139" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> should be increased by the introduction of + members freely elected. Some further requisitions which I am not + acquainted with are said to be added.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Against these + things, which make the Pope very irritable, two principal remedies + are adopted. In the first place, an attempt is made to prevent any + number of Bishops meeting together, either by direct prohibition or + by announcing the displeasure of the supreme authority against those + who take part in such separate deliberations, which are said to be + revolutionary. And next, the Bishops are worked upon individually, + and every one is watched and taken stock of, on the assumption that + everybody has his price, if one could only discover what it is. Two + examples of this may be cited here. One of the most distinguished + German Bishops, who is free from the usual clerical vanity, and could + neither be bought with titles nor with the cut or colour of a + vestment, was quite lately accosted by the Pope—in full consciousness + of his Vicarship of Christ—with the question, asked in the most + affectionate tone, <span class="tei tei-q">“Amas me?”</span> What + inference was attached to an affirmative answer need not be + specified. The other case occurred somewhat earlier. Lavigerie, + Bishop of Nancy, came to Rome coveting some striking mark + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page140">[pg 140]</span><a name="Pg140" + id="Pg140" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of distinction. It seemed + worth while to bind him closer to the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, + and so an article of ecclesiastical dress was hit upon, which he and + no other Bishop of the Western Church was to wear. It was called a + superhumeral, and is described as a somewhat broader stole, thrown + over the shoulders, and adorned with fringes, with two maniples of + the shape of shields hanging down from it. The effect is said to have + been enormous, and of course since then Mgr. Lavigerie is a + profoundly convinced Infallibilist. <span class="tei tei-q">“C'est + avec de hochets qu'on mène les hommes,”</span> said the first + Napoleon; but it moves one's pity to look at Bishops who let + themselves be led by the nose by these childish toys.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Very instructive + considerations may be formed here on the representation of particular + nations and national Churches at the Council. Frenchmen and Germans + must practise themselves in the virtues of humility and modesty, and + learn how insignificant they are in the Catholic Church, in all that + concerns doctrine and legislation. There is the diocese of Breslau, + with 1,700,000 Catholics, but its Bishop has not been chosen for any + single Commission, while the 700,000 inhabitants of the present Roman + States are represented by 62 Bishops, and the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page141">[pg 141]</span><a name="Pg141" id="Pg141" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Italians form half or two-thirds in every + Commission. For the Kingdom of God, wherein the least is greater than + John and all the Prophets, lies, as is well known, between + Montefiascone and Terracina, and whoever first saw the light in + Sonnino, Velletri, Ceccano, Anagni, or Rieti, is predestinated from + the cradle <span class="tei tei-q">“imperio regere populos.”</span> + It is true the 62 Bishops of this chosen land and people have not + succeeded in restoring the most moderate standard of morality in + their little towns and villages; there are still whole communities + and districts notoriously in league with brigands—but the Council has + no call to trouble itself with matters of that sort. There are the + Archbishops of Cologne with 1,400,000, of Cambray with 1,300,000, and + of Paris with 2,000,000 Catholics, but any four of the 62 Neapolitan + and Sicilian Bishops can out-vote these Bishops with their 5,000,000 + Catholics at their back. Thus the 12,000,000 Catholics of Germany + Proper are represented at this Council by fourteen votes. Their + relative positions may be expressed in this way: in Church matters + twenty Germans count for less than one Italian. And should a German + indulge any fancy that his nation, with its numerous theological High + Schools, and its learned theologians, might reasonably <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page142">[pg 142]</span><a name="Pg142" id="Pg142" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> claim some weight at a Council, he only + need come here to be cured at once of that notion. There is not in + all Italy one single real Theological Faculty, except in Rome; Spain + gets on equally without any higher theological school or any + theology; yet here at the Council some hundreds of Italians and + Spaniards are masters, and are the appointed teachers of doctrine and + dictators of faith for all nations belonging to the Church.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Count Terenzio + Mamiani has lately observed, in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nuova + Antologia</span></span>, published at Florence, that in Italy there + are not so many religious books printed in half a century as appear + in England or North America (or Germany) in one year. And we must + remember too that the theological literature published in Tuscany and + Lombardy might almost be called copious in comparison with the nearly + absolute sterility of the States of the Church. Here in Rome you may + find a lottery dream-book in almost every house, but never a New + Testament, and extremely seldom any religious book at all. It seems + as though it were a recognised principle that, the more ignorant a + people, the greater must be the share their hierarchy have in the + government of the Church. And thus we have the question of + nationalities within the bosom of the Church. Everything done here is + but <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page143">[pg 143]</span><a name= + "Pg143" id="Pg143" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the expression of one + idea and the means to one end, and this idea and end are that the + spiritual domination of the Italians over the other nations, + especially over the Germans and French, should be extended and + confirmed. Above a hundred Spaniards have come from both sides of the + ocean to let themselves be used as instruments of the Italians at the + Council. They have no thought, or will, or suggestion of their own + for the good of the Church. It is difficult to form a notion of the + ignorance of these Latins in all historical questions, and their + entire want of that general cultivation which is assumed with us as a + matter of course in a priest or bishop. And up to this time I have + always found here that the predilection for the Infallibilist theory + is in precise proportion to the ignorance of its advocates. It has + been deemed necessary still further to help on this immense numerical + superiority, and so the Pope, as I am informed, has appointed during + the two years since the proclamation of the Council 89 Bishops + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">in partibus</span></span>, whose flocks are in + the moon or in Sirius.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now for + something about the course of procedure in the Council as to the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> during the last ten days. + There are only constantly speeches on each <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page144">[pg 144]</span><a name="Pg144" id="Pg144" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> side, for a real discussion is impossible in + the Hall, and it is obvious that it was chosen, and is still kept to + in spite of daily experience, for that very reason.<a id="noteref_33" + name="noteref_33" href="#note_33"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">33</span></span></a> Some + speakers, however, whom nature has endowed with a specially ringing + voice, have made an unwonted impression. The most significant + occurrence was Cardinal Capalti's interruption of Strossmayer's + speech. The Bishop had touched on the novel and unconciliar form in + which the decrees were to be published, as decisions of the Pope, + with the mere approval or forced consent of the Council. It was an + ominous circumstance that the assembly sacrificed by its silence the + man who was speaking for its rights. Meanwhile there has been a + wholly unexpected attack on the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> by a host of speakers, so + that Antonelli, on leaving the Council, said, in visible excitement, + to a diplomatist who was waiting for him, that this could not + continue, or the Council would go on for ten years. Strossmayer was + followed by Ginoulhiac, the learned Bishop of Grenoble, who spoke in + the same sense. The proportion of speakers against the <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> is overwhelming. In the + Session of January 3, all four spoke against it, even <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page145">[pg 145]</span><a name="Pg145" id="Pg145" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the Patriarch of Venice. An impression + was produced by the warning of the Eastern Patriarch, Hassoun, + against embittering the Orientals, and driving them into schism by + dogmatic innovations. The Italian, Valerga, named by the Pope to the + Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem, represented the Roman standpoint in + its crudest form, but he had his speech read for him by Bishop + Gandolfi.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is now said to + be certain that Darboy, Simor, and Tarnóczy have been apprised of the + intention to make them Cardinals. As regards the two last, the + abandonment of all opposition to the Infallibilist dogma, and to + every other decree on faith in a Papal sense, is an indispensable + condition. But with Darboy the case is different: the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> + must take him as he is or let him alone, for he cannot be bought at + any price. The irritation, complaints, and sighs of the Pope at + having to make this man a Cardinal, who will not yield or apologize, + have already lasted some years. The Romanist party have published in + a Quebec newspaper the Pope's bitter and reproachful letter to him, + to which he made no reply. Darboy was and is resolved to be the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">bonâ + fide</span></span> Bishop of his diocese, the largest in the world, + and will not admit any arbitrary encroachments <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page146">[pg 146]</span><a name="Pg146" id="Pg146" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> or concurrent jurisdiction of the Court + of Rome to annul his acts at its caprice. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“This stinks of schism,”</span> say the Romans + here.<a id="noteref_34" name="noteref_34" href= + "#note_34"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">34</span></span></a> And + therefore, according to Roman notions, he is <span class= + "tei tei-q">“a bad Christian,”</span> for he does not believe in + Papal Infallibility, and will not vote for it even as a Cardinal. + Moreover, nobody sees better through the whole web of curialistic + policy, with its artifices, small and great, and he shows not the + slightest sympathy for it, so that in any case he will be a very + inconvenient and unprofitable Cardinal. At the same time he is a man + of rare eloquence, rich experience and knowledge of mankind, and + easily outweighs ten Italian Cardinals in culture and learning. And + the worst of it is that this bitter necessity of elevating Darboy has + to be accepted with a good grace, for France wills it, and France + must still remain the magnanimous champion of Rome and the Council. + Some consolation is found for it in the now openly proclaimed + apostasy of Archbishop Spalding of Baltimore, who has hitherto been + wavering, for it is hoped that other American Bishops will follow his + example.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If at the end of + the first month we take a view of the situation, it is clear that the + word <span class="tei tei-q">“Council”</span> requires <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page147">[pg 147]</span><a name="Pg147" id="Pg147" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to be taken in a very wide and general + sense to include this assembly. It cannot be compared with the + ancient Councils in the first thousand years of Church history, + before the separation of East and West, for there are no points of + contact. In the first place, the whole lay world, all sovereigns and + their ambassadors, are entirely excluded from the Synod, which has + never happened from the Council of Nice downwards. That was, of + course, necessary, for even at Trent the French ambassador announced, + on entering the Council, that his King had sent him to watch over the + freedom of the Bishops; and certainly the ambassadors of Catholic + Powers would have protested against the present arrangements and + order of business, which give much less security than even at Trent. + Here the Bishops are in a sense the Pope's prisoners. Without his + permission they cannot leave the Council, they are forbidden to meet + together for common deliberation, are not allowed to print anything + till it has passed the censorship, or to bring forward any motion + without the Pope's approval. It is the Pope who makes the decrees and + defines the dogmas; the Council has simply to assent. Two rights only + are left to the Bishops; they can make speeches in the General + Congregation, and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page148">[pg + 148]</span><a name="Pg148" id="Pg148" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + they can say <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Placet</span></span> or + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Non placet</span></span>. There is a quite + luxurious abundance of means of coercion, impediments and + chains;—with the Pope's 300 episcopal boarders, the 62 Bishops of the + Roman States, the 68 Neapolitans, Sicilians, etc., all manœuvring + with a precision a Prussian General could not wish to surpass on the + reviewing-ground, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> might have fairly hoped to + gain its ends, even were a little more freedom allowed to the + Opposition section of the Assembly.<a id="noteref_35" name= + "noteref_35" href="#note_35"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">35</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page149">[pg 149]</span><a name= + "Pg149" id="Pg149" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc33" id="toc33"></a> <a name="pdf34" id="pdf34"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Tenth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Jan. 15, + 1870.</span></span>—On Sunday last the Pope gave audience to a great + crowd of visitors,—some 700 or 1000, it is said,—at once, and took + occasion to express before them his displeasure at the Opposition + Bishops. He said there were some Prelates who lacked the temper of + perfect faith, and hence arose difficulties, which however he, the + Pope, should know how to overcome. In Church matters no attention was + to be paid to the judgment of the world, as he himself despised it, + for the Church's kingdom is not of this world. It has hitherto of + course been held in the Church that the judgment of the world—that + is, of their flocks, who constitute their own immediate world—is + exactly what the Bishops ought to attend to very much, and to avoid + giving offence to them and perplexing their consciences in matters of + religion.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The prohibition to + hold large episcopal meetings, communicated <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page150">[pg 150]</span><a name="Pg150" id="Pg150" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> to the French Bishops only through Cardinal + Bonnechose, is not obeyed either by the French or Germans, who + continue to take counsel together. The united Germans and Hungarians + have accepted in substance an address drawn up by Cardinal Rauscher, + and on Sunday, January 9, bound themselves by a reciprocal + obligation, with forty-three signatures, to vote against and combat + in all conciliar methods the erection of Papal Infallibility into a + dogma. The Austrian Prelates stand foremost in clearness, decision, + and courage. Rauscher, Schwarzenberg, Haynald, and Strossmayer know + what they want, are full of true love for the Church, understand the + greatness of the danger, and are perfectly aware that no positive + gain, nor any of the important reforms so urgently needed, can be + expected from this Council—the Spanish and Italian phalanx is too + strong and impenetrable for that,—but they hope, at least, by + energetic resistance to ward off positive mischief from the + Church.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The French on + their part are active; Cardinal Mathieu, who returned to Rome, + January 5, has opened a saloon in his house for the deliberations. + Next to Dupanloup, Bishop Place of Marseilles, Meignan of Châlons, + Landriot of Rheims, and Ginoulhiac of Grenoble, speak <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page151">[pg 151]</span><a name="Pg151" id="Pg151" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> most decidedly. There are some + thirty-five like-minded with them, and the inopportunists among them + and the Germans are gradually coming to perceive that their position + is quite untenable, and that to persist in treating Infallibility as + a mere question of time and convenience, is to give their adversaries + a safe and easy victory. But the Germans are further advanced in this + conviction than the French. The now famous Infallibilist Address + seems to have been simultaneously hawked about from two quarters, + viz., by the trio of Manning, Deschamps, and Spalding, and by Martin + and Senestrey. Who composed it, and how many Bishops have signed it, + is still uncertain; the movement has come to a dead-lock, perhaps + because the Spaniards, who talk of presenting an address of their + own, don't want to sign it. Several Italians too refused to sign, and + so the result has not been as satisfactory as was hoped, although it + can hardly be doubted that the dogma will have 450 or 500 votes when + it is laid before the Council.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is a + characteristic feature of the case, that throughout Italy prayers are + offered in all the monastic communities still surviving, and in all + zealously Catholic families, for the definition of the new dogma. The + fact is mentioned in English journals, and I have heard it + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page152">[pg 152]</span><a name="Pg152" + id="Pg152" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> confirmed here. It reveals the + patriotic feeling, that Papal Infallibility is an Italian possession + more or less profitable to every member of the nation. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Pope,”</span> as one hears it said here, + <span class="tei tei-q">“will always feel and think above all as an + Italian; his decrees are manufactured by a Court nine-tenths of whom, + at least, are Italians, and with his infallibility under our + management, we Italians shall be able to dominate and make capital + out of all other nations, in so far as they desire to be + Catholic.”</span> The Italian is generally a good calculator. + However, Italian priests and prelates feel and know right well what + every nation and national Church owes to itself. If the Papacy + belonged to any other nation, the Italians would never dream for a + moment of acknowledging the system of Papal absolutism with its grand + prop of Papal Infallibility. One soon observes, in conversing with + these Monsignori, how they despise in their hearts the French and + German Ultramontane Bishops, while at the same time admitting the + correctness of their views, and praising them liberally for rolling + in the dust before the infallible <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, + and crying out to the Romans, as that orator Ekebolius cried out to + the Emperor Julian, <span class="tei tei-q">“Only trample us under + your feet, the salt that has lost its savour.”</span></p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page153">[pg 153]</span><a name="Pg153" id="Pg153" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thirty-five German + Bishops have declared at the beginning, that they are ready to + subscribe the above-mentioned counter address against the dogma of + Infallibility, pretty fully expressed in the form of a petition to + the Pope, and among them are included those who were before of + opinion that they had sufficiently discharged their duty by the + letter they sent to him from Fulda. This is a praiseworthy example of + harmony, but at the same time the greatness of the danger, which has + now become evident to even the most trustful mind, is shown by the + fact that all present at the consultation on this address bound + themselves in writing to subscribe it. It is needless to say that the + Tyrolese and the pupils of the Jesuits, with Bishop Martin, held + aloof from the meeting.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another proof was + given on this occasion of the very different measure dealt to the two + parties. The Infallibilist Address was at once printed, though + everything else here has first to undergo the most rigorous + censorship. The Roman censors would, of course, have refused their + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">imprimatur</span></span> to the counter address, + and there was some scruple felt about printing it out of the country, + as though by an evasion of the Papal laws, and so it cannot be + printed at all. Even Bishop Dupanloup <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page154">[pg 154]</span><a name="Pg154" id="Pg154" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> has been refused permission to print his answer + to Deschamps. The address will probably be subscribed by the Bishops + of each nation in separate batches, so that there will be five + addresses, coinciding in substance. Forty-seven Germans and + Hungarians are reckoned on—so many have subscribed already—and + thirty-five French. The Anglo-Americans have somewhat altered the + wording of the address, and say they can command twenty-five + signatures. But what is most remarkable is, that a considerable + section of the North-Italian Bishops from Piedmont and Lombardy now + come out as opponents of Infallibilism, and give promise of + twenty-five signatures for the counter address. The decisive point + with them is their relation to the Italian nation and government, for + the Infallibilist dogma must inevitably lead to a hopelessly + incurable rupture between it and the Church. To these must be added + six Irish and four Portuguese, making in all an Opposition of from + 140 to 150 votes.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The great question + daily mooted in the Vatican is now, how Infallibility can be erected + into a dogma in spite of the resistance of the Opposition minority, + for there is no longer any illusion as to an obstinate residue of + anti-Infallibilist protesters being sure to be left, after + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page155">[pg 155]</span><a name="Pg155" + id="Pg155" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> allowing for the fullest + effects of all the alluring seductions used. Precedents are sought + for in the history of Councils where the majority has passed decrees + according to its own will, without regard to the opposite + representations and negative votes of the minority. But no such + precedents are to be found. At all Councils from Nice downwards the + dogmatic decrees have always been passed only with entire or + approximate unanimity. Even at Trent, where the Italians, commanded + from Rome through the legates, dominated everything, many very + important decrees were abandoned after being drawn up, as soon as a + few Bishops only had pronounced against them. If only this fatal + precedent of the Tridentine Synod could be got rid of! The Jesuits + investigate and refine, but, unluckily for them, one of their own + body, Father Matignon, in 1868, when an Opposition was still believed + to be impossible, himself established the fact, and justified it on + doctrinal grounds;<a id="noteref_36" name="noteref_36" href= + "#note_36"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">36</span></span></a> and that + is made use of now. So there is nothing left but to labour + indefatigably for the conversion of opponents. But people in Rome + seem not to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page156">[pg + 156]</span><a name="Pg156" id="Pg156" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + know <span class="tei tei-q">“qu'on ne prend pas les mouches avec du + vinaigre;”</span> and that methods of coercion, intimidation, and + discrediting character, are not quite the most effectual means, + psychologically, for converting adverse Bishops, is clear from the + tone again and again manifested in the speeches on the <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, which has gained + conspicuously in sharpness and explicitness. On January 10, a + Northern Prelate, distinguished for gentleness and refinement, but + accustomed to parliamentary contests, said he had been obliged to + speak in the vigorous style usual in his own country of the entire + absence of real freedom in the Council, for the insolence of the + other party was becoming daily more intolerable.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page157">[pg 157]</span><a name= + "Pg157" id="Pg157" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc35" id="toc35"></a> <a name="pdf36" id="pdf36"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Eleventh Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Jan. 17, + 1870.</span></span>—It is a remarkable phenomenon that Pius + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span>, who is every way + inferior to his predecessors of this century in theological culture, + lets himself be so completely dominated by his passion for creating + new articles of faith. Former Popes have indeed had their hobbies: + some wanted to aggrandize and enrich their families; others, like + Sixtus <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vi.</span></span>, were zealous in + building, or, like Leo <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">x.</span></span>, in fostering art and + literature, or they waged wars like Julius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, or, finally, they wrote + learned works, and composed many long Bulls full of quotations, etc., + like Benedict <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xiv.</span></span> But not one of them has + been seized with this passion for manufacturing dogmas; it is + something quite unique in the history of the Popes. Herein, + therefore, Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> is a singular phenomenon + in his way, and all the more wonderful from his hitherto having kept + aloof from theology, and, as one always hears, not being in the habit + of ever reading <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page158">[pg + 158]</span><a name="Pg158" id="Pg158" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + theological books. If it is inquired how this strange idiosyncrasy + has been aroused in the soul of a Pope who began his reign under such + very different auspices, as a political reformer, the answer given by + every one is, that it is the Jesuits, whose influence over him has + been constantly growing since he took Father Mignardi of that Order + for his confessor, and who have created and fostered in him this + passion for dogma-making.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The displeasure + and discontent of the Bishops finds constant nutriment in the conduct + of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>. They say that if these + momentous propositions had been laid before them in good time, some + months before the opening of the Council, so that they might have + carefully examined them and pursued the theological studies requisite + for that purpose, they should have come duly prepared, whereas now + they are in the position of having to speak and vote on the most + difficult questions almost extempore. The attacks and objections + directed against the first part of the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> in their speeches have not + applied so much to the separate articles as to the general scope and + tendency of the whole, and I have not been able to ascertain anything + more certain about the matter, for the real elaboration of the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, and discussion + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page159">[pg 159]</span><a name="Pg159" + id="Pg159" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of its articles in detail, has + to be managed in the Commission; in the Council Hall it is + impossible. As yet there have been only long speeches on either side, + as in academies or in a school of rhetoric, which, for the most part, + were not understood, and in which the main question—what shape the + decrees are to take, if issued at all—was never grappled with.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On Friday, January + 14, the debate on the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> + opened. This is occupied with the duties of Bishops—their residence, + visitation of their dioceses, and obligation of frequently travelling + to Rome and presenting regular reports on the state of their + dioceses; the holding of Provincial and Diocesan Synods, and + Vicars-General. The duties of Bishops are the one thing spoken of, + and the design is everywhere transparent of increasing their + dependence on the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, and centralizing all Church + government in Rome still more than before. Archbishop Darboy observed + on it, that it was above all necessary, in examining this second + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, to discuss the rights of + Bishops, instead of only the duties Rome assigned them. Cardinal + Schwarzenberg had really opened the debate in this sense, and he had + the courage to speak of the College of Cardinals, and the reforms it + needed. A simple Bishop would not have <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page160">[pg 160]</span><a name="Pg160" id="Pg160" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> been suffered to do this, but they dared not + interrupt a Cardinal. The speakers who followed, too, had a good deal + to find fault with in the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, + especially Ballerini, formerly rejected as Archbishop of Milan, and + now titular Patriarch of Alexandria, and Simor the Primate of + Hungary. This Prelate has protested so emphatically against the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> and the treatment the + Bishops have experienced at the hands of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, + that the offer of a Cardinal's Hat seems by no means to have produced + the desired effect upon him. There are said to be still sixteen + portions or chapters of the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> + in reserve, so that the authorities are already displeased at the + length of the Bishops' speeches; and lately one Bishop gained general + applause by saying he renounced his right to speak.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We may gain some + very valuable evidences in Russia and Poland as to how Papal + Infallibility is already conceived of, and what hopes and fears + respectively are entertained in reference to the projected new dogma. + The six or seven million Catholics of that empire are very variously + situated, and have different interests, and therefore, in some sort, + opposite wishes. Among the Polish Catholics, who are just now being + denationalized and Russianized, many are always looking <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page161">[pg 161]</span><a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> out for the overthrow of the Russian + dominion, and the restoration of a kingdom of Poland. To this party + belongs Sosnowski, formerly administrator of the diocese of Lublin, + whom the Pope has admitted to the Council. He is to represent the + whole Polish Church at the Council, and is an ardent Infallibilist; + he has accordingly given a severe snubbing, by way of answer, to the + Polish priests who had communicated to him certain proposals of + reform, with a view of restricting Papal absolutism, to be laid + before the Council. His reply circulates here, and is also to be + printed in a newspaper published at Posen. Sosnowski represents to + the Polish clergy that the emancipation of Poland from Russia must + continue to be the great object; and that for this a Pope recognised + as completely absolute and infallible is indispensable. He appears to + mean that such a Pope, being supreme lord over all monarchs and + nations, can even depose the Russian Czar, or at least absolve the + Poles from their oath of allegiance. He moreover assures them that + Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> has told him he reckons + confidently on this emancipation of Poland from Russia. Here in Rome + it is said and taught that the Pope is supreme master even of + heretical and schismatical just as much as of Catholic sovereigns; + for <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page162">[pg 162]</span><a name= + "Pg162" id="Pg162" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> through baptism, + whether received within or without the Church, every one at once + becomes his subject. And we are reminded, in proof of this, how Pope + Martin <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span>, in 1282, deposed the + Greek Emperor, Michael Palæologus, and absolved his subjects from + their allegiance, simply because he had made a treaty with the King + of Aragon. This explains why the Russian Government told the Bishops + who requested leave to attend the Council, that they might go to + Rome, but should not return. The 2,800,000 Catholics in Russia + Proper, in the ecclesiastical province of Mohilew, think very + differently from Sosnowski. A clergyman from thence said to-day, + <span class="tei tei-q">“If Papal Infallibility is made an article of + faith, put into the catechisms and taught in the schools, it will + bring us into a most difficult and desperate position as regards the + Russian Government and people. We shall be told that our Czar sits in + Rome, and that we obey him rather than the Czar at St. Petersburg, to + whom we only swear a conditional allegiance, holding ourselves ready + to rebel, if our infallible master at Rome absolves us from the oath; + that we put his commands and prohibitions above the law of the land + and the will of the Emperor. And thus, if Papal Infallibility is + defined at Rome, it will be <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page163">[pg + 163]</span><a name="Pg163" id="Pg163" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + almost equivalent for us to a sentence of death on the Catholic + Church in Russia, for everything will be done to undermine a Church + regarded as an enemy and standing menace to the State.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Two new works have + arrived here, each of which, in its own way, touches on the great + question of the day. The one is a book of Dr. Pusey's, on the + relations of the English Church to the Catholic, where he declares + that making Papal Infallibility a dogma would destroy all hope of a + reunion of the Churches, or of the adhesion of any considerable + section of the English Church.<a id="noteref_37" name="noteref_37" + href="#note_37"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">37</span></span></a> Manning + has assured them in Rome of precisely the reverse. The other work is + the first Letter of the famous Oratorian, Father Gratry, to the + Archbishop of Mechlin, a pungent criticism on that Prelate's brochure + in favour of Infallibility, and on his gross misrepresentations of + the history of Pope Honorius.<a id="noteref_38" name="noteref_38" + href="#note_38"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">38</span></span></a> Gratry + also exposes the Roman falsifications introduced into the Breviary. + It may alarm the curialists, when they discover how all the most + intellectually conspicuous among the French clergy pronounce + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page164">[pg 164]</span><a name="Pg164" + id="Pg164" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> against their favourite + doctrine, and their design of imposing it on the whole Church, and + how the disreputable means employed for building up this system, by + trickery and forgeries, are more and more being brought to light.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Pope's attempt + to reduce 740 members of the Council to complete silence on all that + goes on there has proved a failure, as might have been foreseen. A + great deal has come out, and the Pope manifests great displeasure at + it. In a conversation with a diplomatist, who asked him how, with + this rule, trustworthy reports could be sent to the different + Governments, he accused the French Bishops of violating the secrets + of the Council, and called them <span class= + "tei tei-q">“chatterboxes”</span> (<span lang="it" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="it"><span style= + "font-style: italic">chiacceroni</span></span>). Accordingly, in the + Session of January 14, a more rigorous version of the order of + business was read, to the effect that the Pope had made it a mortal + sin to communicate anything that took place in the Council; so that + any Bishop who should, for instance, show a theologian, whose advice + he wanted, a passage from the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> + under discussion, or repeat an expression used in one of the + speeches, incurs everlasting damnation! If your readers think this + incredible, I can only assure them that it is literally true, and + must refer them to the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page165">[pg + 165]</span><a name="Pg165" id="Pg165" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + moral theology of the Jesuits on the foundation of the Pope's right + to brand human actions, forbidden by no law of God, with the guilt of + mortal sin, at his good pleasure. A Papal theologian, whom I + questioned on the subject, appealed simply to the statement of + Boniface <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">viii.</span></span>, that the Pope holds + all rights in the shrine of his breast.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page166">[pg 166]</span><a name= + "Pg166" id="Pg166" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc37" id="toc37"></a> <a name="pdf38" id="pdf38"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Twelfth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Jan. + 26.</span></span>—The grand topic of all conversations is Bishop + Strossmayer's speech of yesterday; and it is possible to give a + pretty correct description of its contents, which seem to have made a + profound impression on his 747 hearers. The Bishop declared it to be + unseemly to begin with the disciplinary decrees about Bishops and + their obligations, because this might raise the suspicion in their + dioceses that their recent conduct had given occasion to it. When + their duties were spoken of, their rights should also be put forward. + But, in fact, the reform must be carried through from the highest + ranks of the hierarchy to the lowest, so that the Bishops should be + introduced in their proper order. He spoke of the necessity of making + the Papacy common property, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, making non-Italians + eligible; for it is now a purely Italian institution, to the immense + prejudice of its power and influence. He pointedly <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page167">[pg 167]</span><a name="Pg167" id="Pg167" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> insisted on a similar universalizing of + the Roman Congregations, so that the important affairs of the + Catholic Church should not be arranged and settled in a narrow and + jealous spirit, as had unfortunately been the case hitherto. And all + matters not necessarily pertaining to the whole Church must be + withdrawn from the competence of the Congregations, so that it might + no longer be the case, as before, <span class="tei tei-q">“ut qui + superfluis et minimis intendit, necessariis desit.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Strossmayer + insisted on a reform of the College of Cardinals, in the sense of its + containing a representation of all Catholic countries in proportion + to their extent and importance. The impression produced is said to + have been most thrilling, when he exclaimed that it was to be wished + the supreme authority in the Church had its throne, where the Lord + had fixed His own, in the hearts and consciences of the people, and + this would never be the case while the Papacy remained an Italian + institution. And with regard to the more frequent holding of + Councils, he is said to have reminded the Fathers of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Decretum + Perpetuum</span></span> of Constance, that a Council should be + assembled every ten years. But the presiding Legates seemed to be + greatly disturbed at the mention of Constance. The Bishop proceeded + to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page168">[pg 168]</span><a name= + "Pg168" id="Pg168" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> point out that + ordinary prudence urgently dictated to the Church the more frequent + holding of Councils. The increased facilities of intercourse supplied + means to the Church to gather more frequently in Council round its + head, and thus show an example to the more advanced nations, who + transact their affairs in common assemblies, of the open-heartedness + and freedom, the patience and perseverance, the charity and + moderation, with which great questions should be treated. Once, when + Synods were more frequent in the Church, the nations had learnt from + her how to bring their affairs to a settlement, but now the Church + must offer herself teacher in the great art of self-government.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Strossmayer urged + that an influence over episcopal appointments should be given to + Provincial Synods, in order to remedy the dangers connected with the + present system of nominations, which have become incalculable. He + lashed with incisive words and brilliant arguments those who preach a + crusade against modern society, and openly expressed his conviction + that henceforth the Church must seek the external guarantees of her + freedom solely in the public liberties of the nations, and the + internal in intrusting the episcopal Sees to men filled with the + spirit of Chrysostom, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page169">[pg + 169]</span><a name="Pg169" id="Pg169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Ambrose, and Anselm. It cut to the quick when he spoke of the + centralization which is stifling the life of the Church, and of the + Church's unity, which only then reflects the harmony of heaven and + educates men's spirits, when her various elements retain inviolate + their proper rights and specific institutions. But as the Church now + is, and in the organization designed to be imposed on her, her unity + is rather a monotony that kills the spirit, excites manifold disgust, + and repels instead of attracting. On this point the Bishop is said to + have made very remarkable statements from his own experience, proving + that, as long as the present system of narrow centralization endures, + union with the Eastern Church is inconceivable, and, on the contrary, + new perils and defections will be witnessed. He called the canon law + a Babylonish confusion, made up of impractical and in most cases + corrupted or spurious canons. The Church and the whole world expect + the Council to make an end of this state of things by a codification + adapted to the age, but which must be prepared by learned and + practical men from every part of the Catholic world, and not by Roman + divines and canonists. In repudiating the proposal of a previous + speaker, that the Pope should take a general oversight of the + Catholic <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page170">[pg + 170]</span><a name="Pg170" id="Pg170" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + press, he seized the opportunity of pronouncing a glowing panegyric + on a man who had been shamefully maligned by that press, but to whom + is chiefly owed any real freedom that exists in this Council. Every + eye was turned on Dupanloup.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many single + sayings are quoted from this magnificent speech. A French Prelate had + desired that Bishops should not sit in the confessional; Strossmayer + replied that he must have forgotten he was the countryman of St. + Francis of Sales. Another speaker had maintained that the reformation + of the Cardinals should be intrusted to their Father, the Pope; + Strossmayer replied that they had also a Mother, the Church, to whom + it always belongs to give them good advice and instruction.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The speech lasted + an hour and a half, and the impression produced was overwhelming. + Bishops affirm that no such eloquence in the Latin tongue has been + heard for centuries. Strossmayer does not indeed always speak + classical Latin, but he speaks it with astonishing readiness and + elegance. Cardinal di Pietro, who answered him yesterday, spoke of + the <span class="tei tei-q">“rara venustas”</span> of his speech. It + is related in proof of his noble manner, and the spirit in which he + spoke and was listened <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page171">[pg + 171]</span><a name="Pg171" id="Pg171" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to, + that the opponent he most sharply attacked immediately asked him to + dinner. He is said to have received 400 visits in consequence of his + speech. The President paid him a singular compliment in putting out a + special admonition the day after his speech against any manifestation + of applause.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There was the + greatest excitement beforehand. His eloquence was already known from + his former speech, which was rendered more significant from the + Legates interrupting him. Had he been again interrupted this time, + every one felt that the freedom of the Council would be in the + greatest danger. Strossmayer's tact and moderation prevented it, + although it was observed that Cardinal Bilio wished on one occasion + to make the Presidents interfere. When Strossmayer mounted the + tribune, somebody was heard to say, <span class="tei tei-q">“That is + the Bishop against whom the bell will be used.”</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page172">[pg 172]</span><a name= + "Pg172" id="Pg172" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc39" id="toc39"></a> <a name="pdf40" id="pdf40"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Thirteenth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Jan. 30, + 1870.</span></span>—A great deal has happened since my letter of + January 17. My last was exclusively devoted to the impression + produced by Strossmayer's speech, and I must go back to several + previous occurrences. I will therefore enter directly on the most + important facts of the last few days. You have already heard from the + telegrams that the Pope has returned the addresses of the Opposition, + of which there were several, divided according to nationality. They + will be at once handed over to the Commission <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">de Fide</span></span>, + composed of twenty-four members. These counter addresses are + subscribed by 137 Bishops, while 400 or 410 have signed the first + address in favour of the dogma. This document, I can now inform you + definitely, was the joint production of a committee consisting of + Manning, Deschamps, Spalding, the German Bishops Martin and + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page173">[pg 173]</span><a name="Pg173" + id="Pg173" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Senestrey, Bishop Canossa of + Verona, Mermillod of Geneva, and perhaps one or two more. That none + of these gentlemen, or of the 400 signataries, have observed the + gross and palpable untruths and falsifications of which this + composition is made up, is marvellous, and justifies the most + unfavourable inferences as to the theological and historical + cultivation of these Prelates. If the names of the Bishops on either + side are, not counted simply, but weighed, and the fact is taken into + account that the main strength of the Infallibilist legion consists + of the 300 Papal boarders who go through thick and thin in singing to + the tune of their entertainer—that all the host of titular Bishops, + with very few exceptions, and of the Romance South Americans, who are + even more ignorant than the Spaniards, are ranged on the same + side—and if we then compare the countries and dioceses represented + respectively by the 400 and the 137, we shall come to the conclusion + that the overwhelming preponderance in number of souls, in + intelligence, and in national importance, is wholly on the side of + the 137 of the Opposition. It is besides affirmed now that the + Address of the 400 was not really presented to the Pope at all, but + withdrawn at the last moment. If that is true, it must have been in + consequence of a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page174">[pg + 174]</span><a name="Pg174" id="Pg174" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + command or hint from the Pope, either from his advisers even yet + feeling ashamed of exposing him by the reception of a document + bristling with falsehoods, or because they thought he could not in + that case reject the hated counter address, as he has done, without + too glaring an exhibition of partisanship. The Spaniards have drawn + up an address of their own, which harmonizes so well with the address + of the 400, that Manning declared himself quite ready to sign it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The second + important occurrence of the last few days is the treatment of the + Chaldean Patriarch, an aged man of seventy-eight. He had commissioned + another Bishop to deliver a speech he had composed, when translated + into Latin, in the Council, expressing his desire to preserve the + ancient <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">consuetudines</span></span> of his Church and to + lay a new compendium of them before the assembly. He added, with + indirect reference to the Infallibilist dogma, a warning against + innovations, which might destroy the Eastern Church. The Pope at once + ordered him to be summoned, he was to bring nobody with him; only + Valerga, whom the Pope has named Patriarch of Jerusalem, one of the + most devoted courtiers of the Vatican, was present as interpreter. He + found the Pope in a state of violent excitement, trembling with + passion, and after a great <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page175">[pg + 175]</span><a name="Pg175" id="Pg175" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + deal of vehement language he was commanded either to resign his + office on the spot, or renounce all the prerogatives and privileges + of his Church. His request for two days to consider the matter was + instantly refused, as also the request for leave to consult his own + suffragans then in Rome. Had he refused, he would certainly have been + incarcerated in a Roman prison; for it is notorious that according to + the Roman theory every cleric is the subject, not only spiritually + but bodily, of his absolute lord the Pope. So nothing was left him + but to subscribe one of the papers laid before him, and make his + renunciation.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The third recent + circumstance to be mentioned is the confidential mission of + Lavigerie, Archbishop of Algiers, to Paris. I have spoken of this man + before as Bishop of Nancy, and forgot to add that he had been + translated to Algiers. He is to persuade the Emperor and the + ministers Ollivier and Daru to make no opposition to the passing of + the Infallibilist dogma, and to offer in return that the articles of + the Syllabus on Church and State shall be either dropped, or modified + in their application to France. He of course asserts that he has no + mission of the kind, and is only going to Paris about an educational + question, just as Cardinal Mathieu professed <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page176">[pg 176]</span><a name="Pg176" id="Pg176" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> to have only gone to France to hold an + ordination.<a id="noteref_39" name="noteref_39" href= + "#note_39"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">39</span></span></a> In Paris + the strangeness of the situation is remarked on, that the very State + which used always most vigorously to assert its independence against + the domineering pretensions of the Pope is now suffering, not only + the infallibility but the supreme dominion of the Pope, and his right + of interference in its political affairs, to be decreed under cover + of its bayonets. And in Rome it is understood that, if the French + troops were suddenly to disappear during the rejoicings and + illuminations following on the Infallibilist triumph, the situation + might become very uncomfortable. It is therefore thought that a + couple of articles of the Syllabus might the more easily be + surrendered, as the shield of Infallibility would cover the whole + Syllabus, and no one could hinder an infallible Pope from taking the + first opportunity, in spite of all secret promises, of again + utilizing the principle now made into a dogma. The Roman clerics, + whether high or low, are unable to comprehend that not only the + German but the Latin nations feel so decided an antipathy to the + domination of the priesthood over civil and social life, and on that + account only <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page177">[pg + 177]</span><a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + must resist the Infallibilist theory, because it involves the + doctrine that the Pope is to encroach on the secular and political + domain with commands and punishments, the moment he can do so without + too great prejudice to his office and fear of humiliation. It seems + so natural and obvious to a Roman Monsignore or Abbate that the chief + priest should rule also over monarchs and nations in worldly matters; + from youth up he has seen clergymen acting as police-officers, + criminal judges, and lottery collectors, and has no other experience + than of the parish priest, the Bishop, and the Inquisition, + interfering in the innermost concerns of family life, and the + <span class="tei tei-q">“paternal government”</span> often taking the + shape of a strait-waistcoat; he lives in a world where the confusion + of the two powers is incarnated in every college, congregation, and + administrative office. Nowhere but in Rome would it have been + possible for Leo <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xii.</span></span>, with universal consent + of all the clergy, high and low, to re-introduce the Latin language + into the law courts after it had been abolished under the French + occupation.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Lately, for the + first time, a local priest, Leonardo Proja, in a work published here, + has openly expressed his confidence that the Council will at once + condemn the shocking error of setting aside the supreme dominion + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page178">[pg 178]</span><a name="Pg178" + id="Pg178" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of the Pope over the nations, + even in civil matters (<span class="tei tei-q">“vel in + civilibus”</span>) as an invention of the Middle Ages.<a id= + "noteref_40" name="noteref_40" href="#note_40"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">40</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Court of Rome + and the Bishops are at present studying in a school of mutual + instruction. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> studies the Bishops + individually, especially the more prominent among them, and watches + for their weak points and the ways of getting at them and making them + pliable, and, above all, of dissolving national ties. They don't + always manage matters skilfully, for the want of all real freedom, + the use of coercive measures, and this apparatus of bolts and bars, + cords and man-traps, by which the Prelates are surrounded and + threatened at every step in Council, by no means produce a + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">couleur de rose</span></span> state of feeling, + and the contrast between the title of Brother, which the Pope gives + officially to every Bishop, and his way of treating them all, both + individually and collectively, like so many schoolboys, is too + glaring. Even the boasted freedom of speech does not extend very far, + for every Prelate speaks under threat of interruption by the bell of + the presiding Cardinal, directly he says anything displeasing to + Roman ears. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page179">[pg + 179]</span><a name="Pg179" id="Pg179" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> On + the other hand, the Bishops, during their stay here of six or seven + weeks, have learnt a good deal more than the curialists, and many of + them have really made immense advances, before which the Romans would + recoil with a shudder, if they could see how things stand. A great + many of these Prelates came here full of absolute devotion to the + Pope, and with great confidence in the integrity of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> and + the purity of its motives. When they found themselves oppressed and + injured at home by its measures or decrees, they still thought it was + so much the better in the other branches of ecclesiastical + administration. But now, and here, scales have, as it were, fallen + from their eyes, and they are daily getting to understand more + clearly the two mighty levers of the gigantic machine. The dominant + view in Roman clerical circles here is, that the Church in its + present condition needs, above all things, greater centralization at + Rome, the extension and deepening of Papal powers, the removal of any + limitations still standing in the way in national Churches, and the + increase of the revenues accruing from Papal innovations. This it is + the business of the Council to accomplish. When, therefore, two + Bishops lately attacked in their speeches the abuse of expensive + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page180">[pg 180]</span><a name="Pg180" + id="Pg180" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> marriage dispensations, it was + at once said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Well, then, if any change is + made, what is to become of our Congregations and the revenues of + their members?”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Bishops will + return home poorer in their happy confidence, but richer in such + impressions and experiences. They will also carry back from Rome with + them a fuller knowledge of the Jesuit Order, its spirit and + tendencies. They now see clearly that the grand aim of the Order is + to establish at least one fortress in every diocese with a Papal + garrison, and to hold bishops, clergy, and people under complete + subjection to Rome and her commands. A French Bishop observed the + other day, <span class="tei tei-q">“If matters go on in this way, we + shall have even our holy water sent us ready-made from Rome.”</span> + And the Jesuits' business is to see that things do go on in this way. + The Bishops have now an opportunity of seeing through the tacit + compact, perfectly understood on both sides, between the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> and + the Order. The Pope accepts the Jesuit theology, and imposes it on + the whole Church, for which he requires to be infallible; the Jesuits + labour in the pulpit, the confessional, the schoolroom, and the press + for the dominion of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> and the Romanizing of all + Church life. One hand washes the other, and the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page181">[pg 181]</span><a name="Pg181" id="Pg181" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> two parties say, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“We serve, in order to rule.”</span> So far the relations + of parties are clear enough, and result from the nature of the case. + It is less easy to define the attitude and disposition of the Bishops + towards each other.<a id="noteref_41" name="noteref_41" href= + "#note_41"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">41</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page182">[pg 182]</span><a name= + "Pg182" id="Pg182" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc41" id="toc41"></a> <a name="pdf42" id="pdf42"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Fourteenth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Feb. 2, + 1870.</span></span>—There is evidently a deep split running through + the Council. It is not merely the question of Infallibility which + divides the Bishops, though this rules the whole situation. Each + party has an opposite programme. The majority, with their reserve of + the 300 Papal boarders, speak and act on the principle that they are + there to accept without objection or substantial change whatever + their master, the Pope, puts before them; that they are as Bishops + what the Jesuits are as Priests—the heralds of the Pope's omnipotence + and infallibility, and the first executors of his commands—and + accordingly they mean to vote against every motion not introduced or + sanctioned by the Pope, and to impede, both in Council and out of + Council, whatever would displease him or curtail the revenues of the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>. And thus the 130 or 140 + Bishops, who wish for improvement in Church matters, are thwarted and + paralysed at every step by an adverse majority of 400, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page183">[pg 183]</span><a name="Pg183" id="Pg183" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> admirably generalled. Cardinal Barnabó, + Prefect of the Propaganda, is one of the most deserving men in the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> from this point of view. He + maintains good discipline among the missionary Bishops, and is not + ashamed to besiege an individual Bishop who is under Propaganda, or + supported by it, for a whole evening, and threaten him with the + withdrawal of his pay if he does not vote just as the Pope + desires.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Midway between the + two opposite camps there stands a body of some 150 Prelates of + different nations, averse to the new dogma and to the whole plan of + fabricating dogmas, to which the Jesuits are impelling the Pope, and + alive to the necessity and desirableness of many reforms, but who, on + various grounds, shrink from speaking out plainly and with the + guarantee of their names.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As far as I can + gather from personal intercourse of various kinds with many of the + Infallibilist Bishops, their zeal is chiefly due to the following + notions:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">First</span></span>, + They are more or less impressed by the representation that there is a + general need for new dogmas, and that the old ones are no longer + sufficient; but for preparing and enforcing these a single infallible + dictator is better adapted than an episcopal assembly. For, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page184">[pg 184]</span><a name="Pg184" + id="Pg184" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> besides the inevitable + opposition of a minority to every new dogma, the Bishops could never + come forward as more than witnesses of the tradition of their + respective Churches, whereas the infallible Pope, under direct + inspiration of the Holy Ghost, can at once make into a dogma and + article of faith whatever is clear to himself, without troubling + himself about the past or the tradition of particular Churches, even + the Roman,—as, for instance, at present, the doctrine of the bodily + Assumption of the Virgin Mary.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Secondly</span></span>—and this is a crucial + point,—The distinction between Bishops learned or ignorant in + theology will become immaterial, because henceforth they will be mere + promulgators and executors of Papal decrees on faith, and therefore + ignorance of theology and Church history, which still has some + importance, and is felt as a defect to be ashamed of, will no longer + be any reproach to a Bishop. He who has no judgment of his own to + form may well be incapable of forming one; he is the mere + speaking-trumpet of one above him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thirdly</span></span>, + Theology itself will be greatly simplified, and its study rendered + shorter and easier. Those lengthy historical proofs of dogmas, the + investigations as to the range and consequences of a doctrine and the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page185">[pg 185]</span><a name="Pg185" + id="Pg185" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> like, will all become + superfluous, and matters will be settled out of hand by a brief + question to the Pope and his reply. A collection of these rescripts, + under the title of <span class="tei tei-q">“The Art of Learning + Theology in a Week,”</span> may henceforth be placed in the hands of + every candidate for the priesthood, and would supply the place of a + whole library. Even as a matter of economy this is no despicable + advantage. The majority of 400 and minority of 137 are then opposed + to each other in this way:—the majority, or the Spanish and Italian + section (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">a fortiori fit denominatio</span></span>) say, + <span class="tei tei-q">“We are resolved to abdicate as a teaching + body and integral constituent of the ecclesiastical ministry; we + desire to commit suicide for the benefit of the Church, in order that + the authority of a single man may be substituted for the collective + authority of the whole episcopate and of all Churches.”</span> The + minority think, on the other hand, <span class="tei tei-q">“We are + resolved to hand down inviolate to our successors the inheritance of + eighteen centuries, bequeathed to us by our predecessors. Our + spiritual forefathers were judges and definers in matters of + doctrine, and such we desire to remain; we do not choose to give a + helping hand to making ourselves and our successors mere acclaimers + instead of definers.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page186">[pg 186]</span><a name="Pg186" id="Pg186" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For the rest, it + involves a logical contradiction on the part of the Infallibilists to + lay any special weight on mere numbers, for nothing turns on the + votes of the Bishops in their system, but everything depends on the + decision of the Pope. If 600 Bishops were ranged on one side and the + Pope with 6 Bishops on the other, the 600 would be thereby proved to + be in error and the 6 in possession of the truth. Cardinal Noailles + observed very correctly, 150 years ago, that 300 Bishops, who + proclaim a doctrinal principle on the mere word of a Pope whom they + regard as infallible, have no more weight than one single Bishop who + votes on his own personal conviction. The opposition of the minority, + as might be expected from their antecedents of the last twenty years, + is indeed wrapped up in cotton, but at bottom it is positive enough. + It comes to saying that, if the Pope really wishes the Council to + take in hand the question of Infallibility, witnesses must be heard + on the subject.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Address of the + forty-five German and Hungarian Bishops objects to the boundaries, as + they had been hitherto drawn by the Pope for the teaching of the + Church, being transgressed, and the Council being compelled to enter + on a discussion of the grounds <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">pro</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page187">[pg 187]</span><a name="Pg187" id="Pg187" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">con</span></span>, which must necessarily bring + much suspicious matter into public debate. The definition itself + would be sure to excite hostility against the Church, even with men + of the better sort (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">melioris notæ + viros</span></span>) and lead to attacks upon her rights. It may be + said that the whole German episcopate, and the immense majority of + the German Catholic Church by their mouth, has spoken out against the + Infallibilist dogma.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Simor, Patriarch + of Hungary, has not, or at least not yet, subscribed the Address, but + he spoke emphatically against the dogma in the meeting of German + Bishops on January 16. All the other Hungarian Bishops at Rome, + thirteen in number, have signed the Address; only the Greek Uniate + Bishop of Papp-Szilaghy has, like Simor, omitted to do so. The North + Italian Bishops too have determined on an address, substantially + identical with the German one.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The French + Address, which thirty-three Bishops agreed to on January 15, at a + meeting at Cardinal Mathieu's, differs somewhat in wording from the + German, but the contents are the same in the main, and it is hoped to + get forty signatures for this; twenty French Bishops wish to abstain + from signing anything, and something under twenty have signed + Manning's <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page188">[pg + 188]</span><a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + address, so that there are still twice as many French on the side of + the Opposition as of the definition. We may add seventeen North + Americans, who have accepted the German Address, with the omission of + the clauses omitted in the French one, while the North Italians + adopted it unaltered. The opposition to the dogma has thus maintained + an universal character, including the most various nationalities. But + it would be hardly feasible to decide a new dogma by mere counting of + heads, treating the Bishops, like the privates of a regiment, as all + equal, so that one vote is worth just the same as another. An + analysis of the component elements of this majority, and a comparison + of it with the Opposition in scientific culture and representation of + souls, would give sufficiently impressive results.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The most startling + phenomenon is presented by the Belgian and English Bishops. The + former are all on the Infallibilist side, and there can be no doubt + that they understand the political importance of the new dogma. They + apparently wish to make the breach incurable between the Catholics of + the younger generation and the Liberal party, who adhere to the + Belgian Constitution; for no Catholic for the future can at once + recognise the doctrine of Papal Infallibility and the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page189">[pg 189]</span><a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> principles of the Belgian civil law, + without contradiction. What makes the majority of English Bishops + zealous adherents of Infallibilism it is hard to say; they are not in + other respects disposed to be led by Manning. Nor can we assume that, + like the Belgians, they deliberately wish to make the Catholic Church + of their country the irreconcilable foe of the British Constitution, + though that would be the inevitable consequence of the doctrine. It + has been pointed out to these Prelates from England, that the solemn + declarations of English and Irish Catholics are still preserved in + the State Archives, in which they formally renounced belief in Papal + Infallibility, and purchased thereby the abolition of the old penal + laws and Emancipation. Thus it is said in the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Declaration and Protestation,”</span> signed by 1740 + persons, including 241 priests, <span class="tei tei-q">“We + acknowledge no infallibility in the Pope.”</span> In the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Form of Oath and Declaration,”</span> taken in 1793 by + all Irish Catholics, occur the words, <span class="tei tei-q">“I also + declare that it is not an article of the Catholic faith, neither am I + thereby required to believe or profess, that the Pope is + infallible.”</span> And a Synod of Irish Bishops, in 1810, declared + this oath and declaration to be <span class="tei tei-q">“a + constituent part of the Roman Catholic religion, as taught by the + Bishops; <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page190">[pg + 190]</span><a name="Pg190" id="Pg190" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> a + formula affirmed by the Roman Catholic Churches in Ireland, and + sanctioned and approved by the other Roman Catholic + Churches.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I hear that, among + the Irish Bishops, Moriarty is averse to breaking with the ancient + tradition of his Church. Bishop Brown of Newport, an open and decided + opponent of Infallibilism, is kept away by ill health; Ullathorne of + Birmingham and Archbishop MacHale of Tuam wish also to keep clear of + it, but without signing the address. Bishop Clifford of Clifton, on + the contrary, as I hear, has signed it. So Manning's following among + his countrymen is a very divided one.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page191">[pg 191]</span><a name= + "Pg191" id="Pg191" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc43" id="toc43"></a> <a name="pdf44" id="pdf44"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Fifteenth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Feb. + 4.</span></span>—There is a good deal of interesting matter to report + of the Sessions of the last few weeks. And, first, as to the Council + Hall: notwithstanding the great curtain, it remains a wretched + apology for a Council-chamber, and I must repeat emphatically that + such a discussion as, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, was possible in St. Paul's + Church, at Frankfort, in 1848, would be hardly practicable here. + Bishops whose voices are feeble and not penetrating enough, must give + up the idea of speaking, and even strong men among them feel + thoroughly exhausted after they have spoken. A French Bishop, whose + speech had produced a great effect, said afterwards of the hall, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Elle est sourde, muette, et aveugle.”</span> + But the Pope persists, on account of the neighbourhood of the + so-called <span class="tei tei-q">“Confession of St. Peter,”</span> + from which he thinks a force issues to bind the Bishops closer to + him, and fill them with contempt of the world. This influence, + however, has been very little manifested as <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page192">[pg 192]</span><a name="Pg192" id="Pg192" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> yet—rather the reverse. There have been many + Opposition speeches, and the bell of the presiding Legate not + unfrequently interrupts them with its shrill dissonance; in the + latter Sessions a new method has been practised of reducing + unpleasant speakers to silence—by scraping with the feet. It is a + striking fact that talent, eloquence, and force of thought are + observed to be almost entirely on the side of the Opposition; very + few men of mark or able speakers can be mentioned on the + Infallibilist side. Manning and Mermillod would be good and versatile + speakers, only they are not sufficiently masters of Latin. Deschamps + alone on that side has won great applause as an eloquent speaker, + though with sufficient poverty of thought.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the + Cardinals, de Angelis, de Luca, Bilio, and Capalti are considered the + four Papal pillars of the Council. Bilio, a Barnabite, and still a + young man, passes in Rome for an eminent theologian, and while the + other Cardinals and Monsignori would hold it a sin to understand + German, he knows two German words, which he constantly repeats, but + always with a shudder, <span class="tei tei-q">“deutsche + Wissenschaft.”</span> He thinks German science something like the + witches' caldron in Macbeth—full of horrible + ingredients.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page193">[pg + 193]</span><a name="Pg193" id="Pg193" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first dogmatic + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> has gone back to the + Commission on Faith after a long, many-sided, and severe criticism, + and is to be revised and again laid before the Council as little + altered as possible. The revision is intrusted to three of the most + zealous Infallibilists, Martin, Deschamps, and Pie, with the + indispensable Jesuits, Schrader and Franzelin. The Bishops are then + simply to accept it without discussion. It is not to be discussed, + first, because there can be no discussion in the Hall; secondly, + because this wretched patchwork does not bear discussion; thirdly, + because there would be no coming to an end this way; fourthly, and + chiefly, because an excellent precedent will be created, which may be + made a rule for the forthcoming <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schemata</span></span>, and will open the + prospect of carrying through matters far more important and more + valuable for the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If once the first + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> were voted without + discussion, by the help of the devoted majority of 400, though + against the opposition of many Bishops, the same method might be + pursued with subsequent <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schemata</span></span>, and thus the most + important of all, on the Church and the Pope, could be carried, which + contains the most exorbitant assertions of Papal omnipotence, and + implies Papal Infallibility, which is introduced by a side-wind. + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page194">[pg 194]</span><a name="Pg194" + id="Pg194" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> By this means the maxim + observed at former Councils, and even at Trent, that decisions can + only be settled by a unanimous vote, would be happily got rid of, and + the resistance of the Opposition broken or rendered useless. Such a + victory of the curialistic party would exceed all other successes in + importance and practical value. The Council is accordingly come to a + momentous crisis. Father Theiner, the Prefect of the Papal Archives, + has had a part of the first volume of his <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Acts of the Council of + Trent</span></span> printed. We find there a <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">modus procedendi</span></span>, which secures to + the Fathers of the Council much more freedom and action than the + present regulations, of which Italian Prelates say themselves that + they leave no freedom, and only allow a sham Council. Theiner has + been altogether forbidden, by the management of the Jesuits, to + publish his work, and has received the most strict commands not to + show the part already printed to any Bishop.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The introduction + of the second <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, on + Discipline, gave occasion to many earnest and important speeches. The + Germans at first had to blush for one of their number, Martin of + Paderborn, who made a speech overflowing with the most unqualified + devotion to the will of the supreme master, the authorship of which + was <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page195">[pg 195]</span><a name= + "Pg195" id="Pg195" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> attributed to his + Jesuit domestic chaplain, Father Roh. But the speech of Archbishop + Melchers of Cologne made all the more favourable impression. He + spoke, with quiet dignity and freedom, of the perversity and + shamefulness of the meddling Roman domination, the system of + dispensations, and the unmeasured centralization. Great was the + astonishment of the assembly; Cardinal Capalti went on urging, with + impatient look and sign, on de Luca, the President for the day, to + stop the German Archbishop. At last, when he had nearly finished, de + Luca interrupted him, and said he must hand in his proposals to the + Commission. Melchers did not let himself be put down; he replied that + he had done that long ago, and had received no answer, and observed + that he spoke in the name of more than a million German Catholics. + And then he quietly went on with his speech. The words of Archbishop + Haynald cut deeper still; he is the best speaker in the Council after + Strossmayer, and is also subtle and circumspect, so that the Legate, + who was visibly anxious to interrupt him, could not discover the + right moment for putting his bell in motion.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As little did they + dare to interrupt Darboy, Archbishop of Paris, when he ascended the + tribune and began as follows:—<span class="tei tei-q">“We are told we + are not to make <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page196">[pg + 196]</span><a name="Pg196" id="Pg196" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + long speeches, but I have a great deal to say. We are told again not + to repeat what has been said by others, but at the same time we are + kept shut up in this Hall, where for the most part we cannot + understand one another; we are not allowed to examine the + stenographic reports of our speeches, and the only answer made to our + representations is always the same—<span class="tei tei-q">‘The Pope + wills it.’</span> I don't know therefore what has been said by the + speakers who have preceded me.”</span> He then went on to speak of + the rights of the Bishops, their degradation by the Roman + centralizing system, <span class="tei tei-q">“the caves, wherein the + Roman doctors have buried themselves from the light of day,”</span> + etc. He spoke in admirable style, and was listened to with rapt + attention, though at every word his auditors expected an interruption + from the Legate; but it never came. Darboy himself said afterwards + that he had done like Condé, and flung his marshal's staff into the + ranks of the enemy.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On January 22, + Dupanloup made a speech in the same sense, which has already been + reported to you, and took occasion to mention those courtiers who + have learnt never to tell the truth to the Pope. Courtiers of this + sort from various nations sat and stood in crowds around him. He + might have added what was said to <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page197">[pg 197]</span><a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the Pope—vainly, of course—300 years ago, in a + work composed by his order, and is just as true now as then: that the + dream of omnipotence and infallibility, so studiously produced and + cherished in his soul by flatterers, is the main cause, next to the + avarice of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, of the decline and + corruptions of the Church. Meanwhile it is truly wonderful that so + much could be said at all; it was felt to be a moral discomfiture or + capitulation of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> in its state of siege. + Cardinal Schwarzenberg, and after him the Primate of Hungary, had + certainly struck the note which still rang on, but the Legates had + not dared to silence them with the bell, and so missed the + opportunity of <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">principiis obsta</span></span>. + Schwarzenberg had already created a great sensation by recommending + the periodical recurrence of Councils, afterwards taken up by + Strossmayer, and then falling back on the decree of Constance (for + decennial Councils), which is an abomination at Rome. No doubt they + would have no objection in Rome to Councils every ten or twenty + years, suitably modernized, manipulated, and obedient to every wink, + like the present majority; but the fatal Opposition embitters this + enjoyment, and when once the great work is accomplished, and + Infallibility proclaimed, it will be found at Rome that all this + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page198">[pg 198]</span><a name="Pg198" + id="Pg198" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> machinery is not worth its + pay, <span class="tei tei-q">“que le jeu ne vaut pas la + chandelle;”</span> for it costs too much money to entertain 300 + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet</span></span>-saying Bishops, to make it + worth while often to reproduce the drama, or rather the + pantomine.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Other Prelates, + whom the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> reckons among the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dî minores gentium</span></span>, have no + indulgence shown them. When an American Bishop spoke of the + corruptions and gross falsehoods in the Roman Breviary, and of the + fabulous interpolations in the works of some Fathers, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, St. + Augustine, inserted there, Capalti rang his bell violently—the + Fathers were not to be so spoken of. But the American did not let + himself be disturbed, and proceeded at once to quote the Breviary + lections from St. Gregory. He was again called to order, and told he + must change the subject or leave the tribune.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In this second + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, compiled by Jacobini, the + second Secretary of the Council, the gross ignorance of the author is + glaringly exposed. With the usual self-sufficiency of Rome, and with + the aim of making the Bishops still more dependent on the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> than before, the special + conditions of whole countries had been ignored. Thus every Bishop, + who wished to leave his diocese, was first to get the Pope's + permission from Rome, and the Archbishops were to delate all who + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page199">[pg 199]</span><a name="Pg199" + id="Pg199" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> acted otherwise at Rome. Simor + observed sharply on that, <span class="tei tei-q">“This then is the + position Rome assigns to Metropolitans, after robbing them of all + their ancient rights: to be the accusers of their conprovincial + Bishops.”</span> Another declared roundly that, if his physician sent + him to a watering-place, he should not think of asking leave from + Rome. Jacobini would not even recognise the right of Bishops to + attend the political assemblies of their countries, of which they are + members by the Constitution, because, as the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> words it, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“assembleæ generales”</span> no longer exist in the sense + allowed by Urban <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">viii.</span></span> The Pope was further + to have the right henceforth of giving away the benefices in the + Bishop's gift during the vacancy of the See, which would bring in a + large increase of taxes for the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, and draw a number of + candidates to Rome again, as in the palmy days before the + Reformation. In Germany we should get back the class of so-called + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curtisanen</span></span>,<a id="noteref_42" + name="noteref_42" href="#note_42"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">42</span></span></a> who + notoriously did so much to promote the Protestant division. The + Bishops inflicted many a blow on the abuse of expensive dispensations + to be elaborated at Rome from artificially derived impediments of + marriage (as of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page200">[pg + 200]</span><a name="Pg200" id="Pg200" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + cousins, godfathers, and the like) before the Legate's bell could + stop them. Then a Hungarian Bishop related, how it often happens that + a poor woman comes weeping to the Bishop, to beg him to save her + marriage and her very existence by a dispensation. But the Bishop + must let the poor woman be ruined, for not he but the Pope only can + dispense, and <span class="tei tei-q">“mulier non habet + pecunias—pecunias.”</span> The Court Prelates said afterwards that + this Hungarian had made himself very disagreeable with his + <span class="tei tei-q">“mulier non habet pecunias.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following + occurrence was comic:—You know in what repute the supple and + complaisant Fessler, Bishop of St. Pölten, is held here, the first + herald for retailing the new dogma to the world. Not long ago, + Charbonnel, the Capuchin Bishop of Sozopolis, placed himself near + him, and began to speak of clerical place-hunting, the eagerness for + distinctions and promotions among Bishops, and the crooked ways they + often take to obtain them, and pointed so unmistakeably by look and + gesticulation at his neighbour, the Secretary, that on going out + Fessler said it was high time to put an end to the Council, which was + every day getting more disagreeable. The question was then started by + German and Hungarian Bishops whether it would not be better, as + Martin <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page201">[pg 201]</span><a name= + "Pg201" id="Pg201" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> thought, to substitute + lay-brothers for clergymen's housekeepers, or whether the restoration + of <span class="tei tei-q">“the common life”</span>—the Chrodogang + institute—of course in a very modified form, should be attempted. + They overlooked the fact that such matters cannot be regulated by a + Council, but must be arranged according to the disposition and + circumstances of the clergy in the various dioceses. Haynald, + Meignan, Bishop of Châlons, and the Chaldean Patriarch, insisted that + mere school questions should not be decided by the Council without + any necessity, and that some freedom of movement must be left to + Science. But the word freedom has nowhere so ill a sound as at Rome. + Only one kind of freedom can be spoken of here—the freedom of the + Church; and, in their favourite and accustomed manner of speech, by + the Church is intended the Pope, and by freedom domination over the + State, according to the Decretals. And to talk of freedom of Science! + The Council, if it entertained such views, would be forgetting + altogether that it was only called together for two purposes—to + increase the plenary power of the Pope, and to aggrandize the + Jesuits. But the Order has, like the Paris labourer of 1848, + <span class="tei tei-q">“le droit du travail;”</span> it is not + content to exist only, but must work—of course in its own way,—and + for this it requires two things: <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page202">[pg 202]</span><a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> first, new dogmas; and secondly, plenty of + condemnations and anathemas. The business of the Council is to + provide both.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Cardinals, + with the exception of Rauscher, Schwarzenberg, and Mathieu, have + taken no part in the speaking, nor have the Generals of Orders and + Abbots. Only when the need for a reform of the Cardinals themselves + was spoken of, Cardinal di Pietro rose, who is regarded as the most + liberal-minded of the Italians in the Sacred College, to show that + such a reform could only be a financial one, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, + that the Cardinals required larger incomes. What the Bishops meant + was something very different, viz., a better and fuller + representation of different nations in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, + and a limitation of the Italian monopoly. But scattered observations + of that kind could elicit no sort of real apprehension in the minds + of the Italians, who are firmly seated in the saddle; so secure do + they feel in their possession of a dominion many centuries old, and + so very odd do the claims of other nations appear to them. In this + point the present Romans or Latins are of the same mind as the old + Romans of the sinking Republic, who sacrificed 600,000 men in the + Confederate war rather than allow equal political rights to their + Italian allies.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page203">[pg + 203]</span><a name="Pg203" id="Pg203" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The great blow, + which brings matters near a decision, has now been just struck, and + all that the Jesuit and anti-German party longed for, and the French + and Germans feared, is now before our eyes, the third <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“on the Church and the Pope,”</span> has been + distributed, and leaves hardly anything to be desired in point of + clearness and plain speaking. These transparent decrees and anathemas + may be thus summed up: <span class="tei tei-q">“The Christian world + consists simply of masters and slaves; the masters are the Italians, + the Pope and his Court, and the slaves are all Bishops (including the + Italians themselves), all priests, and all the laity.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This third + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, which was distributed to + the Bishops on January 21, is a lengthy document of 213 pages, + entitled <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Ecclesiâ</span></span>, and it is the one the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> is + chiefly bent on getting received. It is said to be the work of a + red-hot Infallibilist, Gay, Vicar-General of the Infallibilist Bishop + Pie of Poitiers, and is so drawn up that by a slight addition the + Infallibility of the Pope, which it already leads up to and implies, + can be inserted in express form very easily, and as the necessary + logical supplement; and thus the internal harmony of this important + document, with its appended anathemas, would be completely secured. + Three main <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page204">[pg + 204]</span><a name="Pg204" id="Pg204" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + ideas run through the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, + and are formulated into dogmatic decrees guarded with anathemas: + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">First</span></span>, to the Pope belongs + absolute dominion over the whole Church, whether dispersed or + assembled in Council; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">secondly</span></span>, the Pope's temporal + sovereignty over a portion of the Peninsula must be maintained as + pertaining to dogma; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">thirdly</span></span>, Church and State are + immutably connected, but in the sense that the Church's laws always + hold good before and against the civil law; and therefore every Papal + ordinance that is opposed to the Constitution and law of the land + binds the faithful, under mortal sin, to disobedience to the + Constitution and law of their country.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page205">[pg 205]</span><a name= + "Pg205" id="Pg205" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc45" id="toc45"></a> <a name="pdf46" id="pdf46"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Sixteenth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Feb. + 5.</span></span>—On reviewing the situation, I believe I may venture + to say that it has become better, far better, than it was a few weeks + ago. For this the Christian world is mainly indebted to the noble, + dignified and united attitude of the German and Hungarian Bishops. + These men,—I speak of course only of the majority of the + forty-six—while taking frequent and most conscientious consultation + with one another, and knowing the three German Cardinals to be in + substantial agreement with them, have gained almost daily in + clearness of view, confidence and decision; and their example, again, + has encouraged the Bishops of other nations. If, as many fear, + Ketteler should, at the critical moment, go over to the Papal side, + and let his sympathy for the convenient Infallibilist doctrine get + the better of his love for the German Church and nation, his loss + will be more than made up by forces newly <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page206">[pg 206]</span><a name="Pg206" id="Pg206" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> gained. Hefele, who is the first living + authority about Councils, has signed the Opposition address, and + would, I believe, have still more gladly signed a stronger one. Three + Cardinals of one nation who don't want to have anything to do with + Papal Infallibility! <span class="tei tei-q">“It is an unheard-of, an + abominable thing,”</span> say the Romans. <span class="tei tei-q">“O + that we still had Reisach! his loss is bitter at so critical a + moment, and that we should have to console ourselves for his death by + the living voices of Martin, Senestrey, Leonrod and Stahl, is still + bitterer!”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Hungarians are + greatly influenced by knowing that they would find themselves + isolated in their own country, if they, the representatives of + ecclesiastical reform, were to return from Rome conquered, and as + forced believers in Papal Infallibility and the complete system of + ecclesiastical despotism. Their position is one of close union, and + by its union is imposing; whereas the fifteen or sixteen Bishops of + Austrian Germany are somewhat weakened by the desertion of Martin and + the three Bavarians and the approaching apostasy of Ketteler, who is + already preparing the way for it in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mainzer + Journal</span></span>. From thence, as I perceive, has the falsehood + gained currency, that the Opposition are ready to accept Spalding's + (professedly) <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page207">[pg + 207]</span><a name="Pg207" id="Pg207" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + modified proposals, and thus to acknowledge Infallibility in its + grossest form and vote the whole third <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>—that Magna Charta of + ecclesiastical absolutism—absolutely and without any change. That + would indeed be a catastrophe almost without precedent in Church + history. We should have to assume that the Opposition Bishops had + resolved to verify in their own case Mazarin's saying about + Parliaments, that their policy is always to say <span class= + "tei tei-q">“No,”</span> and act <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Yes.”</span> Ketteler, moreover, has special grounds of + his own for gaining or preserving the particular favour of the Pope; + for remembering his retirement from the candidature for the + Archbishopric of Cologne, he might effect the abolition of the + compact of Rome with the Governments, which secures a veto to the + latter, and the introduction of either entirely free elections with + Papal confirmation, or, still better, of simple nomination of Bishops + by the Pope. He has spoken in Congregation in this sense, and was of + course cheered by the Infallibilists.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">No less strong and + dignified is the attitude of half the French Bishops, who have + attached themselves to men like Darboy, Dupanloup, Landriot of + Rheims, Meignan of Châlons and Ginoulhiac of Grenoble. On the other + side, there are about twenty decided Infallibilists, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page208">[pg 208]</span><a name="Pg208" id="Pg208" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> while the rest of the French Bishops wait + or avoid speaking out. The party of Darboy and Dupanloup have the + double advantage of being supported by their Government—while the + Austrian ministry assumes a wholly apathetic and indifferent + position,—and of belonging to the nation whose troops make the + Council and the civil Government of the Pope possible, and whose + Bishops therefore the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> is obliged to treat with + respect. A French Bishop can say a good deal without, as a rule, + having to fear being called to order by the Legate's bell.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The North American + Bishops too are being gradually educated to ecclesiastical maturity + in the school of Rome and the Council, and have already grown out of + that naïve belief in the disinterested generosity and superhuman + wisdom of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> which most of them brought + here. To-day the Pope paid them a visit at the American College, + conversed in a friendly way with the Bishops individually, said + obliging things, and, in a word, displayed those well-known powers of + fascination he has such a command of. <span class="tei tei-q">“A + month ago this would have taken effect,”</span> said an American + priest who was present, <span class="tei tei-q">“but now it comes too + late.”</span> He also assured me that not five of the forty-five + American Bishops <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page209">[pg + 209]</span><a name="Pg209" id="Pg209" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + would sign the Infallibilist Petition or vote for the dogma.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I have heard many, + and especially French, Prelates say, during the last few days, + sometimes in obscure hints, sometimes clearly, that the Council will + soon—in a few weeks—be closed or dissolved; an opinion all the more + surprising, because nothing as yet has been done. In that case the + Bull with the many Excommunications will have to be treated as + issuing from the Council.<a id="noteref_43" name="noteref_43" href= + "#note_43"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">43</span></span></a> But the + only relation of the Bishops to that Bull is as the suffering and + punished party.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The third Solemn + Session was to have been held on February 2, but had again to fall + through from the want of any materials. And there are still mountains + of work and numbers of elaborate <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schemata</span></span> awaiting the Council; for + the decrees it is summoned to make, or rather which Pius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> + intends to proclaim to the world, <span class="tei tei-q">“with the + approbation of the Council,”</span> are to be veritable pandects + embracing the entire doctrine and constitution of the Church, + regulating all relations between Church and State, and restoring the + Papal supremacy over the bodies and souls of all men. The domain of + morals, properly so called, is alone excluded; for there the Jesuits + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page210">[pg 210]</span><a name="Pg210" + id="Pg210" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> have good reasons for wishing + to keep their hands free. In short, the projected work that still + remains to be done would occupy at least a year and a half. And for + this end everything has been chosen and sharpened into the form of + canons, which can only introduce complications, provoke conflicts + with the civil Governments, embitter the relations of rival + Confessions, prejudice the position of the Bishops, and foster the + hatred of the lay world against the clergy. And accordingly, with + many Bishops, the wish to escape taking any part in these discussions + may be father to the thought, and a speedy end of the Council may + appear to them a sort of conciliar euthanasia. To many a Bishop has + the old proverb already occurred, in reference to the Council, that + the best thing would be not to have been born and the next best to + die early. It is not the Swiss only who have a home-sickness. And + then there is the treatment; I heard a French Count here say to-day, + <span class="tei tei-q">“On les traite d'une manière + brutale.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I have just + received the last number of the Paris <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Correspondant</span></span>, with its article by + the Viscount of Meaux, Montalembert's son-in-law, who is here. His + account of how the Council is treated is so much to the point, and so + thoroughly confirms my own statements, that I will quote it for + you.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page211">[pg 211]</span><a name= + "Pg211" id="Pg211" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schemata</span></span>,”</span> + he says, at p. 347, <span class="tei tei-q">“are prepared beforehand, + the order of business is imposed by authority (<span lang="fr" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">imposée</span></span>), the Commissions are + elected before any consultation, from official lists, by a + disciplined majority which votes as one man. On these Commissions the + minority is not represented, and there are no other deliberations + except in Congregation. Before these Congregations the subjects are + brought in all their novelty and laid before the 700 members, without + any previous explanations. It is difficult to understand the + speeches, and there are no reports which the Fathers can inspect, so + that no Bishops have the opportunity of submitting their thoughts to + the deliberate examination of their colleagues. Moreover, they are + forbidden to have anything printed here for the Council. All these + characteristics indicate an assembly summoned to approve, not to + discuss, intended to exalt, not to moderate, the power which has + summoned it. And with what haste does it push on in this direction! + How impatiently does the majority press for a declaration of Papal + Infallibility!”</span> So far the Viscount. Matters must indeed have + come to a pass when so cautious and strictly Catholic a journal as + the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Correspondant</span></span> presents its readers + with this picture of the Council.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page212">[pg 212]</span><a name="Pg212" id="Pg212" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There are two + serious dangers to which we are always exposed. The first I have + already spoken of, which is introducing the plan of passing the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schemata</span></span> by majorities, so that + the desired dogma would be carried as it were by assault. The second + danger—and it seems to me far more threatening—is that one of those + involved and disguised formulas which the Infallibilists vie with one + another in devising, in order to deceive and catch the votes of the + less sharp-sighted Prelates and thus incorporate it into the third + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, may really succeed with + the greater number of the hitherto opposing and protesting Bishops. + This notion is in fact implied in the phrase one has heard so often, + that a middle party must be formed among the Bishops; for the + programme or shibboleth of this middle party is to be an elastic + formula, or one only expressing the thing metaphorically, or, again, + one not sharply dogmatic but rather pious and edifying in sound. By + the help of this middle party the formula might be made acceptable to + the rest of the Prelates, and the desired end be happily attained. + Thus Mermillod and two others have to-day invented a phrase, which + seems to them suited to square the circle and to satisfy and unite + all. They say they wish to declare that the Pope, whenever he speaks + on doctrine, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page213">[pg + 213]</span><a name="Pg213" id="Pg213" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + speaks <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">tanquam os et organum + Ecclesiæ</span></span>. And by this they understand that the Church + has no other mouth than him and without him is dumb, from which it + obviously follows that he is infallible. I doubt if many Bishops will + be detained in the meshes of a net so coarsely spun. No better is the + formula invented by Spalding, which might be called a pretty + downright one,—that everybody must inwardly assent to every doctrinal + decision of the Pope on pain of everlasting damnation.<a id= + "noteref_44" name="noteref_44" href="#note_44"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">44</span></span></a> That + goes far beyond even the Manning-Deschamps Address, which limits his + infallibility to decrees addressed to the whole Church, while this + formula of Spalding's declares every conceivable Papal utterance + (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">judicium</span></span>) infallible; for a + Christian can only give the assent of inward belief, when there is no + possibility of error and when there is a really divine authority and + revelation. Every theologian must declare this invention of the + Archbishop of Baltimore's to be the most monstrous demand ever made + on the conscience and understanding of the Catholic world. It is as + if a courtier at Teheran were to say, <span class="tei tei-q">“I will + not indeed affirm that our Shah is almighty, <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page214">[pg 214]</span><a name="Pg214" id="Pg214" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> but I do assert confidently that he can create + out of nothing whatever he will and that his will is always + accomplished.”</span> The reverend Fathers who torment themselves + with inventing such devices would perhaps do best if they were to + make a collection among themselves, and offer a prize of 100 ducats + for that form of circumlocution or involution most securely adapted + for entrapping the innocent souls of Bishops. Then the most ingenious + heads from all Europe would compete in sending in their suggestions, + and the right bait might be discovered among them.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page215">[pg 215]</span><a name= + "Pg215" id="Pg215" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc47" id="toc47"></a> <a name="pdf48" id="pdf48"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Seventeenth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Feb. + 5.</span></span>—To supplement and partly to verify the news in my + last letter, I will now tell you some facts that came to light + yesterday and the day before.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Opposition + Addresses were presented to the Pope on January 26, subscribed by + forty-six Germans and Hungarians, thirty French, and twenty Italian + Bishops, together with some of the North American Bishops, the + Portuguese, and certain others. Cardinal Barnabo had employed all + available means of intimidation to prevent the Orientals from + signing, and hence the number of signatures was somewhat below what + had been expected. Of the Germans, Martin, Senestrey, Stahl and + Leonrod had signed the Infallibilist Address, which, as was only + afterwards discovered, has not been presented, because—it was + countermanded. It is not, as I first informed you, composed by the + Episcopal Committee, but by the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page216">[pg 216]</span><a name="Pg216" id="Pg216" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Jesuits, and emanates from the bureau of the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>; the abiding marvel is + that 400 Bishops could be induced to sign such a document without + even verifying a single one of the pretended facts cited in it. That + an Infallibilist should subscribe in blind confidence, and without + examination, a document coming from the Pope himself, is natural; but + that 400 pastors of the Church, assembled for deciding and therefore + for examining ecclesiastical questions, should endorse on faith the + composition of a nameless Jesuit, is an occurrence the Order may + pride itself on.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A Petition has + been set on foot by the Jesuits, and hawked about with the Pope's + approval, proposing that the bodily Assumption of the Mother of the + Lord should be made an article of faith, and all who henceforth doubt + of it, or point to the notorious origin of the notion from apocryphal + writings, be anathematized. This anathema would inevitably fall on + every one who is acquainted with Church history and patristic + literature. This passionate delight in anathemas, curses and refusals + of absolution has been powerfully aroused, as you may see from the + canons which reproduce the Syllabus and are added to the third + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page217">[pg 217]</span><a name="Pg217" id="Pg217" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> The augurs of the Gesù do not indeed smile, but + simper, when they meet each other, for they know that the rich + harvest from these seeds will drop into the bosom of their Order. + Here again it is shown plainly that the interests of the Bishops and + of the Jesuits are sharply opposed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That Bull, with + its many curses and cases reserved to the Pope, which fills the + Jesuits with hope and joy (though not they but the Dominicans of the + Inquisition are its authors), is for the Bishops a source of + discouragement and despair, so that the Bishop of Trent is said to + have lately observed that he would rather resign his See than publish + it. It is now asserted that the Pope has again suspended it, partly + on account of remonstrances of the French Government, partly to put + the Bishops in better humour for the Infallibilist definition.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Petition for + the new Marian dogma had 300 signatures on January 31. In managing + such affairs the Jesuits are unrivalled, for the Order is like a + great actor, such as Garrick, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, whose every limb from top to + toe moves, speaks, and conspires to express the same idea. Then they + have an Infallibilist Petition from the East, the only one known to + have been got <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page218">[pg + 218]</span><a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> up; + that is to say, they made the Maronite boys and youths of their + educational establishment sign the Petition they had drawn up.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As I now hear, the + majority, on January 25, resolved to let their Address and Petition + drop, if the minority will accept Spalding's proposed addition to the + third <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>. They are + indeed very magnanimous, for that addition, as was observed just now, + goes much further and stands to the Address somewhat as Dido's + ox-hide cut up into thongs to the hide before it was cut: it will + embrace whole countries and cities. Spalding desires too to have the + Index placed completely under the shield of Papal Infallibility, and + therefore the opinion that the Pope can have made any mistake about + the sense of a book is to be condemned. Next day, the Petition of the + minority, who knew nothing of the decision of the other party, was + presented to the Pope and rejected by him. The Infallibilists appear + to have spread the report that their Address had been actually given + in simply for the purpose of catching their opponents in a trap.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On Sunday, January + 23, the Commission named by the Pope for examining motions proposed + held its first <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page219">[pg + 219]</span><a name="Pg219" id="Pg219" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + sitting, under the presidency of Cardinal Patrizzi and not of the + Pope himself, as was thought—seven weeks after the Council met and + when a number of motions had long been awaiting its scrutiny. This + delay had evidently been designed. It has now been resolved to + arrange and examine proposals, not according to subjects but nations, + so that the proposals of the French, Germans, etc., will be + separately discussed and decided upon.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cardinal Rauscher + has written, or got written, a treatise on the Infallibility question + in German, which is now being translated into Latin, and which does + not merely oppose the dogma as inopportune, but attacks the whole + principle and, as I am assured, on fundamental grounds. But it cannot + be printed here, where the Roman censorship is constantly growing + stricter. It will be printed in Vienna, and copies will then have to + be sent here under cover to the Austrian Embassy. To the + representations of the German and French Bishops against the + oppressiveness and injustice to the minority of the order of + business, the Pope has not seen fit to make any reply. <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Væ victis!</span></span> Woe to them who do not + belong to the faithful and devoted majority! This is what resounds + here, morning, noon and night. <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page220">[pg 220]</span><a name="Pg220" id="Pg220" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Meanwhile the Papal Committee of the Council + has devised a new means for paralysing the minority, and cutting + short discussions which might easily become inconvenient. It is + directed that all objections or proposals for modifications of the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schemata</span></span> are first to be handed + over in writing to the Presidents and referred by them to the + Commission <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">de Fide</span></span>, which rejects or admits + them at its pleasure. If the authors of the proposals appeal against + the decision of the Commission, the whole Council decides, of course + by simple majority of votes. If this arrangement were really to be + introduced, the minority—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, the German and French + Bishops—would be deprived of all possibility of exerting any + influence on the composition of the decrees or warding off any decree + they considered injurious; they would always be outvoted, and the + Council would more and more take the form of a mere machine for + outvoting them. The Bishops would soon learn to spare themselves the + useless trouble of proposing changes, and a much closer approach + would be effected to the great object of making new articles of faith + and decrees by a mere majority of votes. The only question is what + the French and Germans intend to put up <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page221">[pg 221]</span><a name="Pg221" id="Pg221" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> with from the Italians and Spaniards, for it is + clear that here again the question of nationalities turns up in the + background, and the Brennus sword of the Southern and Latin majority + is always ready to be thrown into the scale.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page222">[pg 222]</span><a name= + "Pg222" id="Pg222" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc49" id="toc49"></a> <a name="pdf50" id="pdf50"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Eighteenth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Feb. + 6.</span></span>—The report of the dissolution or prorogation of the + Council gains in strength. Manning has found it important enough to + have it contradicted in his journal, the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tablet</span></span>. + He writes, or makes somebody write, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Holy + Father is full of strength and confidence, and has no intention of + proroguing the Council, as his enemies say.”</span> As far as the + Pope is concerned, I hold the statement to be true. Pius is still + absolutely confident of success and firmly convinced of two + things—<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">first</span></em>, of his divine, legitimate and + irresistible fulness of power, which requires that a conspicuous + example, memorable for all future ages, shall be made of the Bishops + who oppose him; <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">secondly</span></em>, of the special protecting + grace and guidance accorded to the Council by the Holy Virgin, on + whose benevolence he notoriously maintains that he has very special + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page223">[pg 223]</span><a name="Pg223" + id="Pg223" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> claims. He has issued an + Indulgence for the whole Church, which gives us some insight into his + connection of ideas and religious views. In the Bull of December + 1869, he says that the Dominican General, Jandel, has represented to + him that the new method of prayer, consisting of 150 repetitions of + the <span class="tei tei-q">“Hail, Mary,”</span> was first introduced + at the time the grand crusade against the Albigenses was organized. + But our own age is infected with so many monstrous errors that this + new method of prayer should be employed now also, in order that under + the mighty protection of the Mother of God the Council may destroy + these monsters. Whoever, therefore, after confession and communion, + recites the Rosary daily for a week, for the Pope's intention and for + the happy termination of the Council, may gain a plenary indulgence + of all his sins, applicable also to the dead. The Pope adds that even + when a child, and far more as Pope, he has always placed his whole + confidence in the Mother of God, and that he firmly believes it to be + given to her alone by God to destroy all heresies throughout the + world. How this special power of the Holy Virgin consists with the + fact that many heresies have now lasted quietly for fourteen + centuries, it would be interesting <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page224">[pg 224]</span><a name="Pg224" id="Pg224" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> to know. The rest the reader may find himself + in the German Pastorals.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pius has even had + his naïve but robust belief in his own heavenly illumination and + vocation to proclaim new doctrines sensibly embodied in a picture. In + a chamber beyond the Raphael Gallery there is a picture painted by + his order; he stands in glorified attitude on a throne proclaiming + his favourite dogma of the Immaculate Conception, while the Divine + Trinity and the Holy Virgin look down from heaven well pleased upon + him, and from the Cross, borne in the arms of an angel, flashes a + bright ray on his countenance. Thus Pius stands in a special mystical + relation to Mary; she guides and inspires the Council through him, + and he in turn will proclaim, with its assent, the decrees she has + inspired and which will destroy the monstrous errors of the present + day, or will at least give them a fatal blow. Unfortunately, not one + single decree has yet been brought out after exactly two months, and + all the heresies continue just as strong as before the Council met. + And yet the pregnant and successful Councils of the ancient Church + did not require a longer time for their decisions; the Council of + Nice was finished in two months, the Council of Chalcedon in + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page225">[pg 225]</span><a name="Pg225" + id="Pg225" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> six weeks. Certainly it was + not then supposed that Mary had first to give the Pope, and then he + to give the Council, the weapons for destroying heresies: they were + content to rely on the Paraclete promised by Christ.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile the + present assembly has nothing in common with those ancient Synods, + except in being composed of persons called Bishops. But our Bishops + are unlike those of the ancient Church, for they have to yield up to + the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> three-fourths of the rights + possessed by their predecessors, and it would be simply ridiculous to + liken the state of tutelage and restraint they are now placed under + by the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> to the free and independent + attitude of the fifth-century Councils. The more free-spoken among + them have just addressed, on 2d February, another Petition to the + Pope, requesting that the so-called Council Hall in St. Peter's may + be exchanged for a more suitable chamber; for now that serious + discussions on the dogmas and decrees are to begin—and the third + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> will be met with strong and + persevering opposition in many of its articles—the present + arrangement becomes still more intolerable than before. Any regular + discussion is simply impossible in the present Council Hall; there is + no doubt of that. <span class="tei tei-q">“That is just + right,”</span> say the Papal <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page226">[pg 226]</span><a name="Pg226" id="Pg226" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> officials; <span class="tei tei-q">“we neither + desire nor need discussion, but simply that the propositions should + be voted.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“But this is an unheard-of + thing, against all conciliar usage and all natural right,”</span> + reply the Bishops. Archbishop Darboy said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“We are called on to anathematize doctrines and persons; + to pass sentences of spiritual death. But would any jury in the world + pronounce capital sentence without first having heard the + defence?”</span> And thus the Council has entered on a very critical + period, and a spirit of irritation is becoming visible, increased by + the constantly deepening conviction that the Bishops are to be used + for purposes alien to their minds and suicidal. One word describes + the entire plot—outvoting by majorities. The united German, French + and North American Bishops are opposed to a well disciplined army of + about 500, who will vote as one man at the beck of the Pope. This + army consists of 300 Papal boarders, the 62 Bishops of the Roman + States who are doubly subject to him, 68 Neapolitans, 80 of the + Spanish race, some 110 titular Bishops without dioceses, the Italian + Cardinals, 30 Generals of Orders, etc.<a id="noteref_45" name= + "noteref_45" href="#note_45"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">45</span></span></a> In a + word, the Latin South is arrayed <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page227">[pg 227]</span><a name="Pg227" id="Pg227" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> against the French and German North. And + therefore the design of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, to carry decrees or dogmas + on every question of Church and State, etc., by a mere calculation of + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">plus</span></em> and <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">minus</span></em>, is + doubly monstrous and utterly unchurchlike. For, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">first</span></em>, it + must inevitably produce a deep national irritation, if it is said + hereafter in Germany, Bohemia, Hungary, France and the United States, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Italians and Spaniards have triumphed + over our views and interests at Rome, simply because their dioceses + are much smaller than ours and they have 50 Bishops for 100,000 + souls, while we have only one.”</span> <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Secondly</span></em>, + it involves a complete break with the past of the Church and the + practice of Councils. Some Bishops have examined the official records + of the Council of Trent by the Roman historian Pallavicini, and have + found there that Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> directed his Legates—and + that too with special reference to a decree on the fulness of Papal + jurisdiction—to make no decrees the Bishops were not <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">unanimously agreed + upon</span></em>.<a id="noteref_46" name="noteref_46" href= + "#note_46"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">46</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But now just the + contrary is to take place. The decisive contest on that point—if it + comes to an open contest—will not be fought on the third <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">On</span> <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page228">[pg 228]</span><a name="Pg228" id="Pg228" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-style: italic">the + Church and the Pope</span></span>, but at once on the first + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, the handiwork of the + Jesuits, when it is returned to the Council, professedly modified but + in substance unchanged, from the Commission of two Jesuits and three + Infallibilists. As we hear, no attention has been paid to the counter + representations of the Bishops, some of whom have objected to it + altogether as superfluous and mischievous, some as erroneous and + exaggerated. It will now without further discussion, which is simply + impossible in the Council Hall, be accepted by the mere majority of + votes of the compact troop of Infallibilists, who are at the Pope's + command as <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "fr"><span style="font-style: italic">valets à tout + faire</span></span>, and proclaimed as a dogma by Pius, <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">approbante Concilio</span></span>, as the form + runs. Thereby, according to approved Roman doctrine, has the Holy + Ghost spoken by the mouth of His divine representative, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“causa finita est;”</span> and it only remains for the + 150 or 200 opposing Bishops to make all haste to perform a great + mental evolution, to change their laws of thought, to reverence as + revealed truth what they have hitherto rejected as error, and to + force the clergy and laity under them by excommunication and + suspension to perform the same gymnastic feat of leaping at one jump + from unbelief into firm and immoveable faith.</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page229">[pg 229]</span><a name="Pg229" id="Pg229" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The modern and + purely mechanical scholasticism has brought matters to such a pass + that many seriously look upon the Council as a machine, which only + needs turning to get new dogmas carried and authorized by the Holy + Ghost. Formerly, theologians used to say that the voice of a General + Council is nothing but the voice of the whole Church concentrated in + one place; that every Bishop bears witness to the traditional belief + of his Church and of his predecessors; and that the harmony of these + testimonies proves what is the universal belief, and thus attests the + truth and purity of the profession of faith sanctioned by the + Council. But now all this is entirely changed. The Bishops have come, + without any previous knowledge as to what they were to vote about; + long-winded and ready-made documents are laid before them on + questions most of them have never examined in their lives, of which + their flocks at home know nothing and have never heard; they are + expected to pass decrees the necessity and opportuneness of which + appear to them highly problematical, and to pronounce a string of + anathemas, because the Pope and Jesuits will it. They are cooped up + in a treadmill called a Council, and must willingly or unwillingly + grind what is thrown into it. It cannot <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page230">[pg 230]</span><a name="Pg230" id="Pg230" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> indeed be exactly said that this procedure is + new and unprecedented, for the same thing occurred, on a much smaller + scale, at the Fifth Lateran Council under Julius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + and Leo. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">x.</span></span>; but then only the + Italian Bishops were made use of, who had long been broken in to the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">rôle</span></span> of flunkeys. Now, on the + contrary, the Bishops of all nations have been brought into prison at + Rome, and are to say Yea and Amen to the decrees the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> and + the Jesuits have drawn up and mean to make obligatory.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the minority + have taken courage, and stand on the defensive; and so the machine is + at a standstill. The opponents of Infallibilism have not decreased; + on the contrary, it is now thought that about 200 will vote against + it. Many, who at first were only <span class= + "tei tei-q">“inopportunists,”</span> have now through more careful + investigation of the question become decided opponents of the + doctrine itself.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Antonelli does not + spare assurances, that the Governments may be quite at ease as to the + decrees to be issued by the Council; he says they only affect + theology, that nothing will be changed in practical life by them, and + that the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> has no intention of + employing them for the purpose of interfering with political affairs. + But these reassuring declarations are only made orally; <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page231">[pg 231]</span><a name="Pg231" id="Pg231" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> great care is taken to avoid putting them + into a written, and therefore binding, form. Meanwhile the French + Government perfectly comprehends the situation and the objects aimed + at, and has already announced that it will fully support its Bishops + and protect them against the threatened domination by majorities. + Archbishop Lavigerie has gained nothing in Paris, and the decision of + France has been communicated to the Cardinal Secretary of State, to + the effect that the Government will not allow the 33 French Bishops + and their allies of the German and English tongue to be crushed and + forced into adopting dogmas they have rejected. The <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> + has just been singing the praises of Count Daru, who is a living + proof that there are still real statesmen; it will very soon adopt + just the opposite tone.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the points + which make the Bishops the more astonished, the longer they stay here + and the more narrowly they inspect the condition of things, is the + decline of study in Rome, and the want, not merely of learned men but + even, and most especially, of well-grounded theologians. Rome was + never a favourable soil for serious study and true learning; a + resource was found in attracting foreigners here, which could easily + be done by means of the great Religious Orders <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page232">[pg 232]</span><a name="Pg232" id="Pg232" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> whose Generals reside here. But now these + Orders, with the exception of the Jesuits, are in the same state of + decay. Where are men of distinguished learning to be found among the + Dominicans, Carmelites, Cistercians and Franciscans of our own day? + To the Pope himself and those immediately about him this is a matter + of indifference; Pius feels instinctively that, if there were real + theologians at Rome, they would all offer at least a passive + resistance to his <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">penchant</span></em> for creating new dogmas. + Only the Jesuits and their pupils favour that sort of thing; and as + long as there were real theologians in Rome, history knows of no Pope + who was possessed with this abnormal passion for fabricating + dogmas.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, indeed, among + the 41 Italian Cardinals, only two are named as theologians, the + Thomist Guidi and the Barnabite Lulio. Of the achievements of the + latter nothing is known, and he has left the Jesuits to their own + devices in the elaboration of the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schemata</span></span>; but in the Council he is + the chief representative of Roman theology. More distinguished than + Lulio is the Piedmontese Prelate and Professor, Audisio, author of a + History of the Popes, which of course cannot be measured by a German + standard. Vincenzi, a good <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page233">[pg + 233]</span><a name="Pg233" id="Pg233" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Orientalist and author of a learned—but in the main erroneous—apology + for Origen, being a quiet, modest man who goes his own way, is + thought nothing of here, and has neither title, dignities, nor + benefices, although in knowledge he outweighs twenty Monsignori. De + Rossi, the most acute and learned among the genuine Romans, who has + educated himself by the study of German works, is a layman and + therefore cannot be anything. The Dominican Modena, Secretary of the + Congregation of the Index and as such director of the whole + institution, who died a few weeks ago, passed here for a learned + theologian, but no monuments of his knowledge and research are extant + outside the Index. When a foreigner observed to him shortly before + his death that, in order to condemn German or English books, one + should understand something of the language, he showed great surprise + at so unheard-of a demand, and replied that for Italians, who + notoriously far excel all nations in genius and acuteness, if a + foreigner translated a couple of passages from a book into Latin or + Italian, that supplied quite enough materials for pronouncing a + censure on the book. The Dominican Gatti has now succeeded Modena as + Secretary of the Index, and therefore as <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page234">[pg 234]</span><a name="Pg234" id="Pg234" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> supreme judge <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ex + officio</span></span> of the literature of the world. On his + scientific capacity and literary achievements history is silent. And + so the few learned works produced here have to be provided by + foreigners domiciled at Rome.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Theiner publishes + documents from the Archives, so far, that is, as they serve + <span class="tei tei-q">“the good cause;”</span> much he is + notoriously forbidden to publish. The French Benedictine, Pitra, now + a Cardinal, edits the original documents of Greek canon law; the + French Chaillot writes the single important Church journal or record, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Analecta + Juris Pontificii</span></span>, where, notwithstanding its rigid + Ultramontane line, useful collections or ancient treatises not + previously printed may here and there be found. Dogmatics and + theological philosophy—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, philosophy adapted to + dogmatic needs and ends—are provided here by the three German + Jesuits, Schrader, Franzelin and Kleutgen. For here Germans are only + thought available when they have first been transformed into Jesuits + and thereby, as far as possible, un-Germanized. That Order, on which + the features of the Spanish national character of the sixteenth + century are still indelibly impressed, cannot tolerate a genuine + German in his natural shape; it would be compelled to eject + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page235">[pg 235]</span><a name="Pg235" + id="Pg235" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> him as Etna vomited out the + brazen slipper of Empedocles. It is well known that the most + industrious and learned of the Roman Prelates, Liverani, was obliged + to leave Rome; he lives, I believe, at Florence.<a id="noteref_47" + name="noteref_47" href="#note_47"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">47</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If we examine the + names of the Professors at the Roman University of the Sapienza, we + find among the teachers of theology, with the solitary exception of + the Canon-Regular, Tizzani, who is now blind, only monks—Dominicans, + Carmelites and Augustinians—and these mere names wholly unknown + beyond the walls of Rome. No less lamentable is the view presented by + the philosophical, mathematical and philological departments. The + best that can be said of this University, the intellectual metropolis + of 180,000,000, is about this, <span class="tei tei-q">“que c'est une + fille honnête qui ne fait pas parler d'elle.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the whole, the + air here is much too raw, the soil inhospitable, the Index too near, + and the censorship too merciless, for scientific works and serious + investigations. The Italians say of a mindless work, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“É scritto in tempo di Scirocco.”</span> And here there + is an intellectual scirocco established in permanence. And + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page236">[pg 236]</span><a name="Pg236" + id="Pg236" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> thus the brave German + Benedictines, who assembled here some years ago under an Italian + Abbot, Pescetelli, in St. Paul's without the Walls, have become + victims of the unhealthy atmosphere—that is, besides the mental + scirocco indigenous here, the sharp north wind blowing from the Gesù. + They had energetic men among them, such as Nickes and others, were + anxious to work in German fashion, and made a good beginning in a + volume of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Voices from Rome</span></span>, published in + 1860; a German Cardinal was their protector. But no sooner had they + been denounced to the Pope by the Jesuits—German and of ill-repute + for orthodoxy are synonymous terms here than they had to decamp. The + Abbot, weary of these chicaneries, resigned his office and returned + to Montecassino. But the Benedictines generally are looked on most + unfavourably by the authorities here. As it was said in a capital + sentence at Paris, in 1794, that the condemned man was <span class= + "tei tei-q">“suspected of being suspected of deficient sense of + citizenship,”</span> so must it be said of the Benedictines here that + they <span class="tei tei-q">“are suspected of being suspected of a + deficient sense of Papalism.”</span> They are not devoted enough + towards the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>; these little religious + communities cannot be so entirely kept in hand, the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page237">[pg 237]</span><a name="Pg237" id="Pg237" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Jesuits from of old are hostile to them, + and it is found in Rome that they have not hitherto rendered + sufficient service to the great cause of strengthening Roman + domination. They are therefore to be revolutionized, and, like the + Jesuits and the Mendicant Orders, to receive a monarchical + constitution. Their autocratic General will then reside in Rome, and + the Pope will do with them what he did with the Dominicans, when he + made Jandel, the Jesuit pupil, their General. Then the Benedictines + will be for the Jesuits what the Gibeonites were for the Israelites, + their <span class="tei tei-q">“hewers of wood and drawers of + water.”</span><a id="noteref_48" name="noteref_48" href= + "#note_48"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">48</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such a project for + revolutionizing the Benedictines, who would then of course cease to + be sons of St. Benedict, is reputed to be among the measures prepared + for the Council. If the present condition of Rome be compared with + earlier ages, as late as Benedict <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xiv.</span></span>'s reign, or even twenty + or thirty years later, there is truly an enormous difference, and + this deep decay and intellectual collapse cannot be explained by + external causes merely; inward and more hidden motives must be taken + into account, which I think I well understand, but will not here + speak of. That does not trouble our <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page238">[pg 238]</span><a name="Pg238" id="Pg238" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Roman clergy of to-day; they institute no + comparisons, and don't even know the names of the men who dwelt in + the same spot a century ago. And the thought of their own poverty of + intellect and culture, if it ever occurs to the Roman clerisy, does + not at all hinder their always admiring themselves, like Dante's + Rachel,</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style= + "text-align: left; margin-left: 7.20em"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Mai non + si smaga</span></span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Dal suo miraglio, e siedo tutto + giorno</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Ell' é de' suoi begli occhi veder + vaga.</span><span style="font-size: 90%">”</span></span><a id= + "noteref_49" name="noteref_49" href="#note_49"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">49</span></span></a> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page239">[pg 239]</span><a name= + "Pg239" id="Pg239" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc51" id="toc51"></a> <a name="pdf52" id="pdf52"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Nineteenth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Feb. 8, + 1870.</span></span>—It is a most exciting drama that is being + exhibited here, and notwithstanding much that is both little and + painful in its details, one of great and moving import; and those who + have the opportunity of inspecting its machinery more narrowly, can + hardly at times avoid feeling very strongly on the subject. The + figure of Laocoon, with the snakes coiled round him, is constantly + recurring to my mind; for I seem to be witnessing the strategical + arts and skilful evolutions of a general, who is trying to surround a + little band of opponents with his immensely superior forces, so as to + compel them to lay down their arms and surrender at discretion + without striking a blow. The disproportion is indeed enormous; first + there is the Pope, whose mere name still is a host in itself, and + that Pope is Pius, who for twenty-four years has had such homage and + flatteries heaped upon him as no Pope ever had before, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page240">[pg 240]</span><a name="Pg240" id="Pg240" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and who is accustomed to shake the Roman + Olympus by his nod. Then there are the Cardinals and Prelates, the + whole spiritual staff of Congregations—the Papal family—all fully + united and resolved, and the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">contribuens + plebs</span></span> of foreign Bishops, who are fairly caught in the + net, and will not be suffered to escape without the bonds and chains + of the most stringent decrees securing their obedience. On the other + side stand from 150 to 200 Bishops, of divers tongues and nations and + now for the first time united by a common need and a common danger, + like a snowball liable to melt at the first breath of milder air, and + fighting like those Spaniards of the Cortes, who, with one foot + chained to a stone, compelled the Mexicans to spare their lives. One + asks every morning in doubt and terror, how far the solvents employed + have attained their end? Many would gladly capitulate if only they + were met half-way by tolerable conditions, and such would secure them + a rather less cold reception on their return to their dioceses. + Meanwhile the eyes and the hopes of all educated Catholics, not only + in Germany but in Italy, France and North America, are fixed on the + chosen band of 300 Bishops.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But how are + matters likely to proceed? The Opposition is tough and tenacious. + Every new <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> bears + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page241">[pg 241]</span><a name="Pg241" + id="Pg241" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> so unmistakeably the impress + of the interests of either the Jesuits or the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, + that the Bishops cannot help growing constantly more cautious, + suspicious and reserved. And to make their designs still clearer, the + Jesuits supply the practical commentary in their official journal, + the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>, to the effect that no + measures of the Governments against the encroachments of the Church + on the civil jurisdiction, or her summons to transgress the laws of + the country, would bind the consciences of their subjects. The + subjoined anathema against every one who refuses to acknowledge that + laws are annulled by the ordinances of the Church (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, the + Pope), is a sorry consolation for the Bishops; for experience has + shown too often that courts of justice and statesmen don't trouble + themselves about the excommunications incurred in the discharge of + their official duties. The Bishops accordingly foresee nothing but + endless rubs and collisions with the civil power, as well as with + whole classes of the population at home; and when the Jesuits are + commended to them as pledged and triumphant allies in the contest to + be waged against Governments, constitutions and laws, they generally + shake their heads suspiciously and with no particular feeling of + triumphant joy.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page242">[pg + 242]</span><a name="Pg242" id="Pg242" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Pope's 300 + episcopal foster-sons cost him 25,000 francs daily, and that makes + the pleasant little sum of 1,500,000 francs for two sterile months, + during which these doughty warriors have sat a good deal, but + accomplished nothing by their sitting; for the old Roman proverb, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Romanus vincit sedendo,”</span> has not been + verified here. The Pope is gradually getting frightened at this daily + expenditure, and, after the fashion of great lords, who readily lay + the blame of the failure of their own plans on the bad advice of + their subjects, he said to-day, in an outbreak of disgust, + <span class="tei tei-q">“per furia di farmi infallibile, mi faranno + fallire.