diff options
| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:09:29 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 20:09:29 -0700 |
| commit | 4e8a0d9a61fa06a40ce08e8715c592d55a44863a (patch) | |
| tree | f362faf5809ca8b5412025137c9e52421cea2c83 /38081-h | |
Diffstat (limited to '38081-h')
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diff --git a/38081-h/38081-h.htm b/38081-h/38081-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d9909fd --- /dev/null +++ b/38081-h/38081-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,25305 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" +"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> +<!-- This HTML file has been automatically generated from an XML source on 2011-11-21T21:54:40.48+01:00. --> +<html lang="en"> +<head> +<meta name="generator" content= +"HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 25 March 2009), see www.w3.org"> +<title>The Inhabitants of the Philippines</title> +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii"> +<meta name="generator" content= +"tei2html.xsl, see http://code.google.com/p/tei2html/"> +<meta name="author" content="Frederic Henry Read Sawyer"> +<link rel="schema.DC" href= +"http://dublincore.org/documents/1998/09/dces/"> +<meta name="DC.Creator" content="Frederic Henry Read Sawyer"> +<meta name="DC.Title" content="The Inhabitants of the Philippines"> +<meta name="DC.Date" content="#####"> +<meta name="DC.Language" content="en"> +<meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html"> +<meta name="DC.Publisher" content="Project Gutenberg"> +<meta name="DC:Subject" content="Ethnology -- Philippines"> +<meta name="DC:Subject" content=""> +<meta name="DC:Subject" content= +"Philippines -- Social life and customs"> +<style type="text/css"> +body +{ +font: 100%/1.2em "Times New Roman", Times, serif; +margin: 1.58em 16%; +text-align: left; +} +/* Titlepage */ +.titlePage +{ +border: #DDDDDD 2px solid; +margin: 3em 0% 7em 0%; +padding: 5em 10% 6em 10%; +text-align: center; +} +.titlePage .docTitle +{ +line-height: 3.5em; +margin: 2em 0% 2em 0%; +font-weight: bold; +} +.titlePage .docTitle .mainTitle +{ +font-size: 1.8em; +} +.titlePage .docTitle .subTitle, .titlePage .docTitle .seriesTitle, .titlePage .docTitle .volumeTitle +{ +font-size: 1.44em; +} +.titlePage .byline +{ +margin: 2em 0% 2em 0%; +font-size:1.2em; +line-height:1.72em; +} +.titlePage .byline .docAuthor +{ +font-size: 1.2em; +font-weight: bold; +} +.titlePage .figure +{ +margin: 2em 0% 2em 0%; +margin-left: auto; +margin-right: auto; +} +.titlePage .docImprint +{ +margin: 4em 0% 0em 0%; +font-size: 1.2em; +line-height: 1.72em; +} +.titlePage .docImprint .docDate +{ +font-size: 1.2em; +font-weight: bold; +} +/* End Titlepage */ +.transcribernote +{ +background-color:#DDE; +border:black 1px dotted; +color:#000; +font-family:sans-serif; +font-size:80%; +margin:2em 5%; +padding:1em; +} +.advertisment +{ +background-color:#FFFEE0; +border:black 1px dotted; +color:#000; +margin:2em 5%; +padding:1em; +} +.correctiontable +{ +width: 75%; +} +.width20 +{ +width: 20%; +} +.width40 +{ +width: 40%; +} +.indextoc +{ +text-align: center; +} +.div0 +{ +padding-top: 5.6em; +} +.div1 +{ +padding-top: 4.8em; +} +.index +{ +font-size: 80%; +} +.div2 +{ +padding-top: 3.6em; +} +.div3, .div4, .div5 +{ +padding-top: 2.4em; +} +.footnotes .body, +.footnotes .div1 +{ +padding: 0; +} +.apparatusnote +{ +text-decoration: none; +} +table.alignedtext +{ +border-collapse: collapse; +} +table.alignedtext td +{ +vertical-align: top; +width: 50%; +} +table.alignedtext td.first +{ +border-width: 0 0.2px 0 0; +border-color: gray; +border-style: solid; +padding-right: 10px; +} +table.alignedtext td.second +{ +padding-left: 10px; +} +h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, .h1, .h2, .h3, .h4 +{ +clear: both; +font-style: normal; +text-transform: none; +} +h3, .h3 +{ +font-size:1.2em; 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+} +.xd20e12363width +{ +width:720px; +} +.xd20e12558width +{ +width:508px; +} +.xd20e12658width +{ +width:564px; +} +.xd20e12851width +{ +width:503px; +} +</style> +</head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's The Inhabitants of the Philippines, by Frederic H. Sawyer + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Inhabitants of the Philippines + +Author: Frederic H. Sawyer + +Release Date: November 21, 2011 [EBook #38081] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE INHABITANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES *** + + + + +Produced by Tamiko I. Rollings, Jeroen Hellingman and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net +(This file was produced from images generously made +available by Cornell University Digital Collections) + + + + + + +</pre> + +<div class="front"> +<div class="div1 frenchtitle"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first xd20e120">The Inhabitants of the Philippines</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div1 frontispiece"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first"></p> +<div class="figure xd20e125width" id="p000"><img src="images/p000.jpg" +alt="Frontispiece." width="522" height="720"> +<p class="figureHead">Frontispiece.</p> +</div> +<div class="figure xd20e130width"><img src="images/signature.gif" alt= +"Signed: Yours very truly, Frederic H Sawyer" width="380" height= +"212"></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div1 titlepage"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first"></p> +<div class="figure xd20e137width"><img src="images/titlepage.gif" alt= +"Original Title Page." width="443" height="720"></div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="titlePage"> +<div class="docTitle"> +<div class="mainTitle">The Inhabitants of the Philippines</div> +</div> +<div class="byline">By<br> +<span class="docAuthor">Frederic H. Sawyer</span><br> +Memb. Inst. C.E., Memb. Inst. N.A.</div> +<div class="docImprint">London<br> +Sampson Low, Marston and Company <i>Limited</i><br> +St. Dunstan’s House<br> +<i>Fetter Lane, Fleet Street, E.C.</i><br> +<span class="docDate">1900</span></div> +</div> +<div class="div1 imprint"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first xd20e120">London:<br> +Printed by William Clowes and Sons, <span class= +"sc">Limited</span>,<br> +Stamford Street and Charing Cross. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"xd20e182" href="#xd20e182" name="xd20e182">v</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div1 preface"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="main">Preface.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The writer feels that no English book does justice to +the natives of the Philippines, and this conviction has impelled him to +publish his own more favourable estimate of them. He arrived in Manila +with a thorough command of the Spanish language, and soon acquired a +knowledge of the Tagal dialect. His avocations brought him into contact +with all classes of the community—officials, priests, +land-owners, mechanics, and peasantry: giving him an unrivalled +opportunity to learn their ideas and observe their manners and customs. +He resided in Luzon for fourteen years, making trips either on business +or for sport all over the Central and Southern Provinces, also visiting +Cebú, Iloilo, and other ports in Visayas, as well as Calamianes, +Cuyos, and Palawan.</p> +<p>Old Spanish chroniclers praise the good breeding of the natives, and +remark the quick intelligence of the young.</p> +<p>Recent writers are less favourable; Cañamaque holds them up +to ridicule, Monteverde denies them the possession of any good quality +either of body or mind.</p> +<p>Foreman declares that a voluntary concession of justice is regarded +by them as a sign of weakness; other writers judge them from a few +days’ experience of some of the cross-bred corrupted denizens of +Manila.</p> +<p>Mr. Whitelaw Reid denounces them as rebels, savages, and treacherous +barbarians.</p> +<p>Mr. McKinley is struck by their ingratitude for American kindness +and mercy. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e198" href="#xd20e198" +name="xd20e198">vi</a>]</span></p> +<p>Senator Beveridge declares that the inhabitants of Mindanao are +incapable of civilisation.</p> +<p>It seems to have been left to French and German contemporary +writers, such as Dr. Montano and Professor Blumentritt to show a more +appreciative, and the author thinks, a fairer spirit, than those who +have requited the hospitality of the Filipinos by painting them in the +darkest colours. It will be only fair to exempt from this censure two +American naval officers, Paymaster Wilcox and Mr. L. S. Sargent, who +travelled in North Luzon and drew up a report of what they saw.</p> +<p>As regards the accusation of being savages, the Tagals can claim to +have treated their prisoners of war, both Spaniards and Americans with +humanity, and to be fairer fighters than the Boers.</p> +<p>The writer has endeavoured to describe the people as he found them. +If his estimate of them is more favourable than that of others, it may +be that he exercised more care in declining to do business with, or to +admit to his service natives of doubtful reputation; for he found his +clients punctual in their payments, and his employés, workmen +and servants, skilful, industrious, and grateful for benefits +bestowed.</p> +<p>If the natives fared badly at the hands of recent authors, the +Spanish Administration fared worse, for it has been painted in the +darkest tints, and unsparingly condemned.</p> +<p>It was indeed corrupt and defective, and what government is not? +More than anything, it was behind the age, yet it was not without its +good points.</p> +<p>Until an inept bureaucracy was substituted for the old paternal +rule, and the revenue quadrupled by increased taxation, the Filipinos +were as happy a community as could be found in any colony. The +population greatly multiplied; they lived in competence, if not in +affluence; cultivation was extended, and the exports steadily +increased.</p> +<p>The natives were secured the perpetual usufruct of the <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="xd20e216" href="#xd20e216" name= +"xd20e216">vii</a>]</span>land they tilled, they were protected against +the usurer, that curse of East and West.</p> +<p>In guaranteeing the land to the husbandman, the “Laws of the +Indies” compare favourably with the law of the United States +regarding Indian land tenure. The Supreme Court in 1823 decided that +“discovery gives the dominion of the land discovered to the +States of which the discoverers were the subjects.”</p> +<p>It has been almost an axiom with some writers that no advance was +made or could be made under Spanish rule.</p> +<p>There were difficulties indeed. The Colonial Minister, importuned on +the one hand by doctrinaire liberals, whose crude schemes of reform +would have set the Archipelago on fire, and confronted on the other by +the serried phalanx of the Friars with their hired literary bravos, was +very much in the position of being between the devil and the deep sea, +or, as the Spaniards phrase it “<span lang="es">entre la espada y +la pared</span>.”</p> +<p>Even thus the Administration could boast of some reforms and +improvements.</p> +<p>The hateful slavery of the Cagayanes had been abolished; the forced +cultivation of tobacco was a thing of the past, and in all the +Archipelago the <i>corvée</i> had been reduced.</p> +<p>A telegraph cable connecting Manila with Hong Kong and the +world’s telegraph system had been laid and subsidized. Telegraph +wires were extended to all the principal towns of Luzon; lines of mail +steamers to all the principal ports of the Archipelago were established +and subsidized. A railway <span class="measure" title= +"193 kilometers">120 miles</span> long had been built from Manila to +Dagupan under guarantee. A steam tramway had been laid to Malabon, and +horse tramways through the suburbs of Manila. The Quay walls of the +Pasig had been improved, and the river illuminated from its mouth to +the bridge by powerful electric arc lights.</p> +<p>Several lighthouses had been built, others were in progress. A +capacious harbour was in construction, although unfortunately defective +in design and execution. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e241" href= +"#xd20e241" name="xd20e241">viii</a>]</span>The Manila waterworks had +been completed and greatly reduced the mortality of the city. The +schools were well attended, and a large proportion of the population +could read and write. Technical schools had been established in Manila +and Iloilo, and were eagerly attended. Credit appears to be due to the +Administration for these measures, but it is rare to see any mention of +them.</p> +<p>As regards the Religious Orders that have played so important a part +scarcely a word has been said in their favour. Worcester declares his +conviction that their influence is wholly bad. However they take a lot +of killing and seem to have got round the Peace Commission and General +Otis.</p> +<p>They are not wholly bad, and they have had a glorious history. They +held the islands from 1570 to 1828, without any permanent garrison of +Spanish regular troops, and from 1828 to 1883 with about 1500 +artillerymen. They did <span class="corr" id="xd20e248" title= +"Source: no">not</span> entirely rely upon brute force. They are +certainly no longer suited to the circumstances of the Philippines +having survived their utility. They are an anachronism. But they have +brought the Philippines a long way on the path of civilisation. Let us +be just; what British, French, or Dutch colony, populated by natives, +can compare with the Philippines as they were till 1895?</p> +<p>And what about American rule? It has begun unfortunately, and has +raised a feeling of hatred in the natives that will take a generation +to efface. It will not be enough for the United States to beat down +armed resistance. A huge army must be maintained to keep the natives +down. As soon as the Americans are at war with one of the Great Powers, +the natives will rise; whenever a land-tax is imposed there will be an +insurrection.</p> +<p>The great difference between this war and former insurrections is +that now for the first time the natives have rifles and ammunition, and +have learned to use them. Not all the United States Navy can stop them +from bringing in fresh supplies. Unless some arrangement is come to +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e255" href="#xd20e255" name= +"xd20e255">ix</a>]</span>with the natives, there can be no lasting +peace. Such an arrangement I believe quite possible, and that it could +be brought about in a manner satisfactory to both parties.</p> +<p>This would not be, however, on the lines suggested in the +<i>National Review</i> of September under the heading, “Will the +United States withdraw from the Philippines?”</p> +<p>Three centuries of Spanish rule is not a fit preparation for +undertaking the government of the Archipelago. But Central and Southern +Luzon, with the adjacent islands, might be formed into a State whose +inhabitants would be all Tagals and Vicols, and the northern part into +another State whose most important peoples would be the Pampangos, the +Pangasinanes, the Ilocanos, and the Cagayanes; the Igorrotes and other +heathen having a special Protector to look after their interests.</p> +<p>Visayas might form a third State, all the inhabitants being of that +race, whilst Mindanao and Southern Palawan should be entirely governed +by Americans like a British Crown Colony.</p> +<p>The Sulu Sultanate could be a Protectorate similar to North Borneo +or the Malay States. Manila could be a sort of Federal District, and +the Consuls would be accredited to the President’s +representative, the foreign relations being solely under his direction. +There should be one tariff for all the islands, for revenue only, +treating all nations alike, the custom houses, telegraphs, post +offices, and lighthouse service being administered by United States +officials, either native or American. With power thus limited, the +Tagals, Pampangos, and Visayas might be entrusted with their own +affairs, and no garrisons need be kept, except in certain selected +healthy spots, always having transports at hand to convey them wherever +they were wanted. If, as seems probable, Mr. McKinley should be +re-elected, I hope he will attempt some such arrangement, and I +heartily wish him success in pacifying this sorely troubled country, +the scene of four years continuous massacre. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="xd20e268" href="#xd20e268" name= +"xd20e268">x</a>]</span></p> +<p>The Archipelago is at present in absolute anarchy, the exports have +diminished by half, and whereas we used to travel and camp out in +absolute security, now no white man dare show his face more than a mile +from a garrison.</p> +<p>Notwithstanding this, some supporters of the Administration in the +States are advising young men with capital that there is a great +opening for them as planters in the Islands.</p> +<p>There may be when the Islands are pacified, but not before.</p> +<p>To all who contemplate proceeding to or doing any business, or +taking stock in any company in the Philippines, I recommend a careful +study of my book. They cannot fail to benefit by it.</p> +<p class="signed"><span class="sc">Red Hill</span>, <i>Oct. 15th, +1900</i>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e285" href="#xd20e285" +name="xd20e285">xi</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div1 credits"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="main">Salámat.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The author desires to express his hearty thanks to all +those who have assisted him.</p> +<p>To Father Joaquin Sancho, S.J., Procurator of Colonial Missions, +Madrid, for the books, maps and photographs relating to Mindanao, with +permission to use them.</p> +<p>To Mr. H. W. B. Harrison of the British Embassy, Madrid, for his +kindness in taking photographs and obtaining books.</p> +<p>To Don Francisco de P. Vigil, Director of the Colonial Museum, +Madrid, for affording special facilities for photographing the Anitos +and other curiosities of the Igorrotes.</p> +<p>To Messrs. J. Laurent and Co., Madrid, for permission to reproduce +interesting photographs of savage and civilised natives.</p> +<p>To Mr. George Gilchrist of Manila, for photographs, and for the use +of his diary with particulars of the Tagal insurrection, and for +descriptions of some incidents of which he was an eye-witness.</p> +<p>To Mr. C. E. de Bertodano, C.E., of Victoria Street, Westminster, +for the use of books of reference and for information afforded.</p> +<p>To Mr. William Harrison of Billiter Square, E.C., for the use of +photographs of Vicols cleaning hemp.</p> +<p>To the late Mr. F. W. Campion of Trumpets Hill, Reigate, for the +photograph of Salacot and Bolo taken from very fine specimens in his +possession, and for the use of other photographs. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="xd20e307" href="#xd20e307" name= +"xd20e307">xii</a>]</span></p> +<p>To Messrs. Smith, Bell and Co. of Manila, for the very complete +table of exports which they most kindly supplied.</p> +<p>To Don Sixto Lopez of Balayan, for the loan of the Congressional +Record, the Blue Book of the 55th Congress, 3rd Session, and other +books.</p> +<p>To the Superintendent of the Reading Room and his Assistants for +their courtesy and help when consulting the old Spanish histories in +the noble library of the British Museum. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"xd20e315" href="#xd20e315" name="xd20e315">xiii</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div1 bibliography"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="main">Alphabetical List of Works Cited, Referred to, or +Studied whilst Preparing this Work.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first"><i>Abella, Enrique</i>—‘<span lang= +"es">Informes</span>’ (Reports).</p> +<p><i>Anonymous</i>—‘<span lang="es">Catálogo +Oficial de la Exposicion de Filipinas</span>’; ‘<span lang= +"es">Filipinas: Problema Fundamental</span>,’ 1887; +‘<span lang="es">Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas</span>,’ +1595; ‘<span lang="es">Las Filipinas se pierden</span>,’ a +scurrilous Spanish pamphlet, Manila, 1841; ‘<span lang="es">Aviso +al publico</span>,’ account of an attempt by the French to cause +Joseph Bonaparte to be acknowledged King of the Philippines.</p> +<p><i>Barrantes Vicente</i>—‘<span lang="es">Guerras +piraticas de Filipinas contra Mindanaos y Joloanos</span>,’ +Madrid, 1878, and other writings.</p> +<p><i>Becke, Louis</i>—‘Wild Life in Southern +Seas.’</p> +<p><i>Bent, Mrs. Theodore</i>—‘Southern Arabia.’</p> +<p><i>Blanco, Padre</i>—‘<span lang="es">Flora +Filipina</span>.’</p> +<p><i>Blumentritt, Professor Ferdinand</i>—‘<span lang= +"de">Versuch einer Ethnographie der Philippinen</span>’ +(<span class="corr" id="xd20e374" title= +"Source: Petermans">Petermann’s</span>).</p> +<p><i>Brantôme, Abbé de</i>—(In Motley’s +‘<a class="pglink xd20e41" title= +"Link to Project Gutenberg ebook" href= +"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4823">Rise of the Dutch +Republic</a>.’)</p> +<p><i>Cavada, Agustin de la</i>—‘<span lang="es">Historia, +Geografica, Geologica, y estadistica de Filipinas</span>,’ +Manila, 1876, 1877.</p> +<p><i>Centeno, José</i>—‘<span lang= +"es">Informes</span>’ (Reports).</p> +<p><i>Clifford, Hugh</i>—‘Studies in Brown Humanity,’ +‘In Court and Kampong.’</p> +<p><i>Comyn, Tomas de.</i></p> +<p><i><span class="corr" id="xd20e409" title= +"Source: Crauford">Crawford</span>, John</i>—‘History of +the Indian Archipelago,’ Edinburgh, 1820; ‘Descriptive +Dictionary of the Indian Islands,’ London, 1856.</p> +<p><i>Cuming, E. D.</i>—‘With the Jungle Folk.’</p> +<p><i>Dampier, William</i>—(from Pinkerton).</p> +<p><i>De Guignes</i>—‘Voyage to Pekin, Manila, and Isle of +France.’</p> +<p><i>D’Urville, Dumont.</i></p> +<p><i>Foreman, John</i>—‘<a class="pglink xd20e41" title= +"Link to Project Gutenberg ebook" href= +"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22815">The Philippine +Islands</a>,’ first and second editions.</p> +<p><i>Garcilasso, Inca de la Vega</i>—‘Comentarios +Réales.’</p> +<p><i>Gironière, Paul de la</i>—‘<a class= +"pglink xd20e41" title="Link to Project Gutenberg ebook" href= +"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/21804">Vingt ans aux <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e446" title= +"Source: Phillipines">Philippines</span></a>.’</p> +<p><i>Jagor, F.</i>—‘<a class="pglink xd20e41" title= +"Link to Project Gutenberg ebook" href= +"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10770">Travels in the +Philippines</a>.’</p> +<p><i>Jesuits, Society of</i>—‘<span lang="es">Cartas de +los P.P. de la C<sup>ia</sup> de Jesus de la mision de +Filipinas</span>,’ Cuad<sup>s</sup> ix y x (1891–95); +‘<span lang="es">Estados Generales</span>,’ Manila, 1896, +1897; ‘<span lang="es">Mapa Politica Hidrografica</span>’; +‘<span lang="es">Plano de los Distritos 2<sup>o</sup> y +5<sup>o</sup> de Mindanao</span>’; ‘<span lang="es">Mapa de +Basilan</span>.’</p> +<p><i>Mas, Sinibaldo de</i>—‘<span lang="es">Informe sobre +el estado de las Yslas Filipinas en 1842</span>.’ <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="xd20e496" href="#xd20e496" name= +"xd20e496">xiv</a>]</span></p> +<p><i>Montano, Dr. J.</i>—‘<span lang="fr">Voyage aux +Philippines</span>,’ Paris, 1886.</p> +<p><i>Monteverde, Colonel Federico de</i>—‘<span lang= +"es">La Division Lachambre</span>.’</p> +<p><i>Morga, Antonio de</i>—‘<span lang="es">Sucesos de las +Yslas Filipinas</span>,’ Mejico, 1609.</p> +<p><i>Motley, John Lothrop</i>—‘<a class="pglink xd20e41" +title="Link to Project Gutenberg ebook" href= +"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4823">Rise of the Dutch +Republic</a>.’</p> +<p><i>Navarro, Fr. Eduardo</i>—‘<span lang="es">Filipinas. +Estudio de Asuntos de momento</span>,’ 1897.</p> +<p><i>Nieto José</i>—‘<a class="pglink xd20e41" +title="Link to Project Gutenberg ebook" href= +"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15334">Mindanao, su Historia y +Geographia</a>,’ 1894.</p> +<p><i>Palgrave, W. G.</i>—‘Ulysses, or Scenes in Many +Lands’; ‘Malay Life in the Philippines.’</p> +<p><i>Petermann</i>—<span lang="de">‘Petermanns +Mitth.’, Ergänzungsheft N<sup>r</sup> 67, Gotha, +1882.</span></p> +<p><i>Pigafetta</i>—‘Voyage Round the World,’ +Pinkerton, vol. ii.</p> +<p><i>Prescott</i>—‘<a class="pglink xd20e41" title= +"Link to Project Gutenberg ebook" href= +"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1323">Conquest of Peru.</a>’</p> +<p><i>Posewitz, Dr. Theodor</i>—‘Borneo, its Geology and +Mineral Resources.’</p> +<p><i>Rathbone</i>—‘Camping and Tramping in +Malaya.’</p> +<p><i>Reyes, Ysabelo de los</i>—Pamphlet.</p> +<p><i><span class="corr" id="xd20e579" title= +"Source: Risal">Rizal</span></i>—‘Noli me +Tangere.’</p> +<p><i>St. John, Spenser</i>—‘Life in the Forests of the Far +East.’</p> +<p><i>Torquemada, Fray Juan</i>—‘Monarquia +Indiana.’</p> +<p><i>Traill, H. D.</i>—‘Lord Cromer.’</p> +<p><i>Vila, Francisco</i>—‘Filipinas,’ 1880.</p> +<p><i>Wallace, Alfred R.</i>—‘<a class="pglink xd20e41" +title="Link to Project Gutenberg ebook" href= +"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2530">The Malay +Archipelago</a>.’</p> +<p><i>Wingfield, Hon. Lewis</i>—‘Wanderings of a +Globe-trotter.’</p> +<p><i>Worcester, Dean C.</i>—‘The Philippine Islands and +their People.’</p> +<p><i>Younghusband, Major</i>—‘The Philippines and Round +About.’</p> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Magazine Articles.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first"><i>Scribner</i> (<i>George F. +Becker</i>)—‘Are the Philippines Worth Having?’</p> +<p><i>Blackwood</i> (<i>Anonymous</i>)—‘The Case of the +Philippines.’</p> +<p><i>Tennie, G. Claflin</i> (<i>Lady Cook</i>)—‘Virtue +Defined’ (<i>New York Herald</i>).</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Speeches.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first"><i>President McKinley</i>: To the 10th Pennsylvania +Regiment, Pittsburgh.</p> +<p><i>Mr. Whitelaw Reid</i>: To the Miami University, Ohio.</p> +<p><i>Senator Hoar</i>, in the Senate.</p> +<p><i>Blue Book</i>—55th Congress, 3rd Session, Doc. No. 62, Part +I. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e664" href="#xd20e664" name= +"xd20e664">xi</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div id="toc" class="div1 contents"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="main">Contents.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first tocPart"><a href="#intro">Introductory and +Descriptive.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch1">Chapter I.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">Extent, Beauty and Fertility. + <span class="tocPagenum">Pages</span></p> +<p class="tocArgument">Extent, beauty and fertility of the +Archipelago—Variety of landscape—Vegetation—Mango +trees—Bamboos <span class= +"tocPagenum">1–6</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch2">Chapter II.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">Spanish Government.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">Slight sketch of organization—Distribution +of population—Collection of taxes—The stick + <span class="tocPagenum">7–13</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch3">Chapter III.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">Six Governors-General.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">Moriones—Primo de +Rivera—Jovellar—Terreros—Weyler—Despujols + <span class= +"tocPagenum">14–23</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch4">Chapter IV.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">Courts of Justice.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">Alcaldes—The Audiencia—The Guardia +Civil—Do not hesitate to shoot—Talas + <span class= +"tocPagenum">24–30</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch5">Chapter V.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">Tagal Crime and Spanish Justice.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">The murder of a Spaniard—Promptitude of +the Courts—The case of Juan de la Cruz—Twelve years in +prison waiting trial—Piratical outrage in Luzon—Culprits +never tried; several die in prison +<span class="tocPagenum">31–47</span> <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="xd20e731" href="#xd20e731" name= +"xd20e731">xvi</a>]</span></p> +<p class="tocPart">Historical.</p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch6">Chapter VI.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">Causes of Tagal Revolt.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">Corrupt officials—“Laws of the +Indies”—Philippines a dependency of Mexico, up to +1800—The opening of the Suez Canal—Hordes of useless +officials—The Asimilistas—Discontent, but no +disturbance—Absence of crime—Natives petition for the +expulsion of the Friars—Many signatories of the petition punished + <span class= +"tocPagenum">48–56</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch7">Chapter VII.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">The Religious Orders.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">The Augustinians—Their glorious +founder—Austin Friars in +England—Scotland—Mexico—They sail with Villalobos for +the Islands of the Setting Sun—Their disastrous voyage—Fray +Andres Urdaneta and his companions—Foundation of Cebú and +Manila with two hundred and forty other towns—Missions to Japan +and China—The Flora Filipina—The Franciscans—The +Jesuits—The Dominicans—The Recollets—Statistics of +the religious orders in the islands—Turbulence of the +friars—Always ready to fight for their country—Furnish a +war ship and command it—Refuse to exhibit the titles of their +estates in 1689—The Augustinians take up arms against the +British—Ten of them fall on the field of battle—Their +rectories sacked and burnt—Bravery of the archbishop and friars +in 1820—Father Ibañez raises a battalion—Leads it to +the assault of a Moro Cotta—Execution of native priests in +1872—Small garrison in the islands—Influence of the +friars—Their behaviour—Herr +Jagor—Foreman—Worcester—Younghusband—Opinion of +Pope Clement X.—Tennie C. Claflin—Equality of +opportunity—Statesque figures of the girls—The +author’s experience of the Friars—The Philippine +clergy—Who shall cast the first stone!—Constitution of the +orders—Life of a friar—May become an Archbishop—The +Chapter <span class= +"tocPagenum">57–70</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch8">Chapter VIII.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">Their Estates.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">Malinta and Piedad—Mandaloyan—San +Francisco de Malabon—Irrigation +works—Imus—Calamba—Cabuyao—Santa Rosa +Biñan—San Pedro Tunasan—Naic—Santa +Cruz—<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e765" href="#xd20e765" +name="xd20e765">xvii</a>]</span>Estates a bone of contention for +centuries—Principal cause of revolt of Tagals—But the Peace +Commission guarantee the Orders in possession—Pacification +retarded—Summary—The Orders must go!—And be replaced +by natives <span class= +"tocPagenum">71–78</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch9">Chapter IX.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">Secret Societies.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">Masonic Lodges—Execution or exile of +Masons in 1872—The “Asociacion Hispano +Filipina”—The “Liga Filipina”—The +Katipunan—Its programme <span class= +"tocPagenum">79–83</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch10">Chapter X.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">The Insurrection of 1896–97.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">Combat at San Juan del Monte—Insurrection +spreading—Arrival of reinforcements from Spain—Rebel +entrenchments—Rebel arms and artillery—Spaniards repulsed +from Binacáyan—and from Noveleta—Mutiny of +Carabineros—Prisoners at Cavite attempt to +escape—Iniquities of the Spanish War +Office—Lachambre’s division—Rebel +organization—Rank and badges—Lachambre advances—He +captures Silang—Perez +Dasmariñas—Salitran—Anabo II. + <span class= +"tocPagenum">84–96</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch11">Chapter XI.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">The Insurrection of +1896–97—<i>continued</i>.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">The Division encamps at San Nicolas—Work +of the native Engineer soldiers—The division marches to +Salitran—Second action at Anabo II.—Crispulo Aguinaldo +killed—Storming the entrenchments of Anabo I.—Burning of +Imus by the rebels—Proclamation by General +Polavieja—Occupation of Bacoor—Difficult march of the +division—San Antonio taken by assault—Division in action +with all its artillery—Capture of Noveleta—San Francisco +taken by assault—Heavy loss of the Tagals—Losses of the +division—The division broken up—Monteverde’s +book—Polaveija returns to Spain—Primo de Rivera arrives to +take his place—General Monet’s butcheries—The pact of +Biak-na-Bato—The 74th Regiment joins the insurgents—The +massacre of the Calle Camba—Amnesty for torturers—Torture +in other countries <span class= +"tocPagenum">97–108</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch12">Chapter XII.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">The Americans in the Philippines.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">Manila Bay—The naval battle of +Cavite—General Aguinaldo—Progress of the Tagals—The +Tagal Republic—Who were the aggressors?—Requisites for a +settlement—Scenes of drunkenness—The estates of the +religious orders to be <span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e815" href= +"#xd20e815" name="xd20e815">xviii</a>]</span>restored—Slow +progress of the campaign—Colonel Funston’s gallant +exploits—Colonel Stotsenburg’s heroic death—General +Antonio Luna’s gallant rally of his troops at +Macabebe—Reports manipulated—Imaginary hills and +jungles—Want of co-operation between Army and Navy—Advice +of Sir Andrew Clarke—Naval officers as administrators—Mr. +Whitelaw Reid’s denunciations—Senator Hoar’s +opinion—Mr. McKinley’s speech at Pittsburgh—The false +prophets of the Philippines—Tagal opinion of American +Rule—Señor Mabini’s manifesto—Don Macario +Adriatico’s letter—Foreman’s prophecy—The +administration misled—Racial antipathy—The curse of the +Redskins—The recall of General Otis—McArthur calls for +reinforcements—Sixty-five thousand men and forty ships of +war—State of the islands—Aguinaldo on the Taft Commission + <span class= +"tocPagenum">109–123</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch13">Chapter XIII.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">Native Admiration for America.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">Their fears of a corrupt government—The +islands might be an earthly paradise—Wanted, the man—Rajah +Brooke—Sir Andrew Clarke—Hugh Clifford—John +Nicholson—Charles Gordon—Evelyn Baring—Mistakes of +the Peace Commission—Government should be a +Protectorate—Fighting men should be made governors—What +might have been—The Malay race—Senator Hoar’s +speech—Four years’ slaughter of the Tagals + <span class= +"tocPagenum">124–128</span></p> +<p class="tocPart">Resources of the Philippines.</p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch14">Chapter XIV.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">Resources of the Philippines.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">At the Spanish conquest—Rice—the +lowest use the land can be put to—How the Americans are +misled—Substitutes for rice—Wheat formerly +grown—Tobacco—Compañia General de +Tabacos—Abacá—Practically a monopoly of the +Philippines—Sugar—Coffee—Cacao—Indigo—Cocoa-nut +oil—Rafts of nuts—Copra—True localities for cocoa +palm groves Summary—More sanguine forecasts—Common-sense +view <span class= +"tocPagenum">129–138</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch15">Chapter XV.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">Forestal.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">Value exaggerated—Difficulties of labour +and transport—Special sawing machinery required—Market for +timber in the islands—Teak not found—Jungle +produce—Warning to investors in companies—Gutta percha + <span class="tocPagenum">139–142</span> +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e856" href="#xd20e856" name= +"xd20e856">xix</a>]</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch16">Chapter XVI.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">The Minerals.</p> +<p class="tocArgument"><i>Gold</i>: Dampier—Pigafetta—De +Comyn—Placers in Luzon—Gapan—River Agno—The +Igorrotes—Auriferous quartz from +Antaniac—Capunga—Pangutantan—Goldpits at +Suyuc—Atimonan—Paracale—Mambulao—Mount +Labo—Surigao River Siga—Gigaquil, Caninon-Binutong, and +Cansostral +Mountains—Misamis—Pighoulugan—Iponan—Pigtao—Dendritic +gold from Misamis—Placer gold traded away +surreptitiously—Cannot be taxed—Spanish mining +laws—Pettifogging lawyers—Prospects for gold seekers. +<i>Copper</i>: Native copper at Surigao and Torrijos +(Mindoro)—Copper deposits at Mancayan worked by the +Igorrotes—Spanish company—Insufficient data—Caution +required. <i>Iron</i>: Rich ores found in the Cordillera of +Luzon—Worked by natives—Some Europeans have attempted but +failed—Red hematite in Cebú—Brown hematite in +Paracale—Both red and brown in Capiz—Oxydised iron in +Misamis—Magnetic iron in San Miguel de +Mayumo—Possibilities. <i>Coal</i> (so called): Beds of lignite +upheaved—Vertical seams at Sugud—Reason of +failure—Analysis of Masbate lignite. <i>Various minerals</i>: +Galena—Red lead—Graphite—Quicksilver—Sulphur +Asbestos—Yellow ochre—Kaolin, Marble—Plastic +clays—Mineral waters <span class= +"tocPagenum">143–157</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch17">Chapter XVII.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">Manufactures and Industries.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">Cigars and +cigarettes—Textiles—Cotton—Abacá—Júsi—Rengue—Nipis—Saguran—Sinamáy—Guingon—Silk +handkerchiefs—Piña—Cordage—Bayones—Esteras—Baskets—Lager +beer—Alcohol—Wood oils and resins—Essence of +Ylang-ilang—Salt—Bricks—Tiles—Cooking-pots—Pilones—Ollas—Embroidery—Goldsmiths’ +and silversmiths’ work—Salacots—Cocoa-nut +oil—Saddles and +harness—Carromatas—Carriages—Schooners—Launches—Lorchas—Cascos—Pontines—Bangcas—Engines +and boilers—Furniture—Fireworks—Lanterns—Brass +Castings—Fish breeding—Drying sugar—Baling +hemp—Repacking wet sugar—Oppressive tax on +industries—Great future for manufactures—Abundant +labour—Exceptional intelligence +<span class="tocPagenum">158–163</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch18">Chapter XVIII.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">Commercial and Industrial Prospects.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">Philippines not a poor man’s +country—Oscar F. Williams’ letter—No occupation for +white mechanics—American merchants unsuccessful in the +East—Difficulties of living <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"xd20e902" href="#xd20e902" name="xd20e902">xx</a>]</span>amongst +Malays—Inevitable quarrels—Unsuitable climate—The +Mali-mali or Sakit-latah—The Traspaso de +hambre—Chiflados—Wreck of the nervous system—Effects +of abuse of alcohol—Capital the +necessity—Banks—Advances to cultivators—To timber +cutters—To gold miners—Central sugar +factories—Paper-mills—Rice-mills—Cotton-mills—Saw-mills—Coasting +steamers—Railway from Manila to Batangas—From Siniloan to +the Pacific—Survey for ship canal—Bishop Gainzas’ +project—Tramways for Luzon and Panay—Small steamers for +Mindanao—Chief prospect is agriculture +<span class="tocPagenum">164–172</span></p> +<p class="tocPart">Social.</p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch19">Chapter XIX.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">Life in Manila.</p> +<p class="tocChapter">(<i>A Chapter for the Ladies.</i>)</p> +<p class="tocArgument">Climate—Seasons—Terrible Month of +May—Hot winds—Longing for rain—Burst of the +monsoon—The Alimóom—Never sleep on the ground +floor—Dress—Manila +houses—Furniture—Mosquitoes—Baths—Gogo—Servants—Wages +in 1892—The Maestro cook—The guild of cooks—The +Mayordomo—Household budget, +1892—Diet—Drinks—Ponies—Carriage a necessity +for a lady—The +garden—Flowers—Shops—Pedlars—Amusements—Necessity +of access to the hills—Good Friday in Manila + <span class= +"tocPagenum">173–187</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch20">Chapter XX.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">Sport.</p> +<p class="tocChapter">(<i>A Chapter for Men.</i>)</p> +<p class="tocArgument">The Jockey Club—Training—The +races—An Archbishop presiding—The Totalisator or Pari +Mutuel—The Manila Club—Boating club—Rifle +clubs—Shooting—Snipe—Wild +duck—Plover—Quail—Pigeons—Tabon—Labuyao, +or jungle cock—Pheasants—Deer—Wild pig—No sport +in fishing <span class= +"tocPagenum">188–191</span> <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"xd20e942" href="#xd20e942" name="xd20e942">xxi</a>]</span></p> +<p class="tocPart">Geographical.</p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch21">Chapter XXI.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">Brief Geographical Description of Luzon.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">Irregular +shape—Harbours—Bays—Mountain ranges—Blank +spaces on maps—North-east coast unexplored—River and valley +of Cagayan—Central valley from Bay of Lingayen to Bay of +Manila—Rivers Agno, Chico, Grande—The Pinag of +Candaba—Project for draining—River Pasig—Laguna de +Bay—Lake of Taal—Scene of a cataclysm—Collapse of a +volcanic cone 8000 feet high—Black and frowning island of +Mindoro—Worcester’s pluck and endurance—Placers of +Camarines—River Vicol—The wondrous purple cone of +Mayon—Luxuriant vegetation <span class= +"tocPagenum">192–200</span></p> +<p class="tocPart">The Inhabitants of the Philippines.</p> +<p class="tocArgument"><i>Description of their appearance, dress, arms, +religion, manners and customs, and the localities they inhabit, their +agriculture, industries and pursuits, with suggestions as to how they +can be utilised, commercially and politically. With many unpublished +photographs of natives, their arms, ornaments, sepulchres and +idols.</i></p> +<p class="tocChapter">Aboriginal Inhabitants.</p> +<p class="tocChapter">Scattered over the Islands.</p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch22">Chapter XXII.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">Aetas or Negritos.</p> +<p class="tocArgument"><i>Including Balúgas, Dumágas, +Mamanúas, and Manguiánes</i> +<span class="tocPagenum">201–207</span> <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="xd20e980" href="#xd20e980" name= +"xd20e980">xxii</a>]</span></p> +<p class="tocPart">Part I.</p> +<p class="tocPart">Inhabitants of Luzon and Adjacent Islands.</p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch23">Chapter XXIII.</a></p> +<p class="tocArgument">Tagals (1) <span class= +"tocPagenum">208–221</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch24">Chapter XXIV.</a></p> +<p class="tocArgument">Tagals as Soldiers and Sailors + <span class= +"tocPagenum">222–237</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch25">Chapter XXV.</a></p> +<p class="tocArgument">Pampangos (2) +<span class="tocPagenum">238–245</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch26">Chapter XXVI.</a></p> +<p class="tocArgument">Zambales (3)—Pangasinanes +(4)—Ilocanos (5)—Ibanags or Cagayanes (6) + <span class= +"tocPagenum">246–253</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch27">Chapter XXVII.</a></p> +<p class="tocArgument">Igorrotes (7) +<span class="tocPagenum">254–267</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch28">Chapter XXVIII.</a></p> +<p class="tocArgument">Isinays (11)—Abacas (12)—Italones +(13)—Ibilaos (14)—Ilongotes (15)—Mayoyaos and +Silipanes (16)—Ifugaos (17)—Gaddanes (18)—Itetapanes +(19)—Guinanes (20) <span class= +"tocPagenum">268–273</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch29">Chapter XXIX.</a></p> +<p class="tocArgument">Caláuas or Itaves (21)—Camuangas +and Bayabonanes (22)—Dadayags (23)—Nabayuganes +(24)—Aripas (25)—Calingas (26)—Tinguianes +(27)—Adangs (28)—Apayaos (29)—Catalanganes and Irayas +(30–31) <span class= +"tocPagenum">274–282</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch30">Chapter XXX.</a></p> +<p class="tocArgument">Catubanganes (32)—Vicols (33) + <span class= +"tocPagenum">283–287</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch31">Chapter XXXI.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">The Chinese in Luzon.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">Mestizos or half-breeds +<span class="tocPagenum">288–294</span> <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="xd20e1069" href="#xd20e1069" name= +"xd20e1069">xxiii</a>]</span></p> +<p class="tocPart">Part II.</p> +<p class="tocPart">The Visayas and Palawan.</p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch32">Chapter XXXII.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">The Visayas Islands.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">Area and +population—Panay—Negros—Cebú—Bohol—Leyte—Samar + <span class= +"tocPagenum">295–299</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch33">Chapter XXXIII.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">The Visayas Race.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">Appearance—Dress—Look upon Tagals as +foreigners—Favourable opinion of Tomas de Comyn—Old +Christians—Constant wars with the Moro pirates and Sea +Dayaks—Secret heathen rites—Accusation of indolence +unfounded—Exports of hemp and sugar—Ilo-ilo +sugar—Cebú sugar—Textiles—A promising race + <span class= +"tocPagenum">300–306</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch34">Chapter XXXIV.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">The Island of Palawan, or Paragua.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">The +Tagbanúas—Tandulanos—Manguianes—Negritos—Moros +of southern Palawan—Tagbanúa alphabet + <span class= +"tocPagenum">307–320</span></p> +<p class="tocPart">Part III.</p> +<p class="tocPart">Mindanao, Including Basilan.</p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch35">Chapter XXXV.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">Brief Geographical Description.</p> +<p class="tocArgument"> +Configuration—Mountains—Rivers—Lakes—Division +into districts—Administration—Productions—Basilan + <span class="tocPagenum">321–330</span> +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e1124" href="#xd20e1124" name= +"xd20e1124">xxiv</a>]</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch36">Chapter XXXVI.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">The Tribes of Mindanao.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">Visayas (1) [Old +Christians]—Mamanúas (2)—Manobos (3)—Mandayas +(4)—Manguángas (5)—Montéses or +Buquidnónes(6)—Atás or Ata-as (7)—Guiangas +(8)—Bagobos (9) <span class= +"tocPagenum">331<span class="corr" id="xd20e1135" title= +"Source: , ">–</span>351</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch37">Chapter XXXVII.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">The Tribes of +Mindanao—<i>continued</i>.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">Calaganes (10)—Tagacaolos +(11)—Dulanganes (12)—Tirurayes (13)—Tagabelies +(14)—Samales (15)—Vilanes (16)—Subanos (17) + <span class= +"tocPagenum">352–360</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch38">Chapter XXXVIII.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">The Moros, or Mahometan Malays (18 to 23).</p> +<p class="tocArgument">Illanos (18)—Sanguiles (19)—Lutangas +(20)—Calibuganes (21) Yacanes (22)—Samales (23) + <span class= +"tocPagenum">361–373</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch39">Chapter XXXIX.</a></p> +<p class="tocArgument">Tagabáuas (24) +<span class="tocPagenum">374–375</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><span class="sc">The Chinese in +Mindanao.</span></p> +<p class="tocArgument"><i>N.B.</i>—The territory occupied by each +tribe is shown on the general map of Mindanao by the number on this +list.</p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#ch40">Chapter XL.</a></p> +<p class="tocChapter">The Political Condition of Mindanao, 1899.</p> +<p class="tocArgument">Relapse into savagery—Moros the great +danger—Visayas the mainstay—Confederation of Lake +Lanao—Recall of the Missionaries—Murder and pillage in +Davao—Eastern Mindanao—Western Mindanao—The three +courses—Orphanage of Tamontaca—Fugitive +slaves—Polygamy an impediment to conversion—Labours of the +Jesuits—American Roman Catholics should send them help + <span class="tocPagenum">376–388</span> +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e1193" href="#xd20e1193" name= +"xd20e1193">xxv</a>]</span></p> +<p class="tocChapter"><a href="#app">Appendix.</a></p> +<p><span class="sc">Chronological Table</span> +<span class="tocPagenum">389</span></p> +<p><span class="sc">Table of Exports for twelve Years</span> + <span class="tocPagenum">411</span></p> +<p><span class="sc">Estimate of Population</span> + <span class="tocPagenum">415</span></p> +<p><span class="sc">Philippine Budget of</span> 1897 <span class= +"sc">compared with Revenue of</span> 1887 +<span class="tocPagenum">416, 417</span></p> +<p><span class="sc">Value of Land in several Provinces of Luzon</span> + <span class="tocPagenum">418</span></p> +<p><span class="sc">List of Spanish and Filipino Words used in the +Work</span> <span class= +"tocPagenum">419</span></p> +<p><span class="sc">Cardinal Numbers in Seven Malay Dialects</span> + <span class="tocPagenum">422</span> +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="xd20e1245" href="#xd20e1245" name= +"xd20e1245">xxvii</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div1 contents"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="main">List of Illustrations.</h2> +<ul> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p000">Portrait of the Author</a></span> + <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>Frontispiece</i></span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p006">View on the Pasig with Bamboos and +Canoe</a></span> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. 6</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p053-2">Facsimile of Cédula +Personal</a></span> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. 53</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p075">Some of the rising generation in +the Philippines</a></span> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. 75</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p150">Map of the Philippine +Islands</a></span> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. 150</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p158">Group of women making +Cigars</a></span> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. 158</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p160">Salacots and Women’s +Hats</a></span> <span class="tocPagenum"><i>To +face p</i>. 160</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p161">Author’s office, Muelle Del +Rey, ss. Salvadora, and Lighters called “Cascos”</a></span> + <span class="tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. +161</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p166">River Pasio showing Russell and +Sturgis’s former office</a></span> +<span class="tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. 166</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p168">Tower of Manila Cathedral after +the Earthquakes, 1880</a></span> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>Between pp.</i> 168–9</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p169">Suburb of Malate after a typhoon, +October 1882, When thirteen ships were driven ashore</a></span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p177">Author’s house at +Ermita</a></span> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. 177</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p185">Fernery at Ermita</a></span> + <span class="tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. +185</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p207">A Negrito from Negros +Island</a></span> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. 207</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p208">A Manila Man</a></span> + <span class="tocPagenum"><i>Between pp.</i> +208–9</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p209">A Manila Girl</a></span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p216">Tagal Girl wearing +Scapulary</a></span> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. 216</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p226">Carabao harnessed to native +Plough; Ploughman, Village, and Church</a></span> + <span class="tocPagenum"><i>Between pp.</i> +226–7</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p227">Paddy Field recently +planted</a></span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p229">Paulino Marillo, a Tagal of +Laguna, Butler to the author</a></span> +<span class="tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. 229</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p240">A Farderia, or Sugar Drying and +Packing Place</a></span> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. 240</span><span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"xd20e1444" href="#xd20e1444" name="xd20e1444">xxviii</a>]</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p254">Igorrote Spearmen and Negriot +Archer</a></span> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>To face p.</i> 254</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p258a">Anitos of Northern +Tribes</a></span> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. 258</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p258b">Aitos of the Igorrotes</a></span> + <span class="tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. +258</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p259">Coffin of an Igorrote Noble, with +his Coronets and other Ornaments</a></span> +<span class="tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. 259</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p261">Weapons of the Highlands of +Luzon</a></span> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. 261</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p264">Igorrote Dresses and Ornaments, +Water-Jar, Dripstones, Pipes, and Baskets</a></span> + <span class="tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. +264</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p266a">Anitos, Highlands</a></span> + <span class="tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. +266</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p266b">Anito of the Igorrotes</a></span> + <span class="tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. +266</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p266c">Igorrote Drums</a></span> + <span class="tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. +266</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p276">Tinguianes, Aeta, and +Igorrotes</a></span> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. 276</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p287">Vicols Preparing +Hemp</a></span>:— <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. 287</span> +<ul> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p287a">Cutting the Plant</a></span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p287c">Separating the +Petioles</a></span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p287b">Adjusting under the +Knife</a></span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p053-1">Drawing out the +Fibre</a></span></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p305">Visayas Women at a Loom</a></span> + <span class="tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. +305</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p333">Lieut. P. Garcia and Local Militia +of Baganga, Caraga (East Coast)</a></span> +<span class="tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. 333</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p347">Atás from the Back Slopes +of the Apo</a></span> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. 347</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p349">Heathen Guiangas, from the Slopes +of the Apo</a></span> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. 349</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p350">Father Gisbert, S.J. exhorting a +Bagobo Datto and his Followers to Abandon their custom of making Human +Sacrifices</a></span> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>Between pp.</i> 350–1</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p351">The Datto Manib, Principal Bagani +of the Bagabos, with some Wives and Followers and Two +Missionaries</a></span> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>Between pp.</i> 350–1</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p363">The Moro Sword and +Spear</a></span> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>To face p.</i> 363</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p367">Moros of the Bay of +Mayo</a></span> <span class="tocPagenum"><i>To +face p</i>. 367</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p373">Moro Lantacas and Coat of +Mail</a></span> <span class="tocPagenum"><i>To +face p</i>. 373</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p377">Seat of the Moro Power, Lake +Lanao</a></span> <span class= +"tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. 377</span></li> +<li><span class="sc"><a href="#p387">Double-barrelled Lantaca of +Artistic Design and Moro Arms</a></span> +<span class="tocPagenum"><i>To face p</i>. 387</span></li> +</ul> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb1" href="#pb1" name= +"pb1">1</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="body"> +<div class="div0 part" id="intro"> +<div id="ch1" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="super">The Inhabitants of the Philippines.</h2> +<h2 class="label">Chapter I.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Extent, Beauty and Fertility.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">Extent, beauty, and fertility of the +Archipelago—Variety of landscape—Vegetation—Mango +trees—Bamboos.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Extent.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Philippine Archipelago, in which I include the +Sulu group, lies entirely within the northern tropic; the southernmost +island of the Tawi-tawi group called Sibutu reaches down to 4° +38′ N., whilst Yami, the northernmost islet of the Batanes group, +lies in 21° 7′ N. This gives an extreme length of +<span class="measure" title="1770 kilometers">1100 miles</span>, whilst +the extreme breadth is about <span class="measure" title= +"1094 kilometers">680 miles</span>, measured a little below the 8th +parallel from the Island of Balábac to the east coast of +Mindanao.</p> +<p>Various authorities give the number of islands and islets at 1200 +and upwards; many have probably never been visited by a white man. We +need only concern ourselves with the principal islands and those +adjacent to them.</p> +<p>From the hydrographic survey carried out by officers of the Spanish +Navy, the following areas have been calculated and are considered +official, except those marked with an asterisk, which are only +estimated.</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<thead> +<tr class="unit"> +<td></td> +<td>Sq. Miles.</td> +<td>Sq. Miles.</td> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>Luzon</td> +<td></td> +<td>42,458</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Babuyanes Islands</td> +<td>272</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Batanes Islands</td> +<td>104</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Mindoro</td> +<td>4,153</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Catanduanes</td> +<td>721</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Marinduque</td> +<td>332</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Polillo</td> +<td>300</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Buriás</td> +<td>116</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ticao.</td> +<td>144</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Masbate</td> +<td>1,642</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>——</td> +<td>7,784</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"></td> +<td>——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">Total Luzon and adjacent islands</td> +<td>50,242<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb2" href="#pb2" name= +"pb2">2</a>]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Visayas, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Panay</td> +<td>4,898</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Negros</td> +<td>3,592</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cebú</td> +<td>2,285</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bohol</td> +<td>1,226</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Leyte</td> +<td>3,706</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Samar</td> +<td>5,182</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>——</td> +<td>20,889</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Mindanao</td> +<td>34,456</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Palawan and Balabac</td> +<td>5,963</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Calamianes Islands</td> +<td>640</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"></td> +<td>——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">Area of principal islands</td> +<td>112,190</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +<p>The Spanish official estimate of the area of the whole Archipelago +is <span class="measure" title="295,813 square kilometers">114,214 +square miles</span><a class="noteref" id="xd20e1880src" href= +"#xd20e1880" name="xd20e1880src">1</a> equivalent to 73,000,000 acres, +so that the remaining islands ought to measure between them something +over 2000 square miles.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Beauty and Fertility.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">Lest I should be taxed with exaggeration when I record +my impressions of the beauty and potential wealth of the Archipelago, +so far as I have seen it; I shall commence by citing the opinions of +some who, at different times, have visited the islands.</p> +<p>I think I cannot do better than give precedence to the impressions +of two French gentlemen who seem to me to have done justice to the +subject, then cite the calm judgment of a learned and sagacious Teuton, +and lastly quote from the laboured paragraphs of a much-travelled +cosmopolite, at one time Her Britannic Majesty’s Consul at +Manila.</p> +<p>Monsieur Dumont D’Urville says: “The Philippines, and +above all Luzon, have nothing in this world to equal them in climate, +beauty of landscape, and fertility of soil. Luzon is the finest diamond +that the Spanish adventurers have ever found.</p> +<p>“It has remained uncut in their hands; but deliver over Luzon +to British activity and tolerance, or else to the laborious tenacity of +the Dutch Creoles, and you will see what will come out of this +marvellous gem.” <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb3" href="#pb3" +name="pb3">3</a>]</span></p> +<p>Monsieur de Guignes says: “Of the numerous colonies belonging +to the Spaniards, as one of the most important must indisputably be +reckoned the Philippines. Their position, their great fertility, and +the nature of their productions, render them admirably adapted for +active commerce, and if the Spaniards have not derived much benefit +from them, to themselves and to their manner of training is the fault +to be ascribed.”</p> +<p>Herr Jagor, speaking of the Province of Bulacan, says the roads were +good and were continuously shaded by fruit trees, cocoa and areca +palms, and the aspect of this fruitful province reminded him of the +richest districts in Java, but he found the <i>pueblos</i> here +exhibited more comfort than the <i>desas</i> there.</p> +<p>Mr. Gifford Palgrave says: “Not the Ægean, not the West +Indian, not the Samoan, not any other of the fair island clusters by +which our terraqueous planet half atones for her dreary expanses of +grey ocean and monotonous desert elsewhere, can rival in manifold +beauties of earth, sea, sky, the Philippine Archipelago; nor in all +that Archipelago, lovely as it is through its entire extent, can any +island vie with the glories of Luzon.”</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Variety of Landscape.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">If I may without presumption add my testimony to that +of these illustrious travellers, I would say that, having been over a +great part of South America, from Olinda Point to the Straits of +Magellan, from Tierra del Fuego to Panama, not only on the coasts but +in the interior, from the Pampas of the Argentine and the swamps of the +Gran Chaco to where</p> +<div class="lgouter"> +<p class="line">“The roots of the Andes strike deep in the +earth</p> +<p class="line">As their summits to heaven shoot soaringly +forth;”</p> +</div> +<p class="first">having traversed the fairest gems of the Antilles and +seen some of the loveliest landscapes in Japan, I know of no land more +beautiful than Luzon, certainly of none possessing more varied features +or offering more striking contrasts.