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The proceedings of + the Council must therefore be expedited and curtailed. At the same + time nothing must be remitted of the matters it is to deal with and + vote into canons and decrees. Therefore the order of business must be + changed. Cardinal Antonelli says now that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the speeches have been too long and too many, and must + be entirely put an end to; the Bishops must be content with handing + over their observations in writing to the Commission of twenty-four + or the Commission for Petitions.”</span> He tries to sweeten the + bitter draught to their lips by remarking that this decision is for + their own advantage, for, after being so <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page243">[pg 243]</span><a name="Pg243" id="Pg243" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> wearied out with the long sittings and + listening to speeches, they must be glad to be relieved of the + burden. The Bishops, however, experience no such joyful feeling, but + say that the last vestige of conciliar freedom is now abolished. They + have the more reason for saying so, since it is notorious that the + Infallibilist and purely Romanist party is exclusively represented on + the Commissions, so that it may be clearly foreseen that the remarks + and suggestions of the liberal-minded and reforming Bishops will + simply be thrown into the waste-paper basket, or, under the most + favourable circumstances, be buried in the archives of St. Angelo. At + the moment I am writing the new <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Regolamento</span></span> has not yet been + published, owing to the urgent requests and representations of + certain Bishops. But to judge from Antonelli's statement, the + authorities seem determined to drop the last veil, and show quite + openly to the world that the Council has been arranged as a mere + machine of Roman administration, and must therefore of course be + forced back into the path from which it had wandered. Many a Bishop + now looks back with painful regret to the Council of Trent, where, + notwithstanding the haughty insolence of the Italians, the + ambassadors of Spain and France acted as protectors <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page244">[pg 244]</span><a name="Pg244" id="Pg244" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to the foreign Prelates, and were a great + check on the arbitrary violence of the Legates. Now, Antonelli + assures every diplomatist who says a word on the unprecedented method + of procedure, and the hostile character of the proposed decrees + towards the State, that these things have only a theoretical and + doctrinal significance, and that in practice the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> + will study a wise moderation, and place itself on a friendly footing + with the Governments. He means, that when one fills one's arsenal + with new and effective weapons, that is no proof that they will at + once be discharged. I don't know whether this satisfies the + diplomatists. Perhaps Count Trautmansdorff is satisfied, for his + Government has repeatedly announced its resolve to wait quietly till + the Council is over and the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> is put in possession of all + the decrees and dogmas it wants. Then, when the new doctrines are + already inserted in all the catechisms and taught in all seminaries + and enforced in every confessional, it will be time enough to + consider what line the civil power should take in the matter. M. de + Banneville and the Paris Government do not seem to be of this + opinion. I don't imagine they are minded at Paris so entirely to + sacrifice the Bishops to the arbitrary will of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> and + its <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page245">[pg 245]</span><a name= + "Pg245" id="Pg245" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> paid majority, and for + the last few days the French ambassador has been engaged in a lively + telegraphic correspondence with his own Government. We may very soon + expect important disclosures.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As far as I can + make out, the conviction still prevails among the Roman clergy and + their episcopal allies that the dogma of Infallibility in the third + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> will be accepted by the + Council, at least in a somewhat modified form, but one easily capable + of being extended and quite sufficient for present exigencies. They + say, <span class="tei tei-q">“We will first take the vote on the + question of opportuneness, and a mere majority may very well decide + that. It has decided already by the 400 or 410 signatures to the + (Infallibilist) Address, and the Bishops who have themselves answered + No, will be obliged to yield to this decision, and so to come to the + vote on the dogma itself, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, to declare whether they + personally hold the Pope to be dogmatically fallible or + infallible.”</span> The Romans expect that, when matters have come to + this point, not a few Bishops—especially Ketteler of Mayence, and, it + may be hoped, many more with him—will come over to their side and + profess their faith in Papal Infallibility. In whatever form they + clothe their belief, it comes to the same thing <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page246">[pg 246]</span><a name="Pg246" id="Pg246" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in the end. At last there will only + remain a little band of obstinate Prelates who will protest. They may + talk if they please, and then it will be proclaimed to the world, by + an overwhelming majority of perhaps 700 votes, that it has become + Infallibilist. Then might a new St. Jerome say, with greater force + than the former one said of Arianism, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Miratus est orbis se esse factum + infallibilistam.”</span> A Roman clergyman, who expressed this + expectation to me with peculiar confidence, added that there had been + a like occurrence at the Council of Trent and it would now be + repeated. I perfectly understood him, and the matter deserves to be + mentioned here as a striking parallel to certain recurring + possibilities. The Council, which was meant to reform and thereby to + save the Church, was brought to an early consideration of the + universal neglect of Bishops to reside in their dioceses and the need + for recognising this duty as one of Divine obligation. But it + appeared at once, in the first period of the Council, that the Court + of Rome and its faithful Italians in the assembly had the strongest + interest in preventing the assertion of this simple and logically + necessary truth. For, as regards the past, it would have implied + severe censure of the practice followed by the Popes since the + beginning <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page247">[pg + 247]</span><a name="Pg247" id="Pg247" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + the thirteenth century, which would be shown to be a constant + violation of the Divine law; while, in regard to the present and + future, it would have seriously limited the plenary power of the + Popes, for it was always held a principle in the Church that no one + could dispense from the law of God. But the non-Italian Bishops, and + nearly all the Italians themselves, were at first in favour of + declaring it to be <span class="tei tei-q">“the Divine law,”</span> + so strong was the evidence. And it was seen clearly enough that from + the divinely imposed obligation must again be inferred the equally + divine rights and institution of the episcopate. Meanwhile the Jesuit + General made his two famous speeches to show that all episcopal + authority was a mere emanation from the Pope. For ten months, from + September 18, 1562 to July 14, 1563, all sessions of the Council had + to be suspended to prevent any decree being made on the subject; and + at last, on July 14, 1563, the twenty-eight Spanish Bishops and + <span class="tei tei-q">“the Divine right of residence”</span> + succumbed to the majority of 192 votes, about three-fourths being + Italians. <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Absit omen!</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> + of February 5, 1870, in its article, <span class="tei tei-q">“I + Politicastri ed il Concilio,”</span> has supplied a noteworthy + commentary on the canons or decrees of the third <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page248">[pg 248]</span><a name="Pg248" id="Pg248" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, + which affirm the Church to be an institution armed with coercive + powers of inflicting bodily punishments; for that is obviously the + meaning. The <span class="tei tei-q">“Politicastri”</span> are those + statesmen who imagine that the State has a sphere of its own, + independent of the legislation of the Church and the interposition of + the Pope. That, according to the Roman Jesuits, is a most abominable + error. A law which contradicts a law of the Church has not the + slightest validity for men's consciences. For the authority of a + Council—and <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">a fortiori</span></span> of a Pope, from whom, + on the Jesuit theory, Councils derive all their force and validity—is + above the authority of the State.<a id="noteref_50" name="noteref_50" + href="#note_50"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">50</span></span></a> Should + the State therefore require obedience to a law opposed to an + ordinance of the Council, it would do so without any real right + (<span lang="it" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="it"><span style= + "font-style: italic">senza vero titulo giuridico</span></span>), and, + should it enforce compliance, would be introducing a suicidal + tyranny. It is further explained that this by no means applies to + those religious laws only which rest on Divine ordinance, but also to + those which are purely ecclesiastical, and therefore on Catholic + principles are variable.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Let us take the + twelfth of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Canones de Ecclesiâ</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page249">[pg 249]</span><a name="Pg249" id="Pg249" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> which anathematizes all who doubt the + Church's power to inflict corporal punishment; and consider further + that the Popes have most solemnly declared that by baptism all + heretics are become their subjects, are amenable to the laws of the + Church, and must, if needful, be compelled to obey them.<a id= + "noteref_51" name="noteref_51" href="#note_51"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">51</span></span></a> Consider + further that the Syllabus condemns the toleration or equality of + different religions, and no doubt can remain as to what system it is + intended to introduce.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The second Letter + of the famous Oratorian and member of the French Academy, Father + Gratry, has just come here, and has produced a great impression. It + treats of the gross forgeries by which the way for the introduction + of the doctrine of Papal Infallibility has been gradually prepared, + first in the ninth and then in the thirteenth century; and dwells + especially on the fact that the theologians—above all Thomas Aquinas, + who rules <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page250">[pg + 250]</span><a name="Pg250" id="Pg250" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in + the schools, and his many disciples and followers—were deceived by + these fabrications, and that even the Popes themselves were misled by + them. Gratry's exposition is clear and convincing; but he goes beyond + the middle ages. He shows how dishonestly the Breviary was tampered + with at Rome at the end of the sixteenth century, and how, up to the + present time the Jesuits, Perrone and Wenninger,—the latter in a + truly amazing fashion—have followed the practice of citing fabulous + or corrupted testimonies.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One grand result + of the Council its authors have not foreseen or reckoned upon, which, + however, has already attained alarming dimensions; I mean the scandal + it has given. They seem to have really believed with a childish + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">naïveté</span></span> that the Council could be + hermetically sealed up, like birds under a glass bell, and its + members shut up apart,—that 3000 persons could be reduced to silence + by a Papal edict about matters they feel there is the strongest + necessity for speaking of. Such a notion could only grow up in the + heads of Roman clerics, who are wont to look at the world beyond + their own narrow sphere only through crevices of the open door, or + through the key-hole. Only too much has become known. The Jesuits, + the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>, the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Univers</span></span>, + the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page251">[pg 251]</span><a name= + "Pg251" id="Pg251" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Monde, et id genus + omne</span></span>, have done their best to reveal the sharp contrast + of opposite parties, and the world of to-day, sceptically disposed as + it is and little inclined to cover the shame and nakedness by turning + away its face, is present at a double spectacle: it witnesses the + system of force and intrigue by which a Council is managed, and it + watches with keen observation the process of manipulating a new + dogma. Men say now, what Cardinal Bessarion said before, according to + an anecdote current here, that the way Saints were canonized in his + own time made him very suspicious about the older Saints and + Canonizations. In the same way the Protestant and Catholic laity, who + are here in such numbers at present, say, <span class="tei tei-q">“We + know and see now how matters are managed in the Church when a new + dogma is to be made; what artifices, and deceptions, and methods of + intimidation are employed to gain votes. Must it not have been the + same at former Councils?”</span> I have heard even Bishops here say + that such thoughts pressed upon them, and were severe temptations + against faith. And if these things are done in the green tree, what + shall be done in the dry? Is it different with you in Germany?</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page252">[pg 252]</span><a name= + "Pg252" id="Pg252" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc53" id="toc53"></a> <a name="pdf54" id="pdf54"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Twentieth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Feb. 9, + 1870.</span></span>—In commencing the discussion on the Catechism the + Council passed into the last stage of the peaceful proceedings, which + are to precede the battle on the claims of the Roman authority. The + speech of Cardinal Rauscher, who is ill, was delivered by the Bishop + of Gurk, and made a great impression. He was followed by Cardinal + Mathieu, one of the best Latinists in the French episcopate, the + Primate of Hungary and the Archbishop of Tours. After them Dupanloup + spoke, who was again, as on the former occasion, not well heard. He + lashed those who think that the cultivated nations of the Catholic + world are to have a Catechism dictated to them by Rome. The Session + was not favourable to the propositions, but men can no longer fix + their minds on themes of lesser importance. All are thinking of the + decisive contest which is imminent. Many indeed on both sides wish + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page253">[pg 253]</span><a name="Pg253" + id="Pg253" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> that it could be avoided. The + threatening attitude of the policy of France has roused serious + misgivings. It was known in Rome at the end of January, but the + decisive instructions only arrived on Saturday, February 5, and + produced a deep and unpleasant sensation. Hitherto the Court of Rome + was able to hinder the withdrawal of the French troops, by + threatening to take refuge under English protection at Malta; but + with the good understanding that now prevails between the French and + English Governments this is no longer possible. It is perfectly well + known in the Vatican that neither of the two powers will stretch out + a hand to uphold Papal absolutism. It is a proof of the strong + impression produced by the French note that the Papal Court has kept + it secret. No appeal is tried to Catholic public opinion or the loyal + episcopate, for it is well ascertained that the Infallibilist + doctrine has very different enemies from the temporal power. To + Cardinal Antonelli it seems like a denial of the whole work of his + life to stake the temporal power of the Pope for the sake of a new + dogma. But if this is to be saved, the dogma must be sacrificed. So + the Opposition now has the assurance that the neutrality and + non-intervention of the Catholic powers is come to an end, and it is + encouraged <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page254">[pg + 254]</span><a name="Pg254" id="Pg254" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> at + the same time by the part the learned world has begun to take on its + side, since the publication in Germany of the addresses which attest + the antagonism of eminent Catholic scholars and professors of + theology to the new dogma.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nevertheless the + minority is composed of heterogeneous elements, and it may be safely + calculated that they will not all hold out to the last. Some + opponents of the definition are friends of the doctrine, and oppose + it on grounds not of a purely abstract or theological nature. No one + has calculated the numerical proportion of these in inopportunists to + the real opponents of Infallibility. Any serious discussion of the + question has long been avoided, and many think it ought to be + avoided, because therein lies the dangerous weakness of the party. + The ground of inopportuneness, which had already been adopted in the + Letter to the Pope from Fulda, was taken up from the first, in the + hope of paralysing the majority by an imposing number of + dissentients. They hoped to be strong by their numbers, and to look + strong by a certain kind of unity. The theory of inopportuneness + seemed to provide a common ground for the decided opponents of the + dogma and for the timid and vacillating or moderate adherents of the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page255">[pg 255]</span><a name="Pg255" + id="Pg255" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> doctrine itself. That a really + united Opposition has been formed on this basis is mainly due to the + Bishop of Orleans. He attacked the opportuneness with such a powerful + array of testimonies in his famous Pastoral, that every one saw + clearly the doctrine itself was involved, though he never entered in + so many words on the theological question. The position he provided + has served its purpose for two months, without the party being + brought to a declaration for or against the dogma. It has served to + bring in adherents to the Opposition, who in the strictest sense of + the word belong to the Roman Court party, and to provide waverers + with a comparatively innocent method of resistance. It has prevented + the victory of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> in the days of their + greatest ascendancy, but it is untenable for a permanence. The + position of the inopportunists has the fatal disadvantage that it can + be out-flanked. That would have happened, had the Bishops been + separately requested to give their opinions <span class= + "tei tei-q">“sub secreto,”</span> with a promise that no public + declaration in the Council should be desired.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then, again, it is + a position that can easily be mastered by means of the majority. A + minority may be invincible on the ground of dogma, but not of + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page256">[pg 256]</span><a name="Pg256" + id="Pg256" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> expediency. Everything can be + ventured to combat a false doctrine, but not to hinder an imprudence + or a premature definition. In questions of faith one dare not give + in; not so in questions of discretion only. And then the Council must + have been sooner or later driven from the ground of inopportuneness, + if it was not shipwrecked on the order of business; for it was a + point of view the decision could not finally hinge upon, in presence + of a preponderating majority.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The defection of + part of the Opposition was thus only a question of time, though it + became more difficult for individuals after each act done in union, + and many an inopportunist has advanced to theological contradiction + of the dogma. But the attempt to make the rejection of the doctrine + the principle of the party forced the contrast more and more on the + minds of individuals. Among the Germans primarily, and in the groups + of leading Bishops from different countries who took counsel + together, a more determined spirit gradually developed itself, and it + was seen that their adversaries made capital out of every sign of + unclearness of view among the Opposition. They were constantly + spreading reports that on the main point all were united, and that at + most there were not above twenty opponents <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page257">[pg 257]</span><a name="Pg257" id="Pg257" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of the dogma, including only two Germans, who + were adherents of Hermes and Günther; perhaps only five opponents in + all, or none at all. In presence of these assertions a public + declaration seemed necessary, less for the faithful at home than for + non-Catholics, who ask about the doctrine. The Bishops of the + Opposition told themselves that honour and episcopal duty demanded + that a Bishop should not withhold his belief on a fundamental + question, at a moment when all have to speak, the moment of danger. + The very success of the inopportunist policy is no true success. It + is no victory of the truth, when it is not openly proclaimed in the + contest. Those who do not fight under the banner of their own + convictions are not on equal terms with their adversaries.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus the view has + been more and more making way, that not only must every definition be + avoided as dangerous, but that the doctrine of the Roman theologians + and their adherents in the Episcopate must be rejected as false. And + this brought men more and more to the scientific ground. It was no + longer a mere affair of personal conviction, but of direct evidence, + and the moment was come for literary argument to assert its place in + the proceedings of the Council. The position <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page258">[pg 258]</span><a name="Pg258" id="Pg258" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of the mere inopportunists became more + difficult, and the band which held the party together was loosened. + Their adversaries at once zealously availed themselves of this + favourable crisis; nearly every Bishop of the minority was plied with + various intermediate formulas and conciliar proposals. Attempts were + made to sow disunion among the leaders; political jealousies at home, + and whatever else could be made use of, were seized upon to undermine + mutual confidence. Some were to be deceived by the phantom of a + middle party, and were told that they might take a position as + peacemakers at the head of a mediating section—of course in the + anticipation that every one who makes concessions and admits the + principle of the definition will pass over to the majority. Against + all these attempts the Bishops of the minority have, on the whole, + though not without some wavering, kept firm and true. But still the + transition to the strictly theological standpoint, where individual + conviction on the question of Infallibility must be decisively + recognised and represented, cannot be accomplished without an + internal conflict and shaking of the party.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page259">[pg 259]</span><a name= + "Pg259" id="Pg259" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc55" id="toc55"></a> <a name="pdf56" id="pdf56"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Twenty-First Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Feb. 11, + 1870.</span></span>—When once literature began to be brought to bear + actively on the proceedings of the Council, the crisis could not long + be delayed, for science, which has to do with truth only, knows + nothing of diplomatic considerations, and makes no concessions to the + requirements of the moment. It brings back the discussion inevitably + from theory to fact, from the sphere of dogma to the sphere of + history. In remorselessly exposing the inventions and forgeries which + form the basis of the doctrine of Papal Infallibility, it necessarily + attacks the whole ultramontane system of which that doctrine is the + logical consequence. The fundamental refutation of the dogma is fatal + to much in the specifically Roman theology and the modern claims of + the Popes, which would not otherwise have been assailed in Council by + any Bishop. Those who shrink from collision with the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, + and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page260">[pg 260]</span><a name= + "Pg260" id="Pg260" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> would desire to spare + it a public exposure of error before the whole world, and who have + therefore hitherto remained on the defensive, will now be driven + further and placed in a position they would never have chosen. They + see their adversaries in a light—whether as deceived or + deceivers—which seriously disturbs their daily intercourse with them. + For it is no longer possible to conceal by any periphrasis the fact + that the spirit the Opposition has to combat is no other than the + spirit of lying. And so, when the voice of honest science cannot be + excluded, no peaceful issue is possible. The contest takes the form + of an internecine strife against that absolute Papal system for which + the Court had at first confidently expected to gain the almost + enthusiastic sanction of the Council. The aid of science can be + purchased at no cheaper price. No wonder then if the Bishops recoil + in trembling before the weighty task of winning the victory for that + view which specially prevails among learned Germans of this day, + first in the Council, and then among the mass of the clergy and the + faithful. There are few among them who are not inwardly conscious + that they will themselves come in for some of the heavy blows.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Father Gratry's + first Letter on its arrival at Rome <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page261">[pg 261]</span><a name="Pg261" id="Pg261" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> roused serious reflection in many. His skilful + handling of a subject familiar to all, and his repeated application + of the solemn passage, <span class="tei tei-q">“Numquid indiget Deus + mendacio vestro?”</span><a id="noteref_52" name="noteref_52" href= + "#note_52"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">52</span></span></a> together + with his unmistakeable allusion in his division of mankind into + <span class="tei tei-q">“viri veraces”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“viri mendaces,”</span> contributed to make clear the + full significance of the contrast—to many for the first time. + Döllinger's printed criticism of the Address was not calculated to + quiet the excitement it caused. The Roman party, in the hope of + effecting an internal split in the party, seized the handle which + Döllinger's statement that he was in harmony on the main question + with the majority of the German Bishops seemed to supply, and tried + to extract a counter declaration from the Bishops. The first attempt, + to induce the Archbishop of Munich to exert his authority, failed. + Then the Bishop of Mayence brought the matter before the Assembly of + German Opposition Bishops. He angrily disclaimed for himself any + solidarity with Döllinger's view, and averred his belief in Papal + Infallibility, saying it was only the difficulty and danger of a + dogmatic declaration quite unnecessary in itself that made him an + opponent of the definition. Had his motion been accepted, and the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page262">[pg 262]</span><a name="Pg262" + id="Pg262" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> German Opposition renounced + their hostility to the dogma and retired to the ground of mere + expediency, the complete victory of the Infallibilists would have + been a matter of a few weeks only. But when the German Bishops + rejected Ketteler's urgent demand, and decisively refused to give up + their assault on the dogma, the half-and-half character and weakness + of their position vanished, and they ceased to subordinate or + sacrifice the theological standpoint to the question of expediency. + And thus the difficult word has been spoken; they have already + pronounced against the doctrine itself in the Addresses they have + signed. The reproach incurred thereby does not, of course, apply in + full force to the Bishop of Mayence, who has always told his + colleagues that he is on their side on the question of opportuneness + only. The Bishop of Rottenburg (Hefele) has already declared in his + speech at Fulda that it is necessary to advance further and assail + the doctrine itself. And he repeated this in reply to Ketteler's + proposal. The great majority of the Bishops were unfavourable to that + proposal. While in this way they testified their agreement with + Döllinger, some of them—especially Strossmayer—declared emphatically + for the œcumenicity of the Council of Florence. They <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page263">[pg 263]</span><a name="Pg263" id="Pg263" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> have weighty reasons for this. The more + strongly the minority hold to Döllinger's interpretation of the + famous Florentine decree, the less can they afford to depreciate the + authority of the Synod. For in their opinion it is just that decree + which serves to expose the dishonesty of the other party, and to + overthrow the extreme doctrine. It will do them good service too in + the discussion on the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema de Ecclesiâ</span></span> and the new + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Romano Pontifice</span></span>, which is now announced.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But while the + German Bishops rejected Ketteler's proposal, and left to the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Civiltà + Cattolica</span></span> and the Mayence <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Katholik</span></span> + the war against the Munich School, they did not venture to come to an + open breach with the less homogeneous elements of their party, + wishing to retain Ketteler on their side—who is as zealous against + the Roman principles in Church and State as against German science—as + an active ally in the contest against the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>. For this end there have + been consultations, especially between the Archbishop of Cologne on + one side and the Archbishop of Munich on the other. The commotion + produced by Döllinger's essay in the learned world of Germany gives + them an opportunity for helping the minority over this discomfiture, + and averting for the immediate moment of <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page264">[pg 264]</span><a name="Pg264" id="Pg264" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> danger the threatened disruption. It cannot be + denied that to a certain extent the latest declarations of German + Catholics are very acceptable to the Bishops, for the very reason + that they partly emanate from men who belong to the more moderate + opponents of Infallibility. It is a piece of good luck for the + Bishops staying at Rome that men who are independent, and at a + distance from the flatteries and threats of the Vatican, undertake to + call things by their right names, that reason makes itself heard by + the side of passion, and science by the side of authority. It is + moreover very convenient that the materials can be used while the + writer is disowned. But although the Bishops know well how to value + the importance of the support given to their cause from Germany, yet + this new movement is not altogether to their taste; their dignity + demands that they should not succumb to pressure from without, or owe + too much to the public press. A Bishop is indeed presumed to be a + theologian. And as it is impossible that the considerations which for + the moment are decisive in the Council should always be taken into + account by writers, there cannot fail to be manifold embarrassments. + From the intra-conciliar point of view it is easy to go too far. And + then it may be <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page265">[pg + 265]</span><a name="Pg265" id="Pg265" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + regarded as almost inevitable that many Bishops should receive these + manifestations of opinion from Germany with outward coldness, or + reply by advising that it should be left in their hands alone to + secure the victory of truth. In their eyes silence is in itself a + kind of vote of confidence. A too zealous participation might almost + look like a sign of doubt as to the Bishops having strength and + perseverance and coherence enough to conquer. To be sure, none feel + such doubts more strongly than the Bishops themselves, but nothing + can better serve to give them the confidence in themselves which is + so much to be desired as showing them that others feel it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And thus among the + German Bishops in Rome Hefele's view has triumphed over Ketteler's, + the logical and decided over the half-and-half policy, and the + difficult turning-point has been passed without loss or breach in the + party. And not a day too soon! Next week a new <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> and a new order of business + will bring the disunion and irritation in the Council to a point.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page266">[pg 266]</span><a name= + "Pg266" id="Pg266" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc57" id="toc57"></a> <a name="pdf58" id="pdf58"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Twenty-Second Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Feb. 15, + 1870.</span></span>—If I wrote a fortnight ago that the situation was + essentially improved since the first weeks, this must be taken with + important reservations. The most keen-sighted of the North American + Bishops then said, <span class="tei tei-q">“We have done nothing at + all, and that is a great deal.”</span> He thought it an important + gain that of the proposals laid before the Council, the two + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schemata</span></span>, nothing had passed, and + none of the objects for which it had been convoked had, up to that + point, been attained. But this has only been the damming up of a + stream which eventually bursts through the more violently, and + carries away the dam with it. For the majority of 500, who are + resolved to indorse everything and vote every measure proposed, holds + firmly together, before and behind; while the minority, on the other + hand, is in danger of being shivered to pieces on the rock of + opportuneness.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page267">[pg + 267]</span><a name="Pg267" id="Pg267" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> now under discussion, of a + common Catechism for the whole Catholic world, is clearly connected + with the general programme cut out for the Council; for if the new + dogmas are fabricated, they will at once be inserted into this + universal Catechism, and thereby inculcated in the simplest and most + convenient manner on the youth and the whole body of the faithful. + The Jesuits have found the experiment very successful in Germany with + their own Catechism, and have thereby naturalized the doctrine of + Infallibility gradually, with a precision rendered more explicit in + each successive edition in the boys' and girls' schools, especially + those conducted by nuns. The Catechism has also proved a great + financial success, and thus whole countries have become tributary to + the Order. In the same way the new Catechism of the Council will be a + source of manifold profit to both the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> and + the Jesuits. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> treats the Council with + scientific skill, like a patient who has first to be gently + physicked, and then has stronger doses given him by degrees. First + came the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> of + philosophical and theological doctrine, then of discipline, and now + the question of a common Catechism. Behind this looms the + deeply-cutting <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> on the + Church; <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page268">[pg 268]</span><a name= + "Pg268" id="Pg268" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and when that is + triumphantly passed, the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> + on the Pope appears as the crown of the grand legislative work. While + the former tractate propounds the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">supremum magisterium</span></span> of the + Church, as holding sovereign power over lands and seas, souls and + bodies, in the last <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> this + supreme <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">magisterium</span></span> crops + out in the person of Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span>, who now enters into the + possession of the supreme dominion and powers marked out for him in + the dogmatic chart, if we can speak of any marking out when, in + principle, everything is laid claim to, and the master himself alone + and conclusively draws the line of demarcation where he chooses. He + presents himself to the world as infallible teacher and legislator in + the realm of science, as supreme judge of the literature of the + world, as supreme lord and master in all that pertains to religion, + or is related to it, and as infallible judge of right and wrong in + all points. Many will say with Polonius, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Though this is madness there is method in it.”</span> + Let us examine these principles more closely.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">First</span></em>, + The Pope possesses the supreme and immediate dominion and + jurisdiction, not merely over the Church in general, but over every + individual Christian. Every baptized person is directly and + immediately subject to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page269">[pg + 269]</span><a name="Pg269" id="Pg269" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + Pope, his ordinances, special commands and penalties. His power is + <span class="tei tei-q">“suprema tum in Ecclesiam universalem, tum in + omnes et <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">singulos</span></em> Ecclesiarum pastores et + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">fideles</span></em> jurisdictio;”</span> or, as + the twenty-one Canons say, <span class="tei tei-q">“ordinaria et + immediata potestas.”</span> Whoever disbelieves this incurs + anathema.<a id="noteref_53" name="noteref_53" href= + "#note_53"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">53</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Secondly</span></em>, + The Church stands as high above the State as heavenly beatitude above + the profits and goods of this earthly life.—(<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Can.</span></span> + 13.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Thirdly</span></em>, + Every one must therefore prefer the advantage of the Church to the + welfare of the State, <span class="tei tei-q">“Si quando videantur + utilia regno temporali, quæ bonis sublimioribus Ecclesiæ et æternæ + salutis repugnent, ea nunquam habebunt pro veris bonis, + etc.”</span>—(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Can.</span></span> 13 ad fin.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Fourthly</span></em>, + The supreme <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">magisterium</span></span> of + the Church, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> the Pope, whether alone or in + union with a Council, has to decide what Princes and Governments + should do or leave undone in questions of civil society and public + affairs. <span class="tei tei-q">“De ipsâ agendi normâ judicium, + quatenus de morum honestate, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">de licito vel illicito</span></em> statuendum + est pro civili societate publicisque negotiis, ad supremum Ecclesiæ + magisterium pertinet.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page270">[pg 270]</span><a name="Pg270" id="Pg270" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Fifthly</span></em>, + As the Pope possesses not only the supreme office of teacher, but + also the supreme right of coercion and punishment, he not only + distinguishes as teacher what is and what is not permissible for + States and nations, but he can enforce his decision on political + matters by penalties upon every one—be he monarch or minister or + private citizen. He has the right <span class="tei tei-q">“devios + contumacesque exteriori judicio et salubribus pœnis coërcendi atque + cogendi.”</span>—(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Can.</span></span> 12.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Sixthly</span></em>, + Whenever a law of the Church conflicts with a law of the State, the + latter must give way; and whoever maintains that anything forbidden + by the law of the Church is allowed by the law of the State incurs + anathema.—(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Can.</span></span> 20.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These + ecclesiastical maxims, which deprive the laws of the land of all + force and of all obligation for the conscience, are partly those + already in existence, partly those any Pope may issue hereafter + whenever it pleases him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus marriage, + primary instruction and education, the toleration or suppression of + dissenting communions, the jurisdiction and privileges of the clergy, + the acquisition and control of ecclesiastical property, oaths, wills, + and the whole of the unlimited domain taken into her <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page271">[pg 271]</span><a name="Pg271" id="Pg271" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> hands and legislated for by the mediæval + Church, and in short whatever comes under the head of permissible or + forbidden—this, <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">en masse</span></span>, forms the sphere of the + Pope's jurisdiction, wherein he rules with absolute and sovereign + power, and puts down all opposition by coercion and punishments. + Truly this reminds one of the Prophet's words, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The bricks are fallen down, but we will build with hewn + stones; the sycamores are fallen, and we will plant cedars in their + place.”</span> Since Paul <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">iv.</span></span>'s time, 260 years ago, no Pope + has so openly and undisguisedly spoken out the thoughts and wishes of + his heart. The kernel of the doctrine, then, is this: there is on + earth one sole lord and master over kings and subjects alike, over + nations as over families and individuals, against whom no right or + privilege avails, and whose slaves all are. The only difference is + that some, viz., the Bishops, can on their side rule and lord it in + their dioceses as upper servants in the name of the Church or the + Pope, so far as their master does not interfere to stop them, while + all others are mere slaves and nothing more. This obviously goes far + beyond the Syllabus. This is the Bull <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unam + Sanctam</span></span> modernized and, so to speak, translated out of + military language (about the two swords) into political and juristic + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page272">[pg 272]</span><a name="Pg272" + id="Pg272" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> terms. Innocent <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, Innocent <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span>, and Boniface + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">viii.</span></span>, said that, + <span class="tei tei-q">“ratione peccati,”</span> they could + interfere anywhere, and bring any affair or process before their + Court, for it belongs to the Pope to decide what is sin and to punish + it. What is said here comes to the same thing, that the Pope + determines what is or is not allowable, and acts accordingly.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is a stately + edifice of universal Papal dominion whereon the keystone of + Infallibility, which bears and upholds the whole, is to be placed, so + that every command and ordinance of the Pope, even in political + matters, is infallible, as the Jesuit Schrader has so clearly and + forcibly pointed out. And to this must be added further (according to + Canon 9) a vast and infinite domain for infallible decisions, viz., + <span class="tei tei-q">“all that is requisite for preserving the + revealed deposit in its integrity.”</span> Who can specify what is + included here, or fix any limits to it?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Two other links in + this world-embracing chain are not visible, which are yet necessary + for its coherence. The Interdict, which robbed whole populations of + divine service and sacraments, must be restored in its ancient + splendour, and the Pope's right to dispense from oaths must be + distinctly asserted.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page273">[pg + 273]</span><a name="Pg273" id="Pg273" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Fathers of the + Council have daily opportunities of feeling how useful the temporal + power is for the plenary jurisdiction of the Papacy. Were they + assembled anywhere else than in Rome, there would be the possibility + of holding a real Synod in the sense and manner of the Ancient + Church, while the so-called Synod in Rome is in fact the mere painted + corpse of a Council laid out on a bed of state.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Soul and freedom + are wanting. On any other soil than that of the States of the Church, + the Bishops could assemble in a room where they could debate and + understand one another, while they are now forcibly detained in the + Council Hall. They could come to a mutual understanding by means of + the press, by printed proposals or statements of opinion, weekly + reports and the like. Anywhere else such treatment as the Patriarch + of Babylon experienced would have been impossible; he has now taken + refuge under the protection of the French Embassy. But here the King + of Rome lends to the Pontiff the means of enforcing unreserved + submission, and it is like the lion's den, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“vestigia nulla retrorsum.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many a French + Bishop has shared the experiences of the famous Lamennais + thirty-eight years ago, who <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page274">[pg + 274]</span><a name="Pg274" id="Pg274" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + came to the Eternal City full of ardent devotion to the Chair of + Peter and firm faith in its infallibility, and on his departure, + after a long stay there, wrote to a friend, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Restait Rome; j'y suis allé et j'ai vu là la plus infame + cloaque qui ait jamais souillé les regards humains.”</span> I will + not transcribe what follows, though it was lately read to me by a + Bishop. It may be seen in his Letters.<a id="noteref_54" name= + "noteref_54" href="#note_54"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">54</span></span></a> But this + I can testify: there are men in the French Episcopate who used to be + zealous champions of the temporal power, but who would now bear its + loss with great equanimity, if only the calamity of the decrees + chartered for the Council could be thereby warded off.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yesterday, + February 14, the ice was broken at last. The Bishop of Belley for the + first time mentioned the Infallibility doctrine in the General + Congregation, observing that the Council should at once proclaim it + and go home, as that was the only object they had been summoned to + Rome for.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile an + instructive calculation has been made of the proportion in which the + different nations and Catholic populations are represented in the + Council. It appears from them that the Catholics of North Germany + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page275">[pg 275]</span><a name="Pg275" + id="Pg275" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> have <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">one</span></em> vote + in Council for every 810,000 souls, and those of the States of the + Church for every 1200, so that one Roman outweighs 60 Germans. It has + been further ascertained that the 512 Infallibilists in the Council + represent a population of 73,011,000 souls, while only 94 opponents + of the dogma represent 46,278,000. With the Infallibilists one vote + represents 142,570, with the Opposition, 492,320 souls.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Austria has now + announced by her ambassador, Count Trautmansdorff, that the + Government will not allow decrees in contradiction with the + Constitution to be promulgated in the country. This threat will + produce little effect, for all the doctrinal decrees have full force + throughout the whole Church from the mere fact of being promulgated + at the Council; only the disciplinary regulations require to be + promulgated in the various countries and dioceses. Thus the Council + of Trent has never been promulgated in France, notwithstanding all + the endeavours of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, but the dogmatic decrees + have always been in full force there as elsewhere.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page276">[pg 276]</span><a name= + "Pg276" id="Pg276" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc59" id="toc59"></a> <a name="pdf60" id="pdf60"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Twenty-Third Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Feb. 16, + 1870.</span></span>—The order of business is now to be altered, which + means that an end is to be put to the speeches. The Bishops are to + hand in their views, scruples and suggestions in writing to the + Commission for revising motions, which will use its own discretion as + to noticing or leaving unnoticed the proposals made with a view to + their being submitted to the Council. There will then, in place of a + discussion, be a mere voting, which individuals may give their + reasons for, if they have previously stated the particular point they + wish to speak on and obtained leave for it. And in the new order of + business, the Pope's right to make and promulgate decrees on faith + with a mere majority is said to be emphatically laid down. When this + and the anticipated and dreaded <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> <span class="tei tei-q">“On + the Pope”</span> are promulgated, we shall see what attitude the + Bishops will assume towards them. Both are now suspended like + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page277">[pg 277]</span><a name="Pg277" + id="Pg277" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> two swords over the heads of + the Fathers. All at last depends on whether the Opposition remains + compact, or crumbles to pieces under the efforts of the + curialists.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If the general war + required by the principles of the new <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> against modern systems and + governments, which conflict in numberless cases with the laws of the + Church, is to be undertaken, the question arises, Where is the army + to carry it on, and what weapons are to be employed? No doubt the + trumpeters of the army are ready at hand, viz., the Jesuits of the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> and the monastery of + Laach, but it seems a doubtful look-out about soldiers. The Jesuits, + indeed, command at present a considerable number of distinguished and + wealthy females, but that will not go far in the great contest + against laws, parliaments and governments. The Pope himself must + principally supply the arms, which can only be the old ones of + excommunication, interdict and processes of the Inquisition. + Excommunication was formerly very effective, when the excommunicated + could be proceeded against as heretics after a twelve-month, but that + is no longer feasible. Interdict, too, is become a blunted + instrument, which no Pope has ventured to make use of since Paul + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span> succumbed in his battle + with Venice. The Inquisition only survives now <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page278">[pg 278]</span><a name="Pg278" id="Pg278" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> for the 700,000 souls of the present + States of the Church. That drastic means of giving up refractory + populations <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">en masse</span></span> to slavery and + spoliation, as applied by Clement <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span>, + Nicolas <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span>, Julius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span>, and Paul <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, cannot easily be + adopted now. So they will be content for the time with establishing + the principle, and must await more favourable circumstances for + realizing it. But the Bishops are between two fires: they are + discredited with Rome, because they must continue to acknowledge the + civil laws, which are in fact condemned; they are exposed with their + Governments and people to the constant suspicion of being on the + watch for some political complication to secure the triumph, at least + in particular cases, of the ecclesiastical principles recognised as + valid at Rome—in other words, the Decretals—over the laws of the + State.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It seemed to me + important to ascertain more precisely the attitude of the + Dominicans—who are still a powerful corporation, through their + possessing such influential offices as the Inquisition, Index, + Mastership of the Sacred Palace, etc.—towards Infallibilism. They + have always been the standing rivals and opponents of the Jesuits, + and before 1773 were often able to resist them successfully. Now, of + course, everywhere out of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page279">[pg + 279]</span><a name="Pg279" id="Pg279" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Rome, they are out-flanked and repressed by the Jesuits, while in + Rome they have no influence with the Pope. Yet they too are all + decided Infallibilists, and that because of their great theologian, + Thomas Aquinas. That he himself became implicated in this notion only + through means of the forgeries in Gratian, and of another great + fabrication, with spurious passages of the Fathers, specially devised + for his own benefit, they neither know, nor are willing to believe + when told of it. They say they have once sworn to the doctrine of St. + Thomas, and must therefore adhere to the Infallibilist doctrine + introduced by him into the schools, to avoid perjury.<a id= + "noteref_55" name="noteref_55" href="#note_55"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">55</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A certain feeling + of discouragement betrays itself among many Infallibilists, and there + is much in the occurrences of the last few weeks to account for it. + Thus the Archbishop of Milan, whose diocese nearly equals in extent + the whole States of the Church, has received an address from his + clergy and people expressing agreement with his work against the + dogma, which has greatly rejoiced him. And the news of the state of + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page280">[pg 280]</span><a name="Pg280" + id="Pg280" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> feeling in Germany is + disheartening. Golden results had been reckoned on from the efforts + of the Jesuits and their pupils there for the last twenty years. It + was supposed here that a very considerable number of people beyond + the Alps must be inspired with zeal for Papal Infallibility. When the + impulse given by Döllinger evoked so many and such weighty + expressions of opinion on the other side, it was confidently expected + in Rome that a strong popular demonstration in favour of the dogma + would burst out, like a mighty hurricane, from every district in + Germany, as the 800 Jesuits at work there would easily be able to + bring that to pass. But now it is evident that no single man of + influence in the whole country will make himself responsible by name + for this opinion, and that all who are eminent for authority and + knowledge—especially historians and theologians—protest against the + proposed new dogma. Even the Jesuit Catechism has not been able to + effect everything in this respect. Can a new dogma be fabricated for + Spaniards, Italians and South Americans exclusively? And even in + North Italy an opposition is being manifested. It is a questionable + policy to show to the German people so openly the gulf between their + religious thoughts and desires and those of the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page281">[pg 281]</span><a name="Pg281" id="Pg281" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Latin nations, and even to widen that + gulf. And in what position would the episcopal signataries of the + Fulda Pastoral find themselves, after giving such an explicit + assurance to Catholic Germany, <span class="tei tei-q">“that the + Council would establish no new or different dogmas from those already + written by faith on the hearts and consciences of all German + Catholics”</span>? The faith and conscience of the German Catholics, + both theologians and laity, have now spoken loudly and unequivocally + enough. And it is utterly impossible for a German Bishop to return + home from the Council with the new dogma ready-made in his hand, and + say to his flock, like St. Paul, <span class="tei tei-q">“Ye foolish + Germans, who hath bewitched you?”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“You + don't know yourselves what you have hitherto held in your faith and + conscience. See, here is the true bread for your souls, just brought + fresh from the bake-house of the Council. This is what you ought long + ago to have believed; be converted, and confess that to be white + which you have thought was black, and that to be a divine truth which + you have taken for an invention of man.”</span> It cannot be presumed + that a Bishop would willingly contemplate exposing himself to the + ridicule of all Germany.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The rumour of a + speedy prorogation of the Council <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page282">[pg 282]</span><a name="Pg282" id="Pg282" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> is constantly growing more definite. As this + depends on one capricious will, it is quite possible in itself. But + some striking result would have first to be attained, some + conspicuous act accomplished by the Council; or else the fraud would + be too glaring, the nakedness of the land too strikingly exhibited to + the whole world. To the question, why ten precious weeks had been + idly wasted without a single decree being achieved, the only answer + would be, that the desire to deprive the Council of all independent + action had led to the machine being cramped and fettered till it was + brought to a standstill altogether. In accordance with the advice of + the Jesuits the whole Council had in fact been pre-arranged, and + nothing was to be left to the Fathers on their arrival at Rome but to + affirm the thoughts and formulate the decrees suggested by others. + The <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schemata</span></span> prepared + shall be read one after the other, and the Fathers shall say + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet</span></span>, and to prevent their + having any temptation to criticise and mangle and curiously dissect + and combat the motions laid before them, the Sessions shall be held + in a Hall where the speeches cannot be heard, and all discussion is + impossible. That was the programme; the result has proved that the + Court had judged rightly of about 500 out of the 700 members, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page283">[pg 283]</span><a name="Pg283" + id="Pg283" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> but had deceived itself as to + the remaining 200. Veuillot, who communicates the correct views about + the Council daily to the French, has declared that it was right to + deprive the Bishops of the freedom of evil (<span lang="fr" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qu'il ne fallait pas laisser aux Évêques la + liberté du mal</span></span>). This beneficent care for the health of + the Bishops' souls has however been extended a little too far. Many + of them are so ungrateful as to think they are treated too much like + automatons, and that with the <span class="tei tei-q">“liberté du + mal”</span> they have also been deprived of the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“liberté du bien.”</span> The Roman lists of names from + which the Commissions had to be chosen are not forgotten. The right + of proposing motions has been made illusory by the composition of the + Commission appointed for examining them, and the arrangement for + making the permission to bring them forward dependent on the pleasure + of the Pope. And thus great uneasiness, not to say exasperation, + prevails among the 200 Bishops. And on the other hand, the Pope has + been for several weeks past in a chronic state of mingled indignation + and astonishment at finding so many Bishops—even at Rome, in his own + immediate neighbourhood—daring to think and say the contrary to what + he, Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span>, thinks and + says.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page284">[pg + 284]</span><a name="Pg284" id="Pg284" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This rebellion of + thought has not indeed yet been directly and openly manifested in the + Council Hall. But when the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema de Ecclesiâ</span></span>, and with it + Infallibility, really come to be discussed, then even within the + sacred precincts of St. Peter's, and close to the Tomb of the + Apostles—which the Pope had assured himself would inspire very + different thoughts into the Bishops' heads—bold utterances of + contradiction will be heard, and will resound throughout Europe, for + <span class="tei tei-q">“publicity discloses the Acheron of the + Council.”</span> The expected and decisive sealing up of 3000 mouths + is at an end once for all, and even that most correct and devoted of + Romanists, Veuillot, has declared in his <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Univers</span></span> + that such a silence of the grave is impossible, especially for the + French, and has accordingly blurted out such of the secrets of the + Hall as seemed to him desirable without scruple. Nor have the + authorities taken it at all ill of him. But to hear Bishops publicly + in Council, and in the hearing of the Papal Legates, proclaiming + views diametrically opposed to those of the Pope—and that, too, in a + question so fundamental and so completely dominating the whole future + life of the Church—would be a scandal which must be averted even at + the heaviest cost. Some time before the Indiction <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page285">[pg 285]</span><a name="Pg285" id="Pg285" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of the Council, in 1866, Pius himself + formally asserted, in the most significant terms, and in presence of + a numerous assemblage of foreigners who had come to offer him their + homage, his true attitude towards the world and the Bishops, whether + assembled or dispersed. He spoke in French, and in words carefully + prepared beforehand, and I give the speech precisely as it was + reported, with the reporters' names subscribed, in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Monde</span></span>, + the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Union</span></span>, and the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Observateur + Catholique</span></span> of April 1, 1866, p. 357:—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Seul</span></em>, malgré mon indignité, + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">je suis le + successeur des apôtres</span></em>, le vicaire de Jésus Christ; + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">seul</span></em>, j'ai <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">la mission de + conduire et de diriger la barque de Pierre, je suis la voie, la + vérité, et la vie.</span></em> Il faut bien qu'on le sache, afin de + ne pas se laisser tromper et aventurer par la parole de gens qui se + disent Catholiques, mais qui veulent et enseignent tout autre chose + que ce que veut et enseigne l'Église.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whether he really + intended thereby to deny the office of the Bishops as successors of + the Apostles, which has always hitherto been recognised in theology, + I cannot say. But this much is clear, that every Bishop who in any + important question of faith differs from the views of Pius, departs + from <span class="tei tei-q">“the way,”</span> swerves from + <span class="tei tei-q">“the truth,”</span> excludes himself from + <span class="tei tei-q">“the life.”</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page286">[pg 286]</span><a name="Pg286" id="Pg286" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Nothing of the sort has ever been suffered at + Rome; no dissent has ventured into the light of day. The censorship + and the Inquisition have taken care of that. It would be a supremely + dangerous precedent if that were now to happen for the first time, + and with many Bishops of different nations for the dissidents. The + contradiction between the Liberal Bishops and the Pope would be the + more glaring, as Pius has only in the last few days addressed a very + categorical letter to the Liguorian Jules Jacques on his own + infallibility. He praises this man for having collected from the + writings of Liguori his statements about Papal Infallibility, and + thus exhibited the <span class="tei tei-q">“sound doctrine.”</span> + The <span class="tei tei-q">“unsound”</span> doctrine cannot be + freely proclaimed in St. Peter's, and besides it has such a peculiar + power of infection, that for centuries Rome has surrounded herself + with a threefold <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">cordon</span></span> and all sorts of + disinfecting remedies against this epidemic. And accordingly, from + the Roman standpoint, the adjournment of the Council must obviously + appear to be in any case the lesser evil in comparison with so + unheard-of a scandal. Just think of a philippic in the Council Hall + against the infallibility of the Pope, an exposure of the errors of + Popes—there in St. Peter's, close to the Vatican, and before 700 + Prelates! <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page287">[pg + 287]</span><a name="Pg287" id="Pg287" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + That would indeed be, in the words of Daniel, the abomination of + desolation in the holy place.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Moreover, an + adjournment and subsequent reassembling would have this advantage, + that the order of business and the locality could be changed. So long + as these remain unchanged, it is impossible to speak seriously of a + Council, and if the Roman censorship prevents any complaints on the + subject being heard, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> cannot conceal from itself + that after the close of the Council the real state of the case will + be universally recognised as a notorious fact, and the entire want of + freedom or examination or discussion be insisted upon as a ground and + justification for rejecting the decrees. But a Council universally + questioned or rejected would be an endless source of embarrassment + and distress for the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> themselves. They would have + at last to exclaim, <span class="tei tei-q">“All I have gained is a + loss.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These and the like + thoughts are now occurring to many. The advice of the French + Government, which would on all accounts gladly welcome an + adjournment, the admonitions of Austria, which has at last, at the + twelfth hour, receded from its attitude of coldness and indifference, + and the knowledge that the two Protestant <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page288">[pg 288]</span><a name="Pg288" id="Pg288" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> powers, Prussia and England, maintain the same + views on the threatened decrees and intended ecclesiastical + conquests, though without making any direct representations on the + subject—all this more or less contributes to the gravity of the + crisis. There are some drops of wormwood mingled with the joyous + goblets quaffed daily to the Pope by the majority of 500 obsequious + and courtly Latins. As the obedience of these Bishops and the + Vicars-Apostolic, who can at any moment be deposed by Propaganda, is + unlimited, they will vote the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schemata</span></span> + exactly as the Pope desires; but most of them do it at least with an + inward repugnance, and say, like the Aragonese Cortes of old, + <span class="tei tei-q">“We obey, but we don't execute.”</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page289">[pg 289]</span><a name= + "Pg289" id="Pg289" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc61" id="toc61"></a> <a name="pdf62" id="pdf62"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Twenty-Fourth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Feb. 20, + 1870.</span></span>—The following classification of the French + Bishops here according to their parties may be interesting.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The French + themselves distinguish three factions, Liberal, Ultramontane, and the + Third Party—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, those who have signed no + address, and have openly refused to do so. To the Liberal section + belong Alby, Gaz, Marseilles, Nizza, Cahors, Mende, Perpignan, + Bayonne, Montpellier, Valence, Viviers, La Rochelle, Luçon, Besançon, + Metz, Nancy, Verdun, Annecy, Autun, Dijon, Grenoble, Paris, Orleans, + Rheims, Chalons, S. Brieux, Vannes, Bayeux, Coutances, Evreux—thirty + votes altogether.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Ultramontanes + are—Rodez, Aire, Nîmes, Angoulême, Poictiers (in the superlative), + Belley, St. Diez, Strasburg, Le Puy, Tulle, St. Jean de Maurienne, + Langres, St. Claude, Blois, Chartres, Meaux, Versailles, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page290">[pg 290]</span><a name="Pg290" id="Pg290" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Amiens, Beauvais, Rennes (a malcontent + Ultramontane), Seez, Moulins, Toulouse, Carcassonne, Montauban, Laval + and Le Mans—twenty-seven votes.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the Third + Party, headed by the Cardinal-Archbishop of Rouen, are included + Périgueus, Bourges, Tarantaise, Cambray, Arras, Nevers, Troyes, + Pamiers, Tours—ten votes.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Bishops of + Digne, Fréjus, Toulon and Soissons are described as doubtful.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The English + Bishops are similarly divided. Manning has only been able to get one + single Bishop over to his side. Two, Errington and Clifford, have + signed the Address against Infallibility. Six, including Bishop + Ullathorne of Birmingham, form a third party, who decline to sign + anything on either side. It is the same with the Irish Bishops. The + Romanized Cullen, whom the Pope forced as Primate on the Irish + Bishops, with the same view as he imposed Manning on the English + Bishops, against their will, is of course an Infallibilist, and would + rejoice to enforce this dogma, which they detest, on the educated + classes of Ireland by the help of the lower orders. Bishops Moriarty + and Leahy (of Dromore) have signed the Petition against + Infallibility. Archbishop MacHale of Tuam, and some others with + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page291">[pg 291]</span><a name="Pg291" + id="Pg291" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> him, belong to the third + party, while the majority of the Irish Bishops see in Papal + Infallibility a means for increasing their influence over the people. + What view the South Italian Bishops take is illustrated by the + following anecdote. An Italian statesman spoke to two of them about + the immoderate claims contained in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Ecclesiâ</span></span>, and asked them whether they really meant to + assent to such decrees? <span class="tei tei-q">“We cannot go against + the Holy Father,”</span> was their reply. When he reminded them of + the independent attitude of the German Bishops, they replied, + <span class="tei tei-q">“They can take that line, for they are + rich.”</span> Another of the South Italians amused the Council by + urging that the constant wearing of the long cassock should be + enforced, because Christ rose and ascended into heaven in that + dress.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Since the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Ecclesiâ</span></span> has been in the hands of the Bishops, it is + clear to all that the Council has been convoked simply for the + purpose of extending the power of the Pope and strengthening the + influence of the Jesuits, and that everything is designed to subserve + this one end. The Bishops are to forge chains for binding, first the + secular powers, and then themselves and the whole clergy with them. + The feeling they are <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page292">[pg + 292]</span><a name="Pg292" id="Pg292" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + possessed with is a bitter and painful one. They feel outwitted and + caught in a trap. They were summoned to Rome, without being told a + word of the objects aimed at or the matters to be dealt with; on + their arrival they were strung and fixed, like the keys of a + harpsichord, into the great conciliar instrument, and they find that + they are to be used by the hand of the mighty musician to produce + tones which sound to themselves most utterly nauseous. They know well + enough that the most eloquent speeches and most forcible arguments + don't change a single vote of the majority, who would remain firm and + unmoved as the rock of Peter if a Chrysostom or Augustine was among + them. In an outburst of disgust at the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Ecclesiâ</span></span>, a German Prelate, formerly Roman in his + sympathies, exclaimed, <span class="tei tei-q">“This <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> deserves to be thrust down + into hell.”</span> One hears these men congratulating their + colleagues who stayed at home under a presentiment of what was + coming. The news of the adjournment of the Council, begun under such + evil auspices, would be welcomed by them with delight.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But these reports + of an adjournment are rather wishes than hopes. The prorogation would + imply an <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page293">[pg + 293]</span><a name="Pg293" id="Pg293" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + admission that the Council had been a failure through the fault of + the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, in the perversity of the + regulations it imposed on the Bishops, and the extravagance of the + measures it brought forward. <span class="tei tei-q">“Perissent les + colonies plutôt qu'un principe”</span>—this saying, uttered in the + Paris Convention of 1793, may often be heard here in various + applications. The world will be enlightened in a few days by the + publication of the new or altered order of business. It is not + prorogation that is the immediate business, but the subjection of the + minority more than ever to the rule of the majority and its + wire-pullers who stand behind it, the outvoting them by + majorities.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In French circles + a paper called the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Moniteur Universel</span></span> is making no + small sensation. It contains a detailed account of the proceedings of + the Council, drawn up by a learned Frenchman residing here and under + the inspiration of French Bishops. It is thoroughly authentic and + carefully weighed—far the best and most accurate account of the + Council in that language. You may perhaps find room for the + following, which substantially confirms and partly supplements and + rectifies my own statements:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Council of Trent arranged the order of business for + itself. In this case just the contrary has been <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page294">[pg 294]</span><a name="Pg294" id="Pg294" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> done: everything was pre-arranged and + imposed on the Council by the Pope, and even the secretaries and + scrutators were named beforehand. No initiative is allowed to the + Bishops; the Commission for examining motions is formed of the + hottest Infallibilists and members of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, + but the final decision is reserved to the Pope. The proposers of a + motion are not even allowed to explain and defend it, so that the + freedom nominally conceded to the Bishops of proposing measures is + rendered purely illusory. By the composition of the four Commissions, + elected from Roman lists of names, all work of critical importance is + kept in the hands of the few Infallibilists chosen for the purpose by + the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, to the exclusion of 700 + Bishops, among whom are all the German Bishops who signed the Fulda + Letter to the Pope, and the most influential French Prelates. In + short, all Bishops not known to be thorough-going Infallibilists have + been systematically excluded from the Commissions. Very different was + it at Trent, where all the Fathers, divided into four Congregations, + took a real part in the work. We must add the monstrous disproportion + of national representation—the enormous and overwhelming + preponderance of the Italians, still further strengthened by the host + of Vicars-Apostolic, who can at any <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page295">[pg 295]</span><a name="Pg295" id="Pg295" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> moment be deposed by the Propaganda without any + legal formality. Thus the Italian Bishops alone outnumber all the + French, German, Hungarian and North American together, though these + last represent a population nearly three times as large. The weakness + of the two French Cardinals, Bonnechose and Mathieu, who ought to + have taken the lead, has frustrated the attempt to unite the French + Bishops in a national group. Bonnechose consulted Antonelli, who said + the French must not assemble in larger bodies than fifteen or at most + twenty together. The evil consequences were at once shown in the + elections.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Bishops are compelled by the Pope to hold their + sittings in a place where at least a third cannot understand a word + that is said, so that, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, Cardinal di Pietro long + since declared he had not really understood a single speech, and + another Cardinal said that not twenty words of all the speeches had + reached his ear. A really searching discussion and living interchange + of observations and replies is out of the question. No speaker can + hope to produce any impression on this audience. And thus the first + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, which consists of 140 + pages, was the subject of general discussion for weeks without any + detailed discussion of the separate <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page296">[pg 296]</span><a name="Pg296" id="Pg296" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> articles being arrived at, or any point + certainly ascertained, notwithstanding the number of speakers. The + only result was a great waste of time, bodily fatigue and a deep + discouragement. Had the object been to satiate the assembly with + speeches <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">usque ad nauseam</span></span> + it could not have been better managed. It would be something if the + Fathers could read the speeches they can't hear, but neither are they + allowed to be read; the Bishops may not even print their addresses at + their own cost. Thus many of them are wholly deprived of the + opportunity of expressing their views, knowing that they will not be + heard.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Vigorous preparations were made for two years before the + opening of the Council. There is matter enough for ten Councils, but + it is only communicated to the Bishops piecemeal, so that they can + get no insight into the connection and plan of the separate + propositions. Thus a ready-made Council has been put before 700 + Bishops, which they are obliged again to unstitch like a web. As the + Bishops had no means of gaining previous information, the Council is + mostly deaf and dumb, and has at last got driven into a narrow pass + from which there is no exit without a thorough alteration of the + order of business. No one <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page297">[pg + 297]</span><a name="Pg297" id="Pg297" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> can + say how it will be with the examination of the separate articles of + the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schemata</span></span>, and yet + the Council ought to have most carefully weighed every word of + decrees which are to be imposed on the world under + anathema.”</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page298">[pg 298]</span><a name= + "Pg298" id="Pg298" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc63" id="toc63"></a> <a name="pdf64" id="pdf64"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Twenty-Fifth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Feb. 24, + 1870.</span></span>—Since my last letter, the Council, whose + movements for a long time were like those of a tortoise, has made + gigantic strides. The Goddess of Insolence (ὕβρις) rules here just as + the Greek tragedians—especially Sophocles—describe her. All rumours + of an adjournment of the Council were partly well-meant wishes of + several Bishops, partly produced by the fact of the Governments—the + French in particular—earnestly desiring it. Here in Rome no one of + the Vatican party has thought of it for a moment. All who know the + real state of things and persons here must be convinced that the + Council will certainly be gone through with to the end, either + completely—in full accordance with the well-calculated plan sketched + out during the last two years for partly Jesuitizing and partly + Romanizing everything in the Church, in theology and in the religious + life, and carrying <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page299">[pg + 299]</span><a name="Pg299" id="Pg299" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> out + centralization to the utmost extent—or that, at least, there will be + no adjournment till the most precious jewel hitherto wanting to the + Papal tiara, dogmatic Infallibility, has been inserted there. Then, + and not till then, will the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> have obtained the + irresistible talisman which opens every gate, fulfils every desire + and brings every treasure. That dogma is Aladdin's magic lamp for + Rome.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There are three + powers who wish to gain by the Council, and who decide on its + proceedings and destiny—the Pope, the Jesuits, and the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>. + Among the members of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> there are indeed very few + who have not long since made their calculations, with that + appreciation of the realities of life which is peculiar to the + Italian nation, and who do not know as well what a dogma is worth for + Rome as people know what a man is <span class= + "tei tei-q">“worth”</span> in England. Every assailant of the dogma + is their personal enemy; he is simply emptying their gold-mine. Nor + is the doctrine less valuable and indispensable to the Jesuits, at + this day more than before, since they no longer have to fear the + rivalry of any other Order in making capital out of the prerogative + of Infallibility.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As regards the + Pope, he has constantly changed in <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page300">[pg 300]</span><a name="Pg300" id="Pg300" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> his official life and vacillated from one side + to the other, and those about him say that in many, nay in most, + things he follows capricious and momentary impulses. But Pius is + inflexible and immutable where he fancies he is a divine instrument + and has received a divine mission, and that is the case here. He is + persuaded that he is ordained by the special favour of God to be the + most glorious of all Popes. Among his predecessors there are three to + whom he seems to me to have a great likeness. I should say that he + had chosen them as models, if I could assume that he knew their + history. But Pius has never occupied himself with the past; he is + purely the child of his age, and lives only in the present. The three + are Innocent <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">x.</span></span>, Clement <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xi.</span></span>, and above all Paul + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> He has in common with + the first his strong experimental belief in his own personal + inspiration without any theological culture. He resembles the second + in giving himself up to the theological guidance of the Jesuits, and + in his highhanded treatment of such Bishops as dare to have an + opinion of their own. And just as Paul <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> + used to boast that hereafter men would be obliged to tell of the + lofty plans conceived by an aged Italian who, as being near his + death, might have rested and bewailed <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page301">[pg 301]</span><a name="Pg301" id="Pg301" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> his sins,<a id="noteref_56" name="noteref_56" + href="#note_56"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">56</span></span></a> so does + Pius too desire in his old age to make great though peaceful + conquests, and to establish the Papal sovereignty as a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“rocher du bronze,”</span> to borrow the phrase of + another autocrat. With the help of the Council he hopes to render the + universal dominion of the Papacy an impregnable fortress, by means of + new walls, bastions and batteries, and to hand it down to his + successors as an omnipresent and omnipotent power. He believes that + the thoughts and desires of his soul are in reality the counsels of + God made known to him by inspiration, and that if by following these + counsels he accomplishes the deliverance of the Church and of + mankind, it is the Hand of God which uses him as an instrument. And + why should not Pius see a sign of his election to high and + extraordinary destinies in the circumstance of his having already sat + longer than any of his 256 predecessors, even Pius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vi.</span></span>, on the apostolic + throne? A history of his Pontificate has already been written in this + sense by one of the Jesuits of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Civiltà,</span></span> + and Pius has the chapters read to him one after the other. I am told + that a chapter on the Council is already written. The French Court + historiographer, Vertot, who had to describe a Belgian campaign + including <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page302">[pg + 302]</span><a name="Pg302" id="Pg302" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + siege of a fortress, wrote the history of the siege before it was + finished, and said quietly, <span class="tei tei-q">“Mon siège est + fait.”</span> And thus the Jesuit historian of the Pope can already + say, <span class="tei tei-q">“Mon Concile est fait.”</span> And in + one sense the Council is indeed finished since the 23d inst.—finished + by the new order of business.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If the merit of + this clever invention is primarily due to the Cardinals on the + Commission for revising motions, and the Jesuits who were probably + taken into partnership with them, its introduction must be counted + among the most eventful acts of Pius, past or future. If it is + carried out and adhered to without opposition, it is unquestionably + the most conspicuous of all the victories of the Pope. Margotti, the + editor of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Unita Cattolica</span></span>, will hardly be + able to find words to do justice to the great day, February 23, 1870, + with its boundless wealth of happy results, in the next edition of + his work, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Le Vittorie della Santa Chiesa sotto Pio + IX</span></span>. A <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Te Deum</span></span> will have to be sung in + every Jesuit College of the old and new world.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Great anxiety was + felt beforehand about the new order of business. It was said that the + Sessions were to be something more than mere votings, that there + would still be speeches made, that the written memorials <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page303">[pg 303]</span><a name="Pg303" id="Pg303" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> would not be so directly thrown into the + waste-paper basket, but would be considered and—if they approved of + them—made use of by the Commission. But everything will be settled by + the Commission and by a simple majority of votes; the minority may + talk, but only so long as the Commission and the majority choose to + listen to them. <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Væ victis!</span></span> The + Council belongs to the Italians and the Spaniards, who are in close + alliance with them: from henceforth to wish to reject any <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> or decree brought before + it, is like wanting to stop water from flowing downwards. All the + proposals of the minority for a change in the order of business have + been left unnoticed. It had already been resolved that a debate could + only be cut short by the votes of a majority of two-thirds, but this + has been reversed. What will the French and Germans do now? This is + naturally the question which trembles on every lip and is written on + every countenance. Will they simply acquiesce in the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">fait + accompli</span></span> with a good grace, and obediently assume the + rôle of the Greek Chorus in the drama of the Council—simply to + reflect and moralize, but take no active part in the proceedings? The + next few days will show. So much every one perceives; the order of + business is the noose which, once fixed on the minority, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page304">[pg 304]</span><a name="Pg304" id="Pg304" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> cannot be got out of, and will only be + drawn tighter and tighter till it strangles them at last. It is clear + that the majority has the hide of a rhinoceros, from which every + arrow shot by the Opposition, however skilfully aimed, glances off + harmless. Where are now the wise and foolish virgins? <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Give us of your oil, for our lamps are gone out,”</span> + must the Germans, French, and Spanish say henceforth to the Italians, + and the answer will be more friendly than in the Gospel: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“You need not buy any more oil; come over to our side and + be content to use our store.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is hardly + necessary to observe to your readers that everything which takes + place here turns on the question of Infallibility. The new order of + business is merely the outer covering for this kernel. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“With Infallibility we have all we desire or + need,”</span> say the Italians, if that is gained we may <span class= + "tei tei-q">“let the nigger go,”</span> and can dispense with his + services for the future. But for German theologians, whose hair + stands on end at the new order of business and all it involves, I can + find no other consolation than what they may derive from the + following Persian tale. An English ambassador sent to Persia—I think + it was Morier—paid the usual visits at Teheran, and was introduced + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page305">[pg 305]</span><a name="Pg305" + id="Pg305" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to the younger son of the + Shah. He found him groping about blindfold in the room, and feeling + for the furniture in it. The Prince explained this strange business + by telling him that it was the rule for the younger sons to be + blinded at the death of the Shah, in order to make them incapable of + succeeding, and that he wished to prepare and practise himself + beforehand for the fate impending over him. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Go ye, and do likewise.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If the German + theologians should still have courage to present an address to their + Bishops, the subscription might be, <span class="tei tei-q">“Morituri + vos salutant.”</span> Why have these theologians come to such utter + discomfiture?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here one already + hears shouts of triumph; the day of retribution will soon come for + those proud Transalpines, when they must bend their necks under the + Caudine yoke of the new dogma, or await suspension, degradation, + etc.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If German theology + had long been decried and hated by the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> and + the Italian Jesuits, and if the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> gladly took occasion to + pour out its wrath on the scholars of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“foggy”</span> Germany, you may conceive the extent this + fury has reached in Italian clerical papers and curialist circles, + since it has become known that <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page306">[pg 306]</span><a name="Pg306" id="Pg306" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the most influential theologians have + pronounced against Infallibility, and that not one—with the exception + of a couple of pupils of the Jesuits—has said a word to defend it. It + is well that one of the most distinguished Italians, a man whose + devotion to the Church is unimpeached even in Rome, and whom the Pope + has commissioned to write a history of the Council—I mean Cantù—has + some years ago confessed and censured this characteristic of his + countrymen. <span class="tei tei-q">“To call laziness superiority, + and evade the trouble of examining questions by depreciating them, + this is only too much the habit of Italians, and then they mock at + the ponderous, long-winded, hair-splitting Germans. But we must + endure the reproach of negligence and thoughtlessness from the + Germans, while we blindly accept falsified documents.”</span><a id= + "noteref_57" name="noteref_57" href="#note_57"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">57</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cantù has hit on + the sore place there; for it is precisely their having pointed out + the long line of numerous and systematic forgeries, on which the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page307">[pg 307]</span><a name="Pg307" + id="Pg307" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Roman claims of Infallibility + are based, and which are used to further other aims of the Italians, + that is the main ground of the hatred of the Germans. And now + Frenchmen too, like Gratry, come forward and publish these facts over + land and sea in their cosmopolitan tongue and clear incisive + style.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To return to what + preceded the publication of the new order of business; in the last + sittings of the Council coming events threw their shadows before. The + Bishops of Carcassonne and Belley declared roundly that Infallibility + must be proclaimed, and in order, said the latter, to restore the + menaced or broken unity of the Church. The impatience and vexation of + the authorities are constantly on the increase. Manning said there + was only one way of stopping the definition, and that was to cut the + throats of half the 500 Bishops of the majority. Of course the + Prelates who heard him cried out, like the Emperor Charles V. at the + Diet of Augsburg, when Count George of Brandenburg wanted to cut off + heads for another doctrine, <span class="tei tei-q">“No heads off! no + heads off!”</span> At the last sitting on the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Catechismo</span></span>, on the 22d, a scene occurred which presages + what is to become the regular practice. The Bishop of Namur had said, + in reference to some previous attacks <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page308">[pg 308]</span><a name="Pg308" id="Pg308" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> on the Breviary, that no one who spoke against + it could be a good Christian. For the information of your readers I + must premise a few words here. The Breviary is a collection of + prayers and lections for the clergy, introduced by Rome, consisting + chiefly of psalms and passages from the Bible and the Lives of the + Saints.<a id="noteref_58" name="noteref_58" href= + "#note_58"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">58</span></span></a> The + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> has used this, like so many + other things, as an <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">instrumentum + dominationis</span></span>, and a number of fables and forgeries + devised in the interest of the Papal system have been interpolated + into it. The French Church had long since adopted the precaution of + employing a Breviary of her own, much better and purer than the + Roman. It was against observations made about this in the Council + that the harsh comment of the Bishop of Namur was directed.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page309">[pg 309]</span><a name= + "Pg309" id="Pg309" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc65" id="toc65"></a> <a name="pdf66" id="pdf66"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Twenty-Sixth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, Feb. 28, + 1870.</span></span>—Our last letter closed with an account of a scene + in the Session of February 22, occasioned by some attacks on the + Roman Breviary. The Bishop of Namur had maintained that no one who + attacked it could be a good Christian.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Haynald was one of + those who had censured the present condition of the Breviary, and he + now replied to Bishop Gravez that in criticising it he had the + Fathers of Trent and the Popes themselves for accomplices + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">complices</span></span>). A tempest broke out at + these words. But Haynald went further and said, with reference to + Bishop Langalerie of Belley, that the majority, with their proposals + for new dogmas, were the cause of the disunion which had broken out + in the Church, and that it would be much better for the heads of the + Church to confine themselves to preserving the ancient doctrines in + their purity, instead of adding new <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page310">[pg 310]</span><a name="Pg310" id="Pg310" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> ones. The Church had succeeded very well with + the old doctrines. At this first open attack in Council on the + Infallibilist project the storm grew fiercer, and Capalti seized the + bell of the President, De Angelis, rung it violently and forbade the + speaker to proceed. <span class="tei tei-q">“Taceas et ab ambone + descendas,”</span> he exclaimed. When Haynald went on all the same, a + wild cry broke from the majority. The Archbishop of Calocsa at last + came down, and so great was the excitement that the sitting was + closed and the next postponed to March 2.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile more + attention and care than before has been devoted in Paris to what is + going on at Rome. The Emperor and his present ministers understand + the gravity of the situation; they know what would be meant by such + journals as the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Monde</span></span> and the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Univers</span></span> + daily appealing to infallible Papal decisions, and under their + authority calling in question every institution and law of France, + and proving beforehand to their readers that there is no obligation + in conscience to submit to them, because the Pope has directly or + indirectly signified his disapproval. Archbishop Lavigerie of Algiers + brought back word to Cardinal Antonelli, on returning to Rome from + his mission, that France was in no condition to tolerate the + definition of Infallibility, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page311">[pg 311]</span><a name="Pg311" id="Pg311" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> which might lead to a schism, since not only + the whole body of State-officers, but the writers, and even the + Faubourg St. Germain, were opposed to the new dogma. Antonelli is not + apt to be much influenced by such representations, which he views as + mere idle threats; he is spoilt by the courtly flatteries of the ever + obsequious M. de Banneville, whom he has managed completely to + disarm. He has three devices of domestic diplomacy by which he knows + how to make excellent use of both Banneville and Trautmansdorff. At + one time he says, <span class="tei tei-q">“It is not we—Pius, the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> and I—who want the dogma, + but the foreign Bishops, and we should be encroaching on the freedom + of the Council by impeding them. And we ought not to subject + ourselves to that reproach.”</span> Then, for a variety, he adopts + another line. <span class="tei tei-q">“The Pope,”</span> he says, + <span class="tei tei-q">“has all he wants already, and the dogma of + Infallibility would not give him anything more. As it is, and with a + Council assembled, all the decrees emanate from him and receive from + him their validity, and he can summon or dissolve the Council at his + pleasure, so that it only exists by his will and would crumble into + dust without him. It is therefore the interest of the Bishops, not + ours, that is in question here, and they will know well why + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page312">[pg 312]</span><a name="Pg312" + id="Pg312" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the dogma is so valuable to + them.”</span> His third formula is, <span class="tei tei-q">“Every + good Christian believes the doctrine already, and therefore little or + nothing will be changed in the Church by defining it, and we have not + the least desire to use the new decree for calling in question the + existing compacts and Concordats. We shall gladly leave alone the + concessions we have already granted.”</span> These resources of the + Cardinal have hitherto sufficed. But new powers and demands seem to + be coming to the front, which his diplomatic counters will no longer + satisfy. I have copies of two letters of Count Daru, of January 18 + and February 5. These official expressions of opinion from Paris have + made the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> Jesuits bitterly angry, + and their famous article on the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Policastri</span></span>, in its original form, + contained a violent attack on the French statesmen, who were classed + with the other ministers and diplomats in such ill repute at Rome. + But this roused the alarm of the supreme authority, and so the + Jesuits had to eat their own words, and to substitute for their + attack a high commendation of Count Daru and the loyalty of France to + the Concordat. There is some good in having the articles of the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> regularly revised in the + Vatican. I understand that it is intended at Paris to send a special + ambassador to Rome to the Council.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page313">[pg 313]</span><a name="Pg313" id="Pg313" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile the + Bishops of the minority are consulting how they shall deal with the + new order of business. It was announced to the Fathers at the Session + of February 22 that, in accordance with these new regulations, they + must hand in all their observations on the first ten chapters of the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Ecclesiâ</span></span> in writing within ten days.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Archbishop + Spalding of Baltimore has not receded from his ludicrous notion that + his Infallibilist formula is milder and more tolerable than that of + the 400. He has laid it before the thirty-five French Bishops (of the + minority), who have unanimously rejected it. Its essence consists, as + was mentioned before, in asserting that everybody must receive with + unconditional inward assent every Papal decision on every question of + faith or morals or Church life. On all theological principles such + faith can only be accorded in cases where all possibility of error is + excluded, or, in other words, where a revealed truth is concerned; + and therefore to accept this formula would be to set aside the + limitation of Papal Infallibility, hitherto recognised even in Rome, + to decisions pronounced <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">ex + cathedrâ</span></span>. And thus, in the crush and confusion of the + innumerable and often contradictory decisions of Popes, theology + would degenerate <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page314">[pg + 314]</span><a name="Pg314" id="Pg314" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + into a lamentable caricature of a system—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“science”</span> it could no longer be termed—involved in + hopeless contradictions. If the good Spalding had the slightest + acquaintance with Church history, he would know that he was bound, in + virtue of his inward assent paid to all Papal decrees, first of all + to reject his own orders as invalid.<a id="noteref_59" name= + "noteref_59" href="#note_59"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">59</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now I must + notice more particularly what Bishop Ketteler has published against + me in some German newspapers. He says that in the telegram of + February 13, published in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Allg. Zeitung</span></span> of February 15, he + has found the opportunity he had long desired for convicting the + writer of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Letters from Rome</span></span> of building up + <span class="tei tei-q">“a whole system of lying and + deceit.”</span><a id="noteref_60" name="noteref_60" href= + "#note_60"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">60</span></span></a> It is + <span class="tei tei-q">“an indescribable dishonesty,”</span> a + <span class="tei tei-q">“detestable untruth,”</span> etc. His short + letter bristles with such accusations. The untruths he complains of + are the following:—</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page315">[pg + 315]</span><a name="Pg315" id="Pg315" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(1.) The telegram + called the statement made by Bishop Ketteler and his ally, Bishop + Melchers, a <span class="tei tei-q">“proposal.”</span> He replies + that it was only a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“communication.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(2.) It treats the + occurrence as a <span class="tei tei-q">“negotiation,”</span> whereas + it was only a <span class="tei tei-q">“short conference.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(3.) There was no + debate with <span class="tei tei-q">“a serious opposition.”</span> + The Bishops indeed had expressed different views, and some had + disapproved Döllinger's pronouncement, while the others thought only + certain individual Bishops might have occasion to come forward + against it. (They accordingly understood Ketteler's <span class= + "tei tei-q">“communication”</span> just as my informant did, and + therefore spoke out against accepting it.)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(4.) Ketteler did + not hear any Bishop say, as stated in the telegram, that Döllinger + really had the majority of (German) Bishops with him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now let us + compare Ketteler's account, deducting the abusive comments subjoined + to every sentence, with the—of course extremely compressed—account in + the telegram, and we shall find the two in substantial agreement. The + Bishop is obliged to interpolate something into the telegram, in + order to find fuel for the fire of holy indignation his delirious + fancy has betrayed him <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page316">[pg + 316]</span><a name="Pg316" id="Pg316" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + into. He quarrels with me fiercely for saying there was a debate and + a negotiation, whereas there was only a conference; but I never made + use of those words. He says he made no motion, but he himself + recounts statements of the Bishops which show clearly that they + understood his <span class="tei tei-q">“communication”</span> as an + invitation to do as he did. Only one somewhat important point of + difference remains, viz., whether the Bishops named in the telegram + said what they are there reported to have said or not. Bishop + Ketteler can only say that he did not hear them say it. But + considering that in an informal meeting of forty or forty-five + persons, broken up into groups, a great deal is said which every one + in the room does not hear, and that I received my information the + same day from one who was present, I still adhere to my assertion + that they did say it. For the rest, I am much indebted to Bishop + Ketteler; he assures us that he has long desired an opportunity for + saying all the evil he can of me and my Letters. He has now made a + grand onset. If he had found anything in the eighteen long Letters + before him better suited to his purpose, he would certainly not have + taken refuge in such petty trivialities and, like a boy with + snowballs, have flung what has turned into water in his hand. He has + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page317">[pg 317]</span><a name="Pg317" + id="Pg317" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> thus unwillingly given + testimony to the truthfulness of my Letters. And for this I pardon + him his exaggerated rhetoric, but will not suppress the remark made + by an Englishman who knows mankind well: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“There are certain women, says Fielding, always ready to + raise a cry of <span class="tei tei-q">‘Murder, fire, rape’</span> + and the like, but that means no more in their mouths than any one + else means in going over the scale, Ut, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol,”</span> + etc.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page318">[pg 318]</span><a name= + "Pg318" id="Pg318" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc67" id="toc67"></a> <a name="pdf68" id="pdf68"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Twenty-Seventh Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, March 8, + 1870.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“Habemus Papam falli + nescium!”</span> The Bishops of the Manning and Deschamps party are + in raptures; all Rome, say the Infallibilist devotees, is in the + highest spirits. The great doctrine, on which, as all the Jesuits and + their disciples assure us, hinges the salvation of humanity and the + regeneration of science and literature, was published on March 6 in + the form of a supplement to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema de Ecclesiâ</span></span>. The Pope bears + witness of himself that he is infallible as teacher of the Church, + and the great majority of the Council will readily assent. Already + they are exulting in that moment of triumph when the Pope from his + throne in the Hall, <span class="tei tei-q">“sacro Concilio + approbante,”</span> and amid the pealing of all the bells in Rome, + will proclaim to the world that it is now fortunate enough to possess + an infallible teacher and judge in all questions of faith and morals, + guaranteed by God Himself. Day and hour for <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page319">[pg 319]</span><a name="Pg319" id="Pg319" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the proclamation will be chosen with the + greatest deliberation and foresight, and here another ground for + clinging so pertinaciously to the present Council Hall comes out. It + was thought quite incomprehensible why <span class="tei tei-q">“the + master”</span> insulted 750 aged men by compelling them, in spite of + all wishes and representations and the evidence of his own senses, to + hold their sittings in a Chamber so utterly unfit for the purpose. In + a city so abounding in churches and halls as Rome this seemed an act + rather of ill-tempered caprice than of hospitable care. It was known + of course that the previous expectations of the Vatican had been + disappointed, that it had been hoped the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schemata</span></span> would be received by + acclamation or by storm, as it were, without discussion, and that the + Hall had been chosen on the very ground of its acoustic defects being + adapted to that end. Now however a new recommendation of the Hall + betrays itself. At a certain hour on a clear and cloudless day the + rays of the sun fall exactly on the place where the Pope's throne + stands, so that Pius may hope, by help of careful arrangements about + the time, to stand in a glory of sunlight at the moment when he + announces to the world the divine revelation of his own + infallibility. It is on this wise, as we said before, that he has had + himself represented <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page320">[pg + 320]</span><a name="Pg320" id="Pg320" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in + the memorial picture of the proclamation of the Immaculate + Conception. At the Coronation of Charles <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">x.</span></span> + of France doves were let fly into the church. And so in Rome also a + dove might be trained, so as to make it hover above the Pope at the + moment of his apotheosis being proclaimed by his own mouth, which + would make the effect quite irresistible.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In this state of + things the eyes of all men are turned on the Bishops united, or + rather not united but only assembled, in Council. The great majority + are much in the disposition of the Athenians, when Alexander sent + word to them that he had become a god, and wished to be worshipped as + such. The popular assembly cried out that, if Alexander really wished + to be a god, he was one. So say 300 Bishops: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“We eat the Pope's bread and drink his wine and rest + under his roof, so—let him be infallible.”</span> And 100 Bishops + say: <span class="tei tei-q">“We are nothing but titular Bishops, + with no dioceses or flocks; from whom but the Pope do we get our + titles? So—let him be infallible.”</span> Others again say: + <span class="tei tei-q">“We call ourselves Bishops or + Vicars-Apostolic by favour of the Pope, and during his good pleasure. + Let him then be infallible.”</span> Lastly others say: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> has us in its power, and we + need it at every step; <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page321">[pg + 321]</span><a name="Pg321" id="Pg321" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + Pope must be infallible, since he desires it.”</span> Thus we have + 550 born infallibilists. And to them must be added those whom the + Italians—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, Mamiani—call more curtly + than courteously <span class="tei tei-q">“gli Energumeni + stranieri,”</span> prelates of the Manning type <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">et id genus omne</span></span>, who really take + part as volunteers in this campaign for the triumph of papal + infallibility and the domination of souls. Many, like Sieyès + formerly, will vote <span class="tei tei-q">“la mort et sans + phrase,”</span> but we shall read of unctuous motives alleged by the + volunteers for their votes. They want infallibility for themselves as + well as others; for themselves, because then there will be no further + need <span class="tei tei-q">“to dig,”</span> for which they have + <span class="tei tei-q">“neither hand nor foot,”</span> but all + doctrines will be received ready made, measured and cut out by the + Jesuits and stamped and guaranteed as genuine in the Roman + printing-office; for others, because thereby every doubt or suspicion + or inconvenient demand in matters of doctrine will be summarily got + rid of and suppressed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is three months + to-day since the Council was opened. Viewed from without, the + circumstances could hardly have been more favourable; in national + diversities and universality of representation the assembly surpassed + all former Councils, nor was it so obvious at the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page322">[pg 322]</span><a name="Pg322" id="Pg322" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> beginning that under this bright outside + was concealed a crying and iniquitous inequality of representation, + and that here again the mastery was placed in the hands of the + Italians. But how have all hopes been deceived now, and who had + thought of this lamentable upshot!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Lamartine desired + of his age that Italy should produce <span class="tei tei-q">“des + hommes et non de la poussière humaine.”</span> For three months have + these 750 prelates been assembled—in theory the very flower of the + Catholic world, the pastors of 180 million souls, men with a rich + experience at their back. They were at once separated into two + parties, one of 600 and the other of about 150. On which side are the + men and on which the human dust? What have these 600 done in the + three months they have been together, what have they brought to an + issue, and what thoughts or sparks of intelligence have been struck + out of this daily contact with so many high dignitaries from the four + quarters of the world? Their utter sterility, aimlessness and poverty + of thought—their passively resigning themselves to a mere assent to + the thoughts and words of others—all this, when watched close at + hand, makes a painful impression. It is true that European history + since 1789 has accustomed us to the infirmities and follies and the + unproductiveness <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page323">[pg + 323]</span><a name="Pg323" id="Pg323" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + great deliberative assemblies; it has become an every-day phenomenon, + and in our days one's expectations from an ecclesiastical assembly + can only be of the most moderate kind. There is no fear there of rash + and hasty decisions or revolutionary measures. But La Bruyere's + saying, <span class="tei tei-q">“A great assembly always becomes a + rabble,”</span> is verified even at Rome, and the Italians of 1870 + have already begun to emulate the example of their ancestors in 1562. + Just as the majority at Trent knew how to reduce a disagreeable + speaker to silence by wild cries and coughing and scraping with their + feet, so is it now at the Vatican Council. It is the humiliating + feeling of intellectual impotence and of deficiency alike in + knowledge, eloquence and mind, as compared with the minority, from + whom almost everything emanates that can be called life or thought in + the Council. They feel their abject littleness, in their thankless + rôle of being a mere echo of the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schemata</span></span> and Canons proposed, and + having to present in so unadorned and undisguised a form that + <span class="tei tei-q">“sacrificio dell' intelletto”</span> which + the Jesuits so eagerly commend. The honour of being afterwards + lauded, as one of the 600 organs of the Holy Ghost at this Council, + has to be purchased rather dear. But we cannot in fact come to close + quarters and converse with <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page324">[pg + 324]</span><a name="Pg324" id="Pg324" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + these Bishops of the majority, without being reminded of the reply of + a Dane to a Frenchman, who said to him (before the Revolution) that + the highest Order in France was that of the Holy Ghost. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notre Saint Esprit est un éléphant,”</span> answered the + Dane. But the situation is almost too serious for such thoughts.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A synopsis of the + outstanding measures has been presented to the Council. There are + altogether 51 <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schemata</span></span>: 3 on + <span class="tei tei-q">“Faith,”</span> 28 on <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Discipline,”</span> 18 on <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Religious Orders,”</span> 2 on <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Oriental Church affairs:”</span> of these 39 have not + yet been distributed, and 46 not discussed; 12 are in the hands of + the Bishops, of which 5 have been already discussed and are to be + again presented and examined, after being modified by the Commission. + This is obviously matter enough for two years' work; yet the Council + Hall and the hitherto irresistible and invulnerable majority will + conspire to push the 51 <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schemata</span></span> + expeditiously through the Council, unabbreviated and hardly altered. + If only the master at last praises and rewards his servants!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile 34 + French Bishops have signed a Statement of Protest against the new + order of business. I hear that the perversity of deciding doctrines + by counting heads is emphatically dwelt on. The same document + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page325">[pg 325]</span><a name="Pg325" + id="Pg325" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> has been subscribed by 33 + German Bishops, with certain additions. Cardinals Mathieu and + Rauscher, while professing their agreement, did not think it well to + sign. Some 10 or 12 Germans have accepted a shorter but more precise + and pointed address, maintaining the same principles. Some Orientals + too have signed, while the deliberations of the Americans, on the + other hand, came to no result.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such declarations + are necessary for the outer world and for the satisfaction of their + own consciences, but they can hardly be expected to produce any + effect, nor do the signataries themselves anticipate any important + change being made in the new <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">regolamento</span></span>. Would that their + representations were formal protests, declaring that they would take + no further part in an assembly lacking the necessary conditions of a + true Council! But neither the French nor Germans could resolve on + that. It would be hard even for a man like Dupanloup, who may be + reckoned a leader of the Opposition, openly to contradict his own + earlier writings about the Pope. The question suggests itself, If + Pius, before his infallibility is made a dogma, has said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“I am the way, the truth, and the + life,”</span> what will he say when his apotheosis is accomplished? + What words of human language <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page326">[pg 326]</span><a name="Pg326" id="Pg326" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> will suffice adequately to denote the sublimity + of his position? A former saying of a member of the Italian + aristocracy, well known for his witty remarks, occurs to me, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Gli altri Papi credevano esser Vicarii di + Christo, ma questo Papa crede che nostro Signore sia il suo Vicario + in cielo.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We live here in + the place whereof Tacitus wrote eighteen centuries ago, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Cupido dominandi cunctis affectibus flagrantior + est.”</span><a id="noteref_61" name="noteref_61" href= + "#note_61"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">61</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If infallibility + is defined, every member of the Roman Congregations has the pleasing + certainty that he possesses <span class="tei tei-q">“divinæ + particulam auræ.”</span> Pius is as firm and resolved as ever; the + Jesuits have told him that, if the new dogma produces any confusion + and scandal in the Church, it matters nothing—other dogmatic + decisions have led to great confusion, but have remained triumphant; + in a hundred years all will be quiet. Father Piccirillo, the editor + of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> and special favourite of + Pius, has consoled other prelates in the same way.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Ecclesiâ</span></span> has been compared with the lecture notes of a + Jesuit Professor at the Collegio Romano, and the two are shown to + agree precisely. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page327">[pg + 327]</span><a name="Pg327" id="Pg327" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Even the most abject <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet</span></span>-men of the majority feel + rather ashamed of this; they had not quite expected to be summoned to + Rome, simply in order to formulate the lecture notes of a Jesuit into + dogmatic decrees for the whole Church.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">An individual so + insignificant intellectually, that I never expected to have any + occasion for mentioning his name, and who is regarded in German + circles as the standing joke of the Council, a certain Wolanski, has + just been placed on the Congregation of the Index, as censor for + German books. He would be utterly incompetent even to transcribe the + work of a German theologian for the press. But in Rome they like, + from time to time, to give a kick of this sort to foreigners.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Postscript.</span></span>—I have just been put + in a position to tell you something of the contents of the episcopal + protest against the new order of business. In respect to the + thirteenth article it is objected, that in former Councils a method + of voting simply designed to secure expedition (<span class= + "tei tei-q">“eo expedito modo”</span>) has never been adopted—a form + <span class="tei tei-q">“quo nullus certe alius gravitati et + maturitati deliberationis, imo et ipsi libertati minus favet.”</span> + It is added, that even in political assemblies the right is + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page328">[pg 328]</span><a name="Pg328" + id="Pg328" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> granted of demanding that + votes should be taken by calling names. It is not rapidity of + decision, but prudence and the utmost possible security, that is the + important point. <span class="tei tei-q">“Quod in Concilio maxime + refert, non est ut cito res expediatur, sed ut caute et tutissime + peragatur. Longe satius est paucas quæstiones expendere et prudenter + solvere, quam multo numerosiores proponere et decurtatis + discussionibus suffragiisque præcipitanter collectis res tam graves + irrevocabiliter definire.”</span> The document goes on to protest + against the regulation for first counting the votes of those who + assent to the proposed decrees, and not till after this has been done + of those who reject them. This is quite wrong; <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Cum in quæstionibus fidei tutius sit sistere et + definitionem differre, quam temere progredi, ideo conditio + dissentientium favorabilior esse debet, et ipsis prioritas in dandis + suffragiis excedenda esset.”</span> The memorialists further desire + that, in the definition of a dogma or the establishment of a canon + armed with anathema, the votes should be orally given by <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet</span></span> and <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Non + placet</span></span>, not by rising and sitting down. And then great + stress is laid on the point of dogmas not being decided by a mere + majority but only by moral unanimity, so that any decree opposed by a + considerable number of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page329">[pg + 329]</span><a name="Pg329" id="Pg329" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Bishops may be held to be rejected. The Bishops say, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Cum dogmata constent Ecclesiarum consensu, ut ait + Bellarminus,”</span> moral unanimity is necessary. There is a further + demand or request of the Bishops, <span class="tei tei-q">“ut + suffragia patrum non super <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">toto Schemate</span></em> et quasi <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">in globo</span></em>, + sed seorsim super unâquâque definitione, super unoquoque Canone, per + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet</span></span> aut <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Non + placet</span></span> sigillatim rogentur et edantur.”</span> The + Fathers should also be free, according to the Pope's previous + arrangement, to give in their remarks in writing. But the following + is the most important passage:—<span class="tei tei-q">“Id autem quod + spectat ad numerum suffragiorum requisitum ut quæstiones dogmaticæ + solvantur, in quo quidem rei summa est et totius Concilii cardo + vertitur, ita grave est, ut nonnisi admitteretur, quod reverenter et + enixe postulamus, conscientia nostra intolerabili pondere premeretur. + Timeremus, ne Concilii Œcumenici character in dubium vocari posset, + ne ansa hostibus præberetur, S. Sedem et Concilium impetendi, sicque + demum apud populum Christianum hujus Concilii auctoritas + labefactaretur, <span class="tei tei-q">‘quasi veritate et libertate + caruerit,’</span> quod his turbatissimis temporibus tanta esset + calamitas ut pejor excogitari non possit.”</span> On this we might + however observe with all respect, that a greater calamity is quite + conceivable, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page330">[pg + 330]</span><a name="Pg330" id="Pg330" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and + that is the sanctioning of a doctrine exegetically, dogmatically and + historically untenable by an assembly calling itself a Council. The + Protest ends with these words:—<span class="tei tei-q">“Spe freti + futurum ut hæ nostræ gravissimæ animadversiones ab Eminentiis vestris + benevolenti animo accipiantur, earumque, quae par est, ratio + habeatur, nosmet profitemur: Eminentiarum Vestrarum addictissimos et + obsequentissimos famulos.”</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page331">[pg 331]</span><a name= + "Pg331" id="Pg331" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc69" id="toc69"></a> <a name="pdf70" id="pdf70"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Twenty-Eighth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, March + 9.</span></span>—The decree on infallibility appeared on Sunday, + March 6, just a year after the project was announced in the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Allgemeine + Zeitung</span></span>. The Bishops knew three weeks before, through + an indiscretion of Perrone's, that it was drawn up. But its extreme + and unqualified form will have taken many by surprise. Men could + hardly believe that the Roman See would publicly confess so huge an + excess of ambition, and itself court a reproach of which the Catholic + Church may indeed be cleared, but the Papacy never. The circumstances + preceding the appearance of this composition, which will be a + phenomenon in the world's history, are hardly less remarkable and + significant than the text itself.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was decided on + February 21, at a meeting of the French Cabinet presided over by the + Emperor, to send a special ambassador to the Council. A despatch + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page332">[pg 332]</span><a name="Pg332" + id="Pg332" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to this effect was forwarded + to Rome the same evening. The notion so greatly displeased the + Marquis de Banneville, that he delayed carrying out his instructions + and sent word of his anxieties to Paris. Here he said quite openly + that he could remain no longer, and must go to Paris to get the + decision reversed. He contented himself however with sending an + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">attaché</span></span> to France. At last, on + March 1, the design of the French Government was communicated to + Cardinal Antonelli, and three days afterwards, on March 4, the + Marquis de Banneville came to receive his reply. The Cardinal was + unfortunately prevented by an attack of gout from seeing him. And + thus the answer has been given in the unexpected form of a dogmatic + decree.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Not less + remarkable is the coincidence of the decree with the publication of + Count Daru's Letter. Its publication, which proclaims to the world + the policy of the French Cabinet towards the Court of Rome, has + excited the greater sensation in Rome, as it could not have emanated + from any ordinary correspondent. The letter was only known to the + English Government, and there was no copy in England except in the + hands of the Ministry. It cannot be supposed that it would be offered + for publication without the connivance of <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page333">[pg 333]</span><a name="Pg333" id="Pg333" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Count Daru himself, and this conjecture is + confirmed by the tone of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Français</span></span>, Count Daru's organ, on + the subject. It was open to it to disavow the letters, which are + addressed to a private individual, and not, as the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Times</span></span> + incorrectly stated, to a French prelate. But instead of seizing on + this loophole, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Français</span></span> says that the private + letters of the minister contain nothing different from his public + despatches. What gives these things the greater weight is that they + imply the probability of interpellations, in Paris as well as in + Florence, and the ministry must be presumed to be determined to + persist to the end in the path it has entered upon.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the clearest + light is thrown on the act of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, + when we look at its relation to the simultaneous movement among the + minority.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The new order of + business seemed to many calculated to bring the internal split in the + Opposition to the surface. To accept it was equivalent to accepting + the dogma itself. To reject it was to intimate the resolution not to + surrender the rights of Bishops, of whom St. Thomas says, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Obtinent in Ecclesiâ summum + potestatem,”</span> and therefore not to recognise the Pope's + infallibility. But it has just been explained in the most + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page334">[pg 334]</span><a name="Pg334" + id="Pg334" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> emphatic terms in Father + Gratry's Letters, which are in the hands of all the Bishops, how + difficult it is to coquet with the Jesuit dogmas without falling into + the old Jesuit system of morality. However, this much desired + division only occurred on a very limited scale.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Opposition + resolved to protest against the order of business. The Protest is + said to have been drawn up by skilful French hands, and was + subscribed on March 4 by thirty-four French Bishops, and another, + signed by almost the same number of German Bishops, was presented to + the Legates two days later. A very high estimate is formed of its + importance here. According to the Roman view the majority of the + Council has no better right than the minority to proclaim a new + dogma, for the right belongs to the Pope alone, who can just as well + elevate the teaching of the minority as of the majority into a dogma. + And therefore, in maintaining that no dogma can be defined without + the universal consent—the moral unanimity—of the Episcopate, and that + a Council which receives a dogma without that consent is liable to be + rejected as not free and Œcumenical, the Bishops are not only + protesting against the threatened encroachments of the majority, but + just as much against the claim of the Pope to define dogmas by his + own <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page335">[pg 335]</span><a name= + "Pg335" id="Pg335" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> authority. I have + lately cited the words of Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> on that point. In + putting forward and defending their right and qualification to be + witnesses of the faith and representatives of their Churches, the + Bishops are not only vindicating a position very difficult to assail, + but at the same time shaking the principal foundation of the present + Council. In the first place the minority represent relatively far + greater numbers of Catholics than their adversaries, and in the next + place the bulk of the majority is artificially swelled by a crowd of + prelates who really represent no Churches and only bear witness for + themselves. That many of them have been simply created to give their + services at this Council, is notorious. According to the official + Roman register, fifty-one Bishops <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">in + partibus</span></span> were named between June 1866 and August 1869. + By every one of these creations the Pope has neutralized by his own + plenary power the vote of an Archbishop of Paris or Vienna; in other + words, he has put some favourite Roman monsignore on an equality, as + regards the decisions of the Council, with a venerable Church + containing more than a million of souls. The presence of such + elements in the assembly gives grounds for doubting whether it can be + regarded as a real representation <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page336">[pg 336]</span><a name="Pg336" id="Pg336" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of the whole Church, and so this declaration of + the Bishops is like knocking a nail in the coffin of the Œcumenical + Council.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I have mentioned + that the Protest of the French Bishops was handed in on March 4. That + day was the beginning of the decisive crisis for the Opposition. The + adhesion of the Germans was next awaited; it followed on the 6th + March, and their example is pretty sure to be followed by other + nations. The prospect of this danger, combined with the news from + France, brought the long preconcerted resolve of the other side to + sudden and immediate maturity. A few days before they had not + intended to come forward with the decree yet. But now the great + object was to cut short any further development on the part of the + Opposition, and, if possible, to hinder the German Protest. The + existing situation seems even to have influenced the form of the + decree. For a moment the French middle party—Bonnechose, Lavigerie, + etc.—had fancied a professedly moderate formula would be carried, but + now the counsels of the most determined infallibilists prevailed, and + the Pope, in great visible excitement, gave his assent to the decree + in the form in which it has been published. This took place on March + 5. The <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page337">[pg 337]</span><a name= + "Pg337" id="Pg337" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> decree is dated March + 6. With the view of stopping the German Protest, they did not wait + for the next sitting to distribute the printed copies to the Fathers + in Council as usual, but sent them direct to their houses. This was + the answer to the protesting movement.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Considering that + none of the former addresses of the minority—some twelve have been + presented—have been taken the slightest notice of, there were of + course the best reasons for anticipating no better fate for this + last. But it has served another purpose. It was an intimation on the + part of the signataries that their patience has reached its limits. + The Protest did not indeed pledge them to any definite course of + action. But it certainly imposes on them the duty of not tolerating + anything further of the same kind, and not lending a hand to any + decision affecting the whole future of the Church, under conditions + they have themselves declared to imperil the authority and solidity + of the Council. Either the Protest means nothing, and the signataries + are as persuaded of its worthlessness and insincerity as their + adversaries, or it means that they will not allow the great dogma to + come on for discussion unless they obtain an assurance that no dogma + shall be proclaimed by Pope or Council without a moral <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page338">[pg 338]</span><a name="Pg338" id="Pg338" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> unanimity. The <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> + have known how to give so emphatic an expression to their contempt + for the Opposition, that even the sharpest and bitterest words would + show less scorn and insolence than their act. By choosing the precise + moment, when the minority declare that their conscience is troubled + and in doubt about the legitimacy and result of the Council + altogether, for bringing forward the very decree which has all along + been the main cause of that doubt and trouble of conscience, they + proclaim plainly and emphatically that they know the Opposition + regards its own words as nothing but words, and that there is no + earnest manly decision or religious conviction behind them. The + conscientiousness of the Opposition, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> of + the most distinguished French and German Bishops, could not be put to + a prompter, a more crucial, or a more decisive test.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">How will this test + be borne? How will the doctrine of the Church and the honour of two + nations be saved? The events of the next few days will decide.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page339">[pg 339]</span><a name= + "Pg339" id="Pg339" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc71" id="toc71"></a> <a name="pdf72" id="pdf72"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Twenty-Ninth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, March + 15.</span></span>—Livy relates that, in the battle at the Thrasimene + Lake, the combatants on either side, Romans and Carthaginians, felt + nothing of the earthquake under their feet. Here in Rome it is not so + much the heat of the contest that makes the great body of Bishops + unconscious of the moral earthquake which has begun to shake the + Church, for there is no strife in the ranks of the majority, and + their intercourse with the other party is very small. But every one + thinks first of his own home and diocese, and the Italians, Spaniards + and South Americans—nearly 500 prelates in all—have abundant cause + for reckoning on absolute indifference and ease, on a passive and + generally willing assent. In those countries it is only money + questions, the contest about Church property, that stirs men's minds. + How much is to be left to the clergy or taken from them, that is the + question here. And the Bishops hope that papal <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page340">[pg 340]</span><a name="Pg340" id="Pg340" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> infallibility will give some added force + to the papal decisions on the inviolability of Church property.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the + Opposition Bishops many are still in good spirits and full of + confidence. <span class="tei tei-q">“We are too many, and we + represent too considerable portions of the Christian world, for our + resistance to be ignored and our votes thrust aside,”</span> is what + many of them still assert. But the dominant party don't admit this. + Antonelli says: <span class="tei tei-q">“As soon as the Pope + promulgates a decree with the assent of a great number of Bishops, he + is infallible, and therefore a minority of opposing votes need not be + attended to.”</span> Naturally—for he, like other Italians, moves in + the circle of papal infallibility which he, as advocate and + financier, considers to belong to the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“grandes idées de l'Église.”</span> He would certainly, + if asked, agree with the view of Cardinal Jacobazzi, about 1530, that + the Pope could hold an Œcumenical Council with one Bishop only and + issue an infallible decree. The state of the case is this: if the + decree is published by the Pope with the assent of the majority of + the Council, it is ruled that the gift of infallibility has all along + resided in the Popes alone, and that the supreme authority in dogmas + has only been derived to General Councils from them, whether by their + taking part in <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page341">[pg + 341]</span><a name="Pg341" id="Pg341" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + proceedings or confirming them. On this theory, even a very + considerable number of opposing Bishops have no rights; the Pope + could issue a dogmatic decree with the minority against the votes of + the majority, for he and he alone would always be the organ of the + Holy Ghost. Either no reply will be given to the complaints of the + Bishops about the new order of business, any more than to their + previous memorials, or they will be told that it is reserved to the + Pope to settle whether a decree or <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> voted by a majority only + shall be promulgated, since he, being alone infallible, can do what + he pleases. In this sense the silence of Section 14 may well be + interpreted.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All the talk about + <span class="tei tei-q">“inopportuneness”</span> is now quite at an + end. I had predicted that from the first. Any Bishop who wanted to + discuss now, whether it was the right time for making the new dogma, + would be laughed at rather than listened to. It has been decided by + 500 Bishops with the Pope that the decree is opportune, and in saying + that the question is about the truth of articles of faith, not their + convenience, they have reason and history on their side.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There are said to + be 100 Opinions or Objections of the Bishops about or against the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> on the Church, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page342">[pg 342]</span><a name="Pg342" id="Pg342" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> already in the hands of the Commission of + Faith. Among them is the memorial of an eminent German Bishop, whose + bosom two souls seem to inhabit, and who therefore occupies the + singular position at once of a friend of papal infallibility and an + opponent of the definition and member of the Opposition. He read his + paper in the meeting of German Bishops, and it was received with + general approval, in spite of the pungent comments it contained on + the new order of business in connection with the publication of the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> on infallibility a few days + later, as being a disgrace to the Council and the Church.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Count + Trautmansdorff and M. Beust have received from Antonelli one of those + quieting and entirely conciliatory answers that clerical statesman is + so fond of pouring forth in all directions.<a id="noteref_62" name= + "noteref_62" href="#note_62"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">62</span></span></a> Its + substance is as follows: in theory, and as regards what the + scholastics called universals, where high and far-reaching principles + have to be established, the Church is inexorable; <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page343">[pg 343]</span><a name="Pg343" id="Pg343" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> there she cannot abandon an iota of her + claims, and must draw and force home the sword of anathema. She must + therefore necessarily pronounce modern civilisation, with its + freedoms, a medley of soul-destroying errors, must raise the banner + of coercion and forcible suppression, and accordingly condemn freedom + of religious profession and of the press. But in practice—in + Concordats and special Indults and concessions of graces—the Pope is + not so strict and inexorable; there he is open to negotiations, and + the separate Governments can obtain from him as a favour the actual + toleration of what in theory he most solemnly condemns, of course + only <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">durante beneplacito</span></span>, so long as it + pleases him and the Governments behave well and don't deserve to be + punished by the withdrawal of their indults and privileges. And that + is so long as circumstances remain unaltered, for it is self-evident + that, as soon as the temper of public opinion and the political + situation become such as to offer any prospect of an ecclesiastical + pretension being successfully urged, the indult will be abrogated and + the practice conformed to the theory. Antonelli always has both + pockets full of such distinctions between the strict and hard theory + and the mild and indulgent pliability in practice, and <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page344">[pg 344]</span><a name="Pg344" id="Pg344" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> no diplomatist leaves him without such + consolation. De Banneville has always been satisfied with the fare + thus set before him by the Secretary of State. Trautmansdorff has so + far the advantage, that the doctrines of Church and State imposed by + the Court of Rome on the Council give the Austrian Government a very + convenient handle for declaring the legal abolition of the Concordat, + which is practically torn to pieces already; for with a Pope who has + become infallible and feels himself called to be the supreme judge of + right and wrong, though there may indeed be an armistice, no real and + genuine peace and no treaty is possible.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Moreover nothing + can be more convenient and elastic than the theory Antonelli expounds + with all the unction of priestly diplomacy to the representatives of + the European Governments. It makes everything—persons and + institutions, governments and peoples—ultimately dependent on the + indulgence and favour of the Pope. By the higher and divine law, so + runs this doctrine, everything in the world should properly be + differently arranged; the censorship of the Holy Office, religious + coercion and clerical immunities, in a word the whole system of canon + law, should flourish everywhere in full vigour as in the States of + the Church. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page345">[pg + 345]</span><a name="Pg345" id="Pg345" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> But + the Vicar of God is merciful; he condescends to the evil condition of + States and of mankind, and does what is so easily done in Rome, he + dispenses—for at Rome obsolete laws are maintained simply to supply + matter for dispensations,—he declares his readiness to tolerate what + in itself is to be condemned, out of regard for the unfavourable + circumstances of the age, and thus all at last falls under the + sceptre of the Pope, who rules at one time by favour and + dispensations, at another by strict law. Constitutions and laws will + be allowed to exist for awhile, and until further notice. This + however is no recognition of them, but only an <span class= + "tei tei-q">“indult,”</span> for which sovereigns and statesmen and + nations must be thankful while it lasts, but which may at any moment + be revoked.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The plan of + acclamation, announced by the Jesuits as far back as February 1869, + still counts many friends. There are 600 episcopal throats ready to + shout, and these prelates had the rather get the affair settled in + that summary fashion, because they would then be spared the hearing + of things which bring a blush to many a face. For the Opposition + Bishops could bring forward reasons and facts which, if once spoken + in this place, would make a powerful echo and come unrefuted + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page346">[pg 346]</span><a name="Pg346" + id="Pg346" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> before the present and future + generations. Of all possible questions that of infallibility is + certainly the one which can least be discussed here and before 275 + Italian prelates. What has happened in the last sittings, the + exaltation of some and the bitterness of others, gives no hope of a + quiet examination, but on the contrary leads us to expect that the + majority will make the fullest use either of their physical + preponderance or of the new rights given them by the Pope for + reducing their adversaries to silence. Many who are resolved to + gratify the Pope's desire by their <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet</span></span>, are apprehensive that the + objections of their opponents might leave the unpleasant taste of an + unanswered argument in their mouths, and that the sting of a vote + given without adequate knowledge and examination might remain fixed + in the conscience of the Bishops. In this connection the answer of a + North American Bishop of the infallibilist party is significant. He + said that he remembered having heard, when in the theological class + in his seminary, that the condemnation of Pope Honorius by the Sixth + Council meant nothing, and now in his old age nobody could require + him to study and examine the question for himself.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Since the + appearance of Gratry's Letters, what is most <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page347">[pg 347]</span><a name="Pg347" id="Pg347" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> especially dreaded is the mention and + discussion of the forgeries and fictions that have been perpetrated + for centuries past in the interest of the Papacy. Should they really + come to be spoken of in the Council Hall, one may be quite prepared + for Legate Capalti, even if he is not presiding, striking his bell + till it bursts. The Italian and Spanish majority would sooner let a + speaker teach Arianism and Pelagianism than touch on this sore. + Cyprian, pseudo-Isidore, Anselm, Deusdedit, Gratian, Thomas Aquinas + and Cyril—these are now terrible names, and hundreds here would fain + stop their ears when they are uttered. <span class="tei tei-q">“Is + there then no balm in Gilead, no physician?”</span> Just now a + theologian or historian would be worth his weight in gold, who could + produce evidence that all these forgeries and inventions are genuine + monuments of Christian antiquity, and that the whole edifice of papal + absolutism has been built up with the purest and most conscientious + loyalty to truth. For this <span class="tei tei-q">“horse”</span> + they would now, like Richard <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> of England, offer a + kingdom. For the first time the world, with a free press in full + possession, is to accept a new dogma with all its extensive + belongings—to accept it in faith, at a time when historical criticism + has attained a power against which Rome is impotent, and when its + conclusions <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page348">[pg + 348]</span><a name="Pg348" id="Pg348" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + pass into the literature and the common consciousness of all thinking + men with a rapidity hitherto unprecedented. The works will soon be + counted not by hundreds but by thousands, which relate and make + capital out of the fact that from the year 500 to 1600 deliberate + fraud was at work in Rome and elsewhere for disseminating, + supporting, and finding a basis for, the notion of infallibility. If + they imagine in Rome that they can escape this power by means of the + Index and similar fulminations, such as some French Bishops have + hurled at Father Gratry, that is like sending a couple of old women + with syringes to put out a palace on fire.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The leader and + oracle of the infallibilists, Archbishop Manning, knows something of + the contradictions of history to his pet dogma. He has heard + something of the long chain of forgeries, but he demonstrates to his + associates by a bold method of logic, that it is an article of faith + that is at issue here, and that history and historical criticism can + have nothing to say to it. <span class="tei tei-q">“It is not, + therefore, by criticism on past history, but by acts of faith in the + living voice of the Church at this hour, that we can know the + faith.”</span><a id="noteref_63" name="noteref_63" href= + "#note_63"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">63</span></span></a> The + faith which removes mountains will be equally ready—such is + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page349">[pg 349]</span><a name="Pg349" + id="Pg349" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> clearly his meaning—to make + away with the facts of history. Whether any German Bishop will be + found to offer his countrymen these stones to digest, time will + show.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of what French + infallibilists are capable has been evidenced in the case of Bishop + Pie of Poictiers, who is, next to Plantier of Nîmes, the leader of + this faction. He introduces into his Lenten Pastoral the history of + Uzza, who wanted, with a good object, to support the tottering Ark, + and was punished by being burned to death. The Ark, he says, is the + Church and its doctrine, and whoever touches it with the best + intentions, be he layman or priest, commits a grievous crime and + audacious sacrilege, which must bring down on his head the most + terrible wrath of God. The animals, which draw the waggon containing + the Ark, are the Bishops. If then, proceeds Pie, any of these oxen + swerve from the road and kick (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">regimbent</span></span>), there are plenty more + at hand to bring back the cart into the right track, for—and here the + oxen suddenly become horses (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">coursiers</span></span>)—all the steeds of the + sacred cart do not stumble at the same time. Thus does this prelate + expound to his flock the position of the majority and minority at the + Council, and for their full consolation <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page350">[pg 350]</span><a name="Pg350" id="Pg350" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> he adds: <span class="tei tei-q">“Moreover + there is one supreme and divinely enlightened driver of the cart, who + is liable to no error, and he will know how to deal with the shying + and stumbling of the horses.”</span> According to Bishop Pie + therefore, the waggon of the Church is sometimes drawn by horses—the + Opposition who make <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "fr"><span style="font-style: italic">sou-bresaut</span></span> and + <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">écarts</span></span>; sometimes by steady-going + oxen—the great majority,—and among these last the Bishop of Poictiers + with amiable modesty reckons himself. If the readers of the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Allgemeine + Zeitung</span></span> doubt whether a highly respected leader of the + majority and member of the Commission on Faith has really written + such nonsense, I can only refer them to the document itself, which + will no doubt be reprinted in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Univers</span></span> + or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Monde</span></span>.<a id="noteref_64" name= + "noteref_64" href="#note_64"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">64</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There are many + indications that the wishes of the clique of zealots, who wanted to + get the infallible Pope made out of hand on St. Joseph's day, will + not be realized, but that a longer interval will have to be allowed. + The <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“on Faith”</span> prepared by the Commission, + viz., by the above-named Bishop Pie, and containing <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page351">[pg 351]</span><a name="Pg351" id="Pg351" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the philosophical and theological matter + for the Council, was to have been distributed last week, and even + Bishops of the minority had received professedly confidential notice + of it; but no such distribution took place. So the Session of this + week too will fall through, and it is not easy to see how this first + fruit of the Council can well be imparted to the expectant world + before Easter. And here I constantly come across the view that the + postponement of the discussion on the grand <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Ecclesiâ</span></span>, with the article on infallibility, is done + with a purpose. The Opposition is still too strong and compact; it is + hoped that some members will be detached from it every week, and that + several will leave Rome; some Austrians are gone already. Everything + depends on making the Opposition so small and weak, that they may be + walked over, and may seem only to exist as a captive band of German + Barbarians to grace the triumphal procession of the Latins, and then + to be surrendered to those <span class="tei tei-q">“exécuteurs des + hautes œuvres de la justice de Rome,”</span> MM. Veuillot and + Maguelonne, the editors of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Univers</span></span> and the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Correspondance de + Rome</span></span>.<a id="noteref_65" name="noteref_65" href= + "#note_65"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">65</span></span></a> This + delay is of course a severe trial of <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page352">[pg 352]</span><a name="Pg352" id="Pg352" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> patience for the majority who are hungering + after the new bread of faith.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I will not conceal + that even among the highest Roman dignitaries the infallibilist dogma + provokes expressions of discontent. Are they honestly and sincerely + meant? The voting will show. The <span lang="fr" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">mot + d'ordre</span></span> has gone forth to correspondents of foreign + journals, to say that the whole Opposition is thoroughly broken up, + and that some are deserting and the rest running away. But as yet + these are wishes rather than facts. As far as I can see, the French + and German Bishops, who wish to maintain the ancient doctrine of the + Church and reject the new dogma, hold firmly together. Some Bishops + said, directly after the publication of the supplementary <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> on infallibility, that + their only choice lay between a schism or a false doctrine; nothing + else was left them except to resign their Sees. And your readers + would be astonished if I could venture to mention their names—names + of the highest repute.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The war of + extermination against the Theological <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page353">[pg 353]</span><a name="Pg353" id="Pg353" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Faculties of the German Universities is to be + energetically carried on. The Bishop of Ratisbon's measure is only a + premonitory feeler. Some particular exceptions however might be made, + as long as the chairs were filled by pupils of the Jesuits. The + German College is now to be the nursery for professors of theology + and philosophy at German Seminaries and High Schools. This reminds + one of the Alexandrian Psaphon, who kept a whole aviary of parrots, + and taught them to scream, <span class="tei tei-q">“Great is the God, + Psaphon,”</span> and then let them fly, so that they carried over + land and sea the fame of his godhead. In Rome there is fortunately an + abundance of such aviaries. There are colleges here for England, + Scotland, Ireland, France, Germany and Hungary, Belgium, Poland, and + North and South America, and thousands of their inmates have already + been indoctrinated in Psaphon's fashion.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page354">[pg 354]</span><a name= + "Pg354" id="Pg354" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc73" id="toc73"></a> <a name="pdf74" id="pdf74"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Thirtieth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, March 20, + 1870.</span></span>—At last the greatest theologian of Catholic + England, in fact the only man of learning there who would be called + in Germany a real theologian, has spoken out in the great + controversy. Dr. Newman is superior of the Birmingham Oratory. It has + long been notorious that he deplored the condition of the English + (Catholic) Church, which has for many years been brought under the + convert yoke, and sympathized with the old Catholics, both clergy and + laity, who are now crushed under it; so much so, that the convert + party there tried to brand him with the reputation of heterodoxy, and + strangers intending to visit the illustrious Oratorian were warned + not to incur suspicion by doing so. Newman had accordingly maintained + a persistent silence in the controversies going on in England, + desirous as everybody was and is to know his judgment upon the + question which is now <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page355">[pg + 355]</span><a name="Pg355" id="Pg355" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“gladius animam Ecclesiæ + pertransiens.”</span> But in the midst of this silence he had opened + his heart, in a letter to a Bishop who is a friend of his own, on the + uncomfortable and dangerous position into which an <span class= + "tei tei-q">“aggressive and insolent faction”</span> has brought the + Church, and disturbed so many of the truest souls. He says:<a id= + "noteref_66" name="noteref_66" href="#note_66"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">66</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“... Such letters, if they could be circulated, would do + much to reassure the many minds which are at present distressed when + they look towards Rome.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Rome ought to be a name to lighten the heart at all + times, and a Council's proper office is, when some great heresy or + other evil impends, to inspire hope and confidence in the faithful; + but now we have the greatest meeting which ever has been, and that at + Rome, infusing into us by the accredited organs of Rome and of its + partisans (such as the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> [the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Armonia</span></span>], + the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Univers</span></span>, and the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tablet</span></span>) + little else than fear and dismay. When we are all at rest, and have + no doubts, and—at least practically, not to say doctrinally—hold the + Holy Father to be infallible, suddenly <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page356">[pg 356]</span><a name="Pg356" id="Pg356" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> there is thunder in the clearest sky, and we + are told to prepare for something, we know not what, to try our + faith, we know not how. No impending danger is to be averted, but a + great difficulty is to be created. Is this the proper work of an + Œcumenical Council?</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“As to myself personally, please God, I do not expect any + trial at all; but I cannot help suffering with the many souls who are + suffering, and I look with anxiety at the prospect of having to + defend decisions which may not be difficult to my own private + judgment, but may be most difficult to maintain logically in the face + of historical facts.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“What have we done to be treated as the faithful never + were treated before? When has a definition <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">de + fide</span></span> been a luxury of devotion and not a stern, painful + necessity? Why should an aggressive, insolent faction be allowed to + <span class="tei tei-q">‘make the heart of the just sad, whom the + Lord hath not made sorrowful’</span>? Why cannot we be let alone when + we have pursued peace and thought no evil?</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“I assure you, my lord, some of the truest minds are + driven one way and another, and do not know where to rest their + feet—one day determining <span class="tei tei-q">‘to give up all + theology as a bad job,’</span> and recklessly to believe henceforth + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page357">[pg 357]</span><a name="Pg357" + id="Pg357" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> almost that the Pope is + impeccable, at another tempted to <span class="tei tei-q">‘believe + all the worst which a book like Janus says,’</span>—others doubting + about <span class="tei tei-q">‘the capacity possessed by bishops + drawn from all corners of the earth to judge what is fitting for + European society,’</span> and then, again, angry with the Holy See + for listening to <span class="tei tei-q">‘the flattery of a clique of + Jesuits, Redemptorists, and converts.’</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Then, again, think of the store of Pontifical scandals + in the history of eighteen centuries, which have partly been poured + forth and partly are still to come. What Murphy inflicted upon us in + one way M. Veuillot is indirectly bringing on us in another. And then + again the blight which is falling upon the multitude of Anglican + ritualists, etc., who themselves, perhaps—at least their leaders—may + never become Catholics, but who are leavening the various English + denominations and parties (far beyond their own range) with + principles and sentiments tending towards their ultimate absorption + into the Catholic Church.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“With these thoughts ever before me, I am continually + asking myself whether I ought not to make my feelings public; but all + I do is to pray those early doctors of the Church, whose intercession + would decide <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page358">[pg + 358]</span><a name="Pg358" id="Pg358" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + matter (Augustine, Ambrose, and Jerome, Athanasius, Chrysostom, and + Basil) to avert this great calamity.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“If it is God's will that the Pope's infallibility be + defined, then is it God's will to throw back <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘the times and moments’</span> of that triumph which He + has destined for His kingdom, and I shall feel I have but to bow my + head to His adorable, inscrutable Providence.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“You have not touched upon the subject yourself, but I + think you will allow me to express to you feelings which, for the + most part, I keep to myself....”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus writes Newman + in most glaring contrast to Manning. The latter was long nothing but + his admiring disciple, and does not possess a tenth part of the + learning of his master. He owes simply to his infallibilist zeal + acquired in Rome his elevation to the Archbishopric of Westminster, + to which the Pope appointed him, in anticipation of his present + services, against the will of the English Catholics and the election + of the Bishops. The Roman correspondent of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Standard</span></span> + having published extracts from Newman's letter, he took occasion to + come forward and say that he had no wish to conceal that he + <span class="tei tei-q">“deeply deplored the policy, the spirit, the + measures of various persons <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page359">[pg + 359]</span><a name="Pg359" id="Pg359" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> lay + and ecclesiastical, who are urging the definition of that theological + opinion”</span> (of papal infallibility), while on the other hand he + has <span class="tei tei-q">“a firm belief that a greater power than + that of any man or set of men will overrule the deliberations of the + Council to the determination of Catholic and Apostolic truth, and + what its Fathers eventually proclaim <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">with one + voice</span></em> will be the Word of God.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">No one knows + better than Newman that, next to the Jesuits, two of his old Oxford + friends and disciples, Manning and Ward, are the chief authors of the + whole infallibilist agitation. Well for him that he does not live in + Manning's diocese! In the English clerical journals, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Weekly + Register</span></span>, the fact has lately several times come to + light, that English priests who utter a word against infallibility + are promptly reduced to silence by threats of suspension and + deprivation. Every infallibilist, who has the power, is also a + terrorist, for he feels instinctively that free and open discussion + would be the death of his darling dogma. Under these circumstances it + is very significant that some of the English Bishops are bold and + honest enough to speak their minds plainly, to the effect that the + English Catholics had gained all their political rights on the + repeated assurance, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page360">[pg + 360]</span><a name="Pg360" id="Pg360" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and + with the express condition, that the doctrine of papal infallibility + would not be taught and received in the English Church, and that on + that ground they have felt bound to repudiate this opinion. The chief + among these Bishops are Clifford, Bishop of Clifton, and Archbishop + Errington.<a id="noteref_67" name="noteref_67" href= + "#note_67"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">67</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I can give you the + precise facts of the affair about Montalembert's Requiem from the + most authentic sources, and it is worth while to do so, for it speaks + volumes on the present state of things. The news of his death had + reached Rome some hours, when a considerable number of foreigners, + chiefly French, were admitted to an audience with the Pope. + Immediately after the first words of blessing and encouragement, + which they had come to request of him, Pius went on to speak of the + man whose death had just been announced to him, saying that he had + done great services to the Church, <span class="tei tei-q">“mais il + était malheureusement de ces Catholiques libéraux qui ne sont que + demi-catholiques. Il y a quelques jours il écrivait des + paroles”</span>—here the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page361">[pg + 361]</span><a name="Pg361" id="Pg361" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Pope made a pause, and then proceeded—<span class="tei tei-q">“Enfin, + j'espère qu'il est bien mort”</span>—or probably <span class= + "tei tei-q">“qu'il a fait une bonne mort”</span>—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“L'orgueil était son principal défaut, c'est lui qui l'a + égaré.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While this was + going on in the Vatican, Bougaud, one of the Vicar-Generals of the + Bishop of Orleans, was inviting his countrymen from the pulpit of the + French church of St. Louis to a Requiem for the illustrious dead, to + be held next day in the church of Ara Celi. Archbishop Merode, Grand + Almoner of the Pope and brother-in-law of Montalembert, had so + arranged it, because it is an ancient privilege of the Roman + patricians to have funeral services solemnized for them in this + church, and Montalembert had been named a patrician by Pius + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> in recognition of his + services in restoring the States of the Church and bringing back the + Pope to Rome. He had contributed more than any of his contemporaries + to that restoration, and it was he whose speech in the National + Assembly at Paris in 1848 had decided the question of the Roman + expedition. Bougaud had also mentioned that. Many had heard on the + day before the service that it had been suddenly forbidden; + nevertheless at the appointed hour in the morning about twenty French + Bishops appeared with <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page362">[pg + 362]</span><a name="Pg362" id="Pg362" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + many priests and a large assemblage of laymen, the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">élite</span></span> of the French visitors now + in Rome. There before the entrance of the church they found M. + Veuillot, the old and implacable opponent and accuser of + Montalembert, standing among a group of sacristy officials, who + announced to all comers that the Pope had forbidden any service being + held or any prayers offered there for the departed Count. They + thought this incredible and forced their way into the church, and + here the sacristans informed them that, by special order of the Pope, + not only was the intended Requiem stopped but the usual masses must + be suspended, as long as the French remained in the church. By + degrees the congregation broke up, and about an hour afterwards, when + the church was empty, a French priest contrived to say a low mass in + a side chapel.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was probably + Banneville who intimated to the Pope, at his audience for taking + leave on the 17th, what a feeling this had created in French circles + in Rome, and what impression it must produce in France. So on the + morning of Friday the 18th, to the amazement of the court officials, + the Pope went to Sta. Maria Transpontana, an out-of-the-way church, + without his usual cortége. Several Bishops passed the church on + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page363">[pg 363]</span><a name="Pg363" + id="Pg363" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> their way to the Council, and + were surprised to see the Pope's carriage waiting at the door, as + they knew nothing of what had taken him there. In the church the Pope + sent orders to a Bishop to say mass <span class="tei tei-q">“for a + certain Charles,”</span> at which he assisted, and the following + notice then appeared in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Giornale di Roma</span></span>: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“His Holiness, in consideration of the former services of + Count Montalembert, ordered a mass to be celebrated for him in Sta. + Maria Transpontana, and himself assisted at it from the + tribune.”</span> Meanwhile the journalists were instructed to say in + their correspondence columns, that the prohibition had been issued, + because the Requiem was meant to be made into a demonstration.<a id= + "noteref_68" name="noteref_68" href="#note_68"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">68</span></span></a> That + insinuation implicates Archbishop Merode also, who resides in the + Vatican, for he had given the order. The charge of pride, which the + Pope brought against Montalembert, will excite astonishment and + something more in France, where it was precisely his gentleness and + modesty that had made him so universally beloved.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page364">[pg 364]</span><a name= + "Pg364" id="Pg364" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc75" id="toc75"></a> <a name="pdf76" id="pdf76"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Thirty-First Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, March 21, + 1870.</span></span>—A feeling of weariness, lethargy and disgust has + been forced on many Bishops by the treatment they have received and + the whole course of affairs in the Council up to this time. The news + of its dissolution would be welcome tidings to their ears. And not + only strangers, but many residents here, would joyfully hail their + deliverance from the existing situation; even one of the Legates said + lately that, if the Council were to be suddenly dissolved by a death, + the Church would be freed from a great distress. The Assembly Hall + alone would suffice to disgust a prelate with the idea of taking part + in a Council for the rest of his life. Yet they are obliged to sit + hours in this comfortless chamber, without understanding what is + said. A sense of time unprofitably wasted is the only result of many + a sitting for men, to whom at home every hour is precious for the + care of a large diocese. They say that, for the first <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page365">[pg 365]</span><a name="Pg365" id="Pg365" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> time since Councils came into being, the + Bishops have been robbed of their essential and inalienable right of + free speech on questions of faith; that they are compelled to vote, + but not allowed to give reasons for their vote and bear witness to + the doctrine of their Churches. They complain that, though they can + hand in written observations, no one but the Commission of + twenty-four knows anything about them, and that for the Council + itself and their fellow Bishops they can do nothing. The Commission + will perhaps present a summary report of a hundred of these memorials + and counter representations, according to the new order of business. + This means that the work carefully matured by a Bishop through weeks + or months of severe study will be summed up in two or three words, + and in the shape it is thrown into by a hostile Committee. If the + Bishops regard it as an intolerable oppression at home to have to + submit their Pastorals for previous inspection to their Governments, + here they can have nothing printed, even after it has undergone the + censorship.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is no mere + phrase, when the Bishops say in their Protest against the new order + of business that their consciences are intolerably burdened, and that + the Œcumenical character of the Council is likely to be assailed + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page366">[pg 366]</span><a name="Pg366" + id="Pg366" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and its authority + fundamentally shaken (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">labefacteretur</span></span>). They consider the + arrangement for deciding doctrines by simply counting heads + intolerable, and they recognise as of immeasurable importance, and + the very turning-point of the whole Council (<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">totius Concilii cardo vertitur</span></span>), + the question as to the necessary conditions of a definition of faith + binding the consciences of all the faithful. The Pope wants to have a + new article of faith made by the Council, on the acceptance or + rejection of which every man's salvation or condemnation is + henceforth to depend. And now this same Pope has overthrown the + principle always hitherto acknowledged in the Church, that such + decrees could only be passed unanimously, and has made the opposite + principle into a law.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Opposition + Bishops are well aware that any regular examination and discussion of + the infallibility question is rendered impossible by the nature of + the Council Hall and the plan of voting by majorities. They have + therefore proposed to the Legates that a deputation of several + Bishops chosen from among themselves should be associated with the + Commission on Faith, or with certain Bishops of the majority, to + discuss the form of the decree, and that, when they have come to a + common understanding, the formula as finally <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page367">[pg 367]</span><a name="Pg367" id="Pg367" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> agreed upon should be submitted to the vote of + the Council in full assembly. The authorities will not readily yield + to this demand on many accounts, and chiefly because what Tacitus + said of the Roman people 1800 years ago is well understood at Rome + now, <span class="tei tei-q">“Juvit credulitatem nox et promptior + inter tenebras affirmatio.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was a prudent + foresight which led the Pope so strictly to prohibit the Bishops from + printing anything here during the sitting of the Council; the Jesuits + of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> must retain their + exclusive monopoly of free speech. But such conferences as the + minority wished for were no less dangerous than printing, and would + naturally lead to the grounds of their decision being made public. + They have been summoned to affirm, not to deny, and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“promptior inter tenebras affirmatio.”</span> Meanwhile + the Germans say that a thorough sifting of the question is the first + thing necessary to be insisted upon, and that for two reasons: first + to satisfy their own consciences, and secondly for the sake of their + flocks. For they would not think it enough to enforce the new dogmas + on the faithful of their dioceses by mere official acts and by + referring them to the authority of the Council, which is ultimately + reduced to the authority of the Pope, but would feel bound to give + them sufficient <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page368">[pg + 368]</span><a name="Pg368" id="Pg368" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + reasons for its acceptance; and they have not been able to discover + the cogency of these reasons themselves. Pius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> + considers this superfluous. He feels his infallibility, as he says, + and therefore thinks it very scandalous that the Bishops do not + choose to be content with this testimony of his feeling. However, the + negotiations with the Legates about these conferences are still going + on.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It must be allowed + that there is not the slightest exaggeration in the words of the + seventy-six protesting Bishops. It is strictly true that the new + order of business, if it is carried out, must raise the greatest + doubts as to the Œcumenical character of the Council among all + thinking Catholics, especially such as are familiar with the history + of Councils. And it is undeniable that this would excite a terrible + disturbance in the Church, a contest the end of which cannot be + foreseen. The Jesuits are now stirring the fire with the same + assiduity and malicious pleasure as their predecessors in the Order + of 1713 and the following years, when the whole of France and the + Netherlands was plunged into a state of ecclesiastical strife and + confusion by the Bull <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Unigenitus</span></span>, which they procured. + They enjoy such contests, and have always carried them through with + the merciless <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page369">[pg + 369]</span><a name="Pg369" id="Pg369" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + harshness which is peculiar to them, relying on the strength of their + organization. It may sound hard that the Order should so often be + reproached with making its members at once accusers and bailiffs, but + they would themselves consider this rather a note of praise than of + blame.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The retribution + for their conduct in 1713 and afterwards came in 1763 and 1773. But + the Order, or at least its Roman members, who are all-powerful + through the favour of the Pope, have no fear of such consequences + now. A Jesuit can make a home for his theology, now here now there. + If the Order is driven from one country, it is received into another; + its property is moveable and can be transferred easily and without + loss, and moreover it possesses, so to speak, an itinerant mint in + its carefully elaborated skill in the direction of female souls, + whether lodged in male or female bodies. They are thorough adepts too + in the speculations of the money market, and manage their + transactions in banknotes as successfully as the most practised + merchant, so that they are quietly but surely recovering their + prosperity in many cities of the Italian Kingdom, even in Florence, + while all other Orders have been suppressed there. So they are well + equipped and in excellent <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page370">[pg + 370]</span><a name="Pg370" id="Pg370" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + spirits for meeting the future. If their system of doctrine is now + raised to full dominion by Pope and Council, and if they succeed in + the next Conclave in procuring the election of a Pope thoroughly + devoted to them and resolved to carry on the present system, the ship + of the Order will ride majestically on the waves of future events, + and fear no storms. A thoroughly well-informed man has assured us + that the Pope said the other day to a Roman prelate, that + <span class="tei tei-q">“the Jesuits had involved him in this + business of the Council and infallibility, and he was determined now + to go through with it, cost what it might. They must take the + responsibility of the results.”</span> A very similar statement was + made by the Emperor Francis <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> He said that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“he could not tell how his finance minister would answer + hereafter for having precipitated so many men into poverty and misery + by establishing a national bankruptcy.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For the fourth or + fifth time since the opening of the Council, the ultramontane + correspondents have been instructed to say, that the acoustic defects + of the Hall have been remedied through new arrangements. This is not + true; the speeches are never understood in many parts of the Chamber, + not even where the secretaries sit. Meanwhile the Pope has conceived + a desire to appear <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page371">[pg + 371]</span><a name="Pg371" id="Pg371" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + again in the midst of the Bishops and hold a Solemn Session. Hitherto + he has been invisible and generally unapproachable to his + <span class="tei tei-q">“venerable brethren,”</span> as he officially + styles them. The last time the assembly saw him was at the + unsuccessful Solemn Session of January 6, when the Bishops had to go + through the useless ceremony of swearing oaths, in order to fill up + the vacant time. For Pius does not feel that there is the slightest + need for ascertaining the views of the Bishops about the measures in + hand, or their wishes and proposals, and hearing their report of the + state of Church matters in their own countries. He stands too high + for that. A French prelate remarked lately that the Council does not + thrive, because the Pope stands at once too near it and too far from + it—so near that he robs it of all freedom, so far that there is no + community of feeling and views and understanding.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There has never + indeed been a period in Church history where it has been made so + palpably plain to the Episcopate how much the name of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“brother,”</span> which the Pontifex gives to every + Bishop, is worth, and how immeasurable is the gulf between the + <span class="tei tei-q">“brother”</span> on the Roman throne, the + Pope-King, and the brother in Paris or Vienna or + Prague.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page372">[pg + 372]</span><a name="Pg372" id="Pg372" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 16th a part + of the first <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> was + distributed in a revised form, and a General Congregation was held + upon it on the 18th, at the very time when the Pope was hearing a + mass for Montalembert in reparation for his treatment of the + illustrious dead on the 15th and 16th. He wanted to hold a Solemn + Session on the 25th, and thought there would be some decrees ready to + be published. In defiance of the order of business the Bishops had + only a day and a half, instead of ten days, allowed them to get + acquainted with the revised text. However, so large a number of + speakers sent in their names, and so many new difficulties came to + light, that Pius had once more to abandon his design of proclaiming + new articles of faith on that day to the expectant world. It looks as + if the fourth month of the Council would pass by with as little + result as the three first. Easter Monday is already named as the + period fixed for publishing the first doctrinal decree. Meanwhile a + new power has been introduced in the person of the Jesuit, Kleutgen. + He had been condemned some time ago by the Holy Office on account of + a scandal in a convent. But he has now been rehabilitated, as the + Jesuits have no superfluity of theologians, and is to take part in + drawing up the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schemata</span></span>. The + time fixed for sending <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page373">[pg + 373]</span><a name="Pg373" id="Pg373" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in + representations on the infallibility decree has been extended for ten + days more, to the 25th. There is no lack of criticisms and + counter-statements; the Bishops, although foreseeing that their + intellectual progeny will be strangled directly after birth, seem + anxious to gain the satisfaction of saying, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“dixi et salvavi animam meam.”</span> The German Bishops + remember the assurances they gave at Fulda. The Archbishop of Cologne + reminded the faithful of his diocese, as late as Feb. 9, of this + Pastoral, to set their minds at rest. To-day, March 21, in view of + the infallibilist <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> and the + new order of business, he would no doubt hardly think it prudent to + say any longer to the Germans, <span class="tei tei-q">“Be confident + that the Council will establish no new dogma, and proclaim nothing + which is not written by faith and conscience on your hearts.”</span> + The Germans will now be curious to see the circumlocutions and + explanations appended, in the fresh Pastorals compiled after the + fabrication of the new dogma, to the Pastoral issued from the tomb of + St. Boniface.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Bishops should + take care that they are not, like the eagle in the Libyan fable, + struck with arrows feathered from their own wings. Banneville, who + succeeded two men very unacceptable in Rome, Lavalette <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page374">[pg 374]</span><a name="Pg374" id="Pg374" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and Sartiges, was amicably received, and + found it agreeable to keep on the best footing with Antonelli, and to + treat the whole affair of the Council easily and superficially. + Whatever he said was always very mildly expressed. It was so + convenient to enjoy the favour both of the Pope and the Secretary of + State, and to be commended by the majority of the Council as a pious + and enlightened statesman. The differences between him and Count Daru + were accordingly inevitable. For Daru appreciates the extent of the + danger, not only as a statesman but as a zealous Catholic, while + Banneville's one thought has ever been to please the Roman + authorities, so that a French prelate said to him shortly before his + departure, <span class="tei tei-q">“Pensiez-vous que vous étiez + ambassadeur auprès de Jésuites?”</span> And thus at last the + necessity of instructing him has been recognised at Paris. But at the + same time Bishop Forcade of Nevers has been sent there, intrusted + with the mission of representing Banneville's conduct to the + Government as exactly right, and advocating the views and desires of + Antonelli and the majority of the Council. He has told them at Paris + that the majority do not want to hear anything of the admission of a + French ambassador to the Council—which is credible enough—but + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page375">[pg 375]</span><a name="Pg375" + id="Pg375" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> that the Government has + nothing to fear from the decrees, for the Court of Rome would in any + case respect the Concordat. Antonelli, as may be seen, abides by his + panacea. The only question is whether they are disposed at Paris to + be paid with such diplomatic counters. Meanwhile it has been rumoured + that Count Daru would send a memorial to the Council. To the Council? + Say rather to the Pope and his Secretary of State. This putting + forward of the Council, whose freedom and self-determination the + Roman Court is neither able nor willing to anticipate, is a device + which no one can take seriously. The Bishop of Orleans in his last + publication has pierced a hole in the mask, which renders it nearly + useless. He remarks (p. 54), <span class="tei tei-q">“Whatever is to + come before the Council can only come through the Commission + appointed by the Pope, that is ultimately through himself. He is the + master, the sole and absolute master, with whom it rests to admit a + proposal or set it aside.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Antonelli says + that no ambassadors can be admitted, for if it were conceded to the + French, it could not be refused to other powers, Austria, Bavaria, or + even Prussia. He is quite right there. It has been a main object from + the first with this Council to give a striking <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page376">[pg 376]</span><a name="Pg376" id="Pg376" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> example of the entire exclusion of the + lay element in ecclesiastical deliberations. It is just because the + Governments and States are so deeply concerned in the projected + decrees, because their rights and laws and their whole future are + affected, that they are not to be heard or admitted. In presence of + the representative of his Government, many a Bishop would think twice + before assenting to a decree flatly contradicting the laws and + political principles of his country. And then the admission of + ambassadors would break through the mystery, and make the strict + silence imposed on the Bishops almost useless. A large number of + them, and above all the entire Opposition, would be very glad of + this, but for that very reason the ruling powers detest it the more. + As a foretaste and practical illustration of what the maxims of the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Ecclesiâ</span></span> will lead to, when made into dogmas, it is + worth while to notice the decision issued by the Pope and his + Penitentiary in September 1869, when this Schema had just been drawn + up, on the question whether a priest could swear to observe the + Austrian Constitution. To take the oath absolutely was forbidden; he + can only take it with an express reservation of the laws of the + Church, and—which is very significant—he must state <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page377">[pg 377]</span><a name="Pg377" id="Pg377" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> publicly that he only takes the oath, + even with this reservation, by virtue of papal permission. That is a + new and very important step on the road to be trodden with the aid of + the Council. Every clergyman is to be reminded, and to remind others, + in merely discharging a simple civil obligation, that he is dependent + on the Pope in the matter, and may not properly speaking swear civil + fealty and obedience to the laws without papal permission, not even + in the conditional form which makes the oath itself illusory. This is + quite after the mind of the Jesuits, who have always shown a special + predilection for the doctrine that every cleric is not a subject and + citizen with corresponding rights, but simply a subaltern and servant + of the Pope. This is a prologue to the twenty-one Canons of the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Ecclesiâ</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I have just learnt + from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kölner Volkszeitung</span></span> that the + chaplain of a prelate here charges me with a gross falsehood in + reference to the words of the Pope. He appeals to the Paris + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Union</span></span>, which has the words used by + the Pope, <span class="tei tei-q">“Je suis la voie, la vérité, et la + vie,”</span> with the passage inserted by the editor. I had cited the + words from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Observateur Catholique</span></span> of 1866 (p. + 357), where they are authenticated by the signature of an + ear-witness, MacSheeby, and correspond entirely with the statement + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page378">[pg 378]</span><a name="Pg378" + id="Pg378" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Union</span></span>. + But in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Monde</span></span>, which was not in my reach, + a totally different version is given, which has no similarity to that + authenticated by Roman correspondents in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Union</span></span> and + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Observateur</span></span>, and does not connect + the words, <span class="tei tei-q">“I am the way,”</span> etc., with + the Pope at all. It must remain uncertain after this whether the + version of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Monde</span></span> or of the two other journals + is the genuine one.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page379">[pg 379]</span><a name= + "Pg379" id="Pg379" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc77" id="toc77"></a> <a name="pdf78" id="pdf78"></a> + <a name="Letter_XXXII" id="Letter_XXXII" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Thirty-Second Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, March 28, + 1870.</span></span>—The Bishops who have attacked the new order of + business, because it brought into view the possibility of a dogmatic + definition being carried without the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">consensus moraliter unanimis</span></span>, + received the desired answer in no doubtful form at the sitting of + Tuesday, the 22d. The measures of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> for + a month past have been unmistakably contributing more and more to + produce a worthy and loyal-hearted attitude among the minority. After + long dallying, Rome has brought the secrets of her policy a little + too boldly and conspicuously into view. Hardly was the domination of + the majority in matters of faith fixed by the stricter <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">regolamento</span></span>, when the Pope had the + proclamation of his own infallibility proposed in the most arrogant + form. On this followed the attempt to press it to an immediate + decision, and then the determination to admit no ambassadors of the + Governments. If these <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page380">[pg + 380]</span><a name="Pg380" id="Pg380" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + proceedings were not enough to lay bare the perilous nature of the + whole situation, the Pope and the zealots of his party supplied the + remaining proof,—the former, by his conduct about Falloux, about + Montalembert on the day the news of his death arrived, about the + Munich theologians in secret consistory, and about the so-called + Liberal or <span class="tei tei-q">“half-Catholics”</span> on every + occasion; the latter by their growing impatience about the + infallibility definition, and their assurances that there is no real + opposition to this dogma, and that, if there was, it could not hold + its ground after the promulgation had taken place. And so the + opponents of the decree must know at last that they have to deal with + a blind and unscrupulous zeal, not with a theological system + carefully thought out and placed on an intellectual basis; that the + contest has to be carried on against the whole power and influence of + the Pope, and not, as had been maintained with transparent hypocrisy, + only against the wishes of the noisy and independent party of the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> and its allied + journalists. They begin to use more earnest and manlier language, the + language of clear apprehension and conscientious conviction. If the + comments handed in last week on the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Ecclesiâ</span></span>, and the protests against any hurrying of the + discussion <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page381">[pg + 381]</span><a name="Pg381" id="Pg381" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> on + it, were known to the world, the Catholic Episcopate and the strong + reflux current here would appear in a very different light from what + might be gathered from the previous course of things. Not a few of + these opinions drawn up by the Bishops breathe a truly apostolic + spirit, and deal with the Roman proposals in the tone of genuine + theology. An influential theologian of a Religious Order has + pronounced of one of them, that it exceeds in force and weight the + treatise which appeared in Germany last year, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reform of the Church in + Her Head and Her Members</span></span>.<a id="noteref_69" name= + "noteref_69" href="#note_69"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">69</span></span></a> It has + been urged by English prelates that it concerns their honour to + resist the promulgation of a dogma, the explicit repudiation of which + by the Irish Bishops was an efficacious condition of Catholic + Emancipation. The American Protest contains a more threatening + warning than the German, and the German is stronger than the + French.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After these + declarations the attitude of the minority was clearly defined, and + invincible by any foe from without. Their contention is, that no + right exists in the Church to sanction a dogma against the will and + belief of an important portion of the Episcopate, and that only by + abandoning any claim to such a right can <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page382">[pg 382]</span><a name="Pg382" id="Pg382" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the Council be regarded as really Œcumenical. + To be quite consistent, the minority ought to take no further part in + the Council till this point, on the decision of which they rightly + hold its authority to depend, is settled; for their protest implied + the doubt whether they were taking part in a true or only a seeming + Council, whether they were acting in union with the Holy Ghost or + co-operating to carry out a gigantic and sacrilegious deception. Yet + the words expressly stating this doubt, and making the distinct + withdrawal of the theory of voting dogmas by majorities a condition + of any further participation in the proceedings, were not adopted + into any of the Protests. This implied that the signataries would + appear in the next General Congregation, that they refrained from a + suspicious attitude, and were unwilling to interpret the ambiguous + order of business <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">in malam partem</span></span>, + until facts compelled them to do so. A conflict which might have such + incalculable results was to be avoided, till necessity made it a + positive duty; and that was not the case as long as a favourable + interpretation of the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">regolamento</span></span> continued + possible.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus the minority + committed the strategical blunder of postponing a conflict which they + saw to be inevitable, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page383">[pg + 383]</span><a name="Pg383" id="Pg383" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and + when they could not know whether any more favourable opportunity for + entering on it for the benefit of the Church would occur in the + future. There is hardly anything doubtful or open to double + interpretation in the order of business, when more closely examined. + Every Bishop sees quite clearly that it is specially arranged for + overcoming the opposition of the minority, and will be used without + scruple for that end.<a id="noteref_70" name="noteref_70" href= + "#note_70"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">70</span></span></a> And who + knows how many members of the present Opposition, if once the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> applies its last lever, will + have strength to resist to extremities? how many are ready, by humble + submission or by resigning their Sees, to quiet their consciences and + sacrifice their flocks to error? There are men among them better + fitted for the contest against the principle formally enounced in the + revised order of business, than for the contest against + infallibility. The Bishop of Mayence, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, + passes for one of the strongest and most decided opponents of the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">regolamento</span></span>, which I mention as a + point of great importance at this moment. The resolve of the + protesting Bishops, to avoid the threatened conflict at present, can + only be justified if another and better opportunity for <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page384">[pg 384]</span><a name="Pg384" id="Pg384" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> defending the cause of the Church occurs + in the future course of the Council and before any decision is + arrived at. Had they been willing, after handing in their protests, + to go on quietly joining in the proceedings, without doing anything + to give emphasis to the step they had taken, they would in fact have + bent under the yoke of the majority. They only needed to keep silent: + that implied everything. For it would necessarily be assumed that + they had withdrawn or forgotten their protests, and to continue to + act upon and submit to the new order of business themselves would + imply that they had renounced their resistance to any of its + particular details. It was therefore all the more essential for them + to let it be clearly known how far their concessions would extend, + and what was their final limit. Unless they did this, they would + either seem not quite sincere, or would have really accepted the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">regolamento</span></span> with its obvious + consequences. The Council, the Presidents, the Pope, the expectant + Catholic world without, had a right to know their real intentions, + and whether they meant to adhere to their declarations. The first + voting on the propositions of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Fide</span></span> could not fail to decide this point. Thus it + became a necessity to put this question of principle in the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page385">[pg 385]</span><a name="Pg385" + id="Pg385" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> front at the reopening of the + deliberations of the Council.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile the + concessions of the Presidents and the majority on some points had + elicited a more friendly feeling in the Opposition. The discussion on + infallibility was postponed, and the first <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> was returned from the + Commission with important modifications. Even the shameful treatment + of Montalembert could not altogether destroy this conciliatory state + of feeling. Ginoulhiac, the learned Bishop of Grenoble, who was to be + preconised as Archbishop of Lyons on Monday the 21st, undertook on + the 22d to meet the discreet concessions of the infallibilists in a + kindred spirit. He was indeed obliged to make his speech on the + Tuesday, though he had not been preconised on the day before. The + French, who have no Cardinal—for Mathieu's custom is to go away at + any critical moment, and he was not then returned—had gladly left to + one of the Austrian Cardinals the less pleasing duty of declaring + their attitude towards the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">regolamento</span></span>. Schwarzenberg did but + slightly glance at it in his speech and yet was called to order. + Archbishop Kenrick of St. Louis, one of the most imposing figures in + the Council, touched on the theme more closely, and dwelt on the + office of Bishops <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page386">[pg + 386]</span><a name="Pg386" id="Pg386" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> as + witnesses and judges of faith, in the sense which forms the basis of + the opposition of the minority. Lastly, Strossmayer ascended the + tribune, and then followed a scene which, for dramatic force and + theological significance, almost exceeded anything in the past + history of Councils. He began by referring to that passage at the + opening of the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, where + Protestantism is made responsible for modern unbelief—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“systematum monstra, mythismi, rationalismi, + indifferentismi nomine designata.”</span> He blamed the perversity + and injustice of these words, referring to the religious indifference + among Catholics which preceded the Reformation, and the horrors of + the Revolution, which were caused by godlessness among Catholics, not + among Protestants. He added that the able champions of Christian + doctrine among the Protestants ought not to be forgotten, to many of + whom St. Augustine's words applied, <span class="tei tei-q">“errant, + sed bonâ fide errant;”</span> Catholics had produced no better + refutations of the errors enumerated in the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> than had been written by + Protestants, and all Christians were indebted to such men as Leibnitz + and Guizot.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Each one of these + statements, and the two names, were received with loud murmurs, which + at last broke out into <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page387">[pg + 387]</span><a name="Pg387" id="Pg387" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> a + storm of indignation. The President, De Angelis, cried out, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Hicce non est locus laudandi + Protestantes.”</span> And he was right, for the Palace of the + Inquisition is hardly a hundred paces from the place where he was + speaking. Strossmayer exclaimed, in the midst of a great uproar, + <span class="tei tei-q">“That alone can be imposed on the faithful as + a dogma, which has a moral unanimity of the Bishops of the Church in + its favour.”</span> At these words a frightful tumult arose. Several + Bishops sprang from their seats, rushed to the tribune, and shook + their fists in the speaker's face. Place, Bishop of Marseilles, one + of the boldest of the minority and the first to give in his public + adhesion to Dupanloup's Pastoral, cried out, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ego illum non damno.”</span> Thereupon a shout resounded + from all sides, <span class="tei tei-q">“Omnes, omnes illum + damnamus.”</span> The President called Strossmayer to order, but he + did not leave the tribune till he had solemnly protested against the + violence to which he had been subjected. There was hardly less + excitement in the church outside than in the Council Hall. Some + thought the Garibaldians had broken in: others, with more presence of + mind, thought infallibility had been proclaimed, and these last began + shouting <span class="tei tei-q">“Long live the infallible + Pope!”</span> A Bishop of the United States said afterwards, not + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page388">[pg 388]</span><a name="Pg388" + id="Pg388" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> without a sense of patriotic + pride, that he knew now of one assembly still rougher than the + Congress of his own country.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This memorable day + has already become the subject of myths, and so it is no longer + possible to define with certainty how many prelates were hurried into + these passionate outbreaks. Some speak of 400, some of 200; others + again say that the majority disapproved of the interruption. The + excitement was followed next day by a profound stillness, which was + not broken even when Haynald and the North American Bishop Whelan + said very strong things. It seemed as if a sense of what they owed to + the dignity of the Council and a feeling of shame had got the better + of those turbulent spirits. But enough has occurred to show the world + what spirit prevails here, and what sort of men they are who support + infallibilism. That up to this time this Council does not deserve the + respect of the Catholic world, is the least point; it is of more + importance, that an internal split in the Church is more and more + revealing itself. Henceforth it will no longer be possible to throw + in the teeth of genuine Catholics their compromising or dishonourable + solidarity with error and lies, for this has given place to an open + and avowed <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page389">[pg + 389]</span><a name="Pg389" id="Pg389" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + opposition. On one side stands the small but morally powerful band of + those who accept Strossmayer's noble words with head and heart, on + the other a crowd of <span class="tei tei-q">“abject”</span><a id= + "noteref_71" name="noteref_71" href="#note_71"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">71</span></span></a> fanatics + and sycophants. This division is of supreme significance for the + future course of the Council, because it strengthens and consolidates + the minority in their harmony and determination, and obliges them to + take a further step, as soon as the majority have made it + unmistakably clear that they will not acknowledge and respect their + claim to prevent a dogmatic definition.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Presidents, by + denouncing Strossmayer's speech but not the interruption of it, as it + was their duty to do, gave evidence of an undisguised partiality, and + justly incurred the suspicion of sympathizing with the shouters and + not with the speaker, and thinking the proclamation of infallibility + allowable without the moral unanimity of the Council. Accordingly a + categorical demand was sent in to them to declare themselves on this + point, and, in case of their giving no answer, another last step is + reserved, which will have the nature of an ultimatum and will bring + the Œcumenicity of the Vatican Council to a decisive test. And so it + may be said that the Bishops of the minority have <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page390">[pg 390]</span><a name="Pg390" id="Pg390" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> delayed but not wavered. The moment for a + decisive move, which may test the existence of the Council, must come + when a dogmatic decree has to be voted on. This crisis seemed to have + arrived on Saturday, March 26, when the preamble of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Fide</span></span> was to have been voted on. Various amendments had + been proposed, one very important one by Bishop Meignan of Chalons, + in which the Fathers were designated as definers of the decrees, and + another equally important, implicitly containing infallibility, by + Dreux-Brézé, Bishop of Moulins. Moreover this preamble contained the + obnoxious passages immortalized by the glowing eloquence of + Strossmayer. The antagonistic principles seemed to have reached their + ultimate point. Votes were to be taken on dogmatic decrees before any + agreement had been come to on the necessary conditions of such + voting. At the last moment the Presidents resolved to evade the + crisis. The very day before the sitting, Friday, March 25, Cardinal + Bilio went to the authors of the amendments and persuaded them to + withdraw them, and so on Saturday the text of the preamble was + brought forward without any amendment. Nor was there any voting on + that either, but they passed at once to the discussion on the first + chapter of the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page391">[pg 391]</span><a name="Pg391" + id="Pg391" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in which the Primate of + Hungary (Simor) made an adroit and conciliatory speech as advocate of + the Commission on Faith. The debate then proceeded. By the eleventh + article of the new order of business, every separate part of a + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> must be voted on before the + next can come on for discussion.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was a breach of + this rule to pass on straight to the first chapter of the <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, without having voted on + the preamble. The Bishops asked themselves what this meant. Was it + intended, by the withdrawal of the amendments and the abandonment of + the discussion, to declare the preamble tacitly accepted? Was it + intended to correct that objectionable passage? But the wording of + the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">regolamento</span></span> was too strict to + allow of that being done except in the General Congregation. It + seemed at any rate as if more prudent counsels had prevailed and it + was intended to avert the dreaded contest on the main principle by + concessions, so as to pass such decrees as were possible, that they + may be unanimously promulgated in the Easter session. Thus time would + be gained for loosening the compact phalanx of the Opposition, and at + the same time getting it more deeply implicated in a compromising + actual acceptance of the new order of business, in its form as well + as its <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page392">[pg 392]</span><a name= + "Pg392" id="Pg392" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> spirit. This double + danger is always imminent, but in fact the Opposition as yet has + suffered no loss.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We are at the end + of the fourth month of the Council, and yet they have not dared to + put one decree to the vote. The amendments, which were so obnoxious, + have disappeared. The passage about unbelief being the offspring of + Protestantism, which Strossmayer assailed, will perhaps be corrected, + though in an irregular manner. The simple and sanguine spirits among + the Opposition Bishops exult over a victory obtained. One of the most + famous of them exclaimed, <span class="tei tei-q">“It is clear the + Holy Ghost is guiding the Council.”</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page393">[pg 393]</span><a name= + "Pg393" id="Pg393" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc79" id="toc79"></a> <a name="pdf80" id="pdf80"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Thirty-Third Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, March 30, + 1870.</span></span>—Yesterday (the 29th) the first voting in Council + took place, on the preamble of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Fide</span></span>. As I told you in my last letter, this preamble + had been objected to by Strossmayer on account of the passage + representing rationalism, indifferentism, the mythical theory of the + Bible and unbelief as consequences of Protestantism. Several + amendments had been proposed; two of them I have mentioned already, + one introduced by Bishop Meignan of Chalons, substituting for a mere + approbation of the decree a statement expressly guarding the right of + the Episcopate to define,—the other, proposed by Dreux-Brézé, + designed to smuggle in the infallibilist doctrine in a form requiring + a sharpsighted eye to detect it.<a id="noteref_72" name="noteref_72" + href="#note_72"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">72</span></span></a> Many + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page394">[pg 394]</span><a name="Pg394" + id="Pg394" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> infallibilists had reckoned on + the victory of their dogma last week by means of this amendment. The + Presidents had got some of the amendments withdrawn on Friday, the + 25th, but these two they suffered to remain. They were equally sure + that the first would be rejected and the second accepted by the + majority; nay they counted on a far larger majority for the passage + implying infallibility than for the rejection of Meignan's proposal, + and hoped that this occasion would tend to bring to light + unmistakably the power and extent of the infallibilist party.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the beginning + of the sitting of Saturday, the 26th, the exact regulations for the + method of voting were first read out, and this was repeated a second + time to preclude any risk of misapprehension. Yet it was announced + immediately afterwards that there would be no voting, and this + unexpected change was made during the Session and in presence of the + Fathers. There had in fact been a kind of fermentation going on since + Tuesday, the 22nd, when Strossmayer's affair occurred. The justice of + his criticism on the passage about Protestantism <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page395">[pg 395]</span><a name="Pg395" id="Pg395" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and unbelief had become evident to many; + at least fifteen Bishops made representations to the President about + it as late as the Friday. According to a very widely-spread report, + one of them was the Bishop of Orleans and the other the Bishop of + Augsburg. But in spite of this, and of the prospect of a catastrophe, + which the union of the Germans made imminent, they seem to have gone + into Saturday's sitting firmly resolved not to yield. Yet a last + attempt succeeded. After the mass, when all were assembled, a Bishop + handed in a paper with a few lines to the Presidents, on which two of + them at once left the Hall. Meanwhile the order of the day and the + method of voting was read out. On their return the decision was + announced; the preamble was withdrawn to be amended. It was an + English Bishop whose paper produced such important results.<a id= + "noteref_73" name="noteref_73" href="#note_73"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">73</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On Monday, the + 28th, the preamble was distributed in its revised form; Dreux-Brézé's + objectionable amendment had disappeared, the passage about + Protestantism was altered, and even the style was improved. Primate + Simor, speaking in the name of the Commission, had already stated + officially that the Bishops were at liberty to subscribe the decrees + by <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">definiens subscripsi</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, to + use <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page396">[pg 396]</span><a name= + "Pg396" id="Pg396" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the ancient conciliar + formula by which the Bishops used to describe themselves as defining + the decrees. And thus the principle for which Meignan, Strossmayer, + and Whelan had contended, was conceded. In this form and after these + concessions the preamble could no longer be opposed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The strength of + the minority has been proved, though in an irregular manner. But + obviously this gives an opening to the majority for similarly setting + aside the order of business when it is inconvenient for themselves. + Beyond a doubt the spirit of conciliation has triumphed over all + opposition at the critical moment. And it may be distinctly said that + this result was attained, partly through the firm attitude of the + minority, partly through the prudent and abundantly justified + yielding of the Presidents. By this discreet procedure they have + declined all responsibility for the conduct of those who, on Tuesday + the 22d, would hear of no objections to that portion of the preamble. + And their doing this so decidedly makes their silence on the other + matter, which caused such an outbreak, the more surprising, and some + explanation of it is all the more necessary.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The amended + preamble was then accepted unanimously. But the chapter <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De Deo + Creatore</span></span> did not pass <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page397">[pg 397]</span><a name="Pg397" id="Pg397" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> so easily, though it might have been expected + that, at the end of four months, the Bishops would have arrived at + some agreement on that point. The main difficulty arose from the + tendency again to smuggle in statements favourable to infallibility, + and paving the way for its definition by a sidewind. The first + paragraph, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, opens thus, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Sancta Romana Catholica Ecclesia credit et confitetur + unum esse Deum verum et vivum, Creatorem cœli et terræ.”</span> Two + amendments were proposed on this: (1.) <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Proponitur, ut initio capitis primi simpliciter dicatur, + <span class="tei tei-q">‘Sancta Catholica Ecclesia credit et + confitetur,’</span> ”</span> etc. (2.) <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Proponitur, ut in capite primo verba <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Romana Catholica Ecclesia’</span> transferantur, ita ut + legatur <span class="tei tei-q">‘Catholica atque Romana + Ecclesia.’</span> Sin autem non placuerit Patribus, ut saltem comma + interponatur inter verba <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Romana</span></em> et <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Catholica</span></em>.”</span> There was a great + deal of discussion about this word <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Romana.”</span> The German Opposition Bishops exhibit a + better organization than the French. In spite of the great majority, + it was announced that the voting would be only provisional, a + <span class="tei tei-q">“suffragatio provisoria,”</span> and it is + probable that the first chapter will be revised in this point, as in + several others, before being presented for definitive + acceptance.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page398">[pg + 398]</span><a name="Pg398" id="Pg398" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is very + noteworthy that the Italian Government has made no attempt to utilize + the new complications, and the introduction of a new system of policy + in France very hostile in principle to Roman absolutism. The Roman + question has gone to sleep at the moment when a solution seemed to be + in view. Indifference has taken the place of zeal at the very time + when zeal had a prospect of success. Nowhere is the reason of this + seeming apathy better understood than at Rome. The Italians are + patient, because they see the settlement approaching in the natural + course of things and without violence: they know that with the death + of Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> a far-reaching change + must ensue. His successor will enter on the difficult inheritance + under very different conditions.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The change of + sovereigns will, in another point of view, be a very critical + transition for the system dominant here. There is no point the + non-Italian Episcopate with the foreign Cardinals and the Great + Powers, are so united upon as throwing open the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> and + the Sacred College to foreigners. A Papal election under present + circumstances might be very dangerous for the centralization policy. + The hardly-won domination of that party which Pius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> + has made into his <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page399">[pg + 399]</span><a name="Pg399" id="Pg399" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + instrument would be menaced, for after a long pontificate an election + is always a reaction and not a continuation. The numerous elements of + opposition, which have so long been suppressed, combine then for + mutual aid. Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> has created the College + of Cardinals himself, but his successor will be the creation of the + College. The ruling party runs the risk of getting a Pope who will no + longer serve it and carry on its policy, and it is certain that the + next Pope will be much weaker than the present one in his relations + with the Governments, the Cardinals and the Episcopate. Much, very + much, of the present resources of the Papacy depends on the person of + Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span>, and will be buried with + him. It is the interest of all who are concerned in the continuance + of the existing system, that his personal influence should survive + his reign.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He alone can hand + on to his successor his own special connection with France, and he + alone can secure the choice of a successor in the Jesuit interest. + But, to accomplish that, he must survive his own pontificate, must + himself fix on the desired successor, must himself inaugurate him and + support him with the whole weight of his personal influence. And thus + the bold and ingenious device has been started of Pius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> + abdicating, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page400">[pg + 400]</span><a name="Pg400" id="Pg400" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and + a new election being held during his life. It is said not to be quite + a new project; in the honeymoon of the Council, just after the New + Year, it first began to be somewhat inconsiderately spoken of. Pius + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> is nearly eighty, two + years older than is generally said. He was elected June 16, 1846, and + will therefore, on June 16, 1870, complete the twenty-fourth year of + his pontificate. But there is an old saying, universally believed in + Rome, that no Pope will reign twenty-five years, as it was the + exclusive privilege of St. Peter to be Pope for a quarter of a + century. <span class="tei tei-q">“Non numerabis annos Petri.”</span> + It is a fact that none of the 255 predecessors of the present Pope + has held office for twenty-five years; even those elected at + thirty-seven, like Innocent <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> and Leo <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">x.</span></span>, + died earlier. So according to this belief, which is not confined to + the vulgar, Pius has only one year more to live. But in spite of his + age he is healthy and wonderfully strong, and, as he belongs to a + long-lived family, he has the prospect of still living some time, + only not as reigning Pope. It is no pleasing prospect for a man, in + whose character there is a large element of <span lang="fr" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">amour propre</span></span>, to be treated as the + setting sun, while all are speculating on his speedy death. It would + be another thing, at the very moment of his <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page401">[pg 401]</span><a name="Pg401" id="Pg401" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> glorious triumph over the Council and after + gaining infallibility, to resign it, to decline to enjoy his success, + to renounce this mighty power in the first moment of fruition, and to + transfer the splendid inheritance to the hands of a younger man. Thus + next June might witness the most brilliant jubilee, and an example be + given of such imposing grandeur that the world has seen nothing like + it, of such wisdom and eventful significance that the present system + would be immortalized and become the heirloom of the Papacy for all + ages. The Pope would retire into a glorious privacy, like the founder + of the North American Republic after his second Presidentship, and + taste the honours of an ex-Pope, unequalled by any former ceremonial + splendour, and close his days in a position of unprecedented + elevation. This seductive dream has found little aliment in the + course of the Council hitherto. The plan would be at bottom a + conspiracy against existing law, against Cardinals, Governments, and + the Episcopate, and notwithstanding its dazzling lustre, would make + the very worst impression on the Council. A victorious Pope might + conceivably attempt to carry it out, but in the present situation it + would be a dangerous challenge.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page402">[pg 402]</span><a name="Pg402" id="Pg402" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The abdication of + a Pope is not without precedent in history. In 1294 a Pope took this + step, which has never since been repeated; Celestine <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span> + resigned the papal office, to which he felt himself unequal. After a + long and quarrelsome Conclave, the Cardinals, at their wits' end, had + elected the pious recluse of Einsiedlen, and dragged him from his + mountain home; a few months later they got tired of him and urged him + to abdicate, and he complied. Many doubted whether a Pope could + resign; they thought that, according to the law established by the + Popes themselves in the decretals, no Pope could dissolve of his own + power the bond which unites him to the Church and the Church to him. + It would require a superior in the hierarchy to do this, and none + such exists. It had first therefore to be decided that a Pope could + resign, and Celestine settled this by a special Bull. After that he + solemnly and publicly laid down his office. Boniface <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">viii.</span></span> succeeded, who shut up + the unfortunate man in a mountain fastness, where he died soon + afterwards in a damp unhealthy dungeon.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the strictly + initiated circles, where the above project is most definitely spoken + of, the man selected by Pius for his successor is also known; it is + Cardinal <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page403">[pg + 403]</span><a name="Pg403" id="Pg403" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Bilio, aged forty-four, who possesses the confidence equally of the + Pope and the Jesuits. He edited the Syllabus, and assisted the + Jesuits in drawing up the first <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>; in short, Pius would have + the satisfaction of reckoning securely on his carrying on the present + system for many years. Of course, even if the seventeen or eighteen + vacant Cardinals' Hats were given to men pledged to this scheme, it + would still remain a question whether Pius could succeed in still + controlling the Conclave after his abdication. Many think that the + Cardinals would then, as has so often happened, elect a very aged + man, and Cardinal de Angelis is named as the likeliest to be + chosen.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page404">[pg 404]</span><a name= + "Pg404" id="Pg404" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc81" id="toc81"></a> <a name="pdf82" id="pdf82"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Thirty-Fourth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, April 10, + 1870.</span></span>—When it became known that the Solemn Session for + accepting and proclaiming the first dogmatic decrees was to be held, + not on the 11th April as first intended, but on the 24th, the + question of how this interval should be used came to the front. For + the moment general attention is directed towards Paris. The answer of + Cardinal Antonelli, drawn up by Franchi, Archbishop of Thessalonica + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">in partibus</span></span> and one of the most + active curialists in the affairs of the Council, arrived there March + 24. According to the account of a French statesman, it produced the + impression of being intended for a mediæval king, who could neither + read nor write. The two main points in it are—(1.) that the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Canones de Ecclesiâ</span></span> contain no new + claims and do not affect States which have a Concordat at all, and + (2.) that no ambassador can be admitted to the Council.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The French + Government oscillated a long time between <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page405">[pg 405]</span><a name="Pg405" id="Pg405" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the counsels of different advisers. The Bishop + of Nevers represented the middle party, at whose head stands Cardinal + Bonnechose; the Bishop of Constantine and afterwards the Bishop of + Coutances might, as members of the Opposition, have come to a similar + opinion. At first the plan found favour of not sending any special + ambassador to the Council, but accrediting the ambassador to the Pope + for the Council also. France would thereby have gained the start of + Prussia, for it was hardly to be supposed that a Protestant + diplomatist would claim the right of entering the Council. So much + more important became the question, whether the Marquis de + Banneville, who had meanwhile gone to Paris to justify his policy of + inaction, would be superseded, or sent back to Rome in this double + capacity, and therefore with increased powers. The latter course + would be a significant concession to the inflexible Pope, a decided + gain for the majority, and therefore a sensible blow for the + Opposition. It would be a practical proof that Rome had only to + resist, in order to intimidate France, and that the Imperial + Government renounced all further interference with the Council. That + was so obvious that a host of candidates for this weighty and + honourable office were proposed to the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page406">[pg 406]</span><a name="Pg406" id="Pg406" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> minister. Baroche is said to have wished for + it; Cornudet, a friend of Montalembert's, was much talked of, as well + as Corcelles and Latour d'Auvergne, two men who seemed particularly + well fitted to make the change of persons more acceptable at Rome. + For some time the Duke of Broglie had the best prospect of it, who + stands high among the Catholic laity as a political historian and + student of Church history and the Fathers, but as a Liberal Catholic + he belongs to the party the Pope hates above all others just now. To + appoint him would have been at once to identify the French Government + with the minority, and might, instead of conciliating, have led to + results most abhorrent to the amiable and pious character of the + Duke.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was also a + prevalent opinion that qualifications should be first attended to, + and the best head among French statesmen be intrusted with this + important mission—that men should be chosen like Rouher or Thiers, + who had done service to the temporal power, but who stood quite aloof + from the internal feuds of parties. To accredit them would make the + withdrawal of the Romanizing Banneville less surprising and less + irritating to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>. The Bishops of the middle + party wanted the place for one of themselves. But <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page407">[pg 407]</span><a name="Pg407" id="Pg407" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> they are not a body in much favour at + Paris, and it was intimated to them that the best qualified prelates + are not to be found in their ranks. Their representative, the Bishop + of Nevers, came back in a state of irritation from Paris, where he is + said to have found only three adherents of papal infallibility, two + of whom were women. It is conjectured that the third was the Nuncio + Chigi, who has affirmed that all Paris will illuminate the day the + dogma is proclaimed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The proposal for a + Conference emerged again in the French Cabinet, but was rejected as + inappropriate, for it would necessarily betray the weakness of a + disunited ministry. At last the plan was adopted of sending a + preliminary answer to Antonelli's letter, and waiting for the result + of this before fixing on an ambassador. And so it was resolved at the + beginning of April to draw up a note, which might at the same time be + laid before the other powers, and serve as the basis for common + action. It was communicated to the various Governments during last + week, and is said to have been brought to Rome to-day by the Marquis + de Banneville. But the Empress had meanwhile sent to Rome to get a + more definite and authentic report of the views of the Bishops. But + the answer did not <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page408">[pg + 408]</span><a name="Pg408" id="Pg408" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + reach Paris till after the note had been drawn up and despatched.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The only answer + the minority needed to give was to communicate to the Government the + various memorials they had presented to the Council, for these + documents indicate the only policy which can be pursued with success, + and which must be pursued. They deal not only with purely theological + questions, but with the management of the Council, with questions of + freedom and right which concern the lay world as much as the clergy. + It is in the nature of things that the Governments should follow the + lead of the Opposition, for to fall short of this would be to + sacrifice their Bishops, while to go beyond it would be unjustifiable + and dangerous.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It has now been + again declared on the part of the minority, that their freedom is + encroached upon by the order of business and the way the Presidents + conduct affairs. The changes they asked for were not made, and their + protests remained unanswered. In the opinion of many Bishops the + legitimate freedom of the Council no longer exists, and over a + hundred have said plainly that it would not be regarded as + Œcumenical, if the question of making dogmatic definitions on faith + and morals against the will of the minority is left <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page409">[pg 409]</span><a name="Pg409" id="Pg409" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> doubtful. And this doubt, so far from + being removed, has been changed into certainty at Rome. The + Presidents passed over the demand of the Opposition in silence, + although it threatened and called in question the very existence of + the Council; they did not protect Strossmayer against the rude + interruption which followed on his asserting the necessity for + unanimity, but rather sided with it. The official press has openly + attacked this view of the minority. Antonelli maintains the right of + the Pope to make into a dogma the precise contrary of what the + Council has unanimously accepted. According, therefore, to the + well-known declarations already made by the minority, the Council has + lost the character of Œcumenicity, and the See of Rome has abandoned + the ground of Catholicism.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The various States + must direct their attention to these points within these limits. They + may pronounce in favour of the prorogation or reformation of the + Council, but they cannot recognise it under its present conditions on + any strictly Catholic principles. But to desire reforms now, after + the experience of four months, during which the dominant spirit has + manifested itself with such unscrupulous audacity, and after the + determination to force through the infallibilist system in + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page410">[pg 410]</span><a name="Pg410" + id="Pg410" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> doctrine and practice in its + crudest form by deceit and violence has become unmistakably clear, + would betray a rare simplicity. The whole thing is settled by the + question about majorities; and on that point, after what has passed, + Rome can hardly yield now without giving up her claims altogether. An + infallibility, which is subject to the veto of the minority of + Bishops, ceases to be infallibility; the condition of moral unanimity + in the Episcopate excludes it. And so the Council could not be saved + without involving the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> in a contradiction. A + Council dominated by a Pope who holds himself infallible is + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">a priori</span></span> a nonentity. The + Governments can only help it by securing it a speedy euthanasia. If + they wished to act worthily and sincerely and in accordance with the + gravity of the situation, they would have to declare, in union with + the most influential Bishops, that the arbitrary and crooked way of + managing the Council makes the establishment of any important decrees + impossible; that the Vatican Council has lost all moral authority in + the eyes of the world, and that the best thing would be to put an end + to it with the least sacrifice of its dignity.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Governments + might use such language, but only after an open breach between the + minority and the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page411">[pg + 411]</span><a name="Pg411" id="Pg411" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Presidents. The minority must have spoken their last word, and they + have not done so yet. The interest of the Catholic Church requires + that the Bishops should have the necessary time for forming and + carrying out their resolutions, and that the crisis should not be + precipitated by a catastrophe. The Council can do no good by the + decrees fathered on it, but it has already done much good by the + declarations of different sections of its members, by the speeches of + individual Bishops, and the spirit manifested by a portion of them, + and it will do much more very shortly. More than once have words been + spoken there which have fired millions of hearts, have strengthened + the bond of love and unity among Christians, and have openly + indicated the real defects and the real remedies required for them. + This seed of a better future in the Catholic Church will not be lost, + but will bring forth abundant fruit. In each successive utterance + genuine Catholic principles have come out more and more clearly, as + the progress of the combat has forced them on the minority. The false + problems, only hypocritically pre-arranged to be laid before the + Council, disappear more and more. It becomes more and more clearly + ascertained and acknowledged, that the contest is one of first + principles, for the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page412">[pg + 412]</span><a name="Pg412" id="Pg412" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + maintenance of divine truths and institutions against arbitrary + violence and impudent deceit.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">New declarations + on the rights of the State and the conditions of a really Œcumenical + Council, directly condemning the new Roman system of the Syllabus and + Infallibilism, may perhaps appear in a few days. While in the highest + degree critical and threatening for the Council, they might form the + basis of sounder developments for the future. If particular States + are to bring the matter to a decisive issue, it seems desirable that + the Bishops should come forward with their resolutions designed to + promote this end.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page413">[pg 413]</span><a name= + "Pg413" id="Pg413" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc83" id="toc83"></a> <a name="pdf84" id="pdf84"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Thirty-Fifth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, April 12, + 1870.</span></span>—Veuillot says, in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Univers</span></span> + of April 2, that there are three great <span class= + "tei tei-q">“devotions”</span> in Rome, the Holy Sacrament, the holy + Virgin, and the Pope. For the moment, and in regard to the Council + and all that concerns the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, the devotion to the Pope is + of course the chief affair. How that devotion may best be erected + into the supreme law of religious thought and feeling—how to effect + that henceforth, in all questions of the spiritual life, every one + shall turn only to Rome and take his orders and look for certainty + from thence alone—this is the task the Council has to achieve; all + else is subordinate, or is merely the means to an end.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Next to the + Jesuits Veuillot is unquestionably the man to whom infallibilism is + chiefly indebted; and when it is made a dogma, a grateful posterity + must give honourable place to his name among the promulgators of the + new article of faith. He is much too <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page414">[pg 414]</span><a name="Pg414" id="Pg414" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> modest, when he says his rôle in the Church is + only that of the door-keeper who drives out the dogs during divine + service. Veuillot is much more to his readers than any Father of the + Church. Continual dropping hollows out the stone, and for years past + Veuillot has been familiarizing his readers, in numberless articles + where the copious verbiage concealed the poverty of thought, with the + notion that papal infallibility is the first and greatest of all + truths. His journal is read even in Rome in the highest circles, and + read by those who read nothing else, except perhaps Margotti's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unità + Cattolica</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Univers</span></span> + is very successful in the business of stirring up the inferior clergy + against their bishops in the dioceses of Opposition prelates, and + getting them to present addresses in favour of infallibilism. In the + number of April 2, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, they are directed to get + their petitions for the new dogma sent here through the Paris + nunciature, and to take particular care that they are + printed—<span class="tei tei-q">“de plus, il importe de les + publier.”</span> The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Monde</span></span> has invented a peculiar + means of advancing the good cause. It announces that the Freemasons + are the people who disseminate writings against papal infallibility, + and then intimates to the Italian Bishops the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page415">[pg 415]</span><a name="Pg415" id="Pg415" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> important fact that the minority of the + Council are affiliated to Masonic Lodges.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unità + Cattolica</span></span>, the organ of Margotti, the Italian Veuillot, + has 15,000 subscribers and 100,000 readers, and has more influence + than all the 256 Italian Bishops put together. Their pastorals are + powerless as compared with this daily paper, and they themselves are + divided between their fear of the powerful Margotti and their regard + for the judgment of the educated classes. But as most of these last + are indifferentists, and give no moral support to a Bishop, the + journalists carry the day, who treat every opponent of the pet Roman + dogma as Veuillot does.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">An Anglican + clergyman named Edward Husband, who not long since became a Catholic, + has again left the Church, because the dispute about papal + infallibility and the extravagant <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">cultus</span></span> of Mary were too great + scandals for him. It is only to the exasperation caused by + proceedings at Rome, as an English statesman has written word, that + we owe the passing in the House of Commons by a majority of two of a + Bill for the civil inspection of Convents, which had always + previously been rejected. The minority had done their best to avert + it, but were overruled, and Newdegate—a person who <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page416">[pg 416]</span><a name="Pg416" id="Pg416" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> was hitherto almost regarded as a + joke—triumphed. All reports from England confirm the belief that this + is only one symptom of the hostile state of feeling rapidly spreading + there. Among English statesmen there is not one, within the memory of + man, who has shown such sympathy for Catholics and their Church as + Gladstone, as neither have any had so extensive a knowledge of + theological and ecclesiastical questions. Yet he too took occasion, + during the debate of April 1 on the Irish Education question in the + Commons, to speak his mind on the tendencies of the Roman Jesuit + party. After quoting an unfavourable comment of his former colleague, + Sir George Grey, on the demands of the Irish Bishops, he proceeded to + say, with raised voice and in most emphatic tones, amid the + <span class="tei tei-q">“loud cheers”</span> of the House, that + <span class="tei tei-q">“events have occurred and are occurring, in a + great religious centre of Europe, of such a character that it is + impossible for a statesman to feel himself in nearer proximity with + the opinions of the Roman Catholic Hierarchy than he stood four years + ago.”</span><a id="noteref_74" name="noteref_74" href= + "#note_74"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">74</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I have already + pointed out that, as soon as the new articles of faith are defined, + their effects will be manifested in the education question throughout + pretty well <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page417">[pg + 417]</span><a name="Pg417" id="Pg417" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + whole of Europe. This enrichment of the creed will at once be repaid + with losses and humiliations of the Church in the popular schools, + and in the whole system of education. In England this is making + itself felt already. The agitation for secularizing the schools, the + immense majority of which have hitherto been denominational, gains + continually in force and range under the influence of the news from + Rome. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Daily News</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, + said that the fact of ultramontanes desiring denominational schools + was quite enough to convince Protestants of the superiority of + secular and national schools. Yet Manning goes on asserting in the + Vatican, that the infallibilist dogma will be the powerful magnet to + draw Protestants by thousands into the Church. They are only too glad + to believe him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You know already + that the Roman Jesuits have declared it, in the last number of the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>, to be a wicked error to + require moral unanimity of the Council for a dogmatic decree. They + call it a Gallican heresy to make the consent of the whole Church, or + the whole Council, a condition of dogmatic decisions. A simple + majority is quite enough, for it is ultimately the will and mind of a + single individual, viz., the Pope, wherein resides the whole force + and authority of the decision. <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page418">[pg 418]</span><a name="Pg418" id="Pg418" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> If he assents to the judgment of a minority of + the Bishops, it thereby becomes a law of faith for the whole + Christian world; but if the majority is with him, all shadow of doubt + vanishes. Whenever a controversy arises, whether in the scattered or + assembled Church, it is the Pope's office to settle the difference by + his decisive sentence, and to say, <span class="tei tei-q">“This is + truth: whoever believes it belongs to the Church, and whoever + believes not, let him be accursed.”</span> Once again it is clear + that the Jesuits are of a different mind from the rest of the world. + The world supposes that the Pope is to be declared infallible by the + Council, and that only then will this infallibility become an + universal article of faith. The Jesuits of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>, + on the contrary, think that the Pope—and he alone—is already and ever + has been infallible, and that all authority in matters of faith is + merely a light streaming forth from him and merging in his authority; + the sole ultimate ground on which the Council, whether unanimously or + by a majority, can declare the Pope infallible is because it knows + that former Popes have held themselves to be infallible, and that the + present Pope believes in and <span class="tei tei-q">“feels”</span> + his own infallibility. And thus on the Jesuit theory we have the + symbol of eternity, the snake biting <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page419">[pg 419]</span><a name="Pg419" id="Pg419" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> its own tail. Why must we regard the Pope as + infallible? Because he says so, and every one must believe his word + on pain of damnation. Why must we believe his word? Because he is + infallible. And why are the Bishops of the whole world summoned to + Rome? To bear witness to this logic of the Jesuits and the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, much like the compurgators + in German law. The Pope affirms, <span class="tei tei-q">“I am + infallible,”</span> and the 700 Bishops affirm that he is a + trustworthy witness, and because he says so it is certain. The + infallibilist Bishops admit the new theory of the legal force of + dogmatic decrees of a majority. They too say, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“When the Pope adheres to the majority, the article of + faith is already defined, and to reject it is heresy.”</span> They + too revolve in the logical circle of the Jesuits. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Infallibility is always on the side taken by the + Pope.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The pretence of + impartiality maintained for some time by the Vatican, and under which + Antonelli sheltered himself against diplomatic inquiries and + warnings, has now been abandoned. The Pope has taken his side in the + most emphatic way; he feels and denounces as a personal injury every + hesitation about the projected dogma, and his expressions of + displeasure <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page420">[pg + 420]</span><a name="Pg420" id="Pg420" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + grow constantly bitterer, and are sedulously disseminated, so that + many Bishops are already terrified or driven into the infallibilist + camp by the dread of his biting reproaches, for his words are + immediately spread about in their dioceses and pass like a coin from + hand to hand. Every work that appears anywhere in favour of his pet + dogma is rewarded and sanctioned by a commendatory papal Brief, as + being excellent, profoundly learned and conclusive, while the + opponents of the dogma are branded in these documents as fools, blind + or wicked assailants of what they inwardly know to be the truth. The + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Univers</span></span> lately contained three + such papal missives on the same day.<a id="noteref_75" name= + "noteref_75" href="#note_75"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">75</span></span></a> + Meanwhile the opportunity of an allocution is seized for whetting the + consciences of the Bishops of the minority, and telling the world how + impure are the motives of their opposition, and how virtuous and + noble-hearted are the prelates of the majority, the Italians and + Spaniards. On March 28, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Osservatore Romano</span></span> published a + speech addressed by Pius to the Oriental prelates and papal vicars of + the Latin rite, in which he said, <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">totidem verbis</span></span>, that in the + representative of Christ was renewed <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page421">[pg 421]</span><a name="Pg421" id="Pg421" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> what happened to Christ Himself before the + tribunal of Pilate. Pilate suffered himself to be terrified by the + assurance that, if he delivered Christ, he was no friend of Cæsar, + and gave him up through fear of men. And so now, when the principles + of eternal life and the rights of the Church and the Papal See are at + stake, they are attacked by men who call themselves friends of Cæsar, + but are really friends of the Revolution. <span class="tei tei-q">“Be + united,”</span> added the Pope, <span class="tei tei-q">“with me, and + not with the Revolution, and be not misled by the desire for + popularity and applause; to me and not to public opinion must your + minds be directed (<span lang="it" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "it"><span style="font-style: italic">poiche dovete tener rivolte le + menti a me e non alla opinione publica</span></span>). Put no trust + in your own lights.”</span> And he concluded, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“On the basis of humility we will fight for the kingdom + of God, without despairing and without fear of error.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus does Pius lay + bare the egotism and cowardice of the Bishops who demur to + infallibility. They are afraid of conflicts with the modern State, + which is the product of the Revolution, and are loath to alienate the + educated classes of the Church, which is mere popularity-hunting. + Pius is in earnest in what he says about humility, and applies it to + himself as well as others; he frequently says that he too is a + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page422">[pg 422]</span><a name="Pg422" + id="Pg422" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> poor sinner, who has his place + in the great hospital of diseased and sinful humanity, but with this + difference,—in all other mortals sin begets error as its necessary + consequence, but not with him. He is indeed a sinner, but in his case + sin, through a special miracle, has no influence on the intellect, + and when he feels his own infallibility, it would be presumptuous to + dream of any self-exaltation or flattering illusion.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is of course + understood that other and very various methods are also being made + use of to diminish the numbers of the Opposition. Leave of absence is + most readily accorded to them. It has become visible now to the + blindest eye that the infallibilist dogma is the real object of the + Council, for which alone it was convoked. The great aim hitherto in + all sessions and votings has been gradually and imperceptibly to + bring the Bishops to the point of practically accepting the decisions + of the majority on questions of faith, and to get them to let the + critical moment for protest and refusal of participation slip by + unused. By this means precedents are created, and when the crucial + question of infallibility comes on, they will be told that they have + already virtually conceded the principle, and it is now too late to + deny it.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page423">[pg + 423]</span><a name="Pg423" id="Pg423" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Governments + have made it quite clear that it is only encroachments on the secular + and civil domain, such as the relations of Church and State, and + especially the twenty-one canons, which give them any anxiety, and + have led them to make representations and protests. They disclaim all + intention of meddling with questions of pure dogma, and therefore + leave untouched the infallibilist theory, which Count Beust regards + as a mere internal question of Church doctrine. This admission breaks + off the point of all diplomatic arrows shot from Vienna, Paris, or + anywhere else, for with infallibility the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> + possesses all it wants for the attainment of its ends and the + extension of its power over the social and political domain. + Prévost-Paradol justly remarked the other day in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal des + Débats</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“The ministers who are + so ready to let the infallibilist dogma slip through their fingers + seem not to consider that it comprehends everything (<span lang="fr" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qu'il emporte tout</span></span>). If the Pope + is declared infallible to-day, he was infallible yesterday, and, if + so, the Syllabus has precisely the same force and validity as if the + Council had confirmed it.”</span> So it is in truth, and moreover the + Bulls and decisions of former Popes, which claim absolute dominion + over the State, become inviolable articles <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page424">[pg 424]</span><a name="Pg424" id="Pg424" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of faith. And then again it seems to pacify the + Governments that Antonelli assures them he and his master are merely + concerned with the theory, and have no intention of at once putting + the new articles of faith into practice, summoning kings before their + tribunal, overturning constitutions, and abrogating laws. On the + contrary the Pope, if his mercy is appealed to, will look favourably + on much belonging to the present civilisation and order of the State; + only of course all this must be regarded as a mere indulgence which + might at any moment be withdrawn. Meanwhile at Rome the disclaimers + of the Governments of any desire to meddle with doctrine are + sedulously made capital out of for working on the Bishops. They are + referred to in proof that the whole lay world has nothing to say to + this purely dogmatic question, and that the Governments themselves + treat the matter as politically innocuous, and the Bishops are + admonished to lay aside their foolish resistance to a doctrine which + with the power of the Pope will also so mightily increase their + own.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page425">[pg 425]</span><a name= + "Pg425" id="Pg425" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc85" id="toc85"></a> <a name="pdf86" id="pdf86"></a> + <a name="Letter_XXXVI" id="Letter_XXXVI" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Thirty-Sixth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, April 13, + 1870.</span></span>—The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema de Fide</span></span> has occupied the + Fathers in almost daily sessions, and the Solemn Session for the + public voting and promulgation of the decrees finally completed, + which was first fixed for Easter Monday, has been postponed to Low + Sunday. The number of amendments proposed gives the Bishops a great + deal of labour, if the handling of these matters in the Council Hall + is to be called a labour. What takes place is this: the Bishop who + wishes to propose an alteration in the text of the Jesuit draft + ascends the tribune and delivers an address, which as a rule the + majority of his auditors cannot follow. Then he hands the President + his motion, which however is not read, so that the Council gain their + first knowledge of it through the Deputation, who have the amendments + sent in to them—which of course are often very contradictory—printed + and distributed <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page426">[pg + 426]</span><a name="Pg426" id="Pg426" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in + the order of precedence. Thus, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>,—there were no less than 122 + amendments proposed on the third chapter of the <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, occupying 44 folio pages. + They began to be distributed on April 3, and most of the Bishops only + got their copies on the 4th, when there was a sitting of the Council, + and on the 5th the voting was to take place, so that most of them had + no time even for a cursory reading: still less was it possible to + give explanations or attempt to come to any oral understanding or + comparison of the various views. Meanwhile the discipline of the + majority continues to be admirable; they always know exactly how they + are to vote, and obey the signal given as one man. Nor has there been + any repetition of the wild paroxysm of passion on March 22, which + turned the Hall into a bear-garden of demoniacs while Strossmayer was + speaking. Many who were most conspicuous that day in their screams + and gesticulations, seem to have felt ashamed since, and have no + doubt also received a hint that such excesses of zeal may injure the + good cause. But however well organized and docile the majority show + themselves, the defects of the order of business, combined with the + bad qualities of the Hall, become very perceptible, and the result of + the many votings is a <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page427">[pg + 427]</span><a name="Pg427" id="Pg427" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + confusion into which the Deputation tries afterwards to impart some + sort of order.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Strossmayer has + made a representation to the Legates; at the sitting of March 22 he + was called <span class="tei tei-q">“a damnable heretic,”</span> + without having given any intelligible occasion for it, and he expects + and demands a public reparation for this injury in whatever way they + deem most suitable. What is still more important, his conscience has + constrained him to put the question from the tribune, whether + articles of faith are really to be decided by mere majorities + according to the 13th article of the new order of business. When he + expressed his conviction that moral unanimity was essential in such + cases, he was interrupted by a frightful tumult and could not say any + more.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Legates have + given no answer either to the three representations of the Bishops + about the second order of business with its principle of majorities, + or to Strossmayer's complaint. But on April 1 an admonition of + President de Angelis was again read, directing the Fathers to be as + brief as possible in their speeches, that they might not produce + disgust (<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nausea</span></em>) in the assembly by their + prolixity or digressions, in which case they had only themselves to + thank for the marks <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page428">[pg + 428]</span><a name="Pg428" id="Pg428" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + displeasure elicited. This was commonly understood as an indirect + answer to Strossmayer; he had produced <span class= + "tei tei-q">“nausea”</span> in the prelates, and had therefore no + cause for complaint. That was rather too much for the minority, and + their international Committee of about 30 Bishops resolved on + presenting a common protest to the Presidents against the frequent + interruptions and the wording of the admonition. Meanwhile Haynald + was not interrupted, when he declared his agreement with Strossmayer. + And it is worth notice that the Presidents have not as yet availed + themselves of the right assigned them by the Pope to cut short the + discussion, and get the speeches of the Opposition put an end to by + the vote of the majority. There was nothing certainly in the subjects + last under discussion to tempt them to do so. The Bishop of + Rottenburg had proposed that the decree should contain no anathemas + on persons but only on doctrines; the Germans and about six French + Bishops agreed with him, but the rest would hear nothing of it. But + it was significant that the most extreme section of infallibilists + urged that in mentioning the Church in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Fide</span></span>, the predicate <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Romana”</span> should alone be affixed to Church, with a + perfectly correct instinct that the complete <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page429">[pg 429]</span><a name="Pg429" id="Pg429" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Romanizing of the Church which they desiderate + must lead to the annihilation of its Catholicity, and that the + particular predicate necessarily excludes the universal. But they did + not carry their point.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is the + universally prevalent feeling that all these detailed discussions and + motions are mere preliminary skirmishes in which both parties + practise themselves for the great contest and the decisive blow to be + struck when the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema de Ecclesiâ</span></span> comes on. The + chief aim is to ascertain how far the minority can be induced to go, + how much they will put up with, and what can be wrung from them by + surprise or by quiet working on them individually. Public scenes, + solemn protests before the whole world, are what the Legates want at + any price to avoid. When the infallibilist dogma was to have been + carried by sudden acclamation on St. Joseph's Day, four American + Bishops handed in a paper declaring that, if this were done, they + would immediately leave the Council and announce the reasons of their + departure as soon as they got back to their dioceses. That took + effect.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is perhaps one + of the most noteworthy and eventful changes in the policy of the + Papal Court, that it now strains every nerve deliberately to exclude + the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page430">[pg 430]</span><a name= + "Pg430" id="Pg430" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> laity from all share + in Church affairs, and endeavours to hold them aloof in every case + where formerly the Church not only allowed but desired and demanded + their regular participation. Thirty years ago it was quite different, + but since the darling scheme of the Jesuits for complete + ecclesiastical absolutism and centralization in Rome, both intensive + and extensive, has been adopted, the maxims first avowed by Pius in + his instructions to Pluym, his delegate at Constantinople, have been + acted upon. The Pope there affirms that the participation of the + laity in Church matters has been the greatest injury to the Church. + In Germany and north of the Alps generally, all who thought they knew + anything of the spirit and history of the Church had believed just + the contrary, and considered those to have been the most prosperous + ages of the Church when there was a cordial understanding and + unsuspicious co-operation between clergy and laity; and they pointed + to the example of earlier Popes, who attributed a priesthood to + Christian princes, and exhorted them to take the most active part in + ecclesiastical affairs. But historical reminiscences are of no + account here; we must be content to float on the stream of the + present, without looking backwards or forwards, with the great + multitude. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page431">[pg + 431]</span><a name="Pg431" id="Pg431" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Fear nothing; I have the Madonna on my + side,”</span> said the master the other day to a prelate who had + warned him of the danger incurred by the present system. That word + explains the enigma of our present situation.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The quarrels with + the Orientals, which I shall perhaps relate more fully by and bye, + have again thrown a clear light on the existing condition of things + and the maxims adhered to. In a dispute about the privileges of a + Convent here, an Armenian Archbishop with his secretary and + interpreter were condemned by the Inquisition to imprisonment in one + of the Jesuit houses—nominally <span class="tei tei-q">“to make the + exercises.”</span> The unfortunates for whom this fatherly correction + was decreed, were to <span class="tei tei-q">“exercise + themselves”</span> till they were reduced to submission. They first + betook themselves to the protection of the French embassy, but in + accordance with instructions from Paris they were repulsed. Then they + were taken under the charge of Rustem Bey, the Turkish ambassador at + Florence, who has lately been residing here and transacting business + with Antonelli. But the Cardinal soon intimated to him that Catholic + priests, of whatever nation, were in Rome simply subjects of the Pope + and under the jurisdiction <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page432">[pg + 432]</span><a name="Pg432" id="Pg432" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + the Inquisition. So the helpless Armenians had to succumb, and were + favoured with domestic imprisonment, while a monk of another Order + was made Abbot of the convent. The affair has naturally excited + double astonishment. German, French, and English priests, who are + here in great numbers, have had the unpleasant surprise of + discovering that, according to the theory accepted here, they belong + not only spiritually but bodily to the Pope, who is the absolute lord + of their persons, and that the Inquisition can seize and incarcerate + any of them at its pleasure. And the occurrence has recalled some + very unlovely reminiscences. Men acquainted with Roman history have + shown that Paul <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span> got Aonio Paleario and + Carnesecchi to surrender themselves and had them burnt by the + Inquisition; that Paul <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span> enticed to Rome by a + safe-conduct the priest Fulgentio, who took the side of the State in + the Pope's quarrel with Venice, and had him burnt there as + <span class="tei tei-q">“a lapsed heretic;”</span><a id="noteref_76" + name="noteref_76" href="#note_76"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">76</span></span></a> that the + English Benedictine Barnes, who was seized on Belgian soil and + dragged to Rome, was first imprisoned in the Inquisition till he + became insane, and then had to die in a lunatic asylum. It is + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page433">[pg 433]</span><a name="Pg433" + id="Pg433" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> true that the Inquisition no + longer inflicts torture and death, but nobody who has once come into + its power would escape without having an abjuration extorted from + him. The best security for a Western priest consists in the dread of + the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> of involving itself in + trouble with his Government; were it not so, a foreign clergyman + would be compelled to confine his conversation with clerics here to + the weather, for there is always the most stringent obligation of + denouncing any one the least suspected of heresy to the Inquisition, + and a German clergyman, who got into any theological talk could + hardly avoid that suspicion, so many would be the points of + difference and opposition.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There have been + movements among the Hungarian Bishops, the connection of which is not + quite clear. But the following facts are authentic. Simor, Archbishop + of Gran and Primate, who for two months adhered with the rest of his + countrymen to the minority, has gone over in the most demonstrative + way to the majority, who pride themselves not a little on their + conquest. It had been previously agreed between the Emperor and the + Pope that he should be made a Cardinal, and he had been informed of + this; but for a Cardinal-designate before his actual creation to vote + against the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page434">[pg + 434]</span><a name="Pg434" id="Pg434" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + formally and energetically expressed will of the Pope would be + monstrous. Such a thing is quite inconceivable in Rome. Moreover, + before he became Primate, Simor spoke in favour of + infallibilism.<a id="noteref_77" name="noteref_77" href= + "#note_77"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">77</span></span></a> Another + Hungarian Bishop is gone over with him. Other Hungarian Bishops whom + the minority, whether rightly or not, reckoned deserters, have gone + home, and have there, it is said, represented the state of things in + the very darkest colours, saying that there is no real freedom in the + Council and the minority is breaking up. The Government at Pesth have + consequently sent a confidential agent here to invite the Hungarian + Bishops to escape the storm and return home. But they replied that + the Government had better provide for the return of those already + gone home, so as to add more strength to the minority on whom all the + hopes of Catholics are now centred.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page435">[pg 435]</span><a name= + "Pg435" id="Pg435" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc87" id="toc87"></a> <a name="pdf88" id="pdf88"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Thirty-Seventh Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, April 15, + 1870.</span></span>—The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Constitutio Dogmatica de Ecclesiâ + Christi</span></span> will receive its definitive form in the + Congregation of Easter Tuesday, but the substance is already fixed. + It received many significant alterations in the course of discussion, + and the ready reception accorded to it as a whole is due to the many + detailed amendments which have been conceded. These changes are so + important that the spokesman of the Commission, Pie of Poitiers, said + in his closing speech it was really the work of the whole Council, so + that the Fathers might truly say, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Visum est Spiritui Sancto et + nobis</span></span>.”</span> After the insertion of the word + <span class="tei tei-q">“Romana”</span> before <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Catholica Ecclesia,”</span> the three first chapters + were accepted in their amended form. The fourth, on faith and + knowledge, was debated only cursorily and by a few speakers on April + 8. But this chapter contains a passage of the greatest practical + importance. At <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page436">[pg + 436]</span><a name="Pg436" id="Pg436" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + end occur these words: <span class="tei tei-q">“Since it is not + enough to avoid heretical pravity, unless those errors which more or + less nearly approach it are shunned, we admonish all of the duty of + observing the constitution and decrees where such evil opinions not + expressly named here have been proscribed and prohibited by this Holy + See.”</span><a id="noteref_78" name="noteref_78" href= + "#note_78"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">78</span></span></a> The + Bishops with good reason saw in this passage a confirmation of the + judgments and increase of the authority of the Roman Congregations, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, of the tribunals through + which the Pope exercises his power. It seemed to them desirable to + give due expression to their objections, and accordingly a request + was made to the President to appoint a further day for this subject. + But as nobody had inscribed his name to speak, the request was + refused and the whole debate was closed on that day, Friday, April 8. + But to avoid the danger of opposition at the last moment and secure + the decrees being unanimous, a certain concession was made by + announcing that the closing paragraph should not be voted on till the + whole <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema de Fide</span></span>, four chapters of + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page437">[pg 437]</span><a name="Pg437" + id="Pg437" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> which only were as yet ready, + should be completed. Thus a great point was gained,—a decree on + matters of faith was carried by moral unanimity and not by surprise, + but after a serious though compressed debate, which helped to win for + the views of the minority a very perceptible influence on the form of + the decree.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But on the + following day, April 9, a notice was communicated that, as the + closing paragraph of the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>—beginning with the words + <span class="tei tei-q">“Itaque supremi pastoralis,”</span> + etc.<a id="noteref_79" name="noteref_79" href="#note_79"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">79</span></span></a>—had not + been treated with sufficient particularity at the last general + sitting, it must be again brought forward for deliberation before the + whole fourth chapter came to be voted upon. The Fathers were thereby + admonished that they might produce their amendments on the fourth + chapter at the next sitting. This Congregation was held on April 12, + when the final paragraph was put to the vote, and this roused them + from the dream of unanimity. It was observed in the debate that if + the voting on the paragraph were put off <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page438">[pg 438]</span><a name="Pg438" id="Pg438" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> till the whole <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Fide</span></span> was completed, this would be putting it off to the + Greek Calends. But if the fixing of this <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> was undertaken directly + after Easter, the more important subject of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Ecclesiâ</span></span> must give place to it, and so it might easily + happen that infallibility would not come on at all this spring. To + withdraw the closing paragraph would be not only not to maintain but + to lose that favourite form of authoritative papal utterance through + the medium of the Roman Congregations, which especially required to + be upheld. Pie of Poitiers insisted on the fact that the paragraph + had been published in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Allgemeine Zeitung</span></span>, and could not + therefore without peril be withdrawn even for the moment only.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Opposition + were partly disposed themselves to treat the passage as unimportant. + There were some who thought that in principle it was right for the + Roman decisions to be respected and a certain authority attached to + them, for this was necessary for the government of the Church; and + the very wording of the passage distinguished these decisions from + matters defined under anathema. So the minority resolved not to make + any collective resistance to it, and many well-known members of the + Opposition accepted it without <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page439">[pg 439]</span><a name="Pg439" id="Pg439" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> contradiction. Notwithstanding this, when the + whole fourth chapter came to be voted on on Tuesday, April 12, the + desired unanimity was not attained; 83 Bishops gave a conditional + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet</span></span> only. They handed in the + grounds of their vote in writing, which seem to have been of various + kinds, for even the Bishops of Moulins and Saluzzo, who are notorious + infallibilists, were among them. Some, especially English Bishops, + may well have demurred to the designation <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Romana</span></em> Catholica”</span> before + <span class="tei tei-q">“Ecclesiâ;”</span> others may have thought it + necessary to guard their rights as against majorities; but far the + greater number wanted to repudiate the concluding passage. The vote + was understood here in this latter sense, and no stone was left + unturned to induce the Opposition to yield on that point. The step + they have taken makes the deeper impression, because it is known that + they have not put forth their full strength.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It must be allowed + that the final paragraph contained no actual doctrine which made the + resistance of the Episcopate an absolute duty and required unanimous + consent, but still it is obvious that the Council thereby sanctioned + and strengthened what it ought to have reformed and limited, and + therefore the carelessness manifested by a portion of the Opposition + admits of no <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page440">[pg + 440]</span><a name="Pg440" id="Pg440" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + favourable explanation. For the chief cause of the weakness and + corruption of the Church is to be found in those Roman + Congregations,—in the principles of some and the defects of others. + The Bishops who accept the paragraph give their approval, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, to the Inquisition and the + Index, and thereby prejudice not a little their moral influence and + dignity. The vote of last Tuesday does not accordingly appear to me + any proof of the firm organization or imposing power of the minority; + it only shows what they might accomplish if they chose, but that they + do not choose to do as much as they can. But the event will show + whether the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> holds to its policy of + securing unanimity by prudent and well-timed concessions. The + minority will be urged and entreated first to withdraw their + objections. If that fails, the Court must either give up the hope of + unanimity or accept a very sensible humiliation. For if the text + remains unaltered, those who have now given a conditional <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet</span></span> can give no simple + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet</span></span> next time.<a id= + "noteref_80" name="noteref_80" href="#note_80"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">80</span></span></a> Rome + will certainly exhaust all her arts to avert the scandal of an open + opposition in a Solemn Session.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page441">[pg 441]</span><a name="Pg441" id="Pg441" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I said in a former + letter that the Opposition had taken up a position which no enemy + from without could dislodge them from, but this did not imply at all + that all internal dangers are overcome. These by no means consist in + the decomposing influences of hope and fear which the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> + makes such use of, or the prospect of a Cardinal's Hat, or again in + party divisions at home, which might have disturbed and divided the + French, Austrian and North American Bishops. The latter danger might + have made itself felt at the commencement of the Council, but + constant intercourse and community of experiences during this winter + have put an end to it. The real disease which has weakened the + minority in the past and threatens it in the future lies deeper—the + great internal differences of Catholicism, which are now being + brought to a decisive issue, do not coincide with the antagonism of + the rival parties in the Council, but divide the minority itself. The + main question, exclusive of the immediate controversy and partly + independent of it, which divides Catholics into two sections so + sharply that no sympathy or confidence can bridge over the gulf, + remains unsolved within the minority and constantly endangers their + coherence. The common designation of Liberal Catholics tends rather + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page442">[pg 442]</span><a name="Pg442" + id="Pg442" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to obscure than to express the + principle of this division. By Liberal Catholics may be understood + those who desiderate freedom not only <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">for</span></em> but + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">in</span></em> the Church, and would subject all + arbitrary power of Church as well as State in matters of religion to + law and tradition; but that is the end they aim at, not their + fundamental principle. Such requirements concern the constitution + rather than the doctrine of the Church, law rather than theology. + They are important, but they do not contain the crucial point of the + present contest in the Church. The root of the matter lies not simply + in the relation to be maintained towards the chief authority in the + Church, but in the right relation to science; it is not merely + freedom but truth that is at stake. It is mainly as an institution + for the salvation of men and dispenser of the means of grace that the + Church has to deal with the labouring, suffering and ignorant + millions of mankind. And in order to guard them from the assaults of + popular Protestantism, a popular Catholicism and fabulous + representation of the Church has been gradually built up, which + surrounds her past history with an ideal halo, and conceals by + sophistries and virtual lies whatever is difficult or inconvenient or + evil, whatever, in short, is <span class="tei tei-q">“offensive to + pious ears.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page443">[pg + 443]</span><a name="Pg443" id="Pg443" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But such a + transfigured Catholicism is a mere shadow Catholicism, not the Church + but a phantom of the Church. Its upholders are compelled at every + step to employ various weapons, to ward off any triumph of their + enemies and avoid disturbing the faithful in a religious sentiment + artificially compounded of error and truth combined. The more the + notion of the supreme glory, and even infallibility, of the Pope was + developed, the greater solidarity with the past became requisite, + that the history of the Popes might not be suffered to bear witness + too strongly against such views. To quote a significant phrase in + constant use here during this winter, <span class="tei tei-q">“the + dogma must conquer history.”