</p> +<p>Limestone cliffs and pinnacles, cracked and hollowed into +labyrinthine caves, sharp basalt peaks, great ranges of mountains, +isolated volcanic cones, cool crystalline springs, jets of boiling +water, cascades, rivers, lakes, swamps, narrow <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb4" href="#pb4" name="pb4">4</a>]</span>valleys and +broad plains, rocky promontories and coral reefs, every feature is +present, except the snow-clad peak and the glacier.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Vegetation.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">Vegetation here runs riot, hardly checked by the +devastating typhoon, or the fall of volcanic ashes. From the cocoa-nut +palm growing on the coral strand, from the mangrove, building its +pyramid of roots upon the ooze, to the giant bamboo on the banks of the +streams, and the noble mango tree adorning the plains, every tropical +species flourishes in endless variety, and forests of conifers<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e1928src" href="#xd20e1928" name="xd20e1928src">2</a> +clothe the summits of the Zambales and Ilocan mountains.</p> +<p>As for the forest wealth, the trees yielding indestructible timber +for ships, houses or furniture, those giving valuable drugs and healing +oils, gums and pigments, varnishes, pitch and resin, dyes, sap for +fermenting or distilling, oil for burning, water, vinegar, milk, fibre, +charcoal, pitch, fecula, edible fungi, tubers, bark and fruits, it +would take a larger book than this to enumerate them in their +incredible variety.</p> +<div class="div3 subsection"> +<div class="divHead"> +<h4 class="main">Mango Trees.</h4> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">A notable feature of the Philippine landscape is the +mango tree. This truly magnificent tree is often of perfect symmetry, +and rears aloft on its massive trunk and wide-spreading branches a +perfect dome of green and glistening leaves, adorned in season with +countless strings of sweet-scented blossom and pendent clusters of +green and golden fruit, incomparably luscious, unsurpassed, +unequalled.</p> +<p>Beneath that shapely vault of verdure the feathered tribes find +shelter. The restless mango bird<a class="noteref" id="xd20e1940src" +href="#xd20e1940" name="xd20e1940src">3</a> displays his contrasted +plumage of black and yellow as he flits from bough to bough, the +crimson-breasted pigeon and the ring-dove rest secure.</p> +<p>These glorious trees are pleasing objects for the eye to rest on. +All through the fertile valleys of Luzon they stand singly or in +groups, and give a character to the landscape which would otherwise be +lacking. Only the largest and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb5" href= +"#pb5" name="pb5">5</a>]</span>finest English oaks can compare with the +mango trees in appearance; but whilst the former yield nothing of +value, one or two mango trees will keep a native family in comfort and +even affluence with their generous crop.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div3 subsection"> +<div class="divHead"> +<h4 class="main">Bamboos.</h4> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">On the banks of the Philippine streams and rivers that +giant grass, the thorny bamboo, grows and thrives. It grows in clumps +of twenty, forty, fifty stems. Starting from the ground, some four to +six inches in diameter, it shoots aloft for perhaps seventy feet, +tapering to the thickness of a match at its extremity, putting forth +from each joint slender and thorny branches, carrying small, thin, and +pointed leaves, so delicately poised as to rustle with the least breath +of air.</p> +<p>The canes naturally take a gradual curve which becomes more and more +accentuated as their diameter diminishes, until they bend over at their +tops and sway freely in the breeze.</p> +<p>I can only compare a fine clump of bamboos to a giant plume of green +ostrich feathers. Nothing in the vegetable kingdom is more graceful, +nothing can be more useful. Under the blast of a typhoon the bamboo +bends so low that it defies all but the most sudden and violent gusts. +If, however, it succumbs, it is generally the earth under it that gives +way, and the whole clump falls, raising its interlaced roots and a +thick wall of earth adhering to and embraced by them.</p> +<p>Piercing the hard earth, shoving aside the stones with irresistible +force, comes the new bamboo, its head emerging like a giant +artichoke.</p> +<p>Each flinty-headed shoot soars aloft with a rapidity astonishing to +those who have only witnessed the tardy growth of vegetation in the +temperate zone. I carefully measured a shoot of bamboo in my garden in +Santa Ana and found that it grew two feet in three days, that is, eight +inches a day, ⅓ inch per hour. <i>I could see it grow.</i> When I +commenced to measure the shoot it was eighteen inches high and was four +inches in diameter. This rapid growth, which, considering the +extraordinary usefulness of the bamboo ought to excite man’s +gratitude to Almighty Providence, has, to the shame of human nature, +led the Malay and the Chinaman to utilise the bamboo to inflict death +by <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb6" href="#pb6" name= +"pb6">6</a>]</span>hideous torture on his fellow men. (See Tûkang +Bûrok’s story in Hugh Clifford’s ‘Studies of +Brown Humanity.’)</p> +<p>Each joint is carefully enveloped by nature in a wrapper as tough as +parchment, covered, especially round the edges, with millions of small +spines. The wrapper, when dry, is brown, edged with black, but when +fresh the colours are remarkable, pale yellow, dark yellow, orange, +brown, black, pale green, dark green, black; all shaded or contrasted +in a way to make a Parisian dress designer feel sick with envy.</p> +<p>This wrapper does not fall off till the joint has hardened and +acquired its flinty armour so as to be safe from damage by any +animal.</p> +<p>It would take a whole chapter to enumerate the many and varied uses +of the bamboo.</p> +<p>Suffice it to say that I cannot conceive how the Philippine native +could do without it.</p> +<p>Everlastingly renewing its youth, perpetually soaring to the sky, +proudly overtopping all that grows, splendidly flourishing when meaner +plants must fade from drought, this giant grass, which delights the +eyes, takes rank as one of God’s noblest gifts to tropical +man.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e1981width" id="p006"><img src="images/p006.jpg" +alt="View on the Pasig with Bamboos and Canoe." width="720" height= +"482"> +<p class="figureHead">View on the Pasig with Bamboos and Canoe.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984"><i>To face p. 6.</i></p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb7" href="#pb7" name= +"pb7">7</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1880" href="#xd20e1880src" name="xd20e1880">1</a></span> England +has 51,000 square miles area; Wales, 7378; Ireland, 31,759; Scotland, +nearly 30,000. Total, Great Britain and Ireland, etc., 121,000 square +miles.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1928" href="#xd20e1928src" name="xd20e1928">2</a></span> +Worcester, p. 446, mentions Conifers at sea level in Sibuyan Island, +province of Romblon.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e1940" href="#xd20e1940src" name="xd20e1940">3</a></span> Called +in Spanish the oropéndola (<i lang="la-x-bio">Broderipus +achrorchus</i>).</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch2" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter II.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Spanish Government.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">Slight sketch of organization—Distribution of +population—Collection of taxes—The stick.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The supreme head of the administration was a +Governor-General or Captain-General of the Philippines. The British +Colonial Office has preserved this Spanish title in Jamaica where the +supreme authority is still styled Captain-General and +Governor-in-Chief.</p> +<p>In recent years no civilian has been Governor-General of the +Philippines, the appointment being given or sold to a +Lieutenant-General, though in 1883 a Field-Marshal was sent out. But in +1874 Rear-Admiral Malcampo obtained the post, and a very weak and +foolish Governor-General he turned out to be.</p> +<p>In former times military men did not have a monopoly of such posts, +and civilians, judges, priests, and bishops have held this +appointment.</p> +<p>The Governor-General had great powers. Practically, if not legally, +he had the power of life and death, for he could proclaim martial law +and try offenders by court-martial. He was <i>ex officio</i> president +of every corporation or commission, and he could expel from the Islands +any person, whether Spaniard, native, or foreigner, by a decree +declaring that his presence was inconvenient.</p> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Slight Sketch of Organization.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">He could suspend or remove any official, and in fact +was almost despotic. On the other hand he had to remember two important +limitations. Unless he supported the religious orders against all +comers he would have the Procurators of these wealthy corporations, who +reside in Madrid, denouncing him to the Ministry as an anti-clerical, +and a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb8" href="#pb8" name= +"pb8">8</a>]</span>freemason, and perhaps offering a heavy bribe for +his removal. If he made an attempt to put down corruption and +embezzlement in the Administration, his endeavours would be thwarted in +every possible way by the officials, and a formidable campaign of +calumny and detraction would be inaugurated against him. The +appointment was for a term of three years at a salary of $40,000 per +annum, and certain very liberal travelling allowances.</p> +<p>Since the earthquake of 1863 the official residence of the +Governors-General was at Malacañan, on the River Pasig in the +ward of San Miguel. This is now the residence of the American Governor. +He had a troop of native Lancers to escort him when he drove out, and a +small corps of Halberdiers for duty within the palace and grounds. +These latter wore a white uniform with red facings, and were armed with +a long rapier and a halberd. They were also furnished with rifles and +bayonets for use in case of an emergency.</p> +<p>When the Governor-General drove out, every man saluted him by +raising his hat—and when he went to the Cathedral he was received +by the clergy at the door, and, on account of being the Vice-Regal +Patron, was conducted under a canopy along the nave to a seat of +honour.</p> +<p>His position was in fact one of great power and dignity, and it was +felt necessary to surround the representative of the king with much +pomp and state in order to impress the natives with his importance and +authority.</p> +<p>There was a Governor-General of Visayas who resided at Cebu, and was +naturally subordinate to the Governor-General of the Philippines. He +was usually a Brigadier-General.</p> +<p>In case of the death or absence of the Governor-General, the +temporary command devolved upon the Segundo Cabo, a general officer in +immediate command of the military forces. Failing him, the Acting +Governor-Generalship passed to the Admiral commanding the station.</p> +<p>The two principal departments of the administration were the +Intendencia or Treasury, and the Direction of Civil Administration.</p> +<p>The Archipelago is divided into fifty-one provinces or districts, +according to the accompanying table and map. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb9" href="#pb9" name="pb9">9</a>]</span></p> +<div class="table"> +<h4 class="tablecaption">Distribution of Population.</h4> +<table> +<thead> +<tr class="label"> +<td>Provinces.</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">Males.</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">Females.</td> +<td class="xd20e2033"><span class="sc">Total.</span></td> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>Abra</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">21,631</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">21,016</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">42,647</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Albay</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">127,413</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">130,120</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">257,533</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Antique</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">60,193</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">63,910</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">124,103</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Balábac</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">1,912</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">27</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">1,939</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bataán</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">25,603</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">24,396</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">49,999</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Batangas</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">137,143</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">137,932</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">275,075</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Benguet (district)</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">8,206</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">12,104</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">20,310</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bohol</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">109,472</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">117,074</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">226,546</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bontoc</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">40,515</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">41,914</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">82,429</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bulacán</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">127,455</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">124,694</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">252,149</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Burías</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">84</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">44</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">128</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cagayán</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">37,157</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">35,540</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">72,697</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Calamianes</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">8,227</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">8,814</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">17,041</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Camarines Norte</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">15,931</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">14,730</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">30,661</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Camarines Sur</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">78,545</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">77,852</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">156,400</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cápiz</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">114,827</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">128,417</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">243,244</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cavite</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">66,523</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">65,541</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">132,064</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cebú</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">201,066</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">202,230</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">403,296</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Corregidor (island of)</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">216</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">203</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">419</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cottabato</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">788</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">494</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">1,282</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dávao</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">983</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">712</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">1,695</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ilocos Norte</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">76,913</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">79,802</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">156,715</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ilocos Sur</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">97,916</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">103,133</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">201,049</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ilo-Ilo</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">203,879</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">206,551</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">410,430</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Infanta (district)</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">4,947</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">4,947</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">9,894</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Isabela de Basilan</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">454</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">338</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">792</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Isabela de Luzon</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">20,251</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">18,365</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">38,616</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Islas Batanes</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">4,004</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">4,741</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">8,745</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Isla de Negros</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">106,851</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">97,818</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">204,669</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Laguna</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">66,332</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">66,172</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">132,504</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lepanto</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">8,255</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">16,219</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">24,474</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Leyte</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">113,275</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">107,240</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">220,515</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Manila</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">137,280</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">120,994</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">258,274</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Masbate and Ticao</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">8,835</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">8,336</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">17,171</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Mindoro</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">29,220</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">28,908</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">58,128</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Misamis</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">46,020</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">42,356</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">88,376</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Mórong</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">21,506</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">21,556</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">43,062</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nueva Ecija</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">63,456</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">60,315</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">123,771</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nueva Vizcaya</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">8,495</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">7,612</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">16,107</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pampanga</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">114,425</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">111,884</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">226,309</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pangasinán</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">149,141</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">144,150</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">293,291</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Principe (district)</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">2,085</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">2,073</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">4,158</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Puerto Princesa</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">350</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">228</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">578</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Romblón</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">14,528</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">13,626</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">28,154</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Samar</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">92,330</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">86,560</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">178,890</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Surigao</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">28,371</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">27,875</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">56,246</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Tarlac</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">42,432</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">40,325</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">82,757</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Tayabas</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">27,886</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">25,782</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">53,668</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Unión</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">55,802</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">57,568</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">113,370</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Zambales</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">49,617</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">44,934</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">94,551</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Zamboanga</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">7,683</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">6,461</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">14,144</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="sum xd20e2033">2,794,876</td> +<td class="sum xd20e2033">2,762,743</td> +<td class="sum xd20e2033">5,557,619</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb10" href="#pb10" name= +"pb10">10</a>]</span></p> +<p>The above figures are taken from the official census of 1877.</p> +<p>This is the latest I have been able to find.</p> +<p>In the Appendix is given an estimate of the population in 1890, the +author puts the number at 8,000,000, and at this date there may well be +9,000,000 inhabitants in the Philippines and Sulus.</p> +<p>It will be seen that these provinces are of very different extent, +and vary still more in population, for some have only a few hundred +inhabitants, whilst others, for instance, Cebú and Ilo-Ilo have +half-a-million.</p> +<p>Each province was under a Governor, either civil or military. Those +provinces which were entirely pacified had Civil Governors, whilst +those more liable to disturbance or attack from independent tribes or +from the Moors had Military Governors. Up to 1886 the pacified +provinces were governed by Alcaldes-Mayores, who were both governors +and judges. An appeal from their decisions could be made to the +Audiencia or High Court at Manila.</p> +<p>From the earliest times of their appointment, the Alcaldes were +allowed to trade. Some appointments carried the right to trade, but +most of the Alcaldes had to covenant to forego a large proportion of +their very modest stipends in order to obtain this privilege. By trade +and by the fees and <i>squeezes</i> of their law courts they usually +managed to amass fortunes. In 1844 the Alcaldes were finally prohibited +from trading.</p> +<p>This was a rude system of government, but it was cheap, and a +populous province might only have to maintain half-a-dozen +Spaniards.</p> +<p>Each town has its municipality consisting of twelve <i lang= +"es">principales</i>, all natives, six are chosen from those who have +already been Gobernadorcillos. They are called past-captains, and +correspond to aldermen who have passed the chair. The other six are +chosen from amongst the Barangay headmen. From these twelve are elected +all the officials, the Gobernadorcillo or Capitan, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd +lieutenants, the <i lang="es">alguaciles</i> (constables), the judges +of the fields, of cattle, and of police. The Capitan appoints and pays +the directorcillo or town clerk, who attends to the routine +business.</p> +<p>For the maintenance of order, and for protecting the town against +attack, there is a body of local police called <i lang= +"es">Cuadrilleros</i>. These are armed with bolos and lances in +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb11" href="#pb11" name= +"pb11">11</a>]</span>the smaller and poorer towns, but in more +important places they have fire-arms usually of obsolete pattern. But +in towns exposed to Moro attack the cuadrilleros are more numerous, and +carry Remington rifles.</p> +<p>The Gobernadorcillos of towns were directly responsible to the +governor of the province, the governor in case of emergency reported +direct to the Governor-General, but for routine business through the +Director-General of Civil Administration, which embraced the +departments of Public Works, Inspection of Mines and Forests, Public +Instruction, Model Farms, etc.</p> +<p>The collection of taxes was under the governors of provinces +assisted by delegates of the Intendant-General. It was directly +effected by the Barangay headman each of whom was supposed to answer +for fifty families, the individuals of which were spoken of as his +<i lang="es">sácopes</i>. His eldest son was recognised as his +chief assistant, and he, like his father, was exempt from the tribute +or capitation tax.</p> +<p>The office was hereditary, and was not usually desired, but like the +post of sheriff in an English county it had to be accepted nolens +volens.</p> +<p>No doubt a great deal of latitude was allowed to the Barangay Chiefs +in order that they might collect the tax, and the stick was often in +requisition. In fact the chiefs had to pay the tax somehow, and it is +not surprising that they took steps to oblige their +<i>sácopes</i> to pay.</p> +<p>I, however, in my fourteen years’ experience, never came +across such a case as that mentioned by Worcester, p. 295, where he +states that in consequence of a deficiency of $7000, forty-four headmen +of Siquijor were seized and exiled, their lands, houses and cattle +confiscated, and those dependent on them left to shift for themselves. +The amount owing by each headman was under $160 Mexican, equal to $80 +gold, and it would not take much in the way of lands, houses, and +cattle to pay off this sum. However, it is true that Siquijor is a poor +island. But on page 284 he maintains that the inhabitants of Siquijor +had plenty of money to back their fighting-cocks, and paid but little +attention to the rule limiting each man’s bet on one fight to +$50. From this we may infer that they could find money to bet with, but +not to pay their taxes. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb12" href= +"#pb12" name="pb12">12</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Collection of Taxes.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">Natives of the gorgeous East very commonly require a +little persuasion to make them pay their taxes, and I have read of +American millionaires who, in the absence of this system, could not be +got to pay at all. Not many years ago, there was an enquiry as to +certain practices resorted to by native tax-collectors in British India +to induce the poor Indian to pay up; anybody who is curious to know the +particulars can hunt them up in the Blue Books—they are +unsuitable for publication.</p> +<p>In Egypt, up to 1887, or thereabouts, the +“courbash”<a class="noteref" id="xd20e2583src" href= +"#xd20e2583" name="xd20e2583src">1</a> was in use for this purpose. I +quote from a speech by Lord Cromer delivered about that time +(’Lord Cromer,’ by H. D. Traill): “The courbash used +to be very frequently employed for two main objects, viz.: the +collection of taxes, and the extortion of evidence. I think I may say +with confidence that the use of the courbash as a general practice in +connection either with collection of taxes or the extortion of evidence +has ceased.”</p> +<p>But we need not go so far East for examples of collecting taxes by +means of the stick. The headmen of the village communities in Russia +freely apply the lash to recalcitrant defaulters.</p> +<p>It would seem, therefore, that the Spaniards erred in company with +many other nations. It was by no means an invention of theirs, and it +will be remembered that some of our early kings used to persuade the +Jews to pay up by drawing their teeth.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Its Good Points.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Government and the laws partook of a patriarchal +character, and notwithstanding certain exactions, the Spanish officials +and the natives got on very well together. The Alcaldes remained for +many years in one province, and knew all the principal people +intimately. I doubt if there was any colony in the world where as much +intercourse took place between the governors and the natives, certainly +not in any British colony, nor in British India, where the gulf ever +widens. In this case, governors and governed professed the same +religion, and no caste distinctions <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb13" +href="#pb13" name="pb13">13</a>]</span>prevailed to raise a barrier +between them. They could worship together, they could eat together, and +marriages between Spaniards and the daughters of the native landowners +were not unfrequent. These must be considered good points, and although +the general corruption and ineptitude of the administration was +undeniable, yet, bad as it was, it must be admitted that it was +immeasurably superior to any government that any Malay community had +ever established. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb14" href="#pb14" +name="pb14">14</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e2583" href="#xd20e2583src" name="xd20e2583">1</a></span> A whip +made from hippopotamus hide.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch3" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter III.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Six Governors-General.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">Moriones—Primo de +Rivera—Jovellar—Terreros—Weyler—Despujols.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Moriones.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">During my residence in the Islands—from 1877 to +1892—there were six Governors-General, and they differed very +widely in character and ideas.</p> +<p>The first was Don Domingo Moriones y Murillo, Marquis of Oroquieto, +an austere soldier, and a stern disciplinarian. He showed himself to be +a man of undaunted courage, and of absolutely incorruptible +honesty.</p> +<p>When he landed in Manila he found that, owing to the weakness of +Admiral Malcampo, his predecessor, the Peninsular Regiment of Artillery +had been in open mutiny, and that the matter had been hushed up. After +taking the oath of office, and attending a Te Deum at the Cathedral, he +mounted his horse, and, attended by his aides-de-camp, rode to the +barracks, and ordered the regiment to parade under arms. He rode down +the ranks, and recognised many soldiers who had served under him in the +Carlist wars.</p> +<p>He then stationed himself in front of the regiment, and delivered a +remarkable and most stirring oration. He said that it grieved him to +the heart to think that Spanish soldiers, sent to the Philippines to +maintain the authority of their king and country, many of whom had with +him faced the awful fusillade of Somorrostro, and had bravely done +their duty, could fall so low as to become callous mutineers, deaf to +the calls of duty, and by their bad conduct tarnish the glory of the +Spanish Army in the eyes of all the world. Such as they deserved no +mercy; their lives were all forfeited. Still he was willing to believe +that <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb15" href="#pb15" name= +"pb15">15</a>]</span>they were not entirely vicious, that repentance +and reform were still possible to the great majority. He would, +therefore, spare the lives of most of them in the hope that they might +once more become worthy soldiers of Spain. But he would decimate them; +every tenth man must die.</p> +<p>He then directed the lieutenant-colonel in command to number off the +regiment by tens from the right.</p> +<p>Let the reader ponder upon the situation. Here was a mutinous +veteran regiment that for months had been the terror of the city, and +had frightened the Governor-General and all the authorities into +condoning its crimes.</p> +<p>In front of it sat upon his horse one withered old man. But that +man’s record was such that he seemed to those reckless mutineers +to be transfigured into some awful avenging angel. His modest stature +grew to a gigantic size in their eyes; the whole regiment seemed +hypnotized. They commenced numbering. It was an impressive +scene—the word ten meant death. The men on the extreme right felt +happy; they were sure to escape. Confidently rang out their voices: +one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine—then a stop. +The doomed wretch standing next would not say the fatal word. Moriones +turned his glance upon the captain of the right company, and that +officer perceived that the crisis of his life had arrived, and that the +next few seconds would make or mar him; one instant’s hesitation +would cost him his commission. Drawing and cocking his revolver, he +held it in front of the forehead of the tenth man, and ordered him to +call out <i>ten</i>. Placed thus between the alternative of instant +death or obedience, the unhappy gunner complied, and the numbering of +the whole line was accomplished. The number tens were ordered to step +out of the ranks, were disarmed, placed under arrest, and notified that +they would be shot next morning. As regards the others, all leave was +stopped, and extra drills ordered. Great interest was exerted with +Moriones to pardon the condemned men, and he did commute the death +sentence on most of them, but the ring-leaders were shot the following +morning, others imprisoned, and fifty were sent back to Spain in the +same vessel as Admiral Malcampo, whose pampering of them had ruined +their discipline. So much for the courage of Moriones. It was a +wonderful example of the prestige of lawful authority, but of course +the risk was great.</p> +<p>To him was due the construction of the Manila Waterworks. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb16" href="#pb16" name= +"pb16">16</a>]</span>A sum of money had been left a century before by +Don Francisco Carriedo, who had been general of a galleon, to +accumulate until it was sufficient to pay for the waterworks, which +ought to have been begun years before. However, the parties who held +these funds, like certain Commissioners we know of at home, had little +desire to part with the capital, and it was only the determination of +General Moriones that triumphed over their reluctance.</p> +<p>Manila ought to be ever grateful to Moriones for this. He also tried +to get some work out of the Obras Publicas Department, and, in fact, he +did frighten them into exerting themselves for a time, by threatening +to ship the Inspector-General of Public Works back to Spain, unless the +Ayala bridges were completed on a certain day.</p> +<p>But the greatest thing that Moriones did for the Philippines was +when he prevented the sale of the Government tobacco-culture monopoly +to some Paris Jews. Whilst he was staying at the Convent of Guadalupe +he received a letter from Cánovas, at the time Prime Minister of +Spain. It informed him that a project was entertained of selling the +Crown monopoly of the cultivation and manufacture of tobacco in the +Philippines to a Franco-Spanish syndicate, and added, “The palace +is very interested,” meaning that the King and the Infantas were +in the affair. It announced that a Commission was about to be sent by +the capitalists to enquire into the business, and wound up by +requesting Moriones to report favourably on the affair, for which +service he might ask any reward he liked. The carrying out of this +project meant selling the inhabitants of Cagayan into slavery.</p> +<p>I had this information from a gentleman of unblemished truth and +honour, who was present at the receipt of the letter, and it was +confirmed by two friars of the Augustinian Order under circumstances +that left no doubt upon my mind as to their accuracy.</p> +<p>Although Cánovas was at the time in the height of his power, +and although the King was interested in the matter going through, +Moriones indignantly refused to back up the proposal. He wrote or +cabled to Cánovas not to send out the Commission, for if it came +he would send it back by the same vessel. He reported dead against the +concession, and told the Prime Minister that he was quite prepared to +resign, and return to Spain, to explain his reasons from his +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb17" href="#pb17" name= +"pb17">17</a>]</span>seat in the Senate. What a contrast this brave +soldier made to the general run of men; how few in any country would +have behaved as he did!</p> +<p>This was not the only benefit Moriones conferred upon the tobacco +cultivators of Cagayán, for he did what he could to pay off the +debt owing to them by the Treasury.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Primo de Rivera.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The next Governor-General was Don Fernando Primo de +Rivera, Marquis of Estella, and he was the only one with whom I was not +personally acquainted. During the cholera epidemic of 1882, when 30,000 +persons died in the city and province of Manila, he showed ability and +firmness in the arrangements he made, and he deserves great credit for +this. But corruption and embezzlement was rampant during his time. +Gambling was tolerated in Manila and it was currently reported that +twenty-five gambling houses were licensed and that each paid $50 per +day, which was supposed to go to the Governor-General. Emissaries from +these houses were stationed near the banks and mercantile offices, and +whenever a collector was seen entering or leaving carrying a bag of +dollars, an endeavour was made to entice him to the gambling table, and +owing to the curious inability of the native to resist temptation, +these overtures were too frequently successful.</p> +<p>The whole city became demoralised, servants and dependants stole +from their employers and sold the articles to receivers for a tenth of +their value in order to try their luck at the gaming table. A sum of +$1250 per day was derived from the gambling-houses and was collected +every evening.</p> +<p>Notwithstanding all these abuses, Primo de Rivera maintained good +relations with the natives; he was not unpopular, and no disturbances +occurred during his first government. He owed his appointment to King +Alfonso XII., being granted three years’ pillage of the +Philippine Islands as a reward for having made the +<i>pronunciamento</i> in favour of that monarch, which greatly +contributed to putting him upon the throne. He and his friends must +have amassed an enormous sum of money, for scarcely a cent was expended +on roads or bridges during his government, the provincial governors +simply pocketed every dollar. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb18" href= +"#pb18" name="pb18">18</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Jovellar.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">He was succeeded by Field-Marshal Don Joaquim +Jovellar, during whose time the tribute was abolished and the +Cédulas Personales tax instituted. Jovellar appeared to me to be +a strictly honourable man, he refused the customary presents from the +Chinese, and bore himself with much dignity. His <i>entourage</i> was, +however, deplorable, and he placed too much confidence in Ruiz +Martinez, the Director of Civil Administration. The result was that +things soon became as bad as in the previous governor’s time. +Jovellar was well advanced in years, being nearly seventy. He had many +family troubles, and the climate did not agree with him.</p> +<p>I remember one stifling night, when I was present at +Malacañan at a ball and water fête, given to Prince Oscar, +a son of the King of Sweden. The Governor-General had hardly recovered +from an illness, and had that day received most distressing news about +two of his sons, and his daughter Doña Rosita, who was married +to Colonel Arsenio Linares, was laid up and in danger of losing her +sight.</p> +<p>Yet in that oppressive heat, and buttoned up in the full dress +uniform of a field-marshal, Jovellar went round the rooms and found a +kind word or compliment for every lady present. I ventured to remark +how fatigued he must be, to which he replied, “Yes, but make no +mistake, a public man is like a public woman, and must smile on +everybody.”</p> +<p>During his time, owing to symptoms of unrest amongst the natives, +the garrison of Manila and Cavite was reinforced by two battalions of +marines.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Terrero.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">He was succeeded by Don Emilio Terrero y Perinat, a +thorough soldier and a great martinet. I found him a kind and courteous +gentleman, and deeply regretted the unfortunate and tragic end that +<span class="corr" id="xd20e2677" title="Source: befel">befell</span> +him after his return to Spain. I saw a good deal of Field-Marshal +Jovellar and of General Terrero, having been Acting British Consul at +the end of Jovellar’s and the beginning of Terrero’s +Government. I kept up my acquaintance with General Terrero <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb19" href="#pb19" name="pb19">19</a>]</span>all the +time he was in the islands, and was favoured with frequent invitations +to his table, where I met all the principal officials.</p> +<p>Things went on quietly in his time and there was little to record +except successful expeditions to Joló and Mindanao, causing an +extension of Spanish influence in both places.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Weyler.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">Terrero was succeeded by Don Valeriano Weyler, Marquis +of Ténérife, the son of a German doctor, born in Majorca, +who brought with him a reputation for cruelties practised on the Cuban +insurgents during the first war.</p> +<p>Weyler was said to have purchased the appointment from the wife of a +great minister too honest to accept bribes himself, and the price was +commonly reported to have been $30,000 paid down and an undertaking to +pay the lady an equal sum every year of his term of office.</p> +<p>Weyler is a small man who does not look like a soldier. He is +clever, but it is more the cleverness of a sharp attorney than of a +general or statesman.</p> +<p>Curiously enough the Segundo Cabo at this time was an absolute +contrast. Don Manuel Giron y Aragon, Marquis of Ahumada, is descended +from the Kings of Aragon, and to that illustrious lineage he unites a +noble presence and a charm of manner that render him instantly popular +with all who have the good fortune to meet him. No more dignified +representative of his country could be found, and I send him my cordial +salutation wherever he is serving.</p> +<p>During Weyler’s term another expedition to Mindanao was made +and some advantages secured. Some disturbances occurred which will be +mentioned in another chapter, and secret societies were instituted +amongst the natives. Otherwise the usual bribery and corruption +continued unchecked.</p> +<p>There was a great increase in the smuggling of Mexican dollars from +Hong Kong into Manila, where they were worth 10 per cent. more. The +freight and charges amounted to 2 per cent., leaving 8 per cent. +profit, and according to rumour 4 per cent. was paid to the authorities +to insure against seizure, as the importation was prohibited under +heavy penalties. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb20" href="#pb20" name= +"pb20">20</a>]</span></p> +<p>At this time I was Government Surveyor of Shipping, and one day +received an order from the captain of the port to proceed on board the +steamer <i>España</i> with the colonel of carbineers and point +out to him all hollow places in the ship’s construction where +anything could be concealed. This I did, but remembering +Talleyrand’s injunction, and not liking the duty, showed no zeal, +but contented myself with obeying orders. The carbineers having +searched every part of the ship below, we came on deck where the +captain’s cabin was. A corporal entered the cabin and pulled open +one of the large drawers. I only took one glimpse at it and looked +away. It was chock full of small canvas bags, and no doubt the other +drawers and lockers were also full. Yet it did not seem to occur to any +of the searchers that there might be dollars in the bags, and it was no +business of mine. Nothing contraband had been found in the ship, and a +report to that effect was sent in. I sent the colonel an account for my +fee, which was duly paid from the funds of the corps.</p> +<p>Weyler returned to Spain with a large sum of money, a far larger sum +than the whole of his emoluments. He had remitted large sums in bills, +and having fallen out with one of his confederates who had handled some +of the money, this man exhibited the seconds of exchange to certain +parties inimical to Weyler, with the result that the latter was openly +denounced as a thief in capital letters in a leading article of the +<i lang="es">Correspondencia Militar</i> of Madrid. Weyler’s +attorneys threatened to prosecute for libel, but the editor defied them +and declared that he held the documents and was prepared to prove his +statement. The matter was allowed to drop. Weyler was thought to have +received large sums of money from the Augustinians and Dominicans for +his armed support against their tenants. It was said that the Chinese +furnished him with a first-rate cook, and provided food for his whole +household gratis, besides making presents of diamonds to his wife. And +for holding back certain laws which would have pressed very hardly upon +them, it was asserted that the Celestials paid him no less than +$80,000. This is the man who afterwards carried out the <i lang= +"es">reconcentrado</i> policy in Cuba at the cost of thousands of +lives, and subsequently returning with a colossal fortune to Spain, +posed as a patriot and as chief of the military party. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb21" href="#pb21" name="pb21">21</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Despujols.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">To Weyler succeeded a man very different in appearance +and character, Don Emilio Despujols, Conde de Caspe.</p> +<p>Belonging to an ancient and noble family of Catalonia, holding his +honour dear, endowed with a noble presence and possessed of an ample +fortune, he came out to uplift and uphold the great charge committed to +him, and rather to give lustre to his office by expending his own means +than to economise from his pay, as so many colonial governors are +accustomed to do. He established his household upon a splendid scale, +and seconded by his distinguished countess, whose goodness and +munificent charities will ever be remembered, he entertained on a scale +worthy of a viceroy and in a manner never before seen in Manila.</p> +<p>Despujols rendered justice to all. Several Spaniards whose lives +were an open scandal, were by his order put on board ship and sent back +to Spain. Amongst these was one who bore the title of count, but who +lived by gambling.</p> +<p>Another was a doctor who openly plundered the natives. Like a +Mahometan Sultan of the old times, Despujols was accessible to the +poorest who had a tale of injustice and oppression to relate.</p> +<p>The news that a native could obtain justice from a governor-general +flew with incredible rapidity. At last a new era seemed to be opening. +A trifling event aroused the enthusiasm of the people. Despujols and +his countess drove to the Manila races with their postillions dressed +in shirts of Júsi and wearing silver-mounted salacots instead of +their usual livery. I was present on this occasion and was struck with +the unwonted warmth of the governor-general’s reception from the +usually phlegmatic natives. Despujols became popular to an extent never +before reached. He could do anything with the natives. Whenever his +splendid equipages appeared in public he received an ovation. Quite a +different spirit now seemed to possess the natives. But not all the +Spaniards viewed this with satisfaction; many whose career of +corruption had been checked, who found their illicit gains decreased, +and the victims of their extortion beginning to resist them, bitterly +criticised the new governor-general. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb22" href="#pb22" name="pb22">22</a>]</span></p> +<p>The religious orders finding Despujols incorruptible and indisposed +to place military forces at the disposal of the Augustinians and +Dominicans to coerce or evict refractory tenants, then took action. +Their procurators in Madrid made a combined attack on Despujols, both +in the reptile press and by representations to the ministry. They +succeeded, and Despujols was dismissed from office by cable. Rumour has +it that the Orders paid $100,000 for Despujols’s recall. For my +own part I think this very likely, and few who know Madrid will suppose +that this decree could be obtained by any other means.</p> +<p>He laboured under a disadvantage, for he did not pay for his +appointment as some others did. If he had been paying $30,000 a year to +the wife of a powerful minister, he would not have been easily +recalled. Or if, like another governor-general, he had been in debt up +to the eyes to influential creditors, these would have kept him in +power till he had amassed enough to pay them off.</p> +<p>I am of opinion that had Despujols been retained in Manila, and had +he been given time to reform and purify the administration, the chain +of events which has now torn the Philippines for ever from the grasp of +Spain would never have been welded. Whoever received the priests’ +money, whoever they were who divided that Judas-bribe, they deserve to +be held in perpetual execration by their fellow-countrymen, and to have +their names handed down to everlasting infamy.</p> +<p>Despujols left Manila under a manifestation of respect and devotion +from the foreign residents, from the best Spaniards and from every +class of the natives of the Philippines, that might well go far to +console him for his unmerited dismissal. He must have bitterly felt the +injustice with which he was treated, but still he left carrying with +him a clear conscience and a harvest of love and admiration that no +previous governor-general had ever inspired.</p> +<p>For if Moriones manifested courage, energy and incorruptible honesty +under what would have been an irresistible temptation to many another +man, that rude soldier was far from possessing those personal gifts, +the fine presence and the sympathetic address of Despujols, and +inspired fear rather than affection.</p> +<p>Yet both were worthy representatives of their country; both were men +any land might be proud to send forth. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb23" href="#pb23" name="pb23">23</a>]</span>Those two noble names are +sufficient to redeem the Spanish Government of the Philippines from the +accusation of being entirely corrupt, too frequently made against it. +They deserve an abler pen than mine to extol their merits and to exalt +them as they deserve above the swarm of pilferers, and sham patriots, +who preceded and succeeded them. To use an Eastern image, they may be +compared to two noble trees towering above the rank vegetation of some +poisonous swamp. For the honour of Spain and of human nature in +general, I have always felt grateful that I could say that amongst the +governors-general of the Philippines whom I had known there were at +least two entitled to the respect of every honest man. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb24" href="#pb24" name="pb24">24</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch4" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter IV.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Courts of Justice.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">Alcaldes—The Audiencia—The Guardia +Civil—Do not hesitate to shoot—Talas.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The foulest blot upon the Spanish Administration in +all her former colonies was undoubtedly the thorough venality of her +infamous Courts of Justice. Unfortunately, amongst the heterogeneous +population of the Philippines, a low standard of morality prevails and +has prevailed from the earliest times. The natives at the time of the +conquest were partly civilised, so far as building houses and +cultivating their lands by slave labour is concerned. But +notwithstanding the assertions of the Filipinos, the late Dr. Rizal and +others, a study of the ancient authors demonstrates that they were sunk +in ignorance and superstition, and that their customs were those of +semi-savages. When they came under the rule of the Spaniards, they +might have made great advances if the administration of the laws had +been confided to persons of honour capable of interpreting that wise +code, the “Laws of the Indies,” in the noble and Christian +spirit which had inspired their makers<span class="corr" id="xd20e2754" +title="Not in source">.</span></p> +<p>But what class of man was it that the Spaniards appointed to this +office?</p> +<p>Thomas de Comyn, p. 134, says: “It is quite common to see a +barber or footman of a governor, a sailor or a deserter, transformed +into an Alcalde-Mayor, Sub-delegate, and War Captain of a populous +province, without other counsel than his own rude intelligence +(understanding) nor other guide than his passions.”</p> +<p>What could be expected from such men as these, living in such an +atmosphere? And if some solitary alcalde might cherish in his heart +some spark of honour, some lingering love of justice, there were two +elements in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb25" href="#pb25" name= +"pb25">25</a>]</span>the country to extinguish that spark, to smother +that feeling.</p> +<p>Woe betide the alcalde who would decide a case, whatever its merits, +adversely to any one of the religious orders. I personally knew an +alcalde who (at a great price) had obtained the government of the +province of Batangas, from whence his immediate predecessor, also +well-known to me, had retired with a large fortune, but leaving +everybody contented so far as could be seen. He had kept on good terms +with the priests. His successor unfortunately forgot this cardinal rule +and allowed himself to be identified with some anti-clerical +Spaniards.</p> +<p>Every kind of trouble fell upon that man, and finally he was +recalled to Manila and received a severe reprimand from General Primo +de Rivera, who was said to have received $12,000 for turning him +out.</p> +<p>He was removed from wealthy Batangas and sent to the fever-stricken +capital of Tayabas, a wretchedly poor Government, affording few +opportunities for peculation. He escaped with his life, but his wife, a +very charming Spanish lady, succumbed to the malaria. Similar instances +of the results of being, or being thought to be, an anti-clerical, will +occur to old residents in the Philippines. The arm of the Church was +long and its hand was a heavy one.</p> +<p>The second influence I referred to is the presence of the heathen +Chinee in the islands. To a Chinaman the idea that a judge should take +bribes seems as natural a thing as that a duck should take to the +water. And yet the Chinaman will not, unless he knows he is on the +right track, brutally push his bribe under the judge’s nose. +Either he or one of his countrymen will from the judge’s arrival +have rendered him good service. Does the judge want a gardener or cook? +Ah-sin soon provides an excellent one who never asks for his wages. +Have some visitors arrived at the <span class="corr" id="xd20e2773" +title="Source: Alcadia">Alcaldia</span> Ah-sin sends in a dozen +chickens, a turkey, and the best fruits. Is it the judge’s +name-day? The wily Celestial presents a few cases of wine and boxes of +fine cigars. Is the roof of the Alcaldia leaking—a couple of +Chinese carpenters will set it right without sending a bill for it. +Then, having prepared the way, should Ah-sin be summoned before the +alcalde, he may confidently hope that his patron will not hurriedly +give judgment against him, and that he will probably get a full +opportunity to present substantial reasons why the suit should be +decided in his <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb26" href="#pb26" name= +"pb26">26</a>]</span>favour. In fact, the practice of the +alcalde’s courts was only a shade better than that of the Chinese +Yamens, where the different cases are put up to auction amongst the +magistrates and knocked down to the highest bidders, who then proceed +on a course of extortion, by arrest and by the torture of witnesses, to +make all they can out of them.</p> +<p>In an alcalde’s court, there would be several mestizo or +native writers or auxiliaries. Some of them were what is called +<i>meritórios</i>, that is, unpaid volunteers. Of course, they +expect to receive gratuities from the suitors and would take care to +mislay their documents if they were neglected. Sometimes the alcalde +was so lazy that he left the whole matter in the hands of his +subordinates and signed whatever they laid before him. I have been a +witness of this, and have even remonstrated with a judge for so doing. +He, however, said he had the greatest confidence in his subordinates +and that they dare not deceive him.</p> +<p>Bad as the alcalde’s courts were, I think that the culminating +point of corruption was the Audiencia of Manila. Escribano, abogado, +júez, auditor, fiscál, vied with each other in showing +that to them, honour and dignity were mere empty words. They set the +vilest examples to the mestizos and natives, and, unfortunately, these +have been only too apt pupils, and having little to lose, were often +ready to go one better than the Spaniards, who after all had to keep up +appearances. I cannot adequately express the loathing I feel for all +this tribe. I look upon a highwayman as a gentleman compared to them, +for he does risk his life, and you may get a shot at him, but these +wretches ruin you in perfect safety.</p> +<p>They dress their wives, they nourish their children, upon the reward +of roguery, the price of perjury, the fruits of forgery, the wages of +some wicked judgment.</p> +<p>What can be expected of the spawn of these reptiles, what but by the +process of evolution to be more envenomed than their progenitors? Is +there not amongst all the multitudinous Philippines some desert island +where the people trained in the Spanish courts and all their breed +could be deported, where they might set up a court, and bring actions +against each other and cheat and lie and forge till they die?</p> +<p>What a Godsend for the Philippines were this possible, if besides +getting rid of the Spanish judges, they could now <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb27" href="#pb27" name="pb27">27</a>]</span>get rid +of their aiders and abettors, their apt pupils and would-be +successors.</p> +<p>Bribery is a fine art, and there were those in Manila who were well +versed in its intricacies. We heard one day of a decree by a judge +against the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. Club gossip +asserted that the judge who issued the decree had lost some hundreds of +dollars at the gambling table of the Casino the night before, and that +the artistic corrupter had called on him in the morning with the means +to pay the debt of honour and to try his luck again. The judge was +known not to have the means of paying, yet he paid and simultaneously +issued his decree. Old Manila hands drew their inference.</p> +<p>The record of these courts from the earliest times is one +long-continued infamy. Thank God that is over and a new chapter has +begun. I rejoice exceedingly that their sins have at last overtaken +them, and I recognise that, though</p> +<div class="lgouter"> +<p class="line">“The mills of God grind slowly,</p> +<p class="line">Yet they grind exceeding small.”</p> +</div> +<p class="first">Owing to the demoralisation of the mestizo and native +lawyers by these vile examples, it will be very difficult to break the +traditions of venality and to find men worthy to occupy the bench.</p> +<p>These courts were not only corrupt, but they were inept. At a time +when brigandage prevailed and many notorious criminals were apprehended +almost red-handed, convictions could not be got, and the bandits were +liberated on various pretexts.</p> +<p>So great was the scandal that Moriones issued a decree that all +persons accused of gang-robbery should be tried by a military tribunal. +And he appointed a permanent court-martial for this purpose, to the +great disgust of all the lawyer element. These courts were abolished +some years later after his return to Spain; then the Guardia Civil made +their own arrangements, and the mortality amongst bandits was +excessive. When some well-known robber was by any chance taken alive, +he always, so they said, tried to escape by running away from his +captors, and this obliged them to fire upon him. They never missed on +these occasions, and it was thought that the range never exceeded ten +paces and was often less.</p> +<p>However necessary this military action may be, it is, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb28" href="#pb28" name= +"pb28">28</a>]</span>undoubtedly liable to abuse, and the power of life +and death is a great one to put in the hands of a junior officer or +non-commissioned officer of police. The Guardia Civil, an armed force +with Spanish officers and native soldiers, was organised in 1867, and I +must say that I looked upon it as an excellent institution, the terror +of evil-doers and a protection to all law-abiding people. My native +friends, however, are of a different opinion. They accuse the Guardia +Civil, both Spaniards and natives, of behaving in an arbitrary and +cruel manner, and with practising extortion upon defenceless natives. +They are accused of torturing witnesses to extort evidence, and this +charge was no doubt true in many cases<span class="corr" id="xd20e2814" +title="Source: ,">.