</span><a id="noteref_81" name= + "noteref_81" href="#note_81"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">81</span></span></a> A + contest has arisen, not of dogma but of a theological opinion against + history, that is against truth; the end sanctifies the means. It was + held allowable in order to save the Church and for the interest of + souls to commit what would in any other case have been acknowledged + to be sin. Not only was history falsified, but the rules of Christian + morality were no longer held applicable where the credit of the + hierarchy was at stake. The very sense of truth and error, right and + wrong,—in a word the conscience—was thrown into confusion. Thus, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page444">[pg 444]</span><a name="Pg444" id="Pg444" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> when Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span> demanded that the + Huguenot prisoners should be put to death, he did right, for he was + Pope and a Saint to boot. Since Charles Borromeo approved the + murdering of Protestants by private persons, it is better to approve + it than to call his canonization in question. Or one moral aberration + is got rid of by another. Many of the leading Catholic writers of + this century deny that Gregory <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xiii.</span></span> approved the massacre + of St. Bartholomew,<a id="noteref_82" name="noteref_82" href= + "#note_82"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">82</span></span></a> or that + heretics have ever been put to death at Rome.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This spirit, which + falsifies history and corrupts morals, is the crying sin of modern + Catholicism, and it reaches high enough. Of the three men who are + commonly held in France to stand at the head of the Catholic + movement, one wrote a panegyric on Pius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span>, + another under the name of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Religion et Liberté</span></span> attacked + absolutism in France while defending the double absolutism in Rome, + and a third vindicated the Syllabus—all three thus manifesting the + influence of this deplorable spirit.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the other hand + the genuine Catholic, who wishes also to be a good Christian, cannot + separate love for his <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page445">[pg + 445]</span><a name="Pg445" id="Pg445" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Church from the love of goodness and truth. He shrinks from lies in + history as much as from present adulation, and is divided by a deep + moral gulf from those who deliberately seek to defend the Church by + sin and religious truth by historical falsehood. This contrast is + most conspicuously exhibited in the question of infallibility, as one + example may suffice to prove. The principles of the Inquisition have + been most solemnly proclaimed and sanctioned by the Popes. Whoever + maintains papal infallibility must deny certain radical principles of + Christian morality, and not merely excuse but accept as true the + opposite views of the Popes. Thus the Roman element excludes the + Catholic and Christian. Such differences obviously cut deep into + men's ethical character, and divide them far more decisively than any + striving for common practical ends or community of interest and + feeling can unite them on the ground of prudence. In presence of so + profound an internal division the question of the opportuneness of + the definition of infallibility assumes a very subordinate place, and + the mere inopportunist is immeasurably removed from the decided + opponent of the dogma. Between Bishops who consider Popes fallible + and those whose conscience is easy enough to swallow certain + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page446">[pg 446]</span><a name="Pg446" + id="Pg446" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> doctrines of former Popes on + faith and morals, and who do not see any deadly peril for souls in + giving a higher sanction to these dogmas—between anti-infallibilists + and mere inopportunists—the difference is far deeper than the union. + The inopportunists stand nearer to the infallibilists than to those + who oppose the dogma on principle. They are divided from the one + party on a mere question of prudence, from the other on a question of + faith and morality; with the one they are united by an internal bond, + with the other by an external bond, only which circumstances may + dissolve.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This is the true + explanation of the halting policy so often observed in the + Opposition. The honest opponents of infallibility wished to secure + the support of those who do not properly speaking share their + sentiments. But they should never for a moment have forgotten that + they have to attack what Gratry has rightly described as an + <span class="tei tei-q">“école de mensonge.”</span> And the greatest + honesty and outspokenness is necessary for defending the honour and + truth of Catholicism against that school. Instead of that they + exhibit themselves in a false light and obscure the situation.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile Pius + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> by his letters to + Guéranger and Cabrière has completely and publicly identified himself + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page447">[pg 447]</span><a name="Pg447" + id="Pg447" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> with that school, at the very + moment when Gratry was so unmistakeably exposing its spirit, and he + has made this still clearer by the distinctions bestowed on Margotti + and Veuillot at the very moment when Newman characterized them as the + leaders of <span class="tei tei-q">“an aggressive and insolent + faction.”</span> He said plainly to the French Bishop Ramadie of + Perpignan that <span class="tei tei-q">“only Protestants and infidels + denied his infallibility.”</span> His official organ describes the + Opposition as allies of the Freemasons, and he himself calls all who + oppose his infallibility bad Catholics. It is true that the + Opposition has gradually been brought to make very decided + declarations of opinion, and has itself expressed doubts about the + future recognition of the Council. But that has complicated its + attitude still further. The other party may ask, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Why these doubts about Œcumenicity? The Bishops of + various countries are assembled in great numbers; the Governments + offer no hindrances, and the Council has united itself with the Pope + in the greatest freedom in the capital city of the Church. Why then + doubt the good results and œcumenical character of the Council and + the validity and future recognition of its decrees?”</span> And the + Opposition can only answer, <span class="tei tei-q">“For the sole and + single reason that the Pope destroys all <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page448">[pg 448]</span><a name="Pg448" id="Pg448" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> freedom of action by his regulations, that he + has already overthrown the ancient constitution of the Church and + exercises a power over the Council incompatible with the rights of + the Bishops and the freedom of the Church.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The French note is + to be presented to-day to Antonelli and next week to the Pope, + instead of to the Council. It is doubted whether Pius will + communicate it to them.<a id="noteref_83" name="noteref_83" href= + "#note_83"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">83</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page449">[pg 449]</span><a name= + "Pg449" id="Pg449" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc89" id="toc89"></a> <a name="pdf90" id="pdf90"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Thirty-Eighth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, April 17, + 1870.</span></span>—It is a good sign that the minority have at + length recognised the imperative necessity of grappling directly with + the problem of papal infallibility, and examining in their own + writings this question on which the future of the Church depends. It + has been perceived now that it was an unfortunate notion to put + forward only grounds of expediency, discretion, and regard for public + opinion; for no answer was left when Spanish, South American, Irish, + Neapolitan and Sicilian Bishops said that no such public opinion + existed with them, that some were apathetic and others had long held + the doctrine, which would create not the slightest difficulty or + inconvenience with them, and that they were the majority.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was high time + therefore to take firmer ground, and now this has been done by + Cardinals Schwarzenberg and Rauscher and Bishop Hefele, three of the + most influential <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page450">[pg + 450]</span><a name="Pg450" id="Pg450" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + prelates of the Church, or rather by four, for Bishop Ketteler too + has either composed or got some one to compose a work on papal + infallibility.<a id="noteref_84" name="noteref_84" href= + "#note_84"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">84</span></span></a> But the + whole edition had the ill luck to be seized in the Roman Post-office, + so that not a single Bishop got a copy. The authorities seem to know + that the work opposes the dogma, on which all the thoughts and plans + of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> now hinge, although Ketteler + not long ago showed himself an adherent of the doctrine, and only + assailed the opportuneness of defining it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Univers</span></span>, + as the official organ of the Court, now announces the principle on + which the Papal Government acts. One must distinguish, it says, + between the Custom-house and Post-office. The Custom-house gives the + Bishops the missives and packets addressed to them unopened, for it + assumes that they will only have proper books sent them. It is + different with the Post-office, which is bound not to favour the + dissemination of error.<a id="noteref_85" name="noteref_85" href= + "#note_85"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">85</span></span></a> So the + conscientiousness of the officials of the Roman Post-office is a + model for the rest of the world, and it is understood that the + habitual opening of letters, so far from being immoral, is an + expression of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page451">[pg + 451]</span><a name="Pg451" id="Pg451" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + purest and most delicate morality; for might not a letter contain + some error or attack on the rights of the Vicar of Christ? And how + could the officials answer to God and His earthly representative for + even unconsciously co-operating in the spread of such error?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As I have not seen + Ketteler's publication, I can only quote the judgment of a friend who + has read it and thinks it will do good service. The other three works + are before me. They must all have been printed at Naples, for the + Roman police has to look after the consciences not only of the + Post-office secretaries and letter-carriers, but of the compositors, + printers, bookbinders and booksellers. It cannot allow that any + breath of error should sully the pure mirror of their souls, even + though concealed under the veil of the Latin tongue; and the + corroding poison becomes worse when prepared, as in this case, by + Bishops and Cardinals.<a id="noteref_86" name="noteref_86" href= + "#note_86"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">86</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I will speak first + of Cardinal Rauscher's work, which is the most comprehensive of the + three, and touches on many questions passed over in the other two. + Written <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page452">[pg 452]</span><a name= + "Pg452" id="Pg452" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in a calm and + dignified tone, it carefully avoids every word or phrase which could + offend the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, and goes to the utmost + length in making concessions possible for any one to accept without + becoming an infallibilist; but it will nevertheless pour much oil on + the flame of anger which has been blazing for weeks past, and singes + now one Bishop and now another. Papal infallibility, says the + Archbishop of Vienna, must extend to everything ever decided by any + Pope, and the whole Christian world must hold with Boniface + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">viii.</span></span> and his Bull + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unam + Sanctam</span></span> that the Popes have received power from Christ + over the whole domain of the State. That will be welcome news to + those who want to exclude the Church altogether from civil society. + That the Popes themselves in the ancient Church did not hold + themselves infallible, that the whole history and conduct of the + ancient Church in doctrinal controversies would be an inexplicable + riddle on the infallibilist hypothesis, and moreover that the Popes + have often fallen into open errors rejected by the Church—all this is + well established, though the author cites only some particular facts + from the abundant sources he has to draw upon. He then shows the + sharp antithesis between the ancient doctrine of the Church and the + Popes <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page453">[pg 453]</span><a name= + "Pg453" id="Pg453" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> on the relations of + Church and State and the enunciations of Popes since Gregory + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vii.</span></span> and Innocent + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> With papal + infallibility the whole mediæval theory of the unlimited power of + Popes to depose kings, absolve from oaths of allegiance, abrogate + laws, and interfere in all civil affairs at their will, must be + declared to be an immutable doctrine with which the Church stands or + falls. The Christian Emperors would have treated such a doctrine as + high treason, and even in the days of Charles the Great it would have + excited universal astonishment. If this doctrine really had to be + preached now to the Christian people, it would be a triumph for the + enemies of religion, for the best men would soon be convinced of the + utter impossibility of paying any regard to the precepts of the + Christian religion in civil matters. The Cardinal proceeds to dwell + on the forgeries by which the great master of scholastic theology, + the favourite and oracle of all Jesuits and ultramontanes, Thomas + Aquinas, was led to adopt the doctrine of infallibility, and how + again his influence shaped the whole scholastic system and drew the + great Religious Orders, who were bound by oath to maintain his + teaching, to adopt it. He concludes in these weighty + words:—<span class="tei tei-q">“If the Pope is declared to be, alone + and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page454">[pg 454]</span><a name= + "Pg454" id="Pg454" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> without the + Episcopate, infallible in faith and morals, the Œcumenical Councils + are robbed of the authority recognised by Gregory the Great, when he + said he honoured them equally with the four Gospels; for they would + be and would always have been, even at the time of the Nicene + Council, superfluous for deciding on faith and morals. This doctrine + would be a declaration of war against the innermost convictions of + the Church, and she would be robbed for the future of those aids + supplied by the Council of Trent at her extremest need; even the See + of Rome would lose the support the Bishops then assembled gave to it, + for after the close of that Council, the power of the Popes became + greater than it was before.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The remark of + Cardinal Rauscher that, when the dogma of papal infallibility is + defined the Church will be deprived of one of her most effective + institutions, viz., General Councils, has made a great impression + here, as far as I can see. It is readily understood that an + assemblage of men, educated to believe in the infallibility of one + master, and to repeat mechanically without examination whatever he + tells them, would have no influence among men and would be + universally regarded as superfluous, a mere idle pageant rather than + any <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page455">[pg 455]</span><a name= + "Pg455" id="Pg455" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> real support to the + Church. The Church would be impoverished by the loss of one member of + its organism, and that very member would be paralysed which in + moments of distress and danger had most effectually protected + her.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Hefele's + work is worthy of the man who is beyond question the most profound + historical scholar among the members of the Council. One can only + regret that a writer so pre-eminently qualified to pronounce a clear + and weighty opinion on the whole controversy in all its bearings + should have confined himself to the single question of the + condemnation of Pope Honorius. Those who wish to know the history of + Honorius and the Sixth Council in 681, and to see a flagrant example + of the utterly crude and unscientific poverty of that modern + scholasticism which is treated as theology in the Jesuit + lecture-rooms, may be recommended a brief study of this question, + which has already produced so many writings and hypotheses, simple + and easily understood as it is in itself. A General Council, + acknowledged by the whole Church in East and West, condemned a Pope + for heresy after his death, and anathematized him on account of a + dogmatic letter he issued. The sentence was without contradiction + accepted throughout <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page456">[pg + 456]</span><a name="Pg456" id="Pg456" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + whole Church, the Roman Church included, and even introduced into the + profession of faith to which every new Pope had to swear at his + election. It was repeatedly confirmed by subsequent Councils, and in + short remained in full force for centuries, till the Popes were + seized with a desire to become infallible. It is only since the + fifteenth and sixteenth century, and especially since the + Jesuits—beginning with Bellarmine—undertook to revise history + according to the requirements of their new dogmatic system, that this + extremely contradictory fact had to be submitted to a process of + manipulation, and the rock on which all schemes of papal + infallibility seemed to be wrecked had to be got out of the way. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Si plus minusve secuerit sine fraude + esto,”</span> was said in the old Roman law which allowed a creditor + to cut a pound of flesh from the body of his debtor, and so do the + knives of the Jesuits and curialists cut right into the flesh of + history. The Acts of the Sixth Council were said to have been + corrupted through the perfidy of the Greeks, and the whole history + and even the letters of Honorius to be forgeries. The Popes + themselves, Rome, and the whole West had let themselves be fooled by + the cunning Greeks into condemning <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page457">[pg 457]</span><a name="Pg457" id="Pg457" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> an innocent and orthodox Pope as a heretic, and + the letters of Pope Leo <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> must also be forgeries. + In short these reasoners were caught in the meshes of their own net, + and when in 1660 Lucas Holstein got the Roman <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Liber + Diurnus</span></span> printed—an excellent edition of which Rozière + lately brought out in Paris—the whole impression was suppressed, for + it contained the old form of oath which expressly attested the + condemnation of Honorius. But twenty years later the book appeared to + the great chagrin of Rome, and the infallibilist school had to change + their front. They now turned to the letters of Honorius and tried to + show that they were perfectly orthodox. But that did not touch the + fact that a General Council had solemnly condemned a Pope for heresy, + and that the whole Church—the Popes and the Roman Church included—had + accepted the sentence without demur. Hefele has shortly and pointedly + exposed the shifts and dishonesties of this long controversy carried + on in more than a hundred polemical works; and he has taken care, at + the same time, to establish conclusively the wide-reaching facts and + general results of the inquiry. He shows (page 11), how up to the + eleventh century every Pope swore <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page458">[pg 458]</span><a name="Pg458" id="Pg458" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> to the truth that an Œcumenical Council had + condemned a Pope for heresy.<a id="noteref_87" name="noteref_87" + href="#note_87"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">87</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cardinal + Schwarzenberg's work is chiefly directed against Archbishop + Manning.<a id="noteref_88" name="noteref_88" href= + "#note_88"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">88</span></span></a> Hitherto + the infallibilists, to avoid pushing their theory into sheer + absurdity, had appended the condition of <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">ex + cathedrâ</span></span>, which everybody could interpret more or less + stringently according to his own view, and theologians had actually + given twenty-five different explanations of what was required for an + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ex cathedrâ</span></span> decision. In order to + get out of this labyrinth, Manning has propounded a simpler theory. + Everything according to him depends on the Pope's intention; whenever + he <span class="tei tei-q">“intends to require the assent of the + whole Church,”</span> he is infallible.<a id="noteref_89" name= + "noteref_89" href="#note_89"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">89</span></span></a> + Schwarzenberg points out with pungent irony to what monstrous + consequences this would lead. He recalls the saying of Boniface + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">viii.</span></span> that the Pope holds + all rights locked up in his breast. And thus it must be assumed on + Manning's theory that the Pope holds in his own mind all doctrines + present and future, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page459">[pg + 459]</span><a name="Pg459" id="Pg459" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and + draws from this internal treasure-house under divine inspiration what + he wishes to reveal to the world, so that infallibility becomes + inspiration. Has it occurred to the Cardinal that this is precisely + the personal opinion of the very man who has now, for the sake of his + own infallibility, resolved to plunge the Church into an internal + conflict, of which no one can see the end?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is then further + pointed out that, if the new dogma with its consequences prevails, + all Governments will put themselves in an attitude of self-defence + against the Church. Bishops as well as Councils cease to be any + necessary part of the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">magisterium</span></span> of the Church, and + there is no longer any need for the distinct assent of the + Episcopate; the only office left them is to praise and accept with + thanks every decision of the Pope's. Perhaps they may still be + allowed to give their advice before he decides, but they have nothing + to say to the decision itself or after it, but only to obey and + promulgate the papal revelations.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page460">[pg 460]</span><a name= + "Pg460" id="Pg460" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc91" id="toc91"></a> <a name="pdf92" id="pdf92"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Thirty-Ninth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, April 23, + 1870.</span></span>—The four chapters of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Constitutio Dogmatica + de Fide</span></span> bear in their ultimate shape such evident marks + of the influence of the minority, and so many concessions were made + in them, that there is a danger of overlooking the greatness of their + defeat and their change of mind, should they finally accept the + supplemental paragraph mentioned in my last letter but one. Although + it was determined that the minority should make no general opposition + to this paragraph, there were not a few Bishops who saw clearly + enough its importance and danger. They consoled themselves at first + with the promise that the suspicious passage, which clothed the Roman + Congregations and the mischief they work in the Church with conciliar + sanction, would not be voted upon till the still incomplete portion + of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema de Fide</span></span> came on for final + settlement. And when, in spite of <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page461">[pg 461]</span><a name="Pg461" id="Pg461" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> this promise, it was announced to be the + general wish of the Commission that the voting should take place at + once, the opponents were quieted by a written assurance that no new + power was thereby to be given to the Roman Congregations, and nothing + to be altered about them, but all to remain as of old. Gasser, Bishop + of Brixen, had the courage to say, in the name of the Deputation, + that the passage did not refer to heresy, though it expressly binds + the Bishops to the observance of the constitutions and decrees of the + Holy See, not only in regard to heresy (<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">hæretica pravitas</span></span>), but also + theological errors and controversies. It is incredible that any one + could be deceived by such a ruse as this, and yet it is a fact that + not even forty Bishops made the omission of this paragraph a + condition of their <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Placet</span></span>. As the + Opposition seemed thereby to be shrunk to less than five per cent. of + the Council, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> was persuaded that it could + get rid of them altogether by acting with spirit.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On April 18 + appeared an admonition with the following passage: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“It must be remembered that according to the Apostolic + Brief, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Multiplices inter</span></span> (of Nov. 27, + 1869), prescribing the method of procedure in public Sessions, no + other vote can be given in them than a simple <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page462">[pg 462]</span><a name="Pg462" id="Pg462" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Placet</span></span> + or <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Non placet</span></span>.”</span><a id= + "noteref_90" name="noteref_90" href="#note_90"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">90</span></span></a> The + Fathers who had given conditional votes in Congregation had to choose + now whether they would accept the chapter unconditionally or reject + it <span class="tei tei-q">“sans phrase.”</span> It was foreseen that + this alternative would disclose the weakness of the Opposition, and + that those of its number who shrank from a decisive rejection would + be won for the majority, for the real test of an Opposition is not in + words but acts. Protests which are not answered, and speeches which + are not heard, may be patiently borne with, as long as all goes well + in the public voting. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> reckons that the minority + will not now dare to show itself, and thus the unanimity will not be + disturbed: and its consequent resolve might decide the whole course + and upshot of the Council. If the minority gives in here, it will + have suffered a first defeat, and must reconstitute itself on a new + basis, by taking part in decrees carried under anathema, which are + against its own convictions, it breaks with its past, accepts the + responsibility and solidarity of the Council and complicity + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page463">[pg 463]</span><a name="Pg463" + id="Pg463" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> with the majority. This is to + admit that all the petitions and protests it was thought necessary to + present in the interests of the freedom of the Council were + superfluous and aimless, and all the warnings offered of the + threatened danger of its œcumenicity being questioned, etc., + unmeaning. For the Council to publish anathemas implies the + conviction that it is free, legitimate, and œcumenical, and that the + order of business is acceptable. The minority thereby would + themselves testify to everything they have hitherto assailed, and the + only thing left for them would be to insist on their rights as + guarded by the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">consensus + unanimis</span></span>. All other grounds for calling the Council in + question would be abandoned, and it might fairly be doubted whether + the Opposition would adhere to that after giving up so much; at the + same time it is morally certain that the Court and the majority do + not acknowledge that right.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the General + Congregation of the 19th, four Bishops, Latour d'Auvergne, + Dreux-Brézé, La Bouillerie, and Mermillod, went to the Pope and + requested him to have the decree on infallibility brought forward + directly after the Solemn Session of the 24th. They thought rightly + enough the favourable moment had <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page464">[pg 464]</span><a name="Pg464" id="Pg464" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> come and all was now ready. Pius received the + Bishops, who came as deputies of the 400, with great distinction, and + replied that he would discuss the matter with the Presidents.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As it is + impossible to see how the Bishops or the Governments could get rid of + the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">regolamento</span></span> when once it is fairly + established, the Opposition Bishops know that they will have to + approach the great question in the position they take for themselves + to-morrow in the first solemn voting, and with such power, unanimity, + and influence as they thereby establish their claim to. It is still + open to them up to to-night to use the present moment for a complete + victory. They only need declare that their protests and warnings were + not idle words but seriously meant, that the incongruities which + endanger the freedom of the Council and suggest doubts of its + legitimacy must be got rid of before any decrees are published under + threat of everlasting damnation, and that until they are listened to + on this point they refuse to take part in any solemn voting.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But, as far as I + know of the Opposition, the majority of them have no ear or heart for + such counsel; their grand object is to avoid any decisive conflict, + and so to-morrow they will simply yield,—to consider quietly + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page465">[pg 465]</span><a name="Pg465" + id="Pg465" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> afterwards their future plan + of campaign! Some have thought they might save their honour and + conscience by a written explanation of their vote. In the public + international meeting of the Opposition these plans were rejected, + but two rough drafts of the kind were proposed the day before + yesterday, one by the Germans, one by the French. Both are too strong + and dignified to find many supporters, and too weak to justify the + Opposition in the eyes of the Christian world.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is the sacred + duty of the Bishops in Council to bear witness to the ancient + doctrine of the Church, and to reform it when it has been obscured by + abuses in practice and in the rule of the hierarchy. The more abuses + there are, so much the more difficult, and so much the more + indispensable also is this reform. What the Catholic world expects of + the Council is not a fresh sanction, still less an increase, of these + abuses, but the deliverance and purification of the Church from them. + But to accept the paragraph which recommends obedience to the + constitutions and decrees of Roman Congregations is to make the + fulfilment of this serious duty, on which the fate of the Church + hinges, impossible. For that paragraph will confirm and clothe with + new authority decrees which are a disgrace to the <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page466">[pg 466]</span><a name="Pg466" id="Pg466" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Church and an injury to civilisation, + wherein the confused morality of dark centuries is taught and + Christian morality denied; and that too without any examination or + discussion, any limitation or exception. The Bishops will thereby + degrade themselves to servants of the Roman <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">prelatura</span></span>, and sink into + accomplices of the Inquisition. We are told indeed that the paragraph + will not touch dogma, but for ethics and practice it is almost more + important than infallibility itself. It gives full play beforehand + for arbitrary caprice and paves the way for the infallibilist + dogma.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If we look into + the future, the questions come before us of unanimity in matters of + faith, and of the confirmation and acceptance of the Council + throughout the Church. As to the latter, the Bishops will make it far + harder for the Governments to stand by them if to-morrow they + virtually repudiate their own protests. The question of unanimity + remains as weighty as before, and the gross errors of the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> in its attack on + Strossmayer's vindication of the principle of moral unanimity in + decisions on faith has greatly lightened the task of two learned + Bishops, who undertook to put in a clear light the true doctrine of + the Church on the subject.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If the voting of + to-morrow goes altogether in the sense <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page467">[pg 467]</span><a name="Pg467" id="Pg467" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, the inference will be that + all the positions of the minority can be turned, and that as they are + resolved to avoid any collision, they may be brought by skilful + manipulation not to trouble the moral unanimity any further. Many of + them console themselves with the thought that they are only + sacrificing everything to peace and harmony, and are not responsible + for the undertaking they have been deluded into.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The propositions + of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema de Ecclesiâ</span></span> give abundant + room for manœuvring. There are many opportunities for apparent + concessions and for dividing and perplexing the Opposition, and + finally driving them into a corner, so that in mutual distrust of one + another they may abandon all hope of making any successful + resistance, and satisfy themselves that as nearly everything has been + given up already it is not worth while to risk a catastrophe by + taking any further step.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page468">[pg 468]</span><a name= + "Pg468" id="Pg468" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc93" id="toc93"></a> <a name="pdf94" id="pdf94"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Fortieth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, April 24, + 1870.</span></span>—The final votes of <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet</span></span> or <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Non + placet</span></span> on the four chapters of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Fide</span></span> are to be taken in to-day's public Session. And + thus after four months and a half a theological decree, or rather a + batch of decrees and doctrinal decisions, will be brought to a + successful issue, and the first ripe fruit plucked from the hitherto + barren tree of the Council, so that there will be something in black + and white to carry home. As these four chapters have been subjected + to the pruning and toning down of the Opposition, they bear little + resemblance to the original draft of the Jesuits, and the minority + may lay claim to a victory which four months ago could scarcely have + been hoped for. What has been gained for the future by these + theological commonplaces and self-evident propositions is of course + another question. The general view of the Bishops appears to be that + there is no real <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page469">[pg + 469]</span><a name="Pg469" id="Pg469" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + gain for the Church in these propositions, which can only excite the + wonder of believing Christians that it should be thought necessary to + prohibit at this time of day such fundamental errors. The value of + their labours they take to lie, not in what they have said, but in + what they have with so much trouble expunged from the <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Several Bishops + attach great weight to the consent of the Deputation to substitute + for <span class="tei tei-q">“Romana Ecclesia”</span> the words + <span class="tei tei-q">“Ecclesia Catholica et Apostolica + Romana.”</span> Others think it a matter of indifference. Hefele's + pamphlet on Honorius has created such a sensation that the Pope has + commissioned the Jesuit Liberatore and Delegati, Professor at the + Sapienza, to white-wash Honorius, and make away with everything in + his history incompatible with the new dogma. Pius is persuaded, and + his infallible <span class="tei tei-q">“feeling”</span> tells him, + that everything must have happened quite differently from what is + represented; how, he knows not, but he thinks that the Jesuit and the + Roman professor have only to make the proper investigations and they + will soon discover the requisite materials for refuting the German + Bishop.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On Wednesday, + April 20, Rome was illuminated to <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page470">[pg 470]</span><a name="Pg470" id="Pg470" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> celebrate the Pope's return from Gaëta. The + Roman officials greatly dislike these illuminations on financial + grounds, for they have to contribute to the cost out of their own + pockets. A triumphal arch was erected for the Pope at the end of the + narrow street leading to St. Peter's piazza, and the following + inscription in letters of fire was conspicuous far and wide:—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Popoli chinatevi innanzi al + Vaticano,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Ecco il Pontefice ch'io vi + conservai nei giorni di pericolo,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Esso è la pietra angolare della + mia chiesa,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Il refugio degli oppressi,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Il sostegno del povero,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Lo scudo della civiltà e della + fede.</span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That is the + witness Pius bears to himself. To theologians it may be a new idea + that he personally is the corner-stone of the Church, but that is + only one of the many predicates and prerogatives which may be deduced + from infallibility. Two isolated voices cried <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Evviva il Papa infallibile.”</span> It was clear the + multitude was to be stimulated to swell the cry, but, as before, all + remained quiet. The attempt has been sometimes made before, whether + by amateurs or under official inspiration I know not, and then + Veuillot asserts in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Univers</span></span> that he has heard this + shout of vast multitudes breaking forth spontaneously from the + exuberance of their <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page471">[pg + 471]</span><a name="Pg471" id="Pg471" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + hearts. It is like the music of the spheres which only Pythagoras + heard.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ketteler's + pamphlet was finally published on April 18, and the Bishop has begun + to distribute it. It is really directed against the dogma itself, + which for a long time people could not believe, and not merely + against the opportuneness of defining it. How much better would it + have been for the interests of the Church, if the necessity had been + recognised long ago for looking this Medusa's head straight in the + face, and defying its petrifying gaze, and if our Bishops had plainly + and decisively announced their resolution last December to have no + dealings with it. Now at least Cardinal Rauscher does not spare + warnings; he perceives the gravity of the danger and has had a new + fly-leaf distributed, showing that the promulgation of papal + infallibility will elevate the two Bulls <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unam + Sanctam</span></span> (of Boniface <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">viii.</span></span>) and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cum ex Apostolatûs + officio</span></span> (of Paul <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span>) into rules of faith for + the whole Catholic world, and thus it will be taught universally in + Europe and America, henceforth, that the Pope is absolute master in + temporal affairs also, that he can order war or peace, and that every + monarch or bishop who does not submit to him or helps any one + separated <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page472">[pg + 472]</span><a name="Pg472" id="Pg472" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + from him ought to be deprived of his throne if not of his life, + besides the other wonderful doctrines in the second of these Bulls, + which must reduce every theologian to despair.<a id="noteref_91" + name="noteref_91" href="#note_91"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">91</span></span></a> All that + is nothing to the majority, for whom the law of logical contradiction + has no existence. It is their watchword that the dogma conquers logic + as well as history. One of their German members gladly re-echoes the + idea that the proper aim and office of the Council is to stop the + mouth of arrogant professors; if that is accomplished everything is + gained, according to this pastor of a flock feeding on red earth. On + the other hand I heard very different words fall to-day from the + mouth of another German Bishop, who said he was constantly asking + himself how long the German Bishops would look on and put up with + everything.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The great and + all-absorbing question now is what will next be brought before the + Council after April 24. In the natural order the second part of the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Fide</span></span> would come on, which is comparatively innocuous + though abundantly capable of improvement. But is it not time to + fabricate the talisman of absolute power, the infallibilist dogma? + Then would the Council be in the fullest sense and for ever provided + for and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page473">[pg 473]</span><a name= + "Pg473" id="Pg473" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> finished, and the + master would praise his servants. Many will answer the question in + the affirmative. The two modern Fathers, Veuillot and Margotti, + strain every nerve daily for that end, and many of the most zealous + French Bishops—as those of Moulins, Bourges, and Carcassonne, and the + indefatigable Mermillod—have represented to the willing Pius, as I + mentioned yesterday, that now is the nick of time, and that he may + gratify the longing of his faithful adherents by placing + infallibility in the order of the day. These Frenchmen consider that + their Government, now occupied with the plébiscite, will not trouble + itself with the acts and decisions of the Council, and moreover needs + the help of the clergy. Amid the bustle of the plébiscite, they think + the new dogma, and even the reproduction of the Syllabus in the + twenty-one canons, will excite little stir or indignation, for the + French can only embrace one idea at a time, and the Parisians only + discuss one subject in their <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="fr"><span style= + "font-style: italic">salons</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Banneville has at + last actually presented the memorandum of his Government to the Pope, + as President of the Council, and with the intimation that it should + be communicated to the Fathers. That of course will not be done, for + both Pius and Antonelli are irritated <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page474">[pg 474]</span><a name="Pg474" id="Pg474" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> at the paper. Pius is annoyed at the innermost + kernel of the dogma being so openly exposed to view, when Count Daru + says, <span class="tei tei-q">“You want to hand over all rights and + powers to the Church, and then by the infallibilist dogma to + concentrate this plenitude of temporal and spiritual power in the one + person of the Pope.”</span> That is of course what the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> + does want, but it should be uttered in pious and somewhat obscure + phraseology, as the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> usually speaks, and not be + called by its right name in this bold and naked fashion. Antonelli + again is much displeased, because his favourite distinction between + the principles in which the Church must be inexorable, and the + practice in which Rome will graciously concede the very opposite, is + met here by the inquiry whether the faithful are actually to be + taught henceforth that they must believe what they need not carry out + in practice, and accept as divinely revealed rules which they may + without hesitation transgress? He had reckoned on a better + understanding, on the part of the French Government, of the favourite + Roman theory of infinite and inexhaustible papal indults and + dispensations, and is glad that he need make no reply to the note + which throws so glaring a light on the morality of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> and + its notions of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page475">[pg + 475]</span><a name="Pg475" id="Pg475" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + duty and truth. He contents himself with telling the diplomatists + that there would be some difficulty in the Pope's communicating the + note to the Council. Clearly, for they must at the same time be + directed to attempt a refutation, and that would lead to very awkward + consequences. The French Government might indeed have sent their + memorandum to each Bishop separately, but then they would have had + the prospect of the non-French Bishops of the majority returning it + unopened.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Count + Trautmansdorff has also presented the memorandum of the Austrian + Government to the Cardinal Secretary of State. It runs as + follows:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nous voulons seulement élever aussi notre voix pour + dégager notre responsabilité et signaler les conséquences + presqu'inévitables d'actes qui devraient être regardés comme une + atteinte portée aux lois qui nous régissent. Comme le Gouvernement + français, c'est à un devoir de conscience que nous pensons obéier, en + avertissant la cour de Rome des périls de la voie dans laquelle des + influences prepondérates semblent vouloir pousser le Concile. Ce qui + nous émeut, ce n'est pas le danger dont nos institutions sont + menacées, mais bien celui que courent la paix des esprits et le + maintien de la bonne harmonie dans les relations de <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page476">[pg 476]</span><a name="Pg476" id="Pg476" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> l'état avec l'Église. Le sentiment qui + nous fait agir doit paraître d'autant moins suspect au St. Siége + qu'il correspond à l'attitude d'une fraction importante des Pères du + Concile, dont le dévouement aux intérêts du Catholicisme ne saurait + être l'objet d'un doute. Placés sur un tout autre terrain que cette + fraction, puisque nous n'obéissons qu'à des considérations + politiques, nous nous rencontrons toutefois aujourd'hui dans le désir + commun d'écarter certaines éventualités. Cette coïncidence de nos + efforts nous permet de croire qu'en prenant la parole au nom des + seuls intérêts de l'État nous ne méconnaissons pas ceux de l'Église. + Si la démarche du Gouvernement français, que nous désirons seconder + de tout notre pouvoir, vient en ce moment donner un appui à la + minorité du Concile et l'aider à faire prévaloir des idées de + modération ou de prudence, nous ne pourrons que nous féliciter d'un + tel résultat, bien que, je le répète, notre action soit parfaitement + indépendante et doive rester en tout cas indépendante de celle des + membres du Concile.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Finally the + observations of the French Government are urgently commended to the + attention of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page477">[pg 477]</span><a name= + "Pg477" id="Pg477" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc95" id="toc95"></a> <a name="pdf96" id="pdf96"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Forty-First Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, April 27, + 1870.</span></span>—We find ourselves in a remarkably critical + position here. The great event so long expected of the first + promulgation of dogmas is over, and the desired unanimity has been + successfully attained for these four chapters of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Fide</span></span>, notwithstanding the supplemental paragraph. Two + Bishops who could not overcome their dislike to that paragraph + preferred to stay away or leave Rome for the day. All the curialists + are in high feather, and are congratulating each other on their + victory, boasting that they have gained three most important points + without any public opposition. First, the Pope, for the first time + for 350 years,<a id="noteref_92" name="noteref_92" href= + "#note_92"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">92</span></span></a> and in + contradiction to the practice of the first 1000 years of Church + history, has defined and published the decrees in his own name as + supreme legislator, just like those masters of <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page478">[pg 478]</span><a name="Pg478" id="Pg478" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the world, Innocent <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, Innocent <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> + and Leo <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">x.</span></span>, merely with the addition + that the Council also sanctions them. Secondly, the new order of + business has now been virtually accepted by all, and the protest + abandoned. Thirdly, the conclusion, which is meant to invest with + conciliar authority the former dogmatic decrees of the Popes, has + been accepted.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The excitement + visible on the countenances of the majority, when Schwarzenberg, + Darboy, Rauscher and Hefele were called up to vote, showed what had + been expected. The mass of the majority say the same thing will + happen when the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> on the + Church has to be voted on; the minority answer that it will not, and + that they only want to avoid wasting their powder before the time; + <span class="tei tei-q">“la minorité se recueille,”</span> like + Russia after the last war, and on the division day will be found + fully equipped for the fight. We shall soon see, for that day is not + far distant. But now what next? The infallibilist party are afraid of + this dogma being lost after all, like a ship wrecked in port. They + reckon that the time is approaching when the Council must inevitably + be prorogued, and therefore urge the Pope to break through the + regular order of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schemata</span></span>, and bring forward at + once either the whole <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema de</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page479">[pg 479]</span><a name="Pg479" id="Pg479" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ecclesiâ</span></span> or the article on papal + infallibility which has been interpolated into it. The four French + Bishops assured him that they spoke in the name of the 400. Pius + would not of course feel any very constraining influence in their + wishes <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">per se</span></span>, for he knows well enough + that the 400 are composed mainly of his foster-sons and of the + Bishops of the States of the Church and the Neapolitans, who all + speak or hold their peace and sit or stand as they are bidden. But it + would be an unspeakably bitter sacrifice for him to refuse to his + trusty adherents what he so earnestly desires himself, and to let + these 400 or at least many of them say, <span class="tei tei-q">“Your + own organ, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>, the Jesuits, Veuillot, + Margotti—have forced this question upon us; we have agitated for it + and staked our name and theological credit on it, and now it is all + to be labour lost!”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But now the + writings of the German Bishops have appeared and the notes of the + Governments have been delivered. To the French note is added a more + urgent one from Austria, as well as a Prussian, a Portuguese and now + also a Bavarian note, and all breathe the same spirit. All give + warning that they shall regard the threatened decrees on the power + and infallibility of the Pope as a declaration of war against the + order and authority of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page480">[pg + 480]</span><a name="Pg480" id="Pg480" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + State. Even the English Government leaves no room for doubt about its + mind, and if the Pope—as I know—fears above all things any + manifestation of feeling there, he might learn from Manning that the + strongest antipathy is felt among all classes, high and low, to the + proposed dogmas, and that English statesmen see in them nothing less + than a suicidal infatuation. Manning has thoroughly authentic proofs + of that in his hands, but of course he won't produce them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pius is in a + chronic state of extreme irritation. He sees with pleasure his two + favourite journals—the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Univers</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Unita</span></span>—abuse the Opposition Bishops + in the most contemptuous language, and he indulges himself in + outbreaks of bitterness against those who question his infallibility, + which pass from mouth to mouth here but which one dares not write + down. Even Cardinal Bilio is alarmed at such ebullitions, and affirms + that he is constantly urging moderation and forbearance on the Pope, + and has already warded off a great deal of mischief.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">What strikes us + foreigners is the evident indifference to the Council and its acts + manifested by the inhabitants of the eternal city of every class. It + is <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page481">[pg 481]</span><a name= + "Pg481" id="Pg481" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> seldom spoken of in + society, and what absorbs the attention of the world north of the + Alps seems hardly to have the least interest for the Romans, what is + there heard of with astonishment they hardly think worth a passing + mention. And if ever the Council is spoken of, it is in hurried, + mysterious, abrupt sentences, for every one says the espionage system + has never been in such force here as since the opening of the + Council, and a large staff lives by the trade. I know persons here + whose doors are constantly watched by spies, who do not even conceal + themselves, and if the Roman theologians had such rich materials for + their investigations as is possessed by the Roman police, they would + not have their equals in the world.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Romans as a + rule are fully aware of the financial value of the infallibilist + doctrine, and know right well that a large increase of revenue as + well as power from all countries is looked for as its product. That + in their eyes is already an accomplished fact. They know for certain + that the dogma will be at once proclaimed, and there is hardly a + Roman here who has not an uncle or brother or nephew in orders and + may not hope to share the anticipated profits in his own person or in + the person of his relatives. The curialists <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page482">[pg 482]</span><a name="Pg482" id="Pg482" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> here say, <span class="tei tei-q">“We have lost + so much by the diminution of the States of the Church, and so many + payments, benefices and lucrative posts have passed out of our hands, + that we absolutely require to be indemnified in some other way, and + this the new dogma is intended to do and must do for us.”</span> If + ever the Pope is acknowledged throughout Christendom as an infallible + authority, it is inevitable that ecclesiastical centralization should + take much larger dimensions than before. Not only doctrine, but + everything concerning Church life will be drawn to Rome and there + finally settled. Theologians may undertake to distinguish between + matters to which the Pope's infallible authority extends or does not + extend, but in practice everything signed with his name will be held + to be an utterance of divine truth, and nothing which is not attested + with that signature will be held valid. There is a proverb here—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Quei consigli son prezzati</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Che son chiesti e ben + pagati.</span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And who would not + gladly pay a handsome sum to be armed with an infallible decision, + which will at once crush all opposition and put down all adversaries? + The golden age of papal chanceries and clerks lies not in the past, + in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page483">[pg 483]</span><a name="Pg483" id="Pg483" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> when, as a court prelate of the day tells us, + the papal officials were daily employed in counting up gold pieces; + it will first dawn on the day this truly golden doctrine of + infallibility is promulgated. Were Cicero to re-appear in Rome now, + he might repeat what he said in the Oration <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pro + Sextio</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-q">“Jucunda res plebi + Romanæ, victus enim suppeditabatur large sine labore;”</span> only he + could no longer add, <span class="tei tei-q">“Repugnabant boni, quod + ab industriâ plebem ad desidiam avocari putabant.”</span> For such + <span class="tei tei-q">“boni”</span> no longer exist at Rome; rather + is the account of Tacitus completely verified, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Securi omnes aliena subsidia expectant, sibi ignavi, + aliis graves.”</span><a id="noteref_93" name="noteref_93" href= + "#note_93"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">93</span></span></a> Another + thing is the large and incurable deficit in the Roman finances, which + must increase every year. There is an annual expenditure of thirty + million francs to cover, and the Peter's pence, which came to + fourteen millions in 1861, have sunk to about eleven millions, + notwithstanding the collections ordered to be made everywhere twice a + year. No further help can be obtained from loans. M. de Corcelles, + who has exposed this uncomfortable state of things with the best + intentions, has no other remedy to propose but a great increase of + Peter's pence. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page484">[pg + 484]</span><a name="Pg484" id="Pg484" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> It + is hoped in Rome that the different nations will contribute larger + sums than before to the Pope, now he is become infallible and thus + more closely united to Deity. But they reckon much more on the + enormous centralization and all-embracing monopoly of all possible + dispensations, indulgences, consultations, canonizations, and + decisions on moral, liturgical, political, dogmatic and disciplinary + questions. They remember the treasures amassed in the temple of + Delphi in ancient days, and expect the new oracle to be erected on + the Tiber to attract, like a vast magnet, not iron but gold and + silver.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Neither Pius nor + the Monsignori and other curialists think it conceivable that the + minority will hold out to the last in their opposition. They reckon + securely on this fraction of the Council being broken up by fear and + discouragement, and that few if any of them will let matters come to + a <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">non placet</span></span> in the next public + Session, and thus openly confess themselves unwillingly subdued. To + those Roman clerics, who are accustomed to look at religious + questions only as the ladder by which to mount to an agreeable life + and good income, courage and steadfastness in the confession of + ascertained truth is something strange and <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page485">[pg 485]</span><a name="Pg485" id="Pg485" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> inconceivable. Fear and hope, calculations of + loss and gain, will finally decide the Bishops' votes—that is the + firm persuasion of every Italian member of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>. So + much is certain: if on the very eve of the Solemn Session, when the + new dogma is to be promulgated, it was certainly known that eighty + Bishops would say <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Non placet</span></span> next + day, the Session would be countermanded and the Church saved. The + first question for us Germans is of course whether we can trust our + Bishops? Will they abide steadfast? Or will they at last sacrifice + themselves and the truth, their clergy and their flocks? As to what + immediately concerns the clergy, this is not strictly a question of + doctrine belonging to the sphere of religious faith and mystery, + where one might make a willing submission of mind to a decree held to + be the voice of divine revelation; it is a pure question of + historical facts to be determined by historical evidence, of points + on which every educated man capable of judging evidence, whether a + Catholic or not, can form an independent judgment. Every one with + eyes to see can answer with absolute certainty these three questions, + on which the whole matter hinges—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">1. Is it true that + the admonition to Peter to confirm <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page486">[pg 486]</span><a name="Pg486" id="Pg486" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> his brethren has always and in the whole Church + been understood of an infallibility promised to all Bishops of + Rome?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">2. Is it true that + this infallibility of all Popes has been taught and witnessed to in + the whole Church through all ages down to our own day?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">3. Is it true that + no Pope has ever taught a doctrine rejected by the Church, and that + no Pope has ever been condemned by the Church for his doctrine?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is absolutely + impossible for any one, who feels compelled by his own investigation + of history to answer these three questions in the negative, to submit + inwardly to the opposite decision of the Council, whatever external + homage he may pay to it. Ten Councils will not be able to shake him + for a moment in his conviction; he will only say, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“pur si muove.”</span> His doubts will be turned, not + against what is historically certain but against the Council; he will + call in question the real freedom, the intrinsic claims and authority + of this Council, and—to go no further—the two successive regulations + for conducting business supply in this case abundant materials for + the question. And it is just as impossible for a man who has a notion + of historical certainty to believe in any one else's mind being + changed by the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page487">[pg + 487]</span><a name="Pg487" id="Pg487" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + decree of an assembly of Bishops. If a well-educated man told me he + had just come to the conclusion that Julius Cæsar never lived, I + should not believe in his conviction but in some disorder of his + mental faculties, and should advise him to undergo medical treatment. + And so, if the new dogma is proclaimed and the clergy submit either + tacitly or expressly, no cultivated man in all Germany will believe + that the thousands of scientifically trained men who have had a + German education have suddenly changed their convictions, because + some hundreds of Italians and Spaniards have chosen to decree away + the testimony of history. <span class="tei tei-q">“Facts are stubborn + things.”</span> Public opinion will recognise only two alternatives + in the case of those who submit, ignorance or dissimulation and + falsehood. And the effect will be an immeasurable moral degradation + of the Catholic clergy and a corresponding decay of their + influence.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This consideration + will not of course make the slightest impression on the majority of + the Council, or even on those Germans who belong to it. We have + psychological riddles to deal with here. How, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, are + we to explain the fact that a man, who has taught the very opposite + doctrine in a manual of instruction for <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page488">[pg 488]</span><a name="Pg488" id="Pg488" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the higher class of colleges published + seventeen years ago, and has let it pass through eleven or twelve + editions without a word being altered, is now in Rome one of the most + zealous promoters of the definition, and is constantly affirming that + all the clergy except a few professors will readily submit?</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page489">[pg 489]</span><a name= + "Pg489" id="Pg489" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc97" id="toc97"></a> <a name="pdf98" id="pdf98"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Forty-Second Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, April 29, + 1870.</span></span>—What I mentioned in my last letter as a pamphlet + of Cardinal Rauscher's, is a printed memorial addressed to the + Presidents of the Council, bearing the title of <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Petitio a pluribus + Galliæ, Austriæ et Hungariæ, Italiæ, Angliæ et Hiberniæ et Americæ + Septentrionalis Præsidibus exhibita</span></span>, and dated April + 20th. It states that papal infallibility is beset by many objections + and difficulties, which require an examination such as is impossible + in a General Congregation. Among them is one of supreme importance, + bearing directly on the instruction to be given to the faithful on + the divine commandments and the relation of the Catholic religion to + civil society.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Popes have deposed Emperors and Kings, and Boniface + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">viii.</span></span> in the Bull + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unam + Sanctam</span></span> has established the corresponding theory, which + the Popes openly taught down to the seventeenth century under + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page490">[pg 490]</span><a name="Pg490" + id="Pg490" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> anathema, that God has + committed to them power over temporal things. But we, and almost all + Bishops of the Catholic world, teach another doctrine. We teach that + the ecclesiastical power is indeed higher than the civil, but that + each is independent of the other, and that while sovereigns are + subject to the spiritual penalties of the Church, she has no power to + depose them or absolve their subjects from their oaths of allegiance. + And this is the ancient doctrine, taught by all the Fathers and by + the Popes before Gregory <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vii.</span></span> But if the Pope, + according to the Bull <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Unam Sanctam</span></span>, possessed both + swords—if, according to Paul <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span>'s Bull <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cum ex Apostolatûs + officio</span></span>, he had absolute dominion by divine right over + nations and kingdoms,—the Church could not conceal this from her + people, nor is the subterfuge admissible,<a id="noteref_94" name= + "noteref_94" href="#note_94"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">94</span></span></a> that + this power exists only in the abstract and has no bearing on public + affairs, and that Pius has no intention of deposing rulers and + princes; for the objectors would at once scornfully reply, + <span class="tei tei-q">‘We have no fear of papal decrees, but after + many and various dissimulations it has at last become evident that + every Catholic, who acts according to his professed belief, is a born + enemy of the State, for he holds himself <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page491">[pg 491]</span><a name="Pg491" id="Pg491" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> bound in conscience to do all in his power to + reduce all kingdoms and nations into subjection to the Pope.’</span> + We need not define more precisely the manifold accusations the + enemies of the Church might deduce from this.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“This difficulty then must be most carefully sifted + before papal infallibility is dealt with. The Conference we demanded + on March 11 may do much towards clearing it up. But the question, + whether Christ really committed to Peter and his successors supreme + power over kings and kingdoms is, especially in this day, one of such + grave importance that it must be directly brought before the Council, + and examined on all sides. It would be inexcusable for the Fathers to + be seduced into deciding, without thorough knowledge and sifting, on + a question which has such wide consequences and affects so deeply the + relations of the Church to human society. This question therefore + must necessarily be brought before them, before the eleventh chapter + of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema de Ecclesiâ</span></span> can be taken in + hand. It might, if you please, be separately treated. But, as it + cannot be adequately judged of without a thorough examination of the + relations of the ecclesiastical to the civil power, it appears to us + very desirable that the thirteenth and <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page492">[pg 492]</span><a name="Pg492" id="Pg492" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> fourteenth chapters of the <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> should be discussed before + the eleventh.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">What first strikes + one about this remarkable document is, that the German Bishops + belonging to the minority—Martin, Stahl, Senestrey and the Tyrolese + are of course out of the reckoning—are not represented here. Does + this indicate a real divergence of view or only a difference of + tactics? The former notion seems to me inconceivable. It is + impossible that men like Hefele, Ketteler, Eberhard and the rest + should have any doctrinal predilection for the system of papal + absolutism extended over sovereigns and the whole political and civil + domain. Certainly they too are so strongly opposed to the + infallibilist dogma because it involves the mediatizing of all kings + and governments. I can therefore at present discover no explanation + of this phenomenon, and cannot allow any room for the suspicion that + the persistently active curialistic influences have succeeded in + dividing the German Bishops from the rest of the minority.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">What will the + Presidents do with a document so serious, so moderate and so + incisive? What have they done already? So far as I know, nothing. It + is a principle, and has now become an habitual practice with + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page493">[pg 493]</span><a name="Pg493" + id="Pg493" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> them, to leave all + representations and petitions of the minority unnoticed and + unanswered. The directing Deputation, which is intrusted with the + entire control of the Council, feels quite justified in adopting this + line by the papal ordinances.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The policy + hitherto pursued by the Jesuits and the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> + was, first to extend to the utmost the comprehensive office of the + Church, as legislator for the nations and guardian of faith and + morals; and then, by making the Pope absolute master and dictator of + the Church, to assign to him all that had been claimed for the + Church, so that he—acting of course in the interests of religion and + morality, but simply according to his own good pleasure—should have + every office, person and institution subject to him, and that the + final appeal in every cause should lie to his tribunal. Since all + this can only be secured and guaranteed by the infallibilist dogma, + the inferences on the relations of Church and State drawn by the + opposing Bishops form precisely the chief recommendation of that + dogma in the eyes of the Legates, the Italian Cardinals, the Spanish + and Italian Bishops and those of the French who are ultramontanes. + They all say among themselves, if not aloud before the world, + <span class="tei tei-q">“That is just what we want; our very object + is <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page494">[pg 494]</span><a name= + "Pg494" id="Pg494" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to get the doctrine on + the relations of Church and State changed, the independence of civil + society and the civil power abolished, and the complete temporal + supremacy of the Church—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, the Pope—at least gradually + established.”</span> It is not indeed advisable to say this as yet in + such explicit and unreserved terms, but the reason why the + infallibilist dogma is so opportune and indispensable is exactly + because it implies jurisdiction over the temporal sphere, which the + Pope can according to circumstances either leave unused and say + nothing about it, or suddenly draw forth for use like a weapon + concealed under a mantle. He has dealt thus with the Austrian + Constitution; while he let alone other countries, whose + constitutional systems must have been partly at least a scandal on + Roman principles, he pronounced the Austrian Constitution abominable + (<span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">nefanda</span></span>). And any one, who wishes + to examine the practical significance of this infallible judgment, + need only go to the Tyrol and observe how it has been already + explained there to the inhabitants by their enthusiastic clergy.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the audience, + when he presented the French note to the Pope, Banneville expressed + the wish of his Government that the discussion of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Ecclesiâ</span></span> (with the chapter on infallibility) might at + least not be <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page495">[pg + 495]</span><a name="Pg495" id="Pg495" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + taken before its time—which was equivalent to saying, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“At least give us time, for the matter is not yet ripe + for discussion.”</span> Hitherto delay has been for the interest of + the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, for it was expected that + the minority would wither away and finally be extinguished; they + trusted to the power so often proved of the Roman solvents. The + article of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> which told the prelates, + <span class="tei tei-q">“We care nothing for your talk about moral + unanimity in matters of dogma, and shall make the new dogma in spite + of your opposition,”</span> was written <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">in + terrorem</span></span>, and was meant to hold up before the + refractory the terrible perspective of a contest emerging in the + abortion of an impotent schism. The article has not in the main + produced the desired effect, for the Bishops still hold together and + bind themselves by writings and public declarations, and the number + of those who can no longer with any decency desert to the majority + threatens to increase. Now therefore it is the interest of the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> to allow no further delay, + but to bring forward the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> + at once.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Bavarian + ambassador has presented the note of his Government, which appeals + emphatically to the attitude of the German Bishops who represent in + the Council sound principles on the relations of Church and + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page496">[pg 496]</span><a name="Pg496" + id="Pg496" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> State.<a id="noteref_95" name= + "noteref_95" href="#note_95"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">95</span></span></a> It + cannot indeed appeal to its own Bishops, for three of them are active + and fiery supporters of infallibilism and the supremacy of the Pope + over Kings and States. It was previously thought impossible for a + German Bishop to desire to see the day when the Popes could again + grasp the reins of temporal dominion which had dropped from their + hands, depose monarchs, give away countries, abolish constitutions, + annul laws and dispense oaths of allegiance. But this spectacle we + now enjoy! For the pastors of souls must be assumed to intend to make + dogmas, not for a mere pastime or for the enrichment of theological + commentaries and text-books, but in order to reduce the theory to + practice.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pius did not say, + when receiving the French memorandum, whether he would communicate it + to the Council. But Antonelli has now stated that the Pope, though + President of the Council, will not find it at all advisable to do so. + That is only consistent, for every curialist <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page497">[pg 497]</span><a name="Pg497" id="Pg497" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> regards the Council as under strict tutelage, + and in fact only existing by the will of the Pope and living by the + breath of his mouth. It is simply from care for their health that he + withholds so unsound a document from his Bishops. Antonelli says he + will not reply to it, as it contains nothing new, and merely repeats + the note of Feb. 20, which is not strictly true. He adheres to his + favourite distinction, <span class="tei tei-q">“In theory we are + inexorable, grasping, high-flying, as Gregory <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vii.</span></span> or Innocent + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, but in practice full + of forbearance and compassion. We take account of human weakness and + blindness, and, if the Northern nations do not acknowledge the + prerogatives of our priestly absolutism, and desire to retain their + political and religious liberties in spite of our theoretical + condemnation of them, we shall not force matters to an open breach + and shall make no use of the old methods of compulsion.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now are the + Governments agreed or not in reference to the Council? They are no + doubt all agreed in their aversion to the new dogma and the renewal + of the Syllabus, but there is a great difference in their practical + attitude. The rulers in some States mean to utilize the occasion for + bringing about the entire separation of Church and State, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, for gradually extruding the + Church <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page498">[pg 498]</span><a name= + "Pg498" id="Pg498" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and the clergy from + all the positions of public trust they still hold, and reducing the + Church to the level of a sect tolerated and as far as possible + ignored by the State, and secularizing education, marriage and family + life. This is the attitude of Belgium, Italy and Spain towards the + Council. Out of Belgium there is no country so remarkably indifferent + about the Council and its decrees, whatever they may be, as Italy, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, the Italian Government and + many millions of Italians. The statesmen there say, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“We have no Concordats to defend, for they have fallen + with the old Governments; the State has no longer any concern with + religion and the Church, which are mere private affairs of the + individual. And thus the separation of Church and State is already in + principle accomplished.”</span> I can vouch for the following saying + of a high public official there: <span class="tei tei-q">“There are + hundreds of us who do not know whether we are among those + excommunicated on political grounds or not. In a dangerous illness we + may send for a confessor, and then we shall find out.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The number of + those who desire and aim at this complete divorce of Church and State + is legion. Their view predominates in the French cabinet since Daru's + retirement, and most of them view what is going on in <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page499">[pg 499]</span><a name="Pg499" id="Pg499" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Rome with satisfaction and hope. The more + frantic and insolent is the conduct of the Papalists, so much the + better in their opinion, for so much easier and more painless will + the separation be for civil society. To make papal infallibility and + the Syllabus into dogmas is in their eyes a step which, far from + hindering, one should wish to see thoroughly effected. When the + Church is caught in this net, she must assume the full responsibility + of all doctrines and principles established by any of the Popes, and + she has herself pronounced judgment on their utter incompatibility + with the whole existing order of society. The State can then no + longer go hand in hand with her anywhere, and will dismiss her. It is + impossible to be ignorant that this view is widely prevalent, and is + rapidly and powerfully increasing.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page500">[pg 500]</span><a name= + "Pg500" id="Pg500" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc99" id="toc99"></a> <a name="pdf100" id="pdf100"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Forty-Third Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, April 30, + 1870.</span></span>—Now that the matter has gone so far, those about + the Pope no longer make any secret of the fact that for many + years—indeed from the beginning of his pontificate—he has formed the + design of making papal infallibility an article of faith. A work has + lately been distributed here, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Riflessioni d'un Teologo sopra la Riposta di + Mgr. Dupanloup a Mgr. Arcivescovo di Malines</span></span>, Torino + 1870. The writer says, <span class="tei tei-q">“Could the Bishop of + Orleans be ignorant that Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> has always intended to + define this dogma and condemn Gallicanism? All the acts of his + pontificate have been directed to this end. Nay, we affirm distinctly + that he believed himself to have received a special mission to define + the two dogmas of papal infallibility and the Immaculate + Conception.<a id="noteref_96" name="noteref_96" href= + "#note_96"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">96</span></span></a> And as + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page501">[pg 501]</span><a name="Pg501" + id="Pg501" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> he is under the special + guidance of the Holy Ghost, his will sufficiently establishes the + opportuneness of this definition.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This was obviously + written for the eyes of the Pontiff, whose whole life is surrounded + as with a rose-garland of miraculous deliverances, illuminations and + divine inspirations. And thus the veil is now dropped, and the time + come for speaking openly. Up to the end of last summer, and even till + December, the answer given from Rome to all inquiries and anxieties + of Bishops or Governments was, that there was no intention of + bringing infallibility before the Council and that the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> + was mistaken; the Court of Rome was not responsible for what an + individual Jesuit might write. Antonelli gave the most quieting + assurances on all sides. But meanwhile the Committee of Theologians + employed in preparing the materials for the Council had already voted + this new dogma, under direction of the highest authority, and + Archbishop Cardoni had sent in his report upon it, which was received + by all against the single vote of Alzog. The subjects to be brought + before the Council were carefully concealed from the Bishops, and an + oath of silence imposed on the theologians who were summoned, in + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page502">[pg 502]</span><a name="Pg502" + id="Pg502" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> order that they might come to + Rome unprepared and without the necessary books, and might simply + indorse the elaborations of the Jesuits as voting-machines in the + prison-house of the Council.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is merely + repeating what is notorious in Rome to say that Pius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> + is beneath comparison with any one of his predecessors for the last + 350 years in theological knowledge and intellectual cultivation + generally. One must go back to Innocent <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">viii.</span></span> and Julius + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> to find Popes of similar + theological and scientific attainments. It is known here that, small + as are the intellectual requisites for ordination in the Roman + States, it was only out of special regard to his family that Giovanni + Maria Mastai could get ordained priest. His subsequent career offered + no opportunity or means for supplying this neglect, and thus he + became Pope with the feeling of his entire deficiency in the + necessary acquirements. This unpleasant consciousness naturally + produced the idea that the defect would be remedied without effort on + his part by enlightenment from above, and divine inspiration would + supply the absence of human knowledge. This illusion has been and + will be so common, that we need not have troubled ourselves about it, + did it not threaten now to become a destructive firebrand. + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page503">[pg 503]</span><a name="Pg503" + id="Pg503" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> The public letters which have + passed of late between the assembled Fathers on the absorbing + question of the day deserve attention. They show the deep gulf which + divides the members of the Episcopate. There is Spalding, Archbishop + of Baltimore, who first wanted to help the Pope to get his + infallibility acknowledged indirectly by his now famous <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">postulatum</span></span>, where the real point + was kept in the background, when he proposed a decree that every + papal decision was to be received with unconditional inward assent. + But now, in his letter to Dupanloup, he has changed his mind, and + wants infallibility to be openly and explicitly defined. So again in + the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">postulatum</span></span> he had + declared moral unanimity to be necessary for a dogma, but now on the + contrary he considers a mere majority of votes to be sufficient. Two + other American Archbishops have come forward in opposition to him, + Kenrick of St. Louis and Purcell of Cincinnati. They say that + Spalding's letter has fallen among them like a bomb-shell; it has + hitherto been their custom for such matters to be discussed in an + assembly of the American Bishops, but that has not been done in the + present case, and he has written his letter alone and without any + communication with his colleagues. Indeed he had previously + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page504">[pg 504]</span><a name="Pg504" + id="Pg504" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> advised them to oppose the + definition of infallibility, as sure to produce nothing but + difficulties, but now he has taken up just the opposite view, on what + grounds they know not. The two prelates add that American Catholics + have very special reasons for disliking the definition, for the + notion of the Pope having the right to depose monarchs, dispense + oaths of allegiance, and give away countries and nations at his will, + is equally strange to Protestants and Catholics in their country. + They think that Archbishop Spalding will find himself greatly + embarrassed in America with his infallibilist doctrine, as has + already been the case for some years with regard to the condemnation + of religious freedom by the Syllabus. The two Archbishops, as one + sees, tread lightly and cautiously. They are in Rome,—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“incedunt per ignes suppositos cineri doloso.”</span> + Still they assert with American freedom of speech, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“We, and several more of us, believe that the dogma + contradicts the history and tradition of the Church.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The citizens of + the United States, whether Protestant or Catholic, will certainly be + astonished when the new dogma comes into full force among them and + its consequences are brought to light, suddenly recalling a long + series of papal decisions into active life;—when, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page505">[pg 505]</span><a name="Pg505" id="Pg505" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> for instance, the recent Bull + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Apostolicæ + Sedis</span></span>), with its many and various excommunications + reserved to the Pope alone becomes known, and again the decision of + the infallible Urban <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> that it is no murder to + kill an excommunicated man out of zeal for the Church, a decision + which to this day stands on record in 200 copies of the canon law. + And as a commentary on this the work of the present Jesuit theologian + of the Court of Rome, Schrader (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De Unitate Romanâ</span></span>), will be put + into their hands, from which they will learn that the contents of all + papal decrees are infallible, for they always contain some + <span class="tei tei-q">“doctrina veritatis”</span>—whether moral, + juridical, or rational—and the Pope is always infallible <span class= + "tei tei-q">“in ordine veritatis et doctrinæ.”</span> Yet that is but + one flower from the dogmatic garden, into which Archbishop Spalding + will introduce the citizens of the United States after infallibility + is happily proclaimed. They will then also hear, among other + interesting truths, that according to the irrefragable decision of + Leo <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">x.</span></span> every priest is + absolutely free by divine and human law from all secular authority, + and no layman has any right over him.<a id="noteref_97" name= + "noteref_97" href="#note_97"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">97</span></span></a> And they + must be reminded, in order to <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page506">[pg 506]</span><a name="Pg506" id="Pg506" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> make them more submissive, that in 1493 Pope + Alexander <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vi.</span></span> gave over their country + with all its inhabitants, <span class="tei tei-q">“in virtue of the + plenitude of his apostolic power,”</span> to the kings of Spain in + the infallible Bull <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Inter cætera</span></span>,<a id="noteref_98" + name="noteref_98" href="#note_98"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">98</span></span></a> and then + drew the famous line from the North to the South Pole, which included + whole provinces of the present United States in his great and + generous gift. By virtue of papal infallibility they are subjects of + the Spanish Government, and who knows if right and fact may not some + day again coincide? <span class="tei tei-q">“Res clamat ad + dominum.”</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page507">[pg 507]</span><a name= + "Pg507" id="Pg507" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc101" id="toc101"></a> <a name="pdf102" id="pdf102"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Forty-Fourth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, May 13, + 1870.</span></span>—The time for the most eventful decisions is come: + to-morrow the debate on infallibility commences. The opponents of the + dogma have taken every means to put off this decision, and now that + they are foiled, enter upon the question with the greatest repugnance + and a sense of being defeated by anticipation in the perilous + contest. The diplomatists too, who had presented notes from their + Governments to the Vatican or had been instructed to support the + notes presented, made urgent representations that the existing order + of business should not be departed from, so as to get the discussion + of infallibility deferred. And then some Bishops made an attempt to + move the Pope's conscience. They told him that by this undertaking he + was sowing divisions among the faithful, shaking faith, preparing for + the closing days of his life a terrible disillusionizing and bitter + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page508">[pg 508]</span><a name="Pg508" + id="Pg508" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> reproaches, and kindling a + fire which after blazing up in various parts of the Catholic world + would turn into a frightful conflagration. He was urgently entreated + to listen to some of the Bishops, who were in a position to inform + him of the real state of things in different countries.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There has + unquestionably for some time past been a certain vacillation among + the Pope's counsellors, but never for a moment did they think of + giving up the whole enterprise, and confessing themselves defeated. + And as it was clear that, if the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schemata</span></span> preceding the + infallibility question were discussed in their regular order, the hot + season would set in with its miasmas, and the inevitable prorogation + of the Council would most seriously imperil the dogma, the resolve to + proceed at once with the matter, regardless of consequences, + prevailed in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>. The Opposition tried to + hinder this intention by a solemn act. A deputation, consisting of + several Bishops of different nations—a German, a Hungarian, and a + Bohemian Bishop for Germany—was to be sent to the Pope, with + Archbishop Purcell of Cincinnati for its spokesman, to make the most + earnest and direct representations to him. From fear of this + demonstration, and in order at once to cut off all hopes <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page509">[pg 509]</span><a name="Pg509" id="Pg509" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> placed upon it, the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> had + the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Synopsis Animadversionum</span></span> + distributed in great haste, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span> a selection from the Opinions + of the Bishops, partly in favour of the dogma, partly against it. The + opinions are about equally divided, but some represent more than one + author. Thus <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span> 4 Hungarians and 16 + Dominicans, in one case 24 Bishops, gave in the same Opinion. They + are all printed without the names, but some of the writers are easily + recognised, as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span> Rauscher, Schwarzenberg, + Fürstenberg, Krementz, Dupanloup, Clifford, Kenrick, etc. It is to be + observed that some of these opinions are printed word for word, while + others—of the Opposition Bishops—are cunningly tampered with, to the + great disgust of their authors. But in most cases the reader cannot + tell whether he has the opinion of a man of high position or of a + nobody before him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In consequence of + this rapid manœuvre of distributing the Synopsis, the Opposition did + not think it well to send their deputation, which accordingly fell + through. The dogmatic constitution on infallibility was known here on + the 1st of May, but was not published for eight days afterwards. The + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> was evidently not yet quite + clear about its tactics; perhaps the season might not appear + sufficiently advanced, and they might feel <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page510">[pg 510]</span><a name="Pg510" id="Pg510" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> more secure of carrying their point when the + heat had driven the foreign Bishops away and the Council was left to + the Italian and Spanish rump.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The minority + however did not cease to labour for the postponement of the + infallibilist discussion. The certainty that the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> + would be in earnest about it gave them somewhat more energy than they + had shown in the debate on the Little Catechism. The voting on it on + May 4 had been quite unexpected. For it had been resolved that the + amendments modifying the text should first be voted on, and the whole + text be decided afterwards, when printed and brought forward in the + definitive form it had received through the voting on the amendments. + But instead of that, amendments and text were voted upon on the same + day, so that many Bishops—including Darboy and Kenrick—were absent, + and the whole number of <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">non-placets</span></span> and conditional votes + together did not reach 100. This voting on May 4 was however + provisional; the definitive voting takes place to-day, Friday, May + 13. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> of course does not wish to + have so considerable an Opposition left, and has therefore somewhat + altered the text, but not in their sense. All the German Bishops of + the minority, amounting to about 40, will vote <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Non + placet</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page511">[pg + 511]</span><a name="Pg511" id="Pg511" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> as + I hear, and the French also, with a single exception, making some 30 + more. Several others will join them, so that the previous 56 + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Non-placets</span></span> will be augmented by + most of the 44 prelates who voted <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">juxta modum</span></span>. The opposition to the + Little Catechism may thus reach 100 votes, and will certainly exceed + 80.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One might be + tempted to ask why the Opposition, when it is so numerous, has no + confidence of victory and is always shrinking from decisive measures. + It is idle to suppose that the cancerous ulcer of infallibilism can + ever be once for all cut out of the body of the Church, except by a + scientific demonstration of its falsehood, or its adherents subdued + without a decisive contest. This uneasy attitude of the minority + arises from the want of sympathy and confidence among its various + elements. The inopportunists are afraid of their allies not only + hindering the definition but undermining belief in the doctrine and + upsetting the whole Jesuitical system and school of lies, and thus + exposing the contrast between the primacy as Christ founded it and as + it has since been perverted. And the others judge from what they + themselves say that their resistance will not be firm and + persevering, and that they already think of yielding sooner or later. + And even for <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page512">[pg + 512]</span><a name="Pg512" id="Pg512" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + those who hold the doctrine to be thoroughly false and + unecclesiastical, it is much more convenient not to proclaim their + conviction so roundly and maintain the opposition at all hazards, + after the Pope has solemnly and formally committed himself and done + all in his power to get the dogma defined and all condemned who + reject it. For all who openly declared the doctrine to be an error + would be declaring the Pope to be an innovator; and he must appear to + every decided opponent of infallibilism no common innovator either, + like any <span class="tei tei-q">“doctor privatus,”</span> but the + most fearful and dangerous enemy of revealed truth and the pure + doctrine of the Church, since he abuses his supreme authority to + impose a false doctrine on consciences by terrorism, anathema and + excommunication. But it is too much to demand of the Bishops to + express such judgments, or give occasion for such conclusions and + alternatives. While they wish to hold aloof from so tremendous a + conflict, it is their interest to avoid a collision which must + involve such considerations. The more many of them are ensnared in + the delusion of the present papal system, the more vivid is their + desire not to be forced into so public and decisive an + announcement.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is exactly + those Bishops who are not the strongest <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page513">[pg 513]</span><a name="Pg513" id="Pg513" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> dogmatically who display the most zeal in + hindering the discussion on infallibility, and they have done a good + deal to rehabilitate a force capable of resistance even after the + abject surrender of April 24. This fact shows how little the astute + and practised Roman Court has succeeded in gaining over the Fathers + separately. The Hungarian primate notoriously signed the <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">postulatum</span></span> against infallibility + with reluctance, and he has since openly adhered to the majority as + spokesman of the Deputation <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">de Fide</span></span>, after he had previously + retired from the assembly of German Opposition Bishops. He has a good + right to reckon confidently on a Cardinal's Hat; and yet it is known + that he, like almost all the Hungarians, will come forward to oppose + the definition, and will probably speak against it to-morrow. + Ginoulhiac, Bishop of Grenoble, who is perhaps the most learned + Bishop in France, after Maret, though his learning is of a somewhat + narrow and old-fashioned kind, is by nature and education one of + those who are anxious to find some middle way, by which they may at + once bow to authority and escape the consequences of an inexorable + logic. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> has long believed his + theologian's heart could be won by well-selected citations, but other + means have been also <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page514">[pg + 514]</span><a name="Pg514" id="Pg514" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + employed. After he had been named to the Archbishopric of Lyons, the + Pope refused him the desired audience and also the preconisation, so + that the diocese will have to remain many months without a chief + pastor. But he continued firm, and took part in the compilation of a + document, which might well become the most important in its results + of all the declarations of the Opposition. The Bishop of Mayence was + predisposed by all his sympathies and antipathies to support the + cause of Rome in this Council, and he has often, as well at Fulda as + here, repudiated the notion that the Pope's claim to infallibility is + an encroachment on the divine prerogatives. For a time he was a drag + on his colleagues, but the policy of the Court and its treatment of + the Opposition has more and more alienated him from the curialists; + so that from seeming at first in Roman eyes to be divided by an + immeasurable gulf from men like Dupanloup, he has become a powerful + influence in the minority. The pamphlet on infallibility, written at + his suggestion, and addressed from Solothurn to the Bishops, showed + his changed attitude. This publication is well known to have been for + a time kept back, and it was only after a contest of some weeks with + the authorities that he succeeded in getting <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page515">[pg 515]</span><a name="Pg515" id="Pg515" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> it issued. As the contemporaneous writings of + Rauscher, Schwarzenberg and Hefele met with no particular opposition, + this hostile treatment of Ketteler was ascribed to the belief that + the greater sharpness of the German protest against the order of + business, as compared with the French, was due to him. Where the + French text speaks of the Bishops as representing the Churches, the + Germans added the remark that this was the more important to insist + upon in the case of the Vatican Council, where so many Bishops were + admitted to vote, whose claim to vote by divine right was + doubtful.<a id="noteref_99" name="noteref_99" href= + "#note_99"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">99</span></span></a> This + historical consideration has since been urged with great effect by + Kenrick, whose decisive weight in fixing the value of the Vatican + Council will only be known later. It was universally believed that + Ketteler had co-operated in getting this passage inserted in the + German Protest, and so one is not surprised that he should have taken + a leading part in the last move of the Opposition. To-day a + declaration, signed by 77 Fathers, has been presented to the + Presidents, protesting energetically against the inversion of the + established <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page516">[pg + 516]</span><a name="Pg516" id="Pg516" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + order in the interests of infallibility. It contains the severe + remark that they well know no answer can be expected, but they are + unwilling to let any doubts be cast on the freedom of the Council, + and to have the Bishops made a public laughing-stock.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">They cannot take + much by this move. The arguments against inverting the purely + arbitrary order of business, previously introduced, are weak in + comparison with the objections to the definition on principle, and to + insist on them is simply beating the air. The majority only see + proofs of their weakness and grounds for increased confidence in the + obstinate holding aloof of the Opposition from the main question, and + in the fact that men who are not real assailants of the dogma play a + prominent part in its proceedings. Wherever there has been any talk + of hesitation, it has been only in the Vatican and the Commission + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">de + Fide</span></span>, never among the mass of the party. Pius may for a + moment have shared the scruples suggested to him by two of the + Legates, and the Deputation may have believed that the dogma could be + established without any violent precipitation, and regretted the + indecent zeal of the French, but the ardent infallibilists—French, + English, Belgian, Swiss, etc.—have never slackened in their + confidence or their <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page517">[pg + 517]</span><a name="Pg517" id="Pg517" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + assiduity. They still affirm, as they ever have done, that + infallibility has no real opponents or hardly any, and that the + leading members of the Opposition privately hold the view or at least + have never openly rejected it; there are but few even among the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Animadversiones</span></span> which deny the + admissibility of the definition. So they think that there is a bait + for every one of these troublers of peace, and that they can all + either be won over by concessions or frightened into submission. The + example of the Prince Bishop of Breslau, who is known to have + suspended a priest for attacking the doctrines of the Syllabus, is + very interesting in this point of view. If the Pope were to issue a + Bull condemning the opponents of his infallibility, and to deal in + the same way or—as he easily might—more solemnly and harshly with + other doctrines than the Encyclical of 1864, Prince Bishop Förster + would at least punish all malcontents as severely as he punished the + contemner of the Syllabus.<a id="noteref_100" name="noteref_100" + href="#note_100"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">100</span></span></a> Yet in + spite of all this, he is a member of the Opposition, and the majority + believe it would probably soon melt away, if the Pope could resolve + on adopting this policy. Moreover their leaders <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page518">[pg 518]</span><a name="Pg518" id="Pg518" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> speak as though the Opposition had + already incurred censures. They expect to make short work with the + German Bishops who signed the Fulda Pastoral. In that document it is + said, <span class="tei tei-q">“The Holy Father is accused of acting + under the influence of a party, and desiring to use the Council + simply as a means of unduly exalting the power of the Apostolic See, + changing the ancient and genuine constitution of the Church, and + setting up a spiritual domination incompatible with Christian + liberty. Men do not scruple to apply party names to the head of the + Church and to the Episcopate, which hitherto we have been accustomed + to hear only from the lips of professed enemies of the Church. And + they plainly avow their suspicion that the Bishops will not be + allowed full freedom of deliberation, and will themselves be + deficient in the knowledge and straightforwardness requisite for the + discharge of their duties in Council. And they accordingly call in + question the validity of the Council and its decrees.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here in Rome the + Bishops have to listen to these and similar observations <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">usque ad + nauseam</span></span>, which their adversaries use only to remind + them of this Pastoral. While denying before the world that the + definition of infallibility was the object of the Council, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page519">[pg 519]</span><a name="Pg519" + id="Pg519" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> or was intended at all by the + holy Father, they at the same time wrote to Rome to deprecate it, + being perfectly well acquainted with the designs of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, + and corresponded with friendly prelates on the means of averting it. + And thus the other party may now say to them, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“You acknowledge yourselves that the unity and strength + of the Church is to be preferred to strict veracity, and that in so + sacred a cause some measure of deception is allowable. Don't choose + then to be better than your neighbours. You have already abandoned + the ground of objective truth, and you may as well come over to us + altogether.”</span> But the chief means of breaking the Opposition + consists in the Pope's making the Bishops feel the full weight of his + authority and compromising himself yet more deeply.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> has + succeeded in setting aside the attempted intervention of the + Governments, and the battle will have to be fought out, as is + fitting, by the Bishops themselves. In the mind of the majority it is + already over; the Deputation has issued a reply to the objections of + the minority, which deserves the most careful attention of the + theological world. It contains a flat denial of the force of + historical evidence, and closes with a repudiation of the necessity + of moral <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page520">[pg + 520]</span><a name="Pg520" id="Pg520" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + unanimity.<a id="noteref_101" name="noteref_101" href= + "#note_101"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">101</span></span></a> This + points out the road which the loyal Bishops of the Opposition must + follow.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Postscript.</span></span>—I have just heard that + the definitive voting on the Little Catechism, which was announced + for to-day's sitting, has not taken place. The <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> had + discovered that the German and French Opposition Bishops would vote + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">en + masse</span></span> against it. No regard had been paid to the + representations and objections of those who voted <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">juxta modum</span></span> on May 4, and + accordingly this stronger resistance was foreseen, and the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> shrank from appealing to a + new vote. Matters remain as the voting of May 4 left them, and it is + hoped that before the next Solemn Session the minority will be split + up by a more important controversy.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page521">[pg 521]</span><a name= + "Pg521" id="Pg521" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc103" id="toc103"></a> <a name="pdf104" id="pdf104"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Forty-Fifth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, May 14, + 1870.</span></span>—The sitting of May 4 requires a more particular + mention which shall be added here. The reporter on the scheme of the + Catechism was Zwerger, Bishop of Seckau, who is a special favourite + of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>,—forming as he does with the + Tyrolese Rudigier and Fessler the little party of Austrian + infallibilists,—a youthful and elegant prelate, whose Latin is + seasoned with such terms as <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">portraitus</span></span>, <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">præcautionibus</span></span>, etc. He gave the + consoling assurance that the new Catechism should be compiled by a + Commission of Bishops named by the Pope, so that it might be + <span class="tei tei-q">“omnibus numeris absolutus.”</span> He added + that unfortunately he could not introduce this masterpiece into his + own diocese, but he would in principle vote for it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The question of + the Catechism is of course closely connected with that of + infallibilism. For first the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page522">[pg 522]</span><a name="Pg522" id="Pg522" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Catechism will quickly and strongly inoculate + the rising generation with the dogma, and secondly, as being a papal + text-book, it will familiarize all the young from an early age with + the notion, that in religion everything emanates from the Pope, + depends on him and refers to him. Thus every one will be taught that + not only all rights, as Boniface <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">viii.</span></span> + said, but all religious and moral truths, are drawn forth by the Pope + from the recesses of his own breast.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The notion is + excellent, and does infinite honour to the Jesuits who invented it. + It is like the egg of Columbus. One cannot think at first how it did + not occur centuries ago to the astute members of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>. + But to begin with, it would have been impossible earlier to fit this + catechetical strait-waistcoat on such a Church as was the French; and + then again a sufficient motive was wanting, for it is four centuries + since any Pope thought of introducing new dogmas into the Church. The + whole history of the Church offers but three examples of it. The + first was the attempt of Gregory <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">vii.</span></span> + and Innocent <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> to alter the doctrine + hitherto prevalent on the relations of Church and State, and to + substitute the new doctrine of the Pope's divine right to exercise + temporal sovereignty over princes and <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page523">[pg 523]</span><a name="Pg523" id="Pg523" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> peoples. This did not succeed. The second + instance was the attempt made from the thirteenth century downwards + by the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, and especially by the + Jesuits,—for which a long series of forgeries and fictions paved the + way,—to replace the primacy of the ancient Church by something + totally different, viz., an absolute monarchy, so as to destroy the + power and authority of the Episcopate, reduce the Bishops to mere + delegates or commissioners of the Pope, and erect him into the + irresponsible master of the whole Church and all its members, the + sole source of all ecclesiastical jurisdiction. This scheme too was + wrecked on the opposition, first of the great Councils, and + afterwards of the French Church. The third attempt, to make all Popes + infallible and thus establish the sole and universal monarchy of the + Pope, is now going on. And as the teaching of the Church has to be + altered and enriched with new dogmas, the Jesuits who inspire the + Pope have quite rightly perceived that a Catechism clothed with + supreme authority, such as never previously existed, must be + introduced throughout the whole Catholic world. This undertaking + promises special advantages to the Jesuit Order, and so it has been + brought before the Council, and forced rapidly and unexpectedly to + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page524">[pg 524]</span><a name="Pg524" + id="Pg524" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the vote. So little had it + been anticipated, that over 100 of the Bishops in Rome were absent. + Another attempt was made in this <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> to get papal infallibility + accepted by a side-wind, by inserting a statement that the whole + teaching office of the Church resided in the primacy, to the + exclusion of the Bishops. It was felt at once that this would give + the Pope a position and authority incompatible with any other, even + that of the Church herself, and that the Bishops would entirely lose + their judicial office in matters of doctrine. Partly on account of + this passage, and partly on general grounds, 57 Bishops voted + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Non placet</span></span>, among whom were + Cardinals Schwarzenberg and Rauscher, Archbishops Scherr and + Deinlein, and Bishops Dinkel and Hefele. It created a great sensation + that Cardinal Mathieu, Archbishop of Besançon, also voted against it. + He has only lately returned from his Easter visit to France, and is + said now to belong decidedly to the minority. Among the 24 Bishops + who voted <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">juxta modum</span></span>, were + the Archbishops of Cologne and Salzburg, and the Bishop of Mayence. + An interval of two days was given them to put into shape the + condition on which they wanted to make their vote dependent. But we + have already seen that, when the time was <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page525">[pg 525]</span><a name="Pg525" id="Pg525" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> come, the Legates preferred not calling for any + definitive vote.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Are we to infer + from the collapse of so weighty and pregnant a question as this of + the Catechism that henceforth everything will be settled much + quicker? I cannot say. But as early as January 22 the Pope declared, + in a Brief addressed to M. de Ségur, that the delay in the + proceedings of the Council was due to the powers of Hell, for as it + was to inflict on them their inevitable death-blow, they wished to + protract it as long as they could. Pius is persuaded that, as soon as + the Council produces its fruits, all faults and vices will at once + disappear from human society, and all who are in error be led into + the truth. That is expressly stated in the Brief; and these are no + mere phrases, such as the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> frequently indulges in, but + are uttered in sober earnest. Pius really holds his infallibility to + be the divinely ordained panacea for effecting a thorough cure of + mankind, who are now sick unto death. He is convinced that the fount + of unerring inspiration, which will henceforth flow incessantly from + the holy Father at Rome, will fructify all Christian lands like a + supernatural Nile stream, and overflow all human science for its + purification or its destruction. The Jesuits make <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page526">[pg 526]</span><a name="Pg526" id="Pg526" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the decrees, who are not indeed + themselves infallible, but whose compositions, directly the Pope has + signed his name to them, become inspired and free from every breath + of error.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The psychological + enigma presented by Pius can only be solved by looking steadily at + the two root-ideas, which interpenetrate and supplement one another + in his mind. There is first his belief in the objective infallibility + of his 256 predecessors, and next his belief that he, Mastai, has + through continual invocation and worship of the Madonna attained to + an inspiration and divine illumination of which she is the medium. + This last privilege is in his eyes, as all about him know and + occasionally say, a purely personal one, which his predecessors did + not all experience. But it strengthens his faith in infallibilism, + and—which is the main point—he is certain by virtue of this infused + illumination that he is God's chosen instrument for introducing the + dogma. And this higher certainty naturally leads him to regard the + opposing Bishops as unhappy men snared in the meshes of a fatal + error, who rebel in their sinful blindness against the counsel of + God, and will be dragged at the chariot-wheels of the triumphal car + of the infallible Papacy in its resistless progress, like boys + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page527">[pg 527]</span><a name="Pg527" + id="Pg527" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> hanging on behind, in spite of + their efforts to pull it back. And therefore sharp + rebukes—<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">verbera + verborum</span></span>—must not be spared these episcopal opponents. + Pius knows that the German and American members of the party are + infected by the atmosphere of Protestantism, and the French by that + of infidelity, so that they are suffering at least under a violent + heterodox influenza, and require drastic remedies. But no one had + imagined that all regard for decency would be so completely laid + aside, and that the Pope would so far forget his high position as to + actually descend into the arena, deal blows with his own hand, and + assail all disputants with bitter and insulting words, as he has in + fact done. He might have waited quietly till his unconditional + majority of 500 had voted the dogma, and then have fulminated to his + heart's content the plenitude of anathemas and curses at the still + unbelieving <span class="tei tei-q">“filii perditionis”</span> and + <span class="tei tei-q">“iniquitatis alumni,”</span> in the forms + that are stored up ready for use in the Roman Chancery. But he is too + impatient to wait for the decision, and exhausts all the weapons in + his quiver by anticipation. When the Bishops of the minority + presented their first remonstrance against the new dogma, he had it + announced in his journals that it was only from the lofty + impartiality <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page528">[pg + 528]</span><a name="Pg528" id="Pg528" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + which became him that he had not received their memorial, as neither + had he received those of the other party. But now this mask is + dropped, and no means are omitted for overreaching or intimidating + the minority. It is confidently expected that fear and discouragement + will soon do their work in splitting up the Opposition. Many of its + members recoil in alarm from the position they will be placed in by + persevering to the last. It needs more than ordinary episcopal + courage, it needs a deep conscientiousness and faith firm as a rock + in the ultimate victory of the true doctrine of the ancient Church, + to confront in open fight the triple host of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, + the Jesuits and the ultramontanes.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now for the + first time the excellence of the Council Hall is proved, and the wise + foresight of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> in choosing it and adhering + to it with the firmness of old Romans in spite of all entreaties and + representations to the contrary. It is precisely adapted to the + present tactics of the majority. The Bishops will occupy a number of + sittings with speeches, generally read, seldom spoken, which + four-fifths of their auditors, as before, neither understand nor wish + to understand. For the majority know everything already, they are + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page529">[pg 529]</span><a name="Pg529" + id="Pg529" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> armed with a triple + breastplate, and have their short and powerful watchword, which + renders them invincible. Those who frequent infallibilist circles + here may hear St. Augustine's saying quoted ten times a day, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Roma locuta est, causa finita est,”</span> + or St. Ambrose's <span class="tei tei-q">“Ubi Petrus, ibi + Ecclesia,”</span> or that St. Irenæus said every one must necessarily + agree with the Roman Church. These are mere fables; Augustine and + Irenæus said nothing of the kind, but something quite different; and + while Ambrose did indeed use the words, it was without the remotest + reference to the Pope and his infallibility. But the words are quoted + in a hundred books and pamphlets, and are used like theological + revolvers which never miss fire. And then Mermillod will repeat in + the Council what he lately said in a sermon here about the threefold + manifestation of God in the crib of Bethlehem, in the Sacrament of + the Altar, and—in the Vatican. Pie of Poitiers will utter some of + those bold Oriental metaphors, which all France laughs at but which + are gravely received in the Council Hall. Manning will commend + infallibility as the one plank of safety for mankind who are sinking + in the shipwreck of scepticism, while he sings a pæan over the + triumph of the dogma over history. There will be room even for some + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page530">[pg 530]</span><a name="Pg530" + id="Pg530" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> flashes of genius from the + German infallibilists, the Tyrolese and the three Bavarians, if they + can resolve on opening their lips hitherto so firmly closed. And then + the African heat and sultry atmosphere, drying up the brain, which + have already begun to press on Rome like a leaden pall, will come in + to expedite the close. The majority will avail themselves of the + right the Pope has conferred on them to break off abruptly the + discussion, in which nothing has been discussed, and the Pope will + appear in a Solemn Session, in the full pomp of the earthly + representative of Christ, to proclaim with infallible certainty his + own infallibility and that of all his predecessors and successors, + <span class="tei tei-q">“approbante Concilio.”</span> And thus will + he enter on his new empire of the world; for he will then for the + first time be the acknowledged master and sole teacher of mankind; + before, he was only a pretender. The Bishops will bow their heads + reverently under a profound sense of their own fallibility before the + one divinely enlightened man, and the world will go to sleep to wake + next morning enriched and blessed with the new and fundamental + article of faith. The day of the promulgation will be a great day of + creation. <span class="tei tei-q">“God said, Let there be light, and + there was light, and the evening and the morning were the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page531">[pg 531]</span><a name="Pg531" + id="Pg531" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> first day”</span> of the new + Church, after the old Church for 1869 years had been unable to + ascertain and formulize its chief article of faith. For the Popes + were always infallible; <span class="tei tei-q">“the light appeared + in the darkness, and the darkness comprehended it not.”</span> From + the Pentecost of the blessed year 1870, as Manning has prophesied, + dates the age of the Holy Ghost, and the Church is for the first time + really complete. As the Pentecost of the year 33 was the birthday of + the ancient Church, so will the Pentecost of 1870 be the birthday of + the new and infinitely more enlightened Church. Nearly all + commentators now assume that the seven days of creation in Genesis + are not seven ordinary days, but signify a great period of the + world's history. It cannot then be taken ill if the Church, instead + of distinctly putting forward her principal dogma on the first + Pentecost, which would certainly have been the most natural course, + should have waited nineteen centuries in the vain attempt to + ascertain and formulate it, and have only now hatched the egg in the + year 1870.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page532">[pg 532]</span><a name= + "Pg532" id="Pg532" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc105" id="toc105"></a> <a name="pdf106" id="pdf106"></a> + <a name="Letter_XLVI" id="Letter_XLVI" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Forty-Sixth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, May 15, + 1870.</span></span>—Yesterday the discussion of the <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> on the Primacy began, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, speeches were delivered for + and against infallibility, for any regular discussion is of course + impossible in the Council Hall. The Hall is really more patient than + the proverbially patient paper, as long as the majority do not get + excited. Things can be said there which would not be allowed to be + written, still less printed. The names of 69 Bishops are inscribed to + speak. Bishop Pie of Poitiers had already the day before, as reporter + of the Deputation, exceeded the expectations generally formed of him. + He had discovered a wholly new argument, to which he gave utterance + with evident self-complacency. The Pope, he said, must be infallible, + because Peter was crucified head downwards. As the head bears the + whole weight of the body, so the Pope, as head, bears the whole + Church; but he is infallible who bears, not <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page533">[pg 533]</span><a name="Pg533" id="Pg533" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> he who is borne.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Q.E.D.</span></span> + The Italians and Spaniards applauded enthusiastically. On the 14th + Cardinal Patrizzi spoke. The Pope, he observed, certainly claims + personal infallibility, but he does not therefore wish nor is he + obliged to separate himself from the Episcopate. Certainly not, + thought the minority, since we must all assent to that claim of the + infallible, so that he cannot separate himself from us Bishops or + shake us off if he wished it. Bishop Rivet of Dijon carried off the + honours of the day among the Opposition. Bishop Ranolder of Vesprim + referred briefly but forcibly to the dangers into which the new dogma + would plunge the Hungarian Church. Dreux Brézé, who followed worthily + in the footsteps of Pie, was this time eclipsed by a Sicilian + prelate, who said that the Sicilians had a reason peculiar to + themselves for believing the infallibility of all the Popes. It is + well known that Peter preached in that island, where he found a + number of Christians; but when he told them that he was infallible, + they thought this article of faith, which they had never been taught, + a strange one. In order to get at the truth about it, they sent an + embassy to the Virgin Mary, to ask if she had heard of Peter's + infallibility, to which she replied that she certainly remembered + being <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page534">[pg 534]</span><a name= + "Pg534" id="Pg534" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> present, when her Son + conferred this special prerogative on him. This testimony fully + satisfied the Sicilians, who have ever since preserved in their + hearts faith in infallibility. This speech was really delivered in + the Council Hall on May 14. The Opposition Bishops see a proof of the + insolent contempt of the majority in their putting up such men as Pie + and this Sicilian to speak against them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sicily is truly + the land where faith removes mountains, and Pius would find himself + among his most genuine spiritual children if he went to Messina. + There the letter is still preserved, which the Virgin Mary addressed + to the inhabitants and let fall from heaven, and the feast of the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sacra + Lettera</span></span> is annually observed with the full approval of + the Roman Congregation of Rites, when the excited populace shout in + the streets <span class="tei tei-q">“Viva la Sacra Lettera.”</span> + The Jesuit Inchover has written a book to prove its authenticity to + demonstration.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A great many + copies of the remarkable pamphlet <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ce qui se passe au + Concile</span></span> have been secretly disseminated—the Government + naturally wants to suppress it—and it is eagerly read. I have learnt + from a Frenchman that Pius himself has read some pages, on which + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page535">[pg 535]</span><a name="Pg535" + id="Pg535" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> he observed, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“C'est mal, c'est très-mal, excessivement mal.”</span> It + is clear that the author has himself collected his notices in Rome. + If its revelations show how every usage of former Councils has been + reversed and all true freedom carefully destroyed, a further evidence + of this is supplied by the statement of the official <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Giornale di + Roma</span></span> about the departure of the Americans, where the + Bishops are plainly reminded that they are liable to arrest, and that + any of them who quit Rome without leave incur heavy censures. A + German Archbishop, who had an audience of the Pope to-day, took the + opportunity of speaking to him about the universal aversion and + resistance of the Germans to the infallibilist dogma. It made not the + slightest impression. Pius answered: <span class="tei tei-q">“I know + these Germans of old, who choose to know best about everything; every + one wants to be Bishop and Pope.”</span> Yet it is notorious that he + does not understand a word of German, and has never been in Germany + or read a German book, even in a translation. But he reads Veuillot + and Margotti, and hears the Jesuits at least three times a week. + Meanwhile the Protest drawn up by Ketteler against the arbitrary + change of the order of business was presented on the 12th of March + with 72 signatures. It <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page536">[pg + 536]</span><a name="Pg536" id="Pg536" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + contains, as I said before, the words: <span class="tei tei-q">“We + know well that we shall receive no answer to this any more than to + our former memorials.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All German + Catholics count here for half Protestants. A German must here give + special evidence of his orthodoxy, I do not say before he is trusted, + but before he is reckoned a Catholic at all by the side of Spaniards + and Italians. Above all is German theology in ill repute, and the + mere word <span class="tei tei-q">“history”</span> in the mouth of a + German acts like a red handkerchief on certain animals. The good + times are gone by when Germany was considered the classical land of + obedience in comparison with France, so copious was the influx of + Peter's pence, the Jesuits, on whom the chief hopes are centred, have + effected very little here except in Westphalia and the Tyrol.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is hard for the + Bishops, even after a five months' experience, to comprehend the rôle + assigned them, and to understand that they have only been summoned to + receive commands, to obey, and to do service. It is a saying current + among the Monsignori that the Bishops are nothing but servants of the + Pope. <span class="tei tei-q">“Just consider the monstrosity,”</span> + said one of the youngest but most actively employed of the Cardinals + to a French priest, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page537">[pg + 537]</span><a name="Pg537" id="Pg537" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + when the famous letter of censure addressed by the Pope to the + Archbishop of Paris appeared in the newspapers, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“this Archbishop dares to speak of rights which belong to + him! What would you say if one of your lackeys were to talk of his + rights, when you gave him your orders?”</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page538">[pg 538]</span><a name= + "Pg538" id="Pg538" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc107" id="toc107"></a> <a name="pdf108" id="pdf108"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Forty-Seventh Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, May 16, + 1870.</span></span>—The Bishops of the minority want to bind + themselves by subscribing an agreement to vote for no formula which + contains the personal infallibility of the Pope. A calculation + emanating from them has been shown me, according to which the + strength of the Opposition is undiminished, or rather increased. It + enumerates 43 Germans and Hungarians, 40 North Americans, 29 French, + 4 Portuguese, and 10 Italians. The number of Bishops from the United + States who are considered to be trustworthy is especially worthy of + notice. They have been greatly influenced by the recent publications + of the Bishops, and particularly by the excellent work of Archbishop + Kenrick of St. Louis. When they first came to Rome they were nearly + all inclined to the new dogma, but here their eyes have been + gradually opened. The insolent and <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page539">[pg 539]</span><a name="Pg539" id="Pg539" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> despotic treatment of the Bishops, the + spectacle of adulation exhibited by persons who call themselves + successors of the Apostles, and the lamentable sophistry employed in + torturing historical facts—as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span> the case of Honorius—all this + has gradually filled these Republicans with disgust and aversion, and + driven them to the opposite side. But clearly what has chiefly + influenced them has been the conviction produced by the controversy + that, if they take home with them the new dogma of the Pope's + political supremacy over all States, they will be exposed to the + contempt and hatred of all educated America. And as many of them are + Irishmen by birth, they have been reminded that, as Alexander + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vi.</span></span> gave the American + peoples to Spain, so Adrian <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> gave Ireland to the King + of England and thereby brought misery on the emerald isle.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Bishops of the + Opposition know how to appreciate the strength and numerical + preponderance of their rivals; they know too that, besides a cool + calculation and passive subjection to the commands of their + <span class="tei tei-q">“lord,”</span> a certain enthusiasm and + confidence also prevail among their ranks. There are first the + numerous missionary Bishops and Vicars-Apostolic, who must certainly + vote as they are told, for they are entirely in <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page540">[pg 540]</span><a name="Pg540" id="Pg540" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the power of the Propaganda, and Cardinal + Barnabo is an inexorably strict master: the Orientals have + experienced that. And moreover the Bishops engaged in converting the + heathen say, <span class="tei tei-q">“How conveniently the new dogma + will simplify and facilitate our work with Negroes, Kaffirs, + New-Zealanders, etc.! We have hitherto had to refer them to the + Church, of whose nature and authority we could only impress a dim + conception on their minds with much time and trouble. Henceforth we + shall tell them that God inspires one man in Rome with all truth, + from whom all others receive it. That is short, simple, and what a + child can understand.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the main + strength of the papal army consists in the 120 Bishops from the + kingdom of Italy with the the exception of 10, the 143 from the + States of the Church, and the 120 titular Bishops without subjects or + dioceses, most of them created by the present Pope, who represent + nobody but themselves, or rather him who has raised them from the + dust and set mitres on their heads. That makes altogether 373 + Italians. This chosen band will remain here patiently through the + heat so unendurable to the Northern Bishops, and the question has + been already mooted in the Vatican, as I hear <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page541">[pg 541]</span><a name="Pg541" id="Pg541" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> from the mouth of one who is in its + confidence, whether it would not be best to protract the affair and + defer the final voting till these recalcitrant Northerners have + obtained the permission which will be readily accorded them to flee + from the heat and fevers, after which the Italian and Spanish + prelates would vote the darling dogma with conspicuous unanimity. The + idea deserves to be preferred to another, which is also under + consideration. The Pope might issue a Bull defining that the moral + unanimity, which has been so much talked of, is not necessary for + Councils in voting articles of faith, and that a simple majority is + sufficient. For it is thought that most of the minority Bishops, + especially the inopportunists, would not dare to resist the new papal + definition, and would thus be compelled at last to succumb to the + infallibilist decree. We shall soon see. You may gather what the + leaders of the minority think of the situation from a remark of + Cardinal Mathieu's, <span class="tei tei-q">“On veut jeter l'Église + dans l'abîme, nous y jeterons plutôt nos cadavres.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The two Bavarian + Bishops, Stahl and Leonrod, have thought fit after two months to make + a public demonstration of their assent to Bishop Räss's condemnation + of Gratry. The explanation accepted here is that, after <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page542">[pg 542]</span><a name="Pg542" id="Pg542" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the Bavarian note had been presented, the + authorities wished the Bavarian Bishops to make an adverse move on + the conciliar chess-board; and as these two prelates would not openly + contradict their King, the expedient of a very late adhesion to the + effusions of the Bishop of Strasburg was chosen.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is commonly + assumed that all the Cardinals are infallibilists as a matter of + course, and the more so as this is at bottom the only doctrine which + may be said to have been exclusively invented and built up by men who + either were already or were soon about to become Cardinals. Still + this is not quite the case. Apart from the non-resident Cardinals, + Rauscher, Schwarzenberg and Mathieu, there are some among the + residents who would gladly be dispensed from voting for the new + foundation article of faith on which the whole edifice is henceforth + to rest. But one of them said to-day, <span class="tei tei-q">“We + shall ruin our position, lose all influence, and become the mark of + endless attacks. And as every one here has some weak and vulnerable + point in his past life, he dare not expose himself to these fatal + assaults on his character and honour from which there would be no + escape.”</span> At the same time the Cardinal admitted that the whole + College has so lost its influence and become <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page543">[pg 543]</span><a name="Pg543" id="Pg543" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> so insignificant, that for six months the Pope + has not once assembled them. Antonelli and a few favourites, with the + Jesuits of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>, are the people who now + construct the history of the world and the Church.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page544">[pg 544]</span><a name= + "Pg544" id="Pg544" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc109" id="toc109"></a> <a name="pdf110" id="pdf110"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Forty-Eighth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, May 20, + 1870.</span></span>—The first week of the great debate is drawing to + a close. The Archbishops of Vienna, Prague, Gran, Paris, Antioch and + Tuam have spoken against the infallibilist definition. So much is + gained; the Catholic world knows that it is represented in Council, + while the Court party is robbed of some illusions about the strength + of the resistance to be looked for. The only fruit of its better + knowledge as yet observable is seen in an increased obstinacy and a + greater insolence of tone. The Commission has already declared by + anticipation, in its reply to the remarks of the Bishops against the + dogma, that the denial of infallibility is condemned under pain of + censure, and scientific arguments are no longer available. The giving + out of this watchword does excellent service to the majority, who are + very shy of theological arguments and treat their opponents as + heretics. That <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page545">[pg + 545]</span><a name="Pg545" id="Pg545" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + far-famed courtesy, which has hitherto been an ornament if not + exactly a real excellence of Rome, has greatly diminished, and the + hypocrisy so long spun out has disappeared; it has become necessary + to recognise the broad gulf which divides parties. And this has + produced a tendency on the side of the Court and the majority to push + their claims to the extremest point, to play for high stakes, and + hold out no prospect of concessions beforehand. The minority is in + their eyes not a power to be negotiated with but a gang of insolent + mutineers to be put down. The mass of the majority have carried their + leaders with them, and only passion now prevails in that camp. But + the harshness and roughness the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> has thought it necessary to + display has done more to strengthen the Opposition than the changes + and concessions already pre-arranged will do to dissolve it. They + have been suffered in this way to gain a position which they might + never have won if the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> had exercised more + foresight. Whether all the elements of the Opposition will be found + reliable, pure in their aims and loyal in their hearts, the future + will show. At present I only record the audacious policy of the + majority based on cunning calculations, as it has been evinced in the + early days of the discussion. But <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page546">[pg 546]</span><a name="Pg546" id="Pg546" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the majority naturally includes men of + different minds; there are some who would like to be well rid of the + affair, and others who would gladly discover a formula not looking + like a positive innovation which might satisfy opponents, while the + great mass of them want the blow to be struck so that, after crushing + the Opposition within the Council, they may annihilate it without the + Council also. These last have the upper hand in the majority, and + will probably retain it till the general debate is over and the + doctrine itself and its definition come to be discussed. They are led + by cool, calculating heads, but consist for the most part of the + uneducated and unlearned mass of the episcopate who have no + independence, the people who during Strossmayer's speech presented + the spectacle of a rabble of conspirators rather than an ordered + assembly. To keep them in the requisite state of exaltation the + speeches must be adapted to their intellectual level. And as they are + more easily excited than controlled they do not of course exhibit the + majority in a favourable light, and one may be prepared at any moment + for the Council being disgraced by an outbreak of their frenzy. + Nothing more of the kind however has happened yet.