</span></p> +<p>On the other hand, the bandits or tulisanes were exterminated by +this corps of picked men, and security to life and property was +assured. At the formation of this corps the officers and men were very +carefully selected. The Governor-General himself examined the records +of every officer, and only Spanish gentlemen of the highest character +were appointed. Similarly the soldiers were natives who had served +their time in the army without having a crime noted against them. But +in later years this precaution was relaxed, and colonels of regiments +were allowed to dump their rubbish into this corps.</p> +<p>I knew of a case where a Filipino with Irish blood in him was posted +as a lieutenant to this corps and behaved most abominably. I am glad to +say, however, that he was sent out of the islands. This was only +another instance of the fact that whatever the natives have to complain +of the Spaniards, the mestizos, and their own rich people, treat them +and have always treated them far worse.</p> +<p>Both officers and men were well paid and were dressed in a very +smart and neat uniform, well suited to the climate, which they kept +spick and span whatever service they were on. They were armed with +Remington rifles and bayonets, and in addition carried a heavy chopping +knife. They were posted at all the chief towns of Luzon and in some of +the Visayas Islands. The greatest crime a native could commit was to +kill a Guardia Civil, and such a matter never came before a Civil +Court. If the slayer by any chance was not killed on the spot, he would +probably be shot at sight. If apprehended, he would be tried by a +court-martial composed of officers of the Guardia Civil, and, needless +to say, there would be no monkeying with the <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb29" href="#pb29" name="pb29">29</a>]</span>verdict +nor with the sentence, which would be promptly carried out.</p> +<p>Even to resist the Guardia Civil was so great a crime that the +sentence of a court-martial in such a case was penal servitude for life +(Cadéna Perpétua).</p> +<p>How surprised a London rough would be at this severity after being +accustomed to expiate the most brutal assaults upon the police by a +fine of a few shillings.</p> +<p>To sum up the Guardia Civil, I may say that their practice was +comprised in five memorable words, addressed to a similar corps by Mr. +A. J. Balfour in his energetic days, a most sensible order, that he may +well be proud of: “Do not hesitate to shoot.”</p> +<p>Amongst other duties of the Guardia Civil in bygone years was the +making of periodical expeditions against the <i>remontados</i> and the +hill tribes, officially designated Talas, or cuttings down.</p> +<p>At certain favourable seasons of the year, especially before harvest +time, the Guardias, accompanied by some Cuadrilleros, and on important +occasions by a company of native infantry, marched up into the more +accessible hills.</p> +<p>The hill-men obstructed the tracks in the most difficult places by +cutting down trees and making abattis.</p> +<p>They also placed sharp bamboo spikes carefully concealed in the +earth or mud of the footpaths, and these, if trodden on, inflicted most +dangerous wounds that were apt to gangrene. Sometimes if they had much +at stake, the hill-men or outlaws would venture an ambuscade, and hurl +their javelins or send a flight of arrows amongst their enemies.</p> +<p>But even the boldest races rarely came to close quarters, for their +weapons were no match against rifles and bayonets. So, led by their +spies, the Spanish forces laboured upwards, and on arriving at the +hamlets of the mountaineers or outlaws they burnt down the rude huts, +reaped the crops, taking away what they could and burning the +remainder.</p> +<p>They cut down every fruit tree and took special care to destroy +every tobacco plant. They then retired, leaving a scene of devastation +behind them.</p> +<p>If any of the hill-men fell into their hands their fate depended +upon whether there were any murders to avenge or upon the humanity of +the officer in command. This wanton destruction was committed chiefly +in the interests of the tobacco monopoly, but also in order to force +the hillmen <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb30" href="#pb30" name= +"pb30">30</a>]</span>to come down and reside in the towns. It had, +however, an entirely contrary effect, for the savages either retired +into more inaccessible regions, or perhaps abandoned cultivation and +lived a roving, marauding life like the Itetapanes and +Catubanganes.</p> +<p>Since the abolition of the tobacco monopoly the Talas have been less +frequent, and there was a feeling amongst the authorities that these +cruel and demoralising expeditions should be discontinued, unless in +cases where the hill-men had given great provocation.</p> +<p>The Spaniards are, of course, not the only nation to make these +forays. In the last campaign against the Afridis the British troops +were employed, under orders, to blow up the houses, break the +mill-stones, and cut down the trees of the enemy, not even sparing the +shade trees round a mosque. It was probably the only way to inflict +punishment on the Afridis.</p> +<p>The worst feature is that in all such cases a crop of bitter hatred +is sown in the hearts of the sufferers, which matures later on, and +which is handed down from one generation to another. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb31" href="#pb31" name="pb31">31</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch5" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter V.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Tagal Crime and Spanish Justice.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">The murder of a Spaniard—Promptitude of the +Courts—The case of Juan de la Cruz—Twelve years in prison +waiting trial—Piratical outrage in Luzon—Culprits never +tried; several die in prison.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The penal code of the Philippines, which came into +force in 1884, declares it impossible to consider as an aggravation of +an offence the circumstance of colour or race in the offender, for the +criminal is to be punished for his crime and not for the condition of +inferiority to which nature has condemned him.</p> +<p>It goes on to say that on the other hand his condition should not be +allowed to attenuate the sentence, for that would constitute an odious +privilege, an unbearable inequality.</p> +<p>It therefore proudly proclaims the equality of all races before the +law. These are noble words; we shall see how they work out in +practice.</p> +<p>The case of Juan de la Cruz shows us that a criminal investigation +can drag on for twelve years without coming on for trial when the +victims are natives and of lowly station. I could cite cases where the +victims were British subjects, and the murderers were never punished, +and another case where a Frenchman was the victim. The murderer in this +case was to have been pardoned by the Governor-General, but the French +consul threatened to haul down his flag and leave the islands unless +the assassin was executed; and he was executed, the consul attending to +see the sentence carried out</p> +<p>The British Foreign Office does not encourage its agents to such +energetic acts. To obtain the good graces of the Foreign Office a +consul should be devoid of talent or originality. Mediocrity is the +condition sought for. It is never advisable for one of Her Britannic +Majesty’s consuls <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb32" href= +"#pb32" name="pb32">32</a>]</span>to be active in protecting Her +Britannic Majesty’s subjects. What he must aim at if he wishes +for consideration and promotion is to give the Foreign Office no +trouble. The ideal consul would be he who is only heard of once a +quarter, when he certifies that he is alive, and asks that his salary +may be paid.</p> +<p>I will relate a murder that made an impression on me at the time, +where the victim was a Spaniard. In June of 1881, I was at Santa Cruz +in the Laguna Province for several days, making experiments with some +patent centrifugals, steaming and drying the fine Laguna sugar. Quite +close to the <i>camarin</i>, where the machines were at work, lived an +elderly Spaniard who was a government employé in some +subordinate position. I think he was the Subdelegado de Hacienda, or +sub-provincial treasurer. I had once or twice called upon the old +gentleman, whose appearance and manners were above his official rank, +and had been politely received by him. On completing my experiments, I +called to take leave of him, and was sorry to find him suffering from +fever, and very weak.</p> +<p>I returned to Manila, and next day was horrified to read in a +newspaper that he had been murdered in the night by his two servants. +This atrocious crime, committed on a helpless and infirm old man, with +every circumstance of premeditation and barbarity, and with the object +of robbery, roused the indignation of every European. The culprits were +soon apprehended, and such expedition was used by the Promotor Fiscal +and the court, that within a week from the perpetration of the murder +the two servants were garrotted on a scaffold erected near the scene of +their barbarous crime.</p> +<p>Such is the rapidity with which the Philippine courts could act when +a Spaniard was the victim and when public opinion was deeply stirred by +some shocking tragedy.</p> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">The case of Juan de la Cruz.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The following narrative of events, which occurred in +1886, will give the reader a good idea of the furious passions that may +lurk under the inscrutable features of the Philippine Malay, and will +also serve to illustrate the procedure of the Spanish criminal courts +when the victims are natives and when nothing can be made out of the +case. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb33" href="#pb33" name= +"pb33">33</a>]</span>Four of the five actors or victims in the tragedy +were well known to me, and I learned all the particulars at first hand +and at the time, from those who took steps to deliver over the culprit +to justice.</p> +<p>The decked steam launch <i>Laguimanoc</i> belonged to Gustav Brown, +a ship carpenter, and was hired by the Varadero, or Slipway Company of +Cañacao, near Cavite, to keep up communication with Manila, +whilst the slip was being constructed.</p> +<p>I was consulting engineer to the company, and Mr. J. L. Houston was +the resident engineer in charge of the work. Both of us made frequent +voyages in this launch between Cañacao and Manila. The crew +consisted of a patron (coxswain) named Juan de la Cruz, an +engine-driver, a stoker, and a boy, all Tagals.</p> +<p>Juan de la Cruz was an elderly man with grey hair, and in figure +thin and wiry. He was a good man at his duty, one of the silent Indians +whom I have always found to be the best. A thorough sailor, he had +served under many a flag, and sailed o’er many a sea, both in +tropic and in northern climes.</p> +<p>The engine-driver and the stoker were brothers, strong and +well-built young fellows, and smart at their work. The boy was an +active lad, quite pleased to be employed on a steam-boat.</p> +<p>One day, the stoker, going through the blacksmith’s shop, saw +a piece of square steel, which had been cut off a long bar, lying on +the floor, and it struck him that it would be better than a hammer for +breaking coal. So he annexed it without leave, and got one end drawn +out and rounded so that he could easily hold it. This made a very +efficient coal-breaker, the sharp edges divided the lumps with great +ease. It was about eighteen inches long, and one and three-quarter +inches square. The patron was married, and his wife lived in Manila, +but, sailor-like, he had provided himself with a sweetheart, at the +other end of his run, where he spent more time than in the Pasig, and +had become intimate with a damsel of San Roque, a village between the +Varadero and Cavite. Things went on apparently all right for some time; +the launch making almost daily trips between Cañacao and Manila, +and the elderly patron alternating between the conjugal domicile and +the dwelling of his mistress. She was young, and, as native girls go, a +pretty woman. Come of a strange and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb34" +href="#pb34" name="pb34">34</a>]</span>unknown mixture of races, and +bred up amongst a community noted for its profligacy, she knew how to +make the best use of her charms and was well fitted to captivate the +weather-beaten seaman.</p> +<p>He, if not desirable in himself, held a well paid post, and was able +to place her above want.</p> +<p>Already fifty years old, he was as susceptible as a youth and far +more in earnest. Day by day, as he basked in her smiles, his +infatuation increased till he became violently enamoured of his +charmer.</p> +<p>What could be more natural than that the crew of the launch should +become acquainted with the patron’s mistress? Soon the +engine-driver and the stoker were her constant visitors. The damsel had +a kind word and a smile for both, and doubtless contrasted their +vigorous youth and shapely forms with the shrunken figure of her +elderly protector, and their lively conversation with his glum +silence.</p> +<p>In the end, no doubt, the damsel refused them nothing.</p> +<p>Trouble was now brewing. The grim sailor was not the man to let +himself be wronged with impunity. All the elements of a tragedy were +present. Things no longer went smoothly on board the <i>Laguimanoc</i>, +and her voyages lost their regularity. Something was perpetually going +wrong with the engines, pieces or fittings disappeared unaccountably, +usually pieces of copper or brass. The engine-driver was blamed, but he +succeeded in averting his impending discharge. Could he have foreseen +the consequences of remaining, he would have promptly discharged +himself.</p> +<p>On board the launch mutual distrust prevailed. The engine-driver +must have known that it was the patron who had thrown overboard the +fittings in his absence, hoping to get him discharged, but he held his +peace.</p> +<p>The silent figure at the tiller made no sign; no trace of emotion +could be seen on the Sphinx-like face, no reproaches passed his lips, +not the slightest manifestation of resentment. But underneath that +imperturbable calm there existed the steadfast determination to have a +full and bloody revenge on all who had offended him. The +<i>Laguimanoc</i> made a voyage to Manila one Saturday to take up the +resident engineer who often spent his Sundays there, the launch +remaining in the river. On Monday morning when he came down to the +launch he found that <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb35" href="#pb35" +name="pb35">35</a>]</span>the safety valve was missing from its seat, +and was delayed till another could be procured.</p> +<p>No explanations of the loss of this piece could be got, and the +<i>Laguimanoc</i> proceeded with the resident engineer to +Cañacao and made fast to the jetty.</p> +<p>A crisis was now reached. The abstraction of the safety-valve could +not be overlooked, and some one would have to go. An inquiry was to be +made, but on Tuesday morning the patron walked up the jetty, and +reported to Mr. Gustav Brown, who was the foreman of the works, that +the engine-driver and stoker were absent. He stated that they had gone +ashore in the night, and had not returned. Nothing could be learned +about them; nobody had seen them; their kits were still on board. As +the day wore on they did not come nor send any message; so a report of +their disappearance was sent to the judge at Cavite.</p> +<p>An engine-fitter from the works was sent on board to take charge of +the engine, and another stoker was engaged; the launch resuming her +running. The work of the Varadero proceeded as usual; divers were +preparing the foundations to receive the immense gridiron which was +shortly to be launched and sunk in place. It was a busy scene of +organised labour under a skilful resident engineer; every difficulty +foreseen and provided for, materials delivered in good time, +notwithstanding obstructions; not an unnecessary auger-hole bored, not +a stroke of an adze thrown away.</p> +<p>From the Sleepy Hollow of the naval arsenal opposite jealous eyes +watched the work proceed. Every art of vexation and obstruction that +bitter envy could devise had for years been employed to prevent the +building of this slip, and onerous and unfair conditions had been +inserted in the concession. But Anglo-American persistence and industry +had succeeded so far, and in the hands of Messrs. Peel, Hubbell & +Co. and their advisers, the work was now well advanced.</p> +<p>The obsolete corvette <i>Doña Maria Molina</i> was moored off +the coaling-wharf adjoining the Varadero, and when one of her boats was +going on shore the sailors noticed two dead bodies floating in the +water, and reported this to the officer of the watch, who ordered them +to tow the bodies to the shore towards Punta Sangley, and drag them up +on the sand above high-water mark. The bodies were lashed together with +a piece of new rope having a blue strand in <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb36" href="#pb36" name="pb36">36</a>]</span>the +centre, and had a good-sized piece of white granite attached as a +sinker. On looking at the lashings no one could doubt that the work had +been done by an able seaman. The bodies presented ghastly wounds, both +had fractures of the skull, and gaping cuts on the throat and abdomen; +they had also been gnawed by fishes. The swelling of the bodies had +sufficed to bring them to the surface, stone and all.</p> +<p>The news of the finding of the corpses did not immediately reach the +Varadero, and they were conveyed to Cavite, and buried just as they +were found, tied together with the ropes and stone, without being +identified. It seemed nobody’s business to trouble about them, +notwithstanding the evident fact that they had been murdered. The +Manila newspapers did not mention the circumstance.</p> +<p>But at this time other events happened. The patron of the launch +disappeared without taking his kit with him. Then the boy disappeared, +and I may as well at once say that, from that time to this, that boy +has never been heard of by the Varadero Company, who were his +employers. Next, that gay and lascivious damsel of San Roque, whose +unbridled sensuality had wrought the trouble, also disappeared as +mysteriously as the others.</p> +<p>Dr. Juan Perez, of Cavite, was the medical attendant to the staff of +the Varadero, and used to call there every afternoon. On hearing from +him about the discovery of the bodies, the resident engineer at once +thought of his missing men, and the flight of the patron confirmed his +suspicions. A minute examination of the launch was made, and revealed +some stains of blood which had not been entirely removed by the usual +washing down. Several small cuts such as might be made with the point +of a <i>bolo</i> were found in the flat skylight of the cabin, and a +deeper cut on the bulwark rail, starboard side forward, opposite the +skylight. A working rope was missing from the launch. It had only +recently been supplied to it, and had been cut off a whole coil +purchased a few weeks before from a sailing-vessel, for the use of the +Varadero. That rope had a blue strand in the centre. Gustav Brown put +on a diving-dress, and went down at the head of the northern jetty, +where the launch used to lie, and carefully examined the bottom. +Presently his eye rested on an object that he recognised. It was the +square steel coal-breaker used by the stoker, and he brought it up. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb37" href="#pb37" name= +"pb37">37</a>]</span></p> +<p>Meanwhile, a new coxswain had been found for the launch, and as the +old patron had left his vessel illegally, there was ground for his +arrest on that score, so orders were given to the new patron and to the +engine-driver to give him into custody if he came to claim his kit. +Next time the launch arrived in Manila, sure enough the old patron +appeared to fetch his belongings, and was taken to the calaboose of the +captain of the port. The resident engineer called on that official, +and, as a result of their conversation, the prisoner was put on board +the launch to be conveyed to Cavite.</p> +<p>With all the stoicism of the Malay, he sat quite still and silent; +his impassive features betrayed no sign of anxiety or remorse.</p> +<p>But if the principal actor in this bloody tragedy could thus compose +his mind, it was not so with others who knew more or less what had +happened, but whose dread and hatred of the law and its myrmidons had +kept their tongues quiet.</p> +<p>When the launch approached the Varadero near enough for the prisoner +to be recognised, an unusual commotion occurred amongst the swarm of +native workmen. A mysterious magnetism, an inexplicable vibration, +pervaded the crowd. Unfelt by the senses, it acted on the mind, and +seemed simultaneously to convey to each individual an identical +idea.</p> +<p>The patron was a prisoner, therefore his crime was known; no good +could be done by keeping silent. Before this nobody knew anything about +the disappearance of the two men. Now it leaked out, but only in +confidence to Gustav Brown, whom they trusted. The native divers had +seen the bodies when at their work on the foundations, and had moved +them farther off out of their way. Men working at the jetties had seen +them when they floated, but had looked in another direction. In fact, +the corpses had been recognised, and the crime was known to scores of +native and Chinese workmen, but no word or hint ever reached the +foreman or the engineer till the culprit was arrested.</p> +<p>Now there were sufficient details to reconstitute the tragic +scene.</p> +<p>The amour of the brothers with the San Roque girl was known, and +also the well-founded jealousy of the patron, who at first endeavoured +to obtain the engine-driver’s discharge by the means already +mentioned. This not <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb38" href="#pb38" +name="pb38">38</a>]</span>succeeding, he determined to kill both of +them, and without showing a sign of the deadly hatred that possessed +him, calmly awaited his opportunity.</p> +<p>On the Monday night, 7th June, after the incident of the +safety-valve, the launch was moored alongside the Varadero jetty, and +the two brothers lay fast asleep on the flat top of the cabin skylight, +each wrapped in his blanket.</p> +<p>A native sleeps hard, and is not easily awakened, nor when aroused +does he quickly regain his faculties. It is an important point in the +Malay code of manners never to awaken any person suddenly, for it is +believed that, during sleep, the soul is absent from the body, +wandering around, and must be given time to return, otherwise serious, +even fatal consequences, may ensue. The awakened person may become an +idiot, or some great harm may happen to the unmannerly one who awakened +him. Many natives have as great a fear of the wandering soul of a +sleeping person as of an evil spirit or ghost. The soul is said to +return to the body in the form of a small black ball, which enters the +mouth.</p> +<p>Moreover, one of the greatest, in fact, the most terrible, curse +that can be uttered by many tribes, is, “May you die +sleeping,” for it means death to body and soul. That, however, +was the fate reserved for the brothers. Towards midnight, when the +cooking-fires in the coolie quarters had burnt down, and the chatter of +the Chinese had subsided, when the last lights in the Europeans’ +houses had been extinguished, and not a sound broke the stillness of +the night, the patron addressed himself to the performance of his +bloody task. Slipping his sharpened <i>bolo</i> through his belt, he +descended into the engine-room, and, seizing the coal-breaker, crept +forward to where the doomed men slumbered, perhaps dreaming of the +charms of that dark damsel, the enjoyment of whose embraces was to cost +them so dear. Meanwhile, their fate approached; their time was +come.</p> +<p>The patron was past his prime; privations at sea and dissipation on +shore had sapped his strength. But bitter hatred nerving his arm, with +lightning rapidity and terrific force he discharged a blow on each +sleeper’s unprotected head. The sharp edge of the steel bar +crashed deep into their skulls, driving in the splintered bone upon the +brain. One agonised shudder from each, then all was still. A European +murderer might have been satisfied with this. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb39" href="#pb39" name="pb39">39</a>]</span>Not so a +Tagal. A ceremony still remained to be accomplished. Their blood must +flow; they must suffer mutilation. Seizing his <i>bolo</i>, the +assassin now vented his rage in cutting and thrusting at the bodies. +The heavy and keen-edged blade fell repeatedly, cutting great gashes on +the throats and bellies of the victims, whilst streams of gore ran down +the waterways, and trickled out at the scuppers, staining the white +sides of the launch with crimson streaks.</p> +<p>His blood-thirst assuaged, his vengeance partly accomplished, and +his spirit comforted by his desperate deed, the murderer probably +paused for a time, and began to consider how he could conceal his +crime. No sign of movement anywhere. Apparently the dull sounds of the +blows had fallen on no mortal ear. Presently, taking up one of his +working ropes, he mounted the jetty, and walked to the shore, where +there lay a pile of stone ballast. It was white granite, discharged +from a sailing-ship that had come from Hong Kong in ballast, and it had +been purchased for the Varadero. Selecting a suitable piece, he carried +it to the end of the jetty, and lowered it by the rope into the launch. +Then, descending, he firmly lashed the two bodies together, and +fastened the stone to them. Then he drew the bodies to the side, +preparatory to launching them overboard. Now an incident occurred. It +is thought that one of the two men was not quite dead, notwithstanding +his dreadful wounds, and that recovering consciousness, and perceiving +what awaited him, seized the rail in his death-grasp, and resisted the +attempt to throw him over.</p> +<p>The patron must once again have had recourse to his murderous +<i>bolo</i>, bringing it down on the clenched hand, for a deep cut was +found on the rail with blood driven into the pores of the wood by that +savage blow. The tendons severed, the hand unclasped, and next moment +the bodies slid over the rail and down underneath the keel of the +launch in some four fathoms of water. Throwing the steel coal-breaker +after them, the patron’s next task was to wash away the traces of +his crime, and this he did fairly well so that nothing was noticed, +till, suspicion being aroused, a careful scrutiny was made, with the +result already mentioned. It is not known whether the boy knew anything +of the tragedy performed so near him, for he was never questioned, +having apparently disappeared off the face of the earth as soon as the +bodies were found. What the patron did afterwards can only be +conjectured. Guilty of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb40" href="#pb40" +name="pb40">40</a>]</span>two atrocious murders, and of savage +mutilation of the slain, could he have composed himself to a quiet and +dreamless slumber? Or was his imagination fired to further revenge by +dream-pictures of his once-loved mistress in the arms of her youthful +lovers? All that is known is that he presented himself to the foreman +early on the Tuesday morning, and reported the absence of the two men +without showing on his dark visage the slightest sign of trouble or +emotion.</p> +<p>We left the patron a prisoner on the launch. Now it became necessary +to give him in charge to the judicial authorities, for it was getting +late in the afternoon. They did not show any undue eagerness to receive +him. The judge first applied to explained that he was only acting +temporarily, that the judge had departed, having been transferred to +another place, and that the new judge had not yet arrived, therefore he +much regretted he could not take up the case. An appeal was then made +to the Gobernador-Politico-Militar, who most courteously explained that +a civil court was established in the province with full jurisdiction, +both criminal and civil, so that he could not interfere. It was now +nearly sunset, and the prisoner had been on the launch all day. The +resident engineer then called on the Commandante of +Cañacao—a naval officer who had a few marines at his +disposal—and obtained as a personal favour that the prisoner +should be temporarily secured in the guard-room. The next day the +resident engineer proceeded to Cavite, and, accompanied by Dr. Juan +Perez, visited the principal authorities, and eventually succeeded in +getting the prisoner lodged in jail, and a charge of murder entered +against him. The bodies of the victims were never exhumed for +examination. The resident engineer made a declaration, which was taken +down in writing, and on one of his busiest days he was peremptorily +summoned to appear before the judge, and solemnly ratify his +testimony.</p> +<p>About three days after Juan de la Cruz was lodged in Cavite jail, +the dead body of the San Roque damsel, gashed by savage blows of the +fatal <i>bolo</i>, was left by the ebb on the sands of +Parañaque, a village just across the little Bay of Bacoor +opposite to San Roque. She had paid with her life for her frailty as +many another woman has done in every clime. From the appearance of the +body it was thought it had been several days in the water. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb41" href="#pb41" name="pb41">41</a>]</span></p> +<p>No legal evidence was forthcoming to fix the crime on any one, +although few of those who knew the story harboured a doubt that the +assassin of the two brothers was the murderer of the girl also.</p> +<p>Juan de la Cruz remained in prison, and from time to time, but with +increasing intervals, the resident engineer, the foreman and others +were cited by the judge, interrogated, then cited again to ratify their +declarations.</p> +<p>The <i lang="es">espediente</i>, a pile of stamped paper, grew +thicker and thicker, but the trial seemed no nearer. Month after month +rolled on, the Varadero was finished, ships were drawn up, repaired and +launched, Juan continued in prison.</p> +<p>The resident engineer departed to other climes, and was soon +expending his energy in building the great harbour at La Guayra. I was +the means of obtaining an order for six gun-boats for the Varadero +Company. They were built, launched, tried and delivered, and steamed +away to overawe the piratical Moros. Still Juan continued in prison. +Judges came and judges went, but the trial came no nearer. Year after +year a judge of the Audiencia came in state to inspect the prisoners, +and year after year Juan was set down as awaiting his trial.</p> +<p>In December, 1892, I left the Philippines for Cuba and Juan de la +Cruz was still in Cavite jail.</p> +<p>Dr. Juan Perez, the surgeon who had examined the corpses, died, +having wrongly diagnosed his own case, and Dr. Hugo Perez, a half +caste, was appointed in his stead. Gustav Brown, the foreman, wearied +of the monotony of ship repairing, became possessed by a longing to +resume his nomadic life amongst the palm-clad islands of the Pacific. +He purchased a schooner and embarked with his wife and family. First +running down to Singapore to take in trade-goods for bartering with the +natives, he sailed away for the Carolines where his wife’s home +lay. He never reached them; for, soon after leaving Singapore, he came +to a bloody end at the hands of his Chinese crew, who killed and +decapitated him.</p> +<p>The insurrection broke out in Cavite Province, Colonel +Mattone’s column was defeated by the insurgents with great +slaughter. Dr. Hugo Perez, the successor of Dr. Juan Perez, was +suspected of sympathising with the rebels, and, needless to say, +<i>he</i> soon came to a bloody end. <i>He</i> did not have to wait +long for his trial. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb42" href="#pb42" +name="pb42">42</a>]</span></p> +<p>In 1896, Mr. George Gilchrist, the engineer at the Varadero, who was +not in the Philippines when the murders were committed, was cited by +the judge, and asked if he could <i>identify the prisoner ten years +after his arrest</i>! Two years more passed, and in April, 1898, Mr. +Gilchrist returned to Scotland for a well-earned holiday. When he left +Cañacao, Juan de la Cruz was still in prison awaiting his +trial.</p> +<p>He may have escaped when the rebels occupied Cavite after Admiral +Dewey’s victory over the Spanish Squadron in the Bay of +Bacoor.</p> +<p>For the murderer no pity need be felt, he certainly had nothing to +gain and all to lose by a trial. A double murder, premeditated, +accompanied by acts of great barbarity, and committed at night, +constitutes by the Penal Code a capital offence with three aggravating +circumstances which would forbid all hope of clemency.</p> +<p>But what can be thought of courts so remiss in their duty? How many +innocent prisoners have waited years for their trial? How many have +died in prison?</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Piratical Outrage in Luzon.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">At Laguimanóc, a port and village in the +Province of Tayabas, there resided an Englishman, Mr. H. G. Brown, who +had been many years in the Philippines. By the exercise of untiring +industry, by braving the malaria of the primeval forests, and by his +never-failing tact in dealing with the officials of the Woods and +Forests on the one hand, and with the semi-barbarous and entirely +lawless wood-cutters on the other, he had built up an extensive +business in cutting timber in the state forests of Southern Luzon and +the adjacent islands. He was owner of several sailing vessels, had a +well-appointed saw-mill, and a comfortable residence at +Languimanóc. He employed large numbers of wood-cutters; all +under advances of pay, who were scattered about the Provinces of +Tayabas, and Camarines Norte over a considerable area.</p> +<p>His business was so considerable that he paid the Government fully +$30,000 per year as royalty on timber which was mostly shipped to Hong +Kong and Shanghai.</p> +<p>In order to facilitate a business so profitable to them the +Government placed a Custom House official at Atimónan, in the +Bay of Lamon on the Pacific coast, to clear and <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb43" href="#pb43" name="pb43">43</a>]</span>despatch +his timber vessels loaded at Atimónan, Gumacas, Lopez, Alabat +Island, or other places. To show how little Mr. Brown spared himself, I +may mention that not even the dreaded jungle-fever of Mindoro prevented +him from personally superintending the loading of several vessels at +different ports of that pestilential island. In persistence and pluck +he was a worthy predecessor of Professor D. C. Worcester, who years +afterwards showed his Anglo-Saxon determination in the same fearsome +spot.</p> +<p>One day in December of 1884, Mr. Brown being absent in Hong Kong, +and his manager, Mr. Anderson, busy on the Pacific coast, looking after +the loading of a vessel, the out-door superintendent, a Swede named +Alfred Olsen, was in charge of the house, office, and saw-mill at +Laguimanóc, and was attending to the loading of the +<i>Tartar</i>, one of Mr. Brown’s ships which was anchored in the +bay taking in timber for China. She had a native crew who occasionally +of an evening, when ashore to enjoy themselves, got up a disturbance +with the villagers. On board this vessel there were, as is usual, two +Carabineros or Custom House guards to prevent smuggling.</p> +<p>Although no one in the village suspected it, two large canoes full +of armed men were lying concealed behind a point in Capuluan Cove on +the opposite side of the Bay. At eight o’clock in the evening, it +being quite dark, they came across, and in perfect order, according to +a pre-arranged plan advanced in silence on the village. The assailants +numbered twenty-eight men, and were variously armed with lances, +<i>bolos</i> and daggers. Only the leader bore a revolver. A guard was +left on the canoes, four of the gang were stationed at the door of Mr. +Brown’s house, and others at strategic points, whilst the main +body attacked the <i>Tribunal</i> close by which was also the +<i>estanco</i> where there was some Government money, postage stamps +and stamped paper. At all <i>Tribunales</i> there are a couple of +<i>cuadrilleros</i>, or village constables on guard, armed usually with +lance and <i>bolo</i>. These men did their duty and manfully resisted +the pirates. In the combat which ensued, the sergeant of the +Cuadrilleros was killed and some on both sides were wounded, but the +pirates got the best of the fight, and plundered the +<i>estanco</i>.</p> +<p>In the meantime, Olsen, having heard the uproar, may have thought +that the crew of the <i>Tartar</i> were again making a disturbance. At +all events he left the house unarmed <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb44" href="#pb44" name="pb44">44</a>]</span>and unsuspicious, thus +walking into the trap laid for him. The Tagals have a great respect for +fire-arms, more especially for the revolvers and repeating rifles of +the foreigner, thus they did not venture to enter the house, but the +moment Olsen stepped out into the darkness and before he could see +round about him, he was attacked by two men on each side, who plunged +their daggers into his body, piercing his lungs. Bleeding profusely and +vomiting blood he rushed back into the house towards his bedroom to get +his revolver which was under the bed. His assailants, however, followed +him into the room and butchered him before he could grasp it. At least +the revolver was afterwards found in its case with the perfect impress +of his blood-stained hand upon the oaken lid. A native boy named Pablo, +about eight years old, was in the house at the time, and in his terror +squeezed himself into a narrow space behind the door and escaped +discovery, although he was an eye-witness of the crime.</p> +<p>By this time the alarm had spread all over the little village, and +the noise was heard on board the <i>Tartar</i>. The two Carabineros, +taking their Remingtons and cartridge boxes, had themselves paddled on +shore, and marching up the stairs which led to the rocky eminence on +which the village stands, bravely advanced against the pirates although +out-numbered by more than ten to one. They fired their rifles, but the +gang rushed upon them and in a moment they were cut down, and according +to Tagal custom, their bellies were ripped open. The pirates having now +overcome all opposition and having plundered the <i>estanco</i>, and +the inevitable Chinaman’s shop, transferred their attention to +Mr. Brown’s house, which they ransacked, taking the contents of +the safe, a collection of gold and silver coins, seven Martini-Henry +rifles with ammunition, and two revolvers, as well as any other things +they deemed of value. They burst open the desks, drawers, and +wardrobes, cutting and hacking the furniture with their <i>bolos</i> in +wanton mischief. Then embarking their spoil, they sailed away with the +land breeze.</p> +<p>Information had been sent off to the nearest post of the Guardia +Civil, and on its receipt, an officer with a force of that corps +instantly set off and captured one party of the pirates red-handed as +they beached their canoe. Within a week twenty-six had been captured +and one shot dead whilst escaping. There only remained the leader. He, +as <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb45" href="#pb45" name= +"pb45">45</a>]</span>it was afterwards discovered, was concealed in a +secluded wood a few miles from Sariaya, and one night he was speared by +the Captain of Cuadrilleros of that town, who is said to have had valid +reasons for getting him out of the way.</p> +<p>This band of pirates were a mixed lot; some of them were +<i>principales</i> or members of the town council of Sariaya, a +picturesque little place on the southern slope of Mount Banajao, and +some from San Juan de Boc-boc; others were ordinary inhabitants, a few +were outlaws from the San Juan mountains, and four or five were +fishermen whom the gang had met on their passage by sea and had invited +to accompany them. This custom of <i>Convites</i> is explained in +<a href="#ch25">Chapter XXV</a>. Of course the fishermen, when +interrogated, declared they had been pressed into the service, but in +fact very few natives have the moral courage to decline so pleasing an +entertainment, as it appeals to a feeling deeply seated in their +hearts, the love of rapine, only to be restrained by the heavy hand of +a military police “who do not hesitate to shoot.” The +provincial doctor arrived next morning with the judge who was to take +the depositions of the villagers and draw up the <i>sumario</i>. Olsen +was dead, the sergeant of Cuadrilleros also and one of the +<i>Carabineros</i>, but strange to say, in spite of a dozen ghastly +wounds, the other one was still alive, though his bowels were +protruding, having fallen out through the gash which it is the Tagal +custom to finish off with.</p> +<p>When the provincial doctor saw him, he said, “Nothing can +possibly be done for him,” and departed. So, abandoned to his own +resources, he replaced the bowels himself, and getting one of the +villagers to bind him up, he eventually recovered. He was seen by Mr. +Brown a year or two later, and is probably alive now. This seems +extraordinary, but a similar case occurred to a man who had worked +under me. An English bricklayer named John Heath had been employed +building furnaces and kilns in Manila, and having completed his work, +took to farming and rented some grass meadows (sacate lands) at +Mandaloyan. One night he and another Englishman staying with him were +attacked in his house by a party of Tagals with drawn <i>bolos</i>. The +visitor, although wounded, leaped from the window and escaped, but +Heath was cut down, then lifted on to the window sill, hacked about, +and finally, according to Tagal custom, ripped open and left for dead. +Yet this man also entirely <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb46" href= +"#pb46" name="pb46">46</a>]</span>recovered, and after a year seemed as +strong as ever, although he was advised not to exert his strength. This +outrage was clearly agrarian, and was, I feel sure, committed by those +who had previously rented these lands and had been turned out. No one +was ever punished for it.</p> +<p>To return to the gang of pirates; two had been killed, the rest were +in prison. Year after year passed, still they remained in prison; +judges came, stayed their term, were promoted and went, but still these +men were never sentenced.</p> +<p>In 1889, I visited Laguimanóc to make a plan and valuation of +the property, as the business was about to be taken over by a Limited +Liability Company, established in Hong Kong. This was <i>five years</i> +after the date of the murders, some of the prisoners had died in +prison, the others were awaiting their sentence. But I found that the +Government had established a sergeant’s post of the Guardia Civil +in the village, which effectually prevented a repetition of the +outrage.</p> +<p>A year later I again visited Laguimanóc, but the trial of the +prisoners was no further advanced. No less than nine of them died in +prison, still no sentence was pronounced. Even for a Philippine Court +this was extraordinary, for the gang had committed the unpardonable +crime “Resistencia a fuerza armada” (Resistance to an armed +force), and could have been tried by Court-martial and summarily shot. +They had also dared to lay their profane hands on the sacred money-box +containing a portion of the “Real Haber” (Government +money), so that it was not only a question of murder and robbery of +private people. But the Civil Court, negligent, slothful, and corrupt, +could not be got to convict, and a few years ago, Mr. Brown having left +the islands, the surviving prisoners were <i>pardoned</i> by the Queen +Regent on the occasion of the young King’s birthday.</p> +<p>The contrast between the military and civil elements in this case is +very strong.</p> +<p>The military element performed its duties thoroughly well, under +great difficulties, and promptly arrested the malefactors. In my +experience this has been always the case, and I draw from it the +conclusion that military Government is essential to the pacification of +the Philippines and that authority must be backed up by a native +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb47" href="#pb47" name= +"pb47">47</a>]</span>force of constabulary under American officers who +must be young and active.</p> +<p>Such offences as piracy or gang-robbery should never come before a +Civil Court, but should be promptly settled by court-martial before +which no technicalities or legal subtleties need be taken into +account.</p> +<p>A firm, nay, a heavy hand over the Philippines is the most merciful +in the long run.</p> +<p>I am sorry to have to relate that the Company which took over Mr. +Brown’s business did not long prosper. Whilst he remained at the +head of it, all went well, but as soon as he left to take a much-needed +rest, it began to fail. The personality of the individual is everything +in most Spanish countries and especially in the Philippines. No manager +could be found who could keep on terms with the officials, control the +wild wood-cutters or risk jungle-fever by entering the forests to +personally inspect the work.</p> +<p>The organization decayed and the business went to pieces. Let +intending investors take note. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb48" +href="#pb48" name="pb48">48</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch6" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter VI.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Causes of Tagal Revolt.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">Corrupt officials—“Laws of the +Indies”—Philippines a dependency of Mexico up to +1800—The opening of the Suez Canal—Hordes of useless +officials—The Asimilistas—Discontent, but no +disturbance—Absence of crime—Natives petition for the +expulsion of the Friars—Many signatories of the petition +punished.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Spanish Colonial system was based upon the simple +and well-recognised principle of rewarding political services to the +Government in power, by the pillage of a colony.</p> +<p>Sometimes special circumstances rendered it necessary for the +Government to send out the man best fitted to cope with a critical +situation, but in normal times the good old corrupt plan was +followed.</p> +<p>The appointment of a Governor-General would be arranged by the Prime +Minister and submitted for the approval of the monarch. The Colonial +Minister, like the other subordinate ministers, counted for little in a +Cabinet presided over by such commanding personalities as +Cánovas, or Sagásta. They were, in fact, mere heads of +departments.</p> +<p>In another chapter I have remarked that it was generally believed +that General Weyler purchased his appointment as Governor-General of +the Philippines, by a cash payment and an annual subsidy.</p> +<p>There were, however, certain officials whom it would be unjust to +class with those who practically had to rob for their living, because +they were subject to dismissal at any moment. These unfortunates knew +perfectly well that integrity and ability would not ensure them a +single day’s grace. Whenever the man in power wanted that place +for his cousin or his uncle, out they would go. Similarly, if +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb49" href="#pb49" name= +"pb49">49</a>]</span>they had any interest, misbehaviour would not lose +the appointment. Considering the system, the wonder was that some of +them were honest, not that most of them were thieves.</p> +<p>Amongst those who had fixed appointments were the Inspector-General +of Forests and his assistants. Every British and American resident in, +or visitor to Manila, will remember a Catalan gentleman, Don Sebastian +Vidal y Soler and his charming wife Dona Ella Paoli de Vidal, a lady +from Philadelphia. Vidal was a man of great learning and equal modesty, +a man of the strictest honour, kind-hearted and charitable in the +extreme. He was well-known in America, in London, Paris, and Amsterdam, +and wherever botanists congregate. His death in 1890 was universally +regretted.</p> +<p>In the same branch of the service there was another gentleman whom I +must name. Don José Sainz de Baranda, at one time acting +Colonial Secretary, is a most courteous gentleman, whose high character +and marked ability were well worthy of the confidence reposed in him by +General Terrero. Any country might be proud to own Señor Sainz +de Baranda. For my part I preserve the most agreeable remembrances of +these two friends.</p> +<p>In the Department of Public Works there were men of considerable +attainments as engineers—Don Eduardo Lopez Navarro, author of the +project for the new harbour; Don Genaro Palacios, who designed and +carried out the waterworks and designed the Church of Saint Sebastian, +in both of which works I took part; and Señor Brockman, who +constructed several lighthouses in different parts of the Archipelago. +I feel bound to say that so far as my knowledge went, there was no +corruption or underhand work in either the Inspection of Forests or the +Public Works.</p> +<p>As to the patronage of other civil offices I have had the procedure +explained to me by a Spaniard well up in the subject, and I give an +imaginary instance to illustrate the system.</p> +<p>When a political party came into power and the question of forming +the Cabinet was being debated, Señor M——, a leader +of a group of deputies, might say, “I renounce the honour of +entering the Cabinet, and instead will take the Presidency of the +Chamber and the right to appoint the Collector of Customs at Havana, +the Intendant General of Hacienda at Manila, and the Governor of +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb50" href="#pb50" name= +"pb50">50</a>]</span>Batangas, with a dozen second and third class +governorships or judgeships.”</p> +<p>If this was agreed to, perhaps, after some haggling, Señor +M—— distributed the nominations to the lower appointments +amongst his supporters, who disposed of them for their own +advantage.</p> +<p>The nominations to the higher offices remained the absolute private +property of Señor M——, and he proceeded to pick out +men up to the job, to undertake the appointments. Some of them paid him +large sums in cash, and others entered into contracts binding +themselves to remit him monthly a large proportion of their emoluments +and pickings. In some cases it was stipulated that if a single payment +was in default, the unfortunate employé would be instantly +dismissed. I have personally known of this condition. Those he +nominated referred to him as their <i>padrino</i> or godfather.</p> +<p>The actual holders of the offices referred to would then be +summarily dismissed, however well they might have behaved whilst +serving, and the new horde would be installed in their places and would +use every means to fill their pockets and to pay their +<i>padrino</i>.</p> +<p>Complaints against them were not likely to lead to their removal, +for they were protected in Madrid by the powerful political interest of +their <i>padrino</i>. If they kept within the criminal law, they had +little to fear, however greedy they might be.</p> +<p>Some of the governors and other officials had the talent of filling +their pockets without making enemies. I have already referred to a +Governor of Batangas, as eminent in this line. It must not be supposed +that the illicit gains of the officials were extorted from the +individual native. They were principally drawn from the <i>fallos</i>, +or local tax in redemption of <i>polos</i> or personal service. This +money ought to have been employed in repairing roads, bridges, and +public buildings. But as nearly the whole was diverted into the pockets +of the officials and their <i>padrinos</i>, the roads became impassable +in the wet season, the bridges, if of wood, rotted, if of stone, were +thrown down by the earthquakes or carried away by floods, whilst the +tribunales (town halls), fell into decay. I have known cases where a +planter has been unable for months to send his sugar down to the port +for shipment, as it was absolutely impossible for carts to pass along +the road in the wet season. In a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb51" +href="#pb51" name="pb51">51</a>]</span>wealthy and populous province +like Batangas, the <i>fallos</i> were sufficient to have paved all the +main roads in the province with granite and to have bridged every +stream.</p> +<p>I may mention here a characteristic trait of Spanish administration. +When a river-bridge fell down, they not only did not repair or renew +it, but they put up to auction the monopoly of ferrying vehicles and +passengers across the stream. The purchaser of the right fastened a +rattan across the river and provided a couple of canoes with a platform +of cane laid over them, which served to ferry vehicles across by means +of the rope; one or two at a time at a rather heavy charge. This truly +Spanish method provided a revenue for the Administration, or pickings +for an official, instead of requiring an outlay for a new bridge.</p> +<p>Still, the natives, never having known anything better, supported +these drawbacks with remarkable equanimity. They were left very much to +themselves, and were not interfered with nor worried. The army was +small and the conscription did not press heavily upon them.</p> +<p>They lived under the “Leyes de Indias” (may their makers +have found favour with God), a code of laws deserving of the greatest +praise for wisdom and humanity. They protected the native against +extortion, constituting him a perpetual minor as against the usurer. He +could not be sued for more than five dollars. Compare this wise +disposition with what has been going on in India ever since the British +Government has administered it, where the principal occupation of the +lower courts is to decree the foreclosure of mortgages on the +ryot’s patches of land at the suit of the village usurer. The +result has been that in some provinces the small landowner class who +furnished fighting men for the Indian Army has almost disappeared. It +is only now in 1900 that something is proposed to be done to remedy +this evil, and knowing my countrymen, I quite expect some weak-kneed +compromise will be arrived at.</p> +<p>The “Leyes de Indias” conferred upon the native the +perpetual usufruct of any land that he kept under cultivation; and this +right descended from father to son.</p> +<p>As a result of these laws, most of the arable land in Luzon, +Cebú, and some other islands belongs to the natives to this day, +although many of them have no other title than possession. The natives +also had the privilege of cutting <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb52" +href="#pb52" name="pb52">52</a>]</span>timber in the forests for +house-building or repairing, or for making a canoe free of dues. They +could also cut bamboos for their fences or roofs and collect +firewood.</p> +<p>These privileges were restricted to natives, and were not extended +to Spaniards or Chinese. The taxes paid by the natives were light and +they could live and thrive.</p> +<p>Had these wise and admirable laws been carried out in the spirit in +which they were made, the Philippines might have been Spanish to this +day and the natives would have had little to complain of.</p> +<p>The Philippines were for nearly three centuries after their +discovery by the Spaniards a mere dependency of Mexico, communication +being kept up by an annual galleon or sometimes two sailing between +Acapulco and Manila through the Strait of San Bernardino. The long and +tedious voyage deterred all but priests and officials from proceeding +to the Philippines.</p> +<p>When this route was given up, which happened some ten years before +the Independence of Mexico, which was proclaimed in 1820, communication +with the Peninsula was by sailing vessels via the Cape of Good Hope. +That was a voyage that would not be lightly undertaken either going or +returning. Spaniards who then came to the Archipelago often stayed +there for the rest of their lives.</p> +<p>The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and the establishment of a +line of steamers bringing Manila within thirty days of Barcelona was +the most important event in the history of the Philippines since the +conquest, and it had the gravest consequences. It greatly stimulated +the trade of the Philippines, but it enormously increased the number of +Spaniards in the Islands. Hordes of hungry-looking Iberians arrived by +every steamer with nominations to posts for which most of them +possessed no qualification. It seemed as if all the loafers of the +Puerta del Sol and the Calle de Alcalá were to be dumped in the +Philippines and fed by the Treasury.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e3252width" id="p053-1"><img src= +"images/p053-1.jpg" alt= +"Vicols Preparing Hemp.—Drawing Out the Fibre." width="510" +height="405"> +<p class="figureHead">Vicols Preparing Hemp.—Drawing Out the +Fibre.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984"><i>See p. <a href="#pb286" class= +"pageref">286</a>.</i></p> +</div> +<div class="figure xd20e3263width" id="p053-2"><img src= +"images/p053-2.jpg" alt= +"Reduced Fac-simile of the Document of Identity of the Author, Showing the Amount Paid Annually as Poll-tax, $22.50." +width="515" height="382"> +<p class="figureHead">Reduced Fac-simile of the Document of Identity of +the Author, Showing the Amount Paid Annually as Poll-tax, $22.50.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984"><i>To face p. 53.</i></p> +</div> +<p>Places had to be found for them, and a bureaucratic administration +partly copied from French practice, was rapidly substituted for the old +paternal régime. New departments were organised or the old ones +greatly extended. Far more money was spent on the salaries of engineers +and assistant-engineers than on public works. The salaries of the +officials of the Woods and Forests exceeded the revenue derived from +dues on timber cut in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb53" href="#pb53" +name="pb53">53</a>]</span>the Crown forests, and their regulations +seriously interfered with the privileges of the natives previously +mentioned, and caused great discontent. The salaries of the Inspectors +of Mines were almost a useless expense, for there was no revenue +derived from mines, in fact there were no mines, only placers and +washings. A medical service was organised at great cost and to little +advantage. Doctors were appointed to reside at the hot springs, and one +could not take a bath there without paying a fee. Model farms and +Schools of Agriculture were started, to find places for more Spaniards, +for the officials received their salaries, but no funds were +forthcoming for material or establishment.</p> +<p>In 1886 there took place the separation of the executive and the +judicial functions, and eighteen civil governors were appointed to the +principal provinces. Later on, eighteen judges of first instance were +nominated to these same provinces. After centuries of rule, the +Alcaldes Mayores were abolished.</p> +<p>Then came a period when certain bureaucrats in Madrid conceived what +they thought a vast and patriotic idea. They founded a school of +politicians who called themselves <i>Asimilistas</i>. Their grand idea +was to assimilate the administration of the Philippines to that of the +Mother Country. They thought it wise to assimilate the institutions of +a tropical dependency with eight millions of native inhabitants, of +whom one-sixth part were independent heathen or Mahometans, to the +gradually evolved institutions of Old Spain.</p> +<p>By way of a commencement they began to speak and write of the +Philippines as “that beautiful province of Spain.” The +Philippine army had always been distinct from the Peninsular army, but +now by a paper reform it was embodied in it, and the regiments were +re-numbered, the 1st Visayas Regiment becoming the 74th, etc. This was +considered to be a strong link to bind together the Mother Country and +the Colony.</p> +<p>The extra expense of these crowds of employés and of some +expeditions to Mindanao and Joló was very heavy, accordingly +every year saw some new and oppressive tax. In 1883 the +“Tributo,” or tribute that had been paid by the natives +since the conquest, was replaced by a tax on the Cédula +Personal, or document of identity, and this was paid by all adults of +both sexes, whether Spaniards, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb54" +href="#pb54" name="pb54">54</a>]</span>foreigners, or half-castes. In +the Appendix will be found a facsimile of my cédula.</p> +<p>The Customs duties were several times raised, sometimes without much +notice. A tax on all trades and professions, on horses and carriages, a +heavy port tax, a vexatious tax on all animals slaughtered, even down +to a sucking pig, taxes on the hand-looms used by the women in their +spare time, taxes on sugar-mills, rice-mills, on boats and lighters, +and on houses; all these and many more were collected.</p> +<p>There were also serious agrarian disputes between the Dominicans, +the Augustinians, and the tenants on their estates, owing to excessive +rents demanded by the friars. All these circumstances brought about a +great change in the relations between the Spaniards and the natives. +Whereas formerly the wealthy native kept open house on feast days, and +received with pleasure the visits of Spaniards, generally elderly men +used to the country and speaking the language of the people, he now +found his house invaded by a crowd of young officials new to the +country and its ways, who fell on the eatables like a swarm of +famishing locusts, and soon devoured the turkeys and hams and other +good things he had provided to entertain his friends. Besides, his +women-folk would probably not be treated by the new-comers with the +courtesy and consideration they had been used to.</p> +<p>An estrangement gradually made itself felt, and increased year by +year, in direct proportion to the influx of Spaniards. Not one in a +hundred of these did any useful work or added in any way to the wealth +of the community. They were the drones of the hive, and were in fact +directly harmful, for they had to be supported from the Treasury, and +they irritated the natives by their illegal exactions and overbearing +conduct whenever they came in contact with them.</p> +<p>Still year after year passed without disturbances. From 1877 to +1892, whilst I was in the country, I can testify that almost perfect +order reigned. The fighting in Mindanao and Joló went on as a +matter of course like the Acheen war in Sumatra, and an expedition was +sent against the Igorrotes. But in the civilised districts of Luzon and +Visayas good order was kept. The only outbreak I remember was the +religious excitement in Samar, which closed when the false gods were +shot down. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb55" href="#pb55" name= +"pb55">55</a>]</span></p> +<p>Crime was infrequent, and in those fourteen years I do not think +half-a-dozen executions took place. There was less risk of burglary in +Manila than in a London suburb. Whatever their faults I must give the +Spanish Administration credit for the perfect order they kept. Manila, +in this respect, compared favourably with Hong Kong, and still better +with Singapore, where the authorities, perhaps remembering the fate of +Governor Eyre of Jamaica, and in terror of Exeter Hall, tolerated the +incredible insolence of the Chinese secret societies. These villainous +organisations, which in Singapore successfully defied the law, never +raised their heads in Manila, and Rajah Brooke showed how to treat them +in Sarawak.</p> +<p>In pursuance of the <i>Asimilista</i> policy, in July 1887, the +Penal Code was put in force in the Philippines by peremptory order from +the Government at Madrid, and much against the opinion of experienced +officials. In December of the same year the Civil Code was +promulgated.</p> +<p>It cannot be said that these reforms, however well-intended, +produced any beneficial effect on the natives. Combined with the great +increase in taxation, they intensified the discontent that was always +smouldering, more especially in the hearts of the native priests. Their +grievances against the religious orders, and more particularly against +the Recollets, who had been compensated for the handing over of their +benefices in Mindanao to the Jesuits, at the expense of the secular +clergy, were the cause of their bitter hatred of the Spanish +friars.</p> +<p>In 1883 Field-Marshal Jovellar had thought it necessary to +strengthen the small garrison by bringing out two battalions of Marine +Infantry. However it was not till March 1st, 1888, that some natives +and mestizos, emboldened by the fact that an anti-clerical, D. Jose +Centeno, a mining engineer, was Acting Civil Governor of Manila, walked +in procession to his official residence and presented a petition +addressed to the Governor-General, demanding the immediate expulsion of +the friars of the religious orders, and of the Archbishop, whom they +declared unworthy to occupy the Primacy of the Islands. They further +demanded the secularisation of the benefices and the confiscation of +the estates of the Augustinians and the Dominicans.