</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page547">[pg 547]</span><a name="Pg547" id="Pg547" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the head of the + extreme party stands the close ally of the Jesuits, the Archbishop of + Westminster. He was the first to say out with the utmost distinctness + that infallibility belongs to the Pope alone and independently of the + Episcopate. The ultramontane speakers, Pie, Patrizzi and Deschamps, + have vied with one another in their endeavours to get this extreme + view of Manning's accepted, which they themselves did not all share + before. The emancipation of the Pope from the entire Episcopate is + the very turning-point of the whole controversy, the object for which + the Council was put on the stage; infallibility tied to the consent + of the united or dispersed Episcopate nearly all the Bishops would + accept, for very few indeed clearly understand that even Councils + depend on another consent than that of the Episcopate. But such a + definition of infallibility would cost Rome the very thing she has + laboured so much and sinned so much to gain. It is a great advantage + for the Opposition that in this matter there are no formulas of + compromise possible but such as are manifestly perfidious and + insincere.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 17th + Deschamps, Archbishop of Mechlin, made perhaps the most important, + certainly the most <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page548">[pg + 548]</span><a name="Pg548" id="Pg548" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + remarkable, speech delivered in favour of the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Constitutio</span></span>. He is considered the + ablest speaker of his party, which notoriously has no superabundance + of good speakers, and is said to be a superficial man who takes + things easily. He not only committed himself to the extremest section + of the party, but denounced his opponents as bad Christians not + walking in the fear of God. The change of tone was much remarked in + him, as in the Bishop of Poitiers. Manning exhibits the same change, + who now maintains that all who do not submit to the majority might + well be excommunicated directly after the promulgation of the decree. + Two German Bishops, Greith and Hefele, spoke on the same day; and + indeed in this debate many weighty voices will be raised from every + land where the contest about the Church is being fought, to point to + the practical dangers involved in the circumstances of the case—a + kind of argument Pius is wont to put aside with a <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Noli timere.”</span> Greith of St. Gallen spoke for + Switzerland; as a learned theologian he declared himself against the + definition on scientific grounds, and as a Swiss Bishop on account of + the present circumstances of his country; for he is persuaded that + his Swiss brother bishops, with their zeal for the infallibilist + decree, are simply forging weapons against <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page549">[pg 549]</span><a name="Pg549" id="Pg549" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the Church for the Radicals. Bishop Hefele of + Rottenburg touched in the course of his speech on the affair of + Honorius, which must later on come into the discussion. Next day + Hefele read Cardinal Rauscher's speech. But Cardinal Schwarzenberg's + address exceeded all expectations and left a profound impression. + Cardinal Donnet and the Archbishop of Saragossa, who spoke in the + name of the Deputation, did not bring the defence any further or + develop any new points of history, and—which is more important—gave + no further information about the plans and hopes of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> and + the majority.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On Thursday the + 19th Cardinal Cullen, Archbishop of Dublin, spoke, who for twenty + years has been the protagonist of Romanism in the British isles. With + sound tact he chose the most learned Bishop of the minority, Hefele, + for attack, and assailed not his speech but his publications. Yet he + did not attempt to refute him, but only to prove that he had + contradicted himself, since the account of Honorius given in his + History of Councils is different from that in his latest work. It is + true that in the History, where no doctrinal inferences were to be + drawn, the theological significance of the condemnation of Honorius + does not receive the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page550">[pg + 550]</span><a name="Pg550" id="Pg550" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + same exhaustive appreciation and exposition as in the little tractate + on the question whether he was justly condemned for heresy. But there + is no difference of principle between the two works; in both Hefele + says plainly that Honorius was justly pronounced a heretic, even if + he was no heretic at heart. But when the two passages are separated + from each other, it can be made to look as though he had maintained + in the former that Honorius was really orthodox whereas he now + declares that he was a heretic. But the process could with equal + reason be reversed, and the heresy of Honorius shown to be affirmed + in the History and his orthodoxy in the pamphlet. But what use would + even an orthodox Pope be for upholding the purity of the Church's + doctrinal deposit, if he used heretical formulas to express his own + really true opinion?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">None the less + however was Cullen's attack received with great satisfaction, for the + ruling powers know well enough on what the Bishop of Rottenburg's + opposition is based, and think to subdue German science—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, the + devil himself—in his person. On the same day the Patriarch Jussuf + uttered words that deserve to be laid to heart on the consequences + such a dogmatic blunder would entail in the East—a significant + indication that <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page551">[pg + 551]</span><a name="Pg551" id="Pg551" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + Orientals are not prepared to bend obediently under the yoke of a + decree aimed at their ritual and their rights as well as their + tradition. The Archbishop of Corfu answered him next day. There is + very little that can be properly called debating, for the order of + proceedings is better suited for academical addresses than for real + discussion; the practice of making prelates speak in their order of + precedence makes any honest interchange of blows impossible. But the + Greek coming forward to speak looked like a preconcerted answer to + the Armenian. The Archbishop of Corfu insisted that, so far from the + dogma rendering the reunion of the Greek Church more difficult, such + a result was inconceivable without it, nor could the dogma excite any + suspicion, because the Greeks found it in their tradition as well as + their Fathers and Councils, and envied the Latin Church her + infallible Pope. In evidence of this he cited the passages where the + Pope's primacy is recognised. The great body of the Fathers listened + to this with grave faces: it was only following the style of their + own theologians.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But three more + important speakers had been heard before the Corfiote. The first was + Simor, primate of Hungary, who was chosen, as is well known, into the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page552">[pg 552]</span><a name="Pg552" + id="Pg552" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Deputation on Faith and has + shown himself a more zealous advocate of its proposals and adherent + of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> than ever. The majority + believed that it possessed in him a master of Latin who could rival + the eloquent leader of the Opposition, and Simor justified his + reputation as an accomplished Latinist. But he spoke—assuredly to the + no small disgust and amazement of the majority—as an unequivocal + opponent of the proposed decree. And this implied that the whole + Hungarian Episcopate would vote against it. He was followed by a + feeble old man whose speech fell flat after that of the eloquent + primate, and who could only be known to a few of his hearers, though + he holds an important place in the history of the last generation. + This was John MacHale, for the last thirty-five years Archbishop of + Tuam and formerly the most powerful prelate in Ireland, a famous name + in the days of O'Connell; but his political rôle has long been played + out, and he belongs to a bygone age and an obsolete school. For the + twenty years during which Cullen has been introducing Roman + absolutism into Ireland his influence has been on the decline, and + while he was expounding his antagonism to the definition to-day in a + long and complicated address, men said to themselves, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“magni <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page553">[pg + 553]</span><a name="Pg553" id="Pg553" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + nominis umbra.”</span> It was the accumulated debt of twenty years he + paid off to Cardinal Cullen. But he can hardly be expected to have + gained over any of his countrymen to the Opposition besides the three + or four of them who already belong to it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">MacHale was + succeeded by the Archbishop of Paris, the most accomplished and + skilful, and therefore the most feared, of all the Opposition + prelates. Darboy was lately the most influential advocate of that + system of dallying and postponement which has so grievously injured + the minority, and was involved through his intimate alliance with the + Tuileries in the unhappy policy of his Government, so that he had + become somewhat less trusted and influential. So much greater was the + impression produced by his speech to-day, wherein he declared + distinctly and repeatedly that a dogmatic decree not accepted by the + whole Episcopate could not have any binding force. A suppressed + murmur which ran through the ranks of the majority as he spoke seems + to herald coming storms.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">So far the + Opposition has made its voice clearly heard. That it has on its side + reason, Scripture and history signifies nothing for the moment; what + is important is that it makes its strength felt, that it has + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page554">[pg 554]</span><a name="Pg554" + id="Pg554" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> won over waverers or doubters + to its ranks, and that it has at last spoken plainly. The position of + parties and the question itself will take many new shapes, when the + separate chapters of the Constitution come on for discussion.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page555">[pg 555]</span><a name= + "Pg555" id="Pg555" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc111" id="toc111"></a> <a name="pdf112" id="pdf112"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Forty-Ninth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, May 26, + 1870.</span></span>—The intellectual superiority of the Opposition + has made itself so sensibly felt in the course of the debate on + infallibility that they have visibly won in spirit and confidence, + while a decrease of the assurance of victory hitherto manifested by + the majority is observable. There is no sign yet of the breaking up + of the Opposition or the desertion of its members to the + infallibilist camp. The Court party had confidently reckoned on a + considerable number of mere inopportunists giving in and separating + from the opponents of the actual doctrine of infallibility, as soon + as the dogma came to be discussed. The latter was said to be a mere + tiny fraction, who would eventually take fright at their own + impotence and come over. But as yet this hope has not been realized, + and there are many indications that it is not likely to be realized, + for the course of events and their experiences in Rome, as well + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page556">[pg 556]</span><a name="Pg556" + id="Pg556" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> as the discussions, both oral + and written, have converted inopportunists into decided fallibilists. + Cardinal Schwarzenberg has spoken with great power and dignity, and + even the most zealous adherents of the Roman dogma must have been + somewhat impressed by his declaration that its effect in Bohemia + would be to make the nation first schismatic and then gradually + Protestant. It at the same time illustrated the conduct of the + Jesuits in a way that will not be forgotten. When the Archbishop of + Paris affirmed that the much desired infallibilist decree was not one + of the causes of the Council, but its sole cause, every one felt what + a bitter truth had been uttered, and that the veil would thereby be + torn away from that web of untruths and dishonest reticences about + the object of the synod, by which the Bishops had been deceived and + enticed as it were into a trap to Rome. Veuillot indeed had openly + said in his official organ at the end of April, that to decree the + new dogma was the principal and at bottom the sole office of the + Council. That was at the very time when about eighty Bishops put out + their strong protestation that they had come to Rome under the + erroneous impression, deliberately suggested by the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, + that the question of infallibility would not be brought before + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page557">[pg 557]</span><a name="Pg557" + id="Pg557" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the Council; while yet Cardoni + had many months before, in the Commission on Faith, presented by + command of the Pope the report which has lately been printed, and the + whole Commission had agreed with him that papal infallibility should + be defined. That same Commission, with the Jesuit Perrone and Dr. + Schwetz of Vienna at its head, has now presented an address to the + Pope urging the definition of the new article of faith, without which + those worthies think they cannot exist any longer.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The infallibilist + speaker who created most sensation was Cardinal Cullen, Archbishop of + Dublin. He gained the warm applause of his party by the aggressive + tone of his speech, in which he attacked especially Hefele and + Kenrick. He appealed to the testimony of MacHale to show that the + mind of Ireland has always been infallibilist—a glaring falsehood, as + is proved by the famous Declaration of the Irish Catholics in 1757 + formally repudiating the doctrine. And it made no slight impression, + when the grey-haired MacHale rose to repudiate the pretended belief + in infallibility not merely for himself but for Ireland. But it is + certainly true that in former times for more than a century the Irish + people, like the Spanish, was victimized to papal <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page558">[pg 558]</span><a name="Pg558" id="Pg558" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> infallibility. Every Irishman or + Spaniard, who knew the history of his country, would recoil with + horror from a theory which has borne such poisonous fruit for both + nations in the past and may be equally injurious in the future. To + acquaint the Catholic tenants in Ireland with the infallible + decisions of Popes about heresy and heretics would be enough at once + to increase ten-fold the agrarian crimes prevalent there, and would + be the surest means for reproducing such a massacre as occurred there + in 1641.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When Cullen + replied to the Archbishop of St. Louis, <span class="tei tei-q">“non + est verum,”</span> the aged prelate requested leave of the Legates to + defend himself briefly. It was refused. Hefele was as little free to + answer Cullen's attack, and has therefore had a pamphlet in his + justification printed at Naples. A new work by one of the most + illustrious of the French Bishops is also expected from Naples, + designed to prove against the Jesuits of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> + the necessity of moral unanimity for dogmatic decrees. Another + Irishman, Leahy, Archbishop of Cashel, said such absurd things in + favour of the Court dogma that his speech was considered a clear gain + for the minority.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There are 89 + speakers inscribed for the general debate, and not a third of them + have yet spoken. This <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page559">[pg + 559]</span><a name="Pg559" id="Pg559" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + opens out a prospect of the debate being spun out to a great length, + oppressive as the tropical heat is now become. The <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> + still relies on the Northerners being tamed down. If only a good many + of them would emulate the example of the Bishop of Hildesheim, and go + away! The plan has often succeeded with English and Irish juries, of + locking them up, when they could not agree, till they found a true + verdict. But that won't answer here. On the contrary the longer the + debate lasts, the more numerous the Opposition party becomes. At + first many Bishops thought they might fairly gratify the good and + amiable Pius, who won all hearts, even by making a new dogma, and + give him the present he so greatly longed for. But Pius has + completely cured his former worshippers of this disposition to make + an article of faith <span class="tei tei-q">“pour les beaux yeux du + Pape.”</span> It has no doubt happened before that Italian Bishops + have been treated by the Pope like servants, hired for the day's work + and dismissed again if they did not obey the orders of the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>. One need only refer to that + parody on a synod, the fifth Lateran assembly, when Leo <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">x.</span></span> + propounded downright forgeries and untruths to his Italian Bishops, + who had to call themselves an Œcumenical Council, and dictated + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page560">[pg 560]</span><a name="Pg560" + id="Pg560" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> their votes. But even there no + one ventured to treat Transalpine Bishops—Germans, French and + Hungarians—with the insolent contempt now shown, to refuse even a + reply to their urgent petitions and representations, and to make them + drain the cup of humiliations and grievances to the very dregs. But + the great task to be achieved in the first months of the Council was + the kneading and manipulating the Bishops in all possible ways, so as + to make them feel the immeasurable gulf between the master and the + servants, that they might be more ready at last to sacrifice their + episcopal dignity and ancient rights on the altar of Roman supremacy. + When once they have assented to the infallibilist dogma, they neither + can nor ought to be or desire to be anything else but passive and + unintelligent promulgators and executors of papal commands and + decrees on faith. That what is really required of them is to abdicate + their office as a teaching body and themselves abolish their + authority, Ketteler has lately declared without reserve in the + Congregation; and he is a man who has profited much by his Roman + schooling, though in a quite different sense from what his master + intended. The Roman system of drill does not succeed with Germans, + Hungarians and Americans.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page561">[pg 561]</span><a name="Pg561" id="Pg561" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A note received a + fortnight ago from Paris by M. de Banneville, to be communicated or + read to Cardinal Antonelli, has created great excitement here, owing + to his studiously concealing it from his diplomatic colleagues. Its + substance is as follows: France renounces any further interference + with what is going on here, and contents herself henceforth with + taking note of the decisions of the Pope and the Council. The + Government has done its duty, as a friendly Catholic power, in + seeking to withdraw the Court of Rome from the perilous path on which + it has entered. The attempt has proved fruitless. The <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> + seems resolved to ruin itself. France will maintain the attitude of a + passive spectator, but accepts the altered condition of things + introduced by this declaration of war on the part of the Roman Court. + On the day of the definition the Concordat ceases to be in force and + the previous relation of Church and State expires. The State + separates itself from the Church and the French troops leave Rome. + Separation of Church and State means in France and elsewhere that the + budget of worship will be dropped, and the clergy must be supported + by the faithful. And here I may mention a fact which has come to my + knowledge on the best authority. When <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page562">[pg 562]</span><a name="Pg562" id="Pg562" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Count Daru was going to despatch his famous + memorial to the Holy See, he wished for an interpolation in the + Chamber on the attitude of the Government towards the occurrences in + Rome, and a friend of his applied on the subject to one of the most + celebrated orators of the Left, who declined, saying, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Rome fait trop bien nos affaires pour qu'il soit de + notre intérêt de lui créer des embarras.”</span> The contents of the + note mentioned above are confirmed by the words of a leading + statesman at Paris, quoted by a Bishop who has lately returned from + thence, that for his own part he considered the separation of Church + and State in France inevitable. He had however assented to the + well-meant attempt of Count Daru to warn the Pope, and if possible + deter him from his short-sighted enterprise; but as that attempt had + proved futile, it remained to take advantage of the blunders of the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>. So enormous a spiritual + power as the Court of Rome was aiming at was incompatible with the + possession of secular power, and accordingly the French troops must + be withdrawn from Rome, and matters left to take their course.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Even now there is + a wish discernible among Cardinals like di Pietro, Corsi and Bilio, + to discover some <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page563">[pg + 563]</span><a name="Pg563" id="Pg563" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + intermediate formula, while the party men, like Manning, Pie, Cullen, + and all who have been concerned in the agitation and have staked + their credit on its result, hold to the most uncompromising form, as + laid down in the existing programme. The latter reckon on their + overpowering preponderance of numbers, on the power of the Pope, and + the dread of ecclesiastical methods of coercion, such as + excommunication and the like, whereby all resistance will be + certainly put down. On the other hand, the Cardinals and members of + the Papal Cabinet just referred to prefer to set their hopes on the + hazy views and yielding temper of many Bishops of the minority, and + think that an ambiguous formula might serve at once to delude and + divide them. Their watchword is <span class= + "tei tei-q">“conciliazione, un partito di conciliazione.”</span> But + all their ingenuity is expended in the elaboration of a phrase which + may contain in a somewhat allegorical and obscure form the + infallibility and universal monarchy of the Pope. To this + conciliatory section also belongs a man who understands the greatness + of the danger clearly enough, and who so lately uttered words which + have become notorious here: <span class="tei tei-q">“This Pope began + by destroying the State, and now will close his career by destroying + the Church too.”</span> Yet the speaker of <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page564">[pg 564]</span><a name="Pg564" id="Pg564" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> these words does not scruple to use his high + position and influence for actively furthering the undertakings which + must lead to the catastrophe.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is impossible + for outsiders to form anything like an adequate conception of the + complication of views and plans and the multifarious activity of the + Roman <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">prelatura</span></span>. Things + happen which must appear incredible to every one who has heard of the + proverbial skill and gift of accurate calculation possessed by the + ruling clergy here. Thus a member of a powerful Order is sentenced to + six years' imprisonment by the Holy Office on account of an + occurrence in a nunnery here, the convent being at the same time + broken up and the nuns distributed over other convents. Yet after + scarcely two years' imprisonment this man, who is unhappily a German, + is brought back here, and intrusted with the preparation of the draft + decrees for the Council, and now the Court trusts to its favourite + <span class="tei tei-q">“segreto del S. Ufficio”</span> for the cause + of his sentence and of the dissolution of the convent not coming to + the ears of the Bishops, but in vain. The matter has created too + great a sensation, and the culprit is too well known.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile the + minority are being plied with reasons, which are only mentioned + cursorily, or not at all, in <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page565">[pg 565]</span><a name="Pg565" id="Pg565" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the printed documents of the Court and the + majority. They are told that all their own interests depend on the + papal authority being preserved intact, and that the evils they fear + from the proclamation of the dogma cannot come into comparison with + this common interest. They are bidden to remember how far the Pope + has already committed himself in this matter; since John <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xxii.</span></span>—more than 600 years + ago—no Pope has thrown the Brennus sword of his authority into the + scale to decide a question of doctrine, but Pius has cut himself off + from all possibility of retreat by his <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, his conversations with + many Bishops, and his letters of encouragement and commendation to + infallibilist writers. He has declared, not once or twice but a + hundred times, that he knows and <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">feels</span></em> his + infallibility, and wills the Catholic world to believe it. He might + simply by a Bull condemn all who oppose it as heretics, and how many + of the Bishops would summon courage to resist the Bull?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As yet these + reasons, practical as they appear, have not produced much effect. The + Opposition grows visibly, and the speeches of its members have + produced an impression quite unexpected by themselves. The words of + the Melchite Patriarch, Jussuf, have kindled <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page566">[pg 566]</span><a name="Pg566" id="Pg566" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> a flame among the Orientals too, and there are + Bishops who tell me they had not thought it possible for a discourse + in the Council Hall to produce so great a revolution of feeling. But + I will not conceal from you that you may find in Margotti's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Unita</span></span>, which draws its information + from the highest authority, news in comparison to which my statements + must appear pure fables. He writes from here on the 18th of May, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The action of the Holy Ghost is beginning to + be felt; the Opposition diminishes daily. Cardoni has just issued his + masterly work on papal infallibility, and now every one comprehends + that it is the sole remedy and defence against the dominant pest of + journalism and a free press. We must have a Pope who, being himself + infallible, can <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">daily</span></em> teach, condemn and define, and + whose utterances no Catholic ever dares to doubt.”</span><a id= + "noteref_102" name="noteref_102" href="#note_102"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">102</span></span></a> So runs + the statement in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Unita</span></span> of May 24. Inconceivable + blindness of past generations, who allowed whole centuries to pass + without needing or asking for a single papal definition! Henceforth + the definition wheel, which the Pope is to turn, is never to remain + still for a day—because of journalism.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page567">[pg 567]</span><a name="Pg567" id="Pg567" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus does + civilisation increase the wants of men. Our forefathers had to lead a + joyless life without sugar, coffee, tea, alcohol and cigars, and + stood on so low a level of cultivation that they fancied they got on + very well without any infallible papal definition. But we, who are so + gloriously advanced, require besides bodily enjoyments many—if + possible very many—daily infallible definitions, and the Pope, out of + sheer inexhaustible goodness, is on the point of acceding to the + earnest prayers of 180 millions and opening the definition machine. + Veuillot lately declared it was high time that the fact of the Pope's + permanent divine inspiration should be universally acknowledged; + Margotti says that we want not only this, but daily + definitions.<a id="noteref_103" name="noteref_103" href= + "#note_103"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">103</span></span></a> In this + noble rivalry of the two Court journalists the Italian has evidently + stolen a march on the Frenchman.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In my former + statistics the number of Americans was put too high and of French too + low. Only 23 Americans were lately calculated to belong to the + Opposition, to whom must be added 10 Orientals, 4 Portuguese, 10 + Italians and 5 Spaniards, making the whole minority over 120.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page568">[pg 568]</span><a name= + "Pg568" id="Pg568" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc113" id="toc113"></a> <a name="pdf114" id="pdf114"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Fiftieth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, May 27, + 1870.</span></span>—New speakers are continually inscribing their + names for the debate on infallibility. And as only four can usually + speak in one sitting, it is impossible to foresee the end of the + general debate, after which the detailed discussion of the separate + chapters is to follow. The minority seem resolved at this second + discussion to enter thoroughly for the first time on the numerous + separate points, exegetical, dogmatic and historical, which offer + themselves for consideration. If the majority and the Legates allow + this, the end will not be near reached by June 29; and after that + date residence in Rome is held to be intolerable and the continuation + of the Council impracticable. This last assumption I conceive to be + mistaken. The Pope can very easily go to Castel Gandolfo for his + summer holidays, while he leaves the Council to go on here. That it + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page569">[pg 569]</span><a name="Pg569" + id="Pg569" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> should consist of hundreds of + Bishops is quite unnecessary; former Popes have known how to manage + in such cases. Eugenius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> had his Florentine + Council nominally continued, after the Bishops were all gone except a + handful of Italians; Leo <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">x.</span></span> was content with about + sixty Italians at his so-called fifth Lateran Council. What is to + hinder Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> from keeping on the + Council, after the Northern and distant Bishops are departed, with + the Bishops of his own States and the titular episcopate resident in + Rome, together with a host of Neapolitans and Sicilians? Some too + would be sure to remain of the leaders and zealots of the majority. + But the Court party can cut short the discussion and push matters to + a vote whenever they like. The order of business enables them to do + so, but of course this imperial policy will only be applied when the + Pope gives the signal.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nearly the whole + sitting of May 25 was taken up by a speech of Manning's, who + justified the expectations formed of him by assuring the Opposition + that they were all heretics <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">en + masse</span></span>. But he left the question undecided, whether they + had already incurred the penalties of heresy prescribed in the canon + law. Ketteler's speech made a precisely opposite impression. + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page570">[pg 570]</span><a name="Pg570" + id="Pg570" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Men were in a state of eager + suspense as to what he would say, for he was known to have passed + through a mental conflict. Ten months ago, in his publication on the + Council which was then convoked, he had come forward of his own + accord as the advocate of papal infallibility; he had come to Rome + full of burning zeal and devotion for the Pope, though at Fulda he + had declared the new dogma to be inopportune. I omit the intermediate + steps of the process of disillusionizing and sobering he has gone + through. His speech has shown that, like many others, he has become + from an inopportunist a decided opponent of the dogma itself.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such a change of + mind based on a conscientious weighing of testimonies and facts is + inconceivable and incredible to a regular Roman. When some of the + Vicars Apostolic who are supported at the Pope's cost signed the + representation against the definition, the indignation was universal + among the Monsignori and in the clerical world here. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Questi Vicari, che mangiano il pane del Santo + Padre!”</span> they exclaimed in virtuous disgust. That a poor + Bishop, and one too who is maintained by the Pope, should yet have a + conscience and dare to follow it, is thought out of the question + here; and this view comes out with a certain <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">naïveté</span></span>. <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page571">[pg 571]</span><a name="Pg571" id="Pg571" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> The anxiety of the German Bishops about the new + dogma perplexing so many Christians and shaking or destroying the + faith and adherence to the Church of many thousands can hardly be + mentioned here, so impatient are the Monsignori and Cardinals at + hearing of it. People here say, <span class="tei tei-q">“That does + not trouble us the least; the Germans at best are but half Catholics, + all deeply infected with Protestantism; they have no Holy Office and + have little respect for the Index. Pure and firm faith is to be + looked for among the Sicilians, Neapolitans and Spaniards; and they + are infallibilists to a man. And even in Germany your women and + rustics are sound. Why do you have so many schools, and think every + one must learn to read? Take example from us where only one in ten + can read, and all believe the more readily in the infallible living + book, the Pope. If thousands do really become unbelievers, that is + not worth speaking of in comparison with the brilliant triumph of the + Papacy now rendered infallible, and the inestimable gain of putting + an end to all controversy and uncertainty in the Church for the + future.”</span> When I look at the careless security of the majority, + I could often fancy myself living in the year 1517. The view about + foreign countries and Churches prevalent here is <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page572">[pg 572]</span><a name="Pg572" id="Pg572" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> just what Molière's Sganarelli expresses + about physicians and patients: <span class="tei tei-q">“Les veuves ne + sont jamais pour nous, et c'est toujours la faute de celui qui + meurt.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The finance + minister has had the bad condition of the papal treasury communicated + to the Bishops; a standing annual deficit of 30 million francs, and + the Peter's pence decreasing! Some new means of supply must be + discovered, and the extremest extension of ecclesiastical + centralization and papal absolutism has always been recognised at + Rome as the most productive source of revenue. Every one here + believes that the new dogma will prove very lucrative and draw money + to Rome by a magnetic attraction. It will make the Pope <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">de jure</span></span> supreme lord and master of + all Christian lands and their resources. The ultramontane jurists and + theologians have long maintained that he can compel States as well as + individuals to pay in to him such sums as are required for Church + purposes. And there is no more urgent need for the Church now, than + that an end should be put to the deficit of the Roman Government. And + if it should be impossible or unadvisable to put in force these + supreme monetary rights of the Papacy at once, still, when the + temporal supremacy of the Pope is made an article of faith, Rome + possesses <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page573">[pg + 573]</span><a name="Pg573" id="Pg573" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + key which may be used at the right moment for opening the coffers and + money-bags. And therefore the opponents of the dogma are regarded as + enemies of the Roman State economy and the wealth of the Roman + clergy; and the variance between the two parties is embittered.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile the Pope + is never weary of carrying on his personal solicitations for the + votes of the Bishops; he has the right of being a persevering beggar. + But one hears less of conversions to the majority than of men going + over to the Opposition; and the effluences from the Tomb of the + Apostles close to the Council Hall, of which such great expectations + were formed, seem to act in the opposite direction.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A new system of + tactics has been for some time adopted, in France principally, and is + now to be introduced into Germany. The clergy in the dioceses of + Opposition Bishops are to be seduced into signing addresses + expressing strongly their belief in papal infallibility and desire + for its speedy promulgation. This device has been pursued with great + success through means of the Paris nunciature and the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Univers</span></span>. + The French parish priests who, since the Concordat, have been + removeable at the will of the Bishops and have <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page574">[pg 574]</span><a name="Pg574" id="Pg574" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> suffered sufficiently from their + arbitrary caprice in transferring or depriving them, see their only + resource in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, and the notion has lately + been disseminated among them that the infallibilist dogma will + procure their complete emancipation from episcopal authority. + Accordingly almost every number of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Univers</span></span> + contains enthusiastic addresses, which might be tripled by making all + the nuns subscribe, as they would do with the greatest pleasure.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The plan which has + proved so successful in France is to be adopted now in Germany also. + The nuncio at Munich reports that there is a swarm of red-hot + infallibilists there, and that the clergy are eagerly awaiting the + news of the definition; the diocesan organs of Munich and Augsburg, + together with the clerico-political daily papers, are quoted as + indubitable testimonies, and the Bishops of Cologne, Augsburg, + Munich, Mayence, etc., are told on high authority that they have + nobody behind them, and that their claim to represent the faith of + their dioceses is in contradiction with facts. There are indeed no + numerously signed addresses to show in Rome, but the daily papers + give weighty evidence. Silence, it is thought here, implies consent, + the women and the rustics are certainly for the Pope. <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page575">[pg 575]</span><a name="Pg575" id="Pg575" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> The Pope says in his supreme + self-satisfaction, <span class="tei tei-q">“Scio omnia.”</span> He + knows the true state of things beyond the Alps far better than the + Bishops; the Jesuits and their pupils and the nuncios take care of + that. Hugo Grotius says, with reference to Richelieu, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Butillerius Pater et Josephus Capucinus negotia cruda + accipiunt, cocta ad Cardinalem deferunt.”</span> So it is here, the + Jesuits do what the Fathers Boutillier and Joseph did in Paris. Pius + receives only what is <span class="tei tei-q">“cooked,”</span> and + twice cooked, first in the Cologne and Munich kitchen and then in the + Roman. The German Bishops remember with some discomfort that they + themselves sharply rejected and censured every declaration of + adhesion, and violently suppressed the movement only just + beginning.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Cardinal + General-Vicar has ordered public prayers for a fortnight by the + Pope's command: the faithful are to invoke the Holy Ghost for the + Council, since the whole world presents so wretched an appearance + (<span lang="it" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="it"><span style= + "font-style: italic">miserabile aspetto dell' orbe</span></span>), + and the longer the conflict (of the Council) with the world + increases, the more glorious will be the victory, and then, it is + said, will all nations behold miracles—which appears from the context + to mean that, considering the opposition of the world (and of so many + Bishops), the erection of the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page576">[pg 576]</span><a name="Pg576" id="Pg576" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> new article of faith must be regarded as a + miracle of divine omnipotence, but a miracle which will certainly be + wrought. Many interpret this to mean that people must be prepared for + a conciliar <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">coup d'état</span></span>. But as matters stand, + it can hardly be supposed that the Court party will let matters come + to a <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">non placet</span></span> of at + least 120 Bishops, nor would anything be gained by cutting short the + debate. In the last analysis the main ground of the dogma with the + majority always resolves itself into this—that the present Pope and + his predecessors for many years past have held themselves infallible. + That is the only ground on which the Dominicans, Jesuits and + Cardinals have interpolated it into the theology of the schools. Pius + might certainly define it in a Bull to the entire satisfaction of the + majority, and thereby put an end to the contention of the Bishops. An + end? it may be asked. Well, yes—the end of the beginning.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page577">[pg 577]</span><a name= + "Pg577" id="Pg577" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc115" id="toc115"></a> <a name="pdf116" id="pdf116"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Fifty-First Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, June 2, + 1870.</span></span>—The debate drags on its weary length without any + turning. Of real discussion there is none, for very few of the + prelates can speak in Latin without preparation. As I have said + before, academical discourses are delivered, almost always without + any reference to what has immediately preceded. Only the majority + have the right of reply allowed them. If a Bishop is attacked or + calumniated, he cannot answer till his turn comes, which is often not + for some weeks, as was Kenrick's case; and if he has spoken already, + he cannot speak again in the same debate, and cannot therefore defend + himself at all, as occurred with Hefele. But the members of the + Deputation can speak whenever they choose; they interrupt the order + and interpose as often as seems necessary to them for defending their + proposals or weakening the force of an important speech on the other + side. Very often they break in on the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page578">[pg 578]</span><a name="Pg578" id="Pg578" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> course of proceedings quite arbitrarily and + without any connection with previous speakers. They have the + stenographic reports before their eyes, and thus know the exact words + of the speaker and can answer them while their opponents have no + similar advantage. That all this implies an iniquitous injustice and + want of freedom never occurs to the dominant party, who are on the + contrary astonished at the kindness and patience of the Pope in + allowing an opponent of his omnipotence and advocate of doctrines + long since condemned to use St. Peter's as the theatre, and his + Council as the occasion, of a persevering attack on his dearest + wishes, ideas and acts. They ask themselves how long he will tolerate + so strange a reversal of his plans and views. It is certain that his + excitement has reached fever heat, but it has not yet been resolved + to break off the debate, which is so far remarkable, inasmuch as + according to the opinion of the Court it can neither have any + practical results nor any character of sober reality. As they did not + regard it from the first as a means for establishing the truth, it + must now appear to them simply a hindrance in the way of the truth + already ascertained. For those who attack infallibility, and thus + utter error and blasphemy over the tomb of the Apostles, freedom of + speech can <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page579">[pg + 579]</span><a name="Pg579" id="Pg579" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> be + no right in the opinion of the majority, but simply a favour + dependent on the pleasure of the deeply injured and offended chief. + It is characteristic of the present stage of the affair, that during + this debate there has been no disposition shown to interrupt the + speakers of the minority. Signs of discontent have been frequent + enough, but no further attempt to stop a speech by force.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is still an + immense and unprofitable number of speakers enrolled. Above a hundred + have sent in their names since the beginning, who might easily have + been debarred from doing so, and the tediousness of the discussion is + aggravated by the members of the Deputation, who lengthen it out + still further by their frequent and usually prolix + interpositions.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The chief events + of the last fortnight have been the speeches of Manning and Valerga + for the dogma, and of Ketteler, Conolly and Strossmayer against it. + The Bishop of Mayence spoke on Monday, May 23, when he expressed his + opinion more forcibly and gave more offence than any previous + speaker. He defended the constitution of the Church against the Roman + conspiracy, citing the arguments contained in the pamphlet he had + before distributed, and denounced against ecclesiastical <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page580">[pg 580]</span><a name="Pg580" id="Pg580" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> centralization the same penalty of + revolution, incident to a centralized State, which, he said, is + already knocking at the doors. He gave his decisive adhesion to those + who demand unanimous consent, and declared that he had always held + the personal infallibility to be <span class="tei tei-q">“opinio + probabilissima,”</span> but could find no necessary certainty in it, + neither <span class="tei tei-q">“certitudo dogmatica”</span> nor + <span class="tei tei-q">“veritas dogmatizanda.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One might think + that a man who is so unclear about the logic of history and the + principles of morals belongs to the majority. However the impression + produced by Ketteler's speech was favourable to the minority, and all + who have watched his attitude before the last four months, especially + at Fulda, must have recognised the decided advance in the line taken + by the Opposition. Many think the conversion is complete, and the + great wound of the Opposition—its containing members ready sooner or + later to turn renegades—finally closed. The Bishop of Mayence was at + first believed to be the author of the pamphlet he has distributed, + but it was not composed under his eye or under his influence, nor + even at his suggestion, and bears no trace of his mind. The general + line is Maret's, but his leading idea, that in case of a conflict a + Council <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page581">[pg 581]</span><a name= + "Pg581" id="Pg581" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> is superior to a Pope, + does not occur in it. Ketteler must have acquired a great deal of + Roman experience and non-Roman development before he would denounce a + papal decree to his country and his diocese as uncatholic. But the + advance which he, like others, and more than many others, has already + made, is unquestionably a gain, and gives a peculiar force to his + words. But it has damaged and discredited the minority that so many + Bishops are more careful about the position and influence of the + Church than about the purity of doctrine.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I must return once + more to Manning's speech of May 25, as it was very interesting and + important. He asserted roundly that infallibility was already really + a doctrine of the Church, which could not be denied without sin + (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sine publico peccato mortali</span></span>) or + proximate heresy (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">proximâ hæresi</span></span>), + and therefore they did not want to make a new dogma but simply to + proclaim an existing one. In these bold but highly significant words + Manning pointed to what many better men choose to be blind to. He no + longer acknowledges the opponents of the doctrine as brothers in + faith, as members of one and the same Church, since they do not + satisfy his conditions of orthodoxy; his faith and theirs + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page582">[pg 582]</span><a name="Pg582" + id="Pg582" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> are not the same. He has been + the first to proclaim this great truth in Council, and it is time for + the minority to ask themselves, whether unity still really survives + in the sense hitherto maintained against Protestants, whether the foe + is really still outside and has not penetrated into the inmost + sanctuary of the Church, for the temple must be cleansed before the + nations are converted. The minority can no longer live in peace with + Manning and his like, or imagine that the contest does not threaten + the very existence of the Church. Manning has indeed said that he + does not think the decree strong enough. The Spaniards agree with + him, and an open difference on this point has arisen in the + Deputation. The great majority would be glad to find a formula less + offensive to the Opposition, but Manning has the Pope on his side, + and gets him worked upon by certain sacristan-like natures, like the + Bishops of Carcassonne and Belley, who have won the special + confidence of Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> through having a certain + mental affinity with him. Manning's whole speech was an attempt to + hinder concessions, and keep the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> to + the point of forcibly suppressing the minority. And it counts also + for a sign that the Pope is resolved to go all lengths. The fanatics + would prefer the Church <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page583">[pg + 583]</span><a name="Pg583" id="Pg583" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + being exposed to the danger of schism to modifying their theory in + the least particular, for the latter would be a humiliation for + themselves, while the other kindles a contest the end of which they + feel no doubt about. It is reckoned certain that of the Bishops who + will vote against the dogma, not all have the courage for a protest, + and that of those who do protest some will rather resign their sees + than undertake the contest with the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> + under excommunication.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Manning's argument + for infallibility from the condition of England was remarkable. It is + unquestionably his chief motive, and what gives the stamp of + sincerity to his position, to make Catholicism more compact and + closely united in Protestant England. He hopes by means of the dogma + to suppress those differences of opinion which are a source of + disturbance and weakness, so that all will re-echo his words, uphold + his theology in the face of a disintegrating Protestantism, and his + policy in the face of political parties with the combined strength of + five million men. He conceives that the Christian element is more and + more disappearing from the Established Church and the sects of + England, and sees a general dissolution of belief which offers a + future to Catholicism as the one definite <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page584">[pg 584]</span><a name="Pg584" id="Pg584" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> authority. But he maintained in the Council + that the English Catholics were in favour of infallibility, and that + even Protestants testified that it would strengthen his hands. That + the leading English theologian, Newman, has spoken so strongly + against the definition he of course did not say. It was only + consistent with the bitter enmity between the two to ignore it. Nor + did he say that the English Bishops present at the Council are + equally divided—himself, Ullathorne, Chadwick and Cornthwaite being + infallibilists, against Errington, Clifford, Amherst, and Vaughan, + who are fallibilists. He read extracts from Protestant papers, + stating that papal infallibility is the logical outcome of + Catholicism; to such miserable weapons was he driven for defending + his cause. Clifford, who followed him, had an easy task in exposing + these misrepresentations and falsehoods. One point in his speech his + hearers missed: he said that the mischief the definition threatened + the Church and the mischief it had already done to the interests of + religion in England, might be gathered from the letter of an + illustrious English statesman, for the authority of which he could + appeal to an Archbishop there present. This Archbishop was Manning + himself, and the allusion was to a letter addressed to <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page585">[pg 585]</span><a name="Pg585" id="Pg585" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> him by an English minister, saying in + substance that in England it was the most vehement Protestants, and + those most notorious for their hostility to the Catholic Church, who + eagerly desired to see infallibility and the Syllabus made into + dogmas, and that the present policy of Rome had so greatly increased + the anti-Catholic feeling of the country that every step taken by the + Government to extend the rights of Catholics and improve the social + condition of Catholic Ireland met with the most persistent + opposition.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Italian + Valerga, titular Patriarch of Jerusalem, delivered on Tuesday, May + 31, a more spirited, piquant and insolent speech, which I will give a + report of in my next letter.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The great debate + may last till the middle of June, when it is hoped that the chapter + on the primacy may be carried without difficulty, and the special + debate on infallibility be brought to a successful end before the + middle of July. But there is sure to be a lively and protracted + discussion on the primacy, which may easily exhaust the patience of + the majority, for the continuance of the present situation is a deep + humiliation for the Pope and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>. The Opposition, whose + existence at first was so boldly denied, and of which there was + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page586">[pg 586]</span><a name="Pg586" + id="Pg586" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> originally only a germ in the + Episcopate, subsequently developed in Council through the clumsy + tactics of Rome, places the Roman See in an unwonted and what is + thought an intolerable light. What Pius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> + and the Jesuits reckoned on accomplishing, first in three weeks, then + in four months, at Easter, at Pentecost, on the feast of St. Peter + and St. Paul, by acclamation, by unanimous consent, is not done yet + and seems to recede further and further. The Roman people are losing + their reverence for the Pope, though they await the doctrine with + equanimity. They say, <span class="tei tei-q">“Si cambia la + Religione,”</span> and laugh good-humouredly. But I heard the words + from the mouth of a Roman priest, <span class="tei tei-q">“L'idola + restera al Vaticano, ma l'altare serà deserto.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is certain + attempts will soon be made either to cut short the debate or adjourn + it and overcome the opposition by some compromise. Such an attempt + was made before by a Cardinal, but the Bishop of the minority to whom + he applied would not even look at the formula. Then the Dominicans + conceived a similar idea, but were answered that there were strong + reasons not only against the wording of particular forms, but against + any reference to the question. Such proposals are sure to be repeated + in spite of Manning and the fanatics. But <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page587">[pg 587]</span><a name="Pg587" id="Pg587" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the Opposition Bishops cannot entertain them + separately without breach of word to their colleagues, though it is + always possible that some formula or other may find friends and + advocates among them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The rupture with + France is a decisive one. In the first place a Bishop from the North + of France has repeated here a conversation he had with a leading + statesman in Paris, who said that the attitude of Rome was equivalent + to a declaration of war against France, and that the Government had + done everything to withhold the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> from its perilous course, + but in vain. He himself opposed Count Daru's policy, as he did not + wish to prevent what might lead to the separation of Church and + State, but now he thought they were free to carry out the separation, + as Rome had made it inevitable. The reciprocal obligations of the two + Courts would cease, and therefore the occupation of the Roman States + by French troops, for the spiritual power the Pope was aiming at was + incompatible with secular power. At the same time the French + ambassador uttered similar warnings here, and informed the Cardinal + Secretary of State that he was ordered to do nothing more to restrain + the course of events. Antonelli is said to have replied that he took + the same view, but <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page588">[pg + 588]</span><a name="Pg588" id="Pg588" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> had + not influence enough to do anything. It is of course believed here + that the present administration in Paris is not strong or firm enough + to carry out a policy which would be more after the mind of Prince + Napoleon than of the Emperor. But the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> + underrates the offence given to France by the quiet contempt with + which both Daru's notes were treated.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile the + incense is being constantly swung before Pius, so that the clouds of + homage conceal the abyss to which he is drawing on the Church. There + is great agitation going on among the French as well as the Italian + clergy, with a view to securing their votes for infallibility and + also presents of money. Their expressions not seldom exceed in + devotion to Pius everything of the kind ever heard of before; and it + seems as if the old canon law sycophants had come back to life, who + made no scruple of designating the Pope God and Vice-God. Let us give + two examples. One of these true sons of the Church in Italy submits + by anticipation to whatever Pius chooses to define, whether with the + approval of the Council or by his own sole authority. Seven priests + from Cuneo bring these verses—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Parla, O Gran Pio,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Cio che sona il tuo labbro,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">Non è voce mortal, voce è di + Dio.</span> + </div> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page589">[pg 589]</span><a name= + "Pg589" id="Pg589" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The international + Committee of the minority thought it necessary that a treatise should + be expressly composed to discuss the weighty question of moral + unanimity being required for dogmatic decrees, and Dupanloup has + undertaken the task. He had a pamphlet on the subject printed at + Naples and laid before the Fathers. He first proves from history that + this condition was never wanting in any Councils which count as + œcumenical, and was distinctly recognised and maintained at Trent by + the Pope himself. He then examines the opinions of the chief + theologians of all ages, including St. Vincent of Lerins and St. + Augustine, and Popes Leo <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span>, Vigilius and Gregory the + Great, who all agree in making moral unanimity an indispensable + condition for a decree on faith. He proceeds to observe that in + matters of discipline and canon law a numerical majority is enough, + as decisions of that kind may be altered afterwards, but for a dogma + there must be moral unanimity of the Council and the Churches to + whose faith it bears witness, or else Catholicism would be + annihilated. But great theologians and theological schools of former + ages opposed papal infallibility, and it is opposed now by a large + number of Bishops at the Vatican Council representing great Churches + and Catholic nations. A <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page590">[pg + 590]</span><a name="Pg590" id="Pg590" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Council is only then infallible when the assembled Bishops of the + whole Church bear witness to the faith inherited from the beginning. + The majority must therefore either convert the minority to their + views by free discussion or give up their design; were they to + suppress the minority by mere brute force of numbers, that would be + unconciliar and unprecedented in Church history. It is not mere + probability but unquestionable certainty that is required for + defining a dogma, and a considerable number of distinguished members + of the Council have no such firm belief in papal infallibility. To + define it in spite of this would be to act as judges and masters of + faith, not as its depositaries and witnesses. A minority denying a + dogma which had been the perpetual belief of the Church would be in + the wrong, but not a minority repudiating the definition of a + doctrine which had never been held an article of faith. Even the Pope + cannot by his authority raise the decision of a mere majority to the + dignity of a dogma, for he only promulgates decrees on faith + <span class="tei tei-q">“sacro approbante Concilio,”</span> and + without moral unanimity the Council has not approved. The words of + the Bishop of Orleans are directed principally against the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>, which has notoriously + laboured to establish the opposite <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page591">[pg 591]</span><a name="Pg591" id="Pg591" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> hypothesis, and he asks, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Are we at a Council or not? If we are, the rules of + Councils must be observed, or else a great assembly of Bishops is + reduced simply to playing the part of a theatrical + exhibition.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Dupanloup goes on + to remark on the storms and incalculable evils which the definition + of papal infallibility would bring on the Church and the Papacy. He + concludes with these words: <span class="tei tei-q">“If ever moral + unanimity was requisite for a dogmatic decision, it is so at a + Council like the Vatican, where there are 276 Italian Bishops, of + whom 143 belong to the States of the Church; 43 Cardinals, of whom 23 + are not Bishops or have no Sees; 120 Archbishops or Bishops + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">in partibus</span></span>, and 51 Abbots or + Generals of Orders—while the Bishops present from all Catholic + countries of Europe, exclusive of Italy, only number 265, so that the + Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, and diocesan Bishops of the whole + world are outnumbered by the diocesan Bishops of Italy alone.<a id= + "noteref_104" name="noteref_104" href="#note_104"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">104</span></span></a> At a + Council so composed a mere majority can never decide; and the less so + when the personal intervention of the Pope makes itself felt, when + the freedom of the Bishops is so seriously hampered, and in so many + ways, when the question of infallibility has been so <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page592">[pg 592]</span><a name="Pg592" id="Pg592" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> unscrupulously and violently brought + forward for discussion by a mere sovereign act—a sort of <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">coup + d'état</span></span>—when consciences are tormented and a number of + writings are issued which have created a great sensation and give + evidence of the anxiety of the faithful, and when lastly the Bishops + themselves let a cry escape from their tortured hearts which the + whole press re-echoes. Under such circumstances it is impossible to + settle the matter by a mere <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">coup</span></span> + of the majority; and if it is done all kinds of mischief must be + feared. Nor is it I alone who say so; there are 100 Bishops who say, + <span class="tei tei-q">‘An intolerable burden would be laid on our + consciences. We should fear that the œcumenical character of the + Council would be called in question, and abundant materials supplied + to the enemies of religion for assailing the Holy See and the + Council, and that it would be without authority in the eyes of the + Christian world, as having been no true and no free Council. And in + these troubled times no greater evil can well be + conceived.’</span> ”</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page593">[pg 593]</span><a name= + "Pg593" id="Pg593" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc117" id="toc117"></a> <a name="pdf118" id="pdf118"></a> + <a name="Letter_LII" id="Letter_LII" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Fifty-Second Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, June 3, + 1870.</span></span>—Valerga attacked the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Gallicans,”</span> drawing a parallel between the Pope + and Christ, and between the Fallibilists and Monothelites. As in + Christ the human will co-existed with the divine, so in the Pope may + personal infallibility co-exist with moral sinfulness, and to + conclude from the former against the latter—to draw an argument from + scandals in papal history against the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">privilegium inerrantiæ</span></span>—is + analogous to the error of the Monothelites, who denied the + possibility of a human will subject to sin co-existing with the + divine will in the same person. Never has the well-known spirit of + the Roman <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> shown itself so openly and + with such technical adroitness as in this carefully elaborated and + minute accusation against the Opposition. As Archbishop Purcell of + Cincinnati expressed it, it was <span class="tei tei-q">“exemplum + sophismatum artis ad instar congestorum,”</span> and great + expectations might be <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page594">[pg + 594]</span><a name="Pg594" id="Pg594" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + formed of its salutary effect on the French. Purcell answered shortly + and pointedly that the charge applied equally to the Council of Trent + and the sixth, seventh, and eighth Œcumenical Councils, and that he + and his colleagues were content to endure the patriarch's anathema in + such good company. Even Bellarmine quotes a whole cloud of witnesses + against infallibilism, and neither he nor later writers had refuted + them. It is a matter of thankfulness to God that he has never + suffered this opinion to gain dogmatic authority. Purcell then cited + clenching proofs of the public erroneous teaching of Popes, and among + them the history of the ordinations and reordinations of Formosus and + Sergius. The standpoint which he took as a republican was + interesting. He said that the Church was the freest society in the + world, and was loved as such by its American sons, for the Americans + abhorred every doctrine opposed to civil and spiritual freedom. As + kings existed for the good of the peoples, so Popes for the good of + the Church, and not <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">vice versâ</span></span>. Perhaps he was + thinking of the words of the absolutist Louis <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xiv.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“La nation ne fait pas corps en France, elle réside tout + entière dans la personne du roi.”</span> For <span class= + "tei tei-q">“nation”</span> put <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Église,”</span> and the words describe precisely the + papal system, as it is now <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page595">[pg + 595]</span><a name="Pg595" id="Pg595" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + intended to be made exclusively dominant by means of the Council.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The most important + speech in this sitting, and one of the most remarkable theologically + since the opening of the Council, was that of Conolly, Archbishop of + Halifax. Formerly an unhesitating adherent of personal infallibility + he had come here without having specially studied the question, and + under the full belief that the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Allgemeine Zeitung</span></span> had calumniated + the Roman See in representing this dogma as the real object of the + Council. But when he found what was expected of him here, he + instituted a searching examination, and thoroughly sifted, as he + said, what the classical Roman theologians cite for their favourite + doctrine. He now frankly submitted to the Council the result of his + studies,—that the whole of Christian antiquity explains the stock + passages of Scripture alleged for papal infallibility in a different + sense from the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, and bears + witness against the theory that the Pope alone, without the Bishops + or even in opposition to them (<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">etiam omnibus invitis et + contradicentibus</span></span>), is infallible. But what our Lord has + not spoken, even though it was certain metaphysically or physically, + can never become the basis of an article of faith, for faith + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page596">[pg 596]</span><a name="Pg596" + id="Pg596" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> comes by hearing, and hearing + is not by science, but by the words of Christ. It is the speciality + of Catholicism not to interpret passages of Scripture singly and by + mere critical exegesis, but in the light of tradition and in harmony + with the Fathers. To found a dogma on the rejection of the + traditional interpretation would be pure Protestantism. It is not + therefore the words of Scripture simply but the true sense, as + revealed by God and attested by the perpetual and unanimous consent + of the Fathers, which all are pledged by oath to follow, that must be + called the real revelation of God. To cite modern theologians, as + Bellarmine does, is nothing to the purpose. I will have nothing, he + said, but the indubitable word of God made into a dogma. The opinions + of 10,000 theologians do not suffice me. And no theologian should be + quoted who lived after the Isidorian forgeries. But no single passage + of Fathers or Councils can be quoted from that earlier time of + genuine tradition, which affirms the Pope's dogmatic independence of + the rest of the Episcopate. If there be any such, let it be shown; + but there is none, and innumerable and conclusive testimonies can be + cited on the other side. Even at the Apostolic Council at Jerusalem + St. James proved the teaching of Peter by the Prophets, and + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page597">[pg 597]</span><a name="Pg597" + id="Pg597" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> appealed to it because it + agreed with theirs and not on account of his authority. Conolly was + ready for his part to believe that no Pope could wilfully and + knowingly become heretical,—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, persistently hold out + against all the rest of the Church; but that did not prove papal + infallibility, and to define it would be to bring the Vatican Council + into contradiction with the three Councils which condemned Honorius, + to narrow the gates of heaven, repel the East, and proclaim not peace + but war. To those who said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Pereant populi + sed promulgetur dogma,”</span> Conolly replied that the loss of one + soul was serious enough to outweigh all the advantages looked for + from the new dogma. He declared, against Manning, that no one was + justified in calling an opinion <span class="tei tei-q">“proximate + heresy”</span> which the Church had not condemned as such; for it was + a duty to follow and not to anticipate her sentence. A Pope had said + that no one should censure a doctrine before the Holy See had spoken, + and the Penitentiary had declared in 1831 that the Gallican Articles + were not under any censure. He had worked thirty-three years among + Protestants, and could testify that what Manning affirmed was the + reverse of the truth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Conolly is a man + who is on the whole in tolerable <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page598">[pg 598]</span><a name="Pg598" id="Pg598" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> harmony with Roman views, but who is therefore + all the more resolved to vote against infallibility. While he forbids + the Gallican doctrine being taught in his diocese, he protests here + against the Roman. There is evidently a process going on in his mind, + which in so cultivated a theologian can have but one result. He ended + by declaring that he would accept the definition if the Council + proclaimed it, for he was convinced that God was among them. But that + merely meant that he was convinced the dogma would never be + proclaimed. On the strength of that conviction he was almost the + first speaker who briefly but decisively maintained the doctrine to + be untenable.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yesterday, + Thursday, Vancsa, Bishop of Fogarasch, of the Greek Rite, quoted the + testimonies of Greek Fathers against infallibility, and his speech + was thought a remarkable one. Dreux-Brézé of Moulins followed him, + and again had the misfortune immediately to precede Strossmayer. He + contended that, as the Pope is supreme teacher, and the French call + him <span class="tei tei-q">“Souverain Pontife,”</span> and he is the + highest judge, he must be infallible. As Vicar of Christ, he is also + king, for Christ said to Pilate, <span class="tei tei-q">“Thou + rightly callest me king,”</span> and the royal title was affixed to + the cross. But if Christ was <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page599">[pg 599]</span><a name="Pg599" id="Pg599" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> infallible as king, so is the Pope. He + supported all this by texts of Scripture, and spoke against the + Fathers who accused the Pope of despotism or maintained that the new + dogma would be the formal introduction of the grossest despotism. + Without the Pope, who is <span class="tei tei-q">“Episcopus + universalis,”</span> and can seldom exercise his office on account of + the number of the faithful and of his labours, the Bishops have no + jurisdiction, and cannot even absolve without powers derived from + him. <span class="tei tei-q">“Let us therefore go on,”</span> he + concluded, <span class="tei tei-q">“to unity and agreement, and give + Cæsar what belongs to Cæsar, and the Pope what belongs to the + Pope.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Strossmayer + followed him, and declared that papal infallibility was against the + constitution of the Church, the rights of the Bishops and Councils, + and the immutable rule of faith. He explained the constitution of the + Church according to the holy Fathers and especially St. Cyprian + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De Unitate + Ecclesiæ</span></span>), who did not hold their jurisdiction to be + limited to their dioceses, since by virtue of their character they + often had to exercise authority in the concerns of the universal + Church, and were obliged to do so, as, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, in + Councils. This sharing of authority and rights between the Pope and + the Episcopate was evident from the controversy between Pope + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page600">[pg 600]</span><a name="Pg600" + id="Pg600" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Stephen and Cyprian in the + third century about the rebaptism of heretics, in which the latter + did not the least admit any personal and absolute infallibility + bestowed on the Pope by our Lord. And St. Augustine defended him on + the ground that the question had not yet been decided by a General + Council, which shows that the sole authority in matters of faith and + morals was in his opinion a General Council, united with its + head.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Strossmayer took + this opportunity of vindicating the French Church admirably from the + calumnies and attacks of the Patriarch of Jerusalem. He complained + indignantly of a Church which had come forth pure and victorious from + the bitterest persecution, and which boasted such great martyrs and + confessors, being slandered by the comparison of so-called + Gallicanism to Monothelitism, and of those great men being libelled + who during life had rendered such conspicuous services to the Church + of God, as well as their successors who had made wonderful and + exceptional sacrifices for the Church and the Holy See. Strossmayer + blamed the Patriarch's vague and general statements about the + constitution of the Church, and advised him to bring arguments from + positive tradition, which were alone of <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page601">[pg 601]</span><a name="Pg601" id="Pg601" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> any decisive force. He proceeded to insist on + the power and necessity of General Councils, especially in our days, + and he proved the necessity of their being frequently held from the + conduct of the Apostles, from the holy Fathers, and from the Councils + of Constance and Trent. But if once the personal infallibility of the + Pope were defined, Councils would become superfluous and useless, and + the Bishops would be robbed of their authority as witnesses and + judges of faith. In the one way the greatest injury would be done to + the prosperity of the Church, and in the other the rights of Bishops + would be reduced to a mere assent, so that they would hardly any + longer be consultors and theologians; but this would be clearly + against the unchangeable constitution of the Church and the usage of + Councils, as for instance that of Chalcedon, where the Bishops most + unmistakeably exercised the office of judges as regarded the Letter + of Pope Leo. The Bishops could make no such concession without + betraying their authority, and casting a slur on their predecessors + at the Council of Trent, who are well known to have so emphatically + vindicated their freedom and rights, when the two words <span class= + "tei tei-q">“proponentibus Legatis”</span> were inserted by the + Legates against their will. And <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page602">[pg 602]</span><a name="Pg602" id="Pg602" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the speaker praised the wisdom of the Council + of Trent in resolving to abstain from deciding any questions which + might give occasion for discord or for prejudicing the rights and + freedom of the Bishops.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the last part + of his speech Strossmayer discussed the Catholic rule of faith, which + had been completely changed and violated by the comments of the + members of the Deputation of Faith on the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>. The principle of at least + moral unanimity was, he said, a sacred one, corresponding to + precedent and pleasing to the faithful. There were whole volumes of + the holy Fathers extant on this principle, as of Irenæus, Tertullian, + Augustine and Vincent of Lerins, who in common with all others + maintained that there are three essential conditions for proving a + divine tradition and propounding an article of faith, antiquity, + universality and agreement. They all thought the tradition of the + Roman Church a principal river, whereby the whole earth was watered, + but they regarded the traditions of the other Churches also as + tributaries by which the river must be constantly fed, or it would in + course of time be dried up. They all ascribed the first authority to + the witness of St. Peter's successor, but that authority was only + manifested clearly to the Catholic world after being reinforced by + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page603">[pg 603]</span><a name="Pg603" + id="Pg603" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the consent of all the other + Churches. This divine rule would be completely overset by the + personal infallibility of the Pope, to the great injury of faith. If + it is said that the definition is earnestly desired by many, it must + be replied that it is also desired by the worst enemies of the + Church, who openly say in writing and by word of mouth that it is the + best means for destroying the infallibility of the Church. That fact + alone would explain the alarm and anxiety of so many of the most + learned Fathers of the Council. Strossmayer dwelt in conclusion on + the danger that would result from the definition for the Southern + Sclaves and Catholic Croats, who lived side by side with eight + million persons out of the unity of the Church. Not only would the + return of these separated brethren be barred, but it might be feared + that the Catholic Croats would be driven out of the Church. He + therefore always hoped, and entreated the holy Father, that he would + emulate the example of the humility of St. Peter in his martyrdom, + and of Christ who was exalted by his Father because He had humbled + Himself to the death of the Cross, and magnanimously have the subject + withdrawn.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The speech was + listened to with great attention, and became the topic of + conversation in all circles at Rome, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page604">[pg 604]</span><a name="Pg604" id="Pg604" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> and even Bishops of the other party paid a high + tribute to it. As yet 24 Bishops have spoken against the dogma and 35 + for it,—most of the latter having no real dioceses.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Two interesting + episodes have intervened. Last week the police refused the Prince + Bishop of Breslau his <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">visa</span></span> for Naples, because he could + show no permission from the Presidents of the Council to go there. + This implied that the Fathers are civil as well as spiritual subjects + of the Pope. The Bishop, who was wearied out with the objectless + proceedings in the Council Hall, sent to Fessler, the Secretary of + the Council, for the requisite permission; Fessler replied that he + could not give it, and referred him to the President de Angelis, who + tried to represent the whole affair as a mistake. It had not been so + ill meant, and at most only the departure of the Orientals was + intended to be prevented, he said, and he authorized Fessler to + instruct the police to give the permission. But that was the most + complete indorsing of what they had done, and proved that the Pope + meant to use his temporal power for managing the Council and + controlling the actions of the Fathers. On that account the departure + of the Prince Bishop had been hindered, and the whole affair involves + the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page605">[pg 605]</span><a name= + "Pg605" id="Pg605" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> question of + ecclesiastical freedom and international right. Does a member of the + Council thereby lose or prejudice his rights as the subject of a + foreign state, or is the freedom of individual Bishops suspended + while taking part in it? So anxious is the Pope to give up nothing + which may serve for dominating the Council, that he restricts the + Bishops in the most harmless exercise of personal freedom, which at + other times he would never have thought of. I will not dwell on the + insult in this procedure to the King of Prussia, whose safe-conduct + was no more respected than the Emperor Sigismund's at Constance, for + a graver question is at stake,—that of international right and + freedom of the Council. Meanwhile they reckon on Prussia taking no + further notice of the affair, and the Prince Bishop has given up his + journey after these difficulties. France, too, has quietly endured a + series of insults, and so they hope not to have to abolish the + regulation or disavow the police.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Rome cannot admit + the principle of international right in this case, without giving up + one of her own principles, the Inquisition, according to whose laws + foreigners can be arrested, imprisoned, and put to the question. No + secular tribunal limits its power, and <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page606">[pg 606]</span><a name="Pg606" id="Pg606" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> every Bishop therefore could in theory be + brought before it. By papal law the Pope might at any moment have + Cardinal Schwarzenberg arrested, and if the right has become + inapplicable, that is due to the influence of foreign states and the + modern spirit, whose restraints on the full exercise of Church + authority it is the office of the Council to remove, as the Syllabus, + Bull of Censures, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema de Ecclesiâ</span></span>, etc., prove. + According to Roman canon law, freedom at the Council is + inconceivable.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a former letter + I gave an inaccurate account of the Prince Bishop's conduct towards + the priest Jentsch, at Liegnitz, being misled by statements in the + Roman newspapers.<a id="noteref_105" name="noteref_105" href= + "#note_105"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">105</span></span></a> The + text of the explanation accepted by the Bishop shows that no + principle was conceded or denied, and he said himself that he agreed + in substance with Jentsch.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The arrival of + Father Hötzl in Rome seemed for a time likely to produce still more + serious conflicts, for his affair looked as if it would oblige the + minority to give expression to their view of Döllinger's teaching on + the necessity of general consent for the œcumenicity of a Council. + Those who had undertaken the instruction <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page607">[pg 607]</span><a name="Pg607" id="Pg607" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of Hötzl cared less for converting him than for + using the opportunity to provoke dissension among the minority. He + was told that an explanation, not a retractation, was all that was + demanded of him, and when the explanation he offered was found + unsatisfactory another was proposed to him on May 31. The crucial + passage in it was read and examined by leading bishops of the + minority, whose names were calculated to inspire complete confidence. + Hötzl had some cause to think he had saved honour and conscience, and + responsibility to man and God, when he sought the judgment of liberal + German Bishops and resolved to abide by it. But though they disliked + the passage, they thought it difficult to know how to save a man who + had come to Rome in such childish confidence, and did not feel + justified under the circumstances in urging him to go to extremities + and sacrifice himself to their interests. It was not their place to + drive him to a breach with his Order or a loss of personal liberty, + at a time when they had not themselves publicly, solemnly and + decisively repudiated the doctrine imposed on him. Still less did + they want to compromise themselves or break up their harmony before + the time. And their hesitation may have led Father Hötzl into his + mistake; <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page608">[pg + 608]</span><a name="Pg608" id="Pg608" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> he + was acting in concert with the minority when he signed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I give only a + brief preliminary notice of the most important points in to-day's + sitting. After Dinkel, who spoke very well, and Domenec, Bishop of + Pittsburg, who was much interrupted, Maret made a longer speech, + which he delivered in a very loud voice, as deaf persons are apt to + do. In the course of it he declared that it would be called a vicious + circle for the less to give power to the greater, as would be done if + the Council, which was said to possess a lower authority, were to + confer on the Pope—a higher authority—the prerogative of + infallibility. Thereupon Bilio struck in very excitedly, crying out + <span class="tei tei-q">“Concilium nihil dat Papæ nec dare potest, + sed solummodo recognoscit, suffragia dat, et Sanctus Pater quod in + Spiritu Sancto ipsi placet decidit.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In yesterday's + sitting a <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">postulatum</span></span> for + the close of the general debate was prepared, which is said to have + received 150 signatures. After Maret's speech it was at once produced + and the close voted. Little more than 60 prelates have spoken, and + above 40 were waiting their turn, amongst whom were Haynald and other + considerable persons. The continuation of the debate <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page609">[pg 609]</span><a name="Pg609" id="Pg609" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> had been reckoned upon and much was hoped + from it; but now that the example has once been set of using the + well-known clause in the order of business in the interests of one + party, the step may be repeated in every succeeding debate. The + Opposition will be driven into greater firmness by this occurrence, + which they had foreshadowed in the half-threatening formula at the + end of their great Protest. The question is now forced upon them, + whether they were in earnest in what they then said.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page610">[pg 610]</span><a name= + "Pg610" id="Pg610" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc119" id="toc119"></a> <a name="pdf120" id="pdf120"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Fifty-Third Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, June 4, + 1870.</span></span>—The first impression made on the minority by the + violent closing of the general debate led many of them, in discussing + it directly after the sitting, to say they would take no further part + in the debates. A great meeting was arranged for to-day at Cardinal + Rauscher's to decide the question. It was the largest international + gathering of the Opposition yet held, including nearly 80 Bishops, + but was for that very reason difficult to manage. Two possible + courses were discussed—to remain in Rome but take no further part in + the debates, as not being free, and vote at the end <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">non placet</span></span> against the + infallibilist <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, or simply + to issue a protest against the injustice they had suffered, and + continue to take part in the proceedings. The former view was + supported principally by the Hungarians, North Americans, the leading + French Bishops, and men like Strossmayer, Simor, Haynald, Darboy, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page611">[pg 611]</span><a name="Pg611" + id="Pg611" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Dupanloup, Clifford, Conolly + (represented by proxy), and others. They insisted that words were of + no further avail, and they should show their sense of the want of + freedom by acts, so that, as far as in them lay, no decree should be + carried which had not been thoroughly discussed. In this way the + œcumenicity of the Council would be denied without coming as yet to a + breach in Council or a disturbance in the Church; for they could no + longer recognise the Council as legitimate, nor yet retire, for to + retire would precipitate the most extravagant decisions and lead to + an open conflict. There were many reasons why it could no longer be + held legitimate, such as its composition, the order of business, the + pressure exercised on the Bishops by the Pope personally or through + his officials, the notorious design of getting dogmas promulgated by + a majority, etc. It would be simply a degradation to give in any + longer to such a farce. In Parliaments speeches were not altogether + useless, for if they could not influence votes they enlightened + public opinion, but at this so-called Council most of their hearers + were quite incapable from their standard of cultivation of + appreciating theological arguments, not to add that the moral + standard of many among them was such that, even if <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page612">[pg 612]</span><a name="Pg612" id="Pg612" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> they were convinced, they would not act + on their convictions. And speeches, which were not made public, could + produce no effect out of doors. To debate under these circumstances + would only be to incur a large responsibility for the entire conduct + of the Council. But if the Opposition refrained from discussion and + left the field free to the majority, the differences among them would + soon be made manifest. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> could hardly hold out + against so serious a demonstration, but if it remained obstinate, no + further doubt would be possible in the Church as to the opinion of + the minority about the Council.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the other side + it was urged that all which could be gained by such a demonstration + would be gained equally by a declaration showing how the forcible + closing of the general debate had undermined the foundations and + future authority of the Council. They owed it to the world to do more + than merely give reasons against the legitimacy of the Council; they + must debate and bring forward the objections to the infallibilist + doctrine itself, and thus give public testimony of their convictions. + Most of the Germans took this view, which many French Bishops readily + acceded to, when they observed that the Hungarian phalanx had been + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page613">[pg 613]</span><a name="Pg613" + id="Pg613" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> broken up. Perhaps other and + more subordinate motives helped to establish this opinion, but many + of its advocates are men of no decided resolution, and men who in + reality want only a semblance of resistance and are already secretly + prepared to yield at the last moment. It was thought strange that at + this assembly, which had been summoned to consult on the means of + meeting the violent <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">coup</span></span> of the majority, a German + Archbishop was present who had joined the enemies of his party in + subscribing the proposal for closing the debate the day before.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The draft of the + Protest finally adopted against this act of violence had been brought + to the meeting by Cardinal Rauscher, and bears marks of the + antagonistic elements it combines. Yet it contains one passage, which + may perhaps be appealed to hereafter, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Protestamur contra violationem nostri + juris.”</span><a id="noteref_106" name="noteref_106" href= + "#note_106"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">106</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page614">[pg 614]</span><a name= + "Pg614" id="Pg614" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc121" id="toc121"></a> <a name="pdf122" id="pdf122"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Fifty-Fourth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, June 6, + 1870.</span></span>—There have been indications for some time past + that the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">dénouement</span></span> was likely to be + precipitated. The Pope himself declared that it was impossible to + keep the Bishops here in July. The great debate, with 106 speakers + inscribed, wearied every one, and the tropical heat increases the + exhaustion and disgust. But the minority maintained their resolve to + carry on the general debate to the end, while the majority counted on + its absorbing the discussion of the separate chapters of the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, and accordingly Fessler + announced that the speakers were at liberty to treat of points which + belonged properly to the special debate. His party considered that, + if the general and special debate were mixed up in this way, they + might insist at the end that the separate chapters required no + further discussion, since everything had been said already, and so + they might come sooner to the decision they so earnestly desired. + Very few speakers have attempted <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page615">[pg 615]</span><a name="Pg615" id="Pg615" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> any theological argument—perhaps only Conolly, + Dinkel and Maret; and this made it easier to mix up the general and + special discussion, which again has helped to give a vague and + rambling character to the debate. It was clear that after 106 or more + speeches on the preliminary question, there were still five weary + debates to come on the preamble and each of the four chapters, so + that, unless the discussion was to be forcibly closed, it must either + last on through the whole summer, or a prorogation be allowed while + the main question was still unsettled. The first expedient seemed + hardly practicable, and could only be held out <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">in + terrorem</span></span>, so that the Court really had to choose + between an act of arbitrary power or a prorogation of the Council, + which last would be equivalent to a great victory of the minority. + There was no want of attempts to get up an agitation for an + adjournment. It seemed a happy escape from grave embarrassments to + those secular and untheological counsellors of the Pope, who have + given up the notion of infallibility, and on the contrary are + convinced that the definition involves the separation of Church and + State, the fall of the temporal power and the loss of the accustomed + resources of the Papacy. These men do not expect an isle of Delos to + rise out of the sea for <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page616">[pg + 616]</span><a name="Pg616" id="Pg616" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + Pope when the States of the Church are swallowed up, but they are + excluded from any influence on the Council. The more full the Pope is + of the one grand subject of his infallibility, the less will he + listen to Antonelli, to whom the mysteries in which he is not + initiated are a nuisance, and who hates the line taken by Manning and + the French zealots and apostolic Janissaries, and would like nothing + better than an ambiguous formula leaving things just where they + are.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But as soon as the + majority became aware that some of the more colourless Bishops of the + middle party were working for the prorogation of the Council, they + resolved to be beforehand with them. Their <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">postulatum</span></span> for closing the debate + with its 150 signatures was got ready on Thursday the 2d, but was not + meant to be presented till the Saturday. But the great excitement at + the close of Maret's speech gave them the opportunity for striking + the blow on Friday, when the close of the general debate was carried + by a large majority. The order of business undoubtedly gave the + Presidents the right of putting it to the vote, and moreover they + have more than the letter of the law on their side. They might have + urged that, as the general and special debates were not kept + separate, most of what was now <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page617">[pg 617]</span><a name="Pg617" id="Pg617" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> omitted might be supplied afterwards, and the + Fathers who had missed their turn would have five other opportunities + of speaking. They might have also alleged, in excuse of hurrying the + proceedings, the constantly growing impatience and disgust generally + manifested in the assembly, and the uselessness of all minute + discussion of details. It is enough to mention as indicative of the + prevalent feeling of the majority, that they received the Bishop of + Pittsburg with derisive laughter when he ascended the tribune, and + that they muttered at every affectionate or respectful allusion to + the Pope by an Opposition speaker, <span class="tei tei-q">“Et + osculatus est Illum.”</span><a id="noteref_107" name="noteref_107" + href="#note_107"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">107</span></span></a> Under + these circumstances Conolly omitted nearly half his manuscript. The + majority might have urged the further excuse that far more of their + own speakers than of their opponents were excluded by the close of + the debate. Some 27 of the latter had as yet spoken against 36 + infallibilists, which however, considering that the minority are only + a fourth of the Council, tells in their favour.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But if we examine + the matter more closely, the Opposition has lost all it had left by + the close of the general debate, viz., freedom of speech. It has been + sacrificed <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page618">[pg + 618]</span><a name="Pg618" id="Pg618" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to + the caprice of the majority, for the subsequent debates may be closed + in the same way: that on the primacy because it is no new subject, + and that on infallibility because the general debate turned wholly + upon it. So the Opposition had nothing left them but to protest, + unless they would summon courage for a decisive act. But their + protest is as feeble as the last; it is simply directed against the + abuse of an order of business they had already protested against, and + then themselves accepted by continuing to take part in the Council. A + party intoxicated with success cannot be restrained or conquered by + these paper demonstrations, nor even the sympathy of the Catholic + world be gained; a definite and firm principle is requisite for that. + After all their experiences it may be called a harmless amusement for + the minority to present protest after protest, with the certainty + that they will be laid by unnoticed and unanswered.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The French Bishops + of the minority held a meeting on the 3rd, from which they came away + troubled and undecided. The Germans take the matter less seriously. + Their past presses heavily upon them. They had an opportunity, when + the second <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">regolamento</span></span> was issued at the end + of February, and again at the Solemn Session <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page619">[pg 619]</span><a name="Pg619" id="Pg619" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> at the end of April, of either getting their + views accepted or bringing the Council to an end. But they were not + then strong enough for that. Now at the eleventh hour a last though + less favourable opportunity is offered them. But at the international + meeting at Cardinal Rauscher's last Saturday, their views were again + set aside, for the assemblage of the whole body of Opposition Bishops + brought to light the unpleasant fact of a gulf between the + intellectual leaders and the mass of the minority, which makes any + real leadership impossible. And this is the more lamentable, because + the men who since the opening of the Council have risen to so + important a position were almost unanimous; for Hefele and Rivet, + Bishop of Dijon, were almost the only ones among them, except + Ketteler, who rejected the energetic measure of holding aloof from + the debates for the future and protesting by silence. It seems that + Hefele wanted to recognise the Council as still having some claim. + The other leaders succumbed, unwillingly and predicting evils, to the + will of the majority, who were satisfied with the protest drawn up by + Rauscher.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But all is not yet + lost, and the tactics actually adopted may perhaps in skilful hands + be made as effective as the rejected policy. Between Pentecost and + the feast <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page620">[pg + 620]</span><a name="Pg620" id="Pg620" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + the Apostles from 80 to 90 speakers might make their voices heard. If + we consider that more than 100 speakers had enrolled their names for + the first and tolerably irregular debate, and that 49 speeches were + suppressed, it is clear that the great question of the primacy and + infallibility of the Pope would require a much longer time for + uninterrupted and complete discussion, and thus the adjournment would + remain as probable and as inevitable as before. The Court and the + majority would perhaps shrink from depriving the proceedings of all + dignity, weight and completeness by a fresh <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">coup + d'église</span></span>, as such an attempt might appear even to them + too bold and dangerous in the special debate on the principles of the + Church. And if such an attempt was made, it would perhaps exhaust at + last even the patience of the patient Germans, and lead them to + muster all their forces for the last contest. One must admit that if + orthodox Catholicism is only to be saved by an adjournment of the + Council this is not much to the credit of the Church. But the reason + why so many prefer a prorogation to a decisive conflict is because + they fear that many present opponents of the doctrine might at last + vote for its definition and betray their consciences through fear of + men, and that many <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page621">[pg + 621]</span><a name="Pg621" id="Pg621" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> who + vote against it and insist on the necessity of unanimity would + ultimately accept and teach a dogma false in itself and carried by + illegitimate means.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I will merely + mention, in illustration of this, that it was lately thought very + necessary to distribute a <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Disquisitio Moralis de + Officio Episcoporum</span></span>, discussing whether a Bishop does + not greatly violate his conscience by voting for a decree to define + the personal and independent infallibility of the Pope, without + having any previous conviction of its being a revealed doctrine + always held and handed down in the Church as such. The treatise is + well written, but no such bitter irony against the Episcopate is + contained in the pasquinades, and it is obvious that the author has + not underrated their weakness from the fact that many Bishops would + vote differently if the voting was secret. There are some among them + too who doubt if papal absolutism and a power which kills out all + intellectual movement is not better than truth and purity of + doctrine, and if the responsibility of individual Bishops is not + superseded by a decree of the Pope, at least when issued <span class= + "tei tei-q">“sacro approbante Concilio.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To judge from + to-day's debate on the preamble, one would imagine the Opposition + neither knew how to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page622">[pg + 622]</span><a name="Pg622" id="Pg622" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + speak nor how to keep silence. None but the French, who have put down + their names to speak, appear to have much desire to take any further + part in the discussion. Perhaps they think it ludicrous to take any + serious part in a debate which may be suddenly broken off, and speak, + as it were, with a halter round their necks. And those who had + thought the right plan was to keep silence henceforth were the best + speakers of the Opposition; they do not therefore fall readily into a + policy they disapproved. Their view is that, as the majority has done + its worst and the minority has not the spirit to follow the counsel + of its leaders, it is no longer worth while to fight against a result + which cannot be permanent.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This weak and + vacillating attitude may possibly only be a momentary consequence of + the sudden commencement of a discussion which seemed distant and for + which they were unprepared. On the other hand the confidence of the + majority increases, and they announce the close of the debate on + Corpus Christi. If the minority remain as undecided as they were at + the Conference at Cardinal Rauscher's, an unfavourable issue must be + feared, and this will be their own fault, for sacrificing their cause + at the very moment they have for six <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page623">[pg 623]</span><a name="Pg623" id="Pg623" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> months been preparing for, through some of them + not choosing to be silent and the others not choosing to speak.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The main argument + urged against taking further part in the discussion is that the + historical and traditional evidences against infallibility had been + prepared by men who lost their turn through the closing of the + general debate, and cannot be brought forward in the special debate + which is only about changes in the text of the decree. The majority + have thereby testified their refusal to listen, not to certain + speakers, but to a certain portion of the theological argument, and + thus they prevent the investigation of tradition which is so + unwelcome to them. Only secondary matters can be discussed now, while + the main point is left untouched. To many, and especially the + Hungarians, this seemed a betraying of the cause. The Hungarians + absolutely refuse to take any further part in the debates, for in + their eyes the Council has already condemned itself, and they cannot + too soon publish their opinion to the world by recording their + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">non placet</span></span>. They are therefore + dissatisfied with the Germans, who prevented stronger measures being + adopted, and some of them—like Simor, who would not go on attending + the sittings—have <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page624">[pg + 624]</span><a name="Pg624" id="Pg624" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + even refused to sign the Protest to the Pope, because it involves too + much deference to the Council. There are accordingly only 81 + signatures, for the Archbishop of Cologne has also refused to sign, + but on grounds precisely opposite to those of the Archbishop of + Gran.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile the + Vicar-General here is organizing all sorts of demonstrations for the + happy result of the Council in the sense of the Court party. There + were to be three processions this week, and no pains were spared to + induce persons of rank, including ladies, to take part in them. In + many cases the attempt failed, for it is idle to deny that a large + portion of the Roman citizens of all ranks turn away with + indifference and contempt from St. Peter's, and of course from all + religion too.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unita + Cattolica</span></span> predicts with triumphant confidence that God + will yield to their pious importunities (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">Iddio + obbedira</span></span>), the Holy Ghost will fill the Council Hall, + descend upon each of the Fathers and work the miracle of making them + all boldly confess the infallibilist doctrine. As in the year 33 the + people, who surrounded the house where the Pentecostal miracle was + wrought, asked, in amazement at the new tongues of the Apostles, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Are these who speak Galileans?”</span> + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page625">[pg 625]</span><a name="Pg625" + id="Pg625" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> so in 1870 they will hear the + Bishops and Cardinals proclaim papal infallibility and will ask + themselves, <span class="tei tei-q">“Are not these the men who wrote + as zealous Gallicans?”</span> The Spirit of God will work this + <span class="tei tei-q">“noisy miracle”</span> (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">strepitoso + miracolo</span></span>).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A remarkable + Petition has for some time been hawked about, begging the Pope to + promote St. Joseph to be General Protector of the Catholic Church. + Many have objected that it is unfair to disturb the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“riposo di San Giuseppe,”</span> but the notion finds + much favour in the Vatican.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is impossible + to foresee at this moment how the great decision will turn out. The + majority are evidently consolidating their plans, and the argument + may be heard among them that, if papal infallibility were an error, + the devil would not have stirred up the war which is being carried on + against it. But one may still always assume that 120 Bishops will say + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Non placet</span></span>, unless some miserable + formula of compromise is hit upon. But the real decision will be when + the Pope determines to ignore these 120 opponents and proceed to the + order of the day.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page626">[pg 626]</span><a name= + "Pg626" id="Pg626" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc123" id="toc123"></a> <a name="pdf124" id="pdf124"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Fifty-Fifth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, June 10, + 1870.</span></span>—If we look at the many minor subdivisions of the + two great parties and consider the individual differences even within + that narrower circle, it is impossible to form any approximately sure + conjecture about the immediate issue of the contest. All are agreed + that the definition must be attempted or the Council prorogued within + the next few weeks, and many Bishops are already preparing for + departure. The majority, with Manning at its head, insists on the + dogma being defined, however numerous and strong the minority may + prove, as being the very way to exhibit most clearly the power and + right of the Pope to make a new article of faith with only a fraction + of the Council; and there can be no doubt that the Pope inclines + decidedly to this view himself. He is so completely in the hands of + the Jesuits that he will not <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page627">[pg 627]</span><a name="Pg627" id="Pg627" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> listen to counsellors like, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, + Antonelli, who makes no secret in his confidential intercourse of the + fact that he has lost all influence in the matter and has no opinion + to give. The Pope's feeling towards the Opposition, and especially + towards its leaders, grows more bitter every day. Strossmayer he + regards as the mere head of a sect (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">caposetta</span></span>), and he termed another + German Cardinal and Archbishop the other day <span class= + "tei tei-q">“quell' asino.”</span> The Jesuits make capital out of + this disposition of Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> for effecting the ruin + of all the men of the old school who yet remain to him from his + earlier and more liberal days, while he leaves no stone unturned to + win over wavering Bishops to the infallibilist side. He tried to work + on the Portuguese lately by a visit, on which a French prelate + observed, <span class="tei tei-q">“On n'a plus de scrupules, ce qu'on + fait pour gagner les voix, c'est un horreur. Il n'y a jamais rieu eu + de pareil dans l'Église.”</span> The most urgent next to Manning is + Deschamps. He has proposed canons anathematizing all those Bishops + who claim a share for the Episcopate in the sovereign rights of the + Church—a measure expressly aimed at the Opposition and the views + professed by Maret both in his book and in the + Council.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page628">[pg + 628]</span><a name="Pg628" id="Pg628" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile some + differences have arisen among the majority, branching off at last + into what may be called a middle party. Even Pie of Poitiers is no + longer altogether in accord with Manning and Deschamps, and Fessler + said lately that a definition could not be carried against 80 + dissentient votes. This party disapproves Bilio's treatment of Maret, + which is disowned by Cardinal de Luca, who in other respects often + speaks openly against Manning. Others, including Cardinals, say + plainly in reference to the minority Bishops that the Papacy is + threatened with destruction. The definition must, if possible, be + prevented by proroguing the Council, and, failing that, the + difficulties must be evaded by an ambiguous formula. The prelates who + speak thus are too sober-minded not to perceive the political dangers + the new dogma would bring with it. They not only think the price too + high, but they dread being themselves reduced by the definition under + the intolerable dominion of the Jesuit party. They frequently confer + with members of the Opposition with the view of devising a + compromise.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The French + Opposition Bishops have lately had another meeting and resolved to + continue to take part in the debates. The little misunderstanding + between <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page629">[pg 629]</span><a name= + "Pg629" id="Pg629" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> them and the + Hungarians has quite disappeared, and several of the + latter—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, Simor—are said to be again + disposed to speak. And it is thought that many speeches, suppressed + by the violent closing of the general discussion, will be delivered + at the supreme moment in the debate on the fourth chapter of the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, which deals with + infallibility.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The debate on the + separate chapters has reached as far as the third section + <span class="tei tei-q">“on the meaning and nature of the Roman + primacy.”</span> As twenty-six speakers are inscribed the discussion + may last to the middle of next month, and then will immediately + follow the debate on the fourth and most important chapter, which a + great number are likely to take part in, and there will be no want of + amendments. Conolly will propose the formula that the Pope is + infallible <span class="tei tei-q">“as head of the Church teaching + with him”</span> (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">tanquam caput Ecclesiæ secum + docentis</span></span>), while others, as Dupanloup and Rauscher, + will reproduce the formula of St. Antoninus of Florence, declaring + the Pope infallible when he follows the judgment of the Universal + Church, <span class="tei tei-q">“utens consilio,”</span> or + <span class="tei tei-q">“accipiens consilium Universalis + Ecclesiæ.”</span> This amendment is said to have been seriously + discussed in the sitting of the Deputation on Faith on June 8, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page630">[pg 630]</span><a name="Pg630" + id="Pg630" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> though it amounts to pure + Gallicanism, for Antoninus says plainly (about 1450), <span class= + "tei tei-q">“In concernentibus fidem Concilium est supra + Papam.”</span> It is certain that the Deputation will labour to make + some changes in the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> in view of + the Opposition. Lastly, men like Strossmayer press for an unambiguous + denial of the personal infallibility of the Pope.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The more + recklessly the Court party are resolved to advance, and the less they + care for the destruction of the Church which must result from a + decree irregularly enacted, the more are the Opposition disturbed at + this prospect, and often made irresolute, but these are only passing + moments of temptation. <span class="tei tei-q">“Conscience before + everything,”</span> said a German Bishop to me the other day, who was + weighed down by his gloomy views of the future of the Church. Even + men who are infallibilists at heart speak of the terrible crisis in + the Church, and think only God can save her. The most decided I meet + are the Hungarians.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the present + debates from four to five speeches are delivered at each sitting. The + most remarkable were those of Landriot and Dupanloup. The Presidents + are very ready to interrupt, as Bilio did when Verot, Bishop of + Savannah, was speaking on the preamble. Verot, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page631">[pg 631]</span><a name="Pg631" id="Pg631" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> who is a man of high character but very + singular, submitted and left the tribune, saying, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Humiliter me subjicio.”</span> This conduct might + suggest to the Presidents that the definition would be hastened by a + second grand interruption.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page632">[pg 632]</span><a name= + "Pg632" id="Pg632" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc125" id="toc125"></a> <a name="pdf126" id="pdf126"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Fifty-Sixty Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, June 11, + 1870.</span></span>—If the new article of faith is accepted and + proclaimed throughout the Catholic world, what will be its + retrospective force? On what decisions and doctrines of previous + Popes will it set the seal of infallibility? What amplifications and + corrections of Catholic theology will it involve? These questions are + naturally raised here, not indeed by the Bishops of the majority but + by many of the Opposition; only no one is in a position to give even + an approximately accurate answer from want of the necessary books, + and the Court party reckoned on this <span class="tei tei-q">“penuria + librorum,”</span> which Cardinal Rauscher has already complained of. + A German theologian who had previously examined and studied the + subject, undertook to answer the anxious question of the Bishops, and + I send you his collection, which makes no claim to completeness, as a + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page633">[pg 633]</span><a name="Pg633" + id="Pg633" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> not unimportant contribution + to the history of the Council.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Jesuit + Schrader, who is the most considerable theologian of his Order since + Passaglia's retirement, and who has been employed both before and + during the Council for drawing up the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schemata</span></span>, on account of the + special confidence reposed in him by the Pope, has shown, in his + great work on <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Roman Unity</span></span>,<a id="noteref_108" + name="noteref_108" href="#note_108"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">108</span></span></a> that, + as soon as papal infallibility resting on divine guidance and + inspiration is made into an article of faith, it must by logical + necessity include all public ordinances, decrees and decisions of the + Popes. For every one of these is indissolubly connected with their + teaching office, and contains, whatever be its particular subject, a + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">doctrina veritatis</span></span> either moral or + religious. Papal infallibility is not a robe of office which can be + put on for certain occasions and then laid aside again. The Pope is + infallible, because he is, in the fullest sense of the word, the + representative of Christ on earth, and like Christ he teaches and + proclaims the truth by his acts as well as his words; in short no + public act or direction of his can be conceived of as not having a + doctrinal significance. And thus Catholic theology and morality + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page634">[pg 634]</span><a name="Pg634" + id="Pg634" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> will be enriched by the new + dogma with not a few fresh articles of faith, which will then possess + the same authority and dignity as those already universally received + as such.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There are indeed + former papal decisions which, in becoming themselves infallible + through the proclamation of infallibility, will in turn cover and + guarantee the infallible character of the collective Constitutions of + all Popes. The first of these decisions is the statement of Leo + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">x.</span></span> in his Bull of 1520 + against Luther, <span class="tei tei-q">“It is clear as the noonday + sun that the Popes, my predecessors, have never erred in their canons + or constitutions.”</span> The second is the declaration of Pius + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> in his Syllabus, + <span class="tei tei-q">“The Popes have never exceeded the limits of + their power.”</span> This assertion too will become an infallible + dogma, and history must succumb and adapt itself to the dogma. Let us + however specify some of the new articles of faith thus declared to be + infallible.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">1. According to + the teaching of the Church, the validity of the sacraments, and + especially of ordination, depends on the use of the right form and + matter. The whole Church for a thousand years regarded the imposition + of the Bishop's hands as the divinely ordained matter of priestly + ordination. But Eugenius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span>, in his <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page635">[pg 635]</span><a name="Pg635" id="Pg635" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> dogmatic decree, decided that the + delivery of the Eucharistic vessels is the matter of the sacrament of + Orders, and the words used in their delivery the form.<a id= + "noteref_109" name="noteref_109" href="#note_109"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">109</span></span></a> If the + doctrine of this decree, solemnly issued by the Pope <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ex cathedrâ</span></span> and in the name of the + Council of Florence—which however was no longer in existence—was to + be accepted as true and infallible, it would follow that the Western + Church for a thousand years, and the Greek Church up to this day, had + no validly ordained priests. Nay more, there would at this moment be + no validly ordained priest or Bishop in the Church at all, for there + would be no succession. And Eugenius gave an equally false definition + of the form of the sacraments of Penance and Confirmation.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">2. According to + the teaching of Innocent <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, in the decretal + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Novit</span></span>, and other Popes after him, + the Pope is able and is bound, whenever he believes a question of sin + to be involved, to interfere, first with admonition and then with + punishments. He can on this ground reverse any judicial sentence, + bring any cause before his own tribunal, summon any sovereign before + him, simply to answer for a grave sin or what he considers + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page636">[pg 636]</span><a name="Pg636" + id="Pg636" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> such, annul his ordinances, + and eventually excommunicate and depose him.<a id="noteref_110" name= + "noteref_110" href="#note_110"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">110</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">3. God has given + to the Pope supreme jurisdiction over all kings and princes, not only + of Christendom but of the whole earth. The Pope has plenary + jurisdiction over the nations and kingdoms, he judges all and can be + judged by none in the world, according to Paul <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> + in the Bull <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cum ex Apostolatus Officio</span></span>, and + Sixtus <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span> in the Bull <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Inscrutabilis</span></span>. It is also a + doctrine of faith, to be received on pain of eternal damnation, that + the whole world is subject to the Pope even in temporal and political + matters, according to the Bull of Boniface <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">viii.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unam + Sanctam</span></span>. Boniface adds that the Pope holds all rights + <span class="tei tei-q">“in scrinio pectoris sui.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">4. According to + papal teaching, it is the will of God that the Popes should rule and + <span class="tei tei-q">“govern,”</span> not only the Church, but all + secular matters and literally the whole world. Thus Innocent + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> says; <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Dominus Petro non solum universam Ecclesiam sed etiam + sæculum reliquit gubernandum.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">5. According to + papal teaching, as proclaimed by <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page637">[pg 637]</span><a name="Pg637" id="Pg637" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Gregory <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vii.</span></span> at the Roman Council of + 1080, the Popes with the Fathers assembled in Council under their + presidency are not only able, by virtue of their power of binding and + loosing, to take away and bestow empires, kingdoms and princedoms, + but can take any man's property from him or adjudge it to any + one.<a id="noteref_111" name="noteref_111" href= + "#note_111"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">111</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">6. According to + papal teaching the Pope alone can remit all sins of all men. Thus + Innocent <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> says in his letter to + the Patriarch of Constantinople.<a id="noteref_112" name= + "noteref_112" href="#note_112"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">112</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">7. According to + papal teaching the Pope is ruler by divine right of Germany and Italy + during the vacancy of the Imperial throne, because he has received + from God both powers, the spiritual and the temporal, in their + fulness (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">jura terreni simul et cœlestis + imperii</span></span>). So John <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xxii.</span></span> has declared in his + Bull of 1317.<a id="noteref_113" name="noteref_113" href= + "#note_113"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">113</span></span></a> On + account of this doctrine millions of German and Italian Christians, + from 1318 to 1348, were placed under ban and interdict and deprived + of the sacraments by the Popes.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">8. The Pope by + divine right can give whole nations into slavery on account of some + measure of their sovereign. Thus Clement <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span> + and Julius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> dealt with the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page638">[pg 638]</span><a name="Pg638" + id="Pg638" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Venetians on account of + territorial quarrels, Gregory <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xi.</span></span> with the + Florentines,<a id="noteref_114" name="noteref_114" href= + "#note_114"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">114</span></span></a> and + Paul <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> with the English on + account of Henry <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">viii.</span></span>'s revolting from + him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">9. The Pope can + also give full authority to make slaves of a foreign nation merely + because they are not Catholics. Thus Nicolas <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span> + in 1454 authorized King Alfonso of Portugal to appropriate the + property of all Mahometans and heathens of Western Africa, and to + reduce them to perpetual slavery.<a id="noteref_115" name= + "noteref_115" href="#note_115"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">115</span></span></a> + Alexander <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vi.</span></span> in 1493 gave similar + rights to the Kings of Spain over all inhabitants of America, when + bestowing on them that quarter of the world with all its + peoples.<a id="noteref_116" name="noteref_116" href= + "#note_116"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">116</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">10. According to + papal teaching it is just and in consonance with the Gospel to rob + innocent populations, cities, regions, or countries <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">en + masse</span></span>, with the sole exception of the infants and the + dying, of divine service and sacraments, by an interdict, merely + because the Sovereign or Government of the country has violated a + papal command or some right of the Church. Innocent <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, Innocent <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span>, Martin <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span>, Clement <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span>, + John <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xxiv.</span></span>, Clement <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vi.</span></span>, and others have done + so.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page639">[pg 639]</span><a name= + "Pg639" id="Pg639" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">11. The Popes as + God's vicars on earth can make a present of whole countries inhabited + by non-Christian peoples, and hand over all rights of sovereignty and + property in them to any Christian prince they please. Alexander + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span> did this in his Bull + addressed to Ferdinand the Catholic and Isabella, as he declares, + <span class="tei tei-q">“auctoritate omnipotentis Dei nobis in B. + Petro concessâ ac Vicariatûs Jesu Christi, quâ fungimur in + terris.”</span><a id="noteref_117" name="noteref_117" href= + "#note_117"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">117</span></span></a> + Historically it may be said with perfect truth, that the peoples of + the southern and middle regions of America have been made the victims + of the theory of papal infallibility. The Spanish Church and nation, + as well as the sovereigns, have willingly received and maintained + this doctrine, because their claim both to Navarre and America rested + solely upon it, primarily on the Bulls of Alexander <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">vi.</span></span> + and Julius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> With the Gallican + doctrine both claims would fall through. Alexander had empowered the + Spaniards to make the Indians slaves. All Spanish theologians appeal + with Las Casas to <span class="tei tei-q">“el divino poder del + Papa,”</span> as he calls it, as the basis of the Spanish dominion in + America, and no one dared to call in question the divine right of the + infallible vicar of God, by virtue whereof he had given over + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page640">[pg 640]</span><a name="Pg640" + id="Pg640" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> millions of Indians to + slavery, and thereby to extermination; within eighty years whole + countries were depopulated.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">12. It is just and + consonant with the Gospel to burn to death as heretics those who + appeal from the sentence of the Pope to a General Council. So Leo + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">x.</span></span> declares in his Bull of + 1517, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pastor Æternus</span></span> (issued in the + fifth Lateran Synod).</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">13. Leo + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">x.</span></span> declared in another Bull, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Supernæ + Dispositionis</span></span>, also published in the Lateran Synod, + that all clerics are wholly exempt by divine right from all civil + jurisdiction, and therefore not bound in conscience by the civil + law.<a id="noteref_118" name="noteref_118" href= + "#note_118"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">118</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">14. According to + the teaching of the Church, every Christian is bound before God to do + penance for his sins by ascetic exercises of abstinence, self-denial + and almsgiving. On Church principles no one can dispense from this + obligation, because it rests on divine ordinance. But the Popes teach + that it may be relaxed or superseded by means of plenary or + particular indulgences granted by themselves. They teach that to take + part in a war against enemies of the Holy See and in the + extermination of heretics is an effectual means for <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page641">[pg 641]</span><a name="Pg641" id="Pg641" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> gaining pardon of sins, and a complete + substitute for all works of penance. Thus did Paschal <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + instruct Count Robert of Flanders in 1102, that for him and his + warriors the surest means of obtaining forgiveness of sins and heaven + was to make war upon the clergy of Liége and all adherents of the + German Emperor, Henry <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span><a id="noteref_119" name= + "noteref_119" href="#note_119"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">119</span></span></a> + Innocent <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> charged King Philip + Augustus of France with the conquest of England, after he had deposed + King John, as a means for obtaining remission of sin.<a id= + "noteref_120" name="noteref_120" href="#note_120"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">120</span></span></a> Martin + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> again impelled the + French in 1283 to make war on the Aragonese by the promise of plenary + remission of their sins.<a id="noteref_121" name="noteref_121" href= + "#note_121"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">121</span></span></a> And + whenever there was a war to be undertaken in the territorial + interests of the Holy See, or for the extermination of heretics, the + Popes urged men to take part in it as the surest and most effectual + means for cleansing them from all their sins and attaining eternal + happiness.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">15. The + Inquisition, both Spanish and Italian, is so pure a product of papal + teaching on faith and morals, that there never was an Inquisitor who + did not exercise his office by virtue of Papal authority and in the + Pope's name, or whose power the Pope could not at any moment + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page642">[pg 642]</span><a name="Pg642" + id="Pg642" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> he chose have wholly or + partially withdrawn. All essential laws and regulations of the + Inquisition—the accused being deprived of any advocate to defend him, + the admission of infamous and perjured witnesses, the frequent + application of the torture, the obliging the civil magistrates to + carry out capital sentences of the Inquisitors, the prohibition to + spare the life of any lapsed heretic even on his conversion—all this + emanates from the direct and personal legislation of the Popes, and + has always been confirmed by their successors.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">16. Gregory + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span>, Innocent <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span>, and Alexander + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> teach that it is in + accordance with the principles of morality and the Gospel to condemn + a heretic seized by the Inquisition, who has recanted, to lifelong + imprisonment.<a id="noteref_122" name="noteref_122" href= + "#note_122"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">122</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">17. Alexander + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> teaches that it is + lawful for the Pope to have the goods of those condemned for heresy + sold by his inquisitors, and to take the proceeds for himself.<a id= + "noteref_123" name="noteref_123" href="#note_123"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">123</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">18. Innocent + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, Alexander <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span>, and Boniface + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">viii.</span></span> teach that it is just + and consonant with the Gospel to deprive the sons and daughters of + heretics, though <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page643">[pg + 643]</span><a name="Pg643" id="Pg643" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + themselves Catholics, of their hereditary property. But if the sons + themselves accuse their parents and get them burnt, then their + inherited property, according to papal doctrine, is exempt from + confiscation.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">19. According to + papal teaching torture is an institution thoroughly in harmony with + morality and the spirit of the Gospel, and should be employed + particularly against those accused of heresy. Thus Innocent + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Iv.</span></span> and many later Popes + have directed, and Paul <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> ordered the rack to be + very extensively used.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">20. It is + especially just and Christian, according to the teaching and + regulation of Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span> in 1569, to torture + persons who have confessed or been convicted of heresy, in order to + make them give up their accomplices.<a id="noteref_124" name= + "noteref_124" href="#note_124"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">124</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">21. This same + canonized Pope has ordered in a Bull that even the sons of a man who + has once offended an inquisitor should be punished with infamy and + confiscation of their goods.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">22. There is a + whole string of papal decrees declaring it a duty of conscience for + every Christian to denounce even his nearest relations to the + Inquisition, and give them up to prison, torture and death, if he + perceives <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page644">[pg + 644]</span><a name="Pg644" id="Pg644" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> any + trace of heretical opinions or of anything forbidden by the Church in + them.<a id="noteref_125" name="noteref_125" href= + "#note_125"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">125</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">23. The same Popes + have declared it to be just and evangelical, and have ordered, that a + relapsed heretic, even if he recants, should be put to death.<a id= + "noteref_126" name="noteref_126" href="#note_126"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">126</span></span></a> They + have further declared it to be moral and Christian-like that in + trials for heresy witnesses should be admitted to accuse or give + evidence against the accused, whose testimony would not be admitted + in any other court on account of their former crimes or their + infamy.<a id="noteref_127" name="noteref_127" href= + "#note_127"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">127</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">24. According to + papal teaching it is just and Christian forcibly to deprive heretics + of their children, in order to bring them up Catholics. Thus Innocent + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xii.</span></span>, by a sentence of the + Holy Office at Rome, pronounced null and void the edict of Duke + Victor Amadeus of Savoy in 1694 ordering their children, who had been + forcibly taken from them, to be restored to the unfortunate and + cruelly persecuted Waldenses under his government.<a id="noteref_128" + name="noteref_128" href="#note_128"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">128</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page645">[pg 645]</span><a name="Pg645" id="Pg645" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">25. The Popes + teach that a sentence once pronounced for heresy can never be + mitigated, nor pardon ever granted to any one sentenced to death or + perpetual imprisonment for heresy. Thus Innocent <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> + rules in his Bull <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ad Exstirpanda</span></span>.<a id="noteref_129" + name="noteref_129" href="#note_129"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">129</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">26. Up to 1555 it + was the teaching of the Popes that only those should be burnt who + persisted obstinately in maintaining a doctrine condemned by the + Church, and those who had relapsed after recanting into the same or + some other heresy. But in that year Paul <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> + established the new principle that certain doctrines, if only just + put forward and at once retracted, should be punished with death. + Thus whoever rejected any ecclesiastical definition on the Trinity, + or denied the perpetual virginity of Mary and maintained that the + scriptural language about <span class="tei tei-q">“brothers of + Jesus”</span> was to be taken literally of children of Mary, was to + be classed with the <span class="tei tei-q">“relapsed”</span> and to + be executed, even though he recanted.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">27. Up to 1751, + theologians, especially Italians, who defended trials for witchcraft + and the reality of an express compact with Satan, together with the + various preternatural crimes wrought thereby and the carnal + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page646">[pg 646]</span><a name="Pg646" + id="Pg646" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> intercourse of men and demons + (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">incubi et succubi</span></span>), used to appeal + to the infallible authority of the Popes, the Bulls of Innocent + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">viii.</span></span>, Sixtus <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span>, + Gregory <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xv.</span></span> and several more + besides, in which these things are affirmed and assumed and the due + penalties prescribed for them.<a id="noteref_130" name="noteref_130" + href="#note_130"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">130</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">28. If an oath + that has been taken is prejudicial to the interests of the Church + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, in money matters), it must + be broken. So teaches Innocent <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span><a id="noteref_131" + name="noteref_131" href="#note_131"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">131</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">29. The Popes can + dispense at their pleasure oaths of allegiance taken by a people to + their King, as Gregory <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vii.</span></span>, Alexander <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, Innocent <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span>, and many others have + done.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">30. They can also + absolve a sovereign from the treaties he has sworn to observe or from + his oath to the Constitution of his country, or give full power to + his confessor to absolve him from any oath he finds it inconvenient + to keep. Such a plenary power Clement <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">vi.</span></span> + gave to King John of France and his successors.<a id="noteref_132" + name="noteref_132" href="#note_132"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">132</span></span></a> Thus + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page647">[pg 647]</span><a name="Pg647" + id="Pg647" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Clement <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vii.</span></span> absolved the Emperor + Charles <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span> from his oath restricting + his absolutism over popular rights in Belgium, and again from his + oath not to banish the Moriscos from their home. And Paul + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> announced to the + Emperors Charles and Ferdinand that he dispensed their oath to + observe the Augsburg religious peace.<a id="noteref_133" name= + "noteref_133" href="#note_133"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">133</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">31. In 1648 a + prospect of toleration was held out to the sorely oppressed Catholics + of England and Ireland, if they would sign a renunciation of the + following principles, (α) The Pope can dispense any one from + obedience to the existing Government; (β) The Pope can absolve from + an oath taken to a heretic; (γ) Those who have been condemned as + heretics by the Pope may at his command, or with his dispensation, be + put to death or otherwise injured. This renunciation was signed by + fifty-nine English noblemen and several ecclesiastics, but Pope + Innocent <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">x.</span></span> declared that all who had + signed it had incurred the penalties denounced against those who deny + papal authority, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, excommunication, etc. And so + the penal laws against Catholics remained in force for another + century. Paul <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span> had previously condemned + the oath of allegiance prescribed <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page648">[pg 648]</span><a name="Pg648" id="Pg648" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> by James <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> for the English + Catholics, and the execution of a considerable number of them was the + result.<a id="noteref_134" name="noteref_134" href= + "#note_134"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">134</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">32. The Popes + teach that they can absolve men from any vow made to God or empower + others to do so, and can even give them powers prospectively for + dispensing vows to be made hereafter. And thus they have empowered + royal confessors to absolve kings from any future vow they may find + reason to repent of.<a id="noteref_135" name="noteref_135" href= + "#note_135"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">135</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">33. The Popes have + declared, by granting indulgences, that their jurisdiction extends + over Purgatory also, and that it depends on them to deliver the dead + who are there and transfer them into heaven. Thus Julius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span> + bestowed on the Order of Knights of St. George, restored by the + Emperor Maximilian, the privilege that, on assuming the habit of the + Order, the Knights <span class="tei tei-q">“confessi et contriti, a + pœnâ et a culpâ et a carcere Purgatorii et pœnis ejusdem mox et + penitus absoluti et quittandi esse debeant, planè et liberè Paradisum + et regnum intraturi.”</span><a id="noteref_136" name="noteref_136" + href="#note_136"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">136</span></span></a> Then or + shortly before (1500) the doctrine was first propounded in Rome, that + the Popes could <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page649">[pg + 649]</span><a name="Pg649" id="Pg649" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + attach to certain altars by special privileges the power of + delivering one or more souls from Purgatory.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">34. The Pope can + dissolve a marriage by placing one of the parties under the greater + excommunication, and thus declaring him a heathen and infidel. Urban + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span> did this in 1363, when he + excommunicated Bernabó Visconti, Duke of Milan, depriving him and all + his children of all their rights and property and absolving his + subjects from their allegiance to him, and at the same time + pronouncing his wife free to marry again: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Uxorem ejus uti Christianam a vinculo matrimonii cum + hæretico et infideli liberavit.”</span><a id="noteref_137" name= + "noteref_137" href="#note_137"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">137</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">35. Innocent + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> had paved the way for + this by establishing the doctrine that the bond between a Bishop and + his diocese is stronger than the marriage bond between man and wife, + and therefore as indissoluble by man as the latter, and that God + alone could dissolve it, and the Pope as God's vicegerent.<a id= + "noteref_138" name="noteref_138" href="#note_138"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">138</span></span></a> It + followed that the Pope, and he alone, could also dissolve a validly + contracted marriage.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">36. According to + papal teaching it is praiseworthy and Christian for a man, who has + promised a woman <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page650">[pg + 650]</span><a name="Pg650" id="Pg650" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + with an oath to marry her, to deceive her by a sham marriage, and + then break the bond and retire into a monastery. This recommendation + (to commit an act of treachery at once and of sacrilege) was given by + Alexander <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> in 1172, and it has + been incorporated in the code of canon law drawn up by command of the + Popes.<a id="noteref_139" name="noteref_139" href= + "#note_139"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">139</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">37. The Popes + teach that anyone attending a service celebrated by a married priest + commits sacrilege, because the blessing he gives turns to a curse. So + Gregory <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vii.</span></span> teaches, in direct + contradiction to the doctrine of the ancient Church, and even to + modern theology.<a id="noteref_140" name="noteref_140" href= + "#note_140"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">140</span></span></a> The + notion has long since been exploded.<a id="noteref_141" name= + "noteref_141" href="#note_141"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">141</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">38. The Popes + teach that they have the power of rewarding services done to + themselves with a higher degree of eternal beatitude. Thus Nicolas + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span> promised all who should + take up arms against Amadeus of Savoy (the antipope Felix) and his + adherents, not only remission of all their sins, but an increase of + heavenly happiness, and gave his lands and property at the same time + to the King of France.<a id="noteref_142" name="noteref_142" href= + "#note_142"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">142</span></span></a></p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page651">[pg 651]</span><a name="Pg651" id="Pg651" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">39. The Popes + teach that it is false and damnable to maintain that a Christian + ought not to abstain from doing his duty from fear of an unjust + excommunication. Clement <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xi.</span></span> declares the contrary to + be true in his Bull <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Unigenitus</span></span>, prop. 91.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">40. Those who die + wearing the Carmelite scapular have papal assurance, resting on a + revelation granted to John <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xxii.</span></span>, that they will be + delivered on the next Saturday after their death by the Virgin Mary + from Purgatory and conveyed straight to heaven. So says the Bull + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sabbathina</span></span>, confirmed by Alexander + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span>, Clement <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vii.</span></span>, Pius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span>, + Gregory <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xiii.</span></span>, and Paul <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span>, + by the last after long and careful examination, and with indulgences + attached to it.<a id="noteref_143" name="noteref_143" href= + "#note_143"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">143</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">41. According to + papal decisions it is an excess of extravagance and folly, and a + detestable innovation, to translate the Roman missal into the + vernacular. It is to violate and trample under foot the majesty of + the ritual composed in Latin words, to expose the dignity of the holy + mysteries to the gaze of the rabble, to produce disobedience, + audacity, insolence, sedition and many other evils. The authors of + such translations are <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page652">[pg + 652]</span><a name="Pg652" id="Pg652" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <span class="tei tei-q">“sons of perdition.”</span> Alexander + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> says this <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">totidem verbis</span></span> in his Brief of + Jan. 12, 1661.<a id="noteref_144" name="noteref_144" href= + "#note_144"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">144</span></span></a> + Nevertheless the translated missal is in general circulation in + France, England and Germany, and is daily used by all the most pious + persons.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">42. To receive + interest on invested money is a grievous sin according to papal + teaching, and any one who has done so is bound to make restitution. + Papal legislation makes it, under the name of usury, an + ecclesiastical offence to be judged by the spiritual tribunals. The + principle established by the Popes was, that it is unlawful and + sinful to ask for any compensation for the use of capital lent out. + And under the head of usury, which was strictly forbidden, was + included anything whatever received by the lender in compensation for + his capital, every kind of interest, commercial business and the + like. Thus Clement <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span> pronounced it heresy to + defend taking interest, and liable to the penalties of the papal law + against heresy.<a id="noteref_145" name="noteref_145" href= + "#note_145"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">145</span></span></a> His + successors, Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span>, Sixtus <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span>, + and especially Benedict <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xiv.</span></span>, adhered to this + condemnation of all taking of interest. The results <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page653">[pg 653]</span><a name="Pg653" id="Pg653" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> were that real usury was greatly advanced + thereby, that all sorts of evasions and illusory contracts came into + actual use, that the wealth of whole countries was damaged, and + commercial greatness, banished from Catholic countries, became the + monopoly of Protestant countries.<a id="noteref_146" name= + "noteref_146" href="#note_146"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">146</span></span></a></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page654">[pg 654]</span><a name= + "Pg654" id="Pg654" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc127" id="toc127"></a> <a name="pdf128" id="pdf128"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Fifty-Seventh Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, June 18, + 1870.</span></span>—The great merits of Cardoni are at length to + receive their fitting reward. He has hitherto been only Archbishop of + Nisibis, a city that has long ceased to exist; he has now become + keeper of the archives of the Roman Church. He was the principal + person intrusted last year with the grand mystery of the fabrication + of the new dogma, which required for its success the strictest + secrecy; the Bishops, with the exception of course of the initiated, + were to be drawn to Rome unprepared and innocent of the design and + then to be taken by surprise. Had the real object of the Council + become known in the spring of 1869, it might easily have proved a + complete failure. It was therefore intrusted to Cardoni's experienced + hands, who managed matters so well in the Commission that the Bishops + were kept in the dark, and his lucubrations on infallibility were + first printed in April,—it <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page655">[pg + 655]</span><a name="Pg655" id="Pg655" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> is + said after being considerably altered by the Jesuits. The reward of + Cardoni is a punishment for Theiner, who has to suffer for his Life + of Clement <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xiv.</span></span> and for communicating + to some of the Bishops a paper on the order of business at Trent. The + archives are now closed to him, and he has had to surrender the keys + to Cardoni, though he nominally retains his office. Every German + scholar knows that Theiner, after coming to Rome, became extremely + reserved in his communications and very cautious in his own + publications, always suppressing whatever might excite displeasure + there, and throw a slur on the Roman authorities. It was much easier + under his predecessor Marini—as German and French scholars, such as + Pertz, Raumer and Cherrier, and the British Museum can testify—to get + a sight of documents or even transcripts, of course for a good + remuneration. Theiner, who was inaccessible to bribery, knew that he + had an abundance of enemies and jealous rivals watching him, and + carefully guarded against giving them any handle against him. But the + original sin of his German origin clung to him; he was not a Reisach + and could not Italianize himself. There is great joy in the Gesù, the + German College, and the offices of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>!</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page656">[pg 656]</span><a name="Pg656" id="Pg656" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Theiner's great + offence is his letting certain Bishops, viz., Hefele and Strossmayer, + see the account of the order of business at the Council of Trent, + showing the striking difference between that and the present + regulations and the greater freedom of the Tridentine synod. But + Hefele had seen the Tridentine Acts in the spring of 1869, and knew + about it without Theiner's help.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile there is + no abatement of the bitter exasperation in the highest circles. The + three chief organs of the Court—the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>, + the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Unità</span></span> and the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Univers</span></span>—have evidently received + orders to vie with each other in their descriptions of the + <span class="tei tei-q">“Liberal Catholics”</span> as the most + abandoned and dangerous of men. For the moment nobody is more + abominated than a Catholic who is opposed to infallibility and + unwilling to see the teaching of the Church brought into + contradiction with the laws of his country, which is what they mean + by a Liberal Catholic; such persons are worse than Freemasons. The + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> says they are more + dangerous to <span class="tei tei-q">“the cause of God”</span> than + atheists, and have already proved so. We know how his confessors, La + Chaise and Le Tellier, explained to Louis <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xiv.</span></span> that a Jansenist is + worse and more dangerous than an atheist.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page657">[pg 657]</span><a name="Pg657" id="Pg657" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In convents and + girls' schools the new article of faith is already strong enough to + work miracles. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Univers</span></span> relates <span class= + "tei tei-q">“a miraculous cure wrought through an act of faith in the + infallibility of the Vicar of Christ,”</span> at Vienna on May 24. + But that is little in comparison with the greater and more difficult + miracles which the dogma will have to accomplish. If the English + proverb is true, there is nothing more stubborn than facts; to remove + them from history or change their nature will be harder than to move + mountains. Here in Rome we are daily assured that the dogma has + conquered history, but these anticipated conquests will have to be + fought out, at least everywhere north of the Alps, and cannot be won + without great miracles. But the Jesuits have never of course been + without their thaumaturgists, and they have been able to accomplish + the impossible even in the historical domain.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Pope seems + peculiarly annoyed at some of the English Bishops opposing + infallibility, probably because Manning had told him that the English + above all others reverenced him as the organ of the Holy Ghost. He + lately broke out into most bitter reproaches against Bishop Clifford + of Clifton, before an assemblage of Frenchmen, most of whom did not + even know him by <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page658">[pg + 658]</span><a name="Pg658" id="Pg658" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + name, and accused him of low ambition, saying that he knew + <span class="tei tei-q">“ex certâ scientiâ”</span> the only reason + why Clifford would not believe in his infallibility was because he + had not made him Archbishop of Westminster. Yet there is perhaps no + member of the Council whom every one credits with so entire an + absence of any ambitious thought. The spectacle of such conduct on + the part of the man, who for twenty-four years has held the highest + earthly dignity, produces a painful feeling in some, and contempt in + others.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is indeed + disgusting to see the Court party compelling men, most of them aged, + to remain here to the great injury of their health at a season when + all who are able to do so leave Rome, although many of them are + accustomed to a different climate and feel sick and exhausted. They + are treated like prisoners, and not even allowed a holiday without + special leave. No such egotistic and unscrupulous absolutism, as what + now prevails here, has been seen in the Christian world since the + days of the first Napoleon. If there were any persons here besides + courtiers who could advise the Pope, as friends, they would have to + tell him that his credit before the world demanded that an end should + be put to this state of torture, and the Bishops be allowed to + depart, many <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page659">[pg + 659]</span><a name="Pg659" id="Pg659" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + whom are already dead. But, as was observed before, even Antonelli + does not conceal his impotence as regards the Council, and as to + others, it may suffice to acquaint Transalpine readers with one + detail of Roman Court etiquette. If the Pope sneezes, the attendant + prelate must immediately fall on his knees, and cry <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Evviva!”</span> in that position. Every man is at last + what his <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">entourage</span></span> has made him, and Pius + has for twenty-four years had every one kneeling before him, and has + been daily overwhelmed with adorations and acts of homage, the effect + of which may be read in Suetonius' biographies of the Emperors.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The affair of the + Prince Bishop of Breslau, who was not allowed to leave Rome, has been + arranged, by Cardinal Antonelli ordering an apology to be made. The + regulations about refusing visas were only meant for the Orientals, + who are certainly detained in Rome against their will, but in + extending the same treatment to German prelates the police had + exceeded their instructions and must be severely punished. Förster + answered that he did not wish this, and that Cardinal de Angelis in + his note had fully approved their conduct. Meanwhile the same thing + has been repeated: the visa was refused to the suffragan Bishop of + Erlau in Hungary, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page660">[pg + 660]</span><a name="Pg660" id="Pg660" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> who + wanted to go to Naples, because he had received no permission from + the Secretary, Bishop Fessler.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Franciscan, + Hötzl, has made an explanation satisfactory to the authorities, and + is now again received into favour, but he is to stay here for the + festival of June 29, on which day, as Pius was at least convinced a + week ago, the proclamation of the new dogma with all imaginable pomp + will take place. We live in very humane times, and so the good Father + from Munich has suffered no worse martyrdom than the heat. He has + been instructed, the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">genius + loci</span></span> has done its work, his Spanish General has simply + reminded him of certain rules of the Order—and so his conversion has + been very quickly, easily and happily accomplished. He was not even + threatened, I believe, with the Inquisition, and even there he would + not have fared as ill as Galileo in 1633.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You must allow me, + before relating the events of the last few days in the Council Hall, + to recur to the occurrences of June 3, which I am now better + acquainted with, and which have proved to be sufficiently important + and eventful to deserve more detailed mention.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the motion of + Cardinal Bonnechose, who belongs to the middle party, Cardinal de + Angelis had asked the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page661">[pg + 661]</span><a name="Pg661" id="Pg661" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Pope, directly after the session of June 2, whether he would not + permit the prorogation of the Council, in view of the intolerable + heat and the too long absence already of so many Bishops from their + dioceses. The reply was a decided negative; there should be no + adjournment till the infallibilist <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> was disposed of. That was a + hint to the majority, which they used next day, as the wish to cut + short the debates had been loudly expressed for some days + previously.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the same day + the Bishop of Pittsburg in North America spoke against infallibility + and defended the Catholics of his country, who had hitherto known + nothing of this doctrine, but were yet genuine Catholics in life and + practice and not in name only, like the Italians. Capalti immediately + attacked him and imposed silence. Bishop Dinkel of Augsburg followed. + Senestrey, Bishop of Ratisbon, in the previous sitting had assured + the prelates, who listened eagerly, that all Germany, so far as it + was Catholic, thought as he did, and that every one was deeply + penetrated with reverence for the infallible Pope, while it was a + mere invention of certain evil-minded persons that there were those + in Germany who doubted this divine prerogative of the Vicar of God. + The astonishment was great; they <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page662">[pg 662]</span><a name="Pg662" id="Pg662" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> had heard so often that the aversion to the new + dogma was most deeply rooted and most widely spread in Germany. + Dinkel pointedly contradicted his colleague, and warned them against + being misled by such tricks. He won great commendation, and his + Biblical comments were also found to be well grounded and to the + purpose.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Maret of + Sura next ascended the tribune. He like others has made advances + since being in the Roman school. If he had to write his work on the + Pope and Council now, he would take a far more decided and bolder + line. It was not without reason that he pointedly distinguished the + two things, papal infallibility based and dependent on episcopal + consent, and the personal infallibility of the Pope deciding alone, + as the real subject of the controversy; for during the last few days + there have been Bishops who excused their adhesion to the majority on + the pretext that they only found the former kind of infallibility in + the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>. Maret + then showed in what a labyrinth the majority was on the point of + involving the Council. Either the Council was to give the Pope an + infallibility he did not yet possess, in which case the donor was + higher than the receiver by divine and therefore inalienable + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page663">[pg 663]</span><a name="Pg663" + id="Pg663" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> rights; or the Pope was to + give himself an infallibility he had not hitherto possessed, in which + case he could change the divine constitution of the Church by his own + plenary power; and if so why summon a Council and ask its vote? There + Bilio angrily interrupted him, exclaiming to one of the most learned + and respected men of the French clergy, the president of the Paris + Theological Faculty, <span class="tei tei-q">“Tu non nôsti prima + rudimenta fidei.”</span> And then he gave the explanation I mentioned + before, that it did not belong to the Council to bear witness, to + judge and to decide, but only to acknowledge the truth and give its + vote, and then to leave the Pope to define what he chose by the + inspiration of the Holy Ghost. There could be no talk here of + majority or minority, but only of the Council. The majority + applauded. Maret remained quiet, and asked without changing + countenance, after this effusion of Bilio's was at an end, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Licitumne est ac liberum continuare + sermonem.”</span> Then all was silence, and he was able to finish his + speech without further interruption.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Hereupon followed + the violent closing of the discussion by a decree of the majority. + The euphemistic language in which the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Giornale di + Roma</span></span> announced it next <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page664">[pg 664]</span><a name="Pg664" id="Pg664" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> day was remarkable:—<span class="tei tei-q">“Fù + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">terminata</span></em> la discussione generale + intorno alla materia di fede, che cominciata con la Congregazione del + 14 Maggio, era stata proseguita per tutte le adunanze tenute nel + suddetto spazio di tempo, nelle quali ebbero parlato in proposito 65 + padri,”</span> etc.—such an obituary announcement as those which used + to be put into the Russian newspapers on the death of a Czar, and + which led Talleyrand to say, <span class="tei tei-q">“Il serait enfin + temps que les Empereurs de Russie changeassent de + maladie.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the + international meeting at Cardinal Rauscher's on the 4th, when about + 100 Bishops were present, some of the bolder and more vigorous of + them thought they ought to show by observing complete silence that + there was no freedom at the Council. This view, as was said before, + did not prevail; and the alternative of a protest was again adopted. + On June 6, when the special debate began, Bishop Verot of Savannah in + Georgia was the speaker who incurred the peculiar displeasure of the + Court party, and was maltreated by Bilio. He objected to the words of + the preamble <span class="tei tei-q">“juxta communem et universalem + doctrinam,”</span> as not being true, because the doctrine referred + to was not universal or everywhere received, but was only the + doctrine <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page665">[pg + 665]</span><a name="Pg665" id="Pg665" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + the so-called ultramontane school. At this murmurs arose, and Verot + remarked that a previous speaker—Valerga—had been quietly listened to + while he talked for an hour and a half about the Gallican school, and + compared them with the Monothelite heretics; it was only fair + therefore to let him call the other school by its name. Hereupon + Bilio, who has assumed the rôle of <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">ex + officio</span></span> blusterer and terrorist, interposed in his + manner of a brawling monk, saying this topic had nothing to do with + the preamble, and could be introduced afterwards in the discussion on + the four chapters.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bishop Pie of + Poitiers had proposed to his colleagues on the Commission + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">de + Fide</span></span> to put the article on infallibility, which was too + crudely worded, into a shape which all could accept, to which Manning + and Dechamps replied that it could not be improved upon, and they + would allow not the slightest change. And as they had a majority in + the Commission, Pie's wish was strangled before its birth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is no want + of restless activity and agitation in favour of infallibility. The + processions to obtain the gift of infallibility from the Holy Virgin + and the numerous Saints, whose bones and relics fill the Roman + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page666">[pg 666]</span><a name="Pg666" + id="Pg666" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Churches, march with sonorous + devotion through the streets; the lazy and lukewarm are urged not to + remain idle at so important a time, and there is no lack of + intimations of the real profits which the dogma must yield to the + city. The Bishops of the minority must have had marble hearts if they + had continued proof against so many fervent prayers for their + conversion, and wished still to defend their Gallican citadel in + spite of the general assault upon it. The Roman parish priests have + already presented an address in favour of the dogma, but not—as I + hear—till after the opposition among them had been put down by the + highest authority. And now an urgent admonition has been addressed to + the University Professors either to signify their desire for the + definition or resign their offices. All who receive salaries here + have long been accustomed to the soft pressure put upon them from + above, and are hastening, with a correct appreciation of the + importance of the wish of the authorities, to follow lead. In the + last few days we have had an address from 40 Chamberlains of the + Fathers of the Council who <span class="tei tei-q">“prostrate at the + Pope's most sacred feet earnestly desire to have the opportunity of + sharing the wholesome fruits (<span lang="it" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="it"><span style="font-style: italic">saluberrimi + frutti</span></span>) of infallibility and <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page667">[pg 667]</span><a name="Pg667" id="Pg667" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the exultation felt by all true believers at + the decree.”</span> The text of the address is given in the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unita + Cattolica</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile the + chief Pontiff himself speaks in most emphatic terms. The <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tedeschi</span></span>, notwithstanding + Senestrey's assurances, are in bad odour here. A letter of the Papal + Secretary in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Univers</span></span> of June 2 describes the + Opposition Bishops as <span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">amateurs de nouveautés + dangereuses</span></span>, and I understand that in a letter to + Chigi, the nuncio at Paris, the Pope speaks of his infallibility as + <span class="tei tei-q">“that pious doctrine, which for so many + centuries nobody questioned.”</span> This expression is peculiarly + suggestive. That the Pope uses it in good faith is certain, and that + he has not gained his conviction by any study of his own is equally + certain. He has been deluded by this monstrous lie, which no single + even half-educated infallibilist will make himself responsible for, + and thus has been driven into his perilous course. No one, who has + but glanced at the official Roman historians, such as Baronius or + Orsi or Saccarelli, can possibly maintain seriously that there has + been no doubt for centuries about papal infallibility. This saying + lifts the veil and affords us a glance into the workshop, where the + Pandora's basket was fabricated which has now been opened before our + eyes. Future theologians <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page668">[pg + 668]</span><a name="Pg668" id="Pg668" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + will know how to appreciate that weighty saying, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“no one for many centuries,”</span> and I for my part + would say, like Gratiano to Shylock, <span class="tei tei-q">“I thank + thee for teaching me that word.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cardinal + Schwarzenberg, who spoke on the 7th against the second chapter, was + not, I think, interrupted, as was however the Bishop of Biella, + Losanna, on the pretext that he did not keep to the subject. The old + man is a doubly unpleasant phenomenon to the Court party, both from + his boldness and clearness of view, and as being a living proof that + even an Italian may be a decided opponent of infallibilism. At the + international meeting at Cardinal Rauscher's on the 8th it was + determined that the third chapter was to be especially attacked in + the speeches.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This third chapter + deals with matters of very pregnant import. It binds the Bishops to + the acknowledgment that all men are immediately and directly under + the Pope, which means that the so-called papal system is to be made + exclusively dominant in the Church, in place of the old episcopal + system, or in other words is to displace the latter, as it existed in + the ancient Church, altogether. Bishops remain only as Papal + Commissaries, possessed of so much power as the Pope finds good to + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page669">[pg 669]</span><a name="Pg669" + id="Pg669" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> leave them, and exercising + such authority only as he does not directly exercise himself; there + is no longer any episcopate, and thus one grade of the hierarchy is + abolished. The persons bearing the name of Bishops are wholly + different from the old and real Bishops; they have nothing more to do + with the higher teaching office (<span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">magisterium</span></span>), and have no + authority or sphere of their own, but only delegated functions and + powers, which the Pope or any one appointed by him can encroach upon + at pleasure. Even this is not enough for Archbishop Dechamps of + Mechlin, who has now proposed four canons anathematizing all + defenders of the episcopal system; this has roused the suspicions + even of several Bishops of the majority. These four canons are so + significant an illustration of the aims of the party that they + deserve to be put on record here:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(1.) <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Si quis dixerit Romanum Pontificem habere quidem in + Ecclesia primatum jurisdictionis, non vero etiam supremam potestatem + docendi, regendi et gubernandi Ecclesiam, perinde ac si primatus + jurisdictionis ab illâ supremâ, potestate distingui posset—anathema + sit.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(2.) <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Si quis dixerit talem potestatem Romani Pontificis non + esse plenam, sed divisam inter S. Pontificem et episcopos, quasi + episcopi a Spiritu S. positi ad <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page670">[pg 670]</span><a name="Pg670" id="Pg670" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Ecclesiam Dei docendam et regendam sub unico + summo pastore etiam divinitus vocati fuerint, ut in supremâ potestate + totius Ecclesiæ capitis participent—anathema sit.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(3.) <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Si quis dixerit supremam in Ecclesia potestatem non + residere in universæ Ecclesiæ capite, sed in episcoporum + pluralitate—anathema sit.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(4.) <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Si quis dixerit Romano Pontifici datam quidem esse + plenam potestatem regendi et gubernandi, non autem etiam plenam + potestatem docendi universalem Ecclesiam, fideles et + pastores—anathema sit.”</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page671">[pg 671]</span><a name= + "Pg671" id="Pg671" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc129" id="toc129"></a> <a name="pdf130" id="pdf130"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Fifty-Eighth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, June 21, + 1870.</span></span>—What I have to communicate in this letter is so + important, that I find it desirable to take it out of the historical + order of events and let it precede the detailed account of what + occurred between June 8 and 17.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A circumstance + occurred on Saturday, which has kept all who are interested about the + Council in breathless suspense ever since. Nothing in fact could be + more unexpected than that, at the moment when the Opposition, though + still maintaining the contest from a sense of conscientious duty, + almost despairs of success, a fresh ally should join its ranks in the + person of a Roman Cardinal, whose accession is the more valuable + because he does not only speak in his own name, but has concerted his + speech with the fifteen Bishops of his Order. In fact I hear his + speech spoken of in many quarters as the most important and + unexpected <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page672">[pg + 672]</span><a name="Pg672" id="Pg672" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + event in the Council. It must not of course be supposed that Guidi's + spirited speech represents adequately the tendencies of the + Opposition, but still it must be affirmed that it involves a + complete, and as we believe irreconcilable, breach with the majority. + In order to enable people to appreciate the full weight of the speech + it is of some importance to premise a brief account of the + speaker.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cardinal Guidi has + belonged, almost ever since his entering the Dominican Order, to the + convent of the Minerva. For a long time he belonged to the + theological professoriate connected with the convent, and enjoyed, as + such, the well-earned reputation of great learning and strict + orthodoxy. When eleven years ago Pius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> + wished to send thoroughly trustworthy and learned Roman theologians + to the University of Vienna, to inculcate genuine Roman science and + views on the young clergy, his eye fell on Father Guidi. After + working there for some years he returned to Rome, having been + meanwhile appointed Cardinal, and was soon afterwards made Archbishop + of Bologna; and as the Italian Government promised to place no + impediment in the way of his residing there, he actually betook + himself to his See. But he soon found that it <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page673">[pg 673]</span><a name="Pg673" id="Pg673" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> was not the place for him. The Dominican + Order had seriously compromised itself in the notorious Mortara + affair, and accordingly the Bolognese rabble broke out repeatedly + into the most deplorable demonstrations against the new Archbishop as + a member of the hated Order. He therefore returned to Rome, and + administered his diocese from hence. And here he was one of the + Pope's favourites, only during the last year he has lost favour + through his freedom of speech. Since then he has been prosecuting his + theological studies in retirement, and it was pretty well known what + he thought about the personal infallibility of the Pope. Several + months ago he had assembled the Dominican Bishops at the Minerva + about this affair. His view prevailed, and when Father Jandel, the + General imposed on the Order by the Pope and reluctantly accepted, + tried to put a pressure on them, they replied that they were Bishops, + and were bound, as such, to consult their consciences when called to + act as judges of faith. Then began a notable agitation in the Order, + which was already divided into two camps. One arbitrary act followed + another. A so-called academy of St. Thomas was opened, and hardly had + the President taken his seat, when he made a long speech, expounding + the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page674">[pg 674]</span><a name= + "Pg674" id="Pg674" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> doctrine of St. Thomas + and the Order on papal infallibility in the most tactless and violent + manner to his episcopal audience. A Dominican Bishop delighted the + Pope by getting up an infallibilist address among his episcopal + colleagues. Then followed a series of writings defending St. Thomas + against <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Janus</span></span>. A member of the Order was + forbidden by the General, Jandel, <span class="tei tei-q">“to speak + either publicly or privately about infallibility,”</span> and the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Civiltà + Cattolica</span></span> of June 18 praised the General for prefixing + to the infallibilist writing of a Dominican the approbation that in + the Dominican Order papal infallibility has always been held as a + Catholic truth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Under these + circumstances people were the less prepared to find Cardinal Guidi, + in contrast with his numerous sympathizers in the College of + Cardinals, venturing boldly on a step which must embitter his whole + existence at Rome. The very first sentence of his momentous speech + must have concentrated the anger of the majority on a Cardinal, as + they thought, so confused and oblivious of his duty. Guidi began by + affirming that the separate and personal infallibility of the Pope, + as stated in the amended chapter of the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, was wholly unknown in the + Church up to the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page675">[pg + 675]</span><a name="Pg675" id="Pg675" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + fourteenth century inclusive. Proofs for it are vainly sought in + Scripture and Tradition. The whole question, he added, reduces itself + to the point whether the Pope has defined even one dogma alone and + without the co-operation of the Church. No man could claim divine + inspiration (<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">doctrina infusa</span></span>). + An act might be infallible, a person never. But every infallible act + had always proceeded from the Church herself only, either + <span class="tei tei-q">“per consilium Ecclesiæ sparsæ,”</span> or + <span class="tei tei-q">“per Concilium.”</span> To know <span class= + "tei tei-q">“quid ubique credatur, si omnes Ecclesiæ cum Romanâ + Ecclesiâ concordent,”</span> information is indispensably required. + After this examination the Pope sanctions doctrine <span class= + "tei tei-q">“finaliter,”</span> as St. Thomas says, and only so can + it be rightly said <span class="tei tei-q">“Omnes per Papam + docent.”</span> He then showed from the works of the Jesuits + Bellarmine and Perrone, <span class="tei tei-q">“in definendis + dogmatibus Papas nunquam ex se solis egisse, nunquam hæresim per se + solos condemnâsse.”</span> As Guidi uttered these words the majority + began to make a tumult under the lead of the Italian Spaccapietra, + Bishop of Smyrna. The Cardinal saw he could not continue his speech. + One bishop cried <span class="tei tei-q">“birbante”</span> + (scoundrel) and another <span class="tei tei-q">“brigantino.”</span> + But Guidi did not let himself be put out of countenance; he answered + with astonishing firmness and calmness <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page676">[pg 676]</span><a name="Pg676" id="Pg676" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> that he had a right to be heard, and that no + one had given to the Bishops the right of the Presidents. + <span class="tei tei-q">“However, the time will come yet for saying + your <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Placet</span></span> or your + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Non placet</span></span>, and then every one + will be free to vote according to his conscience.”</span> Here for + the first time his speech was interrupted by loud applause, and the + words <span class="tei tei-q">“Optime, optime”</span> resounded from + every side among the Opposition Bishops. Manning was asked by one of + them, who stood near him, <span class="tei tei-q">“Etes-vous + d'accord, Monsigneur?”</span> He replied, <span class="tei tei-q">“Le + Cardinal est une tête confuse.”</span> On this a high-spirited Bishop + could not refrain from observing to the powerful Archbishop of + Westminster, <span class="tei tei-q">“C'est bien votre tête, + Monseigneur, qui est confuse et plus qu'à moitié + Protestante.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After this pretty + long interruption Guidi went on to require a change in the chapter on + infallibility <span class="tei tei-q">“ut clare appareat Papam agere + consentientibus episcopis et illis occasione errorum qui sparguntur + petentibus, factâ inquisitione in aliis Ecclesiis, præmisso maturo + examine et judicio et consiliis fratrum aut collecto + Concilio.”</span> This was the true doctrine of St. Thomas; + <span class="tei tei-q">“finaliter”</span> implied something to + precede, and the words <span class="tei tei-q">“supremus magister et + judex”</span> pre-suppose other <span class= + "tei tei-q">“magistri”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“tribunalia.”</span> He concluded by proposing these + canons:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(1.) <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Si quis dixerit decreta seu constitutiones a Petri + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page677">[pg 677]</span><a name="Pg677" + id="Pg677" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> successore editas, continentes + quandam fidei vel morum veritatem Ecclesiæ universæ ab ipso pro + supremâ suâ et apostolicâ auctoritate propositas non esse extemplo + omnimodo venerandas et toto corde credendas vel posse + reformari—anathema sit.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(2.) <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Si quis dixerit Pontificem, cum talia edit decreta, + posse agere arbitrio et ex se solo non autem ex consilio episcoporum + traditionem Ecclesiarum exhibentium—anathema sit.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On sitting down he + gave his manuscript to the Secretary, and was soon surrounded by the + leaders of the Opposition, some of whom complimented him on his + speech, while others expressed their admiration of his courage in + resisting the attempts to interrupt him. When a learned Italian + Bishop asked Valerga, Patriarch of Jerusalem, what he thought of this + speech, he replied audibly with the pun, <span class="tei tei-q">“Si + e squidato,”</span> and on his interrogator rejoining that anyhow the + speech contained nothing but the truth, Valerga let slip an + expression very characteristic of himself and his party, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Si, ma non convien sempre dir la verità.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After this speech + a large number of Bishops left the Council Hall, and excited groups + of prelates might be seen standing about in all directions. Cardinals + Bonnechose and Cullen addressed their very pointless <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page678">[pg 678]</span><a name="Pg678" id="Pg678" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> speeches to empty benches. Both pleaded + for the proclamation of the fourth chapter, as it stood. Bonnechose, + from whom Ginoulhiac and others had expected a very moderate speech, + proved that he had completely gone over into Manning's camp, which + cannot surprise any one in the case of a man who himself made no + secret of his having no clear views on the question. Cullen destroyed + by his last speech the impression made by the first, which had been + admired, not for its contents but for its strictly parliamentary + form.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cardinal Guidi's + courageous speech was destined soon to bear its fruits. The Pope—the + dearest object of whose heart is the perfect freedom of the Council, + as the official journal stated the other day—sent for him at once, + and next day boasted to several Cardinals of having energetically + rebuked their undutiful colleague for his heresy and ingratitude, and + threatened him with being called on to renew his profession of faith. + But the Cardinal may consider himself indemnified for these hard + words of the Pope by the homage he received the day after his speech + from almost the whole body of the Opposition Bishops who came to + visit him. And he knows that the best of them were even worse treated + by his Holiness than himself, where it was possible.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page679">[pg 679]</span><a name= + "Pg679" id="Pg679" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc131" id="toc131"></a> <a name="pdf132" id="pdf132"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Fifty-Ninth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, June 22, + 1870.</span></span>—On the 13th the votes were taken on the changes + proposed in the preamble, and taken by rising and sitting down.<a id= + "noteref_147" name="noteref_147" href="#note_147"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">147</span></span></a> Instead + of <span class="tei tei-q">“Vis et salus Ecclesiæ ab eo (Papâ) + dependet”</span> was proposed <span class="tei tei-q">“Vis et + soliditas in eo (Papâ) consistit.”</span> The majority seem to have + thought that stronger. The debate began with the speech of the Irish + Archbishop of Cashel, a member of the Commission. It is precisely in + our days, he said, that it is so necessary for the Pope to have + absolute and irresponsible authority, for therein lies the one + safeguard, first, against the encroachments of Liberalism; secondly, + against the Radical and anti-Church policy of the Governments; + thirdly, against the poisonous and unbridled influence of journalism; + and fourthly, the absolute Pope can alone meet the ecclesiastical and + national enterprises of Russia or subdue <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page680">[pg 680]</span><a name="Pg680" id="Pg680" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the political sects and ward off the Revolution + which is impending everywhere. In short, human society requires a + deliverer, and this deliverer must be omnipotent and infallible. So + it is said in the Commission, and the Irish prelate, who was + specially alarmed by Fenianism, spoke in its name. As soon as the + Pope with the assent of the Council—or indeed without it—has ruled + his own omnipotence and infallibility, the deliverance of mankind is + accomplished.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The French + Benedictine, Cardinal Pitra, undertook to lift the assembly out of + this cloudy region back to the firm ground of facts, viz., the facts + disclosed by himself. He expatiated on the collection of canons in + the Greek Church, saying that those relating to the Roman See had + been falsified, and the Russian Church was above all implicated in + this system of forgery, which had brought things to such a pass that + there was no authentic collection of canons in the Oriental Church. + This was probably intended to serve as a diversion, for the enormous + fabrications in favour of papal omnipotence, which were carried on + for centuries and are incorporated in the codes of canon law, had + been frequently before referred to in a very suspicious manner in the + Council. Even the Bishop of Saluzzo, who is <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page681">[pg 681]</span><a name="Pg681" id="Pg681" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> almost a thorough-going Roman absolutist, had + called the collection of canons (Gratian's, etc.) an Augean stable. + Pitra went on to indulge in an uncommonly fervid philippic against + the Machiavellian and persecuting Russia. But he forgot to say one + thing, viz., that in no country would the impending decrees be + received with such satisfaction as in Russia, nowhere would they give + greater pleasure than in that great Northern State which considers + itself the happy heir of Rome in the East. So much must be known even + in Rome, that on the day the dogma is promulgated all the bells in + Mohilew, Wilna, Minsk, etc., will resound to ring the knell of Rome. + Pitra was followed by Ramirez y Vasquez, Bishop of Badajoz. He + maintained in the style and tone of Don Gerundio de Canpazes, the + doctrine that the Pope is Christ in the Church, the continuation of + the Incarnation of the Son of God, whence to him belongs the same + extent of power as to Christ Himself when visibly on earth. Maret had + announced his intention of speaking, with the view of combating the + four anathemas of Dechamps, which were so manifestly directed against + his book. But Dechamps, on learning this, told the Bishop of Sura + that, if he would keep silence, he would withdraw his anathemas, and + excused <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page682">[pg 682]</span><a name= + "Pg682" id="Pg682" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> himself by alleging + his zeal for the new dogma, assuring Maret that he had a good heart + and meant no harm. So Maret renounced his design of speaking.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 14th, + Haynald, in spite of his bodily suffering, delivered a long polemical + speech against the majority, and maintained his reputation of being + the best Latin speaker after Strossmayer. Jussuf, the Melchite + Patriarch of Antioch, came next with an apology for the Oriental + Churches and their liberties. He pointed out in earnest words the + danger of their defection, if the present design of taking away their + ancient rights was carried out. He produced letters from his home + telling him that he had better not return at all than bring back from + Rome decrees curtailing their ecclesiastical liberties. And if the + Pope chose to send back another Patriarch instead of him, they might + be very sure he would not be received. Bishop Krementz of Ermeland + observed that Holy Scripture made, not Peter, or as is here + understood the Pope, the foundation of the Church, but Christ, and + then as secondary foundation the Apostles and Prophets. Only after + these and in dependence on them could this designation be applied to + the See of Rome.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It had indeed been + already observed among the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page683">[pg + 683]</span><a name="Pg683" id="Pg683" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + minority how monstrous it was to make the Pope <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the principle of unity in the Church,”</span> as the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> puts it, and that the + ancient Fathers speak indeed of an <span class="tei tei-q">“exordium + unitatis”</span> established in the person of Peter, but had never + called him, and still less the Bishop of Rome, the principle of + ecclesiastical unity, which would be logically inconceivable. In the + voting, which was again taken by rising and sitting down, the little + band of dissentients disappeared before the consentient mass, and the + expression <span class="tei tei-q">“principium unitatis,”</span> + opposed as it is both to logic and tradition, was accepted. Before + the voting Bishop Gallo of Avellino had uttered in the name of the + Commission some Neapolitan mysticism about Adam and Eve and the + mysteries already revealed in Adam and Eve of the Church resting on + the Pope.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cardinal Mathieu + was the first speaker on the fourth chapter on infallibility. His + long and powerful speech was mainly directed against Valerga, who had + outraged the French by his attack on the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Gallican errors.”</span> It was a well-delivered + panegyric on the French nation, which had shed the blood of her sons + to restore Rome to the Pope, and without whose troops at Civita + Vecchia the Council could not remain in Rome. The only doubt is + whether this Valerga is worth as much notice <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page684">[pg 684]</span><a name="Pg684" id="Pg684" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> as the French have accorded to him. After + Mathieu Cardinal Rauscher spoke. His speech was very inaudible owing + to the nature of the Council Hall, but was clear and well grounded, + and showed how the acceptance of a personal infallibility, by virtue + of which every utterance of a Pope must be believed by all Christians + under pain of eternal damnation, is equally at issue with facts and + with the former tradition of the Church, and must have a fatal effect + in the future. He referred to Vigilius, Honorius, the reordinations + of Sergius and Stephen, and the contradiction between Nicolas + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> and John <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xxii.</span></span>, and commended the + formula of Antoninus requiring the consent of the Church as a + condition. He could never assent to the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> without mortal sin. + <span class="tei tei-q">“We knew all that from your pamphlet,”</span> + said Dechamps while he was speaking. <span class="tei tei-q">“But you + have never refuted it,”</span> replied Rauscher.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cardinal Pitra was + to have followed, but he was unwell, and the sitting was broken off. + The Presidents had issued an instruction that no one should speak out + of his turn, and if prevented on the regular day should lose his + right altogether. The rule in this case affected the zealous + infallibilist Pitra, and accordingly the Bishops were dismissed + before the usual hour.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page685">[pg + 685]</span><a name="Pg685" id="Pg685" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The two next days, + the 17th and 18th, were festivals, and there was no sitting held. As + there are already 75 speakers enrolled for the fourth chapter, the + promulgation obviously cannot take place on June 29, and the Council + will last on into July. There is indeed a simple means of gratifying + the desire of the Pope and curtailing the pains of the Bishops, who + are now absolutely tortured by the heat: the majority can any day cut + short the special debate, as they have already cut short the general + discussion. It may of course be objected that this procedure, of + depriving the Bishops of their right of speaking and violently + imposing silence upon them, overthrows the nature of a Church + Council, where every Bishop is meant to bear witness not only to his + own belief, but to the tradition of his country and the faith of his + diocese. If the Bishops are deprived of this right—and that too where + so momentous a question is at issue and there is such diversity of + opinion—the freedom essential to a Council is wanting.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Pope becomes + more lavish of his admonitions and instructions every day. In the + last Papal <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Capella</span></span> Patrizzi assured him the + faithful were impatiently awaiting the proclamation of infallibility, + whereon Pius, in presence of several Bishops of the minority, replied + that <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page686">[pg 686]</span><a name= + "Pg686" id="Pg686" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> there were three + classes of opponents of the dogma, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">first</span></em>, + the gross ignoramuses, who did not know what it meant; <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">secondly</span></em>, + the slaves of princes, he said <span class="tei tei-q">“of + Cæsar,”</span> referring both to Vienna and Paris; <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">thirdly</span></em>, + the cowards, who feared the judgment of this evil world. But he + prayed for their enlightenment and conversion.<a id="noteref_148" + name="noteref_148" href="#note_148"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">148</span></span></a> This + was of course applied here universally to the Bishops of the + Opposition. Moreover the Pope had just before had a letter written to + certain canons of Besançon, saying that all the objections raised now + had been triumphantly refuted a hundred times over, and that as to + appealing to the results of historical criticism and the examination + of texts, viz., to the huge mass of deliberate falsifications and + forgeries, these were <span class="tei tei-q">“des anciens sophismes + ou mensonges contraires aux prérogatives du St. Siége.”</span> The + remark touches Rauscher, Schwarzenberg, Dupanloup, Hefele, Maret, + Kenrick, Ketteler (in the pamphlet he circulated), and some thirty + more. There is much dispute here as to the paternity of those views + which Pius emits both orally and in writing. Has he got them from the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>, or are the Jesuit writers + of that journal only the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page687">[pg + 687]</span><a name="Pg687" id="Pg687" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + pupils of the Pope, who has received this information <span class= + "tei tei-q">“by infused science”</span> from the Virgin Mary? On that + point opinions differ. The majority, who are quite aware that every + one would think it a joke to call Giovanni Maria Mastai a learned + theologian, hold to the latter view, and to the well-known picture + painted by the Pope's own order, where the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“actus infusionis”</span> is represented to the eye. + Their favourite watchword is that every one who does not accept the + decree is, or in a few days will be, a heretic and enemy of the + Church; his <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">non placet</span></span> + consummates his separation from her, and hence Manning has already + proposed that each of these Bishops should have his excommunication + handed him with his railway-ticket when he leaves Rome. Livy says, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Hæc natura multitudinis est, aut servit + humiliter aut superbe dominatur;”</span> the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“multitude”</span> in the Hall combines both + characteristics.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On June 18 the + Pope observed a German priest among those admitted to an audience, + and asked who he was, when he replied that he was secretary to a + Bishop, who is well known for his learning and his fallibilist views. + Pius turned away with an exclamation of disgust. Of another very + eminent dignitary of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page688">[pg + 688]</span><a name="Pg688" id="Pg688" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + similar views he is wont to say in the bitterest terms, that his + opinions are prompted solely by personal enmity to himself.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The majority are + said to be very impatient, so that many anticipate the violent + closing of the debate on Saturday, the 25th. And the greater number + of the intending speakers on the fourth chapter, now increased to a + hundred, belong to the Court party, who might say that they are only + willingly renouncing the pleasure of hearing their own ideas put + forward. But then the speeches of Darboy, Place (of Marseilles), + Maret, Clifford, Schwarzenberg, Simor, Dupanloup, and Haynald would + also be suppressed. Hefele was the first to put down his name, as he + was not allowed at the time to answer the fierce attack of Cullen. On + his inquiring after some days when his turn would come, he was told + that he was the fifty-first in order, as all who came before him in + age and rank must speak before he could be permitted to open his + mouth. A little later he was told he came seventy-first, so that his + hope of being able to vindicate himself in the Council is almost at + an end. Meanwhile he has had a brief reply to the attack of a + Frenchman, de la Margerie, printed at Naples.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The minority have + resolved to send a deputation to <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page689">[pg 689]</span><a name="Pg689" id="Pg689" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the Pope to petition for the adjournment of the + Council, since it is horrible to detain so many aged men, many of + whom are sick, by violence in this unhealthy city. They will of + course meet with a positive refusal, for the Jesuits and the holy + Virgin, who is always appealed to, are for carrying out the + compulsory system to the last. But you may judge how the heat and the + moral and physical miasmas are working on the Bishops from the fact + that there are now only five or six on a bench where thirty Bishops + used to sit, though most of the others are in Rome or the + neighbourhood. Indeed they are kept prisoners here, and Antonelli + said recently to a diplomatist, <span class="tei tei-q">“Si quelque + Evêque veut faire une partie de campagne (like Förster) la police n'a + rien à y voir, mais s'il voulait quitter le Concile, alors ce serait + différent,”</span> so that every foreign Bishop lives here under the + inspection of the police, who are to take care that he does not + escape. This statement seemed to the diplomat to whom it was made so + seriously to affect the sovereign rights of his Government, that he + at once reported it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Roman logic, + as may be seen from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>, is simply this: the + Council is what it is through the Pope alone; without him it can do + nothing and is an empty <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page690">[pg + 690]</span><a name="Pg690" id="Pg690" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + shadow. Freedom of the Council therefore means freedom of the Pope: + if he is free, it is free. You may infer what reception will be + accorded in the Vatican to the petition just resolved upon for a + secret voting on the Papal <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>. + There could be no more eloquent testimony to the real state of things + and the estimate formed of the freedom of the Council, for it is + dictated by the knowledge that a secret ballot would give a very + considerable number of negative votes, at least 200, if the private + expressions of opinion of the Bishops may be relied upon, while no + one here ventures to hope for more than 110 or 115 <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">non placets</span></span> in a public voting. + There are certainly some hundred, even of the Papal boarders, who + would say <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Non placet</span></span>, if + their votes were sheltered by secrecy. Neither the Catholic nor the + non-Catholic public has any idea of the extent to which a Bishop in + the present day is dependent on Rome, and how difficult or impossible + the administration of his office would be made for him by the + disfavour of Rome. The worst off of all are the Bishops under + Propaganda, who have simply no rights. For them to speak of freedom, + after the Pope has announced his wish, would be ludicrous, and to + this category belong not only all the Oriental and Missionary + Bishops, but <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page691">[pg + 691]</span><a name="Pg691" id="Pg691" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + American and English also. And even for the Bishops of the older + Sees, who are under the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Congregatio Episcoporum et + Regularium</span></span>, and are protected by the common law or by + Concordats, the practice of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> is a field full of + man-traps, a belt studded with nails, which only needs to be drawn in + by curialistic hands to make the nails pierce the body of the + obnoxious Bishop. As things now are here, and after Pius has gone + further than any Pope for centuries in glaring partisanship and open + threats of enmity against all dissentients, secret voting must appear + the only possible means of securing even a shadow of freedom for the + decrees of the Council. If the voting is public, the word freedom, as + used of the Council, could only be regarded as a mockery. And it is + very well known here that the Pope's <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">entourage</span></span> do everything in their + power to maintain him in his belief that the Opposition will melt + away at last like snow before the sun, and hardly four negative votes + will remain.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Last year the + theologians summoned for the preliminary work were sent home at the + beginning of June, and scarcely one or two even of the directing + Commission of Cardinals stayed longer in Rome. Now the 15th or 20th + of July is spoken of as the day for the promulgation, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page692">[pg 692]</span><a name="Pg692" id="Pg692" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and if it should be a little earlier + there will still be many of the prelates who will return from Rome + ill and with their constitutions permanently shattered. The ancients + found the word <span class="tei tei-q">“amor”</span> reversed in the + name of the eternal city (<span lang="it" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="it"><span style="font-style: italic">Roma</span></span>), + and the Bishops are daily reminded of it. Meanwhile the brilliant + recompense of Cardoni's services has rekindled the hopes of the + majority; there are fifteen or sixteen vacant Hats, which will be + given to those who have deserved best of the new dogma. The merits of + the Italians are not conspicuous; they have most of them done moles' + work, chiefly as spies, for that business is conducted here to an + extent almost unheard of in Europe. Valerga is of course an + exception, who has excelled all the Italians as a speaker. After him, + Mgr. Nardi has so greatly distinguished himself by his active zeal + that a red Hat would seem a fitting ornament of his head, but then + there are very suspicious circumstances, only too notorious in Rome. + The men who have done and will do the most important services, who + are indeed the modern Atlases to carry the main weight of the new + dogma on their lusty shoulders, are of course the Jesuits. Pius is + penetrated with the feeling that their services are above all praise + and recompense. A <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page693">[pg + 693]</span><a name="Pg693" id="Pg693" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Jesuit cannot be rewarded with titles and colours and dresses, but he + can receive a Cardinal's Hat. The names of Toletus, Bellarmine, + Pallavicini, de Lugo, recall grand memories. Not long before its + dissolution in 1736, three of the Order were in the Sacred College + together—Tolomei, Eienfuegos and Salerno. That might happen again, + and the College would gain in capacity and working power. As Kleutgen + cannot be thought of, on account of his trial before the Inquisition, + and Perrone is too old, the next candidates would be Curci, Schrader + and Franzelin. Father Piccirillo, from his intimate relations to the + highest personage, would possess the first reversionary claim, and + his services have been rewarded in a manner greatly desired and long + aimed at by his Order, for he has received the permission, + unprecedented in the history of Rome, to go alone into the secret + archives and there work. Such an event would at other times have been + regarded at Rome as a downfall of the heavens or a sign of the last + judgment, and even now it has produced perplexity and amazement in + genuine Roman circles. For every one who passes the threshold of the + chamber of archives incurs <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ipso facto</span></span> excommunication. So the + Order is firmly seated in this unapproachable sanctuary. There is no + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page694">[pg 694]</span><a name="Pg694" + id="Pg694" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> fear of indiscreet + publications. Piccirillo, far from publishing anything, will excel in + mere negative activity.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among foreign + candidates for the Cardinalate Manning stands out as a star of the + first rank in the Roman firmament. He may claim some paternity of the + great idea of at last treating the apotheosis of the Papacy + seriously, and he long ago suggested to Darboy how nice it would be + for the two chief capitals of Europe, London and Paris, each to have + its Cardinal, which could be best brought about by furthering the + infallibilist definition. But Darboy would hear nothing of it. Next + to Manning comes Dechamps of Mechlin; but as the Pope has named him + primate, which is indeed a mere title, he is thought here to have had + his reward. Spalding, who has deserved so well of Rome, would of + course create a great sensation in the United States by the red hat, + which has never yet been seen there. Among the French, Dreux-Brézé of + Moulins and Pie of Poitiers come first in order. There is great + difficulty about Simor, the ill-advised and ungrateful son who had + the Cardinalate, so to speak, in his pocket, and is now causing such + distress to the lofty giver. How fortunate, say the Court party, that + d'Andrea is no longer <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page695">[pg + 695]</span><a name="Pg695" id="Pg695" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + alive. Rauscher, Schwarzenburg, Guidi, d'Andrea, Simor—that would be + too much. But now for the Germans! There it is difficult to select; + all the faithful ones must be rewarded, who have literally sweated + and are sweating daily in the interest of the good cause—Fessler, + Martin, Senestrey, and then Stahl, Leonrod, Rudigier and the Tyrolese + Gasser and Riccabona. The Tyrol has had no Cardinal since Nicolas of + Cusa (Bishop of Brixen) and Madrucci (Bishop of Trent), and there + most especially would the return of a countryman with a red hat be + kept as a national festival.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Margotti has had a + denial inserted in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Univers</span></span> of the fact that a + Sicilian Bishop related the story of St. Peter and the Virgin Mary in + the Council Hall. On this I have merely to remark that it was told me + the same evening by three Bishops, none of whom heard it from one of + the others, and the speaker was Natoli, Archbishop of Messina. We + know what Margotti's assertions and denials are worth.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page696">[pg 696]</span><a name= + "Pg696" id="Pg696" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc133" id="toc133"></a> <a name="pdf134" id="pdf134"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Sixtieth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, June 23, + 1870.</span></span>—On reading the last document emanating from the + Council, composed by the most distinguished of the American Bishops, + an inexpressible feeling of astonishment comes over me, as often + before, at the new and unprecedented spectacle so boldly offered to + the startled world, and I again recognise the necessity of accounting + to myself for the condition of the Catholic Church which has made + this possible, and remembering that the position of the Papacy in the + modern Church for some time past has been hardly less novel and + strange than this present infallibilist Council.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The two great + events of modern history, the Reformation and the Revolution, have + made the Papacy what it is,—the Reformation by forcibly driving the + Catholic half of Christendom into centralization, the Revolution by + removing the last remaining independent powers <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page697">[pg 697]</span><a name="Pg697" id="Pg697" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> within the Church, viz., the Gallican + Church with the Sorbonne and Parliament. So it came to pass that with + the Restoration the Church was surrendered to the discretion of the + Papacy, just as at the same time the Roman States, by the withdrawal + of all provincial and corporate independence, became a uniform and + absolute monarchy. The very spirit of the nineteenth century, without + much help from Rome, contributed to the consolidation and + strengthening of this new system. The re-awakening and growth of + distinct Church feeling in powerful classes of the educated nations, + the legitimist ideas of the ruling classes of Europe, and later on + the combined Catholic and Liberal interest of the struggle against + hostile bureaucracies and the antipathy of parliamentary + majorities—principles of reaction and principles of freedom all alike + in turn subserved the cause of the Church, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, the + Papacy. For although Papacy and Church were still not wholly + identified in fact, to say nothing of right, the times did not + suggest the need for distinguishing between them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There was + opportunity given, one might suppose, for a great display of + activity. A fresh creative spirit passed here and there through the + new world of the nineteenth century, and not least through the + Catholic <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page698">[pg + 698]</span><a name="Pg698" id="Pg698" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + portion of it, which produced in individuals many fair flowers of art + and science, and also of practical piety. It was enough to catch the + inspiration, in the sense of the age and of the eternal needs of + mankind, and as the wilderness blossoms under the hand of a gardener, + there grew out of the ruins of the Revolution a new era of rich + Christian life. But the destiny of Catholicism was to be the reverse. + There was indeed then, and is now, urgent need of an immense deal to + be done in the Church; to carry on the daily ecclesiastical + administration by no means satisfied the requirements of the age, but + the Church herself needed and needs reform—reform everywhere from the + outer rind to the marrow. But reform, whether in Church or State, + generally results from the struggle of rival forces. And the only + power surviving in the Church possessed neither the capacity nor the + inclination for acts of world-wide import; it seemed to have no sense + but for the maintenance and extension of its own dominion. Such + Catholic works as the nineteenth century has produced did not emanate + from Rome, and were little if at all helped on by her. On the + contrary, Rome put a restraint on everything which did not serve + directly as an instrument of her power. Every germ of relative + independence <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page699">[pg + 699]</span><a name="Pg699" id="Pg699" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + seemed to be viewed with distrust. Here and there the intellectual + labour of a lifetime of Catholic study was simply extinguished. The + youth of talent turned from a path which led only to unfruitful + conflicts. The once promising seed-plot of original Catholic + production became dry, and even the noblest creation of the century, + the female orders for nursing the sick, are said by those best + informed to show symptoms of decay. There was stillness. From Rome + one only heard a monologue. The Bishops' Pastorals were its echo, or + were so long-winded and verbose that the simple and noble language of + the pronunciamento issued by the newly elected Bishop of Rottenburg + was quite a phenomenon. Men boasted of the Catholic unity, which had + never been so palpable and so undisturbed as in these latter days, + but it was a unity of sleep over the grave of intellectual and all + higher ecclesiastical life.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Who will bring us + deliverance? asked every one who looked at things independently of + the mere force of habit with a clear eye. The answer was that there + was no longer any independent power anywhere but in the centre, and + therefore deliverance could only come from thence; the lever could + only be applied in <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page700">[pg + 700]</span><a name="Pg700" id="Pg700" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Rome, and nobody but a future Pope was in a position to do this.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">How peculiarly are + things disposed! In Rome they had all they could desire. There has + never been a time when Catholic Christendom lay so submissively at + the Pope's feet. In fact he possessed practically the prerogative of + infallibility, for no one contradicted whatever he might say. The + Bishops were disused to learning; there was hardly among them a + theologian of note, and therefore they had no spirit for theological + convictions of their own. It seemed to be the office of their lives + to re-echo the Roman oracles. The daring project of defining the + Immaculate Conception met with hardly any serious opposition, though + many Bishops could not conceal from themselves that the faith of + antiquity and the belief of their own dioceses knew nothing of the + new dogma. And then in the Encyclical and Syllabus came a perfect + flood of irrational and unchristian propositions. What did the + Bishops of Christendom, the judges of faith, do? Some put a more + rational interpretation on it, the others took it all for granted as + it stood; everywhere the new articles of faith and morality were + received as though all were in the most regular order. That was in + fact a situation <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page701">[pg + 701]</span><a name="Pg701" id="Pg701" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + without any precedent, and there was nothing left to wish for but its + continuance for ever. The talisman to secure this continuance was + discovered in the tenet of papal infallibility, and to make this into + a dogma and foundation-principle of the Church has been the grand + object to which the thoughts and measures of the last ten years have + been directed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Even this last + point might perhaps have been attained by adhering to the practice + which has prevailed hitherto of quietly collecting the votes of the + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ecclesia dispersa</span></span>, and passing + over the isolated opponents still left to the order of the day. Why + was the perilous plan of a General Council adopted instead of this? + Perhaps with the view of extruding and getting rid of for the future + all the doubt still attaching to the assent of the Church dispersed; + certainly in the full confidence, after all that had occurred + previously, that there was absolutely no demand the Bishops would + dare to refuse. The authorities felt in the position, + ecclesiastically speaking, of being able to challenge the Holy Ghost + Himself to say if He would refuse to set His seal to the deformation + of the Church.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All the world + knows how the Vatican Council has been managed. It was as if they + wished to keep the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page702">[pg + 702]</span><a name="Pg702" id="Pg702" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Holy Ghost a prisoner, with eyes and ears bandaged. But things did + not go as they wished. On the contrary this extreme step of the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> roused a reaction, which + seems likely to lead to a revolution that will take its place in + history and introduce a complete change in the future. Certainly the + deliverance is coming from the centre, but not as was thought and + desired, not in peace but in storm, not as a gift of the highest + human wisdom but as a nemesis. For it is an old law, equally + prevalent throughout the Christian and Heathen world, that pride will + always bring its punishment.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We are already in + the third stage of this movement. First came, quite unexpectedly, + protests against infallibility from the lay world, instead of the + accustomed clouds of incense, and then still more unexpectedly the + military obedience of the clergy was broken through by the most + decided intimations of conscientious sincerity and scientific + conviction; and now even the princes of the Church are putting + themselves at the head of the Opposition. There is still some + difference between the Church dispersed and a great assembly, many as + are the restrictions imposed here by fraud and violence on the free + expression of opinion. The man of knowledge and character, who would + there remain <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page703">[pg + 703]</span><a name="Pg703" id="Pg703" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + alone and isolated, gains tenfold power and energy here. Consciences + are aroused. Many a Bishop who left home with his head wholly or half + involved in the haze of Jesuit doctrine, receives the impulse here to + unprejudiced study and is irresistibly driven to the side of right + and truth. Besides, it is no small thing to have seen the state of + things at Rome for six months with one's own eyes.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We shall do well + not to raise our expectations too high. The spirit of slavery, which + has become ingrained in one generation after another, cannot be + scared away in weeks and months from men's minds and the conduct of + affairs. So much the more noteworthy is every increase of outward or + inward strength in the struggling minority at the Council. And so I + return to the work already mentioned, to remark that its contents + justify us in reckoning the author, the venerable Archbishop Kenrick + of St. Louis, with Strossmayer, Hefele, Dupanloup, Darboy, + Schwarzenberg, and Rauscher among the heads of the Opposition.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is only matter + of course that much which has often been said before should be + repeated here, which we may pass over, without however omitting to + notice the impression which the plain and practical <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page704">[pg 704]</span><a name="Pg704" id="Pg704" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> nature of the treatise is calculated to + produce. What concerns us more nearly is the distinctness and + firmness with which the present claims of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> are + repudiated, as, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, in pointing out the injury + to episcopal rights involved in the desired definition. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Bishops,”</span> says the author, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“have always been held judges of faith. But assuming that + the Pope alone is infallible, the Bishops may indeed assent to his + judgments, but cannot exercise any real judicial office, and thus + lose a right inherent in the episcopal office. But this right they + are in no position to resign, however much they might wish it, for + its connection with the episcopal office rests on the institution of + the Saviour.”</span> In another passage he says, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Appeal is made to the number of theologians, who in the + course of ages have defended infallibility. But that does not make it + an article of faith. Divine Providence does not permit such opinions, + when they have no true ground or do not agree with the records of + revelation, to become articles of faith. It has been a view held for + centuries that Christ gave Peter and his successors supreme authority + in secular affairs also. But there is no one in our own day who does + not reject and deplore it and seek for an excuse for it in the + circumstances of the age, except the Roman clergy, in whose + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Proprium Officium S.</span> <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page705">[pg 705]</span><a name="Pg705" id="Pg705" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zachariæ</span></span> we read the other day, + that the Pope by his apostolic authority transferred the sovereignty + over the Franks from Childeric to Pepin. And yet the Popes have + ventured to make this usurped authority, so far as in them lay, into + an article of faith.”</span> Then follows a reference to the Bull + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unam + Sanctam</span></span>, and the similar statements of Bellarmine and + Suarez. <span class="tei tei-q">“On the other hand,”</span> Kenrick + proceeds, <span class="tei tei-q">“we find at this Council some + Bishops, of whom the present writer is one, who have published and + solemnly sworn to a declaration that the Pope, at least in England, + possesses no such power. This example might teach those who are + pressing for the definition of papal infallibility, that even the + most solemn papal decree, and though issued like that of Boniface + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">viii.</span></span> at a Synod, is null + and void if it be not grounded on God's word in Scripture and + Tradition. <span class="tei tei-q">‘Commenta delet dies, judicia + naturæ confirmat.’</span> ”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We may recognise + in the tone of these remarks, with all their moderation, an advance + on the part of the Opposition to greater freedom and distinctness of + speech. And this impression is still more confirmed by Kenrick's + judgment on the well-known proceedings in and out of Council. + <span class="tei tei-q">“There is yet another argument used,”</span> + he says, <span class="tei tei-q">“which I can only refer to with + reluctance. It <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page706">[pg + 706]</span><a name="Pg706" id="Pg706" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> is + urged that papal infallibility is so vehemently attacked by its + opponents that, if it is not now declared to be an article of faith, + it is virtually admitted to have no foundation, and surrendered to + the daily increasing violence of its assailants without protection. + Those who so argue forget that they are themselves responsible for + having occasioned this deplorable controversy, by announcing to the + astonished world that at the Vatican Council two new dogmas would be + proposed to the faithful, papal infallibility and the Assumption of + the Blessed Virgin, and in a similar spirit publishing works in + England and the United States on the Pope's authority, with a view of + preparing men's minds for the acceptance of these dogmas. In view of + this temerity, which has not only not been rebuked but has even been + defended in Bishops' Pastorals, and with a clear perception of the + unhappy consequences that must follow from it, men, who deserve + eternal remembrance and will obtain praise of God, have lifted up + their voice to remind the faithful that in matters of faith no + innovation is allowed, that papal infallibility as distinct from the + infallibility of the Church has no evidence of Scripture and + Tradition, and that the office of Councils is to investigate and not + to carry decrees by acclamation. <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page707">[pg 707]</span><a name="Pg707" id="Pg707" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> And just because they speak the truth openly, + these men are reproached with stirring up the people by the very + persons who would eventually have interpreted their silence as assent + and have used it as ground for carrying out their own designs. Then + again it is urged upon good people that something must be done under + the circumstances for maintaining the honour of the Papacy, + forgetting that Bishops should have not circumstances but the truth + before their eyes, and that it is as little competent to the + successors of the Apostles as to the Apostles themselves to do + anything against the truth, but only for the truth.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In another + passage, after dwelling on the preponderance of the Italian prelates + he proceeds, <span class="tei tei-q">“If they wish to give the + decrees of the Council the character of the testimony of the whole of + Christendom, without altering the inequality of numbers of the + representatives of different nations, there is the precedent of the + plan adopted at the Council of Constance with the happiest results, + viz., taking the votes by nations or languages and not by heads. And + this method would secure the speedier and better settlement of the + matters under discussion, for the Bishops of the same tongue or + nation know the needs of their Churches better and would <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page708">[pg 708]</span><a name="Pg708" id="Pg708" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> understand how to meet them; moreover + they could express their views more readily in their mother tongue + than is possible in the General Congregation where Latin is obliged + to be spoken, which they have perhaps lost their familiarity with + through the long course of an active life, so that they have either + to keep silent or to speak under difficulties. And by this means a + discussion and searching examination would become practicable, which + must necessarily take place at a Council, but which is wanting at the + Vatican Council. There is indeed abundant opportunity for making + speeches, but the great number of Fathers and the order of business + imposed on the Council cuts off all opportunity for submitting any + point to a close examination by regular debate with one speaker + answering another. Five months have already passed since the opening + of the Council, with what result need not be said here. Meanwhile the + question of the new definition has roused a great excitement + throughout the Christian world, which is still on the increase; some + desire the definition, others emphatically repudiate it. Bishops have + entered the lists against Bishops, priests have written against their + own and against other chief pastors, and won commendation from the + supreme <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page709">[pg 709]</span><a name= + "Pg709" id="Pg709" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> authority for doing + so. The journals of both parties, with their not always true reports + or at least crooked reasonings, keep the whole world in a state of + agitated suspense as to what is coming. May one say to what all this + will lead and what will be the end of this violent tempest which has + so suddenly risen in a clear sky and seems likely to produce much + mischief? They are certainly deceived who fancy that the promulgation + of the new dogma will at once lay the waves; the contrary is far + likelier. Those who would obey the decrees of the Council will find + themselves in a most difficult position. The civil Governments will + treat them, not without some plausible grounds, as less trustworthy + subjects. The enemies of the Church will throw in their teeth the + errors said to have been taught by the Popes or sanctioned by their + conduct, and will laugh to scorn the only possible answer—that they + did not promulgate these errors as Popes but as individual Bishops of + Rome. And then the scandalous Church history records of certain Popes + will be urged as so many proofs of the internal discrepancy of + Catholic belief, for men do not distinguish between infallibility and + impeccability, which appear to them inseparably + connected.”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page710">[pg + 710]</span><a name="Pg710" id="Pg710" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">What Kenrick + thinks the Opposition ought to do is not expressly stated, but may be + gathered from his language. He says indeed that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“whoever does not submit to the decisions of an + Œcumenical Council does not deserve the name of Catholic,”</span> but + he adds, <span class="tei tei-q">“if the indispensable conditions + have been observed in holding the Council.”</span> And he makes moral + unanimity one of these conditions. He does not allow the crude + conception which seems to prevail among the majority, that a Council + has simply to vote and then the world must reverence the result as + the dictate of the Holy Ghost. The infallibility of Councils is to + him no miraculous work of inspiration, but a simple result of the + constitution the Church received from her Founder, whose assistance + will never fail her, if she remains true to Scripture and Tradition + and the agreement of the various particular Churches.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Kenrick and all + the Bishops who hold firmly with him may meet the impending decision + in quietness and confidence, for the defeat of their opponents is + certain, whether they persist and define and promulgate the new + dogma, or retreat at the last moment. In the former case deliverance + will come through a catastrophe whose consequences defy all + calculation. And yet even <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page711">[pg + 711]</span><a name="Pg711" id="Pg711" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in + Rome there do not lack pious minds which, undisturbed by these + terrible dangers, desire to see the insolent enterprise carried + through, in the belief that the prevalent corruption can only be + overcome by a life and death struggle. <span class="tei tei-q">“Quod + medicina non sanat, ferrum sanat.”</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page712">[pg 712]</span><a name= + "Pg712" id="Pg712" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc135" id="toc135"></a> <a name="pdf136" id="pdf136"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Sixty-First Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, June 24, + 1870.</span></span>—Rome is just now like an episcopal lazar-house, + so great is the number of the prelates who are sick and suffering and + confined to their bed or their chamber. And still greater is the + number of those who feel worn out and impatiently long to be gone. + But there are persons here who calculate thus—that the Italians, + Spaniards and South Americans are accustomed to the heat, and bear it + very well, and as to the Germans, French and North + Americans—<span class="tei tei-q">“vile damnum si + interierint.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Guidi's speech + still occupies men's minds, and forms the topic of conversation in + conciliar circles. Men are astonished at the courage of a Cardinal in + daring so directly to contradict the Pope. While Pius has word + written to Paris that <span class="tei tei-q">“for many centuries no + one doubted the Pope's infallibility,”</span> Guidi declares it to be + an invention of the fifteenth century.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page713">[pg 713]</span><a name="Pg713" id="Pg713" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following + account of the dialogue between the Pope and the Cardinal is current + at Rome, and it seems to rest on the authority of Pius himself, who + is notoriously fond of telling every one he meets how he has lectured + this or that dignitary:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Guidi, on being + summoned by the Pope directly after his speech, was greeted with the + words, <span class="tei tei-q">“You are my enemy, you are the + coryphæus of my opponents, ungrateful towards my person; you have + propounded heretical doctrine.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Guidi.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“My + speech is in the hands of the Presidents, if your Holiness will read + it, and detect what is supposed to be heretical in it. I gave it at + once to the under-secretary (<span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">sottosecretario</span></span>) that people might + not be able to say anything had been interpolated into it.”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Pope.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“You have given great + offence to the majority of the Council; all five Presidents are + against you and are displeased.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Guidi.</span></span>—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“Some material error may have escaped me, but certainly + not a formal one: I have simply stated the doctrine of tradition and + of St. Thomas.”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Pope.</span></span>—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="it" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "it"><span style="font-style: italic">La tradizione son' io—vi farò + far nuovamente la professione di fede.</span></span>”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Guidi.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“I + am and remain subject to the authority of the Holy See, but I + ventured to discuss a question not yet made an article of faith; if + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page714">[pg 714]</span><a name="Pg714" + id="Pg714" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> your Holiness decides it to be + such in a Constitution, I shall certainly not dare to oppose + it.”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">The Pope.</span></span>—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“The value of your speech may be measured by those whom + it has pleased. Who has been eager to testify to you his joy? That + Bishop Strossmayer who is my personal enemy has embraced you; you are + in collusion with him.”</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Guidi.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“I + don't know him, and have never before spoken to him.”</span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The + Pope.</span></span>—<span class="tei tei-q">“It is clear you have + spoken so as to please the world, the Liberals, the Revolution, and + the Government of Florence.”</span> <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Guidi.</span></span>—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“Holy Father, have the goodness to have my speech given + you.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The same afternoon + a Spanish Bishop belonging to the extremest Infallibilists said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Absque dubio facies Concilii est immutata. + Oportet huic sermoni serio studere.”</span> When Guidi asked how the + Cardinals had taken his speech, Mathieu replied, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Cum seriâ silentiosâ approbatione,”</span> on which + Guidi observed, <span class="tei tei-q">“Sunt quidam qui idem mecum + sentiunt, sed deest illis animi fortitudo.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“La tradizione son' io”</span>—it would be impossible to + give a briefer, more pregnant or more epigrammatic description of the + whole system which is now to be made dominant than is contained in + those few words. All <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page715">[pg + 715]</span><a name="Pg715" id="Pg715" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + members of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>, the thick volumes of + Schrader, Weninger and the Jesuits of Laach are outdone by this clear + and simple utterance. Pius will take rank in history with the men who + have known how by a happy inspiration to throw a great thought into + the most adequate form of words, which impresses it for ever + indelibly on the memory. The formula is worthy to be classed with the + equally pregnant saying of Boniface <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">viii.</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“The Pope holds all rights locked up in his + breast.”</span> It is bruited about here from mouth to mouth, and the + analogy of Louis <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xiv.</span></span>, which inevitably + occurs to everybody, reaches even further. Every day since I have + witnessed the drama being enacted here, has the saying suggested + itself to me, <span class="tei tei-q">“L'Église, c'est moi.”</span> + Any one who would form a judgment of the state of things here should + be recommended above all to read a work like, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, + Lemontey's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Essai sur l'établissement monarchique de + Louis</span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic; font-variant: small-caps">xiv.</span></span></span>, + or the instructions of the King for the Dauphin. One sees there how + absolute sovereignty, the intoxicating sense of irresponsible + power—and spiritual absolutism is far more overpowering than + political—leads almost of necessity to the notion of infallibility + and divine enlightenment. Louis <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xiv.</span></span> says seriously and + drily to his son, <span class="tei tei-q">“As God's representative + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page716">[pg 716]</span><a name="Pg716" + id="Pg716" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> we have part in the divine + knowledge as well as the divine authority.”</span><a id="noteref_149" + name="noteref_149" href="#note_149"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">149</span></span></a> And he + warns him that all his own errors had arisen from his too great + modesty in giving ear to extraneous advisers. For eight hundred years + the question has been disputed, why the Popes are so short-lived, and + the phenomenon has been ascribed to a special divine dispensation + which removes them betimes, that they may not be morally poisoned by + too long enjoyment of their dignity—<span class="tei tei-q">“ne + malitia mutaret intellectum.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The minority + perceive, on a calmer consideration, that the two canons proposed by + Guidi would not provide sufficient security for the episcopate taking + part in the teaching office of the Church according to the integrity + of her constitution. The second indeed, like a well-aimed arrow, hits + the mark. It calls the thing by its right name, and anathematizes the + purely personal infallibility of the Pope, independent of the consent + of the Church and resting on direct divine inspiration, as a heresy, + which it unquestionably is in the eyes of every theologian who knows + anything of the Church and her tradition; but then, after the Pope + has so <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page717">[pg 717]</span><a name= + "Pg717" id="Pg717" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> openly and expressly + committed himself to precisely this view of the Church, it is thought + impossible here in Rome, and close to the Vatican, to throw an + anathema in his face. And besides the expression in the first canon, + that the consentient <span class="tei tei-q">“consilium + Ecclesiæ”</span> is requisite for an infallible papal utterance, is + open to the same charge of vagueness as the notorious and much-abused + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ex cathedrâ</span></span>, and could as easily + be explained away into the mere arbitrary caprice of the Pope. It + would always rest with him in the last resort to maintain + <span class="tei tei-q">“ex certâ scientiâ”</span> that the + <span class="tei tei-q">“consilium Ecclesiæ”</span> agreed with his + own judgment.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A remodelling of + the fourth canon has been undertaken, but the new formula is not + known. It is however much talked of among the Bishops, and the + general view is that it remains substantially unchanged, and still + contains the personal infallibility of the Pope independently of the + Church. Manning had said that the utmost regard that was possible + should be paid to the views of the Opposition in the alteration of + the chapter. And so those Bishops still hope for the accomplishment + of their desires who, like Ketteler and Melchers, entreat that only + one, however sterile, verbal concession may be made, so as to give + them a bridge <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page718">[pg + 718]</span><a name="Pg718" id="Pg718" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> on + which to pass over the gulf safely into the camp of the majority.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I lately heard a + Roman layman say that what most surprised him among the many + wonderful things he had seen here was the contempt for the Catholic + Church which prevails here. For that contempt could not be more + emphatically expressed than by the Pope appropriating to himself what + according to the ancient doctrine belongs to her, and declaring + himself the sole and exclusive organ of the Holy Ghost. It is the + same here universally; when one talks with a Roman, the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, + the Pope, is everything, and the Church nothing but the <span class= + "tei tei-q">“contribuens plebs.”</span> My informant thought it was + easy enough to understand the view of born Romans, but difficult to + give any rational account of the attitude of the episcopal majority, + for it must be clear to every one of them that the promulgation of + the new dogma would destroy irrevocably all episcopal independence of + Rome, and strip the nimbus from the brow of the Bishop who is a + successor of the Apostles. I observed to him that in Romance + countries this primitive idea of the episcopate had long since + vanished, as he might easily convince himself by asking the next + Italian peasant or shopkeeper he met what was his notion <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page719">[pg 719]</span><a name="Pg719" id="Pg719" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of a Bishop. And five-sixths of the + majority belong to these countries,</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the + Congregation of June 20 the Deputation put up one of its members, + Bishop d'Avanzo of Calvi and Teano, to speak. For there was urgent + need of promptly meeting the great scandal given by Guidi, and + deterring any Cardinal who might be so disposed from following his + example. The speaker allowed that in dogmatic decrees the tradition + of the Church must be consulted and the Holy Ghost invoked, but how + this was to be done was left to the judgment of the Pope, By his + second canon Guidi passed over <span class="tei tei-q">“ad aliena non + Catholica castra,”</span> exceeded all Gallicans and wanted—he, an + Italian, a Dominican and a Cardinal—to canonize Gallicanism. A + shudder ran through the ranks of all the Italians who live between + Ferrara and Malta, but they remembered for their comfort that the + unworthy son of the peninsula had been for some years professor at + Vienna, and it was obvious that the German malaria he had caught + there was the cause of this matricidal heresy.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Guidi had said + that the admonition to Peter to confirm his brethren pre-supposed + something to be confirmed, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, that the Pope only confirmed + the doctrine already maintained by the Bishops. To this d'Avanzo + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page720">[pg 720]</span><a name="Pg720" + id="Pg720" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> answered that it was utterly + uncatholic, and one must rather begin from above and not from below, + and ascribe the authorship and initiation of doctrine to the Pope, + who was immediately inspired by the Holy Ghost; <span class= + "tei tei-q">“causa princeps infallibilitatis est assistentia Spiritûs + Sancti.”</span> And here followed a statement that must be given word + for word: <span class="tei tei-q">“Supervacaneum est omne + additamentum, nulla emendatio in decreto et canone schematis + acceptatur; nulla conditio, nulla limitatio admittetur per + deputationem; inutilis est igitur omnis labor? <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Animalis homo non percipit quod de cœlo + est.’</span> ”</span><a id="noteref_150" name="noteref_150" href= + "#note_150"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">150</span></span></a> To say + the definition was inopportune was merely pandering to the corrupt + portion of society, and especially to the tribe of Government + officials. The speaker added emphatically: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Satis fit servis Satanæ, qui sunt gubernantes, negantes + ordinem supernaturalem—ergo Decretum est opportunum. In Pontifice + Spiritus Domini vivit et agit, Pontifex ergo hôc Spiritu agente + errare non potest.”</span> It became known at once in the Council + that this declaration, which annihilated so many hopes, had been made + in the name and by special command of the Pope, and that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the animal man”</span> meant the + Opposition.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page721">[pg + 721]</span><a name="Pg721" id="Pg721" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The two next + speakers were the titular Patriarchs Ballerini and Valerga. The first + said with notable frankness, <span class="tei tei-q">“Were we to let + personal infallibility drop, we should destroy the obedience due to + the Pope and exalt ourselves against God Himself.”</span> In other + words, the Vice-God orders us to declare him infallible, and of + course we obey implicitly.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Valerga's + appearance was the beginning of a comedy, which was repeated in + subsequent sittings. He wanted to prove papal infallibility by + inferences from the Florentine decree, which was received by all; but + he was twice interrupted by the Presidents for not keeping to the + question. He thereupon left the tribune, not without remarks being + made by Opposition Bishops that they saw this treatment was not + reserved for them only. The same thing happened on June 22 to Bishop + Apuzzo of Sorrento and Archbishop Spaccapietra. On the 20th, towards + the end of the debate, Archbishop MacHale of Tuam in Ireland spoke + with great severity against the decree, the fatal consequences of + which he seems to appreciate better than most of his Irish + colleagues. Bishop Apuzzo reminded the Hungarians that they once had + a primate (Szelepcsenyi, a pupil of the Jesuits) who had summoned a + synod to condemn the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page722">[pg + 722]</span><a name="Pg722" id="Pg722" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Gallican Articles of 1682, and that quite recently a Provincial Synod + at Colocza had used language of very infallibilist sound. Haynald + took part in that Synod, and he, as well as Rauscher, to whom the + same reproach was addressed, had already observed that it would not + do to put a strictly logical interpretation on mere complimentary + phrases. In the course of his speech Apuzzo became still more + abusive. <span class="tei tei-q">“Those are the sons of + Satan,”</span> he exclaimed at last, <span class="tei tei-q">“who say + the Bishops are judges in the Church. No! we are but poor + sinners.”</span> At the same time he proposed a supplement still more + peremptory than the chapter. Spaccapietra came to grief in Church + history, which is more grossly mishandled at Rome and in the Council + Hall, when it is appealed to at all, than anywhere else. This time + St. Polycarp's yielding to the Pope about the observance of Easter—he + notoriously did just the reverse—was to serve as an example to the + Opposition. When the speaker went on to utter fierce invectives + against Cardinal Guidi, he was interrupted. He declared he had only + something to say against the schismatics, but the President closed + his mouth in theatrical fashion saying, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Cedat verbum tintinnabulo.”</span> So he left the + rostrum.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page723">[pg + 723]</span><a name="Pg723" id="Pg723" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Men breathed more + freely when, after these hollow declamations, two British Bishops + brought the clear practical sense of their race and country to bear + on the question and the previous discussion of it. The first of them, + Archbishop Errington, who was formerly Cardinal Wiseman's coadjutor + but soon got out of favour at Rome, pointedly characterized the + vicious nature of the whole transaction; there were speeches on both + sides, one affirming, another denying, and no one could feel that he + had refuted anything or advanced his cause the least by his words. + The Deputation alone had the privilege of referring to the speeches + and examining them, and it belonged to the majority, not to the + Council; <span class="tei tei-q">“how it was formed, we know.”</span> + As a tribunal the Council was bound to institute a calm and searching + investigation of facts, tradition and testimonies, and for this only + one means was available, which was employed at the former great + Councils including the Tridentine, to form deputations from both + parties for earnest conference, where scientific examination might + take the place of rhetorical harangues—from both parties, for it was + idle with Bilio to bid them ignore the existence of two parties. + <span class="tei tei-q">“Modo in hôc Concilio fit aliter et illud + ineptissime,”</span> he concluded, <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page724">[pg 724]</span><a name="Pg724" id="Pg724" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> and he proposed the formula, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Magisterium universalis Ecclesiæ est + infallibile.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The next speech, + of Vitelleschi, who is Archbishop of Osimo but has never been in his + diocese, though it is so near, left no impression; it was an + exhortation to vote infallibility unanimously. And then followed + Archbishop Conolly of Halifax with a speech such as has seldom been + heard here. <span class="tei tei-q">“Thrice,”</span> he said, + <span class="tei tei-q">“have I asked for proof from Scripture + according to its authentic interpretation, from Tradition and from + Councils, that the Bishops of the Catholic Church ought to be + excluded from the definition of dogmas; but my request has not been + complied with, and now I adjure you, like the blind man on the way to + Jericho, to give us sight that we may believe. Hitherto we have + recognised the strongest motive for the credibility of Catholic + doctrine in the general consent of the Church notified through the + collective episcopate; this has been our shield against all external + assailants, and by this powerful magnet we have drawn hundreds of + thousands into the Church. Is this our invincible weapon of attack + and defence now to be broken and trampled under foot, and the + thousand-headed episcopate with the millions of faithful at its back + to shrink into the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page725">[pg + 725]</span><a name="Pg725" id="Pg725" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + voice and witness of a single man? Let the Deputation prove to us + that it has really been always the belief of the Church that the Pope + is everything and the Bishops nothing. The Council of Jerusalem did + not adopt the formula of Peter but of John, who spoke before him, and + in the Apostles' Creed we do not say <span class="tei tei-q">‘Credo + in Petrum et successores ejus,’</span> but <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Credo in unam Ecclesiam Catholicam.’</span> We Bishops + have no right to renounce for ourselves and our successors the + hereditary and original rights of the episcopate, to renounce the + promise of Christ, <span class="tei tei-q">‘I am with you to the end + of the world.’</span> But now they want to reduce us to nullities, to + tear the noblest jewel from our pontifical breastplate, to deprive us + of the highest prerogative of our office, and to transform the whole + Church and the Bishops with it into a rabble of blind men, among whom + is one alone who sees, so that they must shut their eyes and believe + whatever he tells them.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Was it confidence + of victory that moved the Legates to allow the bold and free-minded + American, who spoke with the full weight of a deep and laboriously + attained conviction, to bring these earnest words to a close without + interruption, after they had recently reduced three of their own + speakers in succession to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page726">[pg + 726]</span><a name="Pg726" id="Pg726" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + silence? I know not. It was the unenviable lot of the Archbishop of + Granada, Monzon y Martins Benvenuto, to follow Conolly. No one + expects at this Council ideas or facts from a Spaniard, but merely + bombast and abject protestations of homage. Since they no longer have + Queen Isabella and the throne has been vacant, these prelates have + transferred their undivided devotion to the Pope, and among the + reptiles here they are the most cringing after the Neapolitans. + Monzon said he thirsted for new dogmas, and the infallibility of the + Pope did not satisfy him; he earnestly desired a second dogma, viz., + the divine and inviolable nature of the States of the Church.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was reported + two days ago that Cardinal Morichini, who formerly as nuncio breathed + some German air, intends to speak in Guidi's sense, but since the + scene between the Pope and Guidi has become known, it is generally + thought that no Cardinal will be so foolhardy as to express any other + opinion in Council than that of the inspired Pope. Meanwhile there + are new speakers enrolled, among whom are Haynald, Strossmayer, the + Bishops of Dijon, Constantine, Tarentaise, etc. The number + considerably exceeds a hundred, but Errington has only too much + reason for saying the debates are like <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page727">[pg 727]</span><a name="Pg727" id="Pg727" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> a boy riding a rocking-horse—movement without + advance.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You may imagine + what capital the Jesuits make out of the speech of the Dominican + Guidi. They are the supreme and thoroughly devoted body-guard of the + Roman See, and can alone be implicitly trusted. And in fact nobody + thinks it possible that a Jesuit should speak in Council like Guidi, + as neither does any one here credit a Jesuit with sincere conviction + of what he says; it is always known beforehand what he will say on + any question, viz., what the Order considers for its interest and + imposes as a corporate doctrine on its individual members. The sons + of Ignatius remember now that the Dominicans have never been + trustworthy. As early as 1303 the French appeal from Pope Boniface + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">viii.</span></span> to a General Council + was supported by 130 Dominicans at Paris, and at the Councils of + Constance and Basle they took the most active part in the measures + against papal omnipotence and in framing the mischievous canons of + the fourth and fifth sessions of Constance; they joined Savonarola in + opposing Alexander <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vi.</span></span> and preferred being + burned to submitting. And again they gave powerful aid in France to + the establishment of the Gallican doctrine. And what, say the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page728">[pg 728]</span><a name="Pg728" + id="Pg728" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Jesuits, is the great Church + history of the Dominican Natalis Alexander but an arsenal from which + to this day the opponents of infallibility get their weapons?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Preparations are + already being made for the festivities which are to accompany the + promulgation of the new dogma. The Romans—the native + population—cannot understand why a part of the Bishops resist it so + stoutly, and no less mysterious to them is the fiery zeal of + foreigners, especially Frenchmen, in its favour. Their view is that + infallibility, as being likely to bring large sums of money into + Rome, is certainly a profitable and praiseworthy affair, and they are + accordingly ready for noisy demonstrations of joy. Plenty of + sky-rockets will go up, there will be illuminations, the pillars of + the churches will be clothed in red damask according to the local + usage, and numberless wax-candles will be burnt. Some enthusiasts + think the fountain of Trevi will that day flow with wine instead of + water, and it is hoped that at nightfall a transparency of the famous + picture painted by the Pope's command to represent his infallibility + will be shown to the faithful people. And next time the French + Veuillotists choose to cry in the streets <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Long live the infallible Pope!”</span> some Romans will + join the cry.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page729">[pg + 729]</span><a name="Pg729" id="Pg729" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The festivities + will absorb large sums of money, and the financiers are not without + anxiety; for however lucrative the new dogma may prove by and bye, + for the moment it is an unproductive capital, and the annual deficit + of thirty million franks cannot be covered by promises of future + prosperity. It has now been determined, since the huge bankruptcy of + Langrand-Dumonceaux, who had been named a Roman Count, has created + some alarm, to take in the Rhenish and Westphalian nobility with the + ecclesiastical unions there as sureties, and thus to negotiate a loan + of twenty million franks <span class="tei tei-q">“al pari.”</span> + The noble presidents of the unions are said to have already signified + their willingness.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The rewards of + those for whom there are no Cardinal's hats are already under + consideration. It is said that about a hundred Bishops will be named + <span class="tei tei-q">“assistants at the Pontifical Throne”</span> + in recognition of their services. Others will be made <span class= + "tei tei-q">“protonotarii apostolici,”</span> most of them only + <span class="tei tei-q">“protonotarii sopranumerarii non + participanti.”</span> Several priests especially zealous for the good + cause will be made titular Bishops, and others <span class= + "tei tei-q">“prelati domestici”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“monsignori,”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“camerieri segreti,”</span> etc. Then there are the + distinctions by means of colours, and soon we shall be able to + measure a man's zeal for <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page730">[pg + 730]</span><a name="Pg730" id="Pg730" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + new dogma at the first glance by seeing whether he wears the + <span class="tei tei-q">“abito paonazzo”</span> or violet or scarlet. + And there are exceptional decorations for use in church kept in + reserve, like what the Archbishop of Algiers had given him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The attitude of + Ketteler creates astonishment and is studied as a riddle to which no + solution can be found. The Pope said to-day, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Io non capisco, cosa vuole quel Ketteler, che un giorno + distribuisce delle brochure contro di me e contro della mia + infallibilità, e che il giorno dopo scrive nei giornali che sia pieno + di devozione per me, e che crede alla mia infallibilità, pare che sia + proprio mezzo,”</span> and thereupon he made a gesture indicating + that the Bishop of Mayence was not quite right in his head.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In fact Ketteler + is the only man here who perplexes a reporter or historian. He has a + work printed and distributed, in which infallibility is declared to + be an unscriptural and unecclesiastical doctrine, and he says in his + attack on me that according to his view Scripture and Tradition + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, the two only sources for the + Church's faith) do not justify its dogmatic definition. Yet he + affirms that he was always an infallibilist believer and will soon be + more so than ever. It is <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page731">[pg + 731]</span><a name="Pg731" id="Pg731" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + difficult to report on the performances of a theological gymnast who + seems rather to balance himself in mid air than to have firm ground + under his feet. Here it is thought that he follows the counsel of his + powerful patrons in the German College and the Gesù, who have made + him understand that the new dogma will certainly be proclaimed, and + that he would do well to change as speedily as he can from an + inopportunist to a zealous advocate and executor of the decree. He + has lately been reproached by an influential theologian (Gass) with + making his own Church worse than it is by his doctrine that the + Catholic Church knows of no duty of obedience against conscience. It + will certainly never occur to me, now or at any future time, to have + recourse to the conscience of Bishop Ketteler; that would indeed be + the last refuge one would fly to!</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page732">[pg 732]</span><a name= + "Pg732" id="Pg732" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc137" id="toc137"></a> <a name="pdf138" id="pdf138"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Sixty-Second Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, June 30, + 1870.</span></span>—In the middle ages ecclesiastical controversies + were decided by the ordeal of the cross. The representatives of both + parties placed themselves before a large cross, with their arms + stretched out in the form of a cross, and he whose arms first sank, + or who fell exhausted to the ground, was conquered. The heat and the + Roman fever have replaced this ordeal at the Council. The process + which is to test the result has been going on for six weeks, and the + majority will evidently come out of it with flying colours. It is + composed chiefly of Italians and Spaniards of both hemispheres, who + can bear such things much better than northerners, and as it is four + times as numerous as the minority, gaps made in its ranks by sickness + and death are soon filled up, and the phalanx remains firmly closed, + while the Opposition receives the news of the sickness or departure + of one of its members as heralding <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page733">[pg 733]</span><a name="Pg733" id="Pg733" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> its growing discouragement and final defeat. + How well the authorities understand the inestimable value of this new + ally, the heat and mephitic exhalations, is shown by the laconic but + significant words of the papal journalist, Veuillot, in his 125th + Letter on the Council, <span class="tei tei-q">“Et si la définition + ne peut mûrir qu'au soleil, eh bien, on grillera.”</span> As before, + so now again Roman orthodoxy seems to have called fire to its aid, + and for Bishops, who do not wish to be roasted according to + Veuillot's wish, flight is the only alternative.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cardinal Guidi has + received the most peremptory orders from the Pope to make a formal + retractation of his speech in Council. The form and occasion of + making it he may arrange with the Legates. He has already had an + interview with Bilio. The Pope has forbidden him to receive visits, + that he may be free to consider without distraction the greatness of + his error. Solitary confinement is adopted in the penal legislation + of other countries too as an efficient instrument of reformation. + Guidi has told the Presidents that he is ready to give an explanation + of his speech in a public sitting, if they will announce beforehand + that he does so by the Pope's desire; but he can make no + retractation. Jandel, the Dominican General, intends now to deliver a + speech <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page734">[pg 734]</span><a name= + "Pg734" id="Pg734" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> in refutation of + Guidi's theory, which has been composed for him in the Gesù. Many + think that Guidi will be deterred from letting things come to + extremities by the terrible example of Cardinal Andrea, who was + worried to death. A Cardinal, who lives out of the Roman States, may + maintain a certain independence or even opposition, as the precedent + of Cardinal Noailles shows, but in Rome this is impossible. As + Archbishop of Bologna Guidi would be under the protection of the + Italian Government, but thither he will never be allowed to + return.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Heat, fever and + intrigues—this is a brief description of the state of Rome, as + regards the Council. The heat and pestilential miasmas are + unendurable for foreigners from the north; already six French and + four American Bishops have been obliged to save their lives by + departure, and of those who stay in Rome a third are unable from + their bodily ailments to attend the sittings. A Petition to the Pope + is now in course of signature praying for a prorogation, on account + of the danger to the lives of many foreign and aged prelates at this + season of the year. I give you the text, but will observe that I hear + most refuse to sign, some thinking the case a hopeless one, others of + very ill repute in the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page735">[pg + 735]</span><a name="Pg735" id="Pg735" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Vatican fearing their adherence would only make it more so. The + Petition runs thus—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Beatissime Pater! Episcopi infrascripti, tam proprio + quam aliorum permultorum Patrum nomine a benignitate S. V. + reverenter, fiducialiter et enixe expostulant, ut ea, quæ sequuntur, + paterne dignetur excipere:</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ad Patres in Concilio Lateranensi v. sedentes hoc + habebat, die <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xvii.</span></span> Junii, Leo + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">x.</span></span> Papa <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Quia jam temporis dispositione ... concedimus’</span> + simulque Concilium Pontifex ad tempus autumnale prorogabat.—Pejor + certe inpræsentiarum conditio nostra est. Calor æstivus, jam + desinente mense Junio, nimius est, et de die in diem intolerabilior + crescit; unde RR. Patrum, inter quos tot seniores sunt, annorum + pondere pressi, et laboribus confecti, valetudo graviter + periclitatur.—Timentur inprimis febres, quibus magis obnoxii sunt + extranei hujusce temperiei regionis non assuefacti.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Quidquid vero tentaverit et feliciter perfecerit + liberalitas S. V., ut non paucis episcopis hospitia bona præberentur, + plerique tamen relegati sunt in habitationes nimis augustas, sine + aëre, calidissimas omninoque insalubres. Unde jam plures episcopi ob + infirmitatem corporis abire coacti sunt, multi etiam Romæ infirmantur + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page736">[pg 736]</span><a name="Pg736" + id="Pg736" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> et Concilio adesse nequeunt, + ut patet ex tot sedibus quæ in aulâ conciliari vacuæ + apparent.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Antequam igitur magis ac magis creverit ægrotorum + numerus, quorum plures periculo hic occumbendi exponerentur, + instantissime postulamus, B. Pater, ut S. V. aliquam Concilii + suspensionem, quæ post festum S. Petri convenienter inciperet, + concedere dignetur.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Etenim, B. Pater, cum centum et viginti episcopi nomen + suum dederint, ut in tanti momenti quæstione audiantur, evidens est, + discussionem non posse intra paucos dies præcipitari, nisi magno + rerum ac pacis religiosæ dispendio. Multo magis congruum esset atque + necessarium brevem aliquam, ob ingruentes gravissimos æstatis + calores, Concilio suspensionem dari.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nova vero Synodi periodus ad primam diem mensis Octobris + forsitan indicari posset.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“S. V., si hoc, ut fidenter speramus, concesserit, + gratissimos sensus nobis populisque nostris excitabit, utpote quæ + gravissimæ omnium necessitati consuluerit.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Pedes S. V. devote osculantes nosmet dicimus S. V. + humillimos et obsequentissimos famulos in Christo filios.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Attempts have + already been made by word of mouth to secure some compassion from the + Pope for the severe <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page737">[pg + 737]</span><a name="Pg737" id="Pg737" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + sufferings of the Bishops, but wholly in vain. His comments on the + members of the minority, if rightly reported here, are so irritable + and bitter that I scruple to mention them. But I must relate what + occurred to-day at a farewell audience given to some Maltese Knights, + who had come to exercise their privilege of keeping guard at an + Œcumenical Council. The Pope first turned to an English member of the + Order and wished him success in the scheme for introducing it into + England, and then expressed his sympathy for that nation in his + confident expectation of the speedy and innumerable conversions + promised by Manning, adding the remark that the Italians were + somewhat volatile. And the mildness of the expression, compared with + former ebullitions of anger, proved that the infallibilist line of + the Italian Bishops had covered in his eyes the political sins of the + nation. But then he turned to the Germans, who were present in the + greatest number, with the words, <span class="tei tei-q">“I piu + cattivi sono i Tedeschi, sono i piu cattivi di tutti, lo spirito + Tedesco a guastato tutto.”</span> Even that was not enough, but a + Bohemian knight who was present had to listen to a stream of + invectives against the conduct of Cardinal Schwarzenberg, which made + a very unpleasant impression on him. <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page738">[pg 738]</span><a name="Pg738" id="Pg738" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> As a French Bishop said to me to-day, it is a + humiliating spectacle to see a man who, at the very moment when he is + assimilating his office to the Godhead, recklessly displays the + little weaknesses and passions which people are generally ashamed to + expose to view.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was clearly + shown in the Congregations of 23d and 25th June that the majority + only continue to tolerate the speeches of the Opposition as an almost + unendurable nuisance. Loud murmurs alternated with the ringing of the + Presidents' bell. When Bishop Losanna of Biella, the senior of the + Council, was speaking against burdening the Christian world with the + new dogma, the Legate tried to ring him down. He entreated that at + least out of regard for his advanced age they would let him finish + the little he still had to say. In vain. The Legate went on ringing + and the Bishop speaking, so that the assembly for some time was + regaled with a duet between a bell and an—of course inaudible—human + voice.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the + Congregation of the 23d Bishop Landriot of Rheims made a long speech + in the interests of mediation and mutual concessions, which showed + careful study, but was received with every sign of displeasure by the + majority: he also proposed what Errington had <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page739">[pg 739]</span><a name="Pg739" id="Pg739" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> wanted, that a Commission formed from + both parties should examine the whole tradition on the subject and + report the result to the Council. At this cries of <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Oho, oho!”</span> rose from the majority. Discouraged + and intimidated the Archbishop concluded with the declaration that, + if the Pope pleased to confirm the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, he submitted by + anticipation, at which the faces which had grown black brightened up + again and the apology for the French Church which he ended with was + condoned.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The most + remarkable speeches in the sitting of 25th June were those of the + Bishop Legate of Trieste and Ketteler of Mayence. The first had the + courage to say plainly that the manipulation of Scripture texts, + which were pressed into the service of the new dogma in glaring + contradiction to the authentic interpretation of the Church, was a + sin. Ketteler's speech created the greatest sensation from its + decided tone, and its not betraying the contradiction in which he + seems to find himself involved after his public declarations in + Germany. I must indeed reckon on my report again displeasing and + angering him, for this <span class="tei tei-q">“mobile ingegno usato + ad amar e a disamar in un punto”</span> is wont to take it very ill + if his bold transitions do not leave the same impression on others + which floats before his own <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page740">[pg + 740]</span><a name="Pg740" id="Pg740" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + memory. But I will fulfil my duty as historian of the Council in + spite of this. Ketteler urged that nobody had alleged any clear + evidence for a personal and separate infallibility of the Pope being + really contained in Scripture, Tradition and the consciousness of all + Churches; it was only the opinion of a certain school—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“placita cujusdam scholæ”</span> he repeated several + times emphatically. The Pope certainly had the right of proscribing + doctrines which contradicted the dogmas already decided by the + Church, but by no means the totally different right of formulating a + new dogma without the consent of the episcopate. It was the greatest + absurdity to believe or say <span class="tei tei-q">“Pontificem in + pectoris sui scrinio omnem traditionem repositam et infusam + habere.”</span> At these words murmurs arose in the assembly; all had + shortly before heard and repeated to one another the Pope's + assertion, <span class="tei tei-q">“La tradizione son' io.”</span> + Then Ketteler attacked the theory of Cardinal Cajetan, the well-known + first opponent of Luther, that Peter alone among the Apostles had a + <span class="tei tei-q">“potestas ordinaria”</span> to be transmitted + to his successors, while the <span class="tei tei-q">“potestas + specialis”</span> conferred by Christ on the rest expired at their + death, so that the Bishops are not successors of the Apostles but + derive all their authority from the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page741">[pg 741]</span><a name="Pg741" id="Pg741" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Pope. This mischievous system had been adopted + by a certain school, and the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> + before them was drawn up in accordance with it and in contradiction + to all Catholic tradition. It placed the Bishops in the same relation + to the Pope as priests occupied towards Bishops, which was unheard + of. He protested against the whole system, and desired that in every + dogmatic decree Holy Scripture and Tradition should be taken full + account of: the Pope needed the co-operation of the Bishops as + representatives of tradition. It was utterly wrong to believe that + the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">depositum fidei</span></span> + was committed to the Pope alone.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If the force and + clearness of Ketteler's speech evoked deep and serious reflection, an + amusing episode occurred at the close of the sitting. The Irish + Bishop Keane of Cloyne ascended the tribune. There is a story told of + a German city whose sapient councillors carried the sunlight out of + the street in sacks to light their town-hall, which had no windows; + and so Keane informed his hearers that St. Peter brought the whole + body of tradition with him to Rome well stored up; here and here + alone it was still kept, and every Pope took what was required from + the stock which he possessed as a whole genuine and + entire.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page742">[pg + 742]</span><a name="Pg742" id="Pg742" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Those who wish to + prosecute psychological and ethical studies should come to Rome. Here + they may observe how the three great powers of the world, as St. + Augustine calls them, <span class="tei tei-q">“Errores, amores, + terrores,”</span> work together in full harmony and activity; the + last especially will aid the victory of the first—for how long He + only knows who rules the destiny of man.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page743">[pg 743]</span><a name= + "Pg743" id="Pg743" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc139" id="toc139"></a> <a name="pdf140" id="pdf140"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Sixty-Third Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, July 2, + 1870.</span></span>—The Pope's reported answer to those who spoke to + him of the sufferings of the Bishops and their danger of death, and + the consequent need for proroguing the Council, is passing from mouth + to mouth. I should consider it a sin to publish it. Were it true, one + would have to treat the man who could so speak as the Orsini treated + Boniface viii. in his last days. If it is not true, it is very + remarkable that the Romans have no hesitation in circulating it and + really credit their Pope with it. This and the disdain bordering on + simple contempt with which the Romans look down on the Bishops are + among the indelible impressions they will take back with them over + the Alps.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the sitting of + 28th June Bishop Vitali of Ferentino in the Roman States first + inveighed against the long speeches of the Bishops, and then broke + into a dithyrambic <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page744">[pg + 744]</span><a name="Pg744" id="Pg744" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + panegyric on his master, the Pope, who, like the Emperor Titus, was + the <span class="tei tei-q">“deliciæ orbis terrarum.”