</p> +<p>To this petition there were 810 signatures, but when the signatories +were summoned and examined, most of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb56" +href="#pb56" name="pb56">56</a>]</span>them (as is their custom) +declared they did not know what they had signed, and denied that they +wished the friars to be expelled.</p> +<p>The petition was said to have been written by Doroteo Cortes, a +mestizo lawyer, but I am told he did not sign it.</p> +<p>This manifestation, sixteen years after the mutiny at Cavite, seems +to have had some relation to that event, for the petition accused the +friars of compassing the death of Father Burgos, by subornation of +justice.</p> +<p>The result of this appeal of the natives was that the principal +persons who took part in it were banished, or sent to reside at +undesirable spots within the Archipelago.</p> +<p>There were some agrarian disturbances at Calamba and Santa Rosa, one +of the estates of the Dominicans, in 1890.</p> +<p>I may say that only the Augustinians, the Dominicans, and the +Recollets possess landed estates, and that I have had the opportunity +of examining several of them. They are all situated in Tagal territory, +and as they are the pick of the lands, their possession by the friars +has caused great heart-burnings amongst the Tagals—there has been +a smouldering agrarian discontent for years. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb57" href="#pb57" name="pb57">57</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch7" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter VII.</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Religious Orders.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">The Augustinians—Their glorious +founder—Austin Friars in +England—Scotland—Mexico—They sail with Villalobos for +the Islands of the Setting Sun—Their disastrous voyage—Fray +Andres Urdaneta and his companions—Foundation of Cebú and +Manila with two hundred and forty other towns—Missions to Japan +and China—The Flora Filipina—The Franciscans—The +Jesuits—The Dominicans—The Recollets—Statistics of +the religious orders in the islands—Turbulence of the +friars—Always ready to fight for their country—Furnish a +war ship and command it—Refuse to exhibit the titles of their +estates in 1689—The Augustinians take up arms against the +British—Ten of them fall on the field of battle—Their +rectories sacked and burnt—Bravery of the archbishop and friars +in 1820—Father Ibañez raises a battalion—Leads it to +the assault of a Moro Cotta—Execution of native priests in +1872—Small garrison in the islands—Influence of the +friars—Their behaviour—Herr +Jagor—Foreman—Worcester—Younghusband—Opinion of +Pope Clement X.—Tennie C. Claflin—Equality of +opportunity—Statuesque figures of the girls—The +author’s experience of the Friars—The Philippine +clergy—Who shall cast the first stone?—Constitution of the +orders—Life of a friar—May become an archbishop—The +chapter—The estates—The Peace Commission—Pacification +retarded—Who will collect the rents?</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">Before referring further to these estates it may be as +well to give a brief sketch of the religious orders, whose existence is +bound up with the history of the Philippines, to the conversion and +civilisation of which they have so largely contributed. They won the +islands for Spain, they held them for centuries, and now, having served +their purpose, they have lost them, doubtless for ever.</p> +<p>The Augustinians were the pioneers in converting the inhabitants of +the Philippines, and they have maintained their predominance ever +since.</p> +<p>I therefore begin my description with this venerable order, and it +will be proper to say something about its glorious founder. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb58" href="#pb58" name= +"pb58">58</a>]</span></p> +<p>The following data are taken from the ‘Encyclopædia +Britannica’ and other sources.</p> +<p>Augustine (Aurelius Augustinus) one of the four great fathers of the +Latin Church, and admittedly the greatest of the four, was born at +Tagaste (Tajelt), a town of Numidia, North Africa, <span class= +"sc">A.D.</span> 354. His father, Patricius, was a burgess of this +town, and was still a pagan at the time of his son’s birth.</p> +<p>His mother, Mónica, was not only a Christian, but a woman of +the most elevated, tender, and devoted piety, whose affectionate and +beautiful enthusiasm have passed into a touching type of womanly +saintliness for all ages.</p> +<p>Augustine studied rhetoric at Madaura and Carthage, and visited Rome +and Milan.</p> +<p>He passed many years in unrest of mind and doubt, but ultimately a +passage from Romans xii. 13, 14 seemed to pour the light of peace into +his heart. He became a Christian and was baptised in his thirty-third +year. Patricius was also converted and baptised, and Monica found the +desire of her life fulfilled and her dear ones united to her in +faith.</p> +<p>After some years of retirement, Augustine made a journey to Hippo +Regius, a Roman colony on the River Rubricatus in North Africa, and +became a presbyter.</p> +<p>His principal writings are ‘The City of God,’ +‘Confessions,’ and ‘The Trinity.’</p> +<p>He died during the siege of Hippo by the Vandals at the age of +75.</p> +<p>The theological position and influence of Augustine may be said to +be unrivalled. No single name has ever exercised such power over the +Christian Church, and no one mind has ever made such an impression upon +Christian thought.</p> +<p>The Augustinians look upon this great Christian moralist as their +founder, and reverence his memory and that of his saintly mother.</p> +<p>Whether he personally drew up the rules they observe or not, they +were his disciples, following in his foot-steps, and finding their +inspiration in his writings and example.</p> +<p>Great indeed must have been the magnetic force of that vehement +nature that it could give an impetus to his followers that carried them +all over Europe, that made them the companions of the discoverers and +conquerors of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb59" href="#pb59" name= +"pb59">59</a>]</span>the New World, and that filled their hearts with +zeal and courage to face the dangers of the great lone ocean in company +with Villalobos and Legáspi.</p> +<p>The Order traces its inception to the town of Hippo, and fixes the +date at <span class="sc">A.D.</span> 395. Many, doubtless, were its +vicissitudes, but in the year 1061, and again in 1214, we find the +Order remodelled and extended. The Augustinians were very numerous in +England and Scotland. In 1105 they had settled at Colchester and at +Nostell, near Pontefract. Later they had abbeys at Bristol, Llantony, +Christchurch, Twynham, Bolton and London, where part of their church +(Austin Friars) is still standing. Altogether they had 170 houses in +England. Their first house in Scotland was at Scone in 1114, and they +soon had 25 houses, including churches or abbeys at Inchcolm in the +Firth of Forth, St Andrew’s, Holyrood, Cambuskenneth and +Inchaffray.</p> +<p>The Austin Friars or Black Canons were then described as an order of +regular clergy holding a middle position between monks and secular +canons, almost resembling a community of parish priests living under +rule, and they have retained these characteristics to the present +day.</p> +<p>They were numerous in Spain, and some of the other Orders, such as +the Dominicans or Preaching Friars, the Franciscans, and the Recollets, +may almost be looked upon as offshoots of this venerable order, for +they conformed to its general rule, with certain additions. Thus the +Dominicans, founded by Saint Dominic de Guzman, were incorporated in +1216 by a Bull of Pope Honorius III. and adopted a rule of absolute +poverty or mendicancy in addition to the usual vows of chastity and +obedience.</p> +<p>This Order held its first chapter in 1220 at Bologna, under the +presidency of its founder.</p> +<p>The vows of poverty of this powerful Order have not prevented it +from holding large estates in the Philippines, from owning blocks of +buildings in Manila and Hong Kong, and from having a huge sum invested +in British and American securities. These however belong to the +Corporation and not to the individual members.</p> +<p>From Spain the Augustinians spread to Mexico and assisted the +Franciscans, who were the pioneers there under Father Bartolomé +de Olmédo and Father Martin de Valencia, to gather in the +abundant harvest. Father Toribio de Benavénte was one of twelve +Franciscans sent out in 1523, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb60" href= +"#pb60" name="pb60">60</a>]</span>and he has left records of the +success of these missionaries. They opened schools and founded +colleges, and in twenty years nine millions of converts had been +admitted into the Christian fold.</p> +<p>By this time Magellan had passed the narrow straits, and sailing +across the vast solitudes of the Pacific had reached the Visayas +Islands to meet his fate, and Sebastian de Elcano had completed the +circumnavigation of the globe and had arrived in Spain with accounts of +the new lands which the expedition had discovered.</p> +<p>When, in 1542, Captain Ruy Lopez de Villalobos sailed from Natividad +(Mexico) for the Islands of the Setting Sun, only to die of grief at +Amboyna, there accompanied him a group of Augustinian Friars. After the +loss of his vessels the survivors took ship for Goa and from thence +returned to Europe, arriving at Lisbon in August 1549, <i>seven +years</i> after leaving the port of Natividad.</p> +<p>The Order has carefully preserved the names of these early +missionaries; they are, Frs. Jeronimo de San Esteban, Sebastian de +Trasierra, Nicolas de Perea, Alonso Alvarado.</p> +<p>In the expedition under General Don Miguel Lopez de Legáspi, +which sailed in 1564, Fray Andres Urdanéta, an Augustinian, went +as chief navigator and cartographer, and the following friars +accompanied him: Frs. Andres de Aiguirre, Martin de Rada, Diego +Herrero, Pedro Gamboa.</p> +<p>Since founding the city of Cebú in 1570, and the city of +Manila the following year, the Augustinians have continued to found +town after town, and down to 1892 had founded no less than two hundred +and forty-two, administered by two hundred and forty-seven priests of +the Order as by the following table:—</p> +<p><span class="sc">Year 1892.</span></p> +<div class="table"> +<h4 class="tablecaption">Summary of Towns founded by the +Augustinians.</h4> +<table> +<tr> +<td>Handed over to other Orders</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">28</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Amalgamated with other towns</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Administered by Augustinians</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">203</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Total</td> +<td class="sum xd20e2033">242</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>Population of the above 203 towns, 2,082,181. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb61" href="#pb61" name="pb61">61</a>]</span></p> +<div class="table"> +<h4 class="tablecaption">The Augustinians in the Philippine +Islands.</h4> +<table> +<tr> +<td rowspan="5">In Parish Ministry.</td> +<td>Parish Priests</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">188</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Stewards</td> +<td class="xd20e3450">37</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Coadjutors</td> +<td class="xd20e3450">7</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Vicars (learning dialects)</td> +<td class="xd20e3450">3</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Missionaries</td> +<td class="xd20e3450">12</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td class="sum xd20e2033">247</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan="5">Residing in the convents of Manila, Cebú, and +Guadalupe.</td> +<td>Superiors or Office bearers</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">19</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Conventual Priests</td> +<td class="xd20e3450">7</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Students</td> +<td class="xd20e3450">14</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Invalids</td> +<td class="xd20e3450">6</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lay Brethren</td> +<td class="xd20e3450">17</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td class="sum xd20e2033">63</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Total</td> +<td class="sum xd20e2033">310</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>In former years this Order had established missions in Japan, and +they were very successful in making converts, but during the +persecution many members of the Order lost their lives, or, as they +phrase it, “attained the palm of martyrdom.”</p> +<p>At the present time they maintain seven missionaries in the province +of Hun-nan in China. In Spain they support three colleges, Valladolid, +La Vid, and La Escorial. They are also in charge of the magnificent +church of that extraordinary palace, and of the priceless library of +which they are editing a catalogue.</p> +<p>The Augustinians have published a great many works, such as grammars +and vocabularies of the native dialects, and many books of +devotion.</p> +<p>One of their leading men, Father Manuel Blanco, was a most learned +and laborious botanist. He collected and classified so many of the +Philippine plants that the Order decided to complete his work and +publish it. Fray Andres Naves and Fray Celestino Fernandez Villar, both +well-known to me, worked for years at this, and were assisted by my +illustrious friend H. E. Don Sebastian Vidal Soler and others.</p> +<p>The result is a most sumptuous and magnificent work—published +in Manila—there being four folio volumes enriched by many +hundreds of coloured plates of the different trees, shrubs, orchids and +lianas, most beautifully executed from water-colour paintings by D. +Regino Garcia and others. This monumental book is called the +‘Flora Filipina.’ It received a diploma of honour at the +International Colonial Exhibition of Amsterdam in 1883. The British +Museum <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb62" href="#pb62" name= +"pb62">62</a>]</span>possesses a copy, but unfortunately most of the +work was destroyed by fire in the bombardment of the Convent of +Guadalupe during the war.</p> +<p>However, the widow of Señor Vidal, now Mrs. Amilon of +Philadelphia, still has some copies to dispose of.</p> +<p>I hope that what I have said about the Augustinians will show that +they are not the lazy and unprofitable persons they are sometimes +represented. The same may be said of the Dominicans.</p> +<p>The Augustinians were followed, after an interval of seven years, by +the Franciscans, four years after that by the Jesuits, six years after +the Jesuits came the Dominicans.</p> +<p>Last of all came the Recollets, or bare-footed Augustinians.</p> +<p>The following Table gives the numbers of friars of the five +religious orders in the Philippines, at the dates mentioned, taken from +their own returns. The first column gives the dates of the first +foundation of the Order, the second the date of its arrival in the +Archipelago. The other columns give the statistics of baptisms, +marriages and deaths, taken from the parish registers.</p> +<div class="table"> +<h4 class="tablecaption">Statement of the Population Administered by +the Religious Corporations and Secular Clergy in the Philippines, +1896.</h4> +<table> +<thead> +<tr class="label"> +<td>Year of Foundation or Revival.</td> +<td>Year of Arrival.</td> +<td>Corporation.</td> +<td>Towns.</td> +<td>Provinces.</td> +<td>Friars.</td> +<td>Baptisms.</td> +<td>Marriages.</td> +<td>Burials.</td> +<td>Souls.</td> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>395<br> +1061</td> +<td>1570</td> +<td>Augustinians</td> +<td>203</td> +<td>16</td> +<td>310</td> +<td>98,731</td> +<td>20,355</td> +<td>83,051</td> +<td>2,082,131</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1532</td> +<td>1606</td> +<td>Recollets</td> +<td>194</td> +<td>20</td> +<td>192</td> +<td>56,259</td> +<td>11,439</td> +<td>40,008</td> +<td>1,175,156</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1208</td> +<td>1577</td> +<td>Franciscans</td> +<td>153</td> +<td>15</td> +<td>455</td> +<td>38,858</td> +<td>11,927</td> +<td>35,737</td> +<td>1,010,753</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1216</td> +<td>1587</td> +<td>Dominicans</td> +<td>69</td> +<td>10</td> +<td>206</td> +<td>27,576</td> +<td>7,307</td> +<td>32,336</td> +<td>699,851</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1534</td> +<td>1581</td> +<td>Jesuits<a class="noteref" id="xd20e3657src" href="#xd20e3657" name= +"xd20e3657src">1</a></td> +<td>33</td> +<td>6</td> +<td>167</td> +<td>15,302<a class="noteref" id="xd20e3668src" href="#xd20e3668" name= +"xd20e3668src">2</a></td> +<td>2,017</td> +<td>4,937</td> +<td>191,493</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td>Secular Clergy</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>967,294</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td>Total</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td class="sum">1,330</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td class="sum">6,126,678</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr> +<td><i>N.B.</i>—</td> +<td>The population of the Islands according to the census of 1877</td> +<td>5,995,160</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Probable Christian population, 1899</td> +<td>8,000,000</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb63" href="#pb63" name= +"pb63">63</a>]</span></p> +<p>These holy men have, since very early times, shown themselves rather +turbulent, and then and always endeavoured to carry matters with a high +hand. Thus in 1582 we find them refusing to admit the diocesan visit of +the Bishop of Manila, and that old dispute has cropped up on and off +many times since then. At the same time we find them taking the part of +the natives against the <i>Encomenderos</i>. They have always been +ready to fight for their country and to subscribe money for its +defence. When Acting Governor Guido de Lavezares headed the column +which attacked the pirate Li-ma-Hon, he was accompanied by the +Provincial of the Augustinians. In 1603 all the friars in Manila took +up arms against the revolted Chinese, and three years later the +Augustinians not only furnished a war ship to fight the Portuguese, but +provided a captain for it in the person of one of their Order, Fray +Antonio Flores. It appears that the estates of the Augustinians and the +Dominicans were very early a bone of contention, for in 1689 a judge +arrived in Manila, and, in virtue of a special commission he had +brought from Madrid, he required them to present their titles. This +they refused to do, and the judge was sent back to Mexico, and a friend +of the friars was appointed as Commissioner in his place. Then the +friars condescended to unofficially exhibit their titles. Now more than +two centuries after the first abortive attempt, the question of the +ownership of these lands is still under discussion.</p> +<p>During the British occupation of Manila in 1763 the friars took up +arms in defence of their flag, and gave their church bells to be cast +into cannon. No less than ten Augustinians fell on the field of battle. +The British treated them with great severity, sacking and destroying +their rectories and estate houses, and selling everything of theirs +they could lay hands on. I have visited the ruins of the old estate +house of Malinta which was burnt by the British.</p> +<p>In 1820, when the massacre of foreigners by the Manila mob took +place, owing the cowardice of General Folgueras, the archbishop and +friars marched out in procession to the scene of the disturbance and +succeeded in saving many lives. In 1851 a Recollet, Father +Ibañez, raised a battalion from his congregation, trained and +commanded it. He took the field at Mindanao and with the most undaunted +bravery led his men to the assault of a Moro Cotta, or fort, dying +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb64" href="#pb64" name= +"pb64">64</a>]</span>like our General Wolfe at the moment of victory. +Not one man of this battalion ever deserted or hung back from the +combats, for the worthy priest had all their wives under a solemn vow +never to receive them again unless they returned victorious from the +campaign.</p> +<p>The religious orders have frequently interfered to protect the +natives against the civil authorities, and were often on very good +terms with the mass of their parishioners. The greatest jealousy of +them was felt by the native clergy.</p> +<p>The military revolt which broke out in Cavite in 1872, was doubtless +inspired by this class, who saw that a policy had been adopted of +filling vacancies in all benefices except the poorest, with Spanish +friars instead of natives. The condemnation of Burgos, Gomez, and +Zamora, three native priests who were executed at Manila soon after the +suppression of the revolt, is ascribed by the natives and mestizos to +the subornation of justice to the friars, who are said to have paid a +large sum for their condemnation.</p> +<p>However this may be, there is no doubt that since that date the +feeling against the friars has become intensified.</p> +<p>The friars were the chief outposts and even bulwarks of the +government against rebellions. Almost every rising has been detected by +them, many plots being revealed by women under the seal of confession. +It was only by the assistance of the friars that the islands were held +by Spain for so many centuries almost without any military force.</p> +<p>The islands were not conquered by force of arms—the people +were converted almost without firing a shot.</p> +<p>The greater part of the fighting was to protect the natives against +Chinese pirates, Japanese corsairs, Dutch rovers, or the predatory +heathen.</p> +<p>The defensive forces consisted of local troops and companies of +Mexican and Peruvian Infantry. It is only since 1828 that Manila has +been garrisoned by regular troops from the Peninsula.</p> +<p>During my residence in the islands I do not think there were more +than 1500 Spanish troops in garrison in the whole islands, except when +some marines were sent out. These troops belonged to the Peninsular +Regiment of Artillery, and were a very fine looking set of men.</p> +<p>That this small force could be sufficient is evidently <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb65" href="#pb65" name="pb65">65</a>]</span>due to +the influence of the friars in keeping the people quiet.</p> +<p>Yet the feeling of a great majority of Spanish civilians was against +the friars, and I think many of those who supported them, only did so +from interested motives.</p> +<p>The consequence was that as the number of Spaniards increased, the +influence of the friars diminished, for the Spanish anti-clericals had +no scruples in criticising the priests and in speaking plainly to the +natives to their prejudice.</p> +<p>The friars have fared badly at the hands of several writers on the +Philippines; but it will be noticed that those who know the least about +them speak the worst of them.</p> +<p>Herr Jagor, who was much amongst them, bears witness to the strict +decorum of their households, whilst he very justly says that the +behaviour of the native clergy leaves something to be desired.</p> +<p>Foreman hints at horrors, and with questionable taste relates how he +found amongst a priest’s baggage some very obscene pictures.</p> +<p>Worcester thinks the priests’ influence wholly bad. From what +he states in his book, he must have come across some very bad specimens +amongst the smaller islands where he wandered.</p> +<p>Younghusband, who perhaps got his information at the bar of the +Manila Club, describes them as “monsters of lechery.”</p> +<p>There is a tradition that when the conclusions of a tribunal +favourable to the canonisation of Santa Rosa de Lima, Patroness of the +Indies, were laid before Pope Clement X., that Pontiff manifested his +incredulity that a tropical climate could produce a saint. He is even +credited with the saying that bananas and saints are not grown +together.</p> +<p>The tradition may be erroneous, but there is something in the +opinion that deserves to be remembered.</p> +<p>Temperature does have something to do with sexual morality, and in +comparing one country with another an allowance must be made for the +height of the thermometer.</p> +<p>The friars in the Philippines are but men, and men exposed to great +temptations. We should remember the tedium of life in a provincial +town, where, perhaps, the parish priest is the only European, and is +surfeited with the conversation of his native curates, of the +half-caste <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb66" href="#pb66" name= +"pb66">66</a>]</span>apothecary and the Chinese store-keeper. He has +neither society nor amusement.</p> +<p>I have previously remarked upon the position of women in the +Philippines. I may repeat that their position, both by law and custom, +is at least as good as in the most advanced countries.</p> +<p>I remember reading with great interest, and, perhaps, some sympathy, +a remarkable article in the <i>New York Herald</i>, of January 10th, +1894, headed “Virtue Defined,” signed by Tennie C. Claflin +(Lady Cook), and it seemed to me a plea for “equality of +opportunity” between the sexes, if I may borrow the phrase from +diplomacy. Well, that equality exists in the Philippines. Whilst +unmarried, the girls enjoy great freedom. In that tolerant land a +little ante-nuptial incontinence is not an unpardonable crime in a girl +any more than in a youth, nor does it bar the way to marriage.</p> +<p>The girls whilst young possess exceedingly statuesque figures, and +what charms they have are nature’s own, for they owe nothing to +art. Their dress is modest, yet as they do not wear a superfluity of +garments, at times, as when bathing, their figures are revealed to +view.</p> +<p>Bearing in mind the above condition of things and that the priest is +the principal man in the town and able to do many favours to his +friends, it is not surprising if some of the young women, impelled by +the desire of obtaining his good graces, make a dead set at him, such +as we sometimes see made at a bachelor curate in our own +so-very-much-more frigid and, therefore, moral country. The priest, +should he forget his vows of celibacy, is a sinner, and deserving of +blame for failing to keep the high standard of virtue which his Church +demands. But I do not see in that a justification for calling him a +monster. Have we never heard of a backslider in Brooklyn, or of a +clerical co-respondent at home, that we should expect perfection in the +Philippines? As for the statements that the priests take married women +by force, that is an absurdity. The Tagals are not men to suffer such +an outrage.</p> +<p>The toleration enjoyed by the girls, above referred to, is a +heritage from heathen times, which three centuries of Christianity have +failed to extirpate. In fact, this is a characteristic of the Malay +race.</p> +<p>During the many years I was in the islands I had frequent occasion +to avail myself of the hospitality of the <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb67" href="#pb67" name="pb67">67</a>]</span>priests on my journeys. +This was usually amongst the Augustinians, the Dominicans and the +Recollets. I declare that on none of those many occasions did I ever +witness anything scandalous, or indecorous in their convents, and I +arrived at all hours and without notice.</p> +<p>As to Younghusband’s denouncement of them as “monsters +of lechery,” I would say that they were notoriously the most +healthy and the longest-lived people in the islands, and if that most +unjust accusation was true, this could hardly be the case. It should be +remembered that the priest of any large town would be a man advanced in +years and therefore less likely to misconduct himself.</p> +<p>There was also the certainty that any open scandal would be followed +by punishment from the provincial and council of the order. I have +known a priest to be practically banished to a wretched hamlet amongst +savages for two years for causing scandal.</p> +<p>Some late writers speak of the native clergy as if they were of +superior morality and better behaved than the Spanish priests. That +appreciation does <span class="corr" id="xd20e3820" title= +"Source: no">not</span> commend itself to those who have had some +experience of the Philippine clergy.</p> +<p>Some of those I have known were of very relaxed morals, not to say +scandalous in their behaviour. The Philippine Islands, in short, are +not the chosen abode of chastity: but I do not know why the Spanish +friars should be singled out for special censure in this respect.</p> +<p>I can truly say that I was not acquainted with any class out there +entitled to cast the first stone.</p> +<p>Each of the orders (except the Jesuits) is a little republic +governed or administered by officers and functionaries elected by the +suffrages of the members. The head of the order is a Superior or +General, who resides in Rome, but the head in the Philippines is called +the Provincial.</p> +<p>The brethren render him the greatest respect and obedience, kneeling +down to kiss his hand.</p> +<p>There is a council to assist the provincial, they are called +definidores or padres graves, the exact nomenclature varies in the +different orders.</p> +<p>There is a Procurator or Commissary in Madrid, a Procurator-General +in Manila, a Prior or Guardian to each convent not being a rectory, an +Orator or preacher, lay-brethren in charge of estates or of works, +parish priests, missionaries, and coadjutors, learning the native +dialects. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb68" href="#pb68" name= +"pb68">68</a>]</span></p> +<p>The members of the order were appointed to benefices according to +their standing and popularity amongst their brethren. The neophytes are +trained in one of the seminaries of the order in Spain; for instance, +the Augustinians have colleges at Valladolid, La Vid, and La Escorial, +with more than 300 students.</p> +<p>When a young priest first arrived in the Philippines, he was sent as +a coadjutor to some parish priest to learn the dialect of the people he +is to work amongst. Then he would be appointed a missionary to the +heathen, where he lived on scanty pay, amongst savages, either in the +highlands of Luzon or in some remote island, remaining there for two or +three years. His first promotion would be to a parish consisting of a +village of thatched houses (nipa) and, perhaps, the church and convent +would be of the same material. This meant a constant and imminent dread +of the almost instantaneous destruction of his dwelling by fire. +Perhaps there is communication with Manila once a month, when, by +sending to the nearest port, he may get letters and newspapers and +receive some provisions, an occasional cask of Spanish red wine, some +tins of chorizos (Estremeño smoked sausages), a sack of +garbanzos, or frijóles, a box of turron de Alicante, and some +cigars from the procuration of the convent in Manila. These would be +charged to his account, and frugally as he might live, many a year +might pass over his head before he would be out of debt to his Order. +And poor as he might be, he would never refuse his house or his table +to any European who might call upon him. Later on, if his conduct had +satisfied his superiors, the time would come when he would get +nominated to a more accessible and more profitable parish, that would +quickly enable him to pay off the debt due to the procuration. He would +have a church and convent of stone, keep a carriage and pair of ponies, +and begin to have a surplus, and to contribute a little to the funds of +his Order.</p> +<p>Soon he would become Padre Grave, and begin to have influence with +his colleagues. He would be removed to a richer town and nominated +Vicario Foráneo, equivalent to an archdeacon in England. Later +on, he might be elected a Definidor, or councillor. Then, perhaps, one +of the great prizes of the order fell to his lot. He might be appointed +parish priest of Taal or Biñan, worth at least ten thousand +dollars a year, or of rich Lipa, high amongst its coffee groves (now, +alas! withered), which used to be worth twenty <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb69" href="#pb69" name="pb69">69</a>]</span>thousand +dollars in a good year. He would treat himself well, and liberally +entertain all who visited him, and governors of provinces, judges, +officers of the Guardia Civil, would often be seen at his table.</p> +<p>He would make large contributions to the funds of the Order, with +the surplus revenue of his parish.</p> +<p>If, however, the priest whose career we have been following, had +shown sufficient character for a champion, and had become popular in +the Order, he might, perhaps, be elected Provincial, and then, +disposing of the influence of his Order, some day get himself made a +Bishop or even Archbishop of Manila, should a vacancy occur, and so +become a prince of the Church.</p> +<p>Whatever talents a friar had, a sphere could always be found for +their exercise. If he had a gift for preaching, he could be appointed +Orator of the Order. If he was good at Latin and Greek, he could be +made a professor at the university. If he was a good business man, he +could be chosen procurator. If he had diplomatic talents<span class= +"corr" id="xd20e3851" title="Not in source">,</span> he could be made +commissary of the order at Madrid. In any case he was sure to be taken +care of to the end of his days.</p> +<p>As for the Orders in themselves, I have already said that, excepting +the Society of Jesus, they are little republics, and that +office-holders are elected by the votes of the members. When a general +Chapter of the Order is held for this purpose, the members come from +all parts and assemble in their convent in Manila.</p> +<p>I am sorry to say that there has sometimes been so much feeling +aroused over the question of the distribution of the loaves and fishes, +that the opposing parties have broken up the chairs and benches to +serve as clubs, and furiously attacked each other in the battle royal, +and with deplorable results.</p> +<p>In consequence of this, when the chapter or general assembly was to +be held, the governor-general nominated a royal commissary, often a +colonel in the army, to be present at these meetings, but only to +interfere to keep the peace. It was something of an anomaly to see a +son of Mars deputed to keep the peace in an assembly of the clergy. The +meeting commenced with prayer, then one by one all the dignitaries laid +down their offices and became private members of the Order, so that at +the end of this ceremony every one was absolutely equal.</p> +<p>Then the eldest rose and solemnly adjured any one <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb70" href="#pb70" name="pb70">70</a>]</span>present +who held a Bull of the Holy Father, to produce it then and there under +pain of major excommunication. Three times was this solemn warning +delivered.</p> +<p>It owes its origin, perhaps, to some surprise sprung on a +brotherhood in former days, yet it is to be noted that one of the +privileges of their Catholic majesties the kings of Spain was, that no +Bull should run in their dominions without their approval.</p> +<p>Then free from outside interference, and all present being on an +equal footing the election takes place. Amidst great excitement the +Provincial, the Procurator, the Orator, the Definidores, or +Councillors, are chosen according to their popularity, or as they are +deemed best fitted to advance the interests of the voter or the +Order.</p> +<p>The selection of office-holders is a matter of the greatest +importance to the members, as those in power distribute the benefices +and are apt to be more alive to the merits of their supporters, than to +the pretensions of those who have voted for others.</p> +<p>But, however divided they may be on these occasions, they unite +against any outsider, and unless the question is evidently personal, he +who offends a member finds the Order ranged against him, and, perhaps, +the other Orders also, for in matters affecting their interests the +Orders act in unison, and as has been said, have succeeded in removing +not only governors of provinces, but governors-general also when these +have failed to do their bidding. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb71" +href="#pb71" name="pb71">71</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3657" href="#xd20e3657src" name="xd20e3657">1</a></span> Expelled +in 1768. Readmitted, 1852, for charge of schools and missions.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3668" href="#xd20e3668src" name="xd20e3668">2</a></span> Of these +4102 were baptisms of heathen in 1896.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch8" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter VIII.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Their Estates.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">Malinta and Piedad—Mandaloyan—San +Francisco de Malabon—Irrigation +works—Imus—Calamba—Cabuyao—Santa +Rosa—Biñan—San Pedro Tunasan—Naic—Santa +Cruz—Estates a bone of contention for centuries—Principal +cause of revolt of Tagals—But the Peace Commission guarantee the +Orders in possession—Pacification +retarded—Summary—The Orders must go!—And be replaced +by natives.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Augustinians own some fine estates near Manila. In +1877 I visited Malinta and Piedad, which, according to an old plan +exhibited to me, drawn by some ancient navigator, measured over 14,000 +acres in extent, a good part of which was cultivated and under paddy; +still a large expanse was rocky, and grew only cogon (elephant grass). +The lay-brother in charge, Aureliano Garcia, confided to me that he +went about in fear, and expected to end his life under the bolos of the +tenants. I was then new to the country, and saw no signs of discontent. +I afterwards visited Mandaloyan, another estate nearer Manila. This was +nearly all arable land. The house was large and commodious, and was +used as a convalescent home for the friars. I have not a note of the +extent of this estate, but it occupies a great part of the space +between the rivers Maibonga and San Juan, to the north of the Pasig. +The lay-brother in charge, Julian Ibeas, did not seem at all anxious +about his safety. The land here was more fertile than that of Malinta, +and there was water carriage to a market for the crops.</p> +<p>In view of my report, which was not, however, unduly optimistic, my +clients deputed me to ask the Augustinians for a lease of the above +three estates for twenty-five years, the rent to be $40,000<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e3886src" href="#xd20e3886" name="xd20e3886src">1</a> +per year for three years, and each year after that an addition of a +thousand dollars, so that <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb72" href= +"#pb72" name="pb72">72</a>]</span>the ultimate rent would be $62,000 +per annum. However, after taking some time to consider, the procurator +declined the offer.</p> +<p>On the above estates there was little or nothing done by the owners +to improve the land. They had limited themselves to building large and +convenient houses and granaries for their own accommodation, and to +entertain their friends.</p> +<p>In 1884 I constructed a pumping station on the River Tuliajan in +this estate, and laid a pipe line right through the property to supply +fresh water to the sugar refinery at Malabon, five miles distant. I had +no difficulty in obtaining permission, indeed, Fray Arsenio Campo (now +Bishop of Nueva Cáceres) facilitated the work in every way. The +only protest was by Doroteo Cortes, a half-caste lawyer, who interposed +as the pipe had to pass between two fish-ponds belonging to him, and he +extorted a blackmail $800 to withdraw his opposition. Let the reader +contrast the behaviour of the Spaniard and the half-caste, now posing +as an “Americanista.”</p> +<p>San Francisco de Malabon, another possession of theirs, is a +magnificent property, situated on the fertile, well-watered land that +slopes from the summits of the Tagaytay range, north of the vast +crater-lake of Bombon, to the shores of the ever-famous Bay of Bacoor, +the scene of Spain’s naval collapse.</p> +<p>Through the volcanic soil three rivers, the Ilang-ilang, the +Camanchíle, and the Jálan, have cut deep gashes down to +the bed-rock, on the surface of which the rapid waters rush downwards +to the sea.</p> +<p>A nobly-proportioned house of stone, almost a fortress, was planted +where it commanded a grand, a stately view. From its windows the +spectator looked over fields of waving grain, over fruit trees, and +town and hamlets, down to the sea shore, and across the vast expanse of +placid bay to where in the far north solitary Arayat rears his head. +The thick walls and lofty roof excluded the solar heat, and the +green-painted Venetians saved the inmate from the glare. Very welcome +was that hostel, furnished in severe ecclesiastical almost +mediæval style, to me, after the dusty up-hill drive of eight +miles from Cavite.</p> +<p>I visited this estate in 1879, and found that extensive irrigation +works had been carried out. A new dam on one of the rivers, about fifty +feet high, was approaching completion. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb73" href="#pb73" name="pb73">73</a>]</span>Unfortunately, the work +had been executed by a lay-brother, a stone mason, without professional +supervision. He was ignorant of the necessity of taking special +precautions when preparing the seat for the dam. Although he had a bed +of volcanic tuff to build upon he would not go to the trouble to cut +into and stop all faults and crevices in the rock before laying his +first course of masonry, and he hurried on the job to save expense as +he supposed. For the same reason he did not attempt to follow the +correct profile of the dam. When the pressure came on, the water +spouted up in little fountains, and gradually increased as it cut away +the soft stone. I advised them what to do, and after a good deal of +work, Portland cement and puddled clay got them out of their +difficulty.</p> +<p>About four miles to the eastward of San Francisco de Malabon, and on +the same volcanic soil, is the great estate of Imus belonging to the +Recollets, or unshod Augustinians. It is about five miles from the +landing-place at Bacoor. Here again three rivers run through the +property, and the view from the house is the same.</p> +<p>The house itself was a grim fortress and served the rebels well in +1896, for they found arms and ammunition in it, and successfully +defended it against General Aiguirre who had to retire, being unable to +take it without artillery.</p> +<p>In 1897 the army of General Lachambre advanced against Imus, and on +the 24th March took the outer defences of the town, notwithstanding the +determined resistance of the Tagals, of whom three hundred were killed +in a hand-to-hand combat. Next day the estate house, which adjoins the +town and had been for six months the stronghold of the Katipunan, was +bombarded and burnt, only the ruins remain.</p> +<p>There are extensive works of irrigation at this place also, and +formerly a large sugar works was built here by the owners, but it +failed, as there was no one fit to take charge of it.</p> +<p>I have not visited this Hacienda, and cannot give its extent or +value.</p> +<p>Of all the Orders the greatest land-owners are the Dominicans. They +have vast estates in Calamba, Cabuyáo, Santa Rosa, Biñan, +and San Pedro Tunasán, all on the Lake of Bay, also at Naic and +Santa Cruz on the Bay of Manila. I have several times visited their +estates at the first two places, and can affirm that they have expended +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb74" href="#pb74" name= +"pb74">74</a>]</span>considerable sums in building dams for irrigating +the lands, and I supplied them with some very large cast-iron pipes for +the purpose of making a syphon across a ravine or narrow valley to +convey water for irrigating the opposite plain. They have consequently +very largely increased the value of these lands.</p> +<p>The house at Calamba, solidly built of stone, with a strong and high +encircling wall, served as a fortified camp and headquarters for the +Spanish army in operation against the rebels in 1897.</p> +<p>This estate of Calamba has earned a sad notoriety in the +Philippines, for the disputes which constantly arose between the +administration and their tenants.</p> +<p>It is hardly too much to say that the possession of estates has been +fatal to the Orders. They claim to have always been good and indulgent +landlords, but the fact remains that all these estates are in Tagal +territory, that only the Tagals revolted, and that the revolt was +directed against the Orders because of their tyranny and extortions, +and because they were landlords and rack renters.</p> +<p>It was, is now, and ever will be an Agrarian question that will +continue to give trouble and be the cause of crime and outrage until +settled in a broad-minded and statesman-like manner.</p> +<p>These estates have been a bone of contention for centuries, and were +a principal cause of the last revolt of the Tagals. Yet the Peace +Commission at Paris appears to have given the three Orders a new title +to their disputed possessions by guaranteeing to the Church the +enjoyment of its property, which, if the Spaniards had continued to +rule the islands, must ultimately have been taken from it in the +natural course of events, as has happened in every other Catholic +country.</p> +<p>I have no doubt that the pacification of the Philippines by the +American forces has been greatly retarded, and is now rendered more +difficult, by this clause, which must have been accepted by the +American commissioners under a misapprehension of its import, and from +imperfect information as to the <i>status quo</i>. This difficult +matter can still be arranged, but it will require the outlay of a +considerable sum of money, which, however, would eventually be +recouped.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e3941width" id="p075"><img src="images/p075.jpg" +alt= +"Some of the Rising Generation in the Philippines. Scholars of the Manila Athenæum, Belonging to the Congregation of the Virgin." +width="720" height="470"> +<p class="figureHead">Some of the Rising Generation in the Philippines. +Scholars of the Manila Athenæum, Belonging to the Congregation of +the Virgin.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984"><i>To face p. 75.</i></p> +</div> +<p>In present circumstances I venture to say that a garrison would be +needed at each estate to protect an administrator <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb75" href="#pb75" name="pb75">75</a>]</span>or +collector, for the Tagal tenants are as averse to paying rent for land +as any bog-trotter in Tipperary. I do not envy anybody who purchases +these estates, nor would I consider the life of such a one a good risk +for an insurance company, if he intended to press the tenants for rents +or arrears.</p> +<p>To sum up the Religious Orders, they were hardy and adventurous +pioneers of Christianity, and in the evangelisation of the Philippines, +by persuasion and teaching, they did more for Christianity and +civilisation than any other missionaries of modern times.</p> +<p>Of undaunted courage they have ever been to the front when +calamities threatened their flocks; they have witnessed and recorded +some of the most dreadful convulsions of nature, volcanic eruptions, +earthquakes, and destructive typhoons. In epidemics of plague and +cholera they have not been dismayed, nor have they ever in such cases +abandoned their flocks.</p> +<p>When an enemy has attacked the islands they have been the first to +face the shot. Only fervent faith could enable these men to endure the +hardships, and overcome the dangers that encompassed them.</p> +<p>They have done much for education, having founded schools for both +sexes, training colleges for teachers, the university of St. Thomas in +Manila, and other institutions.</p> +<p>Hospitals and asylums attest their charity. They were formerly, and +even lately, the protectors of the poor against the rich, and of the +native against the Spaniard. They have consistently resisted the +enslavement of the natives.</p> +<p>They restrained the constant inclination of the natives to wander +away into the woods and return to primitive savagery by keeping them in +the towns, or, as they said, “Under the bells.”</p> +<p>On the other hand, peace and plenty (those blessings for which we +pray), have corrupted and demoralised the Orders. No longer liable at +any moment to be called upon to fight for their lives, the sterner +virtues have decayed. Increased production and export enriched the +people, a gold coinage was introduced, and the friars allowed avarice +to possess their souls.</p> +<p>In those lands of perpetual summer no death duties have to be paid +to a Chancellor of the Exchequer, as in this island of fog and +mist.</p> +<p>But the friars have a system of charges for performing <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb76" href="#pb76" name="pb76">76</a>]</span>the +funeral ceremonies, which comes to much the same in the end. I call it +a system; it is a very simple system, and consists in extorting as much +as they can get, taking into consideration the wealth of the family. To +give an instance, I have been assured by a son of Capitan Natalio +Lopez, of Balayan, a native gentleman well known to me, that the parish +priest charged the family six hundred dollars for performing their +father’s funeral ceremony. The same rule applies to baptisms and +marriages, and this abuse calls for redress, and for the establishment +of fixed fees according to the position of the parties.</p> +<p>Each friar, as a parish priest, was an outpost of the central +government, watching for symptoms of revolt. Only thus could the +Spaniards hold the archipelago with fifteen hundred Peninsular troops, +and a small squadron of warships.</p> +<p>The greatest, and the best-founded, complaint of the natives against +the priests, was that whoever displeased them, either in personal or +money matters, was liable to be denounced to the authorities as a +filibuster, and to be torn from home and family and deported to some +distant and probably unhealthy spot, there to reside, at his own cost, +for an indefinite time, by arbitrary authority, without process of law. +Such a punishment, euphoniously termed “forced residence,” +sometimes involved the death of the exile, and always caused heavy +expense, as a pardon could not be obtained without bribing some +one.</p> +<p>Ysabelo de los Reyes, and other natives, accuse the friars of +extorting evidence from suspected persons by torture. I fear there can +be no doubt that many victims, including a number of the native +clerics, suffered flagellation and other tortures at the hands of the +friars for the above purpose. The convents of Nueva-Cáceres and +of Vigan, amongst other places, were the scenes of these abominable +practices, and Augustinians, Dominicans and Franciscans, have taken +part in them. This is referred to at greater length in another part of +this work under the heading, “The Insurrection of +1896.”</p> +<p>Individual friars were sometimes, nay, often, very worthy parish +priests. I have known many such. But a community is often worse than +the individuals of which it is composed. One might say with the Italian +musician who had served for many years in a cathedral, and had obtained +the promise of every individual canon to support <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb77" href="#pb77" name="pb77">77</a>]</span>his +application for a pension, when he was told that the chapter had +unanimously refused his request:</p> +<p>“The canons are good, but the chapter is bad.”</p> +<p>A board will jointly do a meaner action than the shadiest director +amongst them, and should it comprise one or two members of obtrusive +piety, that circumstance enables it to disregard the ordinary standard +of right and wrong with more assurance.</p> +<p>There is a law in metallurgy which has a curious analogy to this law +of human nature. It is this: An alloy composed of several metals of +different melting-points, will fuse at a lower temperature than that of +its lowest fusing constituent.</p> +<p>The Orders, then, have been of the greatest service in the past; +they have brought the Philippines and their inhabitants to a certain +pitch of civilisation, and credit is due to them for this much, even if +they could go no farther. For years their influence over the natives +has been decreasing, and year by year the natives have become more and +more antagonistic to priestly rule.</p> +<p>A considerable intellectual development has taken place of late +years in the Philippines. The natives are no longer content to continue +upon the old lines; they aspire to a freer life. Many even harbour a +sentiment of nationality such as was never thought of before.</p> +<p>But if the Orders had lost ground with the natives and with many +Spaniards, their influence still preponderated. Owners of vast estates, +possessors of fabulous riches, armed with spiritual authority, knowing +the secrets of every family, holding the venal courts of justice as in +the hollow of their hand, dominating the local government, standing +above the law, and purchasing the downfall of their enemies from the +corrupt ministries in Madrid, these giant trusts, jealous of each +other, yet standing firmly shoulder to shoulder in the common cause, +constitute a barrier to progress that can have no place nor use under +an American Protectorate. They are an anachronism in the twentieth +century, and they must disappear as corporations from the +Philippines.</p> +<p>They should not, however, be buried under an avalanche of contumely +and slander; their long and glorious past should be remembered, and in +winding up their estates due regard should be paid to the interests of +every member. I cannot here intimate how this is to be done, for it is +an <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb78" href="#pb78" name= +"pb78">78</a>]</span>intricate subject, rendered more complex by the +reluctance of the American Government to interfere in religious +matters, even though they are so bound up with the politics of the +Philippines that no pacification can be effected without following +popular sentiment upon this point.</p> +<p>So far as the landed estates are concerned, the settlement could be +arrived at by a commission with ample powers. In the meantime, no sale +of these estates should be recognised.</p> +<p>The benefices held by the friars should be gradually bestowed upon +the secular clergy, as suitable men can be found. The native clergy +have always been badly used by the friars; they have had to suffer +abuse and ignominious treatment. They have not been in a position to +develop their dignity and self-respect.</p> +<p>I have spoken of them in general as leaving something to be desired +as to decorous conduct, but they will doubtless improve when placed in +positions of consideration and responsibility.</p> +<p>Amongst them are men of considerable learning; some have passed +brilliant examinations in theology and canon law.</p> +<p>As regards piety, Malays, whether heathen, Mahometan or Christian, +take their religion lightly, and we must not expect too much. I daresay +they are pious enough for the country and the climate. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb79" href="#pb79" name="pb79">79</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e3886" href="#xd20e3886src" name="xd20e3886">1</a></span> Exchange +was then at 4<i>s.</i> 2<i>d.</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch9" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter IX.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Secret Societies.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">Masonic Lodges—Execution or exile of Masons in +1872—The “<span lang="es">Associacion Hispano +Filipina</span>”—The “<span lang="es">Liga +Filipina</span>”—The Katipunan—Its programme.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">Fray Eduardo Navarro, Procurator of the Augustinians, +and Ysabelo de los Reyes, an Ilocano, and author of some notable works, +agree that the first masonic lodge of the Philippines was founded in +Cavite about 1860. The latter states that Malcampo and +Mendez-Nuñez, two distinguished naval officers, were the +founders. Soon after this, another lodge was founded in Zamboanga, also +under naval auspices. After 1868, a lodge was founded in Manila by +foreigners, a wealthy Filipino being secretary. Another lodge was +founded in Pandakan, another in Cebú, and still another in +Cavite, to which Crisanto Reyes and Maximo Inocencio belonged.</p> +<p>These lodges at first had only Peninsular Spaniards or other +Europeans as members, but gradually Creoles, Mestizos, and natives, +joined the brotherhood, and subscribed liberally to its funds.</p> +<p>The Catholic clergy have always looked upon Masons as most dangerous +enemies, and many pontiffs have launched their anathemas against the +brotherhood. But, so far as one can see, to quote from ‘The +Jackdaw of Rheims,’ “No one seemed a penny the +worse.”</p> +<p>Masonry grows and flourishes in spite of them all. To give an +example. Many years ago, in the very Catholic city of Lima, I attended +the civil funeral of a priest, the learned Doctor Don Francisco de +Paula Gonzales Vigil, who died excommunicate. Twelve thousand men, +including the Masons with their insignia, deputations from the Senate +and Chamber, from the Municipality, Army, Navy, and other bodies, +formed the funeral <i>cortège</i>. The Municipality <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb80" href="#pb80" name= +"pb80">80</a>]</span>presented a tomb in the public cemetery, which is +one of the finest in the world, and an orator pronounced an impassioned +eulogy upon the virtues and patriotism of the deceased. It was a +wonderful manifestation, and remains graven upon my memory. On that day +every priest and friar found something to occupy himself with at home. +Whatever may be the case in Great Britain or in the United States, +there can be no doubt that in Catholic countries the lodges are +antagonistic to the clergy and the Church.</p> +<p>The lodges in the Philippines were founded by anti-clerical +Spaniards of liberal views, and the Creoles, Mestizos and natives who +joined them found brethren disposed to sympathise with them and to work +with them against the friars. There was no idea of revolting against +the mother country, but rather to introduce a more liberal government, +with representation for the civilised provinces in the Spanish +Córtes. It must be remembered that this representation had +already existed, and only required to be revived. There had been +deputies to the Córtes-Generales from 1810 to 1814, and from +1820 to 1823, and Procuradores from 1834 to 1837.</p> +<p>The Córtes of Cadiz, on 14th October, 1810, +declared:—</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first">“The kingdoms and provinces of America and Asia +are, and ought to have been always, reputed an integral part of the +Spanish monarchy, and for that same, their natives and free inhabitants +<i>are equal in rights and privileges to those of the +peninsula</i>.”</p> +</div> +<p>These are very noble words, and, delivered in the majestic language +of Castile by some enthusiastic orator, must have gone straight to the +hearts of those that heard them.</p> +<p>Spain is as celebrated for orators as Great Britain for the lack of +them. Our generation has never produced a speaker like Castelar. But, +unfortunately for the Philippines, these grand and sonorous phrases +dissolved in air, and led to nothing practical. The friars stoutly +opposed what to them seemed dangerous innovations; they were +successful, and darkness again prevailed.</p> +<p>The insurrection of Cavite, in 1872, resulted in the execution or +exile of many members of the masonic body, and the brotherhood was for +some years under a cloud.</p> +<p>The Peninsular Spaniards dissociated themselves from <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb81" href="#pb81" name="pb81">81</a>]</span>the +revolutionary party. To use a simile which has been employed in England +to describe the difference between Liberals and Radicals, they were +“going by the same train, but not going so far.”</p> +<p>The Creoles and Mestizos gradually founded new societies, which were +alleged to aim at obtaining reforms by legal and constitutional +means.</p> +<p>“The Asociacion Hispano-Filipina” had for its first +president Doroteo Cortés, and amongst its officers Ambrosio +Rianzares Bautista, Pedro Serrano, and Deodato Arellano.</p> +<p>The “Liga Filipina” was founded by Dr. Rizal and Domingo +Franco; its first president was shot. Nearly all the members were +Masons; they were well off, and of fair education, not inclined to put +their persons or property in danger. They did not want to fight. Their +programme may be summed up as follows:—</p> +<ul> +<li>1. Expulsion of the friars, and confiscation of their estates.</li> +<li>2. The same political, administrative and economical concessions as +had been granted to Cuba. Freedom of the press, and freedom of +association.</li> +<li>3. Equalisation of the Philippine and Peninsular armies, and a just +division of Civil Service posts between natives and Spaniards.</li> +<li>4. Return to owners of lands usurped by the friars, and sale of +such lands as really belonged to the Orders.</li> +<li>5. Prevention of insults to the Philippine natives, either in +sermons or in the press.</li> +<li>6. Economy in expenditure. Reduction of imposts. Construction of +railways and public works.</li> +</ul> +<p>It was certainly not without risk to be a member of one of these +societies, for the Orders are vindictive in the extreme, and are not +troubled with scruples when it is a question of punishing an +opponent.</p> +<p>Still, the Creole and Mestizo element were made cautious by the +possession of property, and its members cannot be called fighting-men. +They did not intend to run the risk of having holes bored through +them.</p> +<p>They founded newspapers in Spain; they wrote violent articles, they +made speeches, they obtained the support of some Liberals and +anti-clericals in the Peninsula, and <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb82" href="#pb82" name="pb82">82</a>]</span>numbered many adherents +in the islands. Still, they were comparatively harmless. Not so, +however, was a society which was formed of very different elements. +Taking a hint, perhaps, from the murderous brotherhood of the +Ku-Klux-Klan, some resolute and courageous Tagals imagined and formed +that terrible secret society, the Katipunan. There is no K in the +Spanish alphabet, but this letter is found in the Malay dialects, and +consequently in Tagal. Therefore, the symbol of the society, K.K.K., +was as distinctly anti-Spanish as was the full title, which was +represented by the initials—</p> +<p class="xd20e120">N M A N B</p> +<p>The words corresponding to these initials were:—</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr lang="tl"> +<td>Kataas-taasan</td> +<td>Kagalang-gálang</td> +<td>Katipunan</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>or Sovereign</td> +<td>Worshipful</td> +<td>Association</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr lang="tl"> +<td>Nang</td> +<td>Manga</td> +<td>Anac</td> +<td>Nang</td> +<td>Bayan</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>of the</td> +<td>(plural)</td> +<td>sons</td> +<td>of the</td> +<td>Country.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>They used signs and passwords. There were three grades of +members:—</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr> +<td>1st grade</td> +<td>Katipun</td> +<td>word Anak nang bayan.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2nd grade</td> +<td>Kanal</td> +<td>word Gom-bur-za.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4154src" href= +"#xd20e4154" name="xd20e4154src">1</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3rd grade</td> +<td>Bayani.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>Andrés Bonifacio, a warehouse-keeper in the service of +Messrs. Fressel & Co., of Manila, was the guiding spirit of this +society, and at the meeting of 1st January, 1896, the Supreme Council +was elected as follows:—</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr> +<td><i>President</i></td> +<td>Andrés Bonifacio.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Fiscal and Doctor</i></td> +<td>Emilio Jacinto ó Dison, <i>alias</i> Ping Kian.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Treasurer</i></td> +<td>Vicente Molina.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan="6"><i>Councillors</i></td> +<td>Pantaleon Torres.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hermengildo Reyes.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Francisco Carreon.