</span> He was + somewhat abruptly interrupted by the Legates in the middle of his + rhapsody. Ginoulhiac, Archbishop of Lyons, who is the most learned + member of the French episcopate after Maret, next delivered an ably + and carefully composed speech, which was not interrupted. He appealed + to the words and example of former Popes who had acknowledged—like + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, Celestine <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">i.</span></span> + in 430—that they were not masters of the faith but only guardians of + the traditional doctrine, and that not singly but in unison with all + Churches and their Bishops, as was clearly expressed in the decree. + Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vi.</span></span>, strong as was the + pressure put upon him by France, delayed a long time the issue of the + decree against the civil Constitution of the clergy of 1790, because, + as he wrote to the King, the Pope must first conscientiously + ascertain how the faithful will receive his decision. But a large + section of Catholics were not at all disposed to receive this + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, and the decree would + evidently evoke the bitterest hostility to the Church where it did + not already exist, and immensely increase it where it did. Pius + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vi.</span></span> then said that, if the + Roman See, the centre of the Church, lost its authority through + exaggerating its claims, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page745">[pg + 745]</span><a name="Pg745" id="Pg745" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> all + was lost. Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> should take care that + this doctrine did not become a snare to innumerable Catholics. He + concluded by commending the formula of St. Antoninus, which requires + the consent of the episcopate.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the sitting of + 30th June a member of the almost extinct third party among the + French, Sergent, Bishop of Quimper or Cornouailles, came forward. He + proposed adding to the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, + which might then be accepted, words requiring the co-operation for + decisions on faith of the <span class="tei tei-q">“episcopi, sive + dispersi sive in Concilio congregati.”</span> But he insisted on the + superiority of the Pope to a Council according to the decree of Leo. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">x.</span></span>,—or, as he said, the + fifth Lateran Council, and defended the order of business imposed on + this Council by Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> But here he touched on a + very sore place; the Bishops sit here under the continual conviction + of having their hands tied in an illegitimate and tyrannical fashion, + and knowing that the order of business is in direct contradiction to + the independence of the ancient Councils. The Legates must have felt + that the Opposition would say, <span class="tei tei-q">“Hæc excusatio + est accusatio,”</span> and that it would give the requisite handle + for again renewing their written protests by word of mouth now at the + decisive moment. Sergent was therefore called to + order.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page746">[pg + 746]</span><a name="Pg746" id="Pg746" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After the Bishop + of Aversa, who spoke as an ordinary infallibilist, Bishop Martin of + Paderborn came forward and created a sensation. A German + infallibilist, like Martin, who was not kneaded and dressed in the + Jesuit school, is an interesting and curious phenomenon of itself, + and produces somewhat the same impression as an European who + voluntarily lives among savages and adopts their language and + customs. But Bishop Martin's appearance was remarkable on other + grounds also. It was long since any one had been heard in the Council + who spoke in so angry a tone and with such noise and visible + endeavour to supplement his stammering utterance by the action of + hands and feet. It was a difficult labour that Martin achieved, like + a singer drowning his own voice, and doubly meritorious in these + melting days. And here I may make a remark that should have been made + before: the Hall has really gained lately in acoustic qualities, from + having an awning stretched over it which acts as a + sounding-board.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Martin shouted + into the Hall that the personal infallibility of every Pope was + inseparable from the primacy, for the Pope was the supreme + legislator, and therefore he must of necessity be divinely preserved + from all error. The Bishops of the minority were amazed at this + statement, for none of them had expected a German Bishop <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page747">[pg 747]</span><a name="Pg747" id="Pg747" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to declare the whole code of the + Inquisition, as promulgated by the Popes from Innocent <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> to Paul <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span>, + infallible and inspired. But there was still better behind. Two + German witnesses for infallibility were cited, Dr. Luther, on account + of his letter to the Pope in 1518, and Dr. Pichler of 1870. Up to + 1763 all Germans were stanch infallibilists, but then Febronianism + came in and for a time obscured this light of pure doctrine, which + had previously shone so bright in Catholic Germany. But an orthodox + reaction had followed, thanks to the excellent catechism of the + Jesuit Deharbe, the Provincial Synod of Cologne and several + Pastorals. Martin then referred to Döllinger, and reproached him with + having in his earlier works—which were not named—taught papal + infallibility, whereas he now assailed it. The Bishop, who is a + member of the Deputation, then proposed a formula he had devised, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Traditioni inhærentes docemus Pontificem, + cum universalem Ecclesiam docet, vi divinæ assistentiæ errare non + posse.”</span> But that was not enough, without smiting down the + opponents of the doctrine by a solemn anathema, as follows, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Si quis dixerit non nisi accedente consensu + Episcoporum Romanum Pontificem errare non posse, anathema + sit.”</span> He moreover agreed with Spalding and Dechamps that + parish priests and others having cure of souls <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page748">[pg 748]</span><a name="Pg748" id="Pg748" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> should be required by a special + admonition addressed to them to impress this doctrine of + infallibility on their people often and emphatically from the + pulpit.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The speech was + delivered in the tone and manner of a confessor dealing with a + hardened sinner in his last moments, and the Germans, from whose + ranks the speaker had issued,—men like Rauscher, Haynald, + Strossmayer, Hefele—sat shamefaced with their eyes on the ground, + while the delight of the Italians and Spaniards could be read on + their countenances at this humiliation of the nation which prides + itself on the superior culture of its clergy. But they were surprised + at Martin's concluding declaration that no doubt in Germany great + dangers for the Church would follow from the promulgation of the + doctrine. It was mentioned in the Council Hall that, in a widely + circulated school-book which had passed through eleven or twelve + editions, Martin had taught the exact reverse of the doctrine he now + so noisily and peremptorily maintained; but then it was observed in + excuse for him that the heterodoxies of this book, though it bore his + name, were no fault of his, as he had simply transcribed it from the + papers of the late Professor Diekhoff, which were left in his + charge.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page749">[pg 749]</span><a name= + "Pg749" id="Pg749" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc141" id="toc141"></a> <a name="pdf142" id="pdf142"></a> + <a name="Letter_LXIV" id="Letter_LXIV" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Sixty-Fourth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, July 5, + 1870.</span></span>—Rome is an excellent school for Bishops; a course + of seven months at the Council produces wonderful results. One + illusion after another is laid aside and an insight gained into the + working of the huge machine and the forces that put it in motion, and + the Bishops learn at last, though it be laboriously and not without + tears, why they were summoned and what services alone are demanded of + them. The historian Pachymeres relates that, when the people of + Constantinople demanded a Council in 1282 in order to judge the + unionist Patriarch, Bekkus, Bishop Theoktistus of Adrianople said + that they treated Bishops like wooden spits on which Bekkus might be + roasted, and which might then be thrown into the fire.<a id= + "noteref_151" name="noteref_151" href="#note_151"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">151</span></span></a> A very + similar feeling has come over many Bishops here; they know that if + they say <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Non placet</span></span> at + last, they will be cast into the fire, after they have helped by + their <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page750">[pg 750]</span><a name= + "Pg750" id="Pg750" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> reluctant practical + recognition of both the first and second order of + business—destructive as both are to all real freedom—to forge the new + spiritual yoke. And then they find their schoolroom a very narrow and + uncomfortable one, and have at last discovered that it looks very + like a prison cell.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is but a game + of moves and counter-moves as on a chessboard, only that no one dares + to incur the penalty of high treason by saying <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Check to the king,”</span> or lifting a finger for such + an audacious move. The minority were so confounded and irritated by + the abrupt closing of the general debate, because they hoped to + prolong it till prorogation became inevitable. For nobody doubted in + April and May that this would follow at the end of June, and the + notion was sedulously fostered by the official staff of the + Council—the Legates and Secretary Fessler—and by the Pope himself. It + is not long since Pius said to a French Bishop, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“It would be barbarity on my part to want to keep the + Bishops here in July.”</span> And thus the Opposition, whenever they + were shaken and disturbed by some violent act, let matters be hushed + up and never gave any practical effect to their protests and + complaints. But now the Court party say that it would indeed be + tyrannical cruelty to keep us <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page751">[pg 751]</span><a name="Pg751" id="Pg751" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> here, under ordinary circumstances, imprisoned + in this furnace full of fevers, but it is justified by the abnormal + situation. The grand and saving act of the infallibilist definition, + which is to quicken the whole Church with new powers of life and + introduce the golden age of absolute ecclesiastical dominion, cannot + any longer be held in suspense. <span class="tei tei-q">“You surely + will not wish,”</span> said Cardinal de Angelis to a Bishop who was + urging the necessity of a prorogation, <span class="tei tei-q">“that + the Pope, after spending so many thousand scudi on the Bishops, + should now be left alone in the Vatican without any + recompense.”</span> And Antonelli thinks the Bishops have only + themselves to blame for their present suffering condition; why have + they wasted so much time in speeches?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Since that + shocking saying of the Pope's, which I referred to in my last letter, + has became known here, the Bishops have abandoned as hopeless the + design of making a direct appeal to him for the prorogation of the + Council on the score of the health and lives of its members. And this + conviction has been further strengthened by the insolence of the + Court theologian, Louis Veuillot. <span class="tei tei-q">“Let + yourselves be roasted, since it is only through this fiery ordeal + that the precious wine of infallibility can be matured,”</span> he + exclaims to them, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page752">[pg + 752]</span><a name="Pg752" id="Pg752" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and + they know now that they are inside a door over which the inscription + is written</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">“</span><span style="font-size: 90%">Lasciate + ogni speranza voi ch' intrate.</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">”</span></span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now there is a + new cause of alarm. It is said—perhaps the report is spread on + purpose—that at last no Bishop will be allowed to depart till he has + signed a bond laid before him declaring his entire and unconditional + submission. We actually hear that, by a recent decision, leave of + absence is only to be given to the Bishops in case of serious + illness, that is, when they are no longer equal to the journey. + Several prelates therefore have already inquired of the ambassadors + of their Governments, what means of protection they could afford them + in case of such violence being exercised. The ambassadors will be + obliged to write home for further instructions, as it seems no such + case had been foreseen as possible to occur. But so many astonishing + and seemingly impossible things have happened during the last seven + months that such an act would no longer excite even any particular + surprise.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Guidi still + appears in Council and shows himself in his votes an independent + thinker and by no means a humiliated or broken man, but in his + convent he is guarded like a prisoner and constantly urged by threats + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page753">[pg 753]</span><a name="Pg753" + id="Pg753" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and persuasions to recant. + When a remark was made to the Pope about his harsh treatment of this + man, who still as Cardinal shares the numerous privileges of his + order, he is reported to have said, <span class="tei tei-q">“I + summoned him, not as Cardinal, but as brother Guidi, whom I lifted + out of the dust.”</span> Guidi had drawn great displeasure on himself + before by joining Cardinals Corsi and Riario Sforza in making + representations to the Pope against the alteration introduced by his + order in the sequence of the subjects for discussion, by which means + the infallibilist <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> was + interpolated before its time. He lived in the Minerva with certain + Bishops of his Order, Milella, Pastero, Alcazar and Manucillo, and + their mutual conferences led to the matured conviction that the + personal infallibility of the Pope is a novel doctrine, of late + invention and unknown even to the great Thomas and the Thomist + school, chiefly introduced in substance by the Jesuits. Guidi appeals + to the fact that years ago he has taught this at Vienna, as was or + easily might have been known. If he keeps firm, and Cardinal + Silvestri, who often votes with the Opposition, joins their side in + good earnest—five dissentient Cardinals, including Mathieu, Rauscher + and Schwarzenberg—more Italian Bishops than the Court would like, may + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page754">[pg 754]</span><a name="Pg754" + id="Pg754" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> say <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Non + placet</span></span>. It is already remarked that they earnestly + inquire among themselves whether the German and French minority are + likely to remain firm at the decisive moment and not melt away, in + which case they would be ready to vote with them. You may imagine how + intensely Guidi is hated here. For the moment he might make + O'Connell's boast his own when he said he was <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the best abused man in the British Empire.”</span> What + Persius said is equally true of the clerical <span class= + "tei tei-q">“turba Remi”</span> now,—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“sequitur fortunam ut semper, et odit damnatos.”</span> I + may mention in illustration of the view prevalent among the majority, + that Manning the other day told one of the most illustrious Bishops + of the minority he had no further business in the Catholic Church and + had better leave it. Even in the Council Hall Bishop Gastaldi of + Saluzzo exclaimed to the minority that they were already blotted out + of the book of life.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The internal + history of the minority since the end of June consists mainly of + their endeavours to avert the departure of the timid and home-sick + and those attacked by fever. Hitherto leave has been given them + readily enough when asked, but it is said this will not be so for the + future. The Prince Bishop of Breslau, Förster, <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page755">[pg 755]</span><a name="Pg755" id="Pg755" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> was urgently entreated to remain, and he + seemed to be persuaded, but now he is gone,<a id="noteref_152" name= + "noteref_152" href="#note_152"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">152</span></span></a> and so + are Purcell of Cincinnati, Vancsa, Archbishop of Fogaras, Greith of + St. Gall, and others—a serious loss under present circumstances. The + feeling of self-preservation at last overpowers every other; and what + answer can be given to a man who says, when required to stay and help + to save the truth, <span class="tei tei-q">“If I am ill in bed with + fever on the critical day, my vote is lost”</span>? Moreover the + burning atmosphere peculiar to Rome, impregnated with exhalations + from the Pontine marshes, oppresses and enervates mind as well as + body and cripples the energy of the will.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">So on the 1st July + an understanding was arrived at among the Opposition Bishops. It was + felt more and more clearly that to go on with the speeches was a + sterile and dreary business. For one solid and thoughtful speech + from, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, Darboy, Strossmayer, + Haynald, Guidi, Dupanloup, Ginoulhiac, Ketteler or Maret, one had to + listen for long hours to the effusions of Spanish, Sicilian and + Calabrian infallibilists, and the speeches of this party sound as if + their authors had first studied <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page756">[pg 756]</span><a name="Pg756" id="Pg756" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the dedicatory epistles to the Popes which the + Jesuits prefix to their works, and strung together the sonorous + phrases contained in them. Moreover the conduct of the Legates had + become palpable partisanship. For several days they offered + demonstrative thanks to every speaker who gave up his turn; the + bitterest attacks of the majority on their opponents passed + unrebuked, and the murmurs and signs of impatience whenever + infallibility was called in question grew more and more pronounced. + It became evident that there was nothing really to be gained by + prolonging the speeches, when all hope of getting the Council + prorogued had to be abandoned.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the sitting of + July 2 the affair was to have been brought to a settlement. The + minority had sketched out a notice in the Council Hall, stating that + all speakers on their side withdrew, and handed it to Cardinal + Mathieu to communicate to the French, but they declined to accept it, + saying every one should be free to decide for himself. And so, on + that day, out of twenty-two Fathers only four spoke, including + Meignan of Chalons and Ramadie of Perpignan.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But it soon became + irresistibly evident to both parties that it was advisable for them + to put an end to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page757">[pg + 757]</span><a name="Pg757" id="Pg757" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + oratorical exercises. The Legates had frequently used the formula of + the Index when a speaker gave up his turn, saying, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“laudabiliter orationi renunciavit,”</span> or + <span class="tei tei-q">“magnas ipsi agimus gratias.”</span> The + majority had two reasons for wanting the speeches to go on—first the + wish of particular individuals to signalize themselves and lay up a + stock of merits deserving reward; and secondly, that the Northern + Bishops might succumb to the rays of the July sun, as Homer's Achæans + sunk under the arrows of Apollo. But they were made to understand + that the Pope would account their simple <span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Placet</span></span>, sans + phrase”</span> a sufficient service, and reward it according to their + wish.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Moreover they felt + secure about the eventual attitude of the minority, or at least a + considerable portion of them, for it was known that two German + Bishops had said, <span class="tei tei-q">“We shall resist to the + last moment, but then we shall submit, for we don't wish to cause a + schism.”</span> This gave great joy to the Court party. I heard a + monsignore say, <span class="tei tei-q">“These are our best friends, + more so than those who already vote for and with us, for their coming + over at the critical moment can only be ascribed to the triumphant + and irresistible power of the Holy Ghost poured out through the Pope + upon the Council; each <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page758">[pg + 758]</span><a name="Pg758" id="Pg758" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> of + them is a Saul converted into a Paul, who has found his Damascus here + at Rome, and becomes a living trophy of the vice-godship of the Pope + and the legitimacy and œcumenicity of this Council. We can desire + nothing better for our cause than these late and sudden + conversions.”</span> And thus at last an understanding satisfactory + to all parties was come to; on July 4 all the speakers enrolled + withdrew, only reserving their right of presenting their observations + in writing to the Deputation.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page759">[pg 759]</span><a name= + "Pg759" id="Pg759" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc143" id="toc143"></a> <a name="pdf144" id="pdf144"></a> + <a name="Letter_LXV" id="Letter_LXV" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Sixty-Fifth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, July 7, + 1870.</span></span>—I must go back a few days and tell you something + more of the speeches made since St. Peter's Day. It is for the + interest of the contemporary world and of posterity that the Roman + system of hushing up and deathlike silence should not be fully + carried out, and that it should be known what truths have been + uttered and what grounds alleged against the fatal decision of the + majority and rejected by them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Soon after Bishop + Martin a man spoke who had gained the highest respect from all + quarters, Verot, Bishop of Savannah, a really apostolical character, + compared in America with St. Francis of Sales. On a former occasion, + on June 15, he had pointedly criticised the conduct of the Court + party and the attempt to surrender all that yet remains of the + ancient constitution of the Church to a centralized papal absolutism. + <span class="tei tei-q">“If,”</span> he said, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the Pope wants to possess and exercise a direct and + immediate jurisdiction in my diocese, only <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page760">[pg 760]</span><a name="Pg760" id="Pg760" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> let him come over to America himself, and bring + with him plenty of the priests who are so abundant here to my country + where there are so few; gladly will I attend him servant and observe + how he, riding about in my huge diocese, judges and arranges + everything on the spot.”</span> And, as some Bishops of the majority + had given out the favourite Roman watchword, that historical facts + must yield to the clearness and <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">a + priori</span></span> certainty of doctrine, Verot replied briefly, + <span class="tei tei-q">“To me an ounce of historical facts outweighs + a thousand pounds of your theories.”</span> This time he was not + interrupted, as he had always been before,—by most no doubt not + understood. Maret too, in the sitting of July 1, attacked the + projected absolutism which the Church was now to be saddled with. In + the political world, he said, it is done away with and disappears + more and more under a common feeling of repugnance, and now it is for + the first time to be confirmed in the Church, and Christians, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the children of heavenly freedom,”</span> + are to be reduced, after the protection afforded by the consent of + the episcopate is abolished, to spiritual slavery, and forced into + blind subjection to the dictates of a single man. He said this in + more courteous language than this brief epitome gives scope + for.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page761">[pg 761]</span><a name= + "Pg761" id="Pg761" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the most + important speeches was that which followed, of Bishop David of Saint + Brieuc in Bretagne. It was one of the speeches of a kind I said in an + early letter would not be tolerated, the result has refuted me. The + Bishop said that the proposed article of faith was first invented in + the fifteenth century, when a new form, different from that ordained + by Christ, was given to the Church, at the expense of the inalienable + rights both of the Bishops and the faithful. If the hypothesis of + papal infallibility really belonged to the deposit of faith, it must + have been defined and universally acknowledged in the earliest ages, + as it would evidently be a fundamental doctrine indispensable for the + whole Church. The parallel drawn between this and the lately defined + and previously undetermined and open doctrine of the Immaculate + Conception is quite irrelevant. It is clearly evident, he added, that + this new attempt to exalt the Papacy will produce the same + disturbance as the earlier one in the sixteenth century. A sign of it + is the sudden and rapidly growing alienation of the French clergy + from their Bishops, which is instigated from a distance. Passing on + to a vindication of the much abused Gallican doctrine, he showed that + the former Popes themselves declared it to be allowable and + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page762">[pg 762]</span><a name="Pg762" + id="Pg762" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> only reprobated the attempt to + make it into a special and separate rule of faith for the French + Church alone.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Spanish Bishop + of Cuenca, Payà-y-Rico, followed, and began by affirming in the + bragging and bombastic style of his country, that in Spain the + infallibilist doctrine had always prevailed. This was a glaring + falsehood; it would have been enough to cite against him the names of + Tostado, Escobar, Victoria, and others, the Spanish Bishops and + theologians at Trent, and the fact that the Inquisition first made + the doctrine dominant in Spain. But immediate replies are not + permitted in the Council Hall, and the majority were so charmed with + his disclosures that they loudly applauded him. Encouraged by this he + turned round upon the Opposition, observing that a short interval was + still allowed them to come over to the majority, and that, unless + they made a good use of it, their only choice lay between a + subsequent meritorious submission or condemnation for heresy.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The minority, who + meet daily either in national or international conferences, were + engaged in drawing up a formula requiring the consent of the + episcopate as indispensable, but soon gave this up and resolved to + abstain from any demonstration, as they could gain nothing by it. + Several thought this would compel the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page763">[pg 763]</span><a name="Pg763" id="Pg763" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> majority, if they really wanted to gain the + concurrence of the Opposition, to make proposals on their side for + some tolerable formula. But at present that is highly improbable.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the sitting of + July 5, where the only business was to vote on the third chapter, in + consequence of the general withdrawal of the speakers, an unexpected + occurrence intervened. Some days before Bishop Martin of Paderborn + had proposed in his own name and that of some of his colleagues that + in a Supplement, designated as a <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">monitum</span></span>, the doctrinal authority + of the Bishops should be mentioned, but only incidentally and in a + sense compatible with the Pope's prerogative of personal + infallibility. When the Pope heard of this, he was much displeased, + and peremptorily ordered that a canon should be laid before the + Council for acceptance enouncing emphatically and under anathema the + papal omnipotence over the whole Church. The Deputation had already + had the third canon printed and distributed in the following amended + form:—<span class="tei tei-q">“Si quis dixerit, Romani Pontificis + Primatum esse tantum officium inspectionis et directionis et supremam + ipsius potestatem jurisdictionis in universam Ecclesiam non esse + plenam, sed tantum extraordinariam et mediatam—anathema <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page764">[pg 764]</span><a name="Pg764" id="Pg764" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> sit.”</span> But in order to carry out + the Pope's command, the Bishop of Rovigo, as a member of the + Deputation, read the canon in a more stringent form, which in fact + left the extremest absolutist nothing to desire, but which was not in + the printed text and was either not heard or not understood by the + greater part of the Bishops, while yet it was to be voted on on the + spot—in contradiction to the distinct directions of the order of + business. This more stringent version of the canon runs thus:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Si quis dixerit, Romanum Pontificem habere tantummodo + officium inspectionis vel directionis, non autem plenam et supremam + potestatem jurisdictionis in universam Ecclesiam, tum in rebus, quæ + ad fidem et mores, tum quæ ad disciplinam et regimen Ecclesiæ per + totum orbem diffusæ pertinent; aut eum habere tantum potiores partes, + non vero totam plenitudinem hujus supremæ potestatis; aut hanc ejus + potestatem non esse ordinariam et immediatam sive in omnes ac + singulas Ecclesias, sive in omnes et singulos pastores et + fideles—anathema sit.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A more shameless + outwitting of a Council has never been attempted. Archbishop Darboy + at once rose and protested against this juggling manœuvre, and the + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page765">[pg 765]</span><a name="Pg765" + id="Pg765" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Legates were obliged, + humiliating as it was for them, to let the matter drop for the + present; but the addition will be brought forward again in a few + days.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A proof has lately + forced itself on my attention of the confusion of mind habitual to + many of the Bishops of the majority. I asked one of them, who had + expressed his surprise that so much fuss was made about this one + dogma, whether he had formed any clear conception of its + retrospective force and examined all the papal decisions, from + Siricius in 385 to the Syllabus of 1864, which would be made by the + infallibilist dogma into articles of faith. And it came out that this + pastor of above a hundred thousand souls imagined that every Pope + would be declared infallible, not for the past but for the future + only!<a id="noteref_153" name="noteref_153" href= + "#note_153"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">153</span></span></a> But he + was somewhat perplexed when I mentioned to him on the spur of the + moment merely a couple of papal maxims on moral theology, which were + now to be stamped with the seal of divinely inspired truths.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On Saturday the + 9th the special voting is to take place on the emendation just + mentioned of the third chapter of the third canon in the interests of + papal <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page766">[pg 766]</span><a name= + "Pg766" id="Pg766" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> absolutism, and on the + same day or Monday the whole of the third chapter and the amendments + on the fourth are to be voted on; on Wednesday, the 13th, the votes + are to be taken on the whole <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-q">“en bloc.”</span> As yet the Opposition can + still be reckoned at 97, exclusive of Guidi and the Dominican + Bishops, who may not improbably come to its aid at the critical + moment.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the + witticisms circulating here, for which the Council affords matter to + genuine Romans, is the following, that in the sitting of July 4 there + was a great uproar among the Bishops, they were all set by the ears + and the Pope himself ran away, and why all this? <span class= + "tei tei-q">“E perchè tutta questa cagniara? perchè il Papa vuole + esser <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">impeccabile</span></em>, e i vescovi non lo + vogliono.”</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page767">[pg 767]</span><a name= + "Pg767" id="Pg767" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc145" id="toc145"></a> <a name="pdf146" id="pdf146"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Sixty-Sixth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, July 14, + 1870.</span></span>—I must again interrupt my narrative of the + occurrences and speeches between June 5 and 10 to communicate the + details of the great event of the session of July 13—an event which + has falsified all expectations on both sides, and created a sensation + and astonishment in Rome which it will take people some time to + recover from. Even beyond the Alps, in spite of the all-absorbing + question of the war, it will rouse interest and joyful surprise. In + the last few days before the critical morning of the 13th there was + much discussion among the Bishops of the various nations as to + whether they should vote a simple <span class="tei tei-q">“No”</span> + or a conditional <span class="tei tei-q">“Yes,”</span>—a <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Non placet</span></span> or a <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet juxta modum</span></span>. It was not + merely the fourth chapter that was in question, which deals with + infallibility, but the whole <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> + on the Papacy, which contains also the <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page768">[pg 768]</span><a name="Pg768" id="Pg768" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> much-decried third canon of the third chapter, + establishing for the first time the theory of the universal + episcopate of the Pope, the very theory Pope Gregory the Great + characterized as an abomination and a blasphemy. It was known that + the Bishops who are mere dilettantis in theology—and their number is + legion, as is natural under the present system of episcopal + appointments—would greatly prefer voting <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">juxta modum</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, + with a conditioned <span class="tei tei-q">“Yes.”</span> That would + always leave them free to reserve their further decision till the + public voting <span class="tei tei-q">“coram Sanctissimo”</span> (as + the Pope is here called), when only a direct <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Yes”</span> or <span class="tei tei-q">“No”</span> can + be voted. Each of them could present in writing the conditions or + wishes on which he desired to make his <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet</span></span> dependent, and then say + <span class="tei tei-q">“Yes”</span> or <span class= + "tei tei-q">“No”</span> according to his pleasure in the Solemn + Session, if his suggestions were disregarded—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“Yes,”</span> if he wished to direct the lightning + flashes of the angry Jupiter to other heads than his own; + <span class="tei tei-q">“No,”</span> if he could summon manliness and + courage enough at the last moment. The Court party and the majority + had neglected no means of impressing on the recalcitrants the + uselessness of their negative votes and the personal disadvantages to + themselves. Every one was told, <span class="tei tei-q">“It is + determined irrevocably to take no account <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page769">[pg 769]</span><a name="Pg769" id="Pg769" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> of your <span class="tei tei-q">‘No,’</span> + and to go on to the promulgation of the dogma. Supported by at least + 500 favourable votes, and throwing the surplus weight of his own vote + into the scale, the Pope, on the 17th or 24th July, will walk over + your heads amid the presumed acclamations of the whole Catholic + world; and how lamentable and hopeless a situation will yours be + then! You are then heretics, who have incurred the terrible penalties + of the canon law; you have surrendered at discretion, bound hand and + foot, to the mercy of the deeply injured Pope. Consider, <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Quid sum miser tunc dicturus, quem patronum + rogaturus?’</span> ”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus they were + worked on individually. And more drastic methods were employed as + well. It was asserted that two documents had already been drawn up in + the Vatican, which every Bishop would be compelled to sign before + being allowed to leave Rome; the one a profession of faith comprising + the new article of infallibility, and the other an attestation of the + perfect freedom of the Council throughout its whole course. Whoever + refused to sign either would thereby at once incur papal censures. + <span class="tei tei-q">“We shall thus have,”</span> they were told, + <span class="tei tei-q">“your <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">Non + placet</span></span> and your <span class="tei tei-q">‘free’</span> + acknowledgment under your hand of the article of faith you denied a + few days before, and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page770">[pg + 770]</span><a name="Pg770" id="Pg770" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + shall show it to the world. Do you wish then morally to annihilate + yourselves in public opinion?”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As the Bishops who + are resolved to give a negative vote knew well the more timorous + temper of many of their colleagues, who were half-ready to be + persuaded and half-ready to succumb, and remembered the Scriptural + saying that <span class="tei tei-q">“a high priest must have + compassion on our infirmities,”</span> some of them drew up a formula + stating the basis on which the timid might vote <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet juxta modum</span></span>. In the + preamble of the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> the word + <span class="tei tei-q">“principium”</span> was to be exchanged for + <span class="tei tei-q">“exordium,”</span> and instead of + <span class="tei tei-q">“vis et virtus in eo (Papâ) + consistit,”</span> was to be put <span class="tei tei-q">“præcipue in + eo consistit;”</span> the third canon of the third chapter was to be + wholly omitted, and the word <span class= + "tei tei-q">“episcopalis”</span> left out of the chapter, and lastly, + the formula of St. Antoninus was to be substituted for the fourth + chapter. The proposed document ends with <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Secus in Solemni Sessione dicturus sum, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Non + placet</span></em>.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On July 12 the + Bishops of the minority held the most largely attended international + conference which has yet taken place; about 70 were present. Three + prelates, two German and one French—Ketteler, Melchers and Archbishop + Landriot of Rheims—proposed that all should vote <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet juxta modum</span></span>, but at the + same time <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page771">[pg + 771]</span><a name="Pg771" id="Pg771" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + hand in a precise and decided formulas the condition of their assent, + with a declaration that, if their demands were rejected or + inadequately complied with, they should be obliged to vote + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Non placet</span></span> in the Solemn Session. + This would have substantially secured the complete victory of the + majority and the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>. Every one would have + naturally said, <span class="tei tei-q">“Your <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Yes,’</span> however conditioned, can only bear the + sense that in the main point you agree with the <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, and that main point lies + in the two new and great articles of faith, which hang together and + must shape the future of the Church, the universal episcopate of the + Pope and his infallibility. By saying <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet</span></span> you affirm these two new + dogmas, and after that it will matter little what particular + collateral wishes or conditions you may choose to add. Whether they + are acceded to or not, you must in consistency say <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Yes’</span> on the great day of the public profession, + when only a simple affirmative or negative vote can be + given.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The three + Cardinals, the two primates Simor and Ginoulhiac, Strossmayer and + others, spoke out repeatedly and emphatically against this + mischievous proposal which would at the last moment have frustrated + all their hopes, and annihilated the results of seven months' + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page772">[pg 772]</span><a name="Pg772" + id="Pg772" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> sufferings and labours. A + decisive impression was produced by the remark of the Archbishop of + Milan, that there were many infallibilists who on various grounds + would vote conditionally, and this peculiar kind of vote, which was + better adapted to courtiers than Bishops, had better be left to them. + <span class="tei tei-q">“The only befitting course for us,”</span> he + said, <span class="tei tei-q">“who are convinced of the falsehood of + the doctrine, is to say <span class="tei tei-q">‘No.’</span> ”</span> + This was unanimously accepted. Tarnoczy, who for some time back has + withdrawn from his German and Hungarian colleagues, and votes + regularly with the majority, was not present. Cardinal Schwarzenberg + said he should be glad if one of the Cardinals voted <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Non placet</span></span> before him, but if this + did not happen he should be the first, and should count it a + distinction to stand at the head of this noble band.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was remarkable + how generally the view prevailed that scarcely ten opposing votes + would really be given when the time came. No means were spared, by + rumours and inventions, to spread terror and despair among the ranks + of the Opposition. Thus the report was circulated in foreign + journals—where you will have read it—as well as here, that a + <span class="tei tei-q">“sauve qui peut,”</span> and <span class= + "tei tei-q">“débandade”</span> had become the watchword of the + Opposition, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page773">[pg + 773]</span><a name="Pg773" id="Pg773" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and + not thirty would be left on the day for voting. We see now that this + was all pure invention. Even Förster's departure, which I reported + myself, had not taken place; only Greith had gone. When Darboy had an + audience of the Pope the day before the voting, and said that there + was a considerable number of Bishops who would join him in saying + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Non placet</span></span>, the Pope replied, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Perhaps many will vote <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">juxta modum</span></span>, but certainly not + above ten <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Non + placet</span></span>.”</span> For some time past Pius has notoriously + known everything with absolute certainty, even the temper of distant + countries. The formulas put into the Pope's mouth by the Roman + Chancery, <span class="tei tei-q">“proprio motu”</span> and + <span class="tei tei-q">“ex certâ scientiâ,”</span> have been + transmuted by the habit of twenty-four years into actual flesh and + blood with him.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the beginning + of the sitting the news had spread among the majority that the + negative votes would be much more numerous than had been supposed on + the evening before. On this Dechamps of Mechlin went to the heads of + the Opposition and entreated them with humble gestures and whining + voice to vote <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">juxta modum</span></span>, + saying there was really some disposition with the authorities to + insert the <span class="tei tei-q">“consensus”</span> and + <span class="tei tei-q">“testimonium Ecclesiarum”</span> into the + fourth chapter. The trick was <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page774">[pg 774]</span><a name="Pg774" id="Pg774" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> too barefaced to succeed, and sharp words were + spoken on the other side. One of the Bishops said to the new primate, + <span class="tei tei-q">“C'est une impudence sans exemple,”</span> + and Darboy called the attention of the three Cardinals to this + treacherous attempt at the last moment to divide and perplex the + Opposition. Now began the voting <span class="tei tei-q">“sub + secreto,”</span> as it was again called, and the sub-secretary + Jacobini read the names of the Fathers from the pulpit. And then a + wholly unexpected phenomenon came to light: out of 600 Fathers + present in Rome—there were 764 in January—only 520 had appeared, and + it was at once known that very many of the absentees had stayed away + from dislike to the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, and to + avoid the disagreeable consequences of a negative vote.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The line taken by + the Orientals in the voting excites surprise here. The Propaganda has + spared no means of exercising a strict supervision and control over + them, and yet the upshot is that the most influential of them have + voted <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Non placet</span></span>, some + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">juxta modum</span></span>, and others have + absented themselves. In fact all the real Eastern + Bishops—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, those who represent + dioceses—have voted against the dogma. Every one acquainted with the + state of things in Asia foresees that the promulgation of the dogma, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page775">[pg 775]</span><a name="Pg775" + id="Pg775" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> which will follow in spite of + this, will lead to the definitive separation of the Uniate Churches + in the East. But that makes not the slightest impression on the Pope + and the Jesuits.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the names of + the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">juxta modum</span></span> + voters were read out, the President said <span class= + "tei tei-q">“quorum, quantum possible erit, habebitur ratio.”</span> + That sounded like open mockery: it meant, <span class="tei tei-q">“We + (the Deputation) have already settled among ourselves what is + impossible, viz., making the co-operation of the episcopate a + condition, but still there are some possible things. If, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, any + Bishops wish to have <span class="tei tei-q">‘inerrantia’</span> + substituted for <span class="tei tei-q">‘infallibilitas,’</span> + perhaps they may be gratified.”</span> But even concessions of that + sort are doubtful, for one cannot give the lie to Bishop Gasser of + Brixen, who has distinctly declared that <span class="tei tei-q">“nec + verbum addetur nec verbum demetur amplius.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the + conditional voters are Dreux-Brézé, certainly only because the decree + is not strong enough for him. The whole Hungarian Episcopate remained + firm in its opposition. The Austrians know now why Rudigier and + Fessler were given them as Bishops. I send you with this the + authentic list of the Fathers who did not vote with a simple + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet</span></span>. It shows that it + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page776">[pg 776]</span><a name="Pg776" + id="Pg776" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> was just the Bishops of + capital cities, as well as North American, Irish, English, and beyond + expectation many North Italian prelates, who voted against the dogma. + Only one, strictly speaking, was wholly false to his professions, the + Bishop of Porto Rico.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Pope is still + sure that at the last critical moment a divine miracle will enlighten + the benighted minds of the opponents and suddenly reverse their + sentiments. The Holy Ghost will and must do this. Pius seems to have + clear assurances on that point. He had lately a remarkable + conversation about it with a French Bishop, whom he had never seen + before. As he regards every opponent of the dogma as his personal + enemy, he received him as such and reproached him with being Cæsar's + friend instead of the Pope's; the Bishop replied that his white hairs + testified to his having nothing to fear or hope for, but simply to + follow his conscience, which constrained him with many of his + colleagues to vote against the new dogma. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“No,”</span> exclaimed Pius, <span class="tei tei-q">“you + will not vote against it; the Holy Ghost at the decisive hour will + irresistibly enlighten you, and you will all say <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet</span></span>.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the French + Government in 1733 had the cemetery of La Chaise surrounded with + soldiers, to <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page777">[pg + 777]</span><a name="Pg777" id="Pg777" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + stop the miraculous cures at the grave of the Abbé Paris, the + inscription was found one morning over the entrance—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">De par le roi défense à + Dieu,</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">De faire miracle en ce + lieu.</span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 17th or + 24th July 1870 there might be written over the entrance of the + Council Hall—</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 0.90em; margin-top: 0.90em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">De par le Pape ordre au bon + Dieu</span> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">De faire miracle en ce + lieu.</span> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The echo of the + Vatican, Veuillot's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Univers</span></span>, has just been accusing + the Bishops of the minority of ruining the papal treasury by + prolonging the debates on infallibility through their opposition, and + thus obliging the Pope to go on supporting his 300 episcopal foster + sons, and buy his infallibility late and at a high price, when it + ought to have been cast into his lap by spontaneous acclamation at + the first. A physician has now been discovered for the treasury which + has sickened under the infallibility affair. Rothschild is said to + have been here and concluded a loan of forty million franks. As the + deficit only amounts to thirty million, there remain ten million for + fireworks, illuminations and church-decorations, the journey-money of + trusty Bishops, and the like. But now the war is impending, and with + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page778">[pg 778]</span><a name="Pg778" + id="Pg778" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> it the withdrawal of Peter's + pence and perhaps still worse.<a id="noteref_154" name="noteref_154" + href="#note_154"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">154</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following + voted <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Non-placet</span></span>:—1. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Prague</span></span>, Cardinal Prince-Archbishop + Schwarzenberg; 2. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Besançon</span></span>, Cardinal Archbishop + Mathieu; 3. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Vienna</span></span>, Cardinal Prince-Archbishop + Rauscher; 4. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Antioch</span></span>, Patriarch Jussuf, of the + Melchite Rite; 5. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Babylon</span></span>, Patriarch Audu, of the + Chaldean Rite; 6. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Gran</span></span>, Archbishop <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page779">[pg 779]</span><a name="Pg779" id="Pg779" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> and Primate of Hungary, Simor; 7. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lyons</span></span>, Archbishop Ginoulhiac; 8. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tuam</span></span>, Archbishop MacHale; 9. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Olmütz</span></span>, Prince-Archbishop + Fürstenberg; 10. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Trabezund</span></span>, Bishop Ghiureghian, of + the Armenian Rite; 11. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Munich</span></span>, Archbishop Scherr; 12. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bamberg</span></span>, Archbishop Deinlein; 13. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Seert</span></span>, Bishop Bar-Tatar, of the + Chaldean Rite; 14. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Halifax</span></span>, Archbishop Conolly, of + the Capuchin Order; 15. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lemberg</span></span>, Archbishop Wierzcheyski, + of the Latin Rite; 16. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Paris</span></span>, Archbishop Darboy; 17. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kalocsa</span></span>, Archbishop Haynald; 18. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Milan</span></span>, Archbishop Nazari di + Calabiana; 19. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tyre</span></span>, Archbishop Kauam, of the + Melchite Rite; 20. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Biella</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Italy</span></span>), + Bishop Losanna; 21. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Autun</span></span>, Bishop Marguerye; 22. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ivrea</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Piedmont</span></span>), Bishop Moreno; 23. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dijon</span></span>, Bishop Rivet; 24. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Metz</span></span>, Bishop Dupont des Loges; 25. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Iglesias</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sardinia</span></span>), Bishop Montixi; 26. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Acquapendente</span></span> (formerly in the + Roman States), Bishop Pellei; 27. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trieste</span></span>, + Bishop Legat; 28. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Orleans</span></span>, Bishop Dupanloup; 29. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Vezprim</span></span>, Bishop Ranolder; 30. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mayence</span></span>, Bishop Ketteler; 31. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bosnia</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Syrmia</span></span>, + Bishop Strossmayer; 32. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Budweis</span></span>, Bishop Jirsik; 33. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Breslau</span></span>, Prince-Bishop Förster; + 34. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kerry</span></span>, Bishop Moriarty; 35. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Leontopolis, in partibus</span></span>, Bishop + Forwerk, Apostolic Vicar of Saxony; 36. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Plymouth</span></span>, + Bishop Vaughan; 37. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Clifton</span></span>, Bishop Clifford; + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page780">[pg 780]</span><a name="Pg780" + id="Pg780" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> 38. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nice</span></span>, + Bishop Sola; 39. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Parenzo</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pola</span></span>, + Bishop Dobrilla; 40. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kreutz</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">in + Croatia</span></span>), Bishop Smiciklas, of the Ruthenian Rite; 41. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Augsburgh</span></span>, Bishop Dinkel; 42. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Gurk</span></span>, Bishop Wiery; 43. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Caltanisetta</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sicily</span></span>), + Bishop Guttadauro di Reburdone; 44. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vacz</span></span> + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">in + Hungary</span></span>), Bishop Peitler; 45. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Marianne</span></span> + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Syria</span></span>), —— of the Melchite Rite; + 46. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chatham</span></span>, Bishop Rogers; 47. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Csanad</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Temesvar</span></span>, + Bishop Bonnaz; 48. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pittsburg</span></span>, Bishop Domenec; 49. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Luzonia</span></span>, Bishop Colet; 50. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sura, in + partibus</span></span>, Bishop Maret; 51. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">St. + Brieuc</span></span>, Bishop David; 52. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trèves</span></span>, + Bishop Eberhard; 53. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Coutance</span></span>, Bishop Bravard; 54. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lavant</span></span>, Bishop Stepischnigg; 55. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Soissons</span></span>, Bishop Dours; 56. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Akra</span></span>, Bishop Mellus, of the + Chaldean Rite; 57. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Siebenbürgen</span></span>, Bishop Fogarasz; 58. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Châlons</span></span>, Bishop Meignan; 59. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Valence</span></span>, Bishop Gueullette; 60. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Perpignan</span></span>, Bishop Ramadié; 61. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Paleopolis, + in partibus</span></span>, Bishop Mariassy (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hungary</span></span>); + 62. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Petricola</span></span> or <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Little + Rock</span></span> (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">United States</span></span>), Bishop Fitzgerald; + 63. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Marseilles</span></span>, Bishop Place; 64. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cahors</span></span>, Bishop Grimardias; 65. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Osnaburgh</span></span>, Bishop Beckmann; 66. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Szathmar</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hungary</span></span>), + Bishop Virò de Keydi Polany; 67. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Munkacs</span></span>, + Bishop Pankovics, of the Ruthenian Rite; 68. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bayeux</span></span>, + Bishop Hugonin; 69. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Raab</span></span>, Bishop ——; 70. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">La + Rochelle</span></span>, Bishop Benedetto; 71. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nancy</span></span>, + Bishop Foullon; 72. <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page781">[pg + 781]</span><a name="Pg781" id="Pg781" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Constantine</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Algiers</span></span>), + Bishop de las Cases; 73. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Oran</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Algiers</span></span>), + Bishop Callot; 74. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Gap</span></span>, Bishop Guilbert; 75. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ermeland</span></span>, Bishop Crementz; 76. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Rochester</span></span>, Bishop MacQuaid; 77. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Louisville</span></span>, Bishop Kenrick; 78. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cassovia</span></span>, Bishop Perger (Hungary); + 79. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Agathopolis</span></span>, Bishop Namszanowski, + Provost of the Prussian Army in Berlin; 80. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Montreal</span></span> + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Canada</span></span>), Bishop Bourget; 81. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Grosswardein</span></span>, Bishop Lipovniczky; + 82. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fünfkirchen</span></span>, Bishop Kovacs; 83. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Steinamanger</span></span>, Bishop Szenczy; 84. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Rottenburg</span></span>, Bishop Hefele; 85. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ajaccio</span></span>, Bishop Sante Casanelli + d'Istria, and three more whose names were omitted in the official + catalogue.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There voted + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet juxta modum</span></span>:—1. De + Silvestri, Cardinal-Priest; 2. Trevisanato, Cardinal Patriarch of + Venice; 3. Guidi, Cardinal Archbishop of Bologna; 4. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Salsburg</span></span>, + Archbishop and Primate Tarnoczy; 5. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oregon + City</span></span>, Archbishop Blanchet; 6. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nisibis, in + partibus</span></span>, Archbishop Tizzani; 7. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tyre and + Sidon</span></span>, Archbishop Bostani, Maronite; 8. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manila</span></span>, + Archbishop Melithon-Martinez; 9. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Granada</span></span>, + Archbishop Monzon y Martins; 10. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Avignon</span></span>, + Archbishop Dubrevil; 11. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">New York</span></span>, Archbishop MacCloskey; + 12. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cologne</span></span>, Archbishop Melchers; 13. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Melitene, + in partibus</span></span>, Archbishop Mérode; 14. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rheims</span></span>, + Archbishop Landriot; 15. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Sens</span></span>, Archbishop <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page782">[pg 782]</span><a name="Pg782" id="Pg782" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Bernardou; 16. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Burgos</span></span>, + Archbishop Yusto; 17. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ventimiglia</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Italy</span></span>), + Bishop Biale; 18. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Columbica</span></span>, <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">in + partibus</span></span>, Bishop Verolles, Apostolic Vicar in Leao-Tung + (China); 19. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Canopo</span></span>, <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">in + partibus</span></span>, Bishop Besi; 20. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sira</span></span>, + Bishop Alberti, Apostolic Delegate in Greece; 21. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zenopolis</span></span>, <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">in + partibus</span></span>, Bishop Moccagatta, Apostolic Vicar in + Xan-Tung; 22. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lipari</span></span>, Bishop Ideo; 23. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Birmingham</span></span>, Bishop Ullathorne; 24. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Vancouver</span></span>, Bishop Demers; 25. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mileto</span></span>, Bishop Mincione; 26. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Moulins</span></span>, Bishop Dreux-Brézé; 27. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Gezira</span></span>, Bishop Hindi, of the + Chaldean Rite; 28. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Hadrianopolis, in partibus</span></span>, Bishop + De la Place, Apostolic Vicar in Tsche-Kiang; 29. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tarnovia</span></span>, + Bishop Pukalski (Galicia); 30. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Chartres</span></span>, Bishop Regnault; 31. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Urgel</span></span>, Bishop Caixal y Estrade; + 32. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Monterey</span></span>, Bishop Amat; 33. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tanes</span></span>, <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">in + partibus</span></span>, Bishop Salzano, Dominican; 34. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Newcastle</span></span>, Bishop Chadwick; 35. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Lacedonia</span></span>, Bishop Majorsini; 36. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Todi</span></span>, Bishop Rosati; 37. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Avellino</span></span>, Bishop Gallo; 38. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Amelia</span></span>, Bishop Pace; 39. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nola</span></span>, Bishop Formisano; 40. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Imola</span></span>, Bishop Moretti; 41. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Zamora</span></span>, Bishop Condé y Corral; 42. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Avila</span></span>, Bishop Blanco, Dominican; + 43. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Savannah</span></span>, Bishop Verot; 44. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cuenca</span></span>, Bishop Payà y Rico; 45. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cajazzo</span></span>, Bishop Riccio; 46. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Teramo</span></span>, Bishop Milella, Dominican; + 47. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Nocera</span></span>, Bishop Pettinari; 48. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">St. + Christophori</span></span>, Bishop <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page783">[pg 783]</span><a name="Pg783" id="Pg783" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> De Urguinaona; 49. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Clariopolis</span></span>, <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">in partibus</span></span>, Bsciai, Apostolic + Vicar in Egypt, of the Coptic Rite; 50. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Erzeroum</span></span>, + Bishop Melchisedechian, of the Armenian Rite; 51. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Monte + Fiascone</span></span>, Bishop Bovieri; 52. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Savona</span></span>, + Bishop Cerruti; 53. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Agathonica</span></span>, <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">in + partibus</span></span>, Bishop Pagnucci; 54. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ascalon</span></span>, + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">in partibus</span></span>, Bishop Meurin, + Society of Jesus; 55. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dionysia</span></span>, <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">in + partibus</span></span>, Bishop Gentili; 56. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cattaro</span></span>, + Bishop Marchich; 57. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Serena</span></span>, Bishop Orrego; 58. Mardin, + Bishop of the Chaldean Rite; 59. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tiberias</span></span>, + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">in partibus</span></span>, Bishop Valeschi; 60. + Guardi, General of the Ministers of the Sick; 61. The Abbot of the + Camaldolese in Etruria.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following + abstained from voting, though in Rome at the time:—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cardinals</span></span>: 1. Mattei, 2. Orfei, 3. + Quaglia, 4. Hohenlohe, 5. Berardi, 6. Antonelli, 7. Grassellini; 8. + The Patriarch Harcus of Antioch, of the Syrian Rite; 9. The + Archbishop and Primate Salomone of Salerno; 10. The Maronite + Archbishop Aun of Beirout; 11, 12. Two other Archbishops; 13. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Aleppo</span></span>, Archbishop Matar, of the + Maronite Rite; 14. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Venezuela</span></span>, Archbishop Guevara; 15. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Utrecht</span></span>, Archbishop Zwysen; 16. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tours</span></span>, Archbishop Guibert; 17. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Rodi</span></span>, <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">in + partibus</span></span>, Archbishop Pace-Forno, Bishop of Malta; 18. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mardin</span></span>, Archbishop Nasarian, of + the Armenian Rite; 19. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Alby</span></span>, Archbishop Lyonnet; 20. + Iconium, <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">in partibus</span></span>, + Archbishop Puecher <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page784">[pg + 784]</span><a name="Pg784" id="Pg784" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + Passavalli; 21. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Guadalaxara</span></span>, Archbishop Loya; 22. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Amida</span></span>, Archbishop Bahtiarian, of + the Armenian Rite; 23. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tournay</span></span>, Bishop Labis; 24. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Terni</span></span>, Bishop Severa; 25. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Veglia</span></span>, Bishop Vitezich; 26. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Almira</span></span>, <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">in + partibus</span></span>, Bishop Carli, Capuchin; 27. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Montauban</span></span>, Bishop Doney; 28. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cava</span></span>, Bishop Fertilla; 29. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">in + partibus</span></span>, Bishop Grioglio; 30. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Segni</span></span> + (Papal State), Bishop Ricci; 31. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Paphos</span></span>, + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">in partibus</span></span>, Bishop Alcazar, + Dominican Vicar Apostolic; 32. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Vicenza</span></span>, Bishop Varina; 33. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Salford</span></span>, Bishop Turner; 34. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Catanzaro</span></span>, Bishop de Franco; 35. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bergamo</span></span>, Bishop Speranza; 36. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Savannah</span></span>, —; 37. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">St. Angelo in + Lombardy</span></span>, Bishop Fanelli; 38. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dromore</span></span>, + Bishop Leahy, Dominican; 39. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Glarus</span></span>, —; 40. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Birta</span></span>, + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">in partibus</span></span>, Bishop Pinsoneault; + 41. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Fernes</span></span>, Bishop Furlong; 42. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Anagni</span></span>, Bishop Pagliari; 43. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Siguenza</span></span>, Bishop Benavides; 44. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ceramo</span></span>, <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">in + partibus</span></span>, Bishop Jeancard, Suffragan of Marseilles; 45. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Polemonia</span></span>, <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">in + partibus</span></span>, Bishop Pinchon; 46. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lipari</span></span>, + Bishop Athanasio; 47. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Apamea</span></span>, Archbishop Ata, of the + Melchite Rite; 48. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mindus</span></span>, <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">in + partibus</span></span>, Bishop Papardo del Parco; 49. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bursa</span></span>, + Bishop Tilkian, of the Armenian Rite; 50. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Astorga</span></span>, + Bishop Arguelles y Miranda; 51. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Comacchio</span></span>, Bishop Spoglia; 52. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Charlottetown</span></span>, Bishop MacIntyre; + 53. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vallis + Pratensis</span></span>, — (?); 54. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lamego</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page785">[pg 785]</span><a name="Pg785" + id="Pg785" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Bishop de Vasconcellos Periera + de Mello; 55. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Montpellier</span></span>, Bishop Curtier; 56. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Barcelona</span></span>, Bishop Monserrat y + Navarro; 57. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Amatunto</span></span>, <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">in + partibus</span></span>, Bishop Galezki, Apostolic Vicar in Cracow; + 58. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Kilmore</span></span>, Bishop Conaty; 59. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Priene</span></span>, <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">in + partibus</span></span>, Bishop Cosi; 60. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tuy</span></span>, + Bishop Garcia y Anton; 61. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Puno</span></span>, Bishop Huerta; 62. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Adelaide</span></span>, Bishop Shiel; 63. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Albany</span></span> (<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">America</span></span>), + Bishop Conroy; 64. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Concordia</span></span>, Bishop Frangipani; 65. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">St. + Hyacinth</span></span>, Bishop Laroque; 66. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dubuque</span></span>, + Bishop Hennessy; 67. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Vannes</span></span>, Bishop Becel; 68. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Goulburn</span></span>, Bishop Lannigan; 69. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">St. Germani + bei Monte Cassino</span></span>, — (?); 70. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Verdun</span></span>, + Bishop Hacquard; 71. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Egéa</span></span>, <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">in + partibus</span></span>, Bishop Reynaud; 72. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">St. Giov. di + Cuyo</span></span>, Bishop Achaval; 73. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cirene</span></span>, + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">in partibus</span></span>, Bishop Canzi; 74. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Rodiopolis</span></span>, <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">in + partibus</span></span>, Bishop Tosi; 75. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Buffalo</span></span>, + Bishop Ryan; 76. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Adramyttium</span></span>, <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">in partibus</span></span>, Bishop Gibbons; 77. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Coria</span></span>, Bishop Nuñez; 78. + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Heliopolis</span></span>, Bishop Nasser, of the + Melchite Rite; 79. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Titopolis</span></span>, <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">in + partibus</span></span>, — (?); 80, 81. Abbates nullius; 82, 83. + Burchall, President of the Benedictine Congregation in England; 84. + The Abbot of Janow, Apostolic Administrator in Russia; 85. Montis + Coronæ; 86-91. These names could not be announced on account of the + great confusion.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page786">[pg 786]</span><a name= + "Pg786" id="Pg786" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc147" id="toc147"></a> <a name="pdf148" id="pdf148"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Sixty-Seventh Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, July 16, + 1870.</span></span>—As I had to report in my last letter, the attempt + of the Legates and the Deputation to outwit and catch the minority by + a violation of their own order of business had all but succeeded. + Darboy and Strossmayer frustrated this plot, on which it is literally + true that the fate of the Church was staked. For the third canon of + the third chapter had been brought forward in so enlarged and altered + a form, that it involved in substance the abolition of the entire + episcopate, as an integral constituent of the Christian Church, and + substituted for it the papal <span class= + "tei tei-q">“totality,”</span> as the theologians of the seventeenth + century called it; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, the theory that in the whole + Church there is one sole individual who is in exclusive possession of + all plenary powers and all ecclesiastical rights. The weight and + importance of the doctrine thereby designed to be <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page787">[pg 787]</span><a name="Pg787" id="Pg787" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> for the first time imposed on the Church + cannot even be made intelligible in a few words. Most readers are + naturally unaware of the sense attached in canon law and the language + of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> to the words, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“potestas immediata et ordinaria.”</span> Well! they mean + that all Christians, whether laymen or clerics, are personally + subjects, body and soul, of their lord and master, the Pope, who can + impose on them without restriction whatever commands seem good to + him. There are, besides the Pope, who exercises immediate authority + by virtue of his universal episcopate, papal commissaries in the + separate dioceses, who call themselves Bishops, and are so named by + the Roman Chancery. They exercise the powers delegated to them by the + one true and universal Bishop, and carry out the particular orders + they receive from Rome. According to this view the whole Church has, + properly speaking, no other right or law or order but the pleasure of + the reigning Pope. This is the most perfect form of absolutism ever + yet excogitated in any man's brains.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The order of + business prohibits any alteration in the text of the decrees being + voted upon without previous discussion in Council. That however was + now attempted, and the violation of the order of business by + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page788">[pg 788]</span><a name="Pg788" + id="Pg788" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the Legates themselves was so + flagrant, the design of fraud so palpable, that the incident + continued to be the subject of general conversation up to the 12th + July. When the plot had miscarried, it was alleged in excuse that the + previous discussion had been forgotten!—forgotten precisely in the + case of the most important article yet brought forward, and of a + change of such immeasurable weight that one may truly say no + discussion of equal weight and influence has been passed in any + Council during 1800 years. The affair of course made a great + sensation. The words <span class="tei tei-q">“deceit”</span> and + <span class="tei tei-q">“lying”</span> were used more than once in + the national meetings of the Opposition Bishops, and it was urged + that the whole Deputation <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">de Fide</span></span> were accomplices of the + Legates in this unworthy trick, and that the Bishops were being + compelled in a truly revolting manner to vote on alterations of the + most comprehensive kind, which had only been communicated to them the + day before. A short memorandum was issued by the French Bishops, + which recommended that this opportunity should be seized for leaving + Rome. It runs as follows:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“(1). L'heure de la Providence a sonné: le moment décisif + de sauver l'Église est arrivé. (2.) Par les additiones <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page789">[pg 789]</span><a name="Pg789" id="Pg789" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> faites au <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> canon du 3me chap. la + Commission <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">de Fide</span></span> a violé le règlement qui + ne permet l'introduction d'aucun amendement sans discussion + conciliaire. (3.) L'addition subreptice est d'une importance + incalculable; c'est le changement de la constitution de l'Église, la + monarchie pure, absolue, indivisible du Pape, l'abolition de la + judicature et de la co-souveraineté des évêques, l'affirmation et la + définition anticipée de l'infaillibilité separée et personnelle. (4.) + Le devoir et l'honneur ne permettent pas de voter sans discussion ce + canon, qui contient une immense révolution. La discussion pourrait et + devrait durer six mois, parce qu'il s'agit de la question capitale, + la constitution même de la souveraineté dans l'Église. (5.) Cette + discussion est impossible à cause des fatigues extrêmes de la saison + et des dispositions de la majorité. (6.) Une seule chose, digne et + honorable, reste à faire: Demander immédiatement la prorogation du + Concile au mois d'Octobre, et présenter une declaration, ou seraient + énumérées toutes les protestations déjà faites, et où la dernière + violation du règlement, le mépris de la dignité et de la liberté des + évêques seraient mis en lumière. Annoncer en même temps un départ, + qui ne peut plus être différé. (7.) Par le départ ainsi motivé d'un + nombre considérable <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page790">[pg + 790]</span><a name="Pg790" id="Pg790" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + d'évêques de toutes les nations, l'œcuménicité du Concile cesserait + et tous les actes, qu'il pourrait faire ensuite, seraient d'une + autorité nulle. (8.) Le courage et le dévouement de la minorité + auraient, dans le monde, un retentissement immense. Le Concile se + réunirait au mois d'Octobre dans des conditions infiniment + meilleures. Toutes les questions, à peine ébauchées, pourraient être + reprises, traitées avec dignité et liberté. L'Église et l'ordre moral + du monde seraient sauvés.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the majority + of the Opposition did not assent to this; they resolved to present + another Protest, which the Court party might apply, like its + predecessors, <span class="tei tei-q">“ad piper et quidquid chartis + amicitur ineptis.”</span> It was drawn up by Bishop Dinkel of + Augsburgh, and signed, so far as I know, by all of them.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the evening of + the 9th July a proposal of a new formula of infallibility was + distributed to the Bishops; it was apparently designed to split up + the Opposition, and was broad, declamatory, full of quotations, and + lavish of assurances that the Roman See has always administered its + supreme teaching office in the most excellent manner and proclaimed + nothing but truth. Now, it was added, since there has been a great + deal of contradition, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page791">[pg + 791]</span><a name="Pg791" id="Pg791" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> it + is necessary to define that its <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">ex + cathedrâ</span></span> decisions are infallible, and its decrees on + faith and morals irreformable by virtue of the divine promise given + to it. This new production was discussed in the French and German + conferences and rejected, although one of the most influential German + Bishops, Ketteler, had taken it under his protection. He assured them + that the Deputation had unanimously resolved that no change or + concession by a hair's-breadth should be allowed in this form of + words, for to deny papal infallibility involved a denial of the + primacy altogether.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile the + Jesuit Franzelin had received orders from the highest authority to + revise afresh the formula adopted by the Deputation, with which + Schrader is said to be very ill satisfied.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the sitting of + July 11, first the Bishop of Trevisa, as a member of the Deputation, + defended the notorious decree in the third canon of the third + chapter, which is to revolutionize the whole constitution of the + Church in the sense of papal absolutism. Then the votes were taken, + by rising and sitting down, on the weightiest and most pregnant + article that has been laid before any Council for 600 years, and the + uncertainty in this method of voting, wholly unprecedented in Church + history, was <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page792">[pg + 792]</span><a name="Pg792" id="Pg792" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> so + great that according to the majority only 50 or 60 voted against it, + while the minority reckon between 90 and 100 adverse votes.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then Bishop Gasser + of Brixen made a speech three hours long in the name of the + Deputation on the infallibility decree, which in its new form—and + this he declared to be the <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ultimatum</span></span>—had been enriched with + an anathema against those who <span class="tei tei-q">“contradicere + præsumpserint.”</span> Gasser was unwilling to be left behind by + Manning, Dechamps, Dreux-Brézé and the Spaniards. He vindicated the + doctrines of Cardinal Cajetan against Ketteler.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile Cardinal + Guidi had been so powerfully belaboured, that it had frightened him, + and he now voted for the third chapter with the majority. The process + which had been found so effective in France, of raising their + diocesan clergy against fallibilist Bishops, had been applied to him + too by means of agents sent to Bologna. The apostasy of Archbishop + Tarnoczy of Salzburg, who also voted with the majority, excited grief + but no surprise. While the occupant of one of the oldest Sees of + Germany, the successor of Arno, Pilgrim and Colloredo, flung away his + own rights and those of his successors like so many hollow nutshells, + even <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page793">[pg 793]</span><a name= + "Pg793" id="Pg793" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Cardinal Silvestri + voted against the third chapter and the anathema attached to the + fourth.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The result of the + 13th July has acted like an earthquake, shaking and confusing for the + moment men's heads and plans of operation. Even if half the voters + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">juxta modum</span></span> are abstracted, as + belonging to the majority, there remain 31 votes among them in favour + of essential changes in the fourth chapter, changes which the + Deputation has declared to be absolutely inadmissible, and which, if + admitted, would offend one section of the majority. This last + consequence would not of course matter at all; a single word from the + Pope would set it aside at once, for it is self-evident that no + Bishop who is convinced of his unconditional inerrancy could hesitate + for a moment to vote for a decree sanctioned by him. Still the + perplexity is great. If the decree, as voted by the majority, is + brought forward at the public session, some 120 negative votes may be + expected. But the Pope is resolved to become infallible <span class= + "tei tei-q">“senza conditione,”</span> as he says.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is now often + said that on the day of the Solemn Session the Holy Ghost will yet + most assuredly work a wonderful miracle and convert the Opposition so + suddenly that, although they had entered the Council Hall + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page794">[pg 794]</span><a name="Pg794" + id="Pg794" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> resolved to say <span class= + "tei tei-q">“No,”</span> they will say <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Yes.”</span> Some, including Antonelli, vote for + conciliatory measures and concessions, which however the Deputation + on Faith declares to be impossible. The other very numerous party + says on the contrary that the unexpected force and extent of the + opposition to so fundamental a dogma makes an anathema all the more + necessary. A new plan of operations has now been hit upon, which is + greatly favoured by the recent deaths. The grand Session for + proclaiming the dogma had been fixed for the 17th, and many among the + minority were with great difficulty persuaded to remain till that + critical day. But now the 25th is talked of.<a id="noteref_155" name= + "noteref_155" href="#note_155"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">155</span></span></a> At the + same time the report is circulated and confirmed by Antonelli, that + there will be no prorogation even at the end of July or beginning of + August, but the Council will continue, though many Bishops, on + requesting leave, will be permitted to depart. It is urgently + necessary, according to Antonelli, to settle the questions about the + Oriental Rite. Yet for centuries the Court of Rome has not troubled + any Council with these affairs, but settled and regulated them by + itself, as is testified by a whole series of papal decrees. And after + infallibility <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page795">[pg + 795]</span><a name="Pg795" id="Pg795" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> is + proclaimed, it is utterly superfluous to keep hundreds of foreign + Bishops here on that account. But it is known that the new dogma will + lead to the separation of the Orientals, and so their Bishops are to + be kept here longer as hostages, and the name of the Council is to + supply the pretext. And it is hoped that the French and German + Bishops will the more certainly ask leave and go home, so that the + Opposition may be reduced to a small handful. The Pope himself + appears greatly to desire this, as was at once inferred from his + remark that the Archbishop of Paris is staying on a long time.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Five Bishops, + including Förster of Breslau, actually took their departure on the + 14th.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page796">[pg 796]</span><a name= + "Pg796" id="Pg796" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc149" id="toc149"></a> <a name="pdf150" id="pdf150"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Sixty-Eighth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, July 17, + 1870.</span></span>—All the Bishops of the minority have left Rome, + after presenting a statement of their attitude towards the decrees on + the Papacy. They made a last attempt, immediately before going, to + move the Pope at least not to hurry on the affair but to grant some + respite by proroguing the Council. At twelve o'clock to-day he + received a deputation headed by Darboy and Simor. Darboy, who spoke + first, represented to him the great and manifold dangers the + definition would unquestionably give rise to for the whole Church. + Hitherto Pius had met all suggestions of scruple by appealing to his + <span class="tei tei-q">“I am Tradition”</span>—his already assured + infallibility. This time he did not do so. He fell back on the ground + of its being <span class="tei tei-q">“too late.”</span> Matters had + gone too far, and the whole Christian world was now too much occupied + and too powerfully excited about the question. Besides, the Council + had <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page797">[pg 797]</span><a name= + "Pg797" id="Pg797" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> already passed a + decree by a considerable majority, and he was therefore in no + position to put a check on the Council, which was now in full swing + and urgently pressing for a final decision on this question. The + promulgation of the decree of the majority will accordingly follow + to-morrow.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Orientals have + subscribed the declaration of the minority. Two German Bishops only, + Melchers and Ketteler, have withheld their signature and presented a + separate declaration of their own to the Pope. The manifesto of the + minority runs thus:—</p> + + <div class="tei tei-lg" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left"> + <span class="tei tei-q" style="text-align: left">“<span class= + "tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Beatissime Pater!</span></span></span> + </div> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“In Congregatione generali die 13 h. m. habitâ, dedimus + suffragia nostra super schemate primæ Constitutionis dogmaticæ de + Ecclesiâ Christi.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Notum est Sanctitati Vestræ 88 Patres fuisse, qui, + conscientiâ urgente et amore Sanctæ Ecclesiæ permoti, suffragium suum + per verba <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">non placet</span></em> emiserunt; 62 alios, qui + suffragati sunt per verba <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">placet juxta modum</span></em>, denique 70 + circiter qui a congregatione abfuerunt atque a suffragio emittendo + abstinuerunt. His accedunt et alii, qui, infirmitatibus aut aliis + gravioribus rationibus ducti, ad suas diœceses reversi + sunt.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Hâc ratione Sanctitati Vestræ et toto mundo suffragia + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page798">[pg 798]</span><a name="Pg798" + id="Pg798" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> nostra nota atque manifesta + fuere, patuitque quam multis episcopis sententia nostra probatur, + atque hoc modo munus officiumque quod nobis incumbit + persolvimus.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ab eo inde tempore nihil prorsus evenit quod sententiam + nostram mutaret, quin imo multa eaque gravissima acciderunt, quæ nos + in proposito nostro confirmaverunt. Atque ideo nostra jam edita + suffragia nos renovare ac confirmare declaramus.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Confirmantes itaque per hanc scripturam suffragia nostra + a Sessione publicâ die 18 h. m. habendâ abesse constituimus. Pietas + enim filialis ac reverentia quæ missos nostros nuperrime ad pedes + Sanctitatis Vestræ adduxere, non sinunt nos in causâ Sanctitatis + Vestræ personam adeo proxime concernente palam et in facie patris + dicere <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">non + placet</span></em>.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Et aliunde suffragia in Solenni Sessione edenda + repeterent dumtaxat suffragia in generali Congregatione + deprompta.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Redimus itaque sine morâ ad greges nostros, quibus post + tam longam absentiam ob belli timores et præsertim summas eorum + spirituales indigentias summopere necessarii sumus; dolentes, quod, + ob tristia in quibus versamur rerum adjuncta etiam conscientiarum + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page799">[pg 799]</span><a name="Pg799" + id="Pg799" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> pacem et tranquillitatem + turbatam inter fideles nostros reperturi simus.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Interea Ecclesiam Dei et Sanctitatem Vestram, cui + intemeratam fidem et obedientiam profitemur, D. N. J. C. gratiæ et + præsidio toto corde commendantes sumus Sanctitatis Vestræ</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“devotissimi et obedientissimi filii.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Romæ</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">17 Jul. + 1870</span></span>.”</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page800">[pg 800]</span><a name= + "Pg800" id="Pg800" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc151" id="toc151"></a> <a name="pdf152" id="pdf152"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Sixty-Ninth Letter.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rome, July 19, + 1870.</span></span>—On the evening of the 15th a deputation of the + Bishops of the minority waited on the Pope, consisting of Simor, + Primate of Hungary, Archbishops Ginoulhiac, Darboy and Scherr (of + Munich), Ketteler and Rivet, Bishop of Dijon. After waiting an hour + they were admitted at 9 o'clock in the evening. What they tried to + obtain was in fact much less than the Opposition had hitherto aimed + at: they only asked for the withdrawal of the addition to the third + chapter, which assigns to the Pope the exclusive possession of all + ecclesiastical powers, and the insertion in the fourth chapter of a + clause limiting his infallibility to those decisions which he + pronounces <span class="tei tei-q">“innixus testimonio + Ecclesiarum.”</span> Pius gave an answer which will sound in Germany + like a maliciously invented fable,—<span class="tei tei-q">“Je ferai + mon possible, mes chers fils, mais je n'ai pas encore lu le Schéma; + je ne sais pas ce qu'il <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page801">[pg + 801]</span><a name="Pg801" id="Pg801" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + contient.”</span> And he then requested Darboy, who had acted as + spokesman, to give him the petition of the minority in writing. He + promised to do so, and added, not without irony, that he would take + the liberty of sending with it to his Holiness the <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, which the Deputation on + Faith and the Legates had with such culpable levity omitted to lay + before him, when it wanted only two days to the promulgation of the + dogma, thereby exposing him to the peril of having to proclaim a + decree he was ignorant of. This Darboy did, and in a second letter to + the Deputation severely censured their negligence in not even having + communicated the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> to the + chief personage, the Pope.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pius added + further, whether ironically or in earnest I know not, that if only + the minority would increase their 88 votes to 100, he would see what + could be done. He concluded by assuring them it was notorious that + the whole Church had always taught the unconditional infallibility of + the Pope. Bishop Ketteler then came forward, flung himself on his + knees before the Pope, and entreated for several minutes that the + Father of the Catholic world would make some concession to restore + peace and her lost unity to the Church and the episcopate. It was a + peculiar <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page802">[pg + 802]</span><a name="Pg802" id="Pg802" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + spectacle to witness these two men, of kindred and yet widely diverse + nature, in such an attitude, the one prostrate on the ground before + the other. Pius is <span class="tei tei-q">“totus teres atque + rotundus,”</span> firm and immoveable, smooth and hard as marble, + infinitely self-satisfied intellectually, mindless and ignorant, + without any understanding of the mental conditions and needs of + mankind, without any notion of the character of foreign nations, but + as credulous as a nun, and above all penetrated through and through + with reverence for his own person as the organ of the Holy Ghost, and + therefore an absolutist from head to heel, and filled with the + thought, <span class="tei tei-q">“I and none beside me.”</span> He + knows and believes that the holy Virgin, with whom he is on the most + intimate terms, will indemnify him for the loss of land and subjects + by means of the infallibility doctrine and the restoration of the + papal dominion over states and peoples as well as over Churches. He + also believes firmly in the miraculous emanations from the sepulchre + of St. Peter. At the feet of this man the German Bishop flung + himself, <span class="tei tei-q">“ipso Papâ papalior,”</span> a + zealot for the ideal greatness and unapproachable dignity of the + Papacy, and at the same time inspired by the aristocratic feeling of + a Westphalian nobleman and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page803">[pg + 803]</span><a name="Pg803" id="Pg803" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the + hierarchical self-consciousness of a Bishop and successor of the + ancient chancellor of the Empire, while yet he is surrounded by the + intellectual atmosphere of Germany, and with all his firmness of + belief is sickly with the pallor of thought, and inwardly struggling + with the terrible misgiving that after all historical facts are + right, and that the ship of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>, though for the moment it + proudly rides the waves with its sails swelled by a favourable wind, + will be wrecked on that rock at last.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The prostration of + the Bishop of Mayence seemed to make some impression on Pius. He + dismissed the deputation in a hopeful temper. It was of short + duration. For directly the report got about that the Pope was + yielding, Manning and Senestrey (<span lang="fr" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">de + grands effets par de petites causes</span></span>) went to the Pope + and assured him that all was now ripe, and the great majority + enthusiastically set on the most absolute and uncompromising form of + the infallibilist theory, and at the same time frightened him by the + warning that, if he made any concession, he would be disgraced in + history as a second Honorius. That was enough to stifle any thought + of moderation that might have been awakened in his + soul.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page804">[pg + 804]</span><a name="Pg804" id="Pg804" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The sitting of + July 16 was held to consider the proposals of those who had voted + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">juxta modum</span></span>. The Legates had + promised to pay as much consideration as was possible to their + wishes, and they redeemed their pledge by striking out one passage + and inserting another. The majority decided, on the motion of certain + Spaniards, which was adopted by the Deputation on Faith, to strike + out the words at the opening of the fourth chapter, saying the Pope + will define nothing <span class="tei tei-q">“nisi quod antiquitus + tenet cum cæteris Ecclesiis Apostolica Sedes.”</span> This was felt + to impose too narrow limits on the Pope's infallibility and arbitrary + power of defining. And as the minority had the day before expressed + to the Pope their special desire that the consent of the Church + should be laid down as a requisite condition of doctrinal + definitions, it was now resolved, in direct contradiction to their + wishes, again on the motion of Spanish Bishops, not only to leave the + words <span class="tei tei-q">“definitiones Pontificis ex sese seu + per sese esse irreformabiles,”</span> but to add to them <span class= + "tei tei-q">“non autem ex consensu Ecclesiæ.”</span> And thus the + infallibilist decree, as it is now to be received under anathema by + the Catholic world, is an eminently Spanish production, as is fitting + for a doctrine which was born and reared under the shadow of the + Inquisition.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page805">[pg + 805]</span><a name="Pg805" id="Pg805" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the last + sitting of the Congregation three Bishops of the Deputation on Faith + spoke, the Neapolitan D'Avanzo, Bishop of Calvi and Teano, Zinelli, + Bishop of Rovigo, the author of the notorious addition to the third + chapter of the third canon, and Gasser, Bishop of Brixen. D'Avanzo + was jocose: <span class="tei tei-q">“As,”</span> said he, + <span class="tei tei-q">“the angel bade the Apostle John swallow a + book, telling him it would make his belly bitter but taste sweet as + honey in his mouth, so must we Bishops swallow this infallibilist + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, and I have done so + already. It will no doubt give many of us a stomach-ache, but we must + act as if we had honey in our mouths.”</span> Gasser, who as a + speaker is <span class="tei tei-q">“se ipse amans sine + rivali,”</span> to quote Cicero's saying about Pompey, made a speech + of endless length, exhausting the patience of his hearers; but there + was some gold mixed with all this dross. Such was his declaration + that Councils had hitherto been useful only for people of unsound + faith, who did not chose to believe the Pope's <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">ipse + dixit</span></span>, which every good Christian had always believed. + But now <span class="tei tei-q">“quid credendum sit unice ab arbitrio + Pontificis in posterum dependebit.”</span> On this a well-known + Hungarian Bishop could not refrain from observing to his neighbour, + <span class="tei tei-q">“Si etiam infallibilitas Pontificis contenta + esset in Sacrâ Scripturâ <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page806">[pg + 806]</span><a name="Pg806" id="Pg806" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + magis compromitti non posset quam hoc levissimo ac ineptissimo + sermone, quo auditores ex integro jam lassos ad vomitum movit et + martyres reddidit.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">An amusing scene + occurred at the close of this sitting, the last attended by the + Bishops of the minority. A printed address was read out and + distributed to the Fathers, in which the Legates complained in the + strongest language of certain works describing the course of the + Council. Two were named and characterized as <span class= + "tei tei-q">“calumnious,”</span> both published at Paris. The one, by + Gaillard, was <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ce qui se passe au Concile</span></span>; the + other was by a man distinguished alike for intellect, eloquence and + learning, a member of the Council, who has had almost unique + opportunities of seeing through the whole business. It is the work I + have before mentioned, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">La Dernière Heure du Concile</span></span>, in + which the personal intervention of the Pope and the pressure brought + to bear by him are forcibly depicted in strict accordance with truth. + This pamphlet had already created a great sensation, and when the + Legates called on the Bishops to join them in condemning it, the + Italians and Spaniards, who—being for the most part ignorant of + French—had not read it, immediately shouted out <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nos condemnamus.”</span> <span class="tei tei-q">“We do + not,”</span> cried the Bishops of the minority. Two copies of + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page807">[pg 807]</span><a name="Pg807" + id="Pg807" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the address were then handed + to each of them, one of which they were ordered to return with their + names subscribed. The result was not successful; Haynald told the + Legates, in the name of the Hungarian Bishops, that they had better + first translate <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">La Dernière Heure</span></span> into Latin, and + then he and his colleagues would see whether it was really as bad as + the Cardinals maintained.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All the Bishops + from South and Central Italy who could be whipped up, or who had + previously obtained leave of absence on account of illness or age, + were peremptorily recalled for the Solemn Session of July 18. Of the + Cardinals, Hohenlohe was absent. The rest appeared, including + Antonelli, but only three, Patrizzi, Bonaparte and Pambianco, threw a + certain spontaneity and energy of voice and manner into their + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet</span></span> by standing up to deliver + it. Guidi was the one most observed; he sat there with an oppressed + and abstracted air, and his scarcely audible <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet</span></span> escaped with difficulty + from his lips. The two negative voters were Bishops Riccio of Cajazzo + and Fitzgerald of Little Rock. When the Monsignore who was repeating + the names and votes had credited one of them with a <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet</span></span> out of his own head, the + Bishop shouted in a stentorian voice, <span class="tei tei-q">“No; + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Non + placet</span></span>!”</span></p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page808">[pg 808]</span><a name="Pg808" id="Pg808" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As all the Bishops + of the Opposition but two stayed away, and an <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">abest</span></span> was the answer to every name + of the slightest note that was called, the Holy Ghost had no + opportunity for working a miracle of conversion, and all went + prosaically and smoothly as the wheels of a watch, without any + sensation. Each of the stipendiaries has discharged his obligation, + and the Pope and Monsignori find that the Council has cost large + sums, but think the money is well spent and will bring in abundant + interest. The most remarkable case of desertion was that of Bishop + Landriot of Rheims. Not one of the Bishops had been so open-mouthed, + or had announced his fallibilist opinions with such copious flow of + words to everybody he came across. He now says, like Talleyrand, that + he has only deserted before the rest. Clerical Rome, so far as I can + yet make out, is not in any very exalted state of enthusiasm; that is + prevented by the political conjunctures, which give Antonelli and + Berardi a good deal to think about. De Banneville has indeed given + the most consoling assurances to Antonelli; the 5000 French troops at + Civita Vecchia, who had received orders to hold themselves ready for + recall to France, are to be at once replaced by 5000 more—recruits it + is believed. Paris wishes just now to be on <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page809">[pg 809]</span><a name="Pg809" id="Pg809" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the best terms with Rome, who may well prove a + useful ally in what the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Monde</span></span> has already designated a + religious war against Protestantism. Meanwhile they are pleased at + the Vatican to have erected their <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">rocher de + bronze</span></span> beforehand. The Bishops have—ostensibly of their + own free will—abdicated in favour of the monarch, to receive back + from him so many rights and commissions as he may think good to + delegate to them. The revolution in the Church is accomplished + <span class="tei tei-q">“to enrich <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">one</span></em> among + all.”</span> Pius himself is more than content; his supreme desire, + the crown of his life and work, is attained.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the voting + and promulgation a storm burst over Rome, and made the Council Hall + so dark that the Pope could not read the decree of his infallibility + without having a candle brought. It was read to an accompaniment of + thunder and lightning. Some of the Bishops said that heaven thereby + signified its condemnation of Gallicanism, while others thought Pius + was receiving a divine attestation, as the new Moses who proclaimed + the Law of God, like the old one, amid thunder and lightning. It is + remarkable that the days of the opening and closing of this Council + were the two darkest and most depressing Rome has <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page810">[pg 810]</span><a name="Pg810" id="Pg810" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> witnessed during the eight months of its + session. It rained without intermission, so that the promised + illumination was partly given up and partly proved a lamentable + failure. There were few but monks, nuns and Zouaves, during the + session in the very empty-looking church. When the Pope at last + proclaimed himself the infallible and absolute ruler of all the + baptized <span class="tei tei-q">“with the approbation of the holy + Council,”</span> some bravos shouted, several persons clapped, and + the nuns cried in tones of tender rapture, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Papa mio!”</span> That was the only semblance of a + demonstration. If any spark of enthusiasm really glimmered in the + souls of the Romans, it was quenched by the downpour of rain. The + keen-witted Roman, who is accustomed to speak of this Pope with a + certain good-humoured irony, as a sort of comic personality, thinks + there is no harm in gratifying the wish of the old man who has set + his heart on this infallibility; that will hurt nobody. All the most + important members of the diplomatic bodies stayed away, in obedience + to the instructions of their governments. Neither the ambassadors of + Austria, France, Prussia or Bavaria were present. The Belgian and + Dutch consuls and an agent of some South American Republic attended. + The decrees of July 18, establishing <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page811">[pg 811]</span><a name="Pg811" id="Pg811" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> under anathema the two new dogmas, are the + following:—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">a.</span></span>) Si quis itaque dixerit, + Romanum Pontificem habere tantummodo officium inspectionis vel + directionis, non autem plenam et supremam potestatem jurisdictionis + in universam Ecclesiam, non solum in rebus, quæ ad fidem et mores, + sed etiam quæ ad disciplinam et regimen Ecclesiæ per totum orbem + diffusæ pertinent; aut eum habere tantum potiores partes, non vero + totam plenitudinem hujus supremæ potestatis, aut hanc ejus potestatem + non esse ordinariam et immediatam sive in omnes ac singulas Ecclesias + sive in omnes et singulos Pastores et fideles—anathema + sit.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">b.</span></span>) Sacro approbante Concilio + docemus et divinitus revelatum dogma esse definimus: Romanum + Pontificem, cum ex cathedrâ loquitur, id est, cum omnium + Christianorum Pastoris et Doctoris munere fungens, pro supremâ suâ + apostolicâ auctoritate doctrinam de fide vel moribus ab universâ + Ecclesiâ tenendam definit, per assistentiam divinam, ipsi in beato + Petro promissam, eâ infallibilitate pollere, quâ divinus Redemptor + Ecclesiam suam in definiendâ doctrinâ de fide vel moribus instructam + esse voluit; ideoque ejusmodo <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Romani Pontificis definitiones esse ex sese, non + autem</span> <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page812">[pg + 812]</span><a name="Pg812" id="Pg812" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-style: italic">ex consensu + Ecclesiæ irreformabiles</span></em>. Si quis autem huic Nostræ + definitioni contradicere, quod Deus avertat, præsumpserit—anathema + sit.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the work + against infallibility circulated here by the Bishop of Mayence occurs + the following passage: <span class="tei tei-q">“Will it not seem to + all nations that the authority of all Bishops is suppressed and + sentenced to death, only in order to erect on such vast and manifold + ruins the unlimited authority of the one Roman Pope?”</span> When + these lines were written, the Bishop and his theologian had no + notion, or at least no knowledge, of the third anathema of the third + chapter, which was afterwards made still more rigorous. They were + only thinking of infallibility, but what would they have said, had + they known that the Bishops would be required to subscribe to the + abolition of the episcopate and the transference of all conceivable + ecclesiastical powers and rights over the 180 million of Catholics in + principle and in detail to the Pope alone, as a new article of faith + imposed under anathema? And yet this is what happened on the 13th and + 18th July 1870. That the ordinary and immediate jurisdiction of the + Bishops still survives, is indeed affirmed in the decree, but the + affirmation is contrary to fact. It would be in inevitable collision + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page813">[pg 813]</span><a name="Pg813" + id="Pg813" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> with the constantly + encroaching jurisdiction of the Pope; the earthen vessel dashed + against the iron.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Jewish general + and historian, Josephus, relates how he was shut up with forty + companions in the valley of Jehoshaphat, and summoned to surrender by + the Romans. They resolved to die first. The Bishops are not offered + this alternative, but threatened with both at once. They are bidden + to submit and then kill themselves, to subscribe the decree of the + majority, and thereby sign the sentence which degrades and + annihilates them, under pain of incurring anathema. That is the + demand. The situation is an unprecedented one. And what of the 532 + real or titular Bishops who have made the 13th and 18th July + <span class="tei tei-q">“dies nefasti”</span> for the Church, and + renounced so many rights and duties for themselves and their + successors, like a cast-off garment? Perhaps it lightens their hearts + and is a pleasant feeling to them to be able to say, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Thank God, I need not trouble myself any more about + doctrine, tradition, or dogma; henceforth the one infallible oracle + in the Vatican will attend to all that, and he again will devolve the + burden on the lusty shoulders of the Jesuits, as he has done before. + And how sweet and convenient it is to be a mere executor of papal + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page814">[pg 814]</span><a name="Pg814" + id="Pg814" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> decrees, while one's episcopal + income remains untouched, and to be able to cover one's-self with the + Medusa shield of a papal order in every difficulty, and every + conflict with clergy, people or governments!”</span> I heard a Bishop + of this party say the other day, <span class="tei tei-q">“Now first + begin the golden days of the episcopate.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is reported + that on the very day after the promulgation several Bishops + experienced a certain reaction of sobriety, a feeling like what + German students are wont to attribute to cats, and inquired of the + high dogma-fabricating parties, the Legates and some members of the + Deputation, whether they were really bound to believe, confess and + teach all that is contained in the Syllabus, the Bull <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unam + Sanctam</span></span>, etc., as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, the subjection of the + secular powers to the Pope, the Church's power of inflicting bodily + punishment with Pius who reigns gloriously, the burning of heretics + with Leo <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">x.</span></span>, <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">et + id genus omne</span></span>. They are said to have been answered with + a well-known Roman proverb, <span class="tei tei-q">“Toto devorato + bove, turpe est in caudâ deficere”</span>—<span class= + "tei tei-q">“You have swallowed the whole ox of papal infallibility, + and the last Spanish addition with it, and you need not strain at the + tail, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, the consequences; that + indeed is the best part of this ox.”</span></p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page815">[pg 815]</span><a name="Pg815" id="Pg815" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Bishops of the + minority agreed before leaving Rome that they would none of them act + alone and independently, in such further steps as would have to be + taken concerning the decrees of the majority, but would all continue + to correspond and act in concert. Meanwhile the Council has not been + prorogued, but leave of absence is given to Bishops who can allege + urgent reasons up to November 15. Perhaps in the interval the + builders of the new Jesuit-Papal Zion, who stay behind, will prepare + many a surprise for the Catholic world.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Future historians + will begin a new period of Church history with July 18, 1870, as with + October 31, 1517.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Are we really at + the end of the drama? It appears so. On the same spot where, 1856 + years ago, the first monarch of the world, Augustus, bade the + attendants on his death-bed clap their hands in token of the rôle + being well played out to the end, the Roman courtiers on July 18 have + saluted by clapping of hands the first man proclaimed infallible + monarch of the world by 532 spiritual satraps. The eight months' + campaign has terminated in the preliminary closing act of July 18; + the absolute Papacy celebrates its financially dear-bought, but + otherwise easily obtained, triumph over <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page816">[pg 816]</span><a name="Pg816" id="Pg816" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the Church, which now lies defenceless at the + feet of the Italians. It only remains to follow up the anathematized + enemy, the Bishops of the minority, into their lurking-places, and + compel each man of them to bend under the Caudine yoke amid the + scornful laughter of his colleagues of the majority. Anathemas, the + <span class="tei tei-q">“ultima ratio”</span> of Rome, have already + been discharged at the fugitives, and every such shot of the + Infallible is itself infallible.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page819">[pg 819]</span><a name= + "Pg819" id="Pg819" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc153" id="toc153"></a> <a name="pdf154" id="pdf154"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Appendix I.</span></h1> + + <div class="block tei tei-quote" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps"> + Speech of Darboy, Archbishop of Paris, delivered May 20, on + the</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Constitutio Dogmatica de + Ecclesiâ</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.</span></p> + </div> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There seem to me + to be three points to be considered in reference to this <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>: its origin, its contents + and scope, and its practical results.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And first as + regards its origin and presentation to the Council at this time, it + is enough to mention two facts, from which it may be judged whether + the affair has been conducted regularly and in accordance with the + dignity and rights of this venerable assembly.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is certain that + the fourth chapter, dealing with the infallibility of the Pope, is + the turning-point of the whole <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>. For whatever is brought + forward in the former chapters about the power and origin of the + primacy in Peter and its continuance in the Popes, about which there + is no difference among us,—and certainly in the first and second + chapters this seems to exceed the right measure—is unmistakeably + connected with the infallibility in the fourth chapter. So entirely + is this infallibility the grand object of the Vatican Council, that + some have indiscreetly asserted it is in a sense the sole object. And + with reason, for the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page820">[pg + 820]</span><a name="Pg820" id="Pg820" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + fabrication of such a dogma must always remain the weightiest act of + an Œcumenical Council; and moreover the other questions to be dealt + with are either of far less importance, or have long since been + settled and only require revision, as, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, + questions about the being and attributes of God, the reality and need + of revelation, the duty of faith, and the relation of faith to + reason. Yet this serious question of infallibility was neither + indicated in the Bull convoking the Council nor in the other public + announcements referring to it, and with good reason, because on the + one hand the Catholic world had no desire for a settlement of this + question, nor was there any other ground producible for meddling with + what had always hitherto been a subject of free inquiry among + theologians, and on the other hand there are many and grave evils, + partly endangering the salvation of souls, which the Pope out of his + care and affection has thought it more needful to deal with.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is certain that + the first stirring of this question came from without, from religious + and secular journalists, and that too in an impertinent manner, + against all ecclesiastical and traditional precedent and all rules of + hierarchical order and usage, by seeking to put a pressure on the + conscience of the Bishops through demagogic agitation, and to + intimidate them with the prospect of intrigues in their dioceses + which would make the government of them impossible. Nay, matters have + come to such a pass that the Fathers of the Council, however piously + and courageously they may be simply following their conscience, are + accused of <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page821">[pg + 821]</span><a name="Pg821" id="Pg821" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + having paid an improper deference to party opinion, by promoting the + introduction of the infallibility question in consequence of these + violent agitations, and all of us appear to have lost something of + dignity and freedom through the tumult raised before the doors of the + Council-chamber. And such a judgment, which is in the highest degree + mischievous and injurious to our honour, can hardly be endured + without damage and disgrace to this venerable assembly, an assembly + which must act independently and not under pressure from without, + which must not only be, but appear to be, free.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is further + certain that the question brought before us to-day has been + introduced against the natural and logical order of the subjects in + hand, and thereby the cause itself is prejudiced. The rest of the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Fide</span></span> ought first to have been submitted to our + consideration, on which we have already debated and have the + arguments of both sides so fresh in our memory that the final + discussion would have been all the easier. Then again the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Ecclesiâ</span></span> begins quite incorrectly with the primacy. + Neither its first compilers nor any theologians before now were of + opinion that the treatise on the Church should begin with that. And + furthermore, our studies have been directed to the questions intended + to come on for consideration according to the order originally + announced.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And lastly, it is + certain that the precipitate introduction of the question of + infallibility by reversing the original order has contributed to the + injury rather than the honour of the Holy See. For as, according to + the <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page822">[pg 822]</span><a name= + "Pg822" id="Pg822" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> Bull <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Multiplices + inter</span></span>, motions are to be sent in to a special + Congregation, which then reports to the Pope, who either accepts or + rejects its decisions, it follows that the authors of this motion + have compelled the Holy Father to make a decision in his own case and + in reference to a personal prerogative, and have thereby—no doubt + unintentionally—failed to show a fitting regard for his high + position, if they have not rather directly injured it.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If I am right on + all these points—and such appears to be the case—it is impossible to + discuss and decide upon the question of infallibility, thus + originating and thus introduced, without paving the way for the + insults of unbelievers and the reproaches which threaten the moral + authority of this Council. And this should the more carefully be + avoided, because writings and reports directed against the power and + legitimacy of the Council are already current and widely circulated, + so that it seems more likely to sow the seeds of contradiction and + disunion among Christians than to quiet men's minds and lead to + peace. If I may venture to add a practical remark to this portion of + my speech, I should say that some have with good reason declared this + question to be inopportune, and that there would be equally good + reason for abstaining from any decision, even if the discussion of it + were opportune.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the contents + and tendency of the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> I shall + make only a few observations.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> does not deal with the + infallibility of the Church, which we all believe, and which has been + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page823">[pg 823]</span><a name="Pg823" + id="Pg823" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> proved for twenty centuries, + but lays down as an article of faith that the Pope is, alone and of + himself, infallible, and that he possesses this privilege of + inerrancy in all matters to which the infallibility of the Church + herself extends. It must be well understood that the <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> does not refer to that + universally admitted infallibility, which is the invincible and + inviolable strength of dogmatic decrees and decisions binding alike + on all the faithful and all their pastors, and which reposes wholly + and solely on the agreement of the Bishops in union with the Pope, + but that it refers—though this is not expressly stated—to the + personal, absolute and exclusive infallibility of the Pope. On the + former kind of infallibility—that of the Church—complete harmony + prevails among us, and there is therefore no ground for any + discussion, whence it follows that it is the second kind of + infallibility which is in question here. To deny this would be to + disguise and distort the doctrine and spirit of the <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>. And moreover, the Pope's + personal infallibility is not maintained there as a mere opinion or + commendable doctrine, but as a dogma of faith. Hitherto the + opportuneness and admissibility of entertaining this question has + been disputed at the Council; that dispute is now closed by the + Pope's decision that the matter can no longer be passed over in + silence, and we have now to consider whether it is or is not + opportune to declare the personal infallibility of the Pope a + dogma.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To deal rightly + with this subject and come to a decision, it is requisite that the + formula or definition of the doctrine should be laid before us, that + it should be <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page824">[pg + 824]</span><a name="Pg824" id="Pg824" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + proved by sure and unquestionable evidence, and finally, that it + should be accepted with moral unanimity.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is the + greatest difficulty in fixing the form or definition of the doctrine, + as is shown by the example of those who first composed and then + revised the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, and who + seem to have expended much—perhaps fruitless—labour upon it; for they + indulge in ambiguous expressions which open the door to endless + controversies. What is meant by <span class="tei tei-q">“exercising + the office of the supreme teacher of Christendom”</span>? What are + the external conditions of its exercise? When is it certain that the + Pope has exercised it? The compilers of the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> think of course that this + is as clear as, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, the œcumenicity of a + Council. But they thereby contradict themselves, for a Council is + only then held œcumenical by the body of the faithful scattered over + the world when the Bishops are morally unanimous, and therefore + infallibility would still depend on the consent of the episcopate if + the same principle is to be applied to papal decrees. The authors of + the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> either + eliminate this consent or they do not. In the former case they are + introducing an innovation, and an innovation which is unprecedented + and intolerable; in the latter case they are only expressing an old + and universally received view and fighting a man of straw. But in no + case can they pass over in silence the necessity or needlessness of + the consent of the episcopate, for that would be to infuse doubts + into the faithful and throw fresh difficulties in their way in a + question of such vast importance and all that at present hinges on + it.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page825">[pg 825]</span><a name= + "Pg825" id="Pg825" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The compilers only + define the subject-matter of papal infallibility by saying that it is + identical with the infallibility of the Church. But that explanation + is inadequate until the Council has defined the infallibility of the + Church. Hence it is clearly a logical fallacy to prefix the + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> on the Primacy to that on + the Church. Of the infallibility of the Church we know that it always + acts within the proper limits of its subject-matter, both because the + common consent of the Bishops is necessary and because the Church is + holy and cannot sin, while the compilers of this <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> on papal infallibility on + the one hand, according to their own statement, exclude the consent + of the Bishops, and on the other hand have not undertaken to prove + that every Pope is holy and cannot sin.<a id="noteref_156" name= + "noteref_156" href="#note_156"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">156</span></span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But if a form of + definition was really discovered, it would have to be confirmed by + solid and certain proofs. It would have to be shown that this + doctrine of personal infallibility is contained in holy Scripture, as + it has been always interpreted, and in the tradition of all + centuries, that it has the moral assent not merely of some but of all + Fathers, Doctors, Bishops and Theologians, and that it is in perfect + harmony with all decisions and acts of the General Councils, and + therefore with the decrees of the fourth and fifth sessions of the + Council of Constance—for even supposing they <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page826">[pg 826]</span><a name="Pg826" id="Pg826" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> were not œcumenical, which I do not admit, they + would show the mind and common opinion of the theologians and + Bishops.<a id="noteref_157" name="noteref_157" href= + "#note_157"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">157</span></span></a> It + would further have to be proved that this doctrine is neither + contradicted by historical facts nor by any acts of the Popes + themselves, and lastly that it belongs to that class of truths which + the Council and Pope in union can decide upon, as having been + acknowledged for revealed truth always, everywhere and by all.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All this our + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> omits. But when the + question is of defining a dogma, the Fathers must have sufficient + evidence laid before them and time allowed them for weighing it. As + it is, neither the original nor the revised draft of the <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> supply such arguments as + might illustrate the matter and clear up all doubts, and as little is + sufficient time allowed—as is generally notorious—for unravelling + this complicated question, solving its difficulties and acquiring the + necessary information about it. In such a matter, where a burden is + to be laid on the conscience of the faithful, a hasty decision + pronounced without absolute certainty is dangerous, while there is no + danger in a fuller discussion and in not deciding till it can be done + with complete certainty of conscience.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It would finally + be necessary that the doctrine of the personal and independent + infallibility of the Pope, after being clearly expressed and + certainly proved, should be accepted by the Fathers with moral + unanimity; <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page827">[pg + 827]</span><a name="Pg827" id="Pg827" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> for + otherwise we must fear that the definition would be regarded as a + papal constitution and not a decree of a Council.<a id="noteref_158" + name="noteref_158" href="#note_158"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">158</span></span></a> It is a + duty to impose a truth of faith on all Christians, but this difficult + and sacred right can only be exercised by the Bishops with the + greatest caution. And therefore the Fathers of Trent, as you all + know, whatever sophistical objections may be raised, did not pass + their decrees on dogmatic questions by numerical majorities, but with + moral unanimity. I content myself now with referring to the + perplexity of conscience among the faithful, which must arise from + passing this dogma over the heads of the minority, and thus giving a + handle for questioning the validity and authority of this + Council.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Two leading + remarks may suffice on the practical consequences of the dogma, for + the only object of bringing forward the personal infallibility as an + article of faith is to make the unity of the Church more compact and + the central authority stronger, and thus to supply an efficient + remedy for all abuses.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As regards unity + and central authority, I must first make the general observation that + they exist and must be preserved, not however in that shape which we + may fancy or which approves itself to our reason, but as Jesus Christ + our Lord ordained and as our fathers have maintained it. For it is no + business of ours to arrange the Church according to our good pleasure + and to alter the foundation of the work of God. The necessary unity + in faith and that of the common central authority <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page828">[pg 828]</span><a name="Pg828" id="Pg828" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> under fatherly guidance exists and has + always existed among Catholics, or else one would have to say that + there had been some essential defect in the Church of the past, which + all will certainly deny.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The unity of + doctrine and Church communion and the central authority of the Pope + remain then unshaken, as they always flourished and flourish still + without any dogmatic definition of infallibility.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Let it not be said + that this unity will hereafter be closer when the central authority + is stronger, for this inference is fallacious. Mere unity is not + enough, but we must have that unity and that measure of it which the + nature and scope of the thing, as well as the law and the necessity + of life, demand. Else the thing itself might lamentably perish by + being forced into too rigid an unity, from its inward vitality being + cramped, disturbed and broken through the external pressure. Thus + even in civil matters the unity of freemen, who act for themselves + under the law, is indeed looser but more honourable than the unity of + slaves tormented under an arbitrary tyranny. Permit us to retain that + unity which belongs to us by the ordinance of Christ, and that means + of unity—viz., the central authority of the Pope—which our + forefathers acknowledged and honoured, who neither separated the + Bishops from the Pope nor the Pope from the Bishops. Let us loyally + hold fast to the ancient rule of faith and the statutes of the + Fathers, and the more so since the proposed definition is open to + many grave objections.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And again we can + hardly doubt that this expedient <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page829">[pg 829]</span><a name="Pg829" id="Pg829" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> would be powerless for healing the evils of our + time, and it must be feared would rather tend to the injury of many. + The matter must not be regarded only from a theological standpoint, + but also in its bearings on civil society. For we in this place are + not mere head-sacristans or superiors of a monastery, but men called + to share with the Pope his care for the whole Church; allow us + therefore to take the state of the world into our prudent + consideration.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Will personal and + independent infallibility serve to rouse from their grave those + perished Churches on the African coast, or to wake the slumbers of + the East, which once bloomed with such flowers of intellect and + virtue? Will it be easier for our brethren, the Vicars-Apostolic, to + bring the heathen, Mahometans, and schismatics to the Catholic faith, + if they preach the doctrine of the Pope's sole infallibility? Or will + the proposed definition perhaps infuse spirit and strength into + Protestants and other heretics to return to the Roman Church and lay + aside all prejudices and hatred against it? And now, first, for + Europe! I say it with pain,—the Church is everywhere under ban. She + is excluded from those congresses where nations discuss war and + peace, and where once the authority of the Holy See was so powerful, + whereas now it is bidden not even to proclaim its views. The Church + is shut out in several European countries from the Chambers, and if + some prelates or clergymen here and there belong to them, this + appears a rare occurrence. The Church is shut out from the school, + where grievous errors advance <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page830">[pg 830]</span><a name="Pg830" id="Pg830" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> unchecked; from legislation, which manifests a + secular and therefore irreligious tendency; and lastly, from the + family, where civil marriage corrupts morals. All those who preside + over the public affairs of Europe avoid us or hold us in check.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And what sort of + remedy do you offer the world, which is diseased with so many + uncertainties about the Church? On all those who are seeking to shake + off from their indocile shoulders even the burdens imposed on them + from of old and reverently accepted by their fathers, you would now + lay a new, and therefore difficult and odious, burden. All those who + are of weak faith are to be crushed by a new and inopportune dogma, a + doctrine never hitherto defined, and which, without any amends being + made for the injurious manner of its introduction, is to be defined + by a Council of which many say that its freedom is insufficiently + attested. And yet you hope to remedy everything by this definition of + personal and exclusive infallibility, to strengthen the faith and + improve the morals of all. Your hopes are vain. The world either + remains sick or perishes, not from ignorance of the truth and its + teachers, but because it avoids it and will not accept its guidance. + But if it now rejects the truth, when proclaimed by the whole + teaching body of the Church, the 800 Bishops dispersed over the world + and infallible in union with the Pope, how much more will it do so, + when the truth is proclaimed by one single infallible teacher, who + has only just been declared infallible? For an authority to be strong + and effective, it is not <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page831">[pg + 831]</span><a name="Pg831" id="Pg831" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + enough for it to be claimed; it must also be accepted. And thus it is + not enough to declare that the Pope is infallible, personally and + apart from the Bishops, but he must be acknowledged as such by all, + if his office is to be a reality. What is the use, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, of + an anathema, if the authority which pronounces it is not respected? + The Syllabus circulated through Europe, but what evils could it cure + even where it was received as an infallible oracle? There were only + two large countries where religion ruled, not in fact but <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">de jure</span></span>—Austria and Spain. In both + of them this Catholic order fell to the ground though commanded by + the infallible authority; perhaps indeed in Austria on that very + account.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Let us take things + as they are. Not only will the independent infallibility of the Pope + not destroy these prejudices and objections which draw away so many + from the faith, but it will increase and intensify them. There are + many who in heart are not alienated from the Catholic Church, but who + yet think of what they term a separation of Church and State. It is + certain that several of the leaders of public opinion are on this + side, and will take occasion from the proposed definition to effect + their object. The example of France will soon be copied more or less + all over Europe, and to the greatest injury of the clergy and the + Church herself. The compilers of the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, whether they desire it or + not, are introducing a new era of mischief, if the subject-matter of + papal infallibility is not accurately defined, or if it can be + supposed that under the head of morals the Pope will give decisions + on the civil and <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page832">[pg + 832]</span><a name="Pg832" id="Pg832" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + political acts of sovereigns and nations, laws and rights, to which a + public authority will be attributed.<a id="noteref_159" name= + "noteref_159" href="#note_159"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">159</span></span></a> Every + one of any political cultivation knows what seeds of discord are + contained in our <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, and to + what perils it exposes even the temporal power of the Holy See.