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>José Trinidad.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Balbino Florentine</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Aguedo del Rosario.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb83" href="#pb83" name= +"pb83">83</a>]</span></p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e4220">K</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e4220">K K</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e4220">Z LL B</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>The members of the Katipunan were poor people—writers, common +soldiers, washermen, mechanics, and tenants on the friars’ +estates. They subscribed small sums monthly for the purchase of arms, +and for other expenses. Bearing in mind how many conspiracies had been +denounced to the priests by the women, the leaders of this movement +gave their meetings the outward appearance of benevolent associations, +and directed the members to represent the society to their wives in +that light.</p> +<p>Later on a woman’s lodge, with twenty-five members was +organised, under the presidency of Marina Dison, but the women were not +informed of the true object of the society.</p> +<p>Fray Eduardo Navarro, Procurator of the Augustinians, in a +cleverly-written work, entitled ‘The Philippines; a Study of +Certain Matters of Moment,’ published in 1897, prints under No. 3 +of the Appendix the title granted by the Walana Lodge, No. 158, +certifying that “our dear sister, Purificacion Leyva, has been +initiated in the degree of Companion-Mason at the session of 8th April, +1894.”</p> +<p>On reading this work, I infer that the friars considered the +Katipunan a Masonic body, but this is a mistake. The Katipunan adopted +some of the Masonic paraphernalia, and some of the initiatory +ceremonies, but were in no sense Masonic lodges.</p> +<p>The programme of the Katipunan was, in its own words, “to +redeem the Philippines from its tyrants, the friars, and to found a +communistic republic.” This was simple and direct, and they meant +it.</p> +<p>How many men were affiliated to this society cannot be known. +Estimates range from 10,000 to 50,000 members. I think there can be no +doubt that it was the most potent factor in the insurrection of 1896, +and that its members, unlike the Creoles and Mestizos, were ready to +give their lives for their cause. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb84" +href="#pb84" name="pb84">84</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4154" href="#xd20e4154src" name="xd20e4154">1</a></span> This +word is formed of the first syllable of the names of three native +priests executed after the Cavite mutiny, Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and +Zamora.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch10" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter X.</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Insurrection of 1896–97.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">Combat at San Juan del Monte—Insurrection +spreading—Arrival of reinforcements from Spain—Rebel +entrenchments—Rebel arms and artillery—Spaniards repulsed +from Binacáyan—and from Noveleta—Mutiny of +Carabineros—Prisoners at Cavite attempt to +escape—Iniquities of the Spanish War +Office—Lachambre’s division—Rebel +organization—Rank and badges—Lachambre advances—He +captures Silang—Perez +Dasmariñas—Salitran—Anabo II.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Augustinians take credit to themselves that one of +their order, Father Mariano Gil, parish priest of Tondo, discovered the +existence of the revolutionary conspiracy, on the 19th August. But +already on the 5th of July a lieutenant of the Guardia Civil had +declared in a written report that there were over 14,000 men belonging +to the valley of the Pasig, affiliated to the conspiracy.</p> +<p>A council of the authorities was convened on the 6th of August, but +nothing was done. On that same date, however, the Governor of Batangas +telegraphed that a discovery of arms, ammunition and Republican flags +had been made at Taal. In consequence of this, General Blanco ordered +some arrests to be made.</p> +<p>On the 19th, Father Gil gave information to General Blanco that he +had discovered the existence of a secret revolutionary society, and two +days later Blanco reported to the Government in Madrid that there +existed a vast organization of secret societies.</p> +<p>At this time the garrison of Manila consisted of some 1500 men, most +of them being natives. As arrests were being continually made, the +members of the Katipunan, or those suspected of being such, left their +homes and took to the woods although very poorly equipped with +fire-arms.</p> +<p>On 30th August a party of the rebels under Sancho <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb85" href="#pb85" name= +"pb85">85</a>]</span>Valenzuela, Modesto Sarmiento, and others had a +fight with some native cavalry and Guardias Civiles at San Juan del +Monte near Manila. The rebels lost heavily in killed, their chiefs were +taken prisoners and shot on the 4th September, at the Paseo de la +Luneta.</p> +<p>A Spanish artilleryman was murdered by some rebels at Pandacan about +this time, and martial law was proclaimed.</p> +<p>The Guardia Civil, all native soldiers, was now concentrated in +Manila abandoning their outlying posts. After many vacillations and +contradictory cablegrams to the Government in Madrid, General Blanco +now definitely asked for large reinforcements.</p> +<p>On September 1st, the people of Noveleta revolted and killed a +captain and a lieutenant of the Guardia Civil and three days later the +rebels penetrated to the town of Caridad, close to Cavite.</p> +<p>Early in September rebels were in arms, and dominating great part of +the Provinces of Manila, Cavite, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga and Nueva +Écija.</p> +<p>By the middle of the month rebel bands appeared in Tarlac, +Pangasinán, Laguna, Morong and Tayabas.</p> +<p>On the 9th September, the Cavite rebels attacked San Roque, which is +close to the town of Cavite, and burned part of it. On the 12th, +thirteen persons who had been convicted by a court-martial of +complicity in the revolt were shot in Cavite.</p> +<p>The cables from General Blanco to the Madrid Government were all +this time misleading and contradictory, and showed that he had no grasp +of the state of affairs. These dispatches were subjected to severe +criticism in the <i>Heraldo</i>, a Madrid newspaper.</p> +<p>By the middle of September troops arrived from Zamboanga and other +southern stations, and the garrison of Manila was brought up to 6000 +men, two-thirds of whom were natives. Reinforcements were sent to +Cavite, for the rebels were in great force about Silang, Imus, and +Noveleta.</p> +<p>On the 17th September another attack was made by the rebels on San +Roque, but was repulsed.</p> +<p>On the 1st October the mail steamer <i>Cataluña</i> arrived +with a battalion of marines from Spain, greatly to the delight of the +Spaniards, who gave the force an enthusiastic reception. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb86" href="#pb86" name="pb86">86</a>]</span></p> +<p>Next day the ss. <i>Monserrat</i> arrived with more troops, and from +this time forward troops kept pouring in.</p> +<p>Still General Blanco remained on the defensive in and around the +city of Manila and the town of Cavite, and repulsed attacks made by the +rebels on the magazines at Binancáyan and Las Piñas.</p> +<p>The rebels were now firmly established over the rest of the Province +of Cavite. The natural features of this part of Luzon made the +movements of regular troops extremely difficult. The country abounds in +rivers which run from south to north parallel to each other at short +distances. They run at the bottom of deep ravines, which present +excellent positions for defence. Many of these rivers have dams across +them and the sluices in these might be opened by the defenders, or the +dams could be blown up in case a column of the assailants should be +entangled in the ravine below, when they would inevitably be +overwhelmed in the descending torrent.</p> +<p>In places the country could be flooded and thus be rendered +impassable for troops.</p> +<p>But the industry of the rebels, skilfully directed, had added +enormously to these natural advantages. From the reports of +eye-witnesses I can affirm that the entrenchments of the Tagals were +colossal. Tagals and Boers have demonstrated that a competitive +examination is not necessary to enable fighting-men to entrench +themselves. The Tagal lines ran from the delta of the Zapote River to +Naic in an almost unbroken line, approximately parallel to the +coast.</p> +<p>They were doubled and trebled in front of villages or towns and +across the roads.</p> +<p>The trace was <i>en crémaillère</i>, the section being +6 feet thick at the top and 8 feet high, the exterior face vertical, +with a revetment of bamboos fastened together with rattans. It was in +fact a bank of earth built up against a strong bamboo fence.</p> +<p>The defenders fired through loop-holes left in the parapet, and were +very well covered, but they could only fire straight before them and +horizontally.</p> +<p>The defences of the towns had thicker and loftier parapets; in some +cases there were three tiers of loop-holes properly splayed.</p> +<p>The insurgents were very insufficiently armed, and at first there +were ten men to a rifle. The man who was <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb87" href="#pb87" name="pb87">87</a>]</span>reputed the best shot +carried the rifle and cartridge belt, and if he was killed or wounded +in an engagement, the next best shot took the weapon and continued the +fight. In the early actions there was scarcely ever a rifle left on the +ground by the insurgents.</p> +<p>The only cannon the rebels had at first were some ancient brass +swivel guns called falconetes or lantácas, which they took from +the estate-houses at Imus and Malabon.</p> +<p>They also had some brass mortars like quart pots, which are used for +firing salutes on feast days. These they fastened at an angle to blocks +of wood, thus making small howitzers, quite effective at short range. +They loaded these with the punchings from boiler-plates and broken +cooking-pots.</p> +<p>They showed a considerable ingenuity in making cannon out of any +materials at hand. They would take a steel boiler-tube, a stay tube for +choice, say about three inches bore and a quarter of an inch thick. +Plugging up one end and drilling a touch-hole, they would drive this +tube into a hole bored in a log of hard wood turned on the outside to a +taper, then they drove eight or nine wrought-iron rings over the wood. +They drilled through the wood to suit the touch-hole and the gun was +ready.</p> +<p>They fitted no trunnions, but mounted this rude cannon upon a solid +block of wood.</p> +<p>In other cases they made some wire guns by lapping steel +boiler-tubes with telegraph-wire.</p> +<p>Towards the end of the campaign of Lachambre’s division +against the rebels, some modern field-pieces of eight +centimètres were captured from them, but it is not clear where +these came from.</p> +<p>To supplement their scanty stock of rifles, they made some hand-guns +of gas-tube. These were fired by applying a match or lighted cigar to +the touch-hole, and would seem to be very clumsy weapons. But I may say +that when on a visit to the estate of Palpa, in Peru, I saw a Chinaman +who was in charge of the poultry corral, kill a hawk hovering, with a +similar gun.</p> +<p>The Spanish Military and Naval Authorities now took the revolt very +seriously, and on the 8th November the squadron comprising the +<i>Castilla</i>, <i>Reina Cristina</i>, and other vessels, and the guns +of the forts at Cavite and Puerto Vaga, opened upon the rebel position +at Cavite, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb88" href="#pb88" name= +"pb88">88</a>]</span>Viejo, Noveleta, Binancáyan, and other +places within range, and kept it up for hours. The next morning the +firing was resumed at daylight, supplemented by the guns from launches +and boats well inshore. Troops were landed under the protection of the +squadron, and advanced against the entrenchments of Binancáyan. +They delivered three frontal attacks with great gallantry, reaching the +parapet each time, but were beaten back, leaving many dead upon the +ground. No flanking attack was possible here for the parapet extended +for many miles each way.</p> +<p>A simultaneous attack was made upon Noveleta by a column of 3000 +Spanish and native infantry under Colonel Fermin Diaz Mattoni.</p> +<p>This force started from Cavite and marched through Dalahican and +along the road to Noveleta. This road is a raised causeway running +through a mangrove swamp, having deep mud on each side impassable for +troops. This is at least a mile of swamp, and the troops advanced along +the causeway and crossed a bridge which spanned a muddy creek.</p> +<p>No enemy was in sight, and the town was not far off. Suddenly the +head of the column fell into a most cunningly devised pitfall. The road +had been dug out, the pit covered with wattle, and the surface restored +to its original appearance. The bottom of the pit was set with pointed +bamboo stakes which inflicted serious wounds upon those that fell upon +them.</p> +<p>At the moment of confusion the rebels opened a withering fire from +concealed positions amongst the mangroves upon the column standing in +the open.</p> +<p>The Spaniards and native troops made great efforts to get forward, +but could not stand the fire and had to retire. When they got back to +the bridge it was down, and they had to wade across the creek under a +close fire from the rebels hidden amongst the mangroves. In this action +the Spaniards are said to have lost 600 killed and many hundreds +wounded. The loss fell principally on the 73rd and 74th Regiments of +Native Infantry.</p> +<p>The rebels were greatly encouraged, and got possession of a large +number of rifles, with ammunition and accoutrements.</p> +<p>Both these attacks were made under the direction of General Blanco, +who witnessed them from a lofty staging erected within the lines of +<span class="corr" id="xd20e4358" title= +"Source: Dalahícan">Dalahican</span>. After these disasters +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb89" href="#pb89" name= +"pb89">89</a>]</span>he resumed the defensive, except that the squadron +and the batteries at Cavite and Puerto Vaga frequently bombarded the +rebel positions.</p> +<p>At this time thousands of natives were in prison in Manila awaiting +their trial. A permanent court-martial had been organised to try the +suspects. Great numbers were shot, and many hundreds were transported +to the Caroline Islands, to Ceuta, and Fernando Pó. Wealthy +natives were mercilessly blackmailed, and it is reported that those who +were discharged had to pay large sums for their release.</p> +<p>The Spanish Volunteers in Manila committed many arbitrary and even +outrageous actions, and aroused the hatred of the natives far more than +the regular troops did. They allowed their patriotism to carry them +into most lamentable excesses.</p> +<p>On the 25th February a rising and mutiny of the Carbineers or +Custom-House Guards took place in Manila at the captain of the +port’s office. The scheme miscarried and was only partially +successful. The officer on duty was shot, and also the sergeant, and +the rebels made off with some rifles and ammunition.</p> +<p>The volunteers and some troops hastily called together pursued the +rebels through Tondo as far as the Leper Hospital, till nightfall, the +last volley being fired at 6.15 P.M. In this affair the mutineers lost +a great many men, but some of them got away and joined the rebels.</p> +<p>Blanco had not been severe enough with the rebels or suspected +rebels to please the friars. His management of the attacks upon +Noveleta and Binancáyan had been faulty, and his health was bad. +It was not surprising<a id="xd20e4374" name="xd20e4374"></a>, having +the priests against him, and the military dissatisfied, that he was +recalled. He left at the end of 1896. General Polavieja, an officer who +had risen from the ranks by his military talents, and who, when serving +in Cuba, had very accurately gauged the situation, and had made a +remarkably clever report to the government, was sent out to replace +Blanco. Polavieja was inexorable with the rebels and their +sympathisers. Military executions took place about once a week for two +months. Francisco Roxas, a mestizo ship-owner, Numeriano Adriano, and +many other mestizos and natives were shot at the Paseo de la +Luneta.</p> +<p>On December 6th the prisoners in Cavite jail rose, murdered their +jailer, and attempted to escape. One <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb90" href="#pb90" name="pb90">90</a>]</span>hundred and fifty +prisoners were concerned in this affair. Of these, forty-seven were +shot in the streets of the town, and twenty-one were captured, whilst +thirteen were shot in the bushes behind Cañacao. Those +recaptured were tried for prison-breaking, and were all shot the next +morning.</p> +<p>By the beginning of 1897, a large number of troops had arrived from +Spain. They were, however, largely conscripts, raw youths who had never +handled a rifle, mere raw material in fact, sent out without uniform or +equipment, many having only what they stood up in, or at most, having a +spare shirt and a singlet tied up in a handkerchief. We talk about the +shortcomings of our War Office officials, and certainly they sometimes +give examples of wooden-headed stupidity, and are behind the age in +many particulars. But for deliberate inhumanity, for utter callousness +to human suffering, to loss of health and life, I think the Spanish War +Office could hardly be outdone. And I speak of their misdeeds from +personal knowledge in the Philippines and in Cuba. What an enormous +amount of suffering was caused to the working-people of Spain by the +sending to Cuba and to the Philippines of over 200,000 men in +1895–96. Never in this generation were men shipped away so +destitute of clothing, provisions, surgeons and medical comforts. Never +have I seen troops in the field with such wretched equipment, or so +devoid of transport, tents, and supplies.</p> +<p>Whatever successes they achieved were secured by the inborn valour +of the troops, and by extraordinary exertions on the part of the +generals and staff to improvise on the spot what the national treasury +should have supplied them with at the commencement of hostilities.</p> +<p>The raw recruits having been drilled and exercised with the rifle +were organised in fifteen battalions and called Cazadores (chasseurs). +These battalions, with four regiments of native infantry and some +native volunteers, were formed into brigades under Generals Cornell, +Marina, Jaramillo and Galbis. The first three brigades constituted a +division, which was placed under the command of General Lachambre, an +officer of great energy, and of long experience in the Cuban wars.</p> +<p>By the beginning of 1897 the Tagal rebellion had concentrated its +forces in the province of Cavite. Embers of rebellion still smouldered +in other provinces of Luzon, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb91" href= +"#pb91" name="pb91">91</a>]</span>but many rebels from outlying places +had thrown in their lot with those of Cavite, and in great numbers, +very indifferently supplied with arms and ammunition, but amply with +provisions, they confidently awaited the long-prepared attack of the +Spanish forces behind the formidable entrenchments that their +persevering labour had raised. In the interval they had organised +themselves after a fashion, and had instituted a reign of terror +wherever they held sway.</p> +<p>The organisation of the rebels in the province of Cavite was of a +somewhat confused nature, and seemed to respond to the ambition and +influence of particular individuals rather than to any systematic +principle.</p> +<p>Thus Silang was declared a vice-royalty under Victor Belarmino, +styled Victor I.</p> +<p>The rest of the province was divided into two districts, each ruled +by a council; the first was Imus and its vicinity, under Bernardino +Aguinaldo with ministers of war, of the treasury, of agriculture and of +justice.</p> +<p>The second was San Francisco de Malabon, presided over by Mariano +Alvarez, with ministers of state as above.</p> +<p>But above the kingdom of Silang and the two republics, the President +of the Katipunan, Andres Bonifacio, held sway as lieutenant of the +Generalissimo Emilio Aguinaldo. He resided in his palace at San +Francisco, and from there dictated his orders. The supreme power was in +the hands of Aguinaldo.</p> +<p>All these authorities exercised despotic power, and certainly +ill-treated and robbed their own countrymen who did not desire to join +them, far more than the Spaniards have ever done in the worst of times. +They frequently inflicted the death-penalty, and their so-called +courts-martial no more thought of acquitting an accused person than a +regimental court-martial in England would. The terrible President of +the Katipunan ultimately became a victim of one of these blood-thirsty +tribunals.</p> +<p>Their military organization was curious. The province was +sub-divided into military zones. First Silang, second Imus, third +Bacoor, fourth San Francisco de Malabon, fifth Alfonso. Each zone had +an army which consisted of all the population able to work, and was +divided into two parts, the active or fighting force and the auxiliary +but non-combatant part. The active force was divided into regiments and +companies, and these last into riflemen and spearmen, there being +commonly five of the latter to one <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb92" +href="#pb92" name="pb92">92</a>]</span>of the former. Besides the usual +military ranks, they instituted the following functionaries:</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr> +<td><i>Minister of Marine</i></td> +<td>Marcelo de los Santos.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Principal Chaplain to the Forces</i></td> +<td>Eladio Almeyda.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Intendant-General of Taxes</i></td> +<td>Silvestre Aguinaldo.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>General of Artillery</i></td> +<td>Crispulo Aguinaldo.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Inspector of Ordnance Factories</i></td> +<td rowspan="2">Edilberto Evangelista.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>General of Engineers</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Judge Advocate General</i></td> +<td>Santos Nocón.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>All the above held the rank of lieutenant-general. The badges of +rank were as follows:</p> +<div class="table"> +<h4 class="tablecaption">Rebel Badges of Rank.</h4> +<table> +<tr> +<td rowspan="3"><i>Generalissimo</i>,</td> +<td class="xd20e4461"><b>K</b> on the hat or cap.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>Z. L. I. B.</b> on the arm.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div class="figure xd20e4478width"><img src="images/symbol-1.gif" alt= +"" width="37" height="95"></div> +on the left breast.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Lieutenant Generals</i>,</td> +<td class="xd20e4461"> +<div class="figure xd20e4486width"><img src="images/symbol-2.gif" alt= +"" width="90" height="88"></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Marshals</i>,</td> +<td class="xd20e4461"> +<div class="figure xd20e4494width"><img src="images/symbol-3.gif" alt= +"" width="88" height="55"></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Brigadiers</i>,</td> +<td class="xd20e4461"> +<div class="figure xd20e4502width"><img src="images/symbol-4.gif" alt= +"" width="139" height="86"></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Colonels</i>,</td> +<td class="xd20e4461"> +<div class="figure xd20e4510width"><img src="images/symbol-5.gif" alt= +"" width="88" height="62"></div> +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb93" href="#pb93" name= +"pb93">93</a>]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Majors</i>,</td> +<td class="xd20e4461"><b>K<br> +K<br> +K</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>The Ministers,</i></td> +<td class="xd20e4461"><b>K</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>The Secretary to the Generalissimo,</i></td> +<td class="xd20e4461"><b>K K K</b></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>The rebels occupied the whole of the province of Cavite, except the +fortified town of that name containing the naval arsenal, and a small +strip on the shores of the Laguna where the Spanish troops were +posted.</p> +<p>Cornell’s brigade was at Calamba and Marina’s brigade at +Biñan. They had outlying detachments amounting to 1500 men at +Santa Cruz, Santo Domingo, Tayabas, and along the line from +Tanáuan to Bañadero, leaving each brigade 4000 men for +the advance into the rebel territory. The divisional troops numbered +about 1300, making a total of 9300 combatants.</p> +<p>The brigade under Jaramillo had its headquarters in Taal, Batangas +Province, with outlying detachments at Batangas, Calacá, +Lián Balayan and Punta Santiago, and a force holding the line of +the Pansipit River, altogether amounting to 1000 men, leaving 1600 free +to operate.</p> +<p>Besides this a fourth brigade, not belonging to the division, having +General Galbis as brigadier, was extended along the northern bank of +the Zapote River, under the immediate orders of the governor-general. +The Lakes of Bay and Bombon (Taal) were guarded by armed steam-launches +and other small craft, whilst the gunboats of the squadron patrolled +the sea coast. The rebel province was thus held in a grip of iron.</p> +<p>On the 12th February, 1897, General Lachambre reported himself ready +to advance. General Polavieja ordered Jaramillo to attack the rebel +trenches at Bayuyungan on the 14th, and to keep up the attack until +Lachambre had seized Silang, when he was to attack Talisay on the Lake +of Taal. The marines at Dalahican were ordered to attack Noveleta, +whilst Lachambre was to advance on the 15th, the two brigades taking +different routes, but converging on Silang.</p> +<p>The march was extremely difficult, and the nine-centimètre +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb94" href="#pb94" name= +"pb94">94</a>]</span>guns were only taken through, at the cost of most +strenuous efforts. The enemy tenaciously defended every favourable +position, and were only driven off at the cost of many lives.</p> +<p>On the 19th, Silang, one of the principal rebel towns, was taken by +assault and at the point of the bayonet, after a preparatory +bombardment in which the artillery fired 105 rounds of shell, whilst +25,000 rifle cartridges were used by the infantry.</p> +<p>The rebels lost 2000 men killed and wounded, whilst the Spanish +losses were 12 killed and 70 wounded. The town was strongly entrenched +and stoutly defended, and its capture with so small a loss may justly +be called a creditable operation. Marina’s brigade attacked from +the south and Cornell’s brigade from the east.</p> +<p>The action lasted from 7 to 11.30 <span class="sc">A.M.</span> The +rebels were discouraged, but still, on the 22nd, they delivered an +attack as if they would retake the town, and pressed on with great +fury. They killed four of the Spaniards and wounded twenty-one, but in +the end were driven off, leaving 400 dead on the ground. The houses in +Silang were found fully furnished and provisioned. In the house of the +so-called Viceroy of Silang, Victor Belarmino, the principal ornament +of the sala was a chromo-lithograph portrait of the Queen Regent.</p> +<p>The church-doors were wide open and the altars profusely +illuminated. On the sacristy table lay the priestly robes and +ornaments, ready, doubtless, for the celebration of a Te Deum for the +expected victory. But he who was to wear them, the celebrated Tagal +Bishop, lay with a bullet through his heart across the parapet he had +fiercely defended.</p> +<p>Lachambre preserved the best houses around the church and convent +and utilised them as storehouses, hospital, and barracks, burning the +rest of the town as a punishment to the rebels. He then garrisoned and +fortified the post and connected it with the telegraph line.</p> +<p>On the 24th Lachambre marched from Silang, his main body advancing +by the direct route to Perez Dasmariñas parallel to the River +Casundit, a flanking force of three companies guarding the left of the +column, whilst Lieutenant Colonel Villalon, with a battalion and a half +having started an hour earlier than the main body, took the road to +Palimparan, having the Rio Grande on his right, and by <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb95" href="#pb95" name="pb95">95</a>]</span>his +advance protecting the right flank of the column. Villalon advanced +rapidly, and, brushing aside all opposition, rushed Palimparan with a +loss of one killed and one wounded, killing seven of the rebels in the +attack. Here he bivouacked, and at sunset was joined by another force +consisting of half a brigade under Colonel Arizon, detached from +General Galbis’ force on the Zapote River.</p> +<p>In the meantime the main body had advanced to within three miles of +Perez Dasmariñas and bivouacked at the hamlet called Sampalcoc. +On the following day Perez Dasmariñas was taken by assault, +after a short bombardment by the mountain batteries. The rebels were +strongly entrenched, and made a stout resistance. They had flooded the +rice fields to the east of the town and rendered them impassable.</p> +<p>The town was attacked from the south and west, but it took hours of +hard fighting for the Spaniards to break in, and even then the rebels +fought hand to hand, and many preferred death to surrender. Those who +fled were taken in flank by Arizon’s force, which approached the +northern end of the town from the eastward. The loss of the Spaniards +was 21 killed and 121 wounded, whilst the natives left 400 dead at the +foot of their defences, and a great number were killed outside the +town.</p> +<p>The early part of the defence was directed by Aguinaldo, but he fled +when the Spanish forces closed up, leaving Estrella, an ex-sergeant of +the Guardia Civil, in his place. Estrella fled later on when the +Spaniards had entered the town. Unintimidated by this rude lesson, the +rebels that same night fired into the town, and on the 27th they +attacked a column which went out to make a reconnaissance towards +Palimparan, and gave a mountain battery a chance, which they promptly +took, of getting at a dense body of them with case. The artillery fired +22 rounds in this action, and the infantry used 63,000 cartridges. The +Spanish loss was two killed and ten wounded, whilst the rebels lost at +least 300.</p> +<p>The church, convent, and stone homes round the Plaza of Perez +Dasmariñas were loopholed and prepared for defence, and occupied +by a garrison of two companies of infantry. Owing, however, to the +difficulty of bringing up supplies, the division could not resume its +advance till the 7th March. Then the division took the eastern road to +Imus, whilst the half brigade under Arizon marched by a <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb96" href="#pb96" name="pb96">96</a>]</span>parallel +road on the right flank, which converged upon the Imus road at +Salitran, a village with a large stone estate-house belonging to the +Recollets, strongly entrenched and held by the rebels.</p> +<p>On arriving within range two guns of Cornell’s brigade opened +fire on the estate-house from an eminence, but after the fifth round +the Spanish flag was shown from the house, it having been occupied by +Arizon’s force arriving from the east after a very slight +resistance, for the rebels seemed to have no one in command. They had +prepared for an attack from the east, but when they found the Spaniards +arriving in great force upon their right flank, enfilading their strong +entrenchments, they became demoralised and took to flight.</p> +<p>The scouts now reported that a formidable entrenchment a mile and a +quarter long, was occupied by the rebels about a mile north of the +village. This entrenchment, called Anabo II., covered both the roads to +Imus, and each flank rested on a deep ravine—the eastern end had +a redoubt, and the western end a flanking epaulement.</p> +<p>The ground in front was perfectly open, and there was difficulty in +making a flanking attack, so General Zabala, with a half brigade, made +a direct attack. The fighting line gradually advanced, taking such +cover as the <i>pilápiles</i> of the rice-fields could give, +until they arrived within 100 yards of the parapet, when Zabala, waving +high his sword, gave the order for the assault, falling a moment after +pierced through the breast by a shot from a <i>lantaca</i>. Two +captains fell near him, but the lieutenants led their companies to the +assault; the cazadores sprang across the ditch and clambered up the +high parapet with the agility and fury of leopards, bayoneting those of +the defenders who remained to fight it out, and sending volley after +volley into those who had taken to flight.</p> +<p>The Spanish loss was 11 killed and 33 wounded, whilst 200 of the +rebels were killed. This heavy loss did not however appear to +intimidate them in the least, for on the 8th they made two desperate +attempts to retake the position, in both of which they came within +close range of the Spaniards, who poured repeated volleys into them by +word of command, whilst the mountain-guns played upon them with +<span class="corr" id="xd20e4602" title="Source: case">ease</span>. In +this action the Spaniards lost 5 killed and 25 wounded, and they +calculated the rebel killed at 300. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb97" +href="#pb97" name="pb97">97</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch11" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="main">Chapter XI.</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Insurrection of +1896–97—<i>continued</i>.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">The Division encamps at San Nicolas—Work of the +native engineer soldiers—The division marches to +Salitran—Second action at Anabo II.—Crispulo Aguinaldo +killed—Storming the entrenchments of Anabo I.—Burning of +Imus by the rebels—Proclamation by General +Polavieja—Occupation of Bacoor—Difficult march of the +division—San Antonio taken by assault—Division in action +with all its artillery—Capture of Noveleta—San Francisco +taken by assault—Heavy loss of the Tagals—Losses of the +division—The division broken up—Monteverde’s +book—Polavieja returns to Spain—Primo de Rivera arrives to +take his place—General Monet’s butcheries—The pact of +Biak-na-Bato—The 74th Regiment joins the insurgents—The +massacre of the Calle Camba—Amnesty for torturers—Torture +in other countries.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">On the 10th (March) the division marched to +Presa-Molino, which was occupied that same evening, and leaving three +companies of infantry to guard the position, the division continued its +march through a most difficult country, arriving in the afternoon on +the Zapote River, in touch with the 4th Brigade, formerly commanded by +Galbis and now by Barraquer.</p> +<p>From there Lachambre with his staff rode over to Parañaque, +and reported himself to the Captain-General Polavieja.</p> +<p>The troops encamped on the downs of San Nicolas, one brigade on each +side of the River Zapote. Notwithstanding the comparatively favourable +emplacement of the camp, the troops and their officers suffered +severely from the effect of the climate upon frames weakened by +over-exertion, by indifferent nourishment and by sleeping on the +ground. Malarial fevers, intestinal catarrh, dysentery, and rheumatism +sapped their vitality, whilst nostalgia preyed upon the younger +soldiers and depressed their spirits. Since the 15th February the +division had lost in killed, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb98" href= +"#pb98" name="pb98">98</a>]</span>wounded, and invalided, no less than +135 officers, and troops in greater proportion.</p> +<p>Yet still greater exertions were to be required from the soldiers. +The 4th Brigade was incorporated in the division, and two additional +battalions, one from the 3rd Brigade and the other from the Independent +Brigade, brought the number of combatants nearly up to 12,000.</p> +<p>Having previously made a practicable road by Almansa to Presa Molino +and Salitran, defended by redoubts at the most difficult fords, and +having organised his transport with such means as the country afforded, +Lachambre again set out, his objective being Imus, but the attack was +to be from Salitran.</p> +<p>The work of the native engineer soldiers, and of the 74th Native +Regiment in constructing this road and the redoubts, merits the highest +praise, and it must be admitted that it is almost impossible for an +army of white men to carry on a campaign in the Philippines or in +similar territory, without the assistance of native pioneer or engineer +troops.</p> +<p>The road being ready, and the convoys of provisions having gone +forward, on the morning of the 22nd March the division started on its +march to Salitran, where it arrived on the evening of the 23rd, having +had some sharp skirmishes on the way.</p> +<p>Early on the 24th the division set out for Imus, and once more the +formidable trenches and redoubts of Anabo II., restored, strengthened, +and crowded with determined defenders, barred their path. These works +had once already been taken by assault, and had cost the division the +loss of the brave General Zabala and other officers and men.</p> +<p>Protected on each flank by a deep ravine with a river at the bottom, +and with open ground in front, the attack had been rendered more +difficult by flooding the arable land before the trenches, and the +position of the rebels was an exceedingly strong one. Lachambre had to +accept a direct attack, but he sent a body of troops forward on each +flank to advance simultaneously and overlap the ends of the +entrenchment.</p> +<p>The infantry deployed, the firing line advanced under fire without +stopping to within three hundred yards of the parapet, when they +halted, taking what cover they could and keeping up a steady fire. Then +the mountain battery <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb99" href="#pb99" +name="pb99">99</a>]</span>was brought up and fired common shell at +close range, breaching the parapet. A rush forward soon brought the +firing-line within 150 yards of the parapet. General Marina, watching +the engagement well to the front, had one of his staff officers killed +at his side; seeing the favourable moment arrive, he gave the order for +the assault.</p> +<p>Once more the troops exhibited their conspicuous bravery. The long +line, led by its officers, dashed forward with the bayonet, the bugles +sounding the charge, and with impetuous speed, soon reached the +parapet. However terrible the attack, the stout-hearted Tagals stood +firm, disdaining to fly.</p> +<p>Bolo and bayonet clashed, European courage and Malay fury had full +play, till in the end, as ever in equal numbers and in stand-up fight, +the European prevailed. Many of the defenders fell, the rest sought +safety in flight.</p> +<p>The engagement lasted two and a half hours without cessation, and +over three hundred rebel dead were counted in or near the works, +amongst them was Crispulo Aguinaldo, a brother of General Emilio +Aguinaldo. The Spaniards lost 9 killed and 108 wounded.</p> +<p>After a short rest the division resumed the advance upon Imus, and +bivouacked after marching about a couple of miles.</p> +<p>On the 25th the advance was continued on a broad front. Scarcely had +the division marched for half-an-hour when the leading ranks came in +sight of another line of entrenchments more than two miles long, six +feet high, and five feet thick, well protected with cane fences in +front, one of these being at a distance of 100 yards from the +parapet.</p> +<p>Lachambre orders the centre to make a direct attack and the wings a +flanking movement. The rebels retain their fire till the Spaniards +arrive within two hundred yards, and then the parapet is crowned with +flame both from small arms and lantacas. The scene of the day before +was repeated, the parapet stormed, with a rebel loss of over six +hundred. After a short halt the advance against Imus was resumed. The +distance was short, and the appearance of the thousands of bayonets and +the explosion of a few shells produced an indescribable panic amongst +the inhabitants and the many who had come from other towns to assist in +the defence.</p> +<p>They took to flight, disregarding the protests of their <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb100" href="#pb100" name= +"pb100">100</a>]</span>leaders Emilio Aguinaldo and Andrés +Bonifacio. In order to cover his retreat, the former ordered the +magazine to be blown up and the town to be burned. This delayed the +advance of the Spaniards in the centre, but the wings moved forward and +the thousands of fugitives were exposed to a flanking fire, and more +than eight hundred of them bit the dust. It was afternoon before +Lachambre could enter what remained of Imus, when as a mark of honour +for their splendid services, the colour of the 74th Regiment of Native +Infantry was raised upon the tower of the church—all the troops +presenting arms and afterwards giving enthusiastic cheers.</p> +<p>Thus was taken the citadel of the Katipunan with a loss to the +Spaniards of 25 killed and 129 wounded.</p> +<p>The taking of Imus gave General Polavieja an opportunity of offering +an amnesty to the rebels, which he did not neglect. On the 26th of +March he issued a proclamation offering pardon to all who had borne +arms against the Royal Authority, or who had assisted the rebels, +provided they presented themselves before Palm Sunday the 11th of +April. Leaders of the rebels were to present themselves with their +forces and arms.</p> +<p>On the 26th March the division, leaving a garrison in Imus, started +for Bacoor to take the defences in reverse, and such was the effect on +the rebels of their defeat at Imus and of the advance in overwhelming +force, that they fled, and the division occupied Bacoor almost without +firing a shot.</p> +<p>It was otherwise with Binacayan, for Marina’s Brigade having +made a reconnaissance in force on the 28th, were received with a heavy +fire, and after an hour’s skirmish in which some were killed on +each side, they returned to their camp at Bacoor; Lachambre considering +that an attack in that direction would result in a useless waste of +life, for the advance would be along narrow causeways across swamps. +Having received provisions and ammunition by sea from Manila, he +returned with his division to Imus, the garrison of which had not been +molested by the rebels.</p> +<p>At daylight on the 31st March, the division left Imus and marched +across country in a westerly and southerly direction, fording numerous +streams running at the bottom of deep ravines, as well as many +irrigating canals and ditches. Soon after the start the right flank was +fired upon, the fire increasing as the column moved forward. The +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb101" href="#pb101" name= +"pb101">101</a>]</span>engineers had to improve the approaches to the +fords of the Rivers Julian and Batong Dalig under fire.</p> +<p>The leading brigade carried several entrenchments on its front and +flank without halting, but extending skirmishes on either flank to beat +off the enemy. The rear brigade was attacked on both flanks and had to +fight a rearguard action as well. The division bivouacked for the night +at Bacao, a point from which it threatened the rebel towns of San +Francisco, Santa Cruz, Rosario and Noveleta, all within easy reach.</p> +<p>The losses on the day’s march were 6 killed and 37 wounded, +whilst 400 rebel killed were counted on open ground, and many must have +fallen amongst the bushes and trees.</p> +<p>They, however, were not at all dismayed, and surrounded the bivouac +at night, firing repeated volleys and engaging the outposts.</p> +<p>On the following day (1st April), the division with all its baggage +crossed the River Ladron, and took up a position in the centre of a +large tract of rice-fields, having Noveleta on the north, San Francisco +on the south, Rosario and Santa Cruz to the west, and San Antonio on +the east. San Antonio was first taken by assault after the parapet had +been breached by the fire of two batteries of mountain guns. The +fugitive Tagals who escaped with their lives took refuge in +Noveleta.</p> +<p>The situation was now as follows: Arizon’s Brigade threatened +Noveleta, Marina’s Brigade threatened Rosario and +Sarralde’s Brigade attacked Santa Cruz—the baggage being in +the centre and out of fire.</p> +<p>At this moment a dense mass of the enemy issuing from San Francisco, +made a desperate attack upon the Spaniards nearest to them.</p> +<p>The whole of the division with its twelve guns, was now in action +and surrounded by the enemy, Lachambre in the centre keenly watching +the fight. When he judged the right moment had arrived, he ordered +Arizon’s Brigade to storm Noveleta.</p> +<p>The Brigade greeted this order with thundering shouts of “Viva +España,” and with the pluck that has always distinguished +the Spanish soldier when well led, carried the entrenchments at a run, +and fought a hand to hand combat with the defenders, who were either +killed or driven out, notwithstanding that these were the very best of +the rebel <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb102" href="#pb102" name= +"pb102">102</a>]</span>troops, amongst them being many of +Aguinaldo’s Guards, wearing a special uniform, some of them +having served in the native regiments. Here, again, the 74th Native +Infantry distinguished themselves by their remarkable bravery, and once +more their colour was displayed from the church tower as a recognition +of their valuable and loyal services.</p> +<p>The capture of Noveleta placed the division in communication with +the marines occupying the entrenchments of Dalahican.</p> +<p>This action cost the division 11 killed and 58 wounded, but many +hundreds of the rebels were killed.</p> +<p>In consequence of this, the rebels abandoned Cavite, Viejo, and +Binacayan, which were occupied the following day without +resistance.</p> +<p>The rebels, however, on the 4th, and again on the 5th, attacked the +troops in Noveleta and sustained the combat for some time, killing 10 +and wounding 33 Spanish, but leaving 50 of their own dead on the +ground.</p> +<p>On the 6th the division marched from Noveleta, which was occupied by +a garrison of marines, and took the direction of San Francisco, the +advanced guard in extended order across the same open ground upon which +the engagement of April 1st was fought. The rebel positions on the +right flank were marked by lines of skirmishers with their supports and +reserves. The Tagals had, however, inundated the part of this plain +immediately in front of the town, and the advance was made with great +difficulty; the guns and ammunition boxes having to be carried by the +gunners with the assistance of the infantry. With undaunted bravery the +troops struggled on under a heavy fire, but Lachambre, realising the +difficulty and the danger incurred, changed the direction of the +advance. The right wing under Arizon inclined to the right, and the +left, under Marina, bore away to the left. Half a brigade crossed the +River Ladron, notwithstanding the opposition of the rebels, and +attacked the town from the east. Firmer ground was soon reached, the +guns that had cost so much labour taking up, were mounted, and a rain +of shell soon fell amongst the rebels. The infantry poured in steady +volleys, advancing in the intervals of firing. The whole combined +attack being within a proper distance for the final rush, Lachambre +gave the word, and like greyhounds released, the Spanish and native +infantry leaped to the assault. The parapet <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb103" href="#pb103" name="pb103">103</a>]</span>was +high and deep the ditch, for the defenders had not spared their labour +on it, and as the Spanish line reached the edge, the rebels boldly +mounted the parapet and discharged their arms at close quarters. In +this critical moment the moral superiority of the white man once more +was manifest. The Spanish troops reached the parapet and a hand-to-hand +combat with the bolder rebels took place, the bayonet against the spear +or bolo. The less-determined of the enemy fled, and in a few minutes +120 Tagals lay dead against the parapet, and five guns and eighty +rifles remained as trophies to the victors. The companies re-formed for +the pursuit, but the enemy fired the thatched huts to interpose a +curtain of flame between them and their pursuers; a measure which was +only partially successful, for some of the troops, nimbly darting +through the lanes, shot down or bayoneted many of the fugitives, +killing 400 in the pursuit, besides those who died at the +entrenchments. The Spanish loss was 25 killed and 125 wounded, +including several officers. The fighting had lasted four hours over +very difficult ground, and the troops were exhausted. Lachambre +therefore camped in the town, which has many fine edifices and a +spacious, church and convent. The bells of the church, in a joyful +peal, announced the Spanish triumph. The rebels were under the command +of Andrés Bonifacio, the President of the formidable Katipunan. +This terrible blow to the insurrection was followed by the occupation +of the towns of Santa Cruz and Rosario, without firing a shot.</p> +<p>Many of the natives had joined the rebellion under compulsion, and +had long desired to submit themselves. Now they came in by hundreds +every day to claim the amnesty offered by General Polavieja.</p> +<p>Fifty-two days had the campaign lasted, fifty-seven combats had +taken place, and the total loss of the division was 1 general, 14 +officers, and 168 men killed, and 56 officers and 910 men wounded. +Probably a far larger number died or were invalided from disease, +induced by the fatigue, exposure and privations inseparable from such a +campaign, especially as most of the men were mere youths, raw recruits, +and with little possibility of taking care of themselves, even if they +knew how. Notwithstanding the excessive fatigue and the depressing +nature of the surroundings, the Spanish troops maintained a fine +martial spirit, and ever showed themselves ready to respond +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb104" href="#pb104" name= +"pb104">104</a>]</span>to the calls made upon them. They were well led +by their officers, who devoted themselves unsparingly in their +country’s service, and they had confidence in their generals, who +were untiring in their exertions to do their best for their men. +Lachambre displayed the greatest solicitude for the well-being of the +force under his command; whilst showing the utmost resolution, and +pushing his attacks home in every case, yet he sacrificed his men as +little as possible, and always had patience to wait till his flanking +attacks could join in the assault. The distances the division had to +traverse were very small, but the absence of roads and bridges made the +provisioning of the army a matter of the utmost difficulty.</p> +<p>Those who know the poverty of the Spanish Army in animals, vehicles, +and stores, will understand what Lachambre and his staff accomplished. +On the 12th April, 1897, the division was broken up, and the brigades +were stationed at various places in Cavite and the neighbouring +provinces.</p> +<p>The general, brigadiers, officers, and troops, are fortunate in +having as chronicler of their exploits, so painstaking and appreciative +an officer as Lieut.-Colonel Don Federico de Monteverde y Sedano, who +in his book, ‘La Division Lachambre,’ published in 1898, +gives a detailed account of the campaign, with sketches illustrative of +the various actions. Señor Monteverde does justice to every +Spaniard, from the divisional-general downwards. I could wish he had +said something more about the services of the 73rd and 74th Regiments +of Native Infantry, who seem to have been always in the forefront of +the battle and where the hardest work was being done, as in assisting +the magnificent engineer corps, without whom I doubt if the campaign +could have been successful. His book, however, is invaluable to those +who may have to conduct operations in the Philippines, and the +invariable success achieved by Lachambre, contrasts remarkably with the +failures in the early part of the rebellion, and one cannot help seeing +a parallel between this little war and the greater one in South Africa. +Each was mismanaged at the beginning, but as soon as the invading +forces were organised in one command, success was achieved.</p> +<p>A few days after the breaking up of the division, General Polavieja +embarked for Spain, very much broken in health. In a letter written on +the 9th March to the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb105" href="#pb105" +name="pb105">105</a>]</span>Minister of War, Polavieja declared himself +too ill to ride and asked for his relief. He, however, still remained +at Parañaque, directing the campaign till after the capture of +San Francisco.</p> +<p>The Spanish press took sides for or against him, the papers +advocating the interests of the friars praised him, whilst the Liberal +press held him up to ridicule.</p> +<p>There is no doubt that he directed the military operations in an +efficient manner, but under his government the arbitrary arrests, +cruelties, and tortures, inflicted upon all who were suspected of being +sympathisers with the rebels, or from whom money would be extorted, +that had begun under Blanco, continued and increased. For Blanco, +having been informed of the cruelties inflicted, issued an order +forbidding the practice.</p> +<p>The next governor-general was General Primo de Rivera, who had held +that office from 1880 to 1883, and had found it a very profitable one. +He arrived on the 23rd April and went to the front on the 29th; on the +4th May, Naic was taken, also a small place called Quintana, and +Indang. At Naic there was very heavy fighting, and some at Indang.</p> +<p>The troops then advanced to Maragondón, which was taken on +the 10th after a most stubborn resistance, the Spaniards losing many +men and the rebels still more heavily.</p> +<p>This place was the last where the rebels made a stand, in Cavite +province. After this defeat they dispersed in roving bands and kept on +the move.</p> +<p>The whole province was a scene of desolation, towns burnt, churches +bombarded, stone houses blown up, property looted, putrefying bodies +lying about in hundreds, the fields laid waste, the cattle driven off, +the country depopulated, a remnant of the inhabitants hiding in the +woods; a few of the bolder ones returned to the ruined houses. Such was +the result of this unhappy rebellion.</p> +<p>I have this description from an eye-witness, and he assured me that +he had been told by a colonel commanding one of the most distinguished +regiments engaged in the campaign, that not less than 30,000 natives +lost their lives in that province alone during the rebellion.</p> +<p>The rebels gave no quarter to Spaniards, and the Spaniards only +occasionally took prisoners. However, once <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb106" href="#pb106" name= +"pb106">106</a>]</span>taken they were usually released after being +exhorted to return to their homes.</p> +<p>Whilst the operations of Lachambre’s division were proceeding +in Cavite, General Monet, with a force of 3000 men, was carrying on an +indiscriminate butchery of men, women, and children, in Bulacan and +Pampanga, but he displayed no military qualities, and ultimately +escaped, leaving his forces to surrender.</p> +<p>The Spanish Volunteers in Manila continued their series of +abominable outrages, although in August, Primo de Rivera issued a +decree forbidding intimidation, plundering and ravishing. He was +ultimately obliged to disband them.</p> +<p>Driven out of Cavite, the remnant of the rebels under Aguinaldo took +refuge in the hills and held a strong position near Angat, in the +province of Bulacan. As it would have taken a long time to reduce them, +Primo de Rivera tried conciliation, and employed Don Pedro Paterno, a +native gentleman of means, who had been educated in Spain, as mediator. +By his instrumentality, an arrangement was arrived at which, after +being approved by the Government in Madrid, was signed by the mediator +as attorney for the rebels and the governor-general for Spain.</p> +<p>This, known as the pact of Biak-na-bato, was signed on December +14th, 1897.</p> +<p>In consequence, Aguinaldo and a number of the prominent rebels were +escorted to Hong Kong by a relative of the governor-general, and there +received a sum of $400,000, being the first instalment of the sum +agreed upon.</p> +<p>They lived in a quiet and economical manner upon their own +resources. They did not divide the indemnity nor convert it to their +own use, but kept it as a war fund in case of need.</p> +<p>The event showed the wisdom of this course, for Primo de Rivera had +led them to understand that an amnesty and reforms were to follow, but, +apparently, had caused the Spanish Government to look upon the +arrangement in a very different light, and he subsequently denied that +any treaty existed. No reforms were ever granted, and things in Luzon +went on in the same old way. The friars joined in raising a large +subscription for Primo de Rivera, and this seemed to incline him more +favourably towards them.</p> +<p>The amnesty was disregarded, and the priests continued their +arbitrary courses against those who had been concerned <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb107" href="#pb107" name="pb107">107</a>]</span>in +the rebellion. Bands of marauders infested the provinces and the +country was in a very unsettled state, some insurgent bands approaching +Cavite.</p> +<p>On March 24th, the 74th Regiment of Native Infantry in garrison at +that town, the regiment that had distinguished itself so remarkably in +Lachambre’s division, being always in the front, was ordered to +march out against them. Whatever the reason, whether they felt that +their splendid services had not been duly acknowledged, or, as is +likely, their pay was months in arrears, they refused to march against +their own countrymen. Eight corporals were called out of the ranks and +shot then and there in the presence of the regiment, which was again +ordered to advance, and a threat made that a refusal would mean death +to all.</p> +<p>All did refuse and were sent to barracks to await sentence. The next +morning the entire regiment with arms and equipment, marched out and +deserted in a body to the insurgents, saying they were willing to fight +the foreign enemies of Spain, but not against their own friends. The +following day another regiment joined them, but I have no note of its +number.</p> +<p>It was now that an event occurred in Manila that showed how little +desire there was amongst the Spaniards to treat the natives with +ordinary justice, much less to conciliate them.</p> +<p>This was the massacre of the Calle de Camba, quite a short distance +from the American Consulate, and it was perpetrated on the 25th and +26th of March. On the first of those day a number of Visayan sailors +from the vessels in the Pasig had assembled in a house in the above +street, which was their usual resort.</p> +<p>Somehow the story got about that an illegal assembly was being held, +and the police, without more ado, attacked the meeting and shot down a +dozen, taking sixty-two prisoners. The next morning the whole of these +prisoners were marched to the cemetery, and all shot, though many them +were known to have been merely passing by at the time.</p> +<p>This is vouched for by Mr. Oscar F. Williams in an official letter +to Mr. Cridler, dated 27th March, 1898. It could hardly have been a +mere coincidence that a revolt of the Visayas broke out about ten days +later, when they made a desperate attack upon the city of Cebú +in which many lives were lost and much property damaged. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb108" href="#pb108" name="pb108">108</a>]</span></p> +<p>It seems hardly worth while to relate any more instances of Tagal +revenge or Spanish brutality. The country that had been almost pacified +was now again in revolt and amongst the insurgents were two battalions +of well-trained and veteran troops.</p> +<p>But now events were impending of transcendent importance—the +Spanish-American War had broken out.</p> +<p>Previously, however, Primo de Rivera left Manila to return to Spain, +but before going he granted an amnesty to all who had tortured +suspected persons to extort evidence from them.</p> +<p>Some of the victims had died under torture rather than bear witness +against their friends, for the Tagal is a Stoic after the manner of the +Red Indian. Others survive, mere wrecks, maimed for life, and living +mementoes of Spanish cruelty.</p> +<p>Torture for extracting evidence from suspected persons is illegal in +all Christian countries and their dependencies, and also in Japan, but +has not yet been entirely routed out in British India nor in Egypt. In +1897, four cases of police torture in the North-West Provinces and +Oudh, ended in convictions.</p> +<p>In Spain, some police officers are now on their trial for applying +the thumb-screw to the fingers of anarchist prisoners in the Castle of +Monjuich with such severity, that one of them, a railway porter, lost +the use of his hands and arms. And Ysabelo de los Reyes, a native of +Ilocos, declares that he was tortured in the same prison by thirst, +having been fed upon salt food and deprived of water.</p> +<p>Last March (1900), a captain of police was tried at Sambor, in +Austrian Galicia, for torturing prisoners with the thumb-screw and by +deprivation of food, and was sentenced to a long term of imprisonment. +In Corea, China, and Siam, torture forms part of the legal procedure +before sentence, to say nothing of the various and lingering deaths the +judge may order after the prisoner has confessed. Let us hope that now +there will be no more of it in the Philippines. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb109" href="#pb109" name="pb109">109</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch12" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XII.</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Americans in the Philippines.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">Manila Bay—The naval battle of +Cavite—General Aguinaldo—Progress of the Tagals—The +Tagal Republic—Who were the aggressors?—Requisites for a +settlement—Scenes of drunkenness—The estates of the +religious orders to be restored—Slow progress of the +campaign—Colonel Funston’s gallant exploits—Colonel +Stotsenburg’s heroic death—General Antonio Luna’s +gallant rally of his troops at Macabebe—Reports +manipulated—Imaginary hills and jungles—Want of +co-operation between army and navy—Advice of Sir Andrew +Clarke—Naval officers as administrators—Mr. Whitelaw +Reid’s denunciations—Senator Hoar’s opinion—Mr. +McKinley’s speech at Pittsburgh—The false prophets of the +Philippines—Tagal opinion of American Rule—Señor +Mabini’s manifesto—Don Macario Adriatico’s +letter—Foreman’s prophecy—The administration +misled—Racial antipathy—The curse of the Redskins—The +recall of General Otis—McArthur calls for +reinforcements—Sixty-five thousand men and forty ships of +war—State of the islands—Aguinaldo on the Taft +Commission.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Manila Bay.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The width of the entrance to the vast Bay of Manila is +nine and a half marine miles from shore to shore. It is divided into +two unequal channels by the Island of Corregidor and Pulo Caballo, and +a rock called El Frayle, about a mile and a half from the southern +shore, farther reduces that channel.</p> +<p>The Boca Chica, or northern entrance between Corregidor Island and +Punta Lasisi, is two marine miles wide, and in the middle of the +channel the depth of water is about thirty fathoms.</p> +<p>The Boca Grande, or southern entrance between Pulo Caballo and El +Frayle, is three and a half marine miles wide, with a depth of water in +the fairway of about twenty fathoms. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb110" href="#pb110" name="pb110">110</a>]</span></p> +<p>In both channels the tide rushes in and out with great force.</p> +<p>With channels of such a width there was no difficulty in taking a +squadron in at night, and little chance of suffering damage from the +hastily improvised batteries of the Spaniards.</p> +<p>And it will be evident to all having the slightest knowledge of +submarine mining that the conditions are most unfavourable to defence +by such means. As a matter of fact, the Spaniards possessed only nine +obsolete submarine mines fitted to explode by contact. These were sent +over to Corregidor, but were not sunk, as it was obvious that they were +useless.</p> +<p>On the other hand, it was a perfect position for the employment of +torpedo boats or gunboats, there being excellent anchorage for such +craft on both sides of the Channel and in Corregidor Cove. But at the +time of the declaration of war, the Spaniards had no torpedo boats in +the Philippines. The Elswick-built cruisers <i>Isla de Cuba</i> and +<i>Isla de Luzon</i> were fitted with torpedoes, and might have been +watching the channels for a chance to use them. Admiral Montojo knows +best why he did not detach them on this service.</p> +<p>There was then nothing to prevent the entrance of the American +Squadron; the mines, torpedo boats and narrow channels only existed in +the imagination of some American newspaper correspondents.</p> +<p>But Admiral Dewey’s exploit does not need any such enhancing, +it speaks for itself.</p> +<p>To any one having a knowledge of the Spanish navy, and especially of +the squadron of the Philippines, the result of an action against an +American Squadron of similar force could not be doubtful<span class= +"corr" id="xd20e4822" title="Source: ,">.</span> As a matter of fact +the Spanish ships, except the two small cruisers built at Elswick in +1887, were quite obsolete. The <i>Castilla</i> and <i>Reina +Cristina</i> were wooden vessels, standing very high out of the water, +and making admirable targets, whilst their guns were small, some of +them had been landed at Corregidor, though never placed in battery. The +boilers of one vessel were in the arsenal.</p> +<p>But even allowing for the fact that the tonnage of the American +Squadron was half as much again as that of the Spaniards, and that they +had more than twice as many, and heavier guns, no one would have +supposed it possible <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb111" href="#pb111" +name="pb111">111</a>]</span>that the Spanish Squadron could have been +completely destroyed without inflicting any damage upon the enemy.</p> +<p>It was indeed a brilliant victory, reflecting great credit upon +Admiral Dewey and the officers and crews of the American ships, not +only for what they did that day, but for their careful preparation that +enabled them to score so decided a success.</p> +<p>The Spanish sailors put up a good fight and showed pluck, but they +had no skill as gunners, and so failed in the hour of their +country’s need. Admiral Montojo bravely commanded his fleet, but +as soon as the action was over he seems to have considered that his +duty had terminated, for he returned to his Villa in San Miguel, +leaving the remnants of his squadron and the Cavite arsenal to its +fate.</p> +<p>We must infer that Admiral Dewey’s victory and its +consequences were not foreseen by the American Government, for they had +made no preparations to send troops to Manila, and from the time they +learned of the destruction of the Spanish Squadron, till they had +assembled a force strong enough to take and hold the city<span class= +"corr" id="xd20e4842" title="Source: .">,</span> three weary months +elapsed. This was a very hap-hazard way of making war, and the delay +cost many thousands of lives as will be seen later on.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">General Aguinaldo.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">On the 19th May, 1898, Don Emilio Aguinaldo, former +chief of the insurgents, arrived in Manila in pursuance of an +arrangement with the American Consul-General at Singapore. He came with +a suite of seventeen persons on board an American gunboat, and after an +interview with Admiral Dewey, was landed at Cavite and given two +field-pieces, a number of rifles and a supply of ammunition.</p> +<p>He soon reasserted himself as the leader of the insurrection, which +was already in active progress, and gained some signal successes +against the Spaniards. On the 24th May he issued a proclamation +enjoining his followers to make war in a civilized manner and to +respect property.</p> +<p>I do not intend to discuss the negotiations between Mr. Pratt and +Aguinaldo, nor between the latter and Admiral Dewey. This subject has +been very fully treated by Mr. Foreman in the second edition of his +book. The treating with Aguinaldo was not approved by Mr. Day at +Washington, and the Consul-General and Consuls who had <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb112" href="#pb112" name= +"pb112">112</a>]</span>participated in it, and even taken credit for +it, were severely rapped over the knuckles and promptly adopted an +apologetic tone (see Blue Book). But whatever was the agreement with +Aguinaldo, it is evident that had it not been for his assistance and +that of the insurgents, the Spanish forces could have retired from +Manila to Tarlac or other place inland out of reach of the guns of the +fleet and could have prolonged their resistance for years.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">The Tagal Republic.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Tagals had made much progress since the +insurrection of 1896–7. Their ideas had advanced considerably +since their rudimentary organization in the Province of Cavite, as can +be gathered from the improved style of the various proclamations and +decrees published by Aguinaldo.</p> +<p>They now organized a Government, a real Civil Administration, +extending over a great part of Luzon, and sent an expedition to +Visayas. They established a Constitution, a representative government, +and reopened the courts and schools, whilst the native clergy carried +on public worship as usual. Aguinaldo repeatedly asserted the +determination of the Tagal people to fight to the death for +independence. At this time the insurgents held 9000 Spaniards as +prisoners of war, and they claimed to have 30,000 men under arms.</p> +<p>Paymaster Wilcox, U.S.N., and Mr. Leonard R. Sargent who travelled +through part of Luzon for more than 600 miles, and during six weeks, +reported<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4865src" href="#xd20e4865" name= +"xd20e4865src">1</a> to Admiral Dewey that a regular and orderly +Administration had been established, and was in full working order.</p> +<p>Aguinaldo was at the head of this Government and of the army +<i>co-operating</i> with the American forces by the written request of +General Anderson. This should have ensured him and those with him at +the very least courteous and considerate treatment at the hands of the +American Commanders, and in fact he received this from Admiral Dewey. +But as soon as the direction of affairs passed into the hands of the +general commanding the army the deeply-rooted contempt felt by +Americans for the coloured races was allowed full play, Aguinaldo and +his staff found themselves ignored, or treated with scarcely veiled +contempt, and the estrangement was gradually increased. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb113" href="#pb113" name="pb113">113</a>]</span></p> +<p>I do not know which party was the aggressor on February the 4th, +1899, each swears that it was the other. The <i>cui bono</i> test cuts +both ways, for whilst it appears that the attack on Manila secured two +doubtful votes in the Senate for the ratification of the Treaty whereby +the Philippines were bought from Spain, on the other hand, Aguinaldo +may have felt it necessary to prove to America that the Philippines +would fight rather than bow their necks to the Yankee yoke. So that +both parties may have had an interest in beginning hostilities. In any +case, the next day Aguinaldo offered to withdraw to a greater distance +if an armistice was arranged, but Otis declared that “fighting +must go on.”</p> +<p>Personally, I think that if a sympathetic and conciliatory attitude +had been adopted, had the local government established been recognized, +had Aguinaldo and his staff been given commissions in the Native Army +or Civil Service, and the flower of the Tagal Army taken into the +service of the United States, a peaceful settlement could have been +made on the lines of a Protectorate.</p> +<p>I therefore look upon the war as unnecessary, and consider the lives +already sacrificed, and that will have to be sacrificed, as absolutely +thrown away.</p> +<p>The tragical side of American unpreparedness is manifest in the +state of anarchy in which the whole Archipelago has been plunged by the +American unreadiness to occupy the military posts as soon as they were +vacated by the Spanish garrisons. A hideous orgy of murder, plunder, +and slave-raiding has prevailed in Visayas, and especially in +Mindanao.</p> +<p>Three conditions were essential to a peaceful settlement:—</p> +<p><i>First.</i>—A broad-minded and sympathetic representative of +America, fully authorized to treat, and a lover of peace.</p> +<p><i>Second.</i>—A strict discipline amongst the American +forces.</p> +<p><i>Third.</i>—The principal aim and object of the Tagal +insurrection must be secured.</p> +<p>General Otis does not seem to me to fulfil the first condition, he +lacked prestige and patience, and he showed that he had an insufficient +conception of the magnitude of his task by occupying himself with petty +details of all kinds and by displaying an ill-timed parsimony. +Apparently he had no power to grant anything at all, and only dealt in +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb114" href="#pb114" name= +"pb114">114</a>]</span>vague generalities which the Tagals could not be +expected to accept.</p> +<p>As regards the second point, I regret that I am not personally +acquainted with the gentlemen from Nebraska, Colorado, Dakota and other +states serving in the United States Army or volunteers. I have no doubt +that they are good fighting-men, but from all I can hear about them +they are not conspicuous for strict military discipline, and too many +of them have erroneous ideas as to the most suitable drink for a +tropical climate.</p> +<p>Manila was in the time of the Spaniards a most temperate city; a +drunken man was a very rare sight, and would usually be a foreign +sailor. Since the American occupation, some hundreds of drinking +saloons have been opened, and daily scenes of drunkenness and +debauchery have filled the quiet natives with alarm and horror. When +John L. Motley wrote his scathing denunciation of the army which the +great Duke of Alva led from Spain into the Low Countries, “to +enforce the high religious purposes of Philip II.,<span class="corr" +id="xd20e4911" title="Not in source">”</span> not foresee that +his words would be applicable to an American Army sent to subjugate men +struggling to be free “for their welfare, not our gain,” +nor that this army, besides bringing in its train a flood of +cosmopolitan harlotry,<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4914src" href= +"#xd20e4914" name="xd20e4914src">2</a> would be allowed by its +commander to inaugurate amongst a strictly temperate people a mad +saturnalia of drunkenness that has scarcely a parallel.</p> +<p>Such, however, is undoubtedly the case, and I venture to think that +these occurrences have confirmed many of the Tagals in their resolve +rather to die fighting for their independence than to be ruled over by +such as these.</p> +<p>More important still was it to take care that the Tagal insurrection +should not have been in vain. That rebellion probably cost fifty +thousand human lives, immense loss of property, and untold misery. It +was fought against the friars and was at last triumphant. The Spanish +friars had been expelled and their lands confiscated. Were the +Americans to bring them back and guarantee them in peaceable +possession, once more riveting on the chain the Tagals had torn off? +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb115" href="#pb115" name= +"pb115">115</a>]</span></p> +<p>This seems to have been General Otis’ intention. I think he +might have stood upon the accomplished fact. But he did not.</p> +<p>The Treaty of Peace under Article VIII. declares that the cession +cannot in any respect impair the rights of ecclesiastical bodies to +acquire and possess property, whilst Article IX. allows Spanish +subjects to remain in the Islands, to sell or dispose of their property +and to carry on their professions. Presumably General Otis felt bound +by the Treaty in which these general stipulations had been embodied by +the Peace Commission, in direct contradiction to the advice given them +by Mr. Foreman (see p. 463, 55th Congress, 3rd Sess., Doc. No. 62, part +1), who pointed out the necessity of confiscating these lands, but Mr. +Gray replied: “We have no law which will allow us to arbitrarily +do so.”</p> +<p>As soon as the effect of the treaty was known, Archbishop Nozaleda, +who had fled to China from the vengeance he feared, returned to Manila. +He seemed to have a good deal of interest with General Otis, and this +did not please the natives, nor inspire them with confidence.</p> +<p>Furthermore, it was reported and generally believed that the +friars’ vast estates had been purchased by an American Syndicate +who would in due time take possession and exploit them.</p> +<p>One can understand the Tagals’ grief and desperation; all +their blood and tears shed in vain! The friars triumphant after +all!</p> +<p>I do not wish to trace the particulars of the wretched war that +commenced February, 1899, and is still (October, 1900) proceeding.</p> +<p>In it the Americans do not seem to have displayed the +resourcefulness and <span class="corr" id="xd20e4937" title= +"Source: adaptibility">adaptability</span> one would have expected from +them. For my part, I expected a great deal, for so many American +generals being selected from men in the active exercise of a +profession, or perhaps controlling the administration of some vast +business, they ought naturally to have developed their faculties, by +constant use, to a far greater degree than men who have vegetated in +the futile routine of a barrack or military station. They prevailed in +every encounter, but their advance was very slow, and their troops +suffered many preventible hardships. We know very little as to what +happened, for the censors, acting under instructions from General Otis, +prevented the transmission <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb116" href= +"#pb116" name="pb116">116</a>]</span>of accurate information; nothing +was cabled, except the accounts of victories gained by the American +troops.</p> +<p>It would not be right, however, to pass over the fighting without +rendering due tribute to the heroism of the American officers and +soldiers.</p> +<p>Who can forget Colonel Funston’s gallant exploit in crossing +the Rio Grande on a raft under fire with two companies of Kansas +Infantry and enfilading the Tagals’ position? Or his leading part +of same regiment in a charge upon an enemy’s earthwork near Santo +Tomás, where he was wounded?</p> +<p>What could be finer than the late Colonel Stotsenburg’s +leading of the Nebraska regiment in the attack on Quíngua, where +he was killed? And since we are speaking of brave men, shall we not +remember the late General Antonio Luna and his gallant rally of his +army in the advance from Macabébe, when he fearlessly exposed +himself on horseback to the American fire, riding along the front of +his line? To justify the slow progress of the army, jungles, forests, +swamps and hills were introduced on the perfectly flat arable land such +as that around Malolos, Calumpit, and San Fernando, extending in fact +all the way from Manila to Tarlac.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4948src" +href="#xd20e4948" name="xd20e4948src">3</a> This country supports a +dense population, and almost every bit of it has been under the plough +for centuries. The only hill is Arayat. During the dry season, say from +November to May or June, the soil is baked quite hard, and vehicles or +guns can traverse any part of it with slight assistance from the +pioneers. The only obstacles are the small rivers and creeks, mostly +fordable, and having clumps of bamboos growing on their banks providing +a perfect material for temporary bridges or for making rafts.</p> +<p>The campaign was marked by an absence of co-operation between the +land and sea forces. Admiral Dewey, apparently, was not pleased with +the way things were managed, for he is said to have stayed on board his +ship for months at a time. The warships remained at anchor in Manila +Bay whilst arms<a class="noteref" id="xd20e4956src" href="#xd20e4956" +name="xd20e4956src">4</a> and ammunition were landed at the outposts or +on the coasts without hindrance, and it was not till November that +troops were landed at Dagupan, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb117" +href="#pb117" name="pb117">117</a>]</span>the northern terminus of the +railway, though this obviously ought to have been done in February, so +as to attack the enemy front and rear.</p> +<p>The necessity for small gunboats soon made itself felt, but such was +the jealousy of the army towards the navy that it was decided that +these must be army gunboats, and General Otis is reported to have +purchased thirteen small gunboats at Zamboanga, in March 1899, without +consulting or informing Admiral Dewey or even asking for an escort for +them. It so happened that the Spaniards evacuated Zamboanga before any +American forces arrived, and the insurgents promptly took possession of +the gunboats already paid for and proceeded to plunder them of +everything useful to them. A native account says that they took the +gunboats up the Rio Grande into the interior, but this is denied by the +Americans. Ultimately a cruiser was sent down to convoy the gunboats, +and if I am correctly informed, they were commissioned in charge of +junior naval officers.</p> +<p>Obviously, the services of the navy should have been utilised to the +utmost extent, and advantage should have been taken of the prestige +they had gained by the victory over the Spaniards, and of the great +popularity and sympathetic personality of Admiral Dewey. A serious +responsibility rests upon whoever allowed jealousy to prevent the +co-operation of the land and sea forces, since by failing to secure +this they needlessly sacrificed the lives of American soldiers and +prolonged the war.</p> +<p>Lieut.-General Sir Andrew Clarke, R.E., a former governor of the +Straits Settlements, and the greatest authority in England on the +affairs of the Malay States and Islands, was good enough to write a +letter which was forwarded to Mr. Day, and published in the Blue Book, +p. 628.</p> +<p>He pointed out that, although a moderate military force might be +desirable at one or two important centres, a naval force was of more +value, especially gunboats able to move freely amongst the islands and +ascend the many rivers and inlets of the sea.</p> +<p>Therefore to the fleet and its officers he advised that political +and civil administration of the Philippines should, at least in the +first instance, be entrusted. Sir Andrew believed, and I venture to say +that I thoroughly agree with him, that amongst the officers of the +United States navy, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb118" href="#pb118" +name="pb118">118</a>]</span>active and retired, can be found many men +of wide experience, broad views, and generous sympathy well fitted to +administer the affairs of the protectorate. Sir Andrew also advised, as +Foreman did, and as I do, that the members of the Religious Orders, +<i>i.e.</i>, the Augustinians, the Dominicans, the Franciscans, and the +Recollets, should be advised to return to Spain, receiving compensation +for their property.</p> +<p>Sir Andrew Clarke summed up his advice as follows: “Enlist +native sympathy by fairness and justice, and rule through native +agents, supervised by carefully selected American residents.”</p> +<p>As the fleet, by destroying the Spanish squadron, had rendered it +possible to bring troops by sea, and by capturing the arsenal and +blockading the Port of Manila, had invigorated the insurrection, and in +fact had brought about the cession of the islands by Spain, it would +appear to outsiders that it and its officers had a strong claim to the +leading part in completing the settlement and pacification of the +Archipelago for which the best authorities considered them to possess +special qualifications. Besides, if peace was really wanted, it would +have been better to entrust the negotiations to the man who had had his +fight rather than to one looking for his chance. The craze for military +renown is nowhere more rampant than in the United States. Occasions are +few and far between, and we must not expect generals to throw them away +and fly in the face of Providence.</p> +<p>This, however, did not commend itself to those who pull the strings; +we ignore the reasons, but we see the result. Perhaps it was thought +that to allow Dewey to add to his victor’s laurel wreath the palm +of the pacificator would be too much honour for one man, and might +raise him to an inconvenient height in the estimation of his fellow +citizens.</p> +<p>A year and twenty days after his decisive victory Admiral Dewey +sailed from Manila in his flagship. Wherever the British ensign flew he +was received with every demonstration of honour and respect both by +naval and military officers and by civilians. His reception in New York +was marked by an almost delirious enthusiasm. But long before he +arrived, Mr. Whitelaw Reid, disgusted with the conduct of the campaign, +made a speech at the Miami University and denounced the President for +neglect of duty which brought on the war in the Philippines. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb119" href="#pb119" name= +"pb119">119</a>]</span></p> +<p>He said: “If the bitterest enemy of the United States had +sought to bring upon it in that quarter the greatest trouble in the +shortest time, he could have devised for that end no policy more +successful than the one we have already pursued.” It must be +added that Mr. Whitelaw Reid, perhaps to prevent being accused of +having sympathy with the enemy, denounced Aguinaldo and the Tagals as +rebels, savages and treacherous barbarians, unfit for citizenship or +self-government, and declared that the Philippines belong to America by +right of conquest.</p> +<p>I suppose Mr. Whitelaw Reid, or perhaps any citizen of the United +States, has a right to denounce his own President, and certainly the +management of the Philippine annexation has been bad from the +beginning.</p> +<p>But I think Mr. McKinley was badly served by the Peace Commission. +They seem to me to have made many and egregious mistakes.</p> +<p>1. They took General Merritt’s opinion that the Tagals would +submit, and accepted Mr. Foreman’s assurance of Tagal plasticity +and accommodating nature.</p> +<p>2. They disregarded the intimation of D. Felipe Agoncillo, the +accredited agent of the Tagals, that these would accept no settlement +to which they were not parties.</p> +<p>3. They treated several millions of civilised Christian people like +a herd of cattle to be purchased with the ranch.</p> +<p>4. Under Article VIII., they guaranteed the religious orders the +possession of estates already taken from them.</p> +<p>5. Under Article IX., they gave the expelled friars the right to +return and exercise their profession.</p> +<p>To illustrate their careless procedure, I may add that they did not +even accurately determine the boundaries of the Archipelago to be +ceded, and now, in August 1900, $100,000 is to be paid to Spain for +Sibutu and Cagayan <i>Sulu</i> Islands, left out by mistake. If any man +has a right to say, “Save me from my friends,” that man is +William McKinley.</p> +<p>As regards Aguinaldo and the Tagals, I think that Mr. Whitelaw +Reid’s irritation at their protracted resistance has led him on +too far. I prefer the opinion of Senator Hoar, who, speaking in the +Senate of three proclamations of Aguinaldo, said: “Mr. President, +these are three of the greatest state papers in all history. If they +were found in our own history of our own revolutionary time we should +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb120" href="#pb120" name= +"pb120">120</a>]</span>be proud to have them stand by the side of those +great state papers which Chatham declared were equal to the +masterpieces of antiquity.”</p> +<p>In the same speech he says, and I commend his words to the +reader’s attention: “Mr. President, there is one mode by +which the people of the Philippine Islands could establish the truth of +the charges as to their degradation and incapacity for self-government +which have been made by the advocates of Imperialism in this debate, +and that mode is by submitting tamely and without resistance to the +dominion of the United States.”</p> +<p>Mr. Whitelaw Reid, however, was perfectly right in one thing. The +Philippines belong (or will belong) to America by right of conquest. On +August 28th, 1899, Mr. McKinley addressed the 10th Pennsylvania +Regiment at Pittsburgh soon after their arrival from Manila. He said: +“The insurgents struck the first blow. They reciprocated our +kindness with cruelty, our mercy<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5019src" +href="#xd20e5019" name="xd20e5019src">5</a> with Mausers.... They +assailed our sovereignty, and there will be no useless parley until the +insurrection is suppressed and American authority acknowledged and +established. The Philippines are ours as much as Louisiana, by +purchase, or Texas, or Alaska.” Here we get down to the bed rock, +and discard all flimsy pretences. The Americans have undertaken a war +of conquest, they bought it in fact, but I fear they are not happy +either about its material progress or its moral aspect. We shall have +to wait till November to see what they think about it.</p> +<p>But whenever the cost in lost lives, ruined health, and shattered +minds, to say nothing of dollars, comes to be known, there will be a +great outcry in America.</p> +<p>Mr. McKinley and his advisers are much to be pitied, for they were +misled by the information given them by those they relied on.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">The False Prophets of the Philippines.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">Here is an extract from General Merritt’s +evidence taken from the Blue Book, fifty-sixth congress, third session, +document No. 62, part <span class="sc">I</span>, p. 367:</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first"><i>Mr. Reid</i>: Do you think any danger of conflict +is now reasonably remote? <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb121" href= +"#pb121" name="pb121">121</a>]</span></p> +<p><i>General Merritt</i>: I think there is no danger of conflict as +long as these people think the United States is going to take +possession there. If they imagine or hear from any source that the +Spaniards are to be reinstated there, I think they will be very +violent.</p> +<p><i>Mr. Davis</i>: Suppose the United States, by virtue of a treaty +with Spain, should take Luzon ... paying no attention to the +insurgents—how would that be taken by Aguinaldo?</p> +<p><i>General Merritt</i>: I think Aguinaldo and his immediate +following would resist it; but whether he could resist to any extent I +do not know, because his forces are divided. I believe that, as matters +go, Aguinaldo will lose more or less of his power there.</p> +<p><i>The Chairman</i>: If the United States should say, We will take +this country and govern it our own way, do you think they would submit +to it?</p> +<p><i>General Merritt</i>: Yes, sir.</p> +<p><i>Mr. Davis</i>: How many troops in your opinion will be necessary +to administer the government of this island—to secure the +administration of our government there?</p> +<p><i>General Merritt</i>: From 20,000 to 25,000 would be requisite at +first.</p> +</div> +<p>I admire the conviction of this distinguished officer that the +benefits of American rule would be highly appreciated by the Tagals, of +whom, by-the-bye, he knew next to nothing, having only been a few weeks +in Manila amongst sycophantic Mestizo-Americanistas.</p> +<p>That interesting people were, however, of a different opinion. On p. +4582 of the ‘Congressional Record,’ I find that +Señor Mabini, in a manifesto published at San Isidro, April +15th, 1899, states that “race hatred is much more <i>cruel and +pitiless</i> among the Anglo-Saxons” (he is comparing them with +the Spaniards). Again he says, “Annexation, in whatever form it +may be adopted, will unite us for ever to a nation whose manners and +customs are different from our own, a nation which <i>hates the +coloured race with a mortal hatred</i>, and from which we could never +separate ourselves except by war.” The outbreaks against the +negroes that have recently happened [August, 1900] in New Orleans, +Liberty City, Georgia, and in New York, seem to justify Señor +Mabini’s remarks.</p> +<p>Don Macario Adriatico, in an answer to a message of General Miller, +writing from Jaro, January 3rd, 1900, says: “It could easily be +conceived that the Philippines would not suffer a new reign, least of +<i>all of a nation on whose conscience the curse of the Redskins rests +as a heavy load</i>.”</p> +<p>In other documents they refer to the probable action of the Trusts, +and anticipate that, what with the Sugar Trust, the Tobacco Trust, and +the Hemp Trust, they would soon <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb122" +href="#pb122" name="pb122">122</a>]</span>find themselves reduced to +the condition of porters and workmen, or even of domestic servants.</p> +<p>They seem to have an intelligent anticipation of what will probably +befall them when conquered, and hence their desperate resistance to a +large American army.</p> +<p>But let us now turn up the evidence of another expert on the +Philippines, Mr. John Foreman, who also ventured to prophesy what the +Tagals would do (Blue Book, before mentioned, p. 443).</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first"><i>Mr. Foreman</i> (answering Mr. Day): “The +Tagals are of a very plastic nature, willing in their nature +(<i>sic</i>), I should say, to accommodate themselves and take up any +new established dominion which might be decided upon, and I think they +would fall into any new system adopted.</p> +<p>“The inhabitants of the Central Islands or Visayas are more +uncouth, decidedly less hospitable, and somewhat more averse to +associations and relations with outsiders than the Tagals, but I think +they would easily come under sway. They want a little more pressure and +would have to be guided, more closely watched, and perhaps a little +more of the iron hand used than in Luzon.”</p> +</div> +<p>Thus was the administration in Washington misled, and it is probable +that the American military chiefs reported that they could easily +overcome all opposition, so they were allowed to try.</p> +<p>Yet in June, 1900, we read, “The recall of General Otis is +taken to mean that the administration considers the war to be at an +end, and that there is no longer any necessity for military +rule.”</p> +<p>General McArthur is appointed to the command, however, and the first +thing he does is to cable to Washington for more troops, whilst Admiral +Remey asks for an extra battalion of marines. These are to be sent, +also at least three regiments of infantry. Sixty-five thousand men and +forty ships of war are now admitted to be the proper garrison to hold +down the Philippines.</p> +<p>However necessary reinforcements may be, so deep is the racial +antipathy between the United States’ soldiers, white or black, +and the natives, that every additional man sent out is a source of +disaffection, and even exasperation. Not only will the volunteers +become demoralised and diseased in mind and body by their sojourn in +America’s new possession, but the very fact of their presence +renders the pacification of the country more difficult. The more troops +are kept there, the more discontented the natives will be. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb123" href="#pb123" name="pb123">123</a>]</span></p> +<p>To bring this chapter up to date, the position seems to be as +follows: There is a recrudescence of activity amongst the insurgents; +fighting is going on over a great part of the Archipelago, the American +troops are harassed and overworked, sickness is rife, including the +bubonic plague; yet, notwithstanding all this, the Taft Commission has +taken over the administration of the islands from September 1st.</p> +<p>The date fixed is not a convenient one for the Commission, as it is +in the middle of the rainy season, but it has probably been selected to +suit the presidential campaign in America.</p> +<p>Aguinaldo has issued a proclamation warning the Filipinos against +the Taft Commission, which, he says, has no authority from Congress; +does not represent the sentiments of the American people, and is simply +the personal instrument of Mr. McKinley sent out to make promises which +it has no power to keep, and which the United States Government will +not be bound to observe. He denounces the Americanistas, and threatens +condign punishment to all who accept offices under the Commission. It +would appear that a settlement on present lines is still some way +off.</p> +<p>Judge Taft seems to have inherited the cheerful optimism of General +Otis. On September 1st he reported that the insurrection is virtually +ended, and on 20th forwarded another favourable report. On 21st, +General McArthur cabled accounts of engagements in several provinces of +Luzon. The American troops at Pekin are being hurried to Manila, as the +reinforcement of General McArthur is absolutely imperative. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb124" href="#pb124" name= +"pb124">124</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4865" href="#xd20e4865src" name="xd20e4865">1</a></span> Report +published in <i>Outlook</i>, September 1st and 21st, 1899.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4914" href="#xd20e4914src" name="xd20e4914">2</a></span> The +Abbé de Brantôme, whose appreciative remarks upon the +courtesans who accompanied the Army of the Duke of Alva are quoted by +Motley in ‘The Rise of the Dutch Republic,’ would have been +delighted to take up his favourite subject and chronicle the following +of the American Army.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4948" href="#xd20e4948src" name="xd20e4948">3</a></span> My +remarks apply to the accounts published in the <i>Times</i>.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e4956" href="#xd20e4956src" name="xd20e4956">4</a></span> May +11th, 1899, <i>The New York Herald’s</i> correspondent at Manila +reports that the insurgents have succeeded in landing ten machine guns +on the island of Panay.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5019" href="#xd20e5019src" name="xd20e5019">5</a></span> The +kindness and mercy are not obvious.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch13" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XIII.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Native Admiration for America.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">Their fears of a corrupt government—The islands +might be an earthly paradise—Wanted, the man—Rajah +Brooke—Sir Andrew Clarke—Hugh Clifford—John +Nicholson—Charles Gordon—Evelyn Baring—Mistakes of +the Peace Commission—Government should be a +protectorate—Fighting men should be made governors—What +might have been—The Malay race—Senator Hoar’s +speech—Four years’ slaughter of the Tagals.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">Not a few of the natives in arms were, and still are, +sincere admirers of the true greatness of the United States. The noble +deeds and words of America’s great men attain the summit of human +grandeur in their fervid imaginations.</p> +<p>The statesmen and the historians of the great Republic receive their +tribute of praise from Filipino lips.</p> +<p>The names of Washington, Lincoln, Prescott, Motley, are known and +honoured by them. Were the natives treated according to the immortal +principles of right and justice laid down or praised by such as these, +they would welcome the tutelage, and, in fact, all Asia might envy +them.</p> +<p>But they will never consent to become the prey of the politician, +the boss, the monopolist, and the carpet-bagger, and from these they +must be assured of protection before they will submit.</p> +<p>What confidence can they have in a form of government under which +the tariffs on their great staples will be made in the interests of +their American competitors.</p> +<p>Under such a system, and with a pension list steadily growing by +millions of dollars year by year, their comfortable competence would, +in a few years, be reduced to the hideous poverty of over-taxed British +India.</p> +<p>Having passed so many years amongst this people, I may be expected +to give some opinion as to whether the Philippines can be governed by +America. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb125" href="#pb125" name= +"pb125">125</a>]</span></p> +<p>The islands were badly governed by Spain, yet Spaniards and natives +lived together in great harmony, and I do not know where I could find a +colony in which the Europeans mixed as much socially with the natives. +Not in Java, where a native of position must dismount to salute the +humblest Dutchman. Not in British India, where the Englishwoman has now +made the gulf between British and native into a bottomless pit.</p> +<p>It will be difficult for the Americans to avoid this social +ostracism of the natives, and in this respect they are not likely to do +as well as the Spaniards, being less tolerant.</p> +<p>As regards the administration of the government, no doubt great +improvements can be made; but I abstain from prophecy, remembering +Merritt’s and Foreman’s want of success in that line. There +is certainly a wonderful opportunity to show the world how to govern a +tropical protectorate or dependency.</p> +<p>So rich a country with so intelligent and industrious a population +only requires good guidance to make it an earthly paradise. But the +guidance should be given by the gentle hand of an elder sister, and not +by the boot of a frontier ruffian.</p> +<p>Much as our officials praise the administration of the Indian +Empire, I think it quite possible with a few years of disinterested +tutelage to weld the Philippines into a nation, more united, freer, +happier, richer and better educated, than the finest state in that vast +possession. What is wanted is <span class="sc">The Man</span>, no +stubborn and tactless general “spoiling for a fight,” +harsh, peremptory, overbearing, but a civilian of the highest rank, or +a naval officer, one of America’s very best, full of sympathy, +tact and patience, yet firm as Stonewall Jackson. He must have a +gracious presence, and “magnetism” in the highest degree, +for he must rule by personal influence, by inspiring confidence and +affection.</p> +<p>Not otherwise did Rajah Brooke obtain his election to the +sovereignty of Sarawak; Sir Andrew Clarke pacify the Malay Peninsula; +nor is it otherwise that Hugh Clifford is leading the Malays of North +Borneo to peaceful pursuits.</p> +<p>The man, when found, must be invested with absolute power, and be +backed up by all the forces of the Republic.</p> +<p>The British Government gave America an example of what to avoid when +it sacrificed Governor Eyre, of Jamaica, to a shrieking gang of +pseudo-philanthropists, when, in a great emergency, whilst the honour +of white women and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb126" href="#pb126" +name="pb126">126</a>]</span>the lives of men were at the mercy of a mob +of negroes, he omitted some legal technicality before hanging one of +the cowardly instigators.</p> +<p>However, I do not think America will go back on her sons like +that.</p> +<p>Great Britain has produced some men who could have taken up the +burden of the Philippines. It happens that the three I shall cite were +all soldiers, but their extraordinary magnetic qualities by no means +proceeded from their profession.</p> +<p>The God-like man who died at Delhi, the beloved of John Lawrence, +would have made an ideal ruler: the people would have worshipped +him.</p> +<p>The hero who died at Khartoum could have ruled the Philippines, or +any Asiatic or African country, and the people would have loved +him.</p> +<p>To quote one who is still with us, Lord Cromer has coped with +difficulties of a different kind, yet, perhaps, as great as those of +the Philippines, and in a few years has changed the face of the land of +Pharaoh, and lightened the lot of millions. This has been done by the +assistance of a few engineers, administrators, judges and soldiers. He +and all of them have displayed the most unfailing tact and patience, +indomitable courage and fortitude, and each has put honour and duty +before all. Men like John Nicholson, Charles Gordon and Evelyn Baring, +are rare, but their peers doubtless exist amongst Americans of the good +old colonial stock, and it is the President’s business to find +them, and send them out to protect and govern America’s great +dependency.</p> +<p>America has, I suppose, taken these islands from Spain to save them +from the ruthless<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5180src" href="#xd20e5180" +name="xd20e5180src">1</a> Teuton, and to show the world that she can do +for the Philippines what we have done for Egypt. Unfortunately, she +began wrong by treating with Spain, and buying the islands, as if the +natives were cattle on a ranch.</p> +<p>Then the Peace Committee went wrong over the estates of the +Religious Orders, as before explained.</p> +<p>In my opinion, the form of government should be a protectorate, +varying in character with the civilisation of the different islands, +the executive functions being in the hands of the natives whenever +possible, but under inspection <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb127" +href="#pb127" name="pb127">127</a>]</span>to prevent abuses. On this +basis peace could, I think, be made, and then America should remember +that the most worthy of the natives are precisely those who have been +in arms for their freedom. Their chiefs (with one or two exceptions), +are the men who should be appointed to govern provinces, and the +fighting-men enrolled in the native army.</p> +<p>No offices of government should be given to the so-called +Americanistas, who are mostly people who need not be taken into +account, and whose support is worth nothing. They will go on with their +pettifogging and their pawnbroking, and that is enough reward for them. +They are Americanistas because they cannot help themselves, and not +from any attachment to American ways. Formerly the Spaniards protected +them; now the American bayonets stand between them and the Tagal +<i>bolos</i>.</p> +<p>Without this, well they know that what happened to the mulattos in +Hayti would surely happen to them sooner or later—perhaps +sooner.</p> +<p>It is, indeed, sad to see what is, and to think what might have been +accomplished by a little patience, a little forbearance, a tinge of +sympathy, for a gallant people struggling for freedom and light. But no +patience was vouchsafed to them, no forbearance was shown them, nor can +I discover in what has been done the faintest sign of sympathy for +them.</p> +<p>Yet the Malay race can claim to have enlisted the sympathies of some +not undistinguished men. Rajah Brooke, Spenser St. John, Hugh Clifford, +Professor Blumentritt, Louis Becke, Joseph Conrad—the names that +first occur to me—have all confessed to an affection for them. +The old Spanish conquerors speak of their dignified courtesy and gentle +manners.</p> +<p>There are, however, in America, generous souls who can judge the +Tagals fairly and even indulgently. I do not allude to those who raise +a clamour to discredit the administration for political purposes, but +to the noble, eloquent, and truly patriotic speech, inspired in the +best traditions of the United States, delivered by Mr. Hoar in the +Senate on April 17th. I hope that touching appeal to the national +conscience will bear fruit, and that, by the exercise of true +statesmanship, an end may be put to this dreadful war, and a +pacification effected satisfactory to Filipinos and Americans. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb128" href="#pb128" name= +"pb128">128</a>]</span></p> +<p>For four long years, slaughter and destruction have ravaged one of +the fairest lands on earth, converting what might be a paradise into a +pandemonium.</p> +<p>What evils have these poor Tagals not suffered in that time? +Arbitrary imprisonment, torture, confiscation of property, banishment +to unhealthy places, military executions, bombardments, the storming +and burning of towns, indiscriminate slaughter, and the bubonic plague, +added to the calamities they are always exposed to—volcanic +eruptions, floods, earthquakes, typhoons, locusts, epidemics.</p> +<p>Famine seems to be the only calamity they have been free from, but +even that may not be far distant. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb129" +href="#pb129" name="pb129">129</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5180" href="#xd20e5180src" name="xd20e5180">1</a></span> I think, +in view of the German atrocities in Africa, including many cases of +flogging women, that this epithet is well earned.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch14" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XIV.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Resources of the Philippines.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">At the Spanish conquest—Rice—the lowest +use the land can be put to—How the Americans are +misled—Substitutes for rice—Wheat formerly +grown—Tobacco—Compañia General de +Tabacos—Abacá—Practically a monopoly of the +Philippines—Sugar—Coffee—Cacao—Indigo—Cocoa-nut +oil—Rafts of nuts—Copra—True localities for cocoa +palm groves—Summary—More sanguine +forecasts—Common-sense view.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Agricultural.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The great wealth of the Archipelago is undoubtedly to +be found in the development of its agriculture. Although the Central +and Ilocan Mountains in Luzon and parts of Mindanao are rich in gold, +it is the fertile land, the heavy rainfall and the solar heat, that +must be utilized to permanently enrich the country. The land is there +and the labour is there, and all that is wanting is capital, and a +settled government that will make roads and bridges and keep them in +repair, clear the rivers of obstructions and improve the ports, and +above all, establish and maintain some tolerable courts of justice. The +sun, the rain, the soil, and the hardy Philippine farmer will do the +rest—a population equal to that of Java could live in affluence +in the Philippines.</p> +<p>The agriculture of the Philippines at the time of the first arrival +of the Spaniards consisted mainly in the cultivation of rice. It is to +the Spaniards that the natives owe the introduction of maize, coffee, +cacao, sesame, tobacco, the indigo plant, the sweet potato, and many +fruits. They also imported horses, horned cattle, and sheep. But the +great development of the cultivation of sugar and hemp is almost +entirely due to British capital, with some assistance from +Americans.</p> +<p>The natives probably learned from the Chinese how to <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb130" href="#pb130" name= +"pb130">130</a>]</span>terrace the hillsides and the sloping lands, and +how to erect the <i>pilápiles</i>, or small dykes, for retaining +the rain. At that time, and for centuries after, taxes were paid in +paddy as they have been in Japan until quite recently.</p> +<p>Under the heading “Tagals,” a description is given of +the planting of paddy, and an illustration shows the aspect of a +newly-planted paddy-field or tubigan. Mountain rice-lands are called +bacores or dalatanes. The cutting and harvesting of paddy is paid for +in kind, sometimes in Camarines Sur, a third of the crop is given for +getting it in, but in the province of Manila it is cultivated in equal +shares to the farmer and the owner of the land.</p> +<p>By looking at the illustration it will be seen that, the fields +being divided into such small patches of irregular shapes at different +levels, it would be difficult, if not impossible, to use a +reaping-machine. I have elsewhere given the reasons for my opinion that +the cultivation of rice is the lowest use that the land and the +husbandmen can be put to, and whenever the cultivation is given up, it +is probably an indication that the cultivators are raising some more +profitable crop, and earning money by exporting valuable produce, +wherewith to import rice from countries in a lower stage of +civilisation.</p> +<p>This is most certainly the case in the Philippines, and year by +year, as the exports of hemp, sugar and tobacco have increased, the +imports of rice from Saigon and Rangoon have risen correspondingly. And +yet the United States’ Department of Agriculture, issued in the +latter part of 1899 a circular with the title,’Plant Products of +the Philippines,’<a class="noteref" id="xd20e5239src" href= +"#xd20e5239" name="xd20e5239src">1</a> which, amongst other inaccurate +appreciations, says: “It seems strange that an almost exclusively +agricultural country should not produce enough food for its own +population, but such is at present the case with regard to the +Philippines.” It proceeds to say that in some years the value of +rice imported into Manila from Saigon was valued at $2,000,000. But I +would point out to the author of that circular that the export of the +three great staples of the Philippines in those years averaged, +perhaps, $30,000,000, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb131" href= +"#pb131" name="pb131">131</a>]</span>and this, evidently, could not +have been accomplished if they had cultivated their own rice.</p> +<p>The Spaniards sometimes raised this same groundless clamour, and, +perhaps, the author of the circular took it from them; but I look upon +it as a great mistake arising from insufficient knowledge of the +subject. The rice imported into Manila is largely shipped to the +tobacco and hemp provinces, Cagayan and Albay, where the people are +exclusively employed in the cultivation and preparation of those +valuable products, and are far richer, and on a higher grade of +civilisation than the rice-growers of Cochin China.</p> +<p>In the Philippines themselves, the people of the rice-growing +districts are the poorest and most backward of all.</p> +<p>Besides paddy, the natives cultivate the dava or míjo +(<i lang="la-x-bio">Panicum miliaceum</i>), the mongo, a species of +lentil (<i lang="la-x-bio">Phaseolus mungo</i>), called in some +provinces balat or balatong, for their own consumption.</p> +<p>When rice is dear, they mix a certain amount of maize with it, and +when it is really scarce they eat the seeds of the sorghum (<i lang= +"la-x-bio">Holcus saccharatus</i>) instead of it. They also make an +infusion of these seeds, which is not unlike barley-water. The camote +(<i lang="la-x-bio">Impomœa batata</i>) is the principal food of +the more uncivilised tribes.</p> +<p>All the natives find a great resource in the banana, which the +Tagals called saguin. The following varieties are excellent: Bungulan, +Lacatan, Ternate, and Tindoc.</p> +<p>Wheat was formerly grown in northern Luzon. The late Archbishop of +Manila, Fray Pedro Payo, informed me that, when he was a parish priest +years ago, he always ate bread made from Philippine flour, which he +thought far better and safer than the Californian flour that had +superseded it.</p> +<p>Tobacco is an important crop in the Philippines, and from the year +1781 was cultivated in Cagayan as a government monopoly. In the +villages of that province the people were called out by beat of drum +and marched to the fields under the gobernadorcillo and principales, +who were responsible for the careful ploughing, planting, weeding, and +tending, the work being overlooked by Spanish officials. Premiums were +paid to these and to the gobernadorcillos, and fines or floggings were +administered in default. The native officials carried canes, which they +freely applied to those who shirked their work.</p> +<p>In another part of the book I have referred to the series +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb132" href="#pb132" name= +"pb132">132</a>]</span>of abuses committed under the monopoly: how the +wretched cultivators had to bribe the officials in charge of the scales +to allow them the true weight, and the one who classified the leaves, +so that he should not reject them as rubbish and order them to be +destroyed; in fact, they had to tip every official in whose power it +was to do them any injustice. Finally, they received orders on the +treasury for the value of their tobacco, which were not paid for +months, or, perhaps, for years. They sometimes had to sell their orders +for 50 percent of the face value, or even less.</p> +<p>However, even the Spanish official conscience can be aroused, and at +the end of 1882 the monopoly was abolished.</p> +<p>Here it is only right to honourably mention a Spanish gentleman to +whom the natives of the Cagayan Valley in a great measure owe their +freedom. Don Jose Jimenez Agius was Intendente General de Hacienda, and +he laboured for years to bring about this reform, impressed with the +cruelty and injustice of this worst form of slavery. The Cagayanes were +prohibited from growing rice, but were allowed as an indulgence to +plant a row or two of maize around their carefully tilled +tobacco-fields.</p> +<p>Possibly this circumstance has led the author of the circular I have +before quoted to make the extraordinary statement: “Tobacco, as a +cultivated crop, is generally grown in the same field as maize.” +Does he think it grows wild anywhere?</p> +<p>In 1883, the “Compañia General de Tabacos de +Filipinas” was established in the islands, the capital being +raised in Paris and Barcelona.</p> +<p>This Company has been under very capable management; the technical +department being overlooked by M. Armand Villemer, a French engineer of +great ability and experience. The Company has done a great deal to +improve the cultivation of the plant and the preparation of the leaf. +They run light draught paddle-steamers and barges on the Cagayan River, +and sea-going screw-steamers from Aparri to Manila.</p> +<p>Their estates are mentioned under the heading +“Cagayanes.”</p> +<p>Besides the Cagayan Valley, the following Provinces produce tobacco +in considerable quantities.</p> +<p>In Luzon, the Ilocos North and South, Abra, Union, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb133" href="#pb133" name= +"pb133">133</a>]</span>Nueva Ecija. Also Masbate, Ticao, and most of +the Visayas Islands. The Igorrote also raise a considerable +quantity.</p> +<p>The quantity of tobacco and cigars exported since 1888 is given in +the Appendix; and, seeing the enormous extent of land still available +in the Cagayan Valley, there can be no doubt that the production can be +very largely increased as the demand grows.</p> +<p>The export of leaf tobacco from Manila, the only shipping port, has +increased from 204,592 quintals in 1888, to 287,161 quintals in 1897, +and during the same period the export of cigars has increased from +109,109 mil to 171,410 mil.</p> +<p>The cultivation of the <i>Musa textilis</i> is almost a monopoly of +the Philippines, and, indeed, of certain parts of them.</p> +<p>Volcanic soil, a certain elevation above the sea, and exposure to +the breezes of the Pacific, a bright sun and an ample rainfall, seem +necessary to the production of a fine quality of this fibre.</p> +<p>Several attempts have been made to produce this fibre elsewhere; the +Government of British India sent a gentleman to Manila to study the +question. He wrote a report, but I have never heard that any +abacá was produced.</p> +<p>The plant was said to grow wild all along the Sarawak rivers; but +here again some mistake must have been made, for nothing seems to have +come of it.</p> +<p>There is, in fact, nothing so far to compete with it, and there is +an immense and growing market. The price has lately fluctuated +enormously, and I do not intend to prophesy what profits might be made +in planting it.</p> +<p>In 1897, no less than 915,338 bales were exported, about 114,400 +tons, and if we take the average price at that time as $15 per bale, we +get a sum of over $13,730,000 as the value of that year’s export, +the largest in quantity, but not in value.</p> +<p>The export of hemp has been almost entirely developed by British and +American enterprise, and dates from very recent times.</p> +<p>The spread of the sugar-cane cultivation in the Philippines from the +year 1870 was rapid, and is in great measure due to the advances made +by British and American houses to the planters. It was for many years a +most profitable business, and this is proved by the large and handsome +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb134" href="#pb134" name= +"pb134">134</a>]</span>houses of the planters in the towns of the sugar +districts. The continual increase of the beet sugar production, however +brought down prices to such an extent as to reduce the profits below +the heavy interest paid on loans or advances. But it seems now that +bottom has been reached, and that rising prices and more economical +methods of financing and of manufacturing will give the planters a +fresh start. Those who know what has been and is being done by central +sugar factories in Cuba, will not doubt the possibility of doing better +in the Philippines, where labour is cheaper and is on the spot.</p> +<p>Under the headings Pampangos, Pangasinanes, and Visayas, will be +found many interesting particulars of the working of sugar plantations +in these provinces.</p> +<p>In 1893, the export of sugar amounted to 260,000 tons; since then it +has declined, but in 1897 it still amounted to close on 200,000 +tons<span class="corr" id="xd20e5324" title="Source: ,">.</span></p> +<p>The export of coffee has almost entirely ceased, and the cause is +ascribed to the ravages of an insect which destroys the bushes. Lipa, +in Batangas province, was the great coffee centre, and became one of +the richest towns in Luzon. Notwithstanding this prosperity, the +plantations were never cultivated with proper care. Weeding was much +neglected. In 1888, the export reached 107,236 piculs, but in 1897 it +had fallen to 2111 piculs.</p> +<p>There is an opening for coffee-planting on many of the elevated +plateaux of the islands, and capital with skill ought to find its +reward.</p> +<p>The Moros of Lake Lanao export a certain quantity of coffee of +indifferent appearance but excellent flavour.</p> +<p>Cacao grows well in many parts of the Archipelago, but I have never +seen any large plantations of it. A few trees may be seen in the +gardens of old houses, but they must be protected from insects and +rats, and require looking after.</p> +<p>The quantity raised in the islands is not sufficient to supply the +home demand, so that cacao beans are imported from Venezuela and +chocolate from Spain.</p> +<p>It is a risky business to plant cacao in the northern Philippines; +the trees are delicate and suffer from the typhoons. And the produce is +so valuable that, unless watched at night or protected in some way, the +cones may when nearly ripe be carried away by thieves.</p> +<p>In Palawan, where the typhoons do not ravage, I have seen cacao +trees 30 feet high, with an abundant crop. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb135" href="#pb135" name="pb135">135</a>]</span></p> +<p>The plant from which indigo is elaborated was cultivated in former +years to a considerable extent in some provinces, notably the Ilocos, +but the export trade was destroyed by the adulterations of the +Chinese.</p> +<p>In 1895, 6672 quintals were exported from Manila, but only 462 +quintals in 1896. Ten specimens of Ilocos indigo were shown at the +Madrid Exhibition of 1887, and the price varied from $12 to $67 per +quintal.</p> +<p>For home use the dye is sold in a liquid form, contained in large +earthen jars called tinajas. It is known as <i>Tintarron</i>.</p> +<p>Sesame and other oil-giving seeds are cultivated to a small extent +in several provinces, but neither the seed nor the oil figure in the +list of exports.</p> +<p>The cocoa-nut palm grows in most of the lowlands of the Philippines, +except in the North of Luzon. In suitable soil it grows to the very +edge of the sea, as in the Cuyos Islands, In the provinces of Laguna +and Tayabas there are large numbers of these trees and a lively +business is carried on in making oil from nuts or in sending them to +Manila for the market or for shipment.</p> +<p>When large quantities are to be sent, they are formed into rafts in +a very ingenious manner, each nut being attached by a strip of its own +fibre without any rope being required.</p> +<p>These rafts are sometimes a hundred feet long and ten or twelve feet +wide, and are navigated across the lake and down the Pasig. Finally +they are brought alongside a steamer, the nuts are cut adrift and +thrown into the hold through the cargo ports.</p> +<p>The nuts that are to be used for making oil are stripped of their +husks and cut in halves. They then pass to a workman who is provided +with an apparatus called a <i>Cutcuran</i>. This is mounted upon a +trestle and consists of a revolving shaft of hard polished wood, +carrying on its overhanging end an iron disc about three inches in +diameter having teeth like the rowel of a spur.</p> +<p>This is set edgeways in a slot in the shaft. On each side of the +trestle near the ground is a treadle; from one of these a cotton cord +passes over the shaft taking a round turn and is made fast to the other +treadle. The operator sits astride the trestle with a foot on each +treadle. By working them alternately he produces a rapid revolution of +the shaft in alternate directions, and the cutting disc being +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb136" href="#pb136" name= +"pb136">136</a>]</span>double-edged it cuts both ways. By holding a +half nut against the revolving cutter he in a few seconds rasps out +every particle of the nut which falls upon a tray in fine shreds.</p> +<p>The shredded material is then heated in a cast-iron pan over a slow +fire, and whilst hot is filled into bags of strong material which are +placed in the press.</p> +<p>This is constructed entirely of hard wood, and the pressure is +obtained by driving wedges with a heavy mallet.</p> +<p>The system is primitive, but all the apparatus is practical and very +cheap.</p> +<p>D. Carlos Almeida of Biñan stated to me in 1890 that 400 +large cocoa-nuts gave by this process one tinaja or jar of oil, +equivalent to 10½ English gallons, which was then worth on the +spot six Mexican dollars. It is sold in Manila. At this time cocoa-nuts +were sold in Santa Cruz, the capital of the Laguna, for about $15 per +thousand. The oil cake was used either to feed pigs or as a manure +about the roots of coffee-plants. The owner of cocoa-palm groves in +Luzon or Visayas lives in anxiety during several months of each year, +for should the vortex of a typhoon pass over or near his plantation, a +large proportion of his trees may be destroyed.</p> +<p>The true locality for such plantations is in the southern and +western parts of Mindanao and Palawan, to the south of a line drawn +from the northern point of Mindanao to Busuánga Island in the +Calamianes, preferring the most sheltered spots.</p> +<p>In this region the danger from typhoons is inconsiderable, and the +trees flourish exceedingly. I have been shown trees in bearing at +Puerta Princesa which I was assured were only three years old. I saw +older trees bearing immense bunches of nuts, too many to count, and it +seemed wonderful to see a slender trunk bearing aloft sixty feet in the +air so heavy a load. From fifty to one hundred trees can be planted on +an acre according to the space allowed to each, and when in full +bearing after six or seven years each tree might give eighty nuts in a +year. The crop goes on all the year round.</p> +<p>Copra is prepared from the nuts either by drying the whole nut under +cover in the shade, allowing the water to become absorbed and then +breaking up the kernel for bagging, or else by breaking it up first of +all and drying it in the sun. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb137" +href="#pb137" name="pb137">137</a>]</span></p> +<p>In the first case a large airy shed is required, and the process +takes three months. In the latter case three days of sunshine will +suffice, but the kernels must be protected from the dew at night and +from any chance shower of rain. Artificial heat does not produce good +copra, and besides is expensive to apply.</p> +<p>Making copra is one of the most paying enterprises in the +Philippines, but it requires capital to be laid out several years +beforehand, unless a plantation can be bought to start with.</p> +<p>Previous to 1890, the quantity of copra exported was so small that +no record was kept of it. In that year 74,447 piculs were exported, and +the trade has gone up by leaps and bounds, so that in 1897 no less than +811,440 piculs were sent out, over fifty thousand tons.</p> +<p>The present position of agriculture seems to be that there are in +the Philippines somewhere about six millions of civilised Christian +people tilling eight million acres of land, and exporting some thirty +million dollars’ worth of produce each year. They also raise a +large quantity of food-stuffs for their own consumption, but import +perhaps a couple of million dollars’ worth of rice because it is +cheaper to buy it than to grow it, as we in England import wheat for +the same reason. The area of land under cultivation is computed at +one-ninth of the total area of the islands.