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To explain this + more minutely in detail would take too long and might be indiscreet, + for were I to say all, I might easily bring forward things it is more + prudent to suppress. However, I have delivered my conscience, so far + as is allowed me, and so let my words be taken in good part. I know + well that everything in the world has its difficulties, and one must + not always shrink from action because greater evil may follow. But I + put the matter before the reverend fathers, not that they may + instantly conform to my opinion, but in order that they may give a + full and ripe consideration to the arguments of all parties. I know + too that we must not childishly quail before public opinion, but + neither should we obstinately resist it; it is wiser and more prudent + often to reconcile one's-self with it, and in every case to take it + into account. I know, lastly, that the Church needs no arm of flesh, + yet she does not reject the approval and aid of civil society, and + did not, I think, look back with regret from the time of Constantine + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page833">[pg 833]</span><a name="Pg833" + id="Pg833" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> to the time of Nero. So much + for the practical consequences of the <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Finally, my desire + is (1.) that the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> should be + deferred for a later discussion, because it has not been introduced + into the Council in a sufficiently worthy manner; (2.) that it should + meanwhile be revised, and the limits of infallibility more accurately + marked out, so as to leave no handle for future sophistries and + attacks; (3.) but, best of all, that the question of infallibility + should be let drop altogether on account of its manifold + inconveniences.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page834">[pg 834]</span><a name= + "Pg834" id="Pg834" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc155" id="toc155"></a> <a name="pdf156" id="pdf156"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Appendix II.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Letters on the + Council from French Bishops</span></span>.<a id="noteref_160" name= + "noteref_160" href="#note_160"><span class= + "tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">160</span></span></a></p> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">I.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Votre judicieuse + dissertation est pleine de sens et de la meilleure critique; mais + c'est bien de cela qu'il s'agit aujourd'hui! On veut se tromper et + tromper; le reste importe peu. Ce qui importe le plus, ce qui nous + sauvera, je l'espère, mieux que toutes discussions avec des gens de + mauvaise foi ou de parti pris, c'est d'établir des bases + incontestables et de faire que la saine opinion publique soutienne + les vrais intérêts de l'Église.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">1. Le + Gallicanisme n'est pas une doctrine, pas même une opinion, c'est + une simple négation de prétentions nées au onzième siècle, et une + résistance à ces prétentions, au nom de la tradition ancienne et + constante des Églises. L'ultramontanisme, au contraire, est une + doctrine, une opinion qui est venue s'entre sur le vieux tronc et + qui a poussé des jets de croyances positives. Muselée au Concile de + Florence, écartée au Concile de <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page835">[pg 835]</span><a name="Pg835" id="Pg835" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Trente, cette opinion reparaît furieuse au + Concile du Vatican.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">2. Le + Gallicanisme est improprement nommé. Son <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">veto</span></span> appartient à toutes les + nations Catholiques. L'Espagne en soutenait la force antique, Saint + François de Sales en vengeait les droits au nom des privileges de + la maison de Savoie, et aujourd'hui, nous autres Français, nous + l'avons trouvé faible chez nous, en comparaison de sa vitalité en + Allemagne, en Autriche, en Hongrie, en Portugal, en Amérique, et + jusqu'au fond de l'Orient.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">3. Notre + faiblesse, en ce moment, ne vient ni des Écritures, ni de la + tradition des Pères, ni des monumens des Conciles Généraux et de + l'histoire. Elle vient de notre défaut de liberté, qui est radical. + Une minorité imposante qui représente la foi de plus de 100 + millions de Catholiques, c'est-à-dire de presque la moitié de + l'Eglise universelle, est écrasée par le joug imposé de règlemens + restrictifs et contraires aux traditions conciliaires. Par des + députations que nous n'avons pas réellement choisies et qui osent + introduire dans le texte discuté des paragraphes non discutés, par + une commission pour les interpellations imposée par l'autorité; par + le défaut absolu de discussion, réplique, objection, + interpellation; par des journaux que l'on encourage pour la + traquer, pour soulever contre elle le clergé des diocèses; par les + nonciatures qui viennent à la rescousse, quand les journaux ne + suffisent pas pour tout bouleverser, c'est-à-dire pour ériger en + témoins de la foi les prêtres contre les évêques, et ne plus + laisser à ces juges divins que le rôle de députés du clergé + secondaire avec <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page836">[pg + 836]</span><a name="Pg836" id="Pg836" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + mandat impératif, et blâme si on ne répond pas au mandat. La + minorité est écrasée surtout par tout le poids de la suprême + autorité qui fait peser sur elle les éloges et encouragemens + qu'elle adresse, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">par brefs</span></em>, aux prêtres, et par + toutes les manifestations à Dom Guéranger contre M. de Montalembert + et autres.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">4. La majorité + n'est pas libre; car elle se produit par un appoint considérable de + prélats qui ne sauraient être témoins de la foi d'Églises + naissantes ou mourantes. Or, cet appoint, qui se compose du chiffre + énorme de tous les vicaires apostoliques, du chiffre relativement + trop fort des évêques Italiens et des États Pontificaux, cet + appoint n'est pas libre. C'est une armée toute faite, toute + acquise, endoctrinée, enrégimentée, disciplinée, que l'on menace, + si elle bronche, de la famine ou de la <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">disponibilité</span></em>, et l'on a été + jusqu'à donner de l'argent pour ramener quelques transfuges. Donc, + il est évident qu'il n'y a pas de liberté suffisante.—La conclusion + ultérieure est qu'il n'y a pas <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">œcuménicité nette + et plausible</span></em>. Et ceci n'infirme en rien les vrais + principes: l'Église est et reste infaillible dans les Conciles + Généraux; seulement il faut que les conciles présentent tous les + caractères d'œcuménicité; convocation légitime, liberté pleine pour + les jugemens, confirmation par le Pape. Si une seule de ces + conditions manque, tout peut être révoqué en doute. On a eu le + Brigandage d'Ephèse, ce qui n'a pas empêché d'avoir eu ensuite un + vrai Concile de ce nom. On pourrait avoir <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ludibrium + Vaticanum</span></span>; ce qui n'empêcherait pas de tout réparer + dans de nouvelles et sérieuses assises....</p><span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page837">[pg 837]</span><a name="Pg837" id="Pg837" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Vous pourrez + répandre ces réflexions, je crois que le grand remède aujourd'hui + nous doit venir du dehors ...</p> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">II.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Je n'ai point + parle une seule fois, je ne parlerai pas davantage dans la suite. + Je n'aime ni les gens qui posent, ni les choses complétement + inutiles. <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">J'agis</span></em> depuis quatre mois, et je + crois avoir rendu quelques services par ce moyen qui en dépit de + toutes les entraves, nous a donné trois représentations, une + commission internationale, des commissions de nations et 137 + signataires<a id="noteref_161" name="noteref_161" href= + "#note_161"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">161</span></span></a> qui + succomberont avec honneur et horions, si l'on continue à nous + traiter aussi mal.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Je crois + inutiles tous efforts pour résister à l'aveuglement de l'orgueil + moyen-âge, toutes Notes diplomatiques, toutes menaces qui ne + sauraient aboutir, et dont je déplorerais le premier l'exécution, + si elle était possible. Le remède n'est pas là; on se jouera de + tout, et on ira triomphalement aux abîmes.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Quand on a + affaire à des gens qui ne craignent qu'une chose, il faut se servir + de cette chose,—c'est-à-dire de l'opinion publique.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Il faut par ce + moyen établir ce qui est vrai—point d'autorité parceque point de + liberté. Le défaut de liberté. Le défaut de liberté, gros comme des + montagnes, crève les yeux; il repose sur des faits notoires, + appréciables pour tous, et sa constatation publique est la seule + planche de salut dans la tourmente inouïe que subit + l'Église.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page838">[pg + 838]</span><a name="Pg838" id="Pg838" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A notre arrivée, + tout était fait sans nous. Toutes les mailles du réseau étaient + serrées, et les jésuites qui out monté le traquenard ne doutaient + pas un instant que nous y serions pris. Ils voulaient nous faire + poser par enchantement la pierre angulaire de leur fronton, et se + seraient charges ensuite, sans nous, de bâtir le portail de leur + édifice en un clin d'œil.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nous avons donc + trouvé un règlement tout fait,—c'est-à-dire des menottes. Pour + faire droit à nos plaintes, on a serré de plus belle, et nous + jouissons de l'ancien brodequin que Louis <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xvi.</span></span> a supprimé. Pour être + vrai, il faut dire que les tourmenteurs out fait la chose avec + toute la grâce imaginable. Nous avons trouvé une majorité toute + faite, très compacte, plus que suffisante en nombre, parfaitement + disciplinée et qui a reçu au besoin instructions, injonctions, + menaces, prison, argent. Le système des candidatures officielles + est distancé de 100 kilomètres.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Une commission, + la plus utile, celle où l'on peut adresser ses réclamations, a été + créée et imposée d'office.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mais il faut + dire à sa louange qu'elle ne fonctionne pas, parce qu'elle ne + répond jamais ou qu'elle ne repond qu'aux membres de la majorité. + Nous avons été libres de nommer les autres commissions, + c'est-à-dire que la majorité fictive a pu les créer à l'aide de + listes dressées et lithographiées.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Restait la + parole; mais à quelles conditions? Défense de répliquer un mot, de + discuter, d'éclairer. Si on voulait parler, il fallait se faire + inscrire, et le lendemain, ou deux jours après, quand tout était + refroidi, on pouvait <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page839">[pg + 839]</span><a name="Pg839" id="Pg839" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + venir ennuyer l'assemblée par un discours. Défense alors de sortir + du thème donné aux écoliers (excepté pour MM. de la majorité) et + quand on a tenté de parler de liberté, de règlement, de commission, + d'acoustique, de décentralisation, de désitalianisation, on a vu se + produire les scènes tumultueuses qui ont démoli les Cardinaux + Rauscher et Schwarzenberg, les Évêques de Colocza, de Bosnie, + d'Halifax, tandis qu'on trouvait bon que Moulins, Belley et + d'autres introduisissent de force la grande question à propos de la + vie des clercs.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">La pauvre petite + minorité est en butte aux injures, aux calomnies, et traquée par la + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l'Univers</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">le + Monde</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l'Union</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">l'Osservatore</span></span> et <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">la Correspondance de + Rome</span></span>. Ces journaux sont autorisés et encouragés. Ils + soulèvent contre nous le clergé de nos diocèses, et ce clergé + applaudi. Un de nous a osé écrire contre son collègue, est il n'a + pas reçu un blâme officiel.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mais voici ce + qui achève d'opprimer notre liberté: elle est écrasée de tout le + poids du respect que nous portons à notre chef.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">La question est + pendante; elle n'est pas même à l'ordre du jour, les juges de droit + divin sont réunis et attendent pour la traiter. Or, en pleines + assises, le chef se sert de sa haute et divine autorité pour blâmer + devant les prêtres qui lui sont présentés <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">leurs</span></em> + évêques <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">mineurs</span></em>. Il fait l'éloge funèbre + de M. de Montalembert devant 400 personnes; il écrit à Dom + Guéranger, à l'Abbé de Cabrières de Nîmes, qui s'est dressé devant + l'Évêque d'Orléans, aux diocèses dont les prêtres font des Adresses + pour forcer la main à <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">leurs mandataires</span></em>; <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page840">[pg 840]</span><a name="Pg840" id="Pg840" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> et il fait tout cela en termes tels que + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">la + Gazette du Midi</span></span> et <span lang="it" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="it"><span style= + "font-style: italic">tutti quanti</span></span> déclarent qu'il + n'est plus permis ni aux évêques ni à personne de soutenir le + contraire; et on appelle cela de la liberté!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On nous menace + de passer par-dessus une minorité imposante, contrairement à toute + la tradition, de fouler aux pieds la règle suprême de saint Vincent + de Lerins: <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Quod ubique, quod semper, + quod ab omnibus</span></span>. On prêche que l'unanimité morale + n'est pas nécessaire, que le chef est maître de tout, et que nous + devons rendre des services et non point des sentences, faire de + l'affection quand il s'agit de la foi. Voilà notre liberté! Un + Cardinal me disait pour conclusion: <span class="tei tei-q">“Mon + cher, nous allons aux abîmes.”</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Tout cela est + capable d'ébranler les faibles, de désagréger ce qui tient à si + peu.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Je crois vous + avoir peint la position ce qu'elle est. Priez pour nous, faites + valoir la chose, parce qu'elle est <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">vraie</span></em>, + parce que je crois servir l'Eglise en vous la révélant.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Après mes + souffrances de cet hiver, je ne pense pas pouvoir affronter les + chaleurs.... D'ailleurs, Dieu seul peut nous sauver.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page841">[pg 841]</span><a name= + "Pg841" id="Pg841" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc157" id="toc157"></a> <a name="pdf158" id="pdf158"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Appendix III.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Difficultés de la + Situation a Rome.</span></span><a id="noteref_162" name="noteref_162" + href="#note_162"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style= + "font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">162</span></span></a></p> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">I.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">La question de + l'infaillibilité pontificale, devenue, contre l'attente + universelle, l'objet capital du Concile du Vatican depuis son + ouverture, ne semble pas toucher encore à une solution immédiate. + Cette grave question qui devait, au dire de certains hommes, être + définie par acclamation dès les premières séances du Concile, puis + le jour de l'Epiphanie, puis, après de courts débats, pour la fête + de Saint Joseph ou le 25 Mars jour de l'Annonciation; différée de + jour en jour à raison des énormes difficultés qu'elle rencontre, à + la grande surprise des partisans de l'infaillibilité, doit enfin, + nous dit-on, être, sans nouveau délai, résolue solennellement le 29 + Juin, jour de la fête du Prince des Apôtres. Si telle est + véritablement la pensée des Présidents du Concile, il semble + difficile qu'elle puisse se réaliser. Quelques jours seulement nous + séparent de cette solennité, et près de cent orateurs sont inscrits + pour traiter cette question devant le Concile. Dans cette + situation, il faut qu'on choisisse entre trois partis: ou supprimer + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page842">[pg 842]</span><a name= + "Pg842" id="Pg842" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> toute discussion, ou + proroger le Concile, ou exiger qu'il poursuive ses travaux jusqu'à + ce qu'enfin toutes les difficultés soient pleinement éclaircies, et + que tous les Pères puissent donner leur suffrage en parfaite + connaissance de cause.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Supprimer, ou du + moins restreindre la discussion de telle sorte que la conscience + d'un nombre considérable de Pères qui sentent vivement toute la + gravité de la question et les difficultés de tout genre dont elle + est hérissée, ne soit pas pleinement satisfaite, ce serait violer + toutes les règles des délibérations conciliares que nous voyons de + siècle en siècle pratiquées avec la liberté et la maturité la plus + complète. Rien ne saurait dispenser d'un examen approfondi, + lorsqu'il s'agit d'imposer un dogme nouveau à la croyance des + fidèles; et, au dire des théologiens, toute définition rendue sans + une discussion préalable qui porte jusqu'à l'évidence le caractère + de doctrine révélée dans le point mis en délibération, demeure par + cela même frappée de nullité. Il suffit de parcourir rapidement les + actes des Conciles Œcuméniques pour se convaincre des patientes + recherches, de la sage lenteur qu'ils out apportées à leurs + délibérations; et il est incontestable que les questions à résoudre + dans ces grandes assemblées étaient loin de présenter les + difficultés qui se rencontrent dans celle qui s'agite en ce moment. + Le monde Chrétien n'ignore pas cela, et il ne verrait pas d'un œil + indifférent un jugement solennel, en une matière qui touche à la + constitution même de l'Eglise, prononcé à la hâte et par un coup de + majorité.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page843">[pg + 843]</span><a name="Pg843" id="Pg843" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sans doute ceux + qui tiennent dans leurs mains la direction du Concile, se + persuadent que la question est depuis longtemps assez discutée pour + qu'on sache à quoi s'en tenir sans de plus amples recherches; et, + parce qu'à leurs yeux l'infaillibilité du Pape est une vérité, ils + regardent toute nouvelle discussion comme une pure formalité que + rien ne commande impérieusement. Mais par cela même que la question + est discutée depuis plusieurs siècles, et que l'on discute encore + avec science, érudition et bonne foi, il faut conclure évidemment + que la lumière n'est pas encore faite à ce point qu'on puisse dire + que telle est incontestablement la tradition antique et + universelle.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Si à leurs yeux + l'infaillibilité du Pape est une vérité certainement révélée, et + qu'ils tiennent à précipiter la définition par égard pour certaines + impatiences, ils ont un moyen bien simple de les satisfaire, sans + commettre une violation des lois conciliaires. Dans le système + ultramontain, le Pape étant infaillible, et, du consentement de + tous les catholiques, l'Église universelle ne pouvant jamais + accepter l'erreur et y adhérer, toute définition <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">ex cathedrâ</span></span> sera immanquablement + suivie de l'assentiment de tout le corps de l'Église. Pie + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix</span></span>., assure-t-on, est + profondément convaincu de son infaillibilité comme Pontife suprême. + Eh bien! de deux choses l'une: ou il faut que le concile agisse en + concile, et par conséquent avec circonspection, pesant avec une + attention scrupuleuse les raisons graves, les faits, les textes + allégués de part et d'autre; ou le Pape, en vertu de son autorité + apostolique, par un acte des plus solennels, doit trancher + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page844">[pg 844]</span><a name= + "Pg844" id="Pg844" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> toutes les + difficultés et définir lui-même le dogme de cette infaillibilité + qu'il croit être un apanage essentiel de la dignité suprême dont il + est revêtu. Pourquoi ne pas tenter cette expérience? Si l'Église + adhère à sa décision, son infaillibilité est très canoniquement + établie: si elle n'adhère pas, il est évident qu'il ne peut + prétendre à ce privilège. La question est alors définitivement + établie, et toute dispute cesse. Jusqu'ici, aucune décision nette, + précise et solennelle sur ce point n'a été donnée; hésiter sur + l'emploi de ce moyen, ne serait-ce pas douter de cette + infaillibilité? Et si, en l'écartant on veut que le Concile prenne + lui-même la responsabilité d'une définition dogmatique, il est + alors de toute convenance, de toute justice, de toute nécessité + qu'il ne prononce qu'après l'examen le plus approfondi.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">L'état des + esprits dans le Concile et hors du Concile, les discours prononcés, + les écrits nombreux publiés de part et d'autre, prouvent + évidemment, aux yeux de quiconque juge sans parti pris et avec une + parfaite impartialité, que la question, depuis 1682, pour ne pas + remonter plus haut, n'a pas encore fait un seul pas; elle en est + toujours au même point. L'étude la plus attentive de la Tradition + n'a pas donné de nouvelles lumières à ceux qui sont capables de ces + études, et sans doute l'état de la question dans cette sphère + mérite une attention tout exceptionnelle, et bien différente de + celle que prétend attirer sur soi un enthousiasme factice ou + irréfléchi.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page845">[pg 845]</span><a name= + "Pg845" id="Pg845" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">II.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">La prorogation + du Concile serait done la mesure la plus rationelle et la plus + prudente. Mais les impatiences provoquées, enflammées de plus en + plus par toute sorte de manœuvres, comment les contenir? Ces + feuilles, ces écrits, cette propagande pieuse, qui les excitaient + par la promesse d'une satisfaction prochaine, tout cela ne va-t-il + pas devenir l'objet d'un mépris universel, pour avoir leurré si + longtemps les âmes honnêtes et religieuses d'une espérance si lente + à se réaliser? Mais que faire! Telle est la difficulté de la + situation qu'on a si imprudemment créée. S'il faut que le Concile + décide, il ne reste plus qu'à le proroger, pour qu'il puisse un peu + plus tard reprendre ses travaux avec toute la patience et la + liberté d'esprit qu'ils réclament: ou bien il faut qu'il les + poursuive actuellement sans désemparer, jusqu'à ce qu'enfin tout + soit mûr pour le jugement à prononcer.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mais ici deux + tristes réflexions se présentent à l'esprit. D'abord, quelle + rigueur,—le mot n'est pas excessif, et on l'a entendu sortir de la + bouche de bonnes femmes Romaines, au moment où les vénérables Pères + faisaient cortège au Sauveur du monde porté en triomphe à la + procession solennelle de la Fête-Dieu;—quelle rigueur ne serait-ce + pas de retenir plus longtemps, dans cette saison de chaleurs + accablantes, sous un climat que les Romains eux-mêmes se hâtent de + fuir à cette époque de l'année, des vieillards épuisés par l'âge, + par les infirmités, par les fatigues de tout genre, fatigues du + corps, <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page846">[pg + 846]</span><a name="Pg846" id="Pg846" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + fatigues de l'esprit, angoisses de l'âme en présence des plus + terribles dangers pour leurs troupeaux particuliers, pour l'Église + universelle, pour la société tout entière; des vieillards qui + sentent le poids énorme de cette responsabilité, qui entendent tous + les jours la voix de l'opinion publique, et la voix plus puissante + et plus pénétrante de la religion alarmée; des vieillards, parmi + lesquels plusieurs ont déjà succombé, plusieurs autres sont + atteints de maladie, tous sont privés de l'air vivifiant du pays + natal, des soins particuliers que ne sauraient donner des mains + étrangères, des consolations qu'un pasteur fidèle trouve toujours + au milieu d'un peuple qui l'aime.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Les séances en + Congrégation Générale, continuées presque tous les jours sans + interruption, durent, depuis huit heures et demie du matin jusqu'à + une heure de l'après-midi. Le devoir de la prière, la récitation de + l'office canonial, la méditation des matières à discuter, la + préparation des discours à prononcer, rien de tout cela ne peut + être suspendu. Des jeunes gens robustes ne résisteraient pas + longtemps à ce travail si multiplié, si continu, à l'effort d'une + attention soutenue pendant les longues heures des séances + conciliaires sur des questions qui ne pèsent pas uniquement sur la + pensée, mais aussi et plus encore sur la conscience, et enfin à + l'action accablante des fortes chaleurs, dont l'intensité, par + l'agglomeration de six cents prélats, redouble sans mesure dans une + salle d'ailleurs extrêmement incommode sous tous les rapports. On + entend les plus vigoureux de corps et d'esprit déclarer qu'ils + <span class="tei tei-pb" id="page847">[pg 847]</span><a name= + "Pg847" id="Pg847" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> sont à bout de + forces. Et l'on persisterait encore à les retenir!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mais il y aurait + encore là quelque chose de plus grave. Retenir les évêques jusqu'à + ce qu'une définition de l'infaillibilité pontificale ait pu être + rendue après une discussion parfaitement libre, et aussi longue + qu'on doit l'augurer du nombre des orateurs inscrits et des + questions graves et nombreuses qui se rattachent à cette + définition, c'est leur dire: évêques, il faut vous résoudre à + mourir ou à bâcler en toute hâte un jugement duquel dépendent les + destinées de l'Église et du monde. Oui, mourez, accablées par + l'ennui, la fatigue, le climat dévorant, l'âge et les infirmités; + ou, si vous tenez à vivre encore, foulez aux pieds les règles les + plus sacrées des conciles, sacrifiez votre conscience, et avec la + vôtre celle de plusieurs millions d'âmes!</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sous le rapport + de la liberté de discussion, bien des choses dans le Concile du + Vatican ne ressemblent pas aux anciens Conciles Généraux, toujours + vénérés dans l'Église. Au dedans, au dehors, un parti a exercé sur + les Pères une pression toujours croissante. Au dedans, des + règlements mal faits, des interruptions sans cause, dont le + résultat inévitable était de décourager les hommes les plus fermes, + et d'empêcher ou d'affaiblir la manifestation de la vérité; une + certaine fraction de l'assemblée, turbulente, impétueuse, arrêtant + par des murmures les prélats les plus vénérables dont la doctrine + ne se pliait pas à ses idées; les présidents fermant les yeux sur + ces faits et n'ayant de sévérités que pour les adversaires de + l'infaillibilité; la discussion brusquement <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page848">[pg 848]</span><a name="Pg848" id="Pg848" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> arrêtée au gré de ceux qu'elle + déconcertait. Au dehors, des journalistes qui ne cessaient de + prodiguer l'insulte aux évêques contraires à leurs opinions.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Rome est tout + émue d'un fait récent concernant l'un des membres les plus éminents + du Concile, le Cardinal Guidi, Archevêque de Bologne, précédemment + religieux Dominicain, et très célèbre professeur de théologie dans + la capitale du monde Chrétien. Il avait parlé dans le Concile sur + la question de l'infaillibilité, exigeant pour celle des + définitions pontificales le concours de l'épiscopat. Le jour même, + il est mandé et admonesté du ton le plus sévère. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Saint-Père, a répondu le cardinal, j'ai dit + aujourd'hui ce que j'ai enseigné au grand jour pendant plusieurs + années à votre collège de la Minerve, sans que jamais personne ait + trouvé cet enseignement repréhensible. L'orthodoxie de mon + enseignement avait dû être attestée à votre Sainteté lorsqu'elle + daigna me choisir pour aller à Vienne combattre certains docteurs + allemands dont les principes ébranlaient les fondements de la foi + catholique. Que mon discours d'aujourd'hui soit soumis à l'examen + d'une commission de théologiens; je ne redoute pas ce + jugement.”</span> Des paroles menaçantes pour le cardinal ont + terminé cet entretien. Le matin, après la séance, un prélat + domestique disait dans la salle même du Concile: après un pareil + discours, le cardinal devrait etre enfermé pendant dix jours dans + un couvent pour y vaquer aux exercices spirituels.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">La puissance + absolue du Pape, son opinion visible, le pouvoir arbitraire + qu'exercent les présidents, la pétulance <span class="tei tei-pb" + id="page849">[pg 849]</span><a name="Pg849" id="Pg849" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> de certains prélats, trop notoirement + passionnés et violents; tout cela pèse sensiblement sur les membres + les plus sages de l'assemblée qui ne peuvent s'empêcher de s'en + plaindre avec tristesse dans des entretiens intimes. Faut-il + s'étonner que plusieurs, le fait est très certain, expriment le + désir d'un vote secret, s'il était possible?</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">C'est avec une + douleur profonde que nous racontons toutes ces choses. Mais la + situation de l'Église en ce moment est telle qu'on ne peut se + dispenser de parler. Au Concile du Vatican se traite une question + de l'ordre le plus élevé Chacun a le droit de savoir comment est + conduit ce grand procès, qui est le procès de tous. Il s'agit de la + paix du monde, il s'agit aussi de choses qui sont au-dessus de tous + les intérêts périssables, de la foi, de la conscience et du salut + éternel des âmes.</p> + </div> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page850">[pg 850]</span><a name= + "Pg850" id="Pg850" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc159" id="toc159"></a> <a name="pdf160" id="pdf160"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Appendix IV.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Letter of a + French Bishop to Count Daru.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On sait à Rome que + vous aviez l'intention de rédiger une note ou un memorandum qui + devrait être appuyé par les puissances.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Si vous agissez, + vous serez appuyés. Ici les diplomates se plaignent de votre + inaction.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mais il faut agir + immédiatement, on veut introduire l'infaillibilité après Pâques.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Vous ne pouvez + rien faire par le M. de Banneville. Ses collègues ne le comptent pour + rien, sinon pour un obstacle.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Il ne faut pas + vous mettre exclusivement sur le terrain des canons des Ecclesia. On + vous répondrait, soit en supprimant les Canons auxquels vous vous + opposez; soit en disant que cela ne vous touche pas, à cause du + concordat; soit, enfin, en les expliquant dans un sens qui vous + paraîtra satisfaisant, quitte à décréter après tous les Canons, tous + les Syllabus qu'ils voudront, et les plus formidables. Mais il y a un + terrain où vous êtes invincibles, et sur lequel les puissances vous + suivent. C'est celui de la liberté du <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page851">[pg 851]</span><a name="Pg851" id="Pg851" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> Concile et du droit publique de l'Église, sous + la protection duquel vos évêques sont venus à Rome.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cette liberté + n'existe plus. Ce droit est violé sur un point que plus de 100 + évêques ont déclaré de la dernière importance.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Leur protestation + vous donne un point de départ et des arguments invincibles.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ces évêques + déclarent que le Règlement est contraire à la loi de l'Église sur le + point décisif de la Majorité. Car ce droit, depuis Nicée jusqu'à + Trente, déclare que la règle indisputable et certaine pour les + définitions dogmatiques c'est l'unanimité morale, et non la + majorité.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Un nombre immense + de faits confirme leur protestation:</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Les scènes de + violence faites à Haynald et à Strossmayer.—Les Présidents n'ont pas + cherché à protéger leur droit et liberté de parole, tout au + contraire.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">La précipitation + de la discussion par les Présidents.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Le Schema de Fide, + 4 chapitres, 20 pages, canons avec anathèmes, a été distribué 24 + heures seulement avant l'ouverture de la discussion, on a voté sur 47 + amendements en 5 quarts d'heure.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Le lendemain de là + scène avec Strossmayer, on a lu un <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Monitum</span></span>, + non pas pour admonéter les interrupteurs, mais pour recommander aux + orateurs de se presser, de peur qu'ils n'ennuyent l'assemblée, et + n'en provoquent des manifestations.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ce <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Monitum</span></span> + est une provocation aux interruptions. Quelquefois un évêque est reçu + avec des murmures avant de commencer.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page852">[pg 852]</span><a name="Pg852" id="Pg852" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Les demandes de la + Minorité:</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">D'une salle où on + puisse les entendre.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">De bureaux, pour + les discussions préliminaires, qui enverraient des Commissaires à la + Députation.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">De la liberté + d'imprimer leurs discours et mémoires pour les distribuer parmi les + pères.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Que les auteurs + d'amendements puissent les expliquer et les défendre dans la + Commission, et puissent avoir le droit de répondre dans les + discussions.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">D'un procès-verbal + des séances.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sur la majorité et + l'unanimité.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Toutes ces + demandes sont restées sans réponse et sans effet.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">La pression + exercée sur les Orientaux.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">La scène faite au + Patriarche Chaldéen.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">L'emprisonnement + intimé à l'Archévêque d'Antioche et au chef de sa communauté.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">L'arrestation et + les coups donnés au prêtre, secrétaire de l'Arch. de Diarbelair.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Les menaces aux + Melchites, Maronites, et Chaldéens.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Le langage tenu + par le pape lui même. Les cas de Montalembert et de Falloux.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Les lettres du + pape à Guéranger, Cabrières, etc., traitant les Évêques de + l'Opposition en ennemis.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Les allocutions + publiques roulant presque toutes sur l'Infaillibilité.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Les cadeaux faits + aux Vicaires Apostoliques en les priant de ne pas l'abandonner.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Attitude de la + presse approuvée par le Vatican, exploitant ces lettres, et appelant + les évêques à se retracter, en les dénonçant à leur + clergé.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page853">[pg + 853]</span><a name="Pg853" id="Pg853" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Même le journal + officiel de Rome traitant la minorité d'alliés des Franc-maçons. + Après tout cela, il n'y a pas de liberté au Concile.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">L'ambassadeur que + vous enverrez en recevra des preuves péremptoires. Les autres + puissances sont déjà plus avancées que la France: la Prusse, la + Hongrie, même la Turquie.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A nom de l'ordre + publique menacé par l'inévitable refus de reconnaître ce Concile. Au + nom de votre droit, ayant rendu possible la réunion du Concile, de + protéger la liberté de vos évêques.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Dire—</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Ce Concile ne peut pas continuer dans les conditions + actuelles.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nous protestons dès à présent contre la Non-liberté + manifeste du Concile.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Achevez ce que vous avez déjà commencé.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Il y a des points sur lesquels vous pouvez espérer + l'unanimité morale, sans violation de liberté.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Tenez une session publique sur les <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema de + Fide</span></span> et de Discipline assez pour sauver votre + honneur.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Et prorogez une assemblée qui, aux yeux des évêques et + du monde, ne possède plus ces conditions d'ordre et de liberté sans + lesquelles ce n'est pas un Concile.</span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Nous désirons que nos évêques retournent dans leurs + diocèses jusqu'à ce que les conditions soient plus favorables pour la + célébration d'un Concile.”</span></p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page854">[pg 854]</span><a name= + "Pg854" id="Pg854" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc161" id="toc161"></a> <a name="pdf162" id="pdf162"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Appendix V.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Protestation + contre le projet de précipiter la Discussion.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">(<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Presented early in + May.</span></span>)</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Permettez, + Monseigneur, que je proteste ici contre un tel projet, s'il existe, + et que je consigne entre vos mains ma protestation. Saisir ainsi, + irrégulièrement et violemment, le Concile de cette question, c'est + absolument impossible.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cette discussion + immédiate de l'Infaillibilité Pontificale, avant toutes les autres + questions qui la doivent nécessairement précéder, ce renversement de + l'ordre et de la marche régulière du Concile, cette précipitation + passionnée dans l'affaire la plus délicate, et qui par sa nature et + ses difficultés, exige le plus de maturité et de calme, tout cela + serait non seulement illogique et absurde, inconcevable, mais encore + trahirait trop ouvertement aux yeux du monde entier, chez ceux qui + imaginent de tels procédés, le dessein de peser sur le Concile, et + pour dire le vrai mot, serait absolument contraire à la liberté des + évêques.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Comment une telle + question, sous-introduite tout à <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page855">[pg 855]</span><a name="Pg855" id="Pg855" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> coup dans un chapitre annexé à un grand + <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>, le dessein de ceux qui + nous ont été soumis, passerait avant tous les schemata déjà étudiés, + avant toutes les autres questions déjà discutées, et non encore + résolues par le Concile.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Des questions + fondamentales, essentiellement préliminaires à toutes les autres; + Dieu, sa personnalité, sa providence, Jésus-Christ, sa divinité, sa + redemption, sa grâce, l'Église, on laisserait tout celà de coté pour + se précipiter sur cette question, dont nous n'avions entendu parler + avant le Concile presque qu'à des Journalistes, dont la bulle de + convocation ne parlait pas, dont le <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> sur l'Église lui-même ne + disait pas un seul mot.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Et l'examen de + cette nouvelle question, si compliquée, cette discussion, si + nécessaire, cette définition si grave, tout cela se ferait à la hâte, + violemment, au pied levé. On ne nous laisserait ni le temps ni la + liberté d'étudier un point si important de doctrine avec gravité et à + fond, comme il doit l'être. Car aucun évêque ne peut, sans blesser + gravement sa conscience, déclarer de foi, sous peine de damnation + éternelle, un point de doctrine de la révélation duquel il n'est pas + absolument certain. Ce serait, Monseigneur, dans le monde entier, une + stupeur et un scandale. Ce serait de plus autoriser trop + manifestement les calomnies de ceux qui disent que dans la + convocation du Concile, il y a eu une arrière pensée, et que cette + question qui n'était pas l'objet du Concile, au fond devait être tout + le Concile. Ceux qui poussent à de tels excès oublient clairement + toute prudence: il y a un bon sens et une bonne foi publique qu'on ne + blesse pas impunément.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page856">[pg + 856]</span><a name="Pg856" id="Pg856" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sans doute on peut + passer par dessus toutes les recriminations des ennemis de l'Église; + mais il y a des difficultés avec lesquelles il faut nécessairement + compter. Eh bien! Éminence, si les choses venaient à se passer de la + sorte, je le dis avec toute la conviction de mon âme, il y aurait + lieu de craindre que des doutes graves ne s'élèvent touchant la + vérité même et la liberté de ce Concile du Vatican.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Que les choses se + passent ainsi, on le peut, si on le veut: on peut tout, contre la + raison et le droit, avec la force du nombre.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mais c'est + lendemain, Éminence, que commenceraient pour vous et pour l'Église + les difficultés.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Par un procédé + aussi contraire à l'ordre régulier des choses, à la marche + essentielle des assemblées d'évêques qui ont été de vrais Conciles, + vous susciteriez incontestablement une lutte dans l'Église et les + consciences sur la question de l'issue œcuménique de notre assemblée: + c'est à dire, tout ce qu'on peut imaginer aujourd'hui de plus + désastreux.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ceux qui essayent + d'engager le Pape dans cette voie, en l'abusant et le trompant, sont + bien coupables. Mais je ne doute pas que la sagesse du Saint-Père ne + déjoue toutes ces menées.</p> + </div><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page857">[pg 857]</span><a name= + "Pg857" id="Pg857" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc163" id="toc163"></a> <a name="pdf164" id="pdf164"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Advertisement.</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Third Edition, + Crown 8vo, 7s. 6d.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Pope and the + Council.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By Janus.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Authorized Translation + From The German.</span></span></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Opinions of the + Press.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Had the book been, as its title might at first seem to + imply, merely a Zeitschrift evoked by the exigencies of the present + controversy, we should not have noticed it here. It is because it has + an independent and permanent interest for the historical and + theological student, quite apart from its bearing on the + controversies of the day, and contains a great deal of what, to the + immense majority of English, if not also of German readers, will be + entirely new matter, grouped round a common centre-point which gives + unity and coherence to the whole, that it falls strictly within the + province of this journal.”</span>—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Academy</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">October + 9</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“In this volume the main idea of the writers, the long + fatal growth of the principles which are now about to develop into + the dogma of the Pope's personal and exclusive infallibility, is + traced in full detail, with a learning which would be conspicuous in + any of the divided branches of the Church, with a plain-speaking + which few Roman Catholics have been able to afford, and with a + sobriety and absence of exaggeration not common among + Protestants.”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Guardian</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">October + 13</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“A profound and learned treatise, evidently the work of + one of the first theologians of the day, discussing with the + scientific fulness and precision proper to German investigation, the + great doctrinal questions expected to come before the Council, and + especially the proposed dogma of Papal Infallibility. There is + probably no work in existence that contains at all, still less within + so narrow a compass, so complete a record of the origin and growth of + the infallibilist theory, and of all the facts of Church history + bearing upon it, and that too in a form so clear and concise as to + put the argument within the reach of any reader of ordinary + intelligence, while the scrupulous accuracy of the writer, and his + constant reference to the original authorities for every statement + liable to be disputed, makes the monograph as a whole a perfect + storehouse of valuable information for the historical or theological + student.”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Saturday Review</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">October + 16</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“It affords an opportunity for persons in this country to + learn, on the most direct authority, how the grave questions which + just now agitate the Church are regarded by members of a school + within her pale, who profess to yield to none in their loyal devotion + to Catholic truth, but are unable to identify its interests with the + advance of Ultramontanism. Its aim is to show that the object in + chief of the coming Council is to elect Papal Infallibility into an + article—and therefore inevitably a cardinal article—of the Catholic + Faith. It purports to investigate by the light of history this and + other questions which are to be decided at the Council, as well as to + serve as a contribution to ecclesiastical + history.”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Morning Post</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">October + 20</span></span>.</p><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page858">[pg + 858]</span><a name="Pg858" id="Pg858" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The concluding words of the volume, coming as they + evidently do from a great leader of thought among German Catholics, + are so startling and suggestive that we give the passage as it + stands, while exhorting our readers to lose no time in procuring and + carefully perusing the whole volume for + themselves.”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Church Herald</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">October + 20</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“It is our intention to deal with this book hereafter as + it deserves, for we have reason to believe, we will not say to know, + lest we should imitate the vicious example of Janus, that the work is + a fabrication of English and German hands. Its name has been well + chosen; Janus had two faces, which nationally may mean English and + German, but in morals signifies a character not highly estimable for + truth.”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tablet</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">October + 16</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“This extraordinary work should be read by the millions + of Protestant England, as the ablest and most authentic exposure of + the ecclesiastical and political despotism of Popery which exists in + any language or any country.”</span>—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Rock</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">October + 20</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“We feel, as we have already said, that it is hardly + possible in a review to give an adequate idea of the volume before + us, considered merely as a storehouse of facts on the Roman + controversy, a value enhanced by the circumstance that it is written + by earnest but sorrowing members of that Church, who desire, by its + publication, to avert the progress of corruption and to save the + Church from the blundering threatened by the action of the Council. + We had marked many passages for extract in the course of our own + examination. Space, however, forbids our indulging ourselves. We + regret this the less because we feel assured that the book which we + have so imperfectly noticed will soon be in the hands of most persons + interested in the question which is debated.”</span>—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">John + Bull</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">October 23</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“It is of great importance at such a crisis that the + public mind should be thoroughly informed as to the points on which + the judgment of the Council is to be asked, or, to speak more + correctly, as to the monstrous claims of the Papacy to which it is + expected to give its formal submission. Especially is it desirable to + understand clearly the exact position occupied by the <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Liberal Catholics,’</span> men who are not prepared to + forsake their Church nor to declare war against all progress, and + who, despite many discouragements, still cling to the belief that it + is possible to find some mode of reconciliation between <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Catholic’</span> principles and modern ideas, and who + resent such fanatical outbursts as that of Archbishop Manning even + more bitterly than Protestants themselves. We attach, therefore, + great value to a little volume just issued on the <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘Pope and the Council,’</span> by Janus, which contains a + more complete statement of the whole case than we have anywhere met + with.”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Nonconformist</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">October + 27</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Beginning with a sketch of the errors and contradictions + of the Popes, and of the position which, as a matter of history, they + held in the early Church, the book proceeds to describe the three + great forgeries by which the Papal claims were upheld—the Isidorian + decretals, the donation of Constantine, and the decretum of Gratian. + The last subject ought to be carefully studied by all who wish to + understand the frightful tyranny of a complicated system of laws, + devised not for the protection of a people, but as instruments for + grinding them to subjection. Then, after an historical outline of the + general growth of the Papal power in the twelfth and thirteenth + centuries, the writers enter upon the peculiarly episcopal and + clerical question, pointing out how marvellously every little change + worked in one direction, invariably tending to throw <span class= + "tei tei-pb" id="page859">[pg 859]</span><a name="Pg859" id="Pg859" + class="tei tei-anchor"></a> the rule of the Church into the power of + Rome; and how the growth of new institutions, like the monastic + orders and the Inquisition, gradually withdrew the conduct of affairs + from the Bishops of the Church in general, and consolidated the Papal + influence. For all this, however, unless we could satisfy ourselves + with a mere magnified table of contents, the reader must be referred + to the book itself, in which he will find the interest sustained + without flagging to the end.”</span>—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pall Mall + Gazette</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">October 29</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“It is very able, learned, compact, and conclusive. The + subject of Papal Infallibility is admirably treated, with a thorough + mastery of Church history. We commend it to the perusal of all who + take an interest in the progress of ecclesiastical questions, and + wish to become more nearly acquainted with the Romish Church, its + doings, pretensions, decrees—especially with the conduct of its + successive heads. It is a perfect storehouse of facts brought + together with telling effect. Let the voice of these German Catholics + be listened to by enlightened Englishmen of all creeds, and they will + be in no danger of ensnarement from the plausible rhetoric of + Ultramontanism, whose principles are opposed to our free + institutions—to the glory and strength of + England.”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Athenæum</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">October + 30</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“In France, in Holland, and in Germany, there has already + appeared a multitude of disquisitions on this subject. Among these + several are the acknowledged compositions of men of high standing in + the Roman Catholic world,—men admittedly entitled to speak with the + authority that must attach to established reputation: but not one of + them has hitherto produced a work more likely to create a deep + impression than the anonymous German publications at the head of this + notice. It is not a piece of merely polemical writing, it is a + treatise dealing with a large subject in an impressive though + partisan manner—a treatise grave in tone, solid in matter, and + bristling with forcible and novel illustrations.”</span>—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Spectator</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">November + 6</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“It is, as all our readers know, a history of how the + Papal claims have grown from their modest germs in the <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">fifth</span></em>, + down to their full development in the <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">sixteenth</span></em> + century. This history, too, is accompanied by a corresponding + exhibition of the inconsistency of these claims with actual facts. + But the work is done with such elaborate care, and with such a + well-marshalled and complete view of the historical facts of the + case, that it may well be bought and read irrespective of the + circumstances which have called it forth. It is a full, able, and + learned bill of indictment against Popery + proper.”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Literary Churchman</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">November + 13</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“This book, characterized by great ability, singular + grasp, and scholarship, demonstrates, with proof infallible, that the + Ultramontane doctrine of the Pope's infallibility is the centre of an + arch based upon error, raised by cunning craft, settled and cemented + by shameless treachery. And this most damaging exposure of Popery + proceeds from divines calling themselves <span class= + "tei tei-q">‘faithful Catholics.’</span> No Ultramontane is able to + sneer at the scholarship of the book; nor can they take off the edge + of its blows by ascribing it to the malice of + Protestants.”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Record</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">November + 17</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Yet on this and other documents of the same kind, the + whole fabric of Papal power and assumption has been built up. The + forged donations of Constantine, Pepin, and Charlemagne are the + title-deeds by which its possessions are held, and the <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Liber Pontificalis</span></span>, and Isidorian + decretals, are the authorities on which it rests for the assertion of + a power inconsistent alike with the rights of God and the liberties + of man. We know of no book in which <span class="tei tei-pb" id= + "page860">[pg 860]</span><a name="Pg860" id="Pg860" class= + "tei tei-anchor"></a> the whole process is exposed with the same + completeness and in the same brief compass, and we commend it to our + readers as one from which they will derive an amount of valuable + information for which otherwise they might search in + vain.”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">English Independent</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">November + 18</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“The book before us is making England and Germany ring + with valiant and wise words of warning, which ought to make the + representative of St. Peter weep tears of honest grief over past and + present, the crooked policy of the one and the headstrong ambition of + the other. As a rule, we may say that anti-Papal literature is of the + lowest grade of literary merit, filled with illogical and + inconclusive reasoning, and characterized by ignorance, bigotry, and + cant. The present work is a splendid exception, severe in tone, but + not unduly so, clear in statement, and unsparing in its dissection of + the contradictions involved in modern Ultramontane theories. Its + German authorship secures for it patient and exhaustive treatment of + the subject; its Catholic origin places its statements far above the + ordinary suspicions of unfairness, while it raises our admiration for + the love of truth, which could lead men to oppose so bravely the + current of popular Roman thought.”</span>—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Church + Times</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">November 26</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Now, what this book of Janus proves is, that all these + <span class="tei tei-foreign"><span style="font-style: italic">à + priori</span></span> reasons for Papal Infallibility are absolutely + worthless. They are beaten off the stage entirely and altogether. + There is not the smallest atom of ground for them to stand + upon.”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Church Review</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">November + 27</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“This work, written by continental Roman Catholics of the + liberal school, will be read in Protestant England with the deepest + interest, and on more accounts than one. Accustomed as we are so much + to view this great Church system of Rome with feelings of antagonism, + it is well we should know and learn to sympathize with able and + earnest men within its body, who are keenly alive to its weaknesses, + and are anxiously seeking for light as to how Christianity, as they + have received it, may help to solve the perplexities of the age. We + should hope that no Protestant who reads this able treatise will feel + differently. At the same time, it has no little value for us + Protestants, in days when our Protestantism is so scornfully + arraigned among ourselves; for if anything can justify our position + and deepen our gratitude to a merciful Providence that has ruled our + history, it is a candid work like this, proceeding from what we must + call the opposite camp.”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Contemporary Review</span></span>, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">December</span></span>.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Rumour will, no doubt, be busy with its conjectures as + to the name which lurks beneath the <span lang="fr" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-style: italic">nom + de plume</span></span> of <span class="tei tei-q">‘Janus.’</span> We + do not intend to offer any contribution towards the elucidation of + the mystery, unless it be a contribution to say that the book bears + internal evidence of being the work of a Catholic, and that there are + not many Catholics in Europe who could have written it. Taking it all + in all, it is no exaggerated praise to characterize it as the most + damaging assault on Ultramontanism that has appeared in modern times. + Its learning is copious and complete, yet so admirably arranged that + it invariably illustrates without overlaying the argument. The style + is clear and simple, and there is no attempt at rhetoric. It is a + piece of cool and masterly dissection, all the more terrible for the + passionless manner in which the author conducts the + operation.”</span>—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Times</span></span>, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">December + 3</span></span>.</p> + </div> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-back" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> + <div id="footnotes" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <a name="toc165" id="toc165"></a> <a name="pdf166" id="pdf166"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1> + + <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"> + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href= + "#noteref_1">1.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[It may be well to add, to preclude + misconceptions, that both Letters and Articles are exclusively the + work of Catholics.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href= + "#noteref_2">2.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The weight to be attached to the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> on all questions + connected with the Council may be gathered from the Brief of Pius + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> of Feb. 12, 1866, + printed in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span>, Serie vi. vol. vi. pp. + 7-15. The Pope declares that this journal, expressly intrusted with + the defence of religion and with teaching and disseminating the + authority and claims of the Roman See, is to be written and edited + by a special staff to be named by the General of the Jesuits, who + are to have a special house and revenues of their own. The previous + censorship, as is known in Rome, is exercised with particular care, + so that nothing appears without the approbation of the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href= + "#noteref_3">3.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[Cardinal Reisach was absent at the + opening of the Council, and died soon afterwards, Dec. 26, 1869, in + Savoy.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href= + "#noteref_4">4.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[See Introduction to The Pope and the + Council, pp. 1-4.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href= + "#noteref_5">5.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Pope and the + Council</span></span>, p. 6.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href= + "#noteref_6">6.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">These fears, as is well known, were + not realized at Fulda.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href= + "#noteref_7">7.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Cardinal's subsequent attitude has + not justified this hope. Freppel too, as Bishop-designate of Anjou, + has now declared himself for the infallibilists.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href= + "#noteref_8">8.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This design does not seem to have been + persevered in.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href= + "#noteref_9">9.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Corresp. de Rome</span></span>, 1869, p. 384: + <span class="tei tei-q">“L'infallibilité du Pape, décidant en + matière de foi <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">ex cathedrâ</span></span>, + c'est-à-dire comme maître de l'Eglise étant déjà admise par tous + les vrais catholiques, un décret du Concil fera juste l'effet d'une + confirmation d'une chose universellement sue et crue.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" href= + "#noteref_10">10.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Præsidentia + auctoritativa dicitur ... insuper cum auctoritate coactivâ + compescendi etiam per censuras ecclesiasticas, et alia juris media + contradictores et rebelles et contumaces, prout ex constitutione + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xi.</span></span> Martini <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">v.</span></span>, etc.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11" href= + "#noteref_11">11.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Juramentum + contra utilitatem ecclesiasticam præstitum non tenet.”</span>—Lib. + ii. tit. 24, c. 27; Sext. Lib. i. t. 2, c. 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_12" name="note_12" href= + "#noteref_12">12.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Janus,”</span> p. 230.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_13" name="note_13" href= + "#noteref_13">13.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[The third Lateran + Council.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_14" name="note_14" href= + "#noteref_14">14.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The Scotch pronounce Latin much as the + Germans do.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_15" name="note_15" href= + "#noteref_15">15.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[Even this must be taken with + reserve.—Cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">infra</span></span>, pp. <a href="#Pg174" + class="tei tei-ref">174</a>, <a href="#Pg175" class= + "tei tei-ref">175</a>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_16" name="note_16" href= + "#noteref_16">16.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[Most of the rights originally + inherent in the episcopate are now reserved to the Pope, who only + allows Bishops to exercise them during good behaviour, by virtue of + <span class="tei tei-q">“faculties”</span> renewed every five + years. Cf. <span class="tei tei-q">“Janus,”</span> p. 422, + note.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_17" name="note_17" href= + "#noteref_17">17.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[This must be taken with some reserve, + as will be seen further on.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_18" name="note_18" href= + "#noteref_18">18.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Obligatam + hærentemque sanctiori Pontifici velut in pectore + Societatem.”</span>—Bolland, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Imago</span></span>, p. 622.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_19" name="note_19" href= + "#noteref_19">19.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[The German College is conducted by + the Jesuits.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_20" name="note_20" href= + "#noteref_20">20.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[Archbishop MacHale does not seem to + have justified this anticipation.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_21" name="note_21" href= + "#noteref_21">21.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Excommunications <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">latæ sententiæ</span></span>, as distinguished + from excommunication <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" + xml:lang="la"><span style="font-style: italic">ferendæ + sententiæ</span></span>, are those which immediately take effect on + the commission of the forbidden act, without requiring any sentence + of Pope or Bishop to be pronounced.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_22" name="note_22" href= + "#noteref_22">22.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">When the news arrived from Paris of + the abolition of the Pragmatic Sanction, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">i.e.</span></span>, + of the reforms of Basle.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_23" name="note_23" href= + "#noteref_23">23.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[This formula, often mistakenly + supposed to occur in the Papal Coronation service, refers to the + traditional length of St. Peter's pontificate—twenty-five years. No + Pope has yet reigned to the end of his twenty-fifth year, and only + one has entered on the beginning of it. Pius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> completes his + twenty-fourth year on June 16, 1870.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_24" name="note_24" href= + "#noteref_24">24.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[This point is forcibly dwelt on by + Count Daru in his memorandum, which the Pope refused to lay before + the Council.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_25" name="note_25" href= + "#noteref_25">25.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Animas eorum + qui in solo peccato originali, vel mortali actuali decedunt, in + infernum descendere, pœnis tamen disparibus puniendas.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_26" name="note_26" href= + "#noteref_26">26.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Imprimis + itaque fide Catholicâ, tenendum est illorum animas,”</span> etc. + The author seems really to believe that the Rationalistic + tendencies of the age can be cured with an emetic.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_27" name="note_27" href= + "#noteref_27">27.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[Cardinal Reisach, who was formerly + Archbishop of Munich, used to say he had almost forgotten how to + speak German.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_28" name="note_28" href= + "#noteref_28">28.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Supremam + ideoque ab errore immunem esse Romani Pontificis auctoritatem, quum + in rebus fidei et moram ea statuit ac præcipit quæ ab omnibus + Christi fidelibus credenda et tenenda, quæve rejicienda et damnanda + sunt.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_29" name="note_29" href= + "#noteref_29">29.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Per + l'infallibilità, essendo l'Abbate Mastai, l'ho sempre creduto, + adesso, essendo Papa Mastai, la sento.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_30" name="note_30" href= + "#noteref_30">30.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[This reads almost like a prophecy, + when we remember how afterwards, and on slighter provocation than + is here supposed, hundreds of the Infallibilist Bishops danced like + maniacs round the pulpit when Strossmayer and Schwarzenberg were + speaking, yelling and shaking their fists at them.—Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">infr.</span></span> + Letter <a href="#Letter_XXXII" class= + "tei tei-ref">xxxii</a>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_31" name="note_31" href= + "#noteref_31">31.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[Archbishop Darboy's interposition + stopped the conspiracy being carried out at the first General + Congregation, and four American Bishops disconcerted a second + similar plot on St. Joseph's Day, March 19.—Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">infr.</span></span> + Letter <a href="#Letter_XXXVI" class= + "tei tei-ref">xxxvi</a>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_32" name="note_32" href= + "#noteref_32">32.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“In specie ne + Concilium declaret vel definiat infallibilitatem summi Pontificis, + a doctissimis et prudentissimus fidelibus S. Sedi intime addictis + vehementer optatur. Gravia enim mala exinde oritura timent tum + fidelibus tum infidelibus. Fideles enim ... corde turbarentur magis + quam erigerentur, ac si nunc demum fundamentum Ecclesiæ et veræ + doctrinæ stabiliendum sit; infideles vero novarum calumniarum et + derisionum materiam lucrarentur. Neque desunt qui ejusmodi + definitionem logice impossibilem vocant et ad ipsam Ecclesiam + provocant, quæ ad instar solis splendorem lucis suæ monstrat + quidem, sed non definit. Jure denique quæritur, cui usui ista + definitio foret, de cujus sensu, modo et ambitu ampla inter + theologos controversia est.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_33" name="note_33" href= + "#noteref_33">33.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[Monsignor Nardi said this <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">totidem verbis</span></span> to an Anglican + clergyman who was inspecting the Council Hall.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_34" name="note_34" href= + "#noteref_34">34.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Questo puzza + di schisma.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_35" name="note_35" href= + "#noteref_35">35.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[Compare with this account of the + freedom of the Council the letters of two French Bishops, published + in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Times</span></span> of May 3, and the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + des Débats</span></span> of May 10.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_36" name="note_36" href= + "#noteref_36">36.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Études de Théologie</span></span>, Janvier + 1868, p. 26:—<span class="tei tei-q">“Le Concile n'imposait rien à + notre foi, qui n'eût obtenu à peu près l'unanimité des votes. + L'obligation de croire est une chose si grave, le droit de lier les + intelligences est un droit si auguste et si important, que les + pères pensaient n'en devoir user qu'avec la plus grande réserve et + la plus extrême délicatesse.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_37" name="note_37" href= + "#noteref_37">37.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Is Healthful Reunion Impossible?</span></span> + By E. B. Pusey, D.D. Rivingtons, 1870.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_38" name="note_38" href= + "#noteref_38">38.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[Gratry's four Letters have been + translated by the Rev. T. J. Bailey.—(Hayes).—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_39" name="note_39" href= + "#noteref_39">39.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">supr.</span></span> + pp. <a href="#Pg090" class="tei tei-ref">90</a>, <a href="#Pg091" + class="tei tei-ref">91</a>. The <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tablet</span></span> + made the same assertions in both cases.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_40" name="note_40" href= + "#noteref_40">40.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Adversus eos qui Sanctissimum R. Pontificis + studium et Vaticani Concilii celebrandi necessitatem + vituperant.</span></span> Romæ.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_41" name="note_41" href= + "#noteref_41">41.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[Some idea of it may be formed from + the answer made some months ago by a distinguished English Prelate + at Rome to an Anglican friend, who had quoted the words of one of + the Opposition Bishops, <span class="tei tei-q">“You need not quote + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">them</span></em> to me; <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">they are no more + Catholics than you are</span></em>,”</span>—thus excommunicating at + one swoop the very flower of the hierarchy of his + Church.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_42" name="note_42" href= + "#noteref_42">42.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[The <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curtisanen</span></span> were clerical + place-hunters, who came to Rome to beg or traffic for benefices. + Cf. <span class="tei tei-q">“Janus,”</span> p. 341.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_43" name="note_43" href= + "#noteref_43">43.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[The Bull <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Apostolicæ + Sedis</span></span>.—Cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">supr.</span></span> pp. <a href="#Pg100" + class="tei tei-ref">100</a>, 1, 5, 6.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_44" name="note_44" href= + "#noteref_44">44.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Damnamus + perversas eorum cavillationes qui dicere audent externum quidem + obsequium, non autem internum mentis cordisque assensum, R. + Pontificis judiciis esse præstandum.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_45" name="note_45" href= + "#noteref_45">45.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It will of course be understood that + the 300 boarders (cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">supr.</span></span> p. <a href="#Pg128" class= + "tei tei-ref">128</a>) are divided among the Prelates mentioned + above.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_46" name="note_46" href= + "#noteref_46">46.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Istoria del Concilio de Trente</span></span>, + xix. 15. 3: <span class="tei tei-q">“Facendosi quelle sole + difinizioni nelle quali i padri conspirassero ad un + parere.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_47" name="note_47" href= + "#noteref_47">47.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[Liverani published a striking + pamphlet on the abuses of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Curia</span></span> some years + ago.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_48" name="note_48" href= + "#noteref_48">48.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Joshua ix. 21.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_49" name="note_49" href= + "#noteref_49">49.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Purgat. xxvii. 104.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_50" name="note_50" href= + "#noteref_50">50.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ove accadesse + collisione tra le definizioni del Concilio ecumenico e le leggi + dello Stato, queste cesserebbero per ciò solo di avere <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">qualsiasi</span></em> vigore + obbligatorio,”</span> p. 262.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_51" name="note_51" href= + "#noteref_51">51.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">So Pius <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vi.</span></span>, in his Brief of 1791, + directed against the new laws of the French Assembly for securing + religions freedom. Therein the distinction is still drawn between + heathen and Jews on one side and Protestants or heretics on the + other, that the former cannot be compelled to receive baptism, but + the others, <span class="tei tei-q">“qui se Ecclesiæ per susceptum + Baptismi Sacramentum subjecerunt, cogendi sunt”</span> + (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Collect. + Brev. Pii VI.</span></span>, Aug. Vindel. 1791, i. 34). Benedict + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xiv.</span></span> declared the same + before in 1749 (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Bullar. Mag.</span></span>, Romæ, ed. Coquel, + T. xvii. p. 272). And Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">vii.</span></span> afterwards, in his + Brief of 1803 (Kopp, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Die kath. Kirche des 19 Jahrh.</span></span>, + Mainz, 1830, p. 429). <span class="tei tei-q">“According to + Scripture, Councils and Tradition, heretics remain subject to the + laws of the Catholic Church.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_52" name="note_52" href= + "#noteref_52">52.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Job xiii. 7.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_53" name="note_53" href= + "#noteref_53">53.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The idea is thrice repeated; + <span class="tei tei-q">“fideles tam seorsim singuli quam simul + omnes officio ... veræ obedientiæ obstringuntur,”</span> is said + once again in the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_54" name="note_54" href= + "#noteref_54">54.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Correspondance</span></span>, Paris, i. + 247.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_55" name="note_55" href= + "#noteref_55">55.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[A writer in the Cologne <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rheinischer + Merkur</span></span> of May 14, a newly started organ of Liberal + Catholic principles, conducted entirely by priests, learnedly + discusses the question <span class="tei tei-q">“whether St. Thomas + Aquinas taught Papal Infallibility,”</span> and comes to the + conclusion that, in spite of the influence of these forged + authorities on his mind, he did not.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_56" name="note_56" href= + "#noteref_56">56.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Navagero, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Relazione</span></span>, p. 389 in the + Venetian Collection, ed. Alberi, i. 7.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_57" name="note_57" href= + "#noteref_57">57.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ammantar la + pigrizia di superiorità, sottrarsi alla noja d'esaminar le + quistioni col disprezarle, sono vezzi troppo communi in Italia, e + il beffarsi di questi pesanti Tedeschi, che vanno a cercare la fin + dei fini. Ma in tal caso rassegniamoci a vederci trattati, da + questi di negligenza e di spensierataggine quando accettiamo a + occhi bendati carte, falsificate da tristi speculatori o da sbadati + raccoglitori,”</span> etc.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Archivo Storico Italiano</span></span>, 1860, + xii. 19.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_58" name="note_58" href= + "#noteref_58">58.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[It was originally intended for public + use also, and is still recited publicly by Cathedral Chapters and + religions communities. Some portions of it, as Vespers and + Compline, are often used in parish churches also, especially in + France.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_59" name="note_59" href= + "#noteref_59">59.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Janus,”</span> pp. 60-62, 275-8.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_60" name="note_60" href= + "#noteref_60">60.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The proposal of two Rhenish Prelates + for a common declaration against Döllinger's paper on Infallibility + was rejected in the meeting of German Bishops. The chief opponents + were Hefele, Eberhard, Raynald, Strossmayer and Förster, who + maintained that, certain arguments apart, Döllinger represented in + the main the views of most German Bishops on the subject. It was + further insisted, in express repudiation of the stand-point of mere + <span class="tei tei-q">“inopportuneness,”</span> that the + addresses already signed by the Infallibilists were directed in + principle against the doctrine of the Church. The two Prelates + declared nevertheless that they would not separate themselves from + their colleagues who had signed those documents.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_61" name="note_61" href= + "#noteref_61">61.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tac. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annal.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">xv.</span></span> 53.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_62" name="note_62" href= + "#noteref_62">62.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">I take this opportunity of observing + that the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Mémorial Diplomatique</span></span>, which has + the credit of supplying the world regularly with methodical + fictions from Rome, has also given a spurious reply of Antonelli's + to Beust's note. Perhaps one of your Paris correspondents can + explain the rare persistency of that journal in habitually making + game of the French with lies and inventions which are immediately + exposed. Here in Rome many are disposed to seek the authors of them + in the office of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Civiltà</span></span> or in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Gesu</span></span>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_63" name="note_63" href= + "#noteref_63">63.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pastoral on Infallibility of the Roman + Pontiff</span></span> (Longmans), p. 126.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_64" name="note_64" href= + "#noteref_64">64.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It is also quoted in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal des + Débats</span></span> of March 12. [This same Bishop opened the + debate on the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Schema de Romano Pontifice</span></span> by + arguing that the Pope must be infallible, because St. Peter was + crucified head downwards. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Cf. infr.</span></span> Letter <a href= + "#Letter_XLVI" class="tei tei-ref">xlvi</a>.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_65" name="note_65" href= + "#noteref_65">65.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unita + Cattolica</span></span> of March 12 makes its Roman correspondent + say that to-day the Bishops are signing in crowds a Petition to the + Presidents of the Council, demanding that the discussion of the + article on infallibility may take precedence of all other business, + because they long to put an end at one blow to the scandal of the + Liberal Catholics and Gallicans. But Margotti's journal at the same + time urges patience on its readers, because decorum must be + preserved, as far as may be.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_66" name="note_66" href= + "#noteref_66">66.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[It seemed better to give the Letter + itself, as published <span class="tei tei-q">“by permission”</span> + in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Standard</span></span> of April 7, rather than + to translate the secondhand, though remarkably accurate, paraphrase + given in the German text. It addressed to Bishop + Ullathorne.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_67" name="note_67" href= + "#noteref_67">67.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[Archbishop Errington was Cardinal + Wiseman's coadjutor with right of succession, but was arbitrarily + deprived of the post by the Pope, on his declining to resign it. + His name was the first of the three sent to Rome by the Chapter of + Westminster for the vacant Archbishopric on Cardinal Wiseman's + death, the other two being Clifford and Grant. All three were + passed over in favour of Dr. Manning.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_68" name="note_68" href= + "#noteref_68">68.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[This explanation, that the Requiem + <span class="tei tei-q">“was intended rather as a political + demonstration than a religious act,”</span> was elaborately + insisted on in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Tablet</span></span> of March 28, which added + the guarded but equally gratuitous statement that <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the Bishop of Orleans, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">it + appears</span></em>, intended to speak at the funeral + service;”</span> winding up with the somewhat remarkable comment + that <span class="tei tei-q">“the prudence and the charity (!) of + Pius <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> have been equally + conspicuous in the affair.”</span> The world hardly seems to see + it.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_69" name="note_69" href= + "#noteref_69">69.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Reform der Kirche an Haupt und + Gliedern.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_70" name="note_70" href= + "#noteref_70">70.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[The correctness of this prediction + was conspicuously illustrated in the <span class= + "tei tei-foreign"><span style= + "font-style: italic">coup</span></span> of June 3. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cf. + infr.</span></span> Letter <a href="#Letter_LII" class= + "tei tei-ref">lii</a>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_71" name="note_71" href= + "#noteref_71">71.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This word (<span lang="de" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="de"><span style= + "font-style: italic">niederträchtigen</span></span>) was lately + used by a German Bishop.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_72" name="note_72" href= + "#noteref_72">72.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The original text ran: <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Quâ sane benignitate ipsius ac providentiâ factum est, + ut ex Œcumenicis omnibus Concíliis, et ex Tridentino nominatim + amplissima in universam Catholicam Familiam utilitas + dimanaverit;”</span> the amendment of Dreux-Brézé runs: + <span class="tei tei-q">“Quâ sane benignitate ipsius ac providentiâ + factum est, ut <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">licet omnibus Ecclesiae necessitatibus per + ordinarium Summi Pontificis regimen et magisterium satis fuerit + provisum</span></em>, tamen ex Œcumenicis omnibus + Conciliis,”</span> etc.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_73" name="note_73" href= + "#noteref_73">73.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[It is understood to have been Bishop + Clifford of Clifton.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_74" name="note_74" href= + "#noteref_74">74.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Times</span></span> + for April 2, 1870.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_75" name="note_75" href= + "#noteref_75">75.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[The English <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tablet</span></span> + and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dublin Review</span></span> have received + similar papal commendations.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_76" name="note_76" href= + "#noteref_76">76.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Relapsum + flammi ex lege addixit,”</span> says the Dominican Bzovius in his + Panegyric <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Paulus V. Borghesius</span></span>, Rome 1626, + p. 57.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_77" name="note_77" href= + "#noteref_77">77.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[It will be seen that Simor, with the + other Hungarian Bishops, eventually voted among the <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Non-placets</span></span> and signed their + protest. Cf. Letters <a href="#Letter_LXIV" class= + "tei tei-ref">lxiv</a>, <a href="#Letter_LXV" class= + "tei tei-ref">lxv</a>.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_78" name="note_78" href= + "#noteref_78">78.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Quoniam vero + satis non est, hæreticam pravitatem devitare, nisi ii quoque + errores diligenter fugiantur, qui ad illam plus minusve accedunt: + omnes officii monemus servandi etiam Constitutiones et Decreta + quibus pravæ ejusmodi opiniones, quæ isthic diserte non + enumerantur, ab hâc Sanctâ Sede proscriptæ et prohibitæ + sunt.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_79" name="note_79" href= + "#noteref_79">79.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Schematis de + fide catholica conclusio, quæ incipit ab his verbis: <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Itaque supremi + Pastoralis</span></em>, etc., cum de eâ in ultimâ Congregatione + generali non satis explicite actum fuerit, adhuc debet subjici + Patrum suffragiis, antequam ad ferenda suffragia de toto Capite + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> procedatur. Ideo + monentur Reverendissimi Patres, ut nunc in finem <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Emendationes de + capite quarto</span></em> hujus Schematis propositas etiam ad + proximam Congregationem generalem secum deferre + velint.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_80" name="note_80" href= + "#noteref_80">80.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[Conditional votes, as will be seen, + are not allowed in Solemn Sessions, but only a simple <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet</span></span> or <span lang="la" class= + "tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Non placet</span></span>.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_81" name="note_81" href= + "#noteref_81">81.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">supr.</span></span> + p. <a href="#Pg348" class="tei tei-ref">348</a>.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_82" name="note_82" href= + "#noteref_82">82.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[See an exhaustive article on the + subject from a Catholic pen in the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">North British + Review</span></span> for October 1869.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_83" name="note_83" href= + "#noteref_83">83.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[He refused to do so.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_84" name="note_84" href= + "#noteref_84">84.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This proved to be a mistake.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_85" name="note_85" href= + "#noteref_85">85.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Elle estime + justement qu'elle a le devoir de ne pas favoriser la diffusion de + l'erreur ou des attaques contre l'autorité des Vicaires de + Jésus-Christ.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_86" name="note_86" href= + "#noteref_86">86.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The infallibilists are of course + luckier. Their writings are readily printed and circulated. At the + same time with the writings mentioned above, Archbishop Spalding + has published a letter to Dupanloup, emphatically denying that he + had spoken against the opportuneness of the dogma in the paper he + drew up with several other American Bishops, and declaring himself + a zealous advocate for it.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_87" name="note_87" href= + "#noteref_87">87.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[English readers may be referred to + Renouf's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Case of Honorius Reconsidered</span></span>. + Longmans, 1869.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_88" name="note_88" href= + "#noteref_88">88.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It is now understood to have been + written by Dr. S. Mayer under his direction.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_89" name="note_89" href= + "#noteref_89">89.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[See <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pastoral on + Infallibility of Roman Pontiff</span></span>. Longmans, 1869.]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_90" name="note_90" href= + "#noteref_90">90.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class= + "tei tei-q">“Animadvertendum quippe est, quod in publicâ Sessione + juxta Litteras Apostolicas <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Multiplices inter</span></span> d. d. + Novembris 1869 Num. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">viii.</span></span>, quo modus + procedendi in Sessionibus publicis præscribitur, non liceat aliter + suffragium dare, nisi pure et simpliciter per verba: <span lang= + "la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Placet</span></span> aut <span lang="la" + class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="la"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Non placet</span></span>, excluso alio quovis + modo.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_91" name="note_91" href= + "#noteref_91">91.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Janus</span></span>, + pp. 382-4.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_92" name="note_92" href= + "#noteref_92">92.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[Since, that is, the Lateran synod of + 1517 under Leo <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">x.</span></span>—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_93" name="note_93" href= + "#noteref_93">93.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Tac. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annal.</span></span> + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ii.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_94" name="note_94" href= + "#noteref_94">94.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Antonelli's, notoriously.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_95" name="note_95" href= + "#noteref_95">95.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Animés d'un + profond respect pour l'autorité <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">légitime</span></em> du S. Siége, nous sommes + obligés d'autre part de préserver de toute atteinte présente ou + future les rapports entre l'église et l'état (as lately settled by + the Concordat and the Constitution). Nous joignons nos instances + aux remonstrances du Gouvernement français et nous nous croyons + appelés à le faire d'autant plus, que dans le sein du concile + lui-même une grande partie des représentants de l'Église + d'Allemagne, dont le dévouement religieux est bien connu, atteste + par son attitude que nos craintes sont loin d'être + vaines.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_96" name="note_96" href= + "#noteref_96">96.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Si, diciamolo + altamente, Pio <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">ix.</span></span> credette aver ricevuto + speciale missione di definire la Immacolata Concezione e la + infallibilita pontificia.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_97" name="note_97" href= + "#noteref_97">97.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Jure tam + divino quam humano laicis nulla potestas in ecclesiasticas personas + attributa est.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_98" name="note_98" href= + "#noteref_98">98.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See Raynald. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annal.</span></span> + xix. ann. 1493, 22.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_99" name="note_99" href= + "#noteref_99">99.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Hæc conditio + pro Concilio Vaticano eo magis urgenda esse videtur, cum ad ferenda + suffragia tot Patres admissi sunt, de quibus non constat evidenter, + utrum jure tantum ecclesiastico an etiam jure divino ipsis votum + decisivum competat.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_100" name="note_100" + href="#noteref_100">100.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It appears from a passage in Letter + <a href="#Letter_LII" class="tei tei-ref">lii.</a> that this severe + judgment on the Prince Bishop was based on an erroneous report of + his conduct in the papers.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_101" name="note_101" + href="#noteref_101">101.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Jamvero + infallibilitatem S. Ap. Sedis et Romani Pontificis ad doctrinam + fidei pertinere ex allatis fidei documentis constat, et contrariæ + illi sententiæ a magisterio Ecclesiæ non semel fuerunt improbatæ. + Cujuscunque ergo scientiæ etiam historiæ ecclesiasticæ conclusiones + Rom. Pontificum infallibilitati adversantes, quo manifestius hæc ex + revelationis fontibus infertur, eo certius veluti totidem errores + habendas esse consequitur.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_102" name="note_102" + href="#noteref_102">102.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Al male + dominante della licenza dei tipi, per cui il giornalismo nega e + bestemmia ogni giorno, bisogna contraporre il salutare rimedio del + Papa infallibile, che ogni giorno può insegnare, condannare, + definire, senza che mai sia licito ai cattolici dubitare de' suoi + oraculi.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_103" name="note_103" + href="#noteref_103">103.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[The English Jesuit, Father Gallwey, + says they will be like <span class="tei tei-q">“the daily provision + of manna”</span> to the Israelites.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_104" name="note_104" + href="#noteref_104">104.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">He should have said <span class= + "tei tei-q">“the Italian prelates.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_105" name="note_105" + href="#noteref_105">105.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">supr.</span></span> + p. <a href="#Pg517" class="tei tei-ref">517</a>.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_106" name="note_106" + href="#noteref_106">106.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">It will be seen from the protest + afterwards published that this passage was greatly toned down.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_107" name="note_107" + href="#noteref_107">107.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Matt. xxvi. 49.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_108" name="note_108" + href="#noteref_108">108.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Von der Römischen Einheit</span></span>, Wien. + 1866, vol. ii. pp. 444 <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">seq.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_109" name="note_109" + href="#noteref_109">109.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See the decree of Eugenius in Porter's + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Systema + Decretorum</span></span>, p. 535, and in Raynaldus.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_110" name="note_110" + href="#noteref_110">110.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Ad officium + nostrum spectat de <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">quocumque</span></em> mortali peccato + corripere quemlibet Christianum; et, si correptionem contempserit, + per districtionem ecclesiasticam coercere.”</span>—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Decretal. + Novit</span></span>, c. 13, De Judic. [Cf. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Janus</span></span>, + p. 158.]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_111" name="note_111" + href="#noteref_111">111.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Concil.</span></span> ed. Labbé, x. 384.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_112" name="note_112" + href="#noteref_112">112.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Innoc. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Epist.</span></span> + ii. 209, p. 473, ed. Paris.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_113" name="note_113" + href="#noteref_113">113.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Raynald. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annal.</span></span> + xv. 156.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_114" name="note_114" + href="#noteref_114">114.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Raynald. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annal.</span></span> + an. 1376, 1.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_115" name="note_115" + href="#noteref_115">115.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See Bull <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Romanus + Pontifex</span></span> confirmed by Callixtus <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> in 1456 and Sixtus + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> in 1481.—Morelli, + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fasti + Novi Orbis</span></span>, p. 58.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_116" name="note_116" + href="#noteref_116">116.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See Bull <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Inter + Cæteræ</span></span> in Raynald. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Annal.</span></span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_117" name="note_117" + href="#noteref_117">117.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Raynald. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annal.</span></span> + an. 1493, 19.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_118" name="note_118" + href="#noteref_118">118.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Harduin. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Concil</span></span> + ix. 1756.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_119" name="note_119" + href="#noteref_119">119.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Baron. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annal. + Eccl.</span></span> an. 1102, sect. 18.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_120" name="note_120" + href="#noteref_120">120.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Rog. Wendover, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hist.</span></span> + iii. 251.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_121" name="note_121" + href="#noteref_121">121.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Raynald. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annal.</span></span> + an. 1283-4.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_122" name="note_122" + href="#noteref_122">122.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Litera Apost. Summorum Pontif. pro offic. S. + Inquis.</span></span>, Venet. 1607, p. 3.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_123" name="note_123" + href="#noteref_123">123.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> p. 39.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_124" name="note_124" + href="#noteref_124">124.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Del Bene, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Decreta et Constitt. + Pontif.</span></span> in his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">De Offic. Inquis.</span></span> ii. 647.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_125" name="note_125" + href="#noteref_125">125.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[That this is no mere abstract theory, + even in quite recent days, may be seen from Blanco White's account + of his mother's agony of mind when she began to suspect his + opinions and feared it might become her duty to denounce him to the + Inquisition.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_126" name="note_126" + href="#noteref_126">126.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Decr.</span></span> v. 7, 9, and Lucius + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iii.</span></span> and Alexander + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">iv.</span></span> in Lib. vi. 5. 2. + 4.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_127" name="note_127" + href="#noteref_127">127.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Ib.</span></span> 5, 2, 5.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_128" name="note_128" + href="#noteref_128">128.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Carsetti, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Storia del Regno di + Vittorio Amadeo di Savoia</span></span>, Torino, 1856, p. 178. The + Pope said it was <span class="tei tei-q">“cosa da non potersi dir + senza lagrime.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_129" name="note_129" + href="#noteref_129">129.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Guerra, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pontif. + Constit.</span></span> i. 177.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_130" name="note_130" + href="#noteref_130">130.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">e.g.</span></span>, + Tartarotti, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Apologia del Congresso</span></span>, etc., p. + 176.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_131" name="note_131" + href="#noteref_131">131.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Decr.</span></span> ii. 24, 27.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_132" name="note_132" + href="#noteref_132">132.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">D'Achery, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Spicileg.</span></span> iii. 714. + [<span class="tei tei-q">“Vobis et successoribus vestris Regibus et + Reginis Franciæ in perpetuum indulgemus, ut confessor religiosus + vel sæcularis quem vestrûm vel eorum quilibet duxerit eligendnm, + vota per vos forsitan jam emissa, <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">ac per vos et + successores vestros in posterum emittenda</span></em> ... necnon + juramenta per vos præstita, <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">et per vos et eos præstanda in + posterum</span></em>, quæ vos et illi <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">servare commode non + possitis</span></em>, vobis et eis commutare valeat in alia opera + pietatis.”</span> Two cases are reserved, viz., vows of chastity + and <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">vows + taken to the Pope</span></em>.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_133" name="note_133" + href="#noteref_133">133.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Bzov. <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annal. + Eccl.</span></span> an. 1555, p. 306, ed. Colon.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_134" name="note_134" + href="#noteref_134">134.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Dodd, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Church History of + England</span></span>, iii. 288; <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tractat. Dogmat. et + Scholast. de Ecclesiâ</span></span>, Romæ, 1782, ii. 245.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_135" name="note_135" + href="#noteref_135">135.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">D'Acheray, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Spicileg.</span></span> iii. 721.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_136" name="note_136" + href="#noteref_136">136.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Acta Sanct. Bolland.</span></span> Ap. 23, p. + 157.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_137" name="note_137" + href="#noteref_137">137.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Spondani, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annal. Eccl. + Contin.</span></span> ii. 595.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_138" name="note_138" + href="#noteref_138">138.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Decr. de Transl.</span></span> c. ii. 3, 4. + [Cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Janus</span></span>, pp. 55, 56.]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_139" name="note_139" + href="#noteref_139">139.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Decr.</span></span> iv. 1, 16.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_140" name="note_140" + href="#noteref_140">140.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Dist.</span></span> 81, c. 15.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_141" name="note_141" + href="#noteref_141">141.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Concil. Gangrens.</span></span> can. 4.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_142" name="note_142" + href="#noteref_142">142.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Concil.</span></span> ed. Labbé, t. xiii. pp. + 1322, 3.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_143" name="note_143" + href="#noteref_143">143.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">See Amort, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De + Indulg.</span></span> i. 146.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_144" name="note_144" + href="#noteref_144">144.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">D'Argentré, <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Collectio + Judiciorum</span></span>, Paris, 1728, iii. 297.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_145" name="note_145" + href="#noteref_145">145.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Clementin.</span></span> i. 5, De Usuris, tit. + 5.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_146" name="note_146" + href="#noteref_146">146.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[On this subject, as also on + persecution, the reader may profitably consult <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Papal Infallibility + and Persecution; Papal Infallibility</span></span> and <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Usury</span></span>. + By an English Catholic. Macmillan, 1870.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_147" name="note_147" + href="#noteref_147">147.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[This had been protested against by + the minority. Cf. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">supr.</span></span> pp. <a href="#Pg327" + class="tei tei-ref">327-8</a>.]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_148" name="note_148" + href="#noteref_148">148.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The text of the speech, as it is now + printed in the journals, has been subsequently corrected and toned + down.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_149" name="note_149" + href="#noteref_149">149.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-q">“Il est sans + doute de certaines fonctions où, tenant, pour ainsi dire, la place + de Dieu, nous semblons être participants de sa connaissance, aussi + bien que de son autorité,”</span> etc.—Lemontey, p. 151 (éd. de + Bruxelles).</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_150" name="note_150" + href="#noteref_150">150.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">1 Cor. ii. 14.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_151" name="note_151" + href="#noteref_151">151.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Pachym.</span></span> II. 20, ed. Bonn.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_152" name="note_152" + href="#noteref_152">152.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">According to a letter of his which + reached Breslau the 12th July, permission to depart has been + refused him.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_153" name="note_153" + href="#noteref_153">153.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[The same strange confusion of thought + seems still to prevail among some fervid infallibilists of the + English and Irish Episcopate, to judge from their pastorals issued + since the decree of July 18.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_154" name="note_154" + href="#noteref_154">154.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Meanwhile the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Unita</span></span> + of July 15 has already begun to indicate the wholesome political + fruits which may be looked for from the dogma of infallibility. + Gallicanism, which demanded fixed guarantees against papal + decisions, has paved the way, according to Margotti, for + constitutionalism and parliamentarism; for after a Pope whose + decrees <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">ex cathedrâ</span></span> are + not irreformable, comes a king limited by the Constitution, and + then the era of parliamentary revolutions and political storms is + introduced. But now the bright example set by the Bishops in their + submission to the infallible Pope will restore not France only, but + the whole of Europe. From them the nations will learn to submit as + children to their sovereigns, the kingdom of unrighteousness will + pass away, and the kingdom of God succeed. That is plain speaking; + absolutism in the Church will lead to absolutism in the State. + Margotti then surrenders himself to the most brilliant hopes, + predicts unprecedented miracles, and records those which have been + already wrought for infallibility during the Council, or will + immediately be wrought. We cannot venture to withhold them from our + readers. First, it seemed impossible to attain an agreement of the + Bishops on the proclamation of infallibility; all wanted to speak, + and the discussion seemed likely to be endless. But the Holy Ghost + unexpectedly interposed; above sixty Bishops waved their right to + speak, and the <span lang="la" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang= + "la"><span style="font-style: italic">Schema</span></span> was + voted and approved. Secondly, a great opposition of all the + governments was feared, who only kept quiet while they watched the + quarrels of the Bishops themselves in the Council. But scarcely had + the Bishops shown themselves unanimous, when the Hohenzollern + question turned up, which absorbs everybody's attention, and leaves + the Church in peace. The third miracle is still in the future—the + dogma will suddenly dissipate the menaces of war, because the word + of God, like the Son of God, only comes into the world in the midst + of universal peace.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_155" name="note_155" + href="#noteref_155">155.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">The impending war led to its being + held earlier.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_156" name="note_156" + href="#noteref_156">156.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[On the essential connection between + the infallibility and the impeccability of the Popes, see + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Janus</span></span>, pp. 113 <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sqq.</span></span>, + and Maret, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Du Concile Général</span></span>, vol. ii. ch. + 13.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_157" name="note_157" + href="#noteref_157">157.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[The decree of Constance defines that + <span class="tei tei-q">“every lawfully convoked Œcumenical Council + representing the Church derives its authority immediately from + Christ, and every one, the Pope included, is subject to it in + matters of faith, in the healing of schism, and the reformation of + the Church.”</span> It was carried in full Council without a + dissentient voice.—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_158" name="note_158" + href="#noteref_158">158.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">[That in fact is exactly what + Antonelli calls it in his circular.—<span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style= + "font-variant: small-caps">Tr.</span></span>]</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_159" name="note_159" + href="#noteref_159">159.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">This is emphatically asserted in a + sermon preached last year at Kensington by Archbishop Manning, + where he says, speaking in the Pope's name, <span class= + "tei tei-q">“I claim to be the Supreme Judge and director of the + consciences of men; of the peasant that tills the field and the + prince that sits on the throne; of the household that lives in the + shade of privacy <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">and the Legislature that makes laws for + kingdoms</span></em>—I am the sole last Supreme Judge of what is + right and wrong.”</span></dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_160" name="note_160" + href="#noteref_160">160.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">These letters are taken from the + <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal + des Débats</span></span> of May 6 and 11. The Bishops of Marseilles + and Montpellier are said to be the writers.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_161" name="note_161" + href="#noteref_161">161.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">Lire: spartiates.</dd> + + <dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_162" name="note_162" + href="#noteref_162">162.</a></dt> + + <dd class="tei tei-notetext">From the <span class= + "tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gazette de + France</span></span> of June 28. The Vicar-General of an eminent + French Bishop, who had been at Rome, is the reputed author.</dd> + </dl> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <pre class="pre tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LETTERS FROM ROME ON THE COUNCIL*** +</pre> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="rightpageheader167" id="rightpageheader167"></a><a name= + "pgtoc168" id="pgtoc168"></a><a name="pdf169" id="pdf169"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr> + <th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">November 23, + 2011 </th> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="tei tei-item tei-item-gloss"> + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg TEI + edition 1</td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label"></th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"><span class= + "tei tei-respStmt"><span class= + "tei tei-name">Produced by Steven Giacomelli, David + King, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team + at <http://www.pgdp.net/>. (This file was + produced from images generously made available by + The Internet Archive/Canadian + Libraries.)</span></span></td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + <hr class="doublepage" /> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="rightpageheader170" id="rightpageheader170"></a><a name= + "pgtoc171" id="pgtoc171"></a><a name="pdf172" id="pdf172"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">A Word from Project + Gutenberg</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This file + should be named 38116-h.html or 38116-h.zip.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This and all + associated files of various formats will be found in: <a href= + "http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/8/1/1/38116/" class= + "block tei tei-xref" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span style= + "font-size: 90%">http://www.gutenberg.org</span><span style= + "font-size: 90%">/dirs/3/8/1/1/38116/</span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Updated + editions will replace the previous one — the old editions will be + renamed.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Creating the + works from public domain print editions means that no one owns a + United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and + you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without + permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, + set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply + to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works + to protect the Project Gutenberg™ concept and trademark. Project + Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you + charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If + you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying + with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly + any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, + performances and research. They may be modified and printed and + given away — you may do practically <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">anything</span></em> with public domain + eBooks. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, + especially commercial redistribution.</p> + </div> + <hr class="page" /> + + <div id="pglicense" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> + <a name="rightpageheader173" id="rightpageheader173"></a><a name= + "pgtoc174" id="pgtoc174"></a><a name="pdf175" id="pdf175"></a> + + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"> + <span style="font-size: 173%">The Full Project Gutenberg + License</span></h1> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Please read this + before you distribute or use this work.</span></em></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To protect the + Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free distribution of + electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any + other work associated in any way with the phrase <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Project Gutenberg”</span>), you agree to comply with + all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License (<a href= + "#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">available with this file</a> or + online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a>).</p> + + <div id="pglicense1" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Section 1.</span></h2> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">General Terms of Use & + Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works</span></h2> + + <div id="pglicense1A" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">1.A.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By reading + or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, + you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and + accept all the terms of this license and intellectual + property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree + to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease + using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ + electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for + obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ + electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms + of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or + entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph + <a href="#pglicense1E8" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.8.</a></p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1B" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">1.B.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + <span class="tei tei-q">“Project Gutenberg”</span> is a + registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in + any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be + bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things + that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works + even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. + See paragraph <a href="#pglicense1C" class= + "tei tei-ref">1.C</a> below. There are a lot of things you + can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow + the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future + access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph + <a href="#pglicense1E" class="tei tei-ref">1.E</a> below.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1C" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">1.C.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (<span class= + "tei tei-q">“the Foundation”</span> or PGLAF), owns a + compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ + electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the + collection are in the public domain in the United States. If + an individual work is in the public domain in the United + States and you are located in the United States, we do not + claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, + performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on + the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are + removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project + Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic + works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in + compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the + Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can + easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping + this work in the same format with its attached full Project + Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge with + others.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1D" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">1.D.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The + copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern + what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most + countries are in a constant state of change. If you are + outside the United States, check the laws of your country in + addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, + copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating + derivative works based on this work or any other Project + Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no representations + concerning the copyright status of any work in any country + outside the United States.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1E" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">1.E.</span></h3> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Unless you + have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:</p> + + <div id="pglicense1E1" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.E.1.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The + following sentence, with active links to, or other + immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License + must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project + Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Project Gutenberg”</span> appears, or with + which the phrase <span class="tei tei-q">“Project + Gutenberg”</span> is associated) is accessed, displayed, + performed, viewed, copied or distributed:</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-q" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"> + <span style="font-size: 90%">This eBook is for the use of + anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions + whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it + under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included + with this eBook or online at</span> <a href= + "http://www.gutenberg.org" class= + "tei tei-xref"><span style="font-size: 90%">http://www.gutenberg.org</span></a></p> + </div> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1E2" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.E.2.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If an + individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived + from the public domain (does not contain a notice + indicating that it is posted with permission of the + copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed + to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or + charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a + work with the phrase <span class="tei tei-q">“Project + Gutenberg”</span> associated with or appearing on the work, + you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs + <a href="#pglicense1E1" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.1</a> + through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work + and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in + paragraphs <a href="#pglicense1E8" class= + "tei tei-ref">1.E.8</a> or 1.E.9.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1E3" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.E.3.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If an + individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted + with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and + distribution must comply with both paragraphs <a href= + "#pglicense1E1" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.1</a> through 1.E.7 + and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. + Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ + License for all works posted with the permission of the + copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1E4" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.E.4.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Do not + unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ + License terms from this work, or any files containing a + part of this work or any other work associated with Project + Gutenberg™.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1E5" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.E.5.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Do not + copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this + electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, + without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in + paragraph <a href="#pglicense1E1" class= + "tei tei-ref">1.E.1</a> with active links or immediate + access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ + License.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1E6" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.E.6.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You may + convert to and distribute this work in any binary, + compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, + including any word processing or hypertext form. However, + if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project + Gutenberg™ work in a format other than <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Plain Vanilla ASCII”</span> or other format + used in the official version posted on the official Project + Gutenberg™ web site (http://www.gutenberg.org), you must, + at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide + a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of + obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original + <span class="tei tei-q">“Plain Vanilla ASCII”</span> or + other form. Any alternate format must include the full + Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph + <a href="#pglicense1E1" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.1.</a></p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1E7" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.E.7.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Do not + charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, + performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ + works unless you comply with paragraph <a href= + "#pglicense1E8" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.8</a> or 1.E.9.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1E8" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.E.8.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You may + charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access + to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works + provided that</p> + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" + style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"> + <tbody> + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">• </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits + you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works + calculated using the method you already use to + calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to + the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but + he has agreed to donate royalties under this + paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive + Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 + days following each date on which you prepare (or + are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked + as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary + Archive Foundation at the address specified in + <a href="#pglicense4" class="tei tei-ref">Section + 4, <span class="tei tei-q">“Information about + donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive + Foundation.”</span></a></p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">• </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + You provide a full refund of any money paid by a + user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) + within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree + to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a + physical medium and discontinue all use of and all + access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ + works.</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">• </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + You provide, in accordance with paragraph <a href= + "#pglicense1F3" class="tei tei-ref">1.F.3</a>, a + full refund of any money paid for a work or a + replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic + work is discovered and reported to you within 90 + days of receipt of the work.</p> + </td> + </tr> + + <tr class="tei tei-labelitem"> + <th class="tei tei-label">• </th> + + <td class="tei tei-item"> + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + You comply with all other terms of this agreement + for free distribution of Project Gutenberg™ + works.</p> + </td> + </tr> + </tbody> + </table> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1E9" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.E.9.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If you + wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ + electronic work or group of works on different terms than + are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission + in writing from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive + Foundation and Michael Hart, the owner of the Project + Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth + in <a href="#pglicense3" class="tei tei-ref">Section 3</a> + below.</p> + </div> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1F" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h3 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">1.F.</span></h3> + + <div id="pglicense1F1" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.F.1.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Project + Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable + effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe + and proofread public domain works in creating the Project + Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project + Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they + may be stored, may contain <span class= + "tei tei-q">“Defects,”</span> such as, but not limited to, + incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription + errors, a copyright or other intellectual property + infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, + a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot + be read by your equipment.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1F2" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.F.2.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">LIMITED + WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES — Except for the + <span class="tei tei-q">“Right of Replacement or + Refund”</span> described in <a href="#pglicense1F3" class= + "tei tei-ref">paragraph 1.F.3</a>, the Project Gutenberg + Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project + Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a + Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, + disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and + expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO + REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF + WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN + PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK + OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE + LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, + PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF + THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1F3" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.F.3.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">LIMITED + RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND — If you discover a defect + in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you + can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it + by sending a written explanation to the person you received + the work from. If you received the work on a physical + medium, you must return the medium with your written + explanation. The person or entity that provided you with + the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy + in lieu of a refund. If you received the work + electronically, the person or entity providing it to you + may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the + work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy + is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing + without further opportunities to fix the problem.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1F4" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.F.4.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Except + for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in + <a href="#pglicense1F3" class="tei tei-ref">paragraph + 1.F.3</a>, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO + OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING + BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS + FOR ANY PURPOSE.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1F5" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.F.5.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some + states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied + warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types + of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in + this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to + this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make + the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the + applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of + any provision of this agreement shall not void the + remaining provisions.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense1F6" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h4 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + 1.F.6.</h4> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + INDEMNITY — You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, + the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the + Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ + electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any + volunteers associated with the production, promotion and + distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, + harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including + legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of + the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) + distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) + alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any + Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.</p> + </div> + </div> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense2" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Section 2.</span></h2> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">Information about the Mission of + Project Gutenberg™</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Project + Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of + electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of + computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new + computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of + volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Volunteers + and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance + they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™'s goals + and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain + freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project + Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a + secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future + generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary + Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, + see Sections <a href="#pglicense3" class="tei tei-ref">3</a> + and <a href="#pglicense4" class="tei tei-ref">4</a> and the + Foundation web page at <a href="http://www.pglaf.org" class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.pglaf.org</a>.</p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense3" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Section 3.</span></h2> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">Information about the Project + Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Project + Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit 501(c)(3) + educational corporation organized under the laws of the state + of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal + Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax + identification number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is + posted at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf" + class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf</a>. + Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive + Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by + U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The + Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. + S. Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees + are scattered throughout numerous locations. Its business + office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT + 84116, (801) 596-1887, email business@pglaf.org. Email contact + links and up to date contact information can be found at the + Foundation's web site and official page at <a href= + "http://www.pglaf.org" class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.pglaf.org</a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For + additional contact information:</p> + + <div class="block tei tei-address" style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span class="tei tei-addrLine"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Dr. Gregory + B. Newby</span></span><br /> + <span class="tei tei-addrLine"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">Chief Executive and + Director</span></span><br /> + <span class="tei tei-addrLine"><span style= + "font-size: 90%">gbnewby@pglaf.org</span></span><br /> + </div> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense4" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Section 4.</span></h2> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">Information about Donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Project + Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread + public support and donations to carry out its mission of + increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that + can be freely distributed in machine readable form accessible + by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. + Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important + to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The + Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating + charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the + United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it + takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to + meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit + donations in locations where we have not received written + confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the + status of compliance for any particular state visit <a href= + "http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate" class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate</a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While we + cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we + have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no + prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors + in such states who approach us with offers to donate.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"> + International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot + make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations + received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp + our small staff.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Please check + the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods + and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways + including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To + donate, please visit: <a href= + "http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate" class= + "tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate</a></p> + </div> + + <div id="pglicense5" class="tei tei-div" style= + "margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"> + <span style="font-size: 144%">Section 5.</span></h2> + + <h2 class="tei tei-head" style= + "text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"> + <span style="font-size: 120%">General Information About Project + Gutenberg™ electronic works.</span></h2> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class= + "tei tei-name">Professor Michael S. Hart</span> is the + originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of + electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For + thirty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ + eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Project + Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed + editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the + U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not + necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper + edition.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Each eBook + is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's eBook + number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, + compressed (zipped), HTML and others.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Corrected + <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">editions</span></em> of our eBooks replace + the old file and take over the old filename and etext number. + The replaced older file is renamed. <em class= + "tei tei-emph"><span style= + "font-style: italic">Versions</span></em> based on separate + sources are treated as new eBooks receiving new filenames and + etext numbers.</p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Most people + start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org" class="block tei tei-xref" + style= + "margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"> + <span style= + "font-size: 90%">http://www.gutenberg.org</span></a></p> + + <p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This Web + site includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including + how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive + Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to + subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.</p> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> +</body> +</html> |