</p> +<p>The author of the circular <i>Plant Products of the Philippines</i>, +to which I have before referred, makes the following remarks: “In +view of the natural fertility of the soil and the vast extent of these +rich lands not yet under cultivation, it is safely assumed that the +total agricultural production of the islands could be increased +tenfold.”</p> +<p>This gentleman seems to be of a sanguine disposition, and he reminds +me rather of Oscar F. Williams’ cheerful optimism. But in one way +he is more cautious than that gentleman. He does not fix a time for his +prophecy to be accomplished.</p> +<p>I would point out, however, that in the seventy-five million acres +comprised in the islands there are volcanic cones, peaks of basalt, +stony plains, unexplored regions, swamps and other undesirable +localities for establishing farms or plantations, and that some of the +good lands are held by warlike tribes who would resent any intrusion +into their domains.</p> +<p>There are, it is true, great tracts of land in Mindanao <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb138" href="#pb138" name="pb138">138</a>]</span>and +Palawan, and no doubt in time they will come under cultivation.</p> +<p>Taking everything into consideration, I hold to my view that with +peace, honest government and a good Vagrancy law, the export of produce +might be doubled in twenty years if capital is forthcoming in +sufficient amount. The land is worth nothing without the husbandmen, +and it will take the Philippines a long time to recover from the +devastating effects of the insurrection of 1896–7 and the +American war of subjugation. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb139" href= +"#pb139" name="pb139">139</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e5239" href="#xd20e5239src" name="xd20e5239">1</a></span> In +making these remarks, I am not in any way desirous of depreciating the +Department of Agriculture, for I hold the belief that its reports are +written with exceptional ability. But this circular bears internal +evidence of having been written by some person, perhaps a consul, +unfamiliar with Philippine agriculture, and published without +correction.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch15" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XV.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Forestal.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">Value exaggerated—Difficulties of labour and +transport—Special sawing machinery required—Market for +timber in the islands—Teak not found—Jungle +produce—Warning to investors in companies—Gutta percha.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">During the three and a quarter centuries the Spaniards +have held the Philippines, the forests of Luzon have supplied enormous +quantities of the finest timber for building houses, churches, +convents, bridges, warships, lighters and canoes. No care has ever been +taken to replant, and the consequence is that at this day long logs of +many kinds most wanted are not obtainable, all the large trees of +valuable timber have long ago been cut, and only in the most distant +and least accessible places are any worth having to be found.</p> +<p>The greatest nonsense is talked about the value of the Philippine +forests, but in fact it is only in the fever-stricken Island of +Mindoro, and in certain parts of Palawan and Mindanao, that any large +and valuable trees can be found.</p> +<p>Labour is a great difficulty; wood-cutters are scarce, and they are +a wild, unruly lot; only men inured to such a rough life can resist the +malaria of the woods, and even they are occasionally down with +fever.</p> +<p>Chinamen would not venture into the forests, and only the natives of +each district are available, as they do not care to go far from their +houses. In order to engage them it is necessary to make them advances +of money which it will seldom be possible to recover. A good deal of +tact is required in dealing with the cutters, they are very independent +and will not put up with abuse. A considerable capital is required to +give advances to, and feed these men, also for buying buffaloes, which +die unless good care is taken of them. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb140" href="#pb140" name="pb140">140</a>]</span></p> +<p>If a cutter can be found who has buffaloes of his own, it is better +to hire them with him, as then they are sure to be taken care of.</p> +<p>The dragging the large logs to a river or port can only be done by +teams of buffaloes. The conditions prevailing prevent the employment of +chutes, wire ropes and winding engines, or tram-lines.</p> +<p>The valuable trees do not grow together in numbers as in the forests +of California and Oregon, but are found at considerable distances from +each other. It is therefore only possible to commence the use of +mechanical conveyance at the spot where the logs can be assembled by +animal labour. Even so, the number of logs from any district will be so +small that it will hardly pay to lay down a tramway.</p> +<p>The logs are squared in the woods and the butt ends are rounded like +the runners of a sleigh, two holes are chopped at the top corners with +a small adze called a palacol, through which rattans are passed for the +buffaloes to be yoked to. They are then dragged down to the river or +sea. The wood is too heavy to float, and bundles of bamboos are +attached to it to give it buoyancy.</p> +<p>The idea of putting up saw-mills in the forests is absurd—for +the reason given above.</p> +<p>The wood is very hard and tough, and specially made machinery is +required to work it.</p> +<p>The framing must be heavier, the feed lighter, and the teeth of the +saws much smaller and with less set. I have had some excellent +machinery and saws specially made in England for this purpose, by +Thomas Robinson & Son of Rochdale, but I sent home logs of the +woods required to be worked, for the saws, planers, and moulding +cutters to be made to suit. The ordinary sawing machinery as shown in +trade catalogues would be of no use at all.</p> +<p>The whole business is extremely risky, it requires a manager, immune +to jungle fever, a man of great vigour yet patient and tactful. Such a +man, understanding the native ways, would probably succeed after years +of hard and dangerous work; but I warn any one thinking of taking up +this business that in Luzon valuable trees are few and far between, and +distant from port or river, whilst in other islands where there are +timber trees they stand there because no one could ever be induced to +go and cut them. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb141" href="#pb141" +name="pb141">141</a>]</span></p> +<p>As for exporting these timbers to the United States or other places, +there is no need to do that, for demand for timber in Manila and other +towns is greater than the supply, and iron construction is increasing +in consequence.</p> +<p>Oregon or Norway pine is of no use for building purposes in the +Philippines, for it would be devoured within a year or two by the +<i lang="tl">anay</i> (white ants). I am told, however, that in spite +of warnings the United States military authorities have constructed +stables and storehouses of this timber.</p> +<p>I think it quite useless to mention the names of the different +Philippine timbers, as those who take an interest in them can purchase +the ‘Manual de Maderero’ (Wood-cutters’ Manual) and +obtain all the information they require from it.</p> +<p>Molave is the most important, being proof against the white ants, +and almost imperishable. Ypil and yacal are splendid woods for large +roofs. They can be obtained long enough for tie-beams, even for wide +spans, and excellent roof-frames can be made by bolting them +together.</p> +<p>On the Zambales mountains and in Benguet and Lepanto there are +forests of coniferæ. When the Manila-Dagupan Railway was being +built, I had some sample sleepers brought down from thence. They were +quite suitable, but could only be used if thoroughly creosoted, as +otherwise they would merely provide food for the white ants. As there +are no gasworks in the Islands, creosote could not be produced, nor +would it pay to import it from Hong Kong or elsewhere on account of the +freight and duties.</p> +<p>There is no market in the islands for pine and no one cuts the +trees. They are not of great size. The Igorrotes burn them to clear the +land for planting.</p> +<p>True ebony is not found in the forests, but a very handsome and +heavy wood, called Camagon, is the nearest approach to it, being +dark-brown nearly black, streaked with bright yellow. It is found of +larger size than ebony and is sold by the pound.</p> +<p>Teak has often been reported to exist and samples of the alleged +teak have been shown to me. On comparing them with teak from Rangoon a +considerable difference was noted and the characteristic odour was +absent. My own impression is that there is no teak in the Philippines. +I have paid two dollars a cubic foot for teak in Manila and +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb142" href="#pb142" name= +"pb142">142</a>]</span>if there was any to be had, this price would, I +think, have fetched it out.</p> +<p>As for such jungle produce as gum-damar, canes, and rattans, if the +reader will refer to my remarks on Palawan he will see that the most +valuable products are mostly worked out, and that in any case this is +not white man’s business.</p> +<p>There is, however, one branch that, in view of increasing scarcity +and rising price, should be carefully looked after by the Philippine +Administration; I refer to the collection of gutta-percha in Mindanao. +This caused quite a boom for a short time, but as usual the Chinamen +got hold of the stuff and mixed it with various kinds of rubbish, so +that it was soon discredited in the European market.</p> +<p>An official of high-standing might be appointed to the double office +of Protector of the Natives, and Conservator of the Forests in +Mindanao, and rules for collecting the gutta without destroying the +trees should be prepared and enforced by personal visits from the +conservator and his deputies, to whom all the gutta should be handed, +being paid for in cash. This would probably yield a large revenue to +the Government and greatly benefit the natives, for they might receive +half the value of the gutta instead of the minute fraction the Chinese +now give them.</p> +<p>The reader who has perused the previous remarks will no longer be +liable to be caught by tales of the fabulous riches of the Philippine +forests. And, above all, he should keep clear of any companies that may +be formed to exploit them. Energetic and tactful individuals may +succeed, but the success will be due to personal qualities, and will be +contemporaneous with that gifted party and disappear with him. This is +what happened to the “Laguimanoc Saw Mills and Timber +Company” as soon as the founder left.</p> +<p>A large proportion of the jungle produce of Mindanao, Palawan, and +the smaller Southern Islands is smuggled away by the Chinese traders to +Sandakan or Singapore.</p> +<p>All that appears in the Table of Exports is two or three hundred +tons of gum copal shipped each year from Manila. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb143" href="#pb143" name="pb143">143</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch16" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XVI.</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Minerals.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first"><i>Gold:</i> Dampier—Pigafetta—De +Comyn—Placers in Luzon—Gapan—River Agno—The +Igorrotes—Auriferous quartz from +Antaniae—Capunga—Pangutantan—Goldpits at +Suyuc—Atimonan—Paracale—Mambulao—Mount +Labo—Surigao—River Siga—Gigaquil, Caninon-Binutong, +and Cansostral +Mountains—Misamis—Pighoulugan—Iponan—Pigtao—Dendritic +gold from Misamis—Placer gold traded away +surreptitiously—Cannot be taxed—Spanish mining +laws—Pettifogging lawyers—Prospects for gold seekers. +<i>Copper:</i> Native copper at Surigao and Torrijos +(Mindoro)—Copper deposits at Mancayan worked by the +Igorrotes—Spanish company—Insufficient data—Caution +required. <i>Iron:</i> Rich ores found in the Cordillera of +Luzon—Worked by natives—Some Europeans have attempted but +failed—Red hematite in Cebú—Brown hematite in +Paracale—Both red and brown in Capiz—Oxydized iron in +Misamis—Magnetic iron in San Miguel de +Mayumo—Possibilities. <i>Coal</i> (so called)<i>:</i> Beds of +lignite upheaved—Vertical seams at Sugud—Reason of +failure—Analysis of Masbate lignite. <i>Various Minerals</i>: +Galena—Red lead—Graphite—Quicksilver—Sulphur +Asbestos—Yellow ochre—Kaolin, Marble—Plastic +clays—Mineral waters.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">It is a great mistake to suppose that nothing is known +of the geology and mineralogy of the Philippines, or that no attempts +have been made to exploit them.</p> +<p>The maps of the Archipelago are marked in dozens or hundreds of +places, coal, copper, lead, iron, gold, and a number of works treating +of the subject have been published. Amongst the authors are the mining +engineers, Don Enrique Abella and Don José Centeno. But some of +their most important reports are still in manuscript, for the revenues +of the Philippines were almost entirely absorbed in paying the salaries +of the officials, and there was a great disinclination to spend money +in any other way.</p> +<p>At the Philippine Exhibition, held at Madrid in 1887, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb144" href="#pb144" name="pb144">144</a>]</span>more +than seven hundred specimens of auriferous earths or sand, gold quartz, +and ores of various metals were shown, and in this branch alone there +were 109 exhibitors from all parts of the Archipelago.</p> +<p>Besides ores there were the tools and utensils used by the miners, +and models of the furnaces and forges in which the metals were reduced +and worked, with the metals in different stages of concentration or +manufacture, and a complete show of the finished products.</p> +<p>A great many Mining Companies have been formed in Spain or in Manila +at different times which have all failed from a variety of causes, want +of skill, bad management, costly administration, or because the +richness of the vein or seam had been exaggerated.</p> +<p>The difficulty of getting labour is considerable, as mining is a +work the generality of natives do not care to take up, although in some +provinces they are used to it, for example, in Camarines Norte and in +Surigao.</p> +<p>Employers seem to forget that the ordinary food of a native, rice +and fish, is not sufficiently nourishing to enable him to do hard and +continuous work, such as is required in mining. A higher rate of pay +than the current wage is essential, to allow the miner to supply +himself with an ample ration of beef or pork, coffee and sugar, and +provision should be made for him to be comfortably housed.</p> +<p>In this complaint of want of labour it is not always the native who +is to blame, and if a mine cannot afford to pay a reasonable price for +labour, it had better stand idle.</p> +<p>Probably the one great reason why mines have not prospered in the +Philippines is that there has never been slavery there, as in Cuba, +Peru, Mexico, Brazil, ancient Egypt, and other great mining countries, +where whole populations have been used up to minister to the avarice of +their fellow-men.</p> +<p><i>Names of some Metals in Tagal.</i></p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr> +<td>Gold</td> +<td><i>Guinto</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Silver</td> +<td><i>Pilac</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Copper</td> +<td><i>Tangsó</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lead</td> +<td><i>Tinga</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Tin</td> +<td><i>Tinga puti</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Iron</td> +<td><i>Bacal</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Steel</td> +<td><i>Patalím</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Forged Steel</td> +<td><i>Binalon</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Coal</td> +<td><i>Uling</i>.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb145" href="#pb145" name= +"pb145">145</a>]</span></p> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Gold.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">From my remarks upon the other minerals it will be +seen that I have no illusions on the immediate prospects of working +them.</p> +<p>With gold, however, it is different. For centuries large quantities +have been collected or extracted, mostly, no doubt, from placers, still +some rich veins are known to exist.</p> +<p>The early writers agree that gold is plentiful. Dampier says: +“Most, if not all, the Philippine Islands are rich in +gold.”</p> +<p>Speaking of the Batanes Islanders, he says:—</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first">“They have no sort of coin, but they have small +crumbs of the metal before described” (he seemed at first to +doubt whether it was gold), which they bind up very safe in plantain +leaves or the like. This metal they exchange for what they want, giving +a small quantity of it—about two or three grains—for a jar +of drink that would hold five or six gallons. They have no scales, but +give it by guess.”</p> +</div> +<p>In the ‘Relacion de las Islas Filipinas,’ 1595(?), the +author remarks that the Tagals “like to put on many ornaments of +gold, which they have in great abundance.”</p> +<p>Farther on, he says of Luzon:—</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first">“The people of this island are very clever in +knowing” (valuing) “gold, and they weigh it with the +greatest subtleness and delicacy which has ever been seen; the first +thing they teach their children is to know gold and the weights used +for it, for amongst them there is no other money.”</p> +</div> +<p>Farther on, he says:—</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first">“Ilocos ... has much gold, for the principal +mines of these islands are in the mountain ranges of this province, of +which they get the advantage, for they trade with the miners more than +any people. The Spaniards have many times endeavoured to people the +mines so as to work them, but it has not been possible up to the +present, although the Governor, Gonzalo Ronquillo, took the greatest +pains, and it cost him many men, the country being so rough and +destitute of provisions.”</p> +</div> +<p>In Pigafetta’s ‘Voyage Round the World’ +(Pinkerton), Vol. ii., p. 333, we read that at Caraga (Mindanao) a man +offered an ingot of massive gold for six strings of glass beads. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb146" href="#pb146" name= +"pb146">146</a>]</span></p> +<p>On p. 331, he says:—</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first">“The king who accompanied us informed us that +gold was found in his island in lumps as large as walnuts, and even as +an egg, mingled with earth; that they used a sieve for sifting it, and +that all his vessels, and even many of the ornaments of his house were +of this metal.”</p> +</div> +<p>On p. 348, he says that he saw many utensils of gold in the house of +the Raja or King of Butuan.</p> +<p>On p. 349, we find the following remarks:—</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first">“What most abounds is gold. Valleys were pointed +out to me in which by signs they made me comprehend there were more +lumps of gold than we had hair on our heads, but that, for the want of +iron, the mines exact greater labour to work them than they feel +inclined to bestow.”</p> +</div> +<p>Coming down to later days, Thomas de Comyn, 1810, writes:—</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first">“Gold abounds in Luzon and in many of these +islands; but as the mountains which contain it are in the power of +pagan Indians, the veins are not worked, nor even the mines known. +These savages collect it from placers or streams, and bring it as dust +to the Christians who inhabit the plains, in exchange for coarse cloth +or fire-arms, and at times they have brought it in grains of one or two +ounces’ weight.</p> +<p>“It is the general opinion that this class of mines abound in +the province of Caraga, situated on the east of the great island of +Mindanao, and that there, as well as at various other points, gold is +found of 22 carat fine.”</p> +</div> +<p>He states that the Royal Fifth, or rather Tenth (for it was found +the mines could not pay a fifth, and it was reduced by half), in the +year 1809 amounted to $1144. This would represent an extraction of gold +equal to only $11,440; but this was probably but a small part of the +whole, as from the circumstances of the case the gold dust from the +washings would be surreptitiously disposed of, and only the few mines +that were worked, paid the tax. I had occasion, about <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e5653" title="Source: twevle">twelve</span> years ago, +to make inquiry how much gold was raised in Camarines Norte, and a +person well-informed on the subject estimated it at a value of $30,000 +gold dollars.</p> +<p>Gold is certainly very widely distributed in the islands. I have +seen women washing the sands of the River San José del Puray in +the province of Manila, and noted what small specks they collected. I +was informed that their average earnings were about 25 cents per day. +Whether <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb147" href="#pb147" name= +"pb147">147</a>]</span>these sands could be dredged and washed +mechanically on a large scale with profit I cannot say.</p> +<p>In 1890, I ascended the Puray River and went up the Arroyo +Macaburabod to where it bifurcates. There, close to the boundary of the +province of Manila and district of Moron, I found a face of +disintegrated quartz glittering with large crystals of iron +pyrites.</p> +<p>This was near a geological frontier where the igneous and +sedimentary rocks joined, and the neighbourhood was highly mineralized, +there being iron, coal, and gold within a short distance. I took a +large number of samples, and the analyst Anacleto del Rosario declared +that one of them gave an assay of 17 dwts. of gold to the ton. But of +course such assays prove nothing, for the accidental presence of a +grain of gold in the sample would make all the difference in the +results.</p> +<p>Near Gapan in Nueva Écija more profitable washings are +situated, and at times large numbers of men and women are to be seen at +work, especially after a sudden flood has come down. The sands of the +River Agno also yield gold, and the washing for it is quite an industry +amongst the Pangasinan women about Rosales, but the return is said to +be small. But after a north-westerly gale has heaped up the black sand +at the mouth of this river in the Bay of Lingayen, the people turn out +in numbers to wash it, and sometimes have better luck. But although +these washings are poor, a considerable quantity of gold is obtained +from the Igorrotes, and there is no doubt that these people have for +centuries worked quartz veins or pockets, and that they only extract +sufficient for their modest requirements in the way of purchasing +cattle, cloth, and tools. They do not hoard any gold, for they say that +it is safer in the mine than in their houses. When one of them requires +a few ounces he goes to his mine, gets it out, and immediately proceeds +to purchase what he wants. Possibly they do not consider the supply +inexhaustible, and they have thought for to-morrow, or for those who +will come after them. It is not their object to exhaust the bounties of +nature in the shortest possible time.</p> +<p>When they have found a rich pocket they build a house over the pit, +and when not at work they cover the hole with roughly-hewn planks or +logs ; they take precautions in disposing of the detritus, so that it +does not call attention from a distance. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb148" href="#pb148" name="pb148">148</a>]</span></p> +<p>In the Exhibition of 1887 the Comandante Politico-Militar of the +Province of Benguet showed samples of auriferous quartz from Antaniac +and from Capunga, also quartz with visible threads of gold from the +latter place, also leaf gold from the veins, two specimens of +auriferous quartz from Pangutantan with gold extracted from it, and +gold-dust from the River Agno.</p> +<p>Other exhibits included specimens of gold-bearing rock from Lepanto +and Infantas, and compact auriferous quartz from the celebrated +gold-pits of Suyuc near Mancayan. All these quartz reefs are worked by +the Igorrotes.</p> +<p>Gold is also found near Atimonan in Tayabas, but the neighbourhood +of Paracale and Mambulao, and the slopes of Mount Labo are most famous +in Manila.</p> +<p>During the last century large quantities of gold were taken from the +surface-workings, which are now exhausted, or only afford a miserable +living to the natives who treat the auriferous earths in a very +primitive way.</p> +<p>The gold having been taken, the next thing was to use the reputation +of the mines to attract capital, and this was done to some considerable +extent, one company being founded on the ruins of another. One of the +later ones was the “Ancla de Oro,” or Golden Anchor, but +its capital was expended without results. The late Don Antonio +Enriquez, a Spanish gentleman well-known to British and Americans in +Manila, worked some mining properties there for some years, and had +faith in them.</p> +<p>He consulted me about them, and I forwarded some samples of the ores +to my agents in London, who had them analyzed by Messrs. Johnson & +Matthey, but the results were not encouraging, and did not confirm the +analysis made in Manila.</p> +<p>About 1890, Messrs. Peele, Hubbell & Co. got out an American +mining expert, whose name I forget, but I believe he was a mining +engineer of high standing. He spent some time at Mambulao and Paracale, +and made a careful examination of the country. It was understood that +his report did not encourage any further expenditure in prospecting or +development. But of late years further attempts have been made to boom +the place, and the Mambulao Gold Mining Syndicate, London, 1893, has +been formed. I am unaware on what new information the promoters rely to +justify their bringing this place again before the public. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb149" href="#pb149" name="pb149">149</a>]</span></p> +<p>Surigao, in the old kingdom of Caraga, is rich in gold which is very +widely disseminated. Father Llovera, a missionary who, in March, 1892, +made an excursion up the River Siga to visit some unbaptized +Mamanúas in the mountains, declares that the sands contain much +gold, so much so that particles were plainly visible. This river takes +its rise in the eastern Cordillera, between Cantilan and Jabonga, and +runs in a north-easterly direction into the southern part of Lake +Mainit. The missionary also declares that veins of gold were visible in +some of the pieces of rock lying in the bed of the river, which they +broke to examine. But he does not seem to have brought back any +specimens, as one would expect.</p> +<p>His declaration is confirmed by Dr. Montano, a French traveller and +skilled explorer, who however does not say that he saw the gold dust +amongst the sand.</p> +<p>From Surigao to Gigaquil the people are engaged in washing the sands +for gold.</p> +<p>Foreman states that for many months remittances of four or five +pounds weight of gold were sent from Mindanao to a firm in Manila, and +that it was alluvial gold from Surigao extracted by the natives.</p> +<p>Don José Centeno, Inspector of Mines, says in a report: +“The most important workings effected in Surigao are in the +Caninon-Binutong and Cansostral mountains, a day’s journey from +the town.</p> +<p>“These mountains consist of slaty talc much metamorphosed, and +of serpentine. In the first are found veins of calcite and quartz from +half-an-inch to three inches thick, in which especially in the calcite +the gold is visible mixed with iron and copper pyrites, galena and +blende. It is a remarkable circumstance that the most mineralized veins +run always in an east and west direction, whilst the poor and sterile +veins always follow another direction. The workings are entirely on the +surface, as the abundance of water which flows to them prevents sinking +shafts, and nothing is known of the richness at depth. Rich and sterile +parts alternate, the gold being mostly in pockets. From one of the +veins in Caninoro in a length of eighteen inches <i>one hundred ounces +of gold</i> were taken.”</p> +<p>Some time after this find, Messrs. Aldecoa & Co., a Manila firm, +erected stamps at Surigao, and a certain amount of gold was sent up by +every steamer to Manila, but in spite of the apparently favourable +circumstances, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb150" href="#pb150" name= +"pb150">150</a>]</span>the enterprise was ultimately abandoned and the +machinery removed.</p> +<p>I do not know the reason, but people in Manila are so used to the +collapse of mining companies that it is regarded as their natural and +inevitable end, and no explanations are required.</p> +<p>Nieto (p. 75) mentions the northern parts of the province of Surigao +and Misamis as the richest in gold. In Misamis there is both alluvial +gold and rich quartz reefs, the richest known spots being Pighoulugan +on the River Cagayan, Iponan and Pigtao. The ore at the latter place is +auriferous iron pyrites, called by the natives Inga.</p> +<p>Nuggets weighing from two and a half to four ounces have been found +in these places, so that Pigafetta’s stories are not without +foundation.</p> +<p>On March 20th, 1888, a clerk of Don Louis Génu, a merchant in +Manila, called upon me on business and exhibited a large pickle bottle +full of gold which he had just received from Cagayan de Misamis. There +were several pounds weight of it, and I carefully examined it with a +lens. I found it in pieces, many of them half an inch or more in +length, slightly flattened, and having minute particles of white quartz +adhering to them, and a few loose particles of quartz. The pieces were +not water-worn, and had evidently formed part of a seam of dendritic or +lace gold, such as I had seen exhibited by a vendor of mining +properties in Denver, Col., just a year before.</p> +<p>This exhibit opened my eyes to the possibilities of gold mining in +Mindanao, but I did not leave my business to go prospecting.</p> +<p>The natives of this part of Mindanao look upon washing for gold as +their chief resource. A certain quantity of what they collect is used +to make ornaments, and passes from hand to hand instead of coin in +payment of gambling debts, and stakes lost at cockfights. The Mestizos +and Chinamen get hold of the rest and send it away surreptitiously, so +that no statistics can be collected. It is impossible to tax gold +collected in this way, but the Government might derive a profit by +establishing posts in each district where gold would be purchased at a +fixed price and so get, say, ten or twenty per cent. out of it instead +of allowing the Chinese and Mestizos to make perhaps forty or fifty per +cent. according to the ignorance of the vendor.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e5718width" id="p150"><a href= +"images/p150h.gif"><img src="images/p150.gif" alt= +"The Philippine Islands with the Parts Known to be Auriferous Shaded" +width="493" height="720"></a> +<p class="figureHead">The Philippine Islands with the Parts Known to be +Auriferous Shaded</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984"><i>To face p. 150.</i></p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb151" href="#pb151" name= +"pb151">151</a>]</span></p> +<p>Foreman is probably quite right in saying that the influence of the +friars has always been exerted against any mining company, whether +Spanish or foreign. They did not want a rush of miners and Jews to the +Philippines. But now, under the American Government, their power must +decline, and new undertakings will, in a measure, be free from this +hindrance.</p> +<p>The Spanish mining laws and regulations are excellent and a perfect +model for legislation on the subject. They are based on the principle +that the ownership of the surface gives no title to the minerals +underneath, which belong to the State. The owner can, however, obtain a +title by developing a mine.</p> +<p>The ingenuity and unscrupulousness of that vile breed, the native +<i>Pica-Pleito</i> or pettifogging lawyer, has greatly contributed to +stop Europeans from proceeding with mining enterprises, as success +would bring down these blackmailers in swarms.</p> +<p>It is to be hoped that the new government will lay a heavy hand on +these birds of prey. Rightly considered, they are only a species of +vermin, and should have verminous treatment.</p> +<p>Now that the fortune of war has handed over the sovereignty of the +Philippines to an enterprising and energetic race, I cannot doubt that +the mystery of centuries will be dispelled.</p> +<p>Amongst the Californian, Colorado, or Nevada volunteers, there +should be men having the courage, the knowledge of prospecting, and the +physical strength necessary for success in this quest, if they can +obtain permission from their superiors to attempt it. The prospects are +so good that they should not have any difficulty in getting capitalists +to finance them.</p> +<p>They will require to go in a strong party to prevent being cut off +by the savages, and to escort their supplies of provisions.</p> +<p>As deer and wild pig abound they will be able to supply themselves +in a great measure with meat by sending out a couple of good shots to +hunt.</p> +<p>For such as these gold mining ought to be most remunerative, and +enable those who survive the many perils to retire with a fortune after +a few years of hard work. But so far as I know there is not at present +sufficient information about any mines in the Philippines, whether of +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb152" href="#pb152" name= +"pb152">152</a>]</span>gold or any other metal, to warrant the +establishment of companies for purchasing and working them.</p> +<p>Mining claims can be staked out and registered under the present +laws by natives or foreigners, but in limited areas, and placers or +river beds can be worked by all without leave or license, and cannot be +monopolised.</p> +<p>I wish to avoid prophesy, but I shall be much surprised if the +Philippines, in American hands, do not turn out in a few years an +important gold-producing country.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Copper.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">Native copper has been found in several places in the +islands, amongst them are Surigao and Torrijos in Mindoro.</p> +<p>In the article on the Igorrotes, I have spoken of the copper mines +of Mancayan, and related how, when worked by the savages they were +successful to the extent of supplying themselves with cooking-pots, +trays and ornaments, besides leaving an annual surplus of about +nineteen tons of copper, which was sold.</p> +<p>A Spanish company obtained the concession about 1864, and drove out +the natives.</p> +<p>The title was the Sociedad Minera de Mancayan, and they experienced +considerable difficulties in getting a merchantable product, their +science being at a disadvantage compared to the practical knowledge of +the Igorrotes. They, however, persevered, and got up to a make of about +180 tons in one year—nearly ten times the production obtained by +the Igorrotes. But the usual fate of Philippine mining companies +overtook them, and the works were closed in 1875, it was said from +scarcity of labour.</p> +<p>Several kinds of ores are found at Mancayan, almost on the surface, +red, black and grey copper, also sulphates and carbonates of +copper.</p> +<p>About Mambulao cupro-ferruginous quartz and copper pyrites are +found, but are not worked.</p> +<p>I am quite unable to venture any opinion on the prospects of +copper-mining and smelting in the Philippines, but no doubt experts +will shortly obtain the necessary data to decide what can be done, but +capital should be laid out with great caution, and the many +difficulties of climate, carriage and labour taken into consideration. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb153" href="#pb153" name= +"pb153">153</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Iron.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">There is plenty of iron ore in the Philippines. In +Luzon it occurs plentifully in the western spurs of the Cordillera all +the way from Bosoboso to San Miguel de Mayumo, and it is now worked +near the latter place in a primitive way. Plough-shares, cooking-pots +and <i>bolos</i> are the principal productions; the fuel used in all +cases is charcoal. I sent to the Philippine Exhibition of 1887 at +Madrid a dozen <i>bolos</i> made from native iron. The ore is very +rich, giving 70 to 80 per cent. of iron; when polished it is of a +beautiful silvery white colour, very tough, and of the finest quality. +Attempts have been made by Europeans to work the iron ores of Luzon, +but they have invariably ended in the bankruptcy of the adventurers, +and in one case even in suicide.</p> +<p>When deer-shooting at the Hacienda de San Ysidro above Bosoboso many +years ago, I learned from the natives there that in the next valley, +not far from the hamlet of Santa Ines, there existed the remains of +some old iron-works, abandoned years ago. They said there were +unfinished forgings still lying about, amongst them two anchors. I did +not, however, go to examine them, being intent on shooting.</p> +<p>Red hematite is found in Cebú, brown hematite in Paracale and +other parts of Camarines Norte, and both red and brown in Capiz. In +Misamis oxydized iron is found. Some of the iron about San Miguel de +Mayumo is magnetic.</p> +<p>I do not believe that at present, and for many years to come, it is +possible to work these ores and make iron and steel to compete with +American or British imported iron.</p> +<p>But the time may come when, under different conditions, these +remarkable ores may be turned to account; in fact, it is asserted a +scarcity of high class iron ore will soon occur, in which case the +Philippine ores of such extraordinary richness will come into use.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Coal.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">It is common to see coal mentioned amongst the mineral +resources of the Philippines, but so far as I have been able to learn, +no true coal has been found there, nor in <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb154" href="#pb154" name="pb154">154</a>]</span>any of the adjacent +islands. There are beds of lignite of varying quality, and when +enthusiastic finders are told of the poor quality of their samples, +they reply at once, “It will be better at depth.”</p> +<p>The Philippine formations seem to greatly resemble those of Borneo, +and there it was found that the lignite got poorer at depth, so that +mines were abandoned from this cause alone.</p> +<p>The Philippine beds of lignite have been violently upheaved by the +cataclysms of former ages, and are often turned up vertically, as at +the mines of Sugud in Albay. I was consulted about these mines after a +considerable sum had been thrown away. The Spanish engineer employed +commenced by building himself a commodious house; he then laid a +tramway from the port to where the mine was to be, and bought a winding +engine. The available capital was expended, and nothing more was +done.</p> +<p>The position of the seams at Sugud very much resembles the +occurrence of the seams at the Pengaron mine in Borneo, which stopped +work 18th October, 1884, after a precarious existence of thirty-six +years, on account of the poor quality of the coal and the relatively +high cost of extraction. This is on the authority of Dr. Theodor +Posewitz in ‘Borneo: its Geology and Mineral Resources,’ +1892, and what follows so exactly applies to all the so-called coal in +the Philippines, that I shall quote the paragraph:—</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first">P. 480.—“A number of analyses were carried +out, and practical tests were applied on board various ships. The +result was always ore or less favourable, yet nobody would have the +coal.”</p> +</div> +<p>The coal mine in the British Colony of Labuan was given up after +several years’ working.</p> +<p>People blame the Spanish Government, the priests, the natives, the +roads, but the reason of failure in the Philippines is very simple. +“Nobody would have the coal,” that is to say on board ship. +The lignite could be used on land, but there is little demand for it, +except for navigation. Some of it is liable to spontaneous combustion +in the bunkers, some is so charged with sulphur as to be bad for the +furnaces, or else it will not keep steam. I doubt if there is any good +coal between Japan and Australia, and as long as coal from there can be +delivered at present prices in Manila, I don’t advise anybody to +put money <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb155" href="#pb155" name= +"pb155">155</a>]</span>into Philippine coal unless they know more about +it than I do.</p> +<p>It has often been said that the Philippines have never been +explored. This is, however, only true of certain regions, and as +regards beds of the so-called coal you will find them marked on the +maps all over the principal islands.</p> +<p>If you proceed to the village nearest the spot, you will find, very +probably, that the seam has been known for a century, and that pits or +adits have been made and a lot of money spent to no purpose. Nobody +ever made any money out of Philippine lignite that I know of, but I +don’t prophesy whether anybody ever will.</p> +<p>I append an analysis of some so-called coal that was brought me from +Masbate in 1889.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Analysis of Masbate Lignite.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first"><i>Laboratory of A. del Rosario y Sales.</i></p> +<p>No. 1367. 16th <i>April</i>, 1889.</p> +<p><span class="sc">Lignite from Masbate.</span></p> +<ul> +<li>Colour, black.</li> +<li>Physical condition, fragile.</li> +<li>Fracture, splintery.</li> +<li>Colour, when reduced to powder, blackish brown.</li> +<li>Burns with difficulty, giving a short flame; not very smoky, and +leaves a brick-red ash.</li> +<li>Coke not very spongy, pulverulent and lightly agglutinated.</li> +<li>Density at 33° C., 1·3082.</li> +</ul> +<p><i>Analysis</i>.</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td>Hygroscopic water</td> +<td>3.73</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td>Volatile constituents</td> +<td>45.49</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan="7">Coke</td> +<td>Fixed carbon</td> +<td>48.20</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan="6">Ash</td> +<td>Silica</td> +<td>12</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Aluminic</td> +<td rowspan="5">2.46</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ferric, calcic</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Magnesic</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Chloric</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sulphuric acids, etc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td class="sum">100.00</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr> +<td>Coke = 50.79. Equivalent calories</td> +<td></td> +<td>5203.44</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ash = 2.58. Absolute calorific effect, centesimal</td> +<td></td> +<td>64.41</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sulphur per 100 of lignite</td> +<td></td> +<td>0.1633</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Iron calculated in metallic state</td> +<td></td> +<td>1.2173</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lead reduced by 1 gramme of combustible (mean) by Berthier’s +assay</td> +<td>grammes</td> +<td>21.90</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb156" href="#pb156" name= +"pb156">156</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Various Minerals.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first"><i>Lead.</i>—Galena is found in Tayabas and in +Camarines Norte; in the latter province there is found chromate of lead +with ferruginous quartz. This ore is often found mixed with iron or +copper pyrites, and sometimes with blende.</p> +<p>I have seen samples of galena from Cebú which was said to be +auriferous, but I have never heard that any of these ores have been +worked anywhere in the islands.</p> +<p>If it should be found profitable to smelt the gold-bearing ores, as +is so splendidly done at Denver, Col., the galena will be necessary to +the success of the process.</p> +<p><i>Red Lead</i> is found in Camarines Norte and other places.</p> +<p><i>Graphite.</i>—In 1891 some pieces of this valuable mineral +were shown to me by a native, who said he had found the ore in Mindoro, +but he would not say from what locality.</p> +<p><i>Quicksilver.</i>—I have seen small bottles of this handed +round by native disciples of Ananias. But I have never seen a bit of +cinnabar or other ore of mercury, and I shall not believe there is any +of this metal in the Philippines until I see the ore <i>in situ</i>, or +have good testimony to that effect.</p> +<p><i>Sulphur</i> abounds; there are several places where it can be +obtained in large quantities near the volcanoes.</p> +<p><i>Asbestos.</i>—This curious mineral would not strike a +native as being of value.</p> +<p>All I can say about it is that at the Madrid Exhibition of 1887 a +specimen of this substance was shown by the Civil Governor of Ilocos +Norte as having been found in that province.</p> +<p><i>Yellow Ochre</i> is found in Batangas, Camarines, Albay, Leyte +and Antique, amongst other places.</p> +<p><i>Kaolín</i> is found in Manila, Batangas and Camarines Sur, +and probably in many other places.</p> +<p><i>Marble</i> of a yellowish colour has been quarried at Montalban. +I have used some of it, but found it full of faults, and not very +satisfactory.</p> +<p><i>Plastic Clays</i> for pottery and for making bricks and tiles +abound.</p> +<p><i>Mineral Waters.</i>—As might be expected in a volcanic +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb157" href="#pb157" name= +"pb157">157</a>]</span>region, hot springs and mineral waters of very +varied constituents abound.</p> +<p>I do not think that the analyses of these would interest the general +reader.</p> +<p>I may say that I have derived great benefit from the hot-springs of +Los Baños on the lake, and greatly regretted that I could not +remain at the extraordinary vapour baths of Tibi near Tabaco. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb158" href="#pb158" name= +"pb158">158</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch17" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XVII.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Manufactures and Industries.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">Cigars and +cigarettes—Textiles—Cotton—Ahacá—Júsi—Rengue—Nipis—Saguran—Sinamáy—Guingon—Silk +handkerchiefs—Piña—Cordage—Bayones—Esteras—Baskets—Lager +beer—Alcohol—Wood oils and resins—Essence of +Ylang-ilang—Salt—Bricks—Tiles—Cooking-pots—Pilones—Ollas—Embroidery—Goldsmiths’ +and silversmiths’ work—Salacots—Cocoa-nut +oil—Saddles and +harness—Carromatas—Carriages—Schooners—Launches—Lorchas—Cascos—Pontines—Bangcas—Engines +and boilers—Furniture—Fireworks—Lanterns—Brass +Castings—Fish breeding—Drying sugar—Baling +hemp—Repacking wet sugar—Packing tobacco and +cigars—Oppressive tax on industries—Great future for +manufactures—Abundant labour—Exceptional intelligence.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The manufactures of the Philippines, such as they are, +have been mentioned when describing the different tribes or peoples and +only a summary is necessary here.</p> +<p>The making of cigars and cigarettes employs probably 30,000 people +in the Province of Manila, the vast majority being women. But the best +cigars are made by men who have been trained under skilled operatives +brought from Havana.</p> +<p>A vast improvement has taken place since the Government monopoly has +been abolished, and now the Manila cigars are as well-made and are put +up in as tastefully decorated boxes as the Havanas.</p> +<p>Cigarettes are now largely made by machines; the Compañia de +Tabacos de Filipinas having rows of them in their factories.</p> +<p>Textiles are made in hand-looms all over the Archipelago by the +women in their spare time.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6037width" id="p158"><img src="images/p158.jpg" +alt="Group of women making Cigars." width="720" height="513"> +<p class="figureHead">Group of women making Cigars.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984"><i>To face p. 158.</i></p> +</div> +<p>But in certain Provinces large numbers of women are regularly +employed at the loom-working for those who make a business of it. In +Ilocos and Union very excellent coverlets, sheets, serviettes, +handkerchiefs and towels are <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb159" href= +"#pb159" name="pb159">159</a>]</span>woven from cotton, as well as the +fabrics called abacá, júsi or rengue, nipis, saguran, +sinamay and guingon. This last is very suitable for military or naval +uniforms; it is a blue cotton cloth similar to what sailors call +dungaree.</p> +<p>In some of the towns of Pampanga and Bulacan, notably in +Baliúag where the people are specially clever and industrious, +excellent silk handkerchiefs are woven. In Camarines and Albay the +fabrics of abacá are more commonly woven, and in Cebú the +women are accustomed to work at the loom.</p> +<p>But it is from Ilo-ilo and neighbourhood that a very large trade is +done with the other islands in many kinds of textiles. There also the +Visayas work industriously at it as a trade and produce most beautiful +fabrics of piña, silk, cotton, and abacá, as well as the +cheaper sorts for the use of the working classes. In some of the mixed +materials a beautiful effect is produced by running stripes of silk, +either white or of the most brilliant colours, lengthways through the +piece. I have sent some of these júsi dress fabrics to ladies in +England and they have been greatly appreciated when made up by a +<i lang="fr">bonne faiseuse</i>.</p> +<p>They are very suitable for wearing in the Philippines or elsewhere +in the tropics, being light and gauzy. This material, as well as some +of the other fine gauzy fabrics, takes a long time to make in a +hand-loom, the advance is imperceptible. I should like to put some of +the calumniators of the Filipinos to work a hand-loom and make a +dress-length of júsi. I think every one would recant before he +had made a yard.</p> +<p>At the Philippine Exhibition of 1887 there were more than three +hundred exhibitors of textiles, and one of them, the Local Board of +Namaypacan in the Province of Union, showed one hundred and forty-five +different kinds of cloths.</p> +<p>There are several rope-works at Manila and the material used is +abacá, the ropes produced are equal to any to be had +anywhere.</p> +<p>In Camarines Sur both harness and hammocks are made from this +material.</p> +<p>In the Provinces ropes are made of cabo-negro, a black fibre from +the wild palm, said to be indestructible; of burí, of fibre from +the anabó, of the bark of the lapuit, and of rattan. Bayones or +sacks for sugar, estéras or sleeping mats, hats and cigar cases, +and baskets of all sorts, are made at different places and from the +commonest up to the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb160" href="#pb160" +name="pb160">160</a>]</span>very finest. That called the Tampipi is now +regularly kept in stock in London, and is very handy for +travelling.</p> +<p>There is a lager beer brewery in Manila that must have piled up +money since the American garrison arrived.</p> +<p>Alcohol is distilled both from sugar and from the juice of the +nipa-palm (<i lang="la-x-bio">Nipa fructicans</i>).</p> +<p>The oils and resins of Ilocos have been mentioned when describing +the Ilocanos; they are not exported, finding a ready market in the +country.</p> +<p>Essence of Ylang-ylang is distilled in Manila and other towns; it +used to fetch formerly 1000 francs per kilogramme.</p> +<p>Salt is made at many places between Parañaque and Cavite.</p> +<p>Bricks, tiles, cooking pots [bangas], stoves [calanes], sugar moulds +[pilones], and draining pots for the pilones [ollas], are made in many +provinces.</p> +<p>The industry of the women is also shown by the very beautiful +embroideries of all sorts, either in white or coloured silks or in gold +or silver. Some of this latter work, however, is done by men.</p> +<p>In some cases they introduce seed-pearls or brilliant fish-scales in +their work. The slippers worn by the women on grand occasions are often +works of art, being richly embroidered in silver and gold on cherry +coloured velvet.</p> +<p>Some notable pieces of goldsmiths’ and silversmiths’ +work have been done in Manila, and in the provinces some of the natives +carve bolo handles and other articles out of buffalo horn and mount +them in silver with much taste.</p> +<p>The salacots, or native hats, are beautifully woven by hand from +narrow strips of a cane called nito [lygodium], and the headmen have +them ornamented with many pieces of repoussé silver (<i>see</i> +Illustration).</p> +<p>Cocoa-nut oil is expressed in the province of the Laguna, in Manila +and other places. Soap of the ordinary kind is manufactured from +it.</p> +<p>Saddles and harness are made in all the leading towns, and the +ordinary country vehicle, the carromata, is made in the chief towns of +provinces and some others; but some of the components, such as the +springs, and axle-arms and boxes are imported. But in Manila really +elegant carriages are constructed, the leather for the hoods, the cloth +for the linings, the lamps, as well as a good deal of the ironwork, +being, however imported.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6100width" id="p160"><img src="images/p160.jpg" +alt="Salacots and Women’s Hats." width="520" height="720"> +<p class="figureHead">Salacots and Women’s Hats.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984"><i>To face p. 160.</i></p> +</div> +<div class="figure xd20e6108width" id="p161"><img src="images/p161.jpg" +alt= +"Author’s Office, Muelle Del Rey, SS. Salvadora and Lighters called “Cascos.”" +width="720" height="517"> +<p class="figureHead">Author’s Office, Muelle Del Rey, SS. +Salvadora and Lighters called “Cascos.”</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984"><i>To face p. 161.</i></p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb161" href="#pb161" name= +"pb161">161</a>]</span></p> +<p>In former years large frigates have been built, armed, and fitted +out at Cavite and other ports, but at present the ship-building +industry is in decadence, and the shipwrights capable of directing so +important a job have died out. The increasing scarcity and high price +of timber is now a difficulty, and sailing vessels are in little +demand. Small steamers and launches are now built, but larger steamers +are ordered from Hong Kong or Singapore, or, in case of vessels well +able to make the passage, the order goes to England.</p> +<p>The native craft called lorchas, pailebotes, pontines, barotos, +paraos, cascos, guilálos, barangayanes, bangcas, vintas and +salisipanes are still built in large numbers. The last are very light +and fast craft used by the Moros on their piratical expeditions.</p> +<p>Engines and boilers for steam launches are made in Manila, church +bells are cast of a considerable size; iron castings are also made.</p> +<p>Amongst the miscellaneous articles manufactured are all sorts of +household furniture, fireworks and lanterns. Dentists, painters, +sculptors and photographers all practise their trades.</p> +<p>There is no doubt that the Filipinos have learnt a certain amount +from the Spaniards as regards their manufactures; but, on careful +consideration, I think they have learnt more from the Chinese. Their +first sugar-mills were Chinese and had granite rollers, and from them +they learnt the trick that many a moulder might not know, of casting +their sugar-pans in a red-hot mould and cooling slowly and so getting +the metal extremely thin yet free from defects. The casting of brass +cannon and of church bells has been learnt from them, and doubtless +they taught the Igorrotes how to reduce the copper ores and to refine +that metal. Again, the breeding of fish, an important business near +Manila, and the manufacture of salt round about Bacoor comes from them. +I am not sure whether the hand-loom in general use is of the Chinese +pattern, but I think so.</p> +<p>Distilling the nipa juice is certainly a Chinese industry, as also +the preparation of sugar for export. This is done in establishments +called <i>farderias</i>, and is necessary for all sugar made in +<i>pilones</i> or moulds. The procedure is described under the head of +Pampangos, and an illustration is given of the process of drying the +sugar on mats in the sun. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb162" href= +"#pb162" name="pb162">162</a>]</span></p> +<p>Many native men and women and numbers of Chinese coolies are +employed in Manila, Ilo-ilo, and Cebú in preparing produce for +shipment.</p> +<p>The hemp used to come up from the provinces loose or merely twisted +into rolls to be pressed into bales at the shipping ports, but of late +years several presses have been erected at the hemp ports in Southern +Luzon and on the smaller islands.</p> +<p>There are a number of hemp-presses in Manila, each requiring about +sixty coolies to work it, and one or two clerks to attend to the +sorting and weighing.</p> +<p>They were paid so much per bale pressed.</p> +<p>Steam, or hydraulic presses, would long ago have been substituted +but for the fact that the clerks or <i>personeros</i> were each allowed +one or two <i>deadheads</i> on the pay list, and this was so profitable +to them that they strongly opposed any changes, and none of the +merchants cared to take the risk of the innovations.</p> +<p>Two presses were set in line, astride a pair of flat rails, a small +one called the Bito-bito for the first pressure on the pile of hemp, +and the large one to squeeze down the bale to its proper size.</p> +<p>They were simply screw presses having hardwood frames set deep into +massive stone foundations and surrounded by a granite pavement.</p> +<p>A pair of these presses, <i>i.e.</i>, a Bito-bito and a press +erected in Manila under my direction in 1888, cost $4400, the woodwork +foundation and pavement costing $2850, and the screws, nuts, +capstan-heads, etc., costing $1550. The small press had a screw 4 +inches diameter and 6 feet long, and was worked by two or four men. The +large press had a screw 8¼ inches diameter, and 12 feet +long.</p> +<p>Both screws worked in deep gun-metal nuts and had capstan-heads. +When the large press was near the end of its travel the capstan bars +were manned by forty coolies putting out their utmost strength and +shouting to encourage each other as they tramped round on the upper +floor keeping step.</p> +<p>The turn out was about 250 bales from daylight to dark. Each bale +weighed 2 piculs, say 280 lbs., or eight to the English ton. The bales +should measure 10 cubic feet, that is a density of 28 lbs. per cubic +foot. The hemp could be pressed into a smaller volume, but it is +asserted that the fibre would be seriously damaged. Sometimes from +careless <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb163" href="#pb163" name= +"pb163">163</a>]</span>pressing the bales measure 12 cubic feet. They +swell after leaving the press and after being moved.</p> +<p>At the date I have mentioned, the charge for screwage was 50 cents +per picul, but it has been raised since then.</p> +<p>Dry sugar was exported in its original bags, and loading and +shipping cost 12½ cents per picul. Wet sugar usually required +repacking for export, and the charge for discharging the coaster and +rebagging was 17½ cents per picul, as well as 12½ cents +for loading and shipping.</p> +<p>It lost 2½ per cent. in weight in repacking and 10 per cent. +during the voyage in sailing vessel to Europe or America. So that +altogether one-eighth of the total was lost to the shipper, and there +was a good perquisite to the skipper or mate in pumping the molasses +out of the bilges.</p> +<p>The repacking was usually done by natives, and the old mat bags +scraped by women who receive half the sugar they save. The mats are +sold to the distillers and are thrown into their fermenting vats, to +assist in the manufacture of pure Glenlivat or Bourbon whisky, Jamaica +rum or Hollands gin.</p> +<p>In 1891 I saw on board a steamer just arrived from Antwerp hundreds +of cases containing empty gin bottles packed in juniper husk, the +labels and capsules bearing the marks of genuine Hollands.</p> +<p>They were consigned to one of the Manila distillers, and must have +enabled that respectable firm to make a large profit by selling their +cheap spirit as imported liquor.</p> +<p>Undoubtedly the manufactures and industries of the Philippines are +in a primitive condition, but the tax called the <i lang= +"es">Contribucion Industrial</i> has discouraged improvements, for as +soon as any improved machinery or apparatus was adopted, the +tax-gatherer came down upon the works for an increased tax. Thus any +sort of works employing a steam-engine would be charged at a higher +rate. This tax, if it cannot be abolished, should be reformed.</p> +<p>There is a great future before the manufactures of the Philippines, +for the people are industrious, exceptionally intelligent, painstaking +and of an artistic temperament, so that an ample supply of labour is +always available for any light work if reasonably remunerated. They +will not need much teaching, and only require tactful treatment to make +most satisfactory operatives. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb164" +href="#pb164" name="pb164">164</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch18" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XVIII.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Commercial and Industrial Prospects.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">Philippines not a poor man’s country—Oscar +F. Williams’ letter—No occupation for white +mechanics—American merchants unsuccessful in the +East—Difficulties of living amongst Malays—Inevitable +quarrels—Unsuitable climate—The Mali-mali or +Sakit-latah—The Traspaso de hambre—Chiflados—Wreck of +the nervous system—Effects of abuse of alcohol—Capital the +necessity—Banks—Advances to cultivators—To timber +cutters—To gold miners—Central sugar +factories—Paper-mills—Rice-mills—Cotton-mills—Saw-mills—Coasting +steamers—Railway from Manila to Batangas—From Siniloan to +the Pacific—Survey for ship canal—Bishop Gainzas’ +project—Tramways for Luzon and Panay—Small steamers for +Mindanao—Chief prospect is agriculture.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The commercial prospects of the Islands are great, +even if we do not instantly take for gospel the fairy tales we are told +about Manila becoming the centre of the trade of the Pacific. There can +be no doubt that if peace and an honest administration can be secured, +capital will be attracted and considerable increase in the export of +hemp, tobacco, and sugar will gradually take place as fresh land can be +cleared and planted. As I have elsewhere said, the Philippines in +energetic and skilful hands will soon yield up the store of gold which +the poor Spaniards have been so mercilessly abused for leaving behind +them. But the Philippines are not and never will be a country for the +poor white man.</p> +<p>A white man cannot labour there without great danger to his health. +He cannot compete with the native or Chinese mechanic, in fact he is +not wanted there at all. For my part, I would never employ a white man +there as a labourer or mechanic, if I could help it, more especially an +Englishman or an American, for I know from experience what the result +would be. As foreman or overseer a white man may be better, according +to his skill and character. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb165" href= +"#pb165" name="pb165">165</a>]</span></p> +<p>Now let me, as soon as possible, expose the absurdity of a +mischievous letter, which I fear may already have done much harm, but I +hope my warning may do something to counteract its effects. I quote +from the Blue Book so often mentioned: pp. 330–1.</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first"></p> +<p><span class="sc">Mr. Williams</span> <i>to</i> <span class="sc">Mr. +Day</span>.</p> +<p class="dateline"><span class="sc">U. S. S. Baltimore, Manila +Bay</span>,<br> +<i>July 2nd, 1898</i>.</p> +<p class="salute"><span class="sc">Sir</span>,</p> +<p>* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *</p> +<p>If long occupation or possession on the part of our government be +considered, I believe early and strenuous efforts should be made to +bring here from the United States men and women of many +occupations—mechanics, teachers, ministers, ship-builders, +merchants, electricians, plumbers, druggists, doctors, dentists, +carriage and harness makers, stenographers, type-writers, +photographers, tailors, blacksmiths, and agents for exporting, and to +introduce American products natural and artificial of many classes. To +all such I pledge every aid, and now is the time to start. Good +government will be easier the greater the influx of Americans.</p> +<p>My despatches have referred to our present percentage of export +trade. If now our exports come here as intestate, duty free, we have +practical control of Philippine trade, which now amounts to many +millions, and because of ingrafting of American energy and methods upon +the fabulous natural and productive wealth of these islands, can and +probably will be multiplied by twenty during the coming twenty years. +All this increment should come to our nation and not go to any +other.</p> +<p>* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *</p> +<p>I hope for an influx this year of 10,000 ambitious Americans, and +all can live well, become enriched....</p> +<p class="signed">(Signed) <span class="sc">O. F. Williams</span>,<br> +<i>Consul</i>.</p> +</div> +<p>I venture to say that the man who wrote this astonishing letter, +taking upon himself the responsibility of advising “early and +strenuous efforts” to send from the United States thousands of +men and women of many occupations to Manila, and of assuring them that +“all could live well and become enriched,” knew nothing at +all about the state of the Philippine Islands, and is a most unsafe +guide.</p> +<p>What on earth would all these tradespeople find to do in the +Islands? Where could they be housed? How could they be supported? If +they came in numbers, the doctors and druggists might indeed find full +employment prescribing and making up medicine for the many sufferers +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb166" href="#pb166" name= +"pb166">166</a>]</span>from tropical ailments, especially the typhoid +fevers, that would attack the unacclimatised immigrants and the +ministers could earn their daily bread by reading the Burial Service, +whilst the type-writers would be busy typing letters to friends at home +announcing the deaths that occurred; and warning them against coming to +starve in Manila. But I defy any one to explain how the ship-builders, +electricians, plumbers, tailors and blacksmiths are to make a living. +As regards merchants or agents for exporting, I may say that Americans +have not been very successful in Manila in this capacity. The great and +influential firm of Russell & Sturgis came to grief through +over-trading, and another noteworthy firm, Messrs. Peele, Hubbell & +Co. failed from rash speculations in sugar, and not from any +persecutions by the Spanish authorities, as has been falsely stated in +a magazine article. I speak with knowledge on the matter, as I was well +acquainted with this firm, having been their Consulting Engineer for +the construction of the Slipway at Cañacao for which they were +agents. I think it only right to say that the gentlemen who were heads +of these American firms were worthy upholders of the high reputation of +their country. They failed, but no imputations rested on the characters +of the partners, and I have always heard them spoken of with great +respect, especially amongst the natives.</p> +<p>Those of them who were personally known to me were men who +invariably showed every courtesy and consideration to all who came in +contact with them, whether Europeans or natives. Notwithstanding their +misfortunes they were a credit to their country, and they did a good +deal towards the development of the trade of the Philippines.</p> +<p>I believe that the estates of Russell & Sturgis when realised, +paid all their liabilities in full, and besides left considerable +pickings in the hands of the liquidators and their friends. Two or +three firms were built up out of their ruins. Some Chinese half-castes +and natives had received heavy advances from this firm, especially +about Molo and Yloilo. One well-known individual had received $60,000, +and when summoned before the court he claimed the benefit of the +‘Laws of the Indies,’ by which his liability was limited to +$5. The judge, however, ordered him to repay the principal <i>at the +rate of a dollar a month</i>! I had this information from the judge +himself.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6263width" id="p166"><img src="images/p166.jpg" +alt="River Pasig, showing Russell and Sturgis’s former office." +width="720" height="482"> +<p class="figureHead">River Pasig, showing Russell and Sturgis’s +former office.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984"><i>To face p. 166.</i></p> +</div> +<p>Curiously enough, American merchants have been <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb167" href="#pb167" name= +"pb167">167</a>]</span>equally unsuccessful in other parts of the Far +East. Many will remember the failure of Messrs. Oliphant & Co., the +great China merchants, agents for the American Board of +Missions,<a class="noteref" id="xd20e6275src" href="#xd20e6275" name= +"xd20e6275src">1</a> notwithstanding their desperate effort to retrieve +their position by reviving the coolie trade with Perú, and in +later days Messrs. Russell & Co. of Hong Kong also came to +grief.</p> +<p>I can give no explanation of the reasons for these four great +failures, but I conjecture that all these firms were in too much of a +hurry, and tried to “hustle the East.” Yet in face of this +calamitous experience, Oscar F. Williams advises more to come, +“pledges every aid,” and predicts that “trade can, +and probably will, be multiplied by twenty during the coming twenty +years.”</p> +<p>For my part, I should think it great progress if the exports and +imports of the Philippines could be doubled in twenty years. The idea +of sending plumbers to Manila where lead pipes are not used, is a +comicality only matched by the suggestion that tailors are wanted +amongst a population dressed in cotton shirts and trousers, and where +the white people wear veranda-made white duck suits.</p> +<p>Both notions are more suitable for a comic opera than for an +official document.</p> +<p>There is only one more paragraph in this letter that I need comment +on.</p> +<p>Mr. Williams says: “Good government will be easier, the +greater the influx of Americans.”</p> +<p>To those who know the East there is no necessity to argue on this +point. I therefore state dogmatically that the presence of white +settlers or working people in the Islands would add enormously to the +difficulties of government. This is my experience, and during the +Spanish Administration it was generally admitted to be the case.</p> +<p>In British India the Government does not in the least degree favour +the immigration of British workmen. The only people who are recognised +as useful to that country are capitalists and directors of Agricultural +or Industrial enterprises.</p> +<p>A large number of American mechanics turned loose amongst the +population would infallibly, by their contempt for native customs, and +their disregard of native feeling, become an everlasting source of +strife and vexation. Impartial <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb168" +href="#pb168" name="pb168">168</a>]</span>justice between the parties +would be unattainable; the whites would not submit to be judged by a +native magistrate, and the result would be a war of races.</p> +<p>It may be taken as probable that there is no crime, however heinous, +that could be committed by an American upon a native, that would +involve the execution of the death penalty on the criminal.<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e6298src" href="#xd20e6298" name="xd20e6298src">2</a> +On the other hand, I can quite believe that natives laying their hands +upon Americans, whatever the provocation, would be promptly hanged, if +they were not shot down upon the spot. The natives, it should be +remembered, are revengeful, and will bide their time; either to use the +bolo upon one who has offended them, to burn down his house, set fire +to his crop, or put a crow-bar in amongst his machinery. I fear that +American brusqueness and impatience would often lead to these savage +reprisals.</p> +<p>I think, therefore, that the American Administration of the +Philippines should be empowered to prevent or regulate the immigration +of impecunious Americans or Europeans whose presence in the Islands +must be extremely prejudicial to the much-desired pacification. No, the +poor white is not wanted in the Islands, he would be a curse, and a +residence there would be a curse to him. He would decay morally, +mentally, and physically. The gorgeous East not only deteriorates the +liver, but where a white man lives long amongst natives, he suffers a +gradual but complete break-up of the nervous system. This peculiarity +manifests itself amongst the natives of the Far East in the curious +nervous disorder which is called mali-mali in the Philippines and +sakit-latah amongst the Malays of the Peninsula and Java. It seems to +be a weakening of the will, and on being startled, the sufferer +entirely loses self-control and imitates the movements of any person +who attracts his attention. It is more prevalent amongst women than +men. I remember being at a performance of Chiarini’s Circus in +Manila, when General Weyler and his wife were present. The clown walked +into the ring on his hands, and a skinny old woman amongst the +spectators who suffered from the mali-mali at once began to imitate him +with unpleasing results, and had to be forcibly restrained by the +scandalised bystanders.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6305width" id="p168"><img src="images/p168.jpg" +alt="Tower of Manila Cathedral after the Earthquakes 1880." width="720" +height="521"> +<p class="figureHead">Tower of Manila Cathedral after the Earthquakes +1880.</p> +</div> +<div class="figure xd20e6310width" id="p169"><img src="images/p169.jpg" +alt= +"Suburb of Malate after a typhoon, October, 1882, when 13 ships were driven ashore." +width="720" height="423"> +<p class="figureHead">Suburb of Malate after a typhoon, October, 1882, +when 13 ships were driven ashore.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb169" href="#pb169" name= +"pb169">169</a>]</span></p> +<p>Running <i>amok</i> marks a climax of nerve disturbance, when the +sufferer, instead of committing suicide, prefers to die killing +others.</p> +<p>He usually obtains his wish, and is killed without compunction, like +a mad dog.</p> +<p>Both natives and white residents are at times in rather a low +condition of health, and if after exercise or labour they fail to get +their meal at the proper time, when it comes they cannot eat. In its +lighter form this is called <i>desgána</i> or loss of appetite, +but I have seen natives collapse under such circumstances with severe +headache and chills. This more serious form is known as <i>traspaso de +hambre</i>, and is sometimes the precursor of fever and nervous +prostration.</p> +<p>The Roman Catholic Church has had the wisdom to recognise and make +allowance for the liability of residents and natives of the Philippines +to this serious disorder, and has relaxed the usual rules of fasting, +as being dangerous to health.</p> +<p>Amongst the Europeans who have been long in the Islands, many are +said to be “chiflado,” a term I can only render into +English by the slang word <i>cracked</i>. This occurs more particularly +amongst those who have been isolated amongst the natives.</p> +<p>It is not easy to account for, but the fact is undeniable. I have +heard it ascribed to “telluric influence,” but that is a +wide and vague expression. Perhaps the explanation may be found in the +extreme violence of the phenomena of nature.</p> +<p>The frequent earthquakes, the almost continuous vibration of the +soil, the awe-inspiring volcanic eruptions, with their sooty black +palls of ash darkening the sky for days together, over hundreds of +miles, the frightful detonations,<a class="noteref" id="xd20e6341src" +href="#xd20e6341" name="xd20e6341src">3</a> the ear-splitting thunder, +the devastating rage of the typhoons, the saturated atmosphere of the +rainy season, and the hot dry winds of Lent, with the inevitable +conflagrations, combine with depressing surroundings and anxieties to +wreck the nerves of all but the strongest and most determined natures. +If to all this the white resident or sojourner in the Philippines adds +the detestable vice of intemperance, or even indulges in a liberal +consumption <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb170" href="#pb170" name= +"pb170">170</a>]</span>of spirits, then instead of merely shattering +his nerves, he is likely to become a raving maniac, for it takes much +less whisky to bring on delirium tremens there, than it does in a +temperate climate.</p> +<p>Long sojourn in some other lands appears to act in a different +manner. In tropical Africa it seems to be the moral balance that is +lost. The conscience is blunted if not destroyed, the veneer of +civilisation is stripped off, the white man reverts to savagery. The +senseless cruelties of Peters, Lothaire, Voulet, Chanoine, and of some +of the outlying officials of the Congo Free State are not mere +coincidences. They must be ascribed to one common cause, and that is +debasement by environment. The moral nature of a white man seems to +become contaminated by long isolation amongst savages as surely as the +physical health by living amongst lepers.</p> +<p>If a poor white man wishes to sink to the level of a native, he has +only to marry a native woman, and his object will be fully attained in +a few years. But he will find it very much to his pecuniary interest, +for she will buy cheaper and sell dearer than he can, and will manage +his house and his business too, most economically. Some of her +relations will come and live with him, so that he will not feel lonely, +and a half-caste family will grow up round about him, talking the +dialect of their mother, which he, perhaps, does not understand. But if +the poor white man takes out a white wife, he will probably have the +pain and distress of seeing her fade away under the severity of the +climate, which his means do not permit him to alleviate. White women +suffer from the heat far more than men. Children cannot be properly +brought up there after the age of twelve. They must either be sent home +to be educated, or allowed to deteriorate and grow up inferior to their +parents in health, strength, and moral fibre. When I think of these +things, I feel amazed at Oscar F. Williams’ presumption in +writing that letter. I hope that not many have taken his advice, and +that any who have will call on him to fulfil his imprudent pledges.</p> +<p>However, now I have done with the poor white man. Capital is the +great necessity of the Philippines. The labour is there if Generals +Otis and McArthur have left any natives alive.</p> +<p>More banks are wanted. At present there are three important banks in +Manila, and two of them have branches <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb171" href="#pb171" name="pb171">171</a>]</span>in Yloilo. The Hong +Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation has the largest resources; next +comes the Chartered Bank of India, Australasia, and China, and lastly +the Banco Español Filipino. The first two give the most perfect +facilities for business. I was only interested in importing, but +certainly nothing more could be desired by an importer than their +system of opening credits against shipping documents; for practically +he only had to pay for the goods when they arrived in Manila. All their +business was done in the most expeditious manner, and I could suggest +no improvement on their methods.</p> +<p>The Banco Español Filipino was in a measure under government +control, its procedure was consequently very slow, and its ways those +of bygone days.</p> +<p>These banks, however, did not advance money to cultivators to clear +lands, plant crops, or erect machinery, as the returns are too slow, +not to say doubtful. Yet this is what is wanted; banks in Manila and +the chief towns that will advance money for such purposes, under the +advice of experts personally acquainted with the cultivators and their +lands. Such a business certainly requires great intelligence and +discernment.</p> +<p>Still there is a future for such banks, for agriculturists have to +pay enormous rates of interest and commissions for money to carry on +their plantations. Such banks could also finance timber-cutters, gold +miners, and other <i>bona fide</i> workers.</p> +<p>Amongst the enterprises I have recommended when writing about the +Pampangos, and others engaged in planting sugar-cane, is the +establishment of central sugar factories in suitable localities. Such +undertakings, judiciously administered, would have every prospect of +success.</p> +<p>There is also room for paper-mills, rice-mills, cotton-mills, and +saw-mills, but all these, especially the last, need careful +consideration for the selection of the locality where they are to be +placed. The manufacture of various kinds of leather could be greatly +extended and improved. There is employment for more coasting steamers +and schooners. The latter and hulls of small steamers can be built in +the country from the native timber.</p> +<p>Although the development of means of communication is all-important, +it is evident from the configuration of the Archipelago that no great +length of railway is required, nor would it pay to construct them in so +mountainous a country. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb172" href= +"#pb172" name="pb172">172</a>]</span>Water-carriage is all-important. +In Luzon a line of railway might be made from Manila to Batangas with a +branch into the Laguna province. It would traverse a fertile and +thickly-populated country.</p> +<p>A short line of railway or electric tramway from near Siniloan on +the Lake to the Pacific would be most useful in giving access to and +developing the eastern coast, or contra costa, as it is called. This +coast is very backward in every way, indeed from Baler to Punta +Escarpada on its extreme north, it is quite unknown, and remains in the +possession of the Dumagas, an aboriginal tribe of heathen savages of +low type, just as at the time of the Spanish conquest; and it would be +worth while to study the question of cutting a ship-canal through this +narrow strip of land if the mouth could be protected from the Pacific +surf. There is also Bishop Gainza’s project that might be +revived, that of cutting a canal for country craft from Pasacao in +Camarines Sur to the River Vicol. In Negros and Panay some short lines +from the ports through the sugar lands might pay if constructed very +economically.</p> +<p>Tramways between populous towns not far apart in Luzon and Panay +would probably pay very well, as the people are fond of visiting their +friends.</p> +<p>It will probably be many years before Mindanao will be in a position +to warrant the construction of railways. The island has relapsed into +barbarism as a consequence of the withdrawal of the Spanish garrisons +and detachments, and of nearly all the Jesuit missionaries.</p> +<p>It could, however, give employment to a flotilla of small steamers +and sailing vessels on its northern and southern coasts.</p> +<p>Such is my opinion in brief upon the possibilities of the +development of industries and commerce.</p> +<p>That the commerce of the islands, now mainly British, will +ultimately pass into American hands, can scarcely be doubted. They are +not yet firmly seated in power, but their attitude to British and +foreign firms is already sufficiently pronounced to allow an observant +onlooker to make a forecast of what it will be later on.</p> +<p>Dominating Cuba, holding the Philippines, the Sandwich Islands and +Porto Rico, the Americans will control the cane sugar trade, the +tobacco trade, and the hemp trade, in addition to the vast branches of +production they now hold in their hands<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e6389" title="Not in source">.</span> <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb173" href="#pb173" name="pb173">173</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6275" href="#xd20e6275src" name="xd20e6275">1</a></span> Their +Hong was colloquially known as Sion Corner.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6298" href="#xd20e6298src" name="xd20e6298">2</a></span> See the +sentence of court-martial on Julius Arnold, musician of M Company, 25th +Infantry, for murdering a woman under the most atrocious circumstances +it is possible to imagine.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e6341" href="#xd20e6341src" name="xd20e6341">3</a></span> The +Krakatoa explosion was heard all over the Southern Philippines like the +firing of heavy guns, although the distance in a straight line is over +1500 miles. This will give some idea of the loudness of volcanic +explosions.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch19" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XIX.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Life in Manila.</h2> +<h2 class="sub">(<i>A Chapter for the Ladies.</i>)</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">Climate—Seasons—Terrible Month of +May—Hot winds—Longing for rain—Burst of the +monsoon—The Alimóom—Never sleep on the ground +floor—Dress—Manila +houses—Furniture—Mosquitoes—Baths—Gogo—Servants—Wages +in 1892—The Maestro cook—The guild of cooks—The +Mayordomo—Household budget, +1892—Diet—Drinks—Ponies—Carriage a necessity +for a lady—The +garden—Flowers—Shops—Pedlars—Amusements—Necessity +of access to the hills—Good Friday in Manila.</p> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Climate.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The average shade temperature of Manila all the year +round is 83° Fahrenheit. The highest I have ever seen there was +96°, at 2 <span class="sc">P.M.</span> in May, and the lowest +68°, at 6 <span class="sc">A.M.</span> in December.</p> +<p>The temperature of the sea-water on the shore at Malate is usually +82°, and that of well-water about the same. The water-pipes from +the reservoir at San Juan del Monte are not buried, but are carried on +an embankment. They are partly shaded from the sun by clumps of +bamboos, but on a hot afternoon the water sometimes attains a +temperature of 90°.</p> +<p>Those figures are high, yet the heat is mitigated by the sea-breeze, +and the nights are usually cool enough to allow a refreshing sleep.</p> +<p>The climate of Manila is not harmful to the constitutions of healthy +Europeans or Americans between twenty and fifty years of age, provided +they at once adopt a mode of life suitable to the country, and in +clothing, diet, habits and recreations, adapt themselves to the new +conditions. On the other hand, I apprehend that, for persons of either +sex over fifty who have had no previous experience of life in the +tropics, there will be great difficulty in acclimatising <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb174" href="#pb174" name= +"pb174">174</a>]</span>themselves, and the mortality amongst such will +be abnormal. Ladies’ complexions will not suffer more than if +they lived in a steam-heated house in Harlem, New York.</p> +<p>In all this part of the world the weather depends upon the monsoons. +These blow with great regularity over the ocean, six months from the +north-east and six months from the south-west. Their action on any +particular place is, however, modified by the situation of mountains +with regard to that place. The changes of the monsoon occur in +April—May and October—November. It is the south-west +monsoon that brings rain to Manila, and it has a fine stretch of the +China Sea to career over, all the way, in fact, from the shores of +Sumatra, till it drives the billows tumbling and foaming into the +bay.</p> +<p>The typhoons form far out in the Pacific near the region of the +Western Carolines, and, whirling round the opposite way to the hands of +a watch, they proceed on a curve that may strike Luzon, or, perhaps, go +on for a thousand miles or more, and carry death and destruction to the +fishermen of Fo Kien or Japan.</p> +<p>When a typhoon passes clear, the usual result is several days of +continuous heavy rain, but the air is cleared and purified. But should +the vortex of the cyclone pass over your residence, you will not be +likely to forget it for the rest of your life.</p> +<p>The year in Manila may be roughly divided into three +seasons:—</p> +<ul> +<li>Rainy Season—June, July, August, September. In these four +months about 100 inches of rain may fall, and 20 more in the rest of +the year.</li> +<li>Cool Season (so-called)—October, November, December, +January.</li> +<li>Hot Season—February, March, April, May.</li> +</ul> +<p>May is the terrible month of the year, the month of fevers and +funerals. Let all who can, leave Manila before this month arrives.</p> +<p>Hot, dry winds, dust-laden, pervade the houses, and have such an +effect even on well-seasoned hardwoods, that tables, wardrobes and +door-panels, split from end to end, or from top to bottom, with a noise +like a pistol-shot, leaving cracks a quarter of an inch wide that gape +till the rainy season restores the moisture. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb175" href="#pb175" name="pb175">175</a>]</span></p> +<p>At this time the heat is at its maximum, and all nature gasps or +fades. Not a drop of rain has fallen for months, the roads are inches +deep in dust, the rivers nearly stagnant, and covered with a green +scum, the whole country quite brown, the vegetation burnt up by the +sun. Only the cockroaches rejoice; at this season they fly at night, +and you may have a few fine specimens of the <i>Blatta Orientalis</i> +alight on your face, or on the back of your neck, should you doze a +moment on your long chair. Personally, I am proof against a good deal, +but must confess that the hairy feet of a cockroach on my face or neck +make me shudder.</p> +<p>As the month draws to a close, every afternoon the storm-clouds +gather over the Antipolo Hills. All Manila, lying in the glare and +dust, prays for rain. Overhead, a sky like burnished copper darts down +heat-rays that penetrate the roofs, and literally strike the heads of +the occupants. The dry air is surcharged with electricity to such an +extent that every living thing feels the powerful influence; the +sweetest natures become irritable, and quite ready to admit that +“this is, indeed, a <i>beastly</i> world.”</p> +<p>The nervous system suffers, the newspapers relate cases of stabbing, +or even running <i>amok</i> amongst the natives, and perhaps some +suicides occur. If, as not unfrequently happens, you should at this +time receive an invitation to the funeral of a friend or compatriot +just deceased from typhoid fever, and to be buried within twenty-four +hours, you will begin to wonder whether Manila is good enough for you. +Day after day the rain-clouds disperse amidst the rumbling of a distant +thunder-storm, and day after day do longing eyes watch for their +coming, and hope for the cloud-burst.</p> +<p>At last, when the limit of endurance seems reached, a cool breath of +air heralds the downpour. The leaves rustle, the feathery bamboos +incline before the blast, the sky darkens, the cataracts of heaven are +loosed, and the water tumbles down in torrents.</p> +<p>Now keep yourself in the house, and on the upper floor, and let the +water from your roofs run to waste. The natives, usually so careless of +a wetting, avoid bathing or wetting themselves with the first waters, +which they consider dangerous, and not without reason. The exhalations +from the newly-wetted earth are to be avoided; these earth-vapours are +called by the Tagals <i>Alimóom</i>. Now the dust is washed off +the roofs and leaves, and in three <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb176" +href="#pb176" name="pb176">176</a>]</span>days the fallows are covered +with small shoots of grass or weeds, the maidenhair ferns and mosses +spring from every stone wall. The reign of dust is over; the reign of +mud begins. Now the frogs inaugurate their nightly concerts. After a +time you get used to the deafening noise; you do not even hear it. But +they suddenly stop, and you are astonished at the stillness.</p> +<p>As the rainy season proceeds, the air is almost entirely saturated +with moisture: the saturation in August sometimes exceeds 97 per +cent.</p> +<p>Now green mould will grow upon your boots and other leather +articles, if left a couple of days without cleaning. Everything feels +damp, and it is a good plan to air your wardrobe round a brazier of +red-hot charcoal.</p> +<p>You will have noticed that the natives universally build their +houses upon piles. So do the Malays all over the Far East. This is the +expression of the accumulated experience of centuries, and you will be +wise to conform to it by never sleeping on the ground floor. To a +dweller in the Philippines this tip is worth the price of the book.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Dress.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The dress of both sexes should be as light as +possible; my advice is, wear as little as possible, and wear it thin +and loose. The access of air to the body is necessary to carry off the +perspiration, some of which is in the form of vapour.</p> +<p>Ladies will find the greatest comfort in the simple but elegant +dresses called <i>batas</i>, which are princess robes made of +embroidered cambric or lawn. The materials for these dresses can be +purchased in Manila, and excellent sempstresses and embroiderers can be +hired at moderate wages, and the dresses made in the house. For the +evenings, thin silk or muslin dresses, cut low, are most suitable.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6488width" id="p177"><img src="images/p177.jpg" +alt="Author’s house at Ermita." width="553" height="406"> +<p class="figureHead">Author’s house at Ermita.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984"><i>To face p. 177.</i></p> +</div> +<p>Men who are young and robust should wear white duck jackets, and +trousers without waistcoats. Elderly men, or those subject to +rheumatism, will do well to wear thin flannel suits. The material for +these can be got in Hong Kong. For travelling and shooting, unbleached +linen, guingon, or rayadillo, is the best material, made into Norfolk +jackets and pantaloons. I always found white or brown leather shoes the +best wear, and canvas shooting-boots capped and strapped with leather. +A Panama hat, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb177" href="#pb177" name= +"pb177">177</a>]</span>or a solar topee, is the best head-wear. If one +has to be much in the sun, a white umbrella, lined with green, should +be carried. Dress is not an expensive item in Manila. Up to 1892, the +washing for a whole family, with bed and table-linen, could be done for +$12 per month.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Houses.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">Most of the older houses in Manila are of ample size, +and well suited to the climate, but some of the newer ones, built to +the designs of a Spanish architect, and having glass windows, are very +hot and uncomfortable. It is essential to live in a good-sized house, +so as to escape the heat by moving to a different part as the sun goes +round. Thus you will have your early breakfast in one corner of the +balcony; your tiffin, perhaps, on the ground floor; your tea in the +open corridor looking on the garden, and your dinner, at 7.30 +<span class="sc">P.M.</span>, in the dining-room under the punkah.</p> +<p>House-rent is paid monthly, and, up to 1892, a good detached house +of moderate size could be got in one of the best suburbs for $100 per +month, and for less in Santa Ana. Such a house would stand in its own +garden, and would have stables for several horses, and shelter for one +or two carriages.</p> +<p>I understand that house-rent is now nearly doubled in consequence of +the American competition. From their lavish expenditure, we must infer +that the new-comers possess large private means in addition to their +salaries.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Furniture.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The furnishing of a tropical house is much simplified, +because no carpets or curtains are needed. The floors are of polished +hardwood, and they take a good deal of work to keep them in good order. +A few rugs can be put down here and there, if a little colour is +required. Where the floor is bad, Chinese matting can be laid down at +small expense. Some of the Mestizos import costly furniture, but few of +the European residents attempted to follow their example. Vienna +bent-wood furniture, with cane seats, was commonly used, and was very +suitable, also bamboo or rattan furniture, brought from China or made +in the country. Such things as wardrobes or bookcases should have +ring-bolts on each side for lashing to the walls. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb178" href="#pb178" name="pb178">178</a>]</span>A +child or grown person might be killed by a heavy piece of furniture +falling on it during an earthquake.</p> +<p>Furniture of all sorts is made in Manila of Red Narra, or other +wood, by Chinese cabinet-makers, who will work to purchasers’ +requirements. Very excellent teak-wood furniture is made in Hong Kong +and Shanghai.</p> +<p>The problem of furnishing a large house for a moderate sum, and +making it comfortable, and at the same time artistic and refined, is +not a difficult one, and has often been very satisfactorily solved in +Manila.</p> +<p>Large stoneware flower-pots and pedestals can be purchased in +Manila, and no more suitable ornament can be found than handsome palms, +ferns, or flowering plants, for halls, corridors, or reception +rooms.</p> +<p>The beds should be large, and have thin, hard mattresses and +horse-hair pillows stuffed rather hard. The coolest thing to lie upon +is a fine grass mat, or <i>petate</i>. Covering is seldom required. On +the bed will be seen a large bolster lying at right angles to the +pillows, so as to be parallel to the sleeper. The use of this is not +apparent to the newly-arrived Briton or American. This is the +<i>Abrazador</i>, used throughout the boundless East.</p> +<p>The candidate for repose, whether on the hard bed, or harder floor +or deck, lies on his side, and rests his upper arm and leg on the +<i>Abrazador</i>, thus relieving his hip and shoulder from much of his +weight. He takes care to keep it a little way off his body to allow the +air to circulate.</p> +<p>A mosquito-net must be fitted to every bed, but may not always be +required. In the sleeping-room there should be no curtains, and the +least possible amount of furniture, and, during the hot season, the bed +should stand in the middle of the room. It is advisable to have no +light in the bedroom, but good lights are a necessity in the +dressing-rooms.</p> +<p>By being careful about this you will keep your bedroom free from +mosquitoes. Petroleum is commonly used in the Philippines for lighting, +and unless the lamps are of the best quality, and carefully trimmed, +there is considerable danger of accident. I used to keep some plants in +pots in each room so as to throw the earth over any oil that might get +alight. Whenever there was a shock of earthquake, I extinguished the +petroleum lamps, and lighted candles instead. And whenever we went out +to a dinner or dance, every petroleum lamp was extinguished, and +cocoanut-oil <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb179" href="#pb179" name= +"pb179">179</a>]</span>lights or candles substituted in case of an +earthquake whilst we were out.</p> +<p>Frequent baths are indispensable to good health in Manila. Enormous +earthenware tubs, made in China, can be procured. These are placed in +the bath-room, and filled in the evening, so that the water gets +refreshingly cool during the night. It is not at all advisable to get +into the water, as the effect is not so good as dashing the water over +the head with a small bucket called a <i>tabo</i>. By using the water +thus, and rubbing the skin briskly with a towel, a reaction soon sets +in, and the bather feels quite invigorated.</p> +<p>A bath of this kind when rising, and another before dressing for +dinner, will do much to mitigate the rigour of the climate.</p> +<p>From several stories told me by friends recently returned from +Manila, it would seem that the Americans there, or some of them, at +least, are not sufficiently alive to the necessity of daily baths, but +I refrain from giving particulars.</p> +<p>This seems strange when one remembers the profusion with which baths +are provided in all the modern hotels in the great cities of +America.</p> +<p>Now I must tell you about gogo. This is the dried bark of a creeper +that grows wild in the woods, and it is the finest thing possible to +keep your hair in order.</p> +<p>There are several kinds of this plant, the three most commonly used +are gogo bayugo (<i lang="la-x-bio">Entada scandens</i> Benth.); gogong +casay (<i lang="la-x-bio">Peltophorum ferrugineum</i> Benth.); gogong +paltaning (<i lang="la-x-bio">Albizzia saponaria</i> Blum.).</p> +<p>As washing the hair with gogo is one of the luxuries of the +Philippines, I shall describe how it is done.</p> +<p>A servant pounds a piece of the stem and bark, and steeps it in a +basin, twisting and wringing it occasionally until the soluble part has +been extracted. He then adds to the liquor two or three limes, +squeezing the juice out, and soaking the peel. He also throws in a +handful of crushed citron-leaves, and strains the liquor through +muslin.</p> +<p>The servant then ladles this over your head with a calabash, or +cocoa-nut shell, whilst you rub your hair with your hands.</p> +<p>As the liquor is strongly alkaline, you must be careful to keep your +eyes closed until the head has been rinsed <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb180" href="#pb180" name="pb180">180</a>]</span>with +water. Your hair-wash is made fresh whenever you want it, and may cost +from two to three pence.</p> +<p>The fragrance of the citron-leaves is delicious, and when you have +rinsed and dried your hair, you will find it as soft, as bright, and as +sweet-smelling as the costliest perfumes of Bond Street could make +it.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Servants.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">In the good old times we were well off for servants in +Manila. They flocked up from the provinces seeking places, and those +employers who took pains to enquire closely into the antecedents of +applicants, could almost ensure being well served.</p> +<p>Englishmen paid good wages, and paid punctually, hence they could +command the best servants.</p> +<p>Personally, I may say that I kept my servants for years—some +nearly the whole time I was in the islands. I had very little trouble +with any of them. There are people who say that they have no feeling, +but I remember that when I embarked with my family on leaving Manila, +my servants, on taking leave at the wharf, were convulsed with tears at +our departure.</p> +<p>A family living comfortably in a good-sized house would require the +following servants:—</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<thead> +<tr class="label"> +<td></td> +<td>Wages in 1892.</td> +</tr> +<tr class="unit"> +<td></td> +<td>Dollars.</td> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>Mayordomo, or steward, who would act as butler</td> +<td>8 per month.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Two houseboys, one would valet the master, the other would trim +lamps and pull the punkah, @ $6</td> +<td>12 per month.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sempstress or maid to mistress</td> +<td>6 per month.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gardener or coolie, would carry water for baths, sweep and +water</td> +<td>6 per month.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Coachman, would look after one pair of horses and carriage</td> +<td>12 per month.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Food for six servants, @ $3 each</td> +<td>18 per month.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Maestro cook</td> +<td>18 per month.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>80</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +<p>American competition for servants has more than doubled these rates +of pay. Cooks get $50 now.</p> +<p>The house-boys and maid live in the house, and sleep on the floor, +with a grass mat and pillows. The mayordomo sometimes lives quite near, +being, perhaps, a married <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb181" href= +"#pb181" name="pb181">181</a>]</span>man. The coachman has his room by +the stables, and the gardener lives in the lodge, or in a small hut in +the garden.</p> +<p>The <i>maestro-cook</i> does not usually sleep on the premises. He +arrives about 11 <span class="sc">A.M.</span>, bearing two baskets +depending from a <i>pinga</i>, or palma-brava staff, resting on his +shoulder. These baskets will contain the day’s +marketing—eggs, fish, meat, chicken, salad, tomatoes, bananas, +firewood, and many other things.</p> +<p>He promptly sets to work, and by twelve, or half-past, presents a +tiffin of three or four courses.</p> +<p>His afternoon is devoted to preparing the more elaborate dinner due +at 7.30 <span class="sc">P.M.</span>, when he will be ready to serve +soup, fish, entrées, a roast, a curry, and sweets, all +conscientiously prepared, and sent in hot. Most excellent curries are +made in Manila, both by Chinamen and natives. To my mind, the best are +made from prawns, from crab, or from frogs’ legs. If you cannot +eat anything else at dinner, you can always make out with the +curry.</p> +<p>The dinner over, the cook asks for orders, and takes his departure, +to return with perfect punctuality the following day.</p> +<p>The Chinese cooks all belong to a guild, which is a trades’ +union and a co-operative society, and are bound to follow the +rules.</p> +<p>They would never dream of going into a market and bidding one +against the other.</p> +<p>Their system is to assemble early every morning at the guild house, +and for each man to state his requirements. A scribe then tabulates the +orders—so many turkeys, so many chickens, etc., and two +experienced cooks are commissioned as buyers to go into the market and +purchase the whole lot, the provisions being afterwards fairly divided +amongst the members, each having his turn to get the choice pieces, +such as saddle of mutton, kidneys, etc. But if a dinner-party is +contemplated, the cook who has to prepare it gets the preference.</p> +<p>They thus obtain everything much cheaper than the native cooks, even +after taking a good squeeze for themselves. I believe that they have a +fixed percentage which they charge, and would consider it dishonest to +take any more, whilst the guild would not approve of their taking any +less.</p> +<p>If you send away your cook, the guild will settle for <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb182" href="#pb182" name="pb182">182</a>]</span>you +who is to replace him. All your culinary fancies will be well known to +the council of the guild, and they will pick out a man up to your +standard.</p> +<p>It was customary to give the cook a fixed sum per day to provide +tiffin and dinner, and this was paid once a week.</p> +<p>I found that two dollars a day was sufficient to amply provide for +my family, and I could have one guest to tiffin or dinner without +notice, and be confident that the meal would be sufficient. In fact, +this was part of my agreement with the cook. By giving short notice, +the dinner could be extended for two or three people at an additional +charge.</p> +<p>The cook rendered no account of the money he received; but, if I was +not satisfied with the meals he provided, I admonished him, and if he +did not do better I discharged him. I may say, however, that there was +very seldom cause for complaint, for the Chinese are thorough business +men.</p> +<p>When a dinner-party was given, the cook provided according to order, +and sent in his bill for the extras. There was no housekeeping, and no +need to order anything, and you knew exactly how much you were spending +weekly, and how much a dinner-party cost.</p> +<p>The cleaning and polishing your plate and glass, the laying the +table, the tasteful adorning of it with variegated leaves, with ferns +or flowers, and the artistic folding of the serviettes, may with +confidence be left to the mayordomo’s care; every detail will be +attended to down to the ylang-ylang flowers in the finger-bowls.</p> +<p>With such servants as these, the mistress of the house, free from +domestic cares, may take her shower-bath, and, clad in Kabaya and +Sarong, await the moment when she must resume the garments of +civilisation, and receive her guests looking as fresh, in spite of the +thermometer, as if she had stepped out of a <i>coupé</i> in +Piccadilly or Fifth Avenue. Ladies used to the ministry of Irish Biddy +or Aunt Chloe ought to fancy themselves transported to heaven when they +find themselves at the head of a household in Manila.</p> +<p>I append a note of household expenses for a family living moderately +in Manila in 1892. I suppose the cost has been doubled under American +rule. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb183" href="#pb183" name= +"pb183">183</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class="sc">Household Budget in 1892.</span></p> +<p><i>For a family of three adults and three children.</i></p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<thead> +<tr class="unit"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td>Mexican Dollars.</td> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>House-rent</td> +<td>per month</td> +<td>100</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Servants’ wages and food</td> +<td>per month</td> +<td>80</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Washing</td> +<td>per month</td> +<td>12</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Forage and grain for two ponies</td> +<td>per month</td> +<td>16</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Allowance to cook for market</td> +<td>per month</td> +<td>60</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Extra for two dinner-parties of six or eight guests each</td> +<td>per month</td> +<td>20</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bill at Almacen (grocery store) for groceries, ordinary wines, +spirits, and petroleum</td> +<td>per month</td> +<td>65</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bill at Botica (drug store) for soda water, ice and various +articles</td> +<td>per month</td> +<td>20</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Case of champagne for dinner-parties</td> +<td>per month</td> +<td>25</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Repairs to carriage, shoeing horses, materials for cleaning stable, +etc.</td> +<td>per month</td> +<td>10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Garden expenses—plants, tools, hose</td> +<td>per month</td> +<td>5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Subscriptions to clubs, telephone, newspapers, and charities</td> +<td>per month</td> +<td>20</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Tobacco and cigars</td> +<td>per month</td> +<td>7</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Taxes on servants and horses</td> +<td>per month</td> +<td>10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Clothing for self and family</td> +<td>per month</td> +<td>50</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pocket money, entertainments, and sundries</td> +<td>per month</td> +<td>100</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td>——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Per month</td> +<td>600</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Say $7,200 per annum.</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Diet.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">For the benefit of Boston readers (if I should be +lucky enough to have any in that learned city), I may say that pork and +beans is not a suitable diet for a tropical country. I should also +forbid the “New England dinner,” and roast goose, or +sucking pig, stewed terrapin, and pumpkin pie. A light diet of eggs or +the excellent fish to be had in Manila, chickens fattened on maize, +beef or mutton, once a day, and rice, vegetables and salad, with plenty +of ripe fruit, according to the season, is desirable. The fare can be +diversified by oysters, prawns, crabs, wild duck, snipe, and quail, all +of which are cheap and very good in the season. There are no pheasants +in Luzon, but the jungle cock (labuyao) is as good or better.</p> +<p>In the tropics a good table is a necessity, for the appetite needs +tempting. Such a diet as I have mentioned will keep you in health, +especially if you are careful not to eat too much, but to eat of the +best. If you economise on your table you will have to spend the money +at the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb184" href="#pb184" name= +"pb184">184</a>]</span>drug-store. Taboo pork, because—well, when +you have been a week or two in the country you will not need to ask +why—Moses and Mahomet knew what they were about.</p> +<p>My remarks about drinks are intended for the men, as ladies do not +need any advice on this subject. In a tropical climate it is necessary +to be very careful in the use of spirits.</p> +<p>Having lived for more than twenty-five years in the tropics, and +having kept my health remarkably well, I feel warranted in giving my +experience. I have made surveys, or directed works, in many climates, +exposed to all weathers, and I know that the very worst thing a man can +take, if he has to work or march in the sun, is spirits. There is +nothing that will predispose him to sunstroke as much as spirits. For +marching, walking, or shooting, in the sun, I know nothing like cold +tea without milk or sugar. It should be poured off the leaves after +infusing for two minutes.</p> +<p>When you reach shelter you can take a lemon squash or a +<i>cagelada</i>—this is the juice of cageles (a kind of orange) +with sugar and water—which is a most cooling drink. Never take +spirits to buck you up to your work. Whatever spirits you drink, let it +be after sunset. I am a believer in drinking wine at meals; it makes me +shudder to see people drinking tea, lemonade, or milk, with their +dinners, and laying up for themselves torments from dyspepsia, for +which they have to swallow pills by the boxful.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Ponies.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">There is a race of ponies in the islands that is +descended from Spanish and Arab horses, and owing to an absolutely +haphazard breeding, the size has diminished, although the symmetry has +been preserved. Those from Ilocos are the smallest, but they are the +hardiest and most spirited.</p> +<p>A pair of ponies and a Victoria is an absolute necessity for a lady +in Manila, and I have little doubt that an American judge would declare +the “failure to provide” to be cruelty and grant a divorce +if applied for.</p> +<p>Both harness and carriages are made in the city, but imported +harness can be had, better finished, at double the price.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e6920width" id="p185"><img src="images/p185.jpg" +alt="Fernery at Ermita." width="571" height="404"> +<p class="figureHead">Fernery at Ermita.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984"><i>To face p. 185.</i></p> +</div> +<p>In my time a fine pair of ponies could be bought for <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb185" href="#pb185" name="pb185">185</a>]</span>$200 +to $300; a new Victoria for $500, and harness for $60. The cost of +keeping a pair of ponies was $16 per month, and a coachman $12 per +month, food, and livery. What the cost is now I have no +information.</p> +<p>The public carriages were not fit for a lady to use, though +sometimes a suitable one could be hired by the week or month from a +livery stable.</p> +<p>The ponies are wonderfully strong and sure-footed. I weigh over 200 +lbs., yet some of these ponies have carried me about all day over rough +ground without stumbling. They carry a lady beautifully, and riding is +the best form of exercise a lady can take.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">The Garden.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The garden will be a great source of occupation to the +mistress of the house. If it is sheltered from the wind and supplied +with water, she can grow almost anything. And plants will come up +quickly, too, under the influence of the heat and moisture.</p> +<p>There are nursery gardens at Pasay, where all sorts of plants and +seedlings can be obtained; in fact, these are hawked about morning and +evening.</p> +<p>The so-called gardener rarely has much skill, but he will clean up +the garden and water it, and do what he is told.</p> +<p>The most beautiful and delicate ferns can be grown, and magnificent +orchids got to flower, if they are well sheltered in a mat-shed. +Bananas and pines grow without trouble, and radishes, salads, tomatoes, +cucumbers, and melons, can be raised.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Shops.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">You can get most things you want in Manila. The +drug-stores are mostly in German hands, but there is one English one +where the usual English articles can be got.</p> +<p>There is an ample supply of wines, spirits, and preserved provisions +at the grocers, and the drapers keep on hand any quantity of silks, +muslins, and piece-goods, with all the necessary fixings. French and +German shoes are in plenty.</p> +<p>The goods in the jewellers’ shops and in the fancy bazaars are +all of a very florid style, to suit the gaudy taste of the wealthy +Filipinos. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb186" href="#pb186" name= +"pb186">186</a>]</span></p> +<p>Such piece-goods and haberdashery as are in common use are brought +round to the ladies at their own houses by Chinese hawkers, who, having +small expenses, sell remarkably cheap.</p> +<p>They are always very civil and attentive, and will gladly get you +any article that they have not in stock at the moment.</p> +<p>Ladies save going about in the heat and dust by purchasing from +these men.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Amusements.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The amusements for ladies were limited to riding, +lawn-tennis, boating, picnics, and frequent dances. I remember many +delightful dances in Manila. One was given to the officers of the +U.S.S. <i>Brooklyn</i>, and another to the U.S.S. <i>Richmond</i>. At +the latter, the ladies were in <i>traje del pais</i>, <i>i.e.</i>, +dressed as natives and mestizas. And very handsome some of them looked. +Now and again some theatrical company would come over, mostly from +Saigon. There were a good many dinner parties given amongst the British +community, and weekly receptions at most of the principal houses, +during the time I lived in Manila, where you could get a little game of +cards, dance, flirt, or take it easy, just as you liked.</p> +<p>The ladies very wisely took a rest from two to four, to be fresh for +the evening. The proper hour for calling was at 9 P.M. or 10 A.M. on +Sundays after High Mass.</p> +<p>I knew several ladies, English and American, who look back upon a +term of years spent in Manila as the happiest in their lives.</p> +<p>Children born in Manila can remain there without damage to their +health till ten or twelve years old, and after having spent a few years +at home are indistinguishable from children born and brought up in +England.</p> +<p>The principal thing lacking in Manila is means of access to the +hills where people could go occasionally for a change and during the +hot season. I have little doubt that the Americans will provide this +before long.</p> +<p>Manila was not without its frivolous element; but there was one +period of the year when all frivolities were suspended, and religious +observances monopolised the people’s time. That was in Lent, and +the ceremonies culminated on Good Friday. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb187" href="#pb187" name="pb187">187</a>]</span></p> +<p>The Very Noble and always Loyal City of Manila celebrates the +greatest day of the Christian year very devoutly. On foot, and robed in +black, its inhabitants high and low throng the churches and attend the +procession.</p> +<p>All shops are closed, vehicular traffic is suspended, the ensigns +hang at half-mast, the yards of ships are crossed in saltire; not a +sound is heard.</p> +<p>The capital and the whole of the civilised Philippines mark the +crucifixion of our Saviour by two days of devotion, of solemn calm. +Under Spanish rule a stately procession, attended by the highest and +the humblest, filed slowly through the silent streets, the Civil +Government, the Law, the Army, the Navy, the Municipality and the +Religious Orders, being represented by deputations in full dress, who +followed bare-headed the emblems of the faith in the presence of an +immense crowd of natives, who bent the knee and bowed the head in +homage to the crucified Saviour.</p> +<p>I never failed to witness this imposing spectacle when in Manila, +and it was mortifying to me to remember that Good Friday in London is +nothing but a vulgar holiday, and that probably not one person out of a +hundred in its vast population realises in the least degree the event +that solemn fast is intended to commemorate.</p> +<p>The death-like stillness of Good Friday remained unbroken till High +Mass was over on Saturday morning, when the cathedral bells rang out a +joyous peal, soon taken up by the bells of the numerous churches in the +city and all over the provinces.</p> +<p>The ensigns were run up to the staff or peak, the yards were +squared, and royal salutes thundered out over land and sea, whilst +clouds of white smoke enveloped the moss-grown ramparts of the saluting +battery, and the useless, lumbering masts and spars of the flagship. +Then steam-whistles and sirens commenced their hideous din, the great +doors of the houses were thrown open, and hundreds of bare-backed +ponies, with half-naked grooms, issued at full gallop to the sea or +river.</p> +<p>Then Manila resumed its every-day life till the next Holy Thursday +came round. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb188" href="#pb188" name= +"pb188">188</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch20" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XX.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Sport.</h2> +<h2 class="sub">(<i>A Chapter for Men.</i>)</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">The Jockey Club—Training—The +races—An archbishop presiding—The Totalisator or Pari +Mutuel—The Manila Club—Boating club—Rifle +clubs—Shooting—Snipe—Wild +duck—Plover—Quail—Pigeons—Tabon—Labuyao, +or jungle cock—Pheasants—Deer—Wild pig—No sport +in fishing.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">Manila was not so badly off for sport as might be +thought. The pony-races, conducted under the auspices of the Jockey +Club, excited the greatest interest amongst all classes.</p> +<p>The ponies underwent their training at the race-course in Santa +Mesa, and their owners and other members of the club were provided with +early breakfast there. The native grooms took as much interest in the +success of the pony they attended as the owner, and they backed their +favourite for all they were worth.</p> +<p>Only members were allowed to ride, and the weights were remarkably +heavy for such small ponies. When the races came off, business was +almost suspended for three days, and all Manila appeared at the +race-course. There were sometimes two thousand vehicles and immense +crowds on foot.</p> +<p>The ladies in their most resplendent toilettes were received by the +stewards, presented with elegantly-bound programmes, and conducted to +their places on the grand stand.</p> +<p>Presently a military band would strike up the “Marcha +Réal,” as the Governor-General’s equipage entered +the enclosure, and that exalted personage, dressed in black frock coat +and silk hat, white trousers and waistcoat, with the crimson silk sash +of a general, just peeping from under his waistcoat, was conducted to +his box, followed by his suite and the favoured persons invited to join +his party. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb189" href="#pb189" name= +"pb189">189</a>]</span></p> +<p>The highest authority in the country presided and handed the prizes +to the winning jockeys, who were brought up to him by the +vice-president of the club. But on an occasion when the +Governor-General and Segundo Cabo were absent, I witnessed the races +which were presided over by no less a personage than His Grace the +Archbishop of Manila, Fray Pedro Payo, in his archiepiscopal garments, +and smoking a big Havana cigar. The old gentleman enjoyed the sport and +most graciously presented the handsome prizes to the winners.</p> +<p>Betting was conducted by the totalisator, or pari-mutuel, the bet +being five dollars, repeated as often as you liked. As I presume my +readers understand this system, I shall not describe it. The natives +bet amongst themselves to a considerable amount.</p> +<p>Pavilions were erected by different clubs or bodies, and a profuse +hospitality characterised each day. Winners of large silver cups +usually filled them with champagne and passed them round. Bets were +made with the ladies as an excuse for giving them presents. +Dinner-parties were given in the evenings at private houses, and there +were dinners at the clubs. There were two race-meetings in the year. No +doubt this sport, temporarily interrupted by insurrection and war, will +again flourish when tranquillity prevails.</p> +<p>There was a boating-club in connection with the British Club at +Nagtajan, now removed to Ermita, and some very good skiffs and boats +were available. There was a regatta and illuminated procession of boats +each year.</p> +<p>Polo clubs and rifle clubs had a rather precarious existence, except +that the Swiss Rifle Club was well kept up, and there were some +excellent shots in it. There was a lawn tennis club, which had ladies +and gentlemen as members, and some very good games were played there +and valuable prizes given.</p> +<p>Shooting was a favourite sport with many Englishmen and a few +mestizos.</p> +<p>Excellent snipe-shooting is to be had in all the paddy-fields around +Manila and the lake. But at San Pedro on the Pasig, there is a wide +expanse of rough ground with clumps of bushes, and it was here that the +most exciting sport was to be had, and it took some shooting to get the +birds as they flew across the openings between the bushes. +Snipe-shooting began in September, when the paddy was <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb190" href="#pb190" name="pb190">190</a>]</span>high +enough to give cover, and lasted to the end of November. The birds, +when they first arrived, were thin, but they soon put on flesh, and by +November were fat and in splendid condition for the table. There is no +better bird to be eaten anywhere than a Manila snipe. Bags of eighty +were sometimes made in a morning by two guns.</p> +<p>Excellent wild-duck and teal-shooting was to be got on and around +the lake and on the Pinag de Candaba, and wherever there was a sheet of +water. When crossing the lake I have seen wild fowl resting on the +surface in such enormous numbers that they looked like sandbanks. They +are not easy to approach, but I have killed some by firing a rifle into +the flock. The crested-lapwing and the golden-plover are in plenty, and +on the seashores widgeon and curlew abound. Inland, on the stubbles, +there are plenty of quail. Pigeons of all sorts, sizes, and colours, +abound at all times, especially when the dap-dap tree opens its large +crimson blossoms. Some kinds of brush-turkeys, such as the tabon, a +bird (<i>Megapodius cuningi</i>) the size of a partridge, that lays an +egg as large as a goose egg and buries it in a mound of gravel by the +shore, are found.</p> +<p>The labuyao, or jungle cock, is rare and not easy to shoot in a +sportsmanlike way, although a poacher could easily shoot them on a +moonlight night.</p> +<p>In the Southern Islands some remarkable pheasants of most brilliant +plumage are to be found, and whilst in Palawan I obtained two good +specimens of the pavito real (<i>Polyplectron Napoleonis</i>), a very +handsome game bird with two sharp spurs on each leg. They are rather +larger than a partridge, but their fan-shaped tails have two rows of +eyes like a peacock’s tail, there being four eyes in each +feather.</p> +<p>Deer and wild-pig abound, and can be shot within four hours’ +journey of Manila by road. Round about Montalban is a good place for +them. They are plentiful at Jala-jala, on the lake at Porac in +Pampanga, and round about the Puerto Jamelo and Pico de Loro, at the +mouth of Manila Bay. In fact, they are found wherever there is cover +and pasture for them. The season is from December to April.</p> +<p>The usual way is to go with a party of five or six guns and employ +some thirty native beaters, each bringing one or two dogs.</p> +<p>The guns are stationed in suitable spots and the beaters and their +dogs, fetching a compass, extend their line and <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb191" href="#pb191" name= +"pb191">191</a>]</span>drive the game up to the guns. This is rather an +expensive amusement, as you have to pay and feed the beaters and their +dogs; but it is very good sport, and in proceeding and returning to +camp from two beats in the morning and two in the afternoon, you got +quite as much exercise as you want or as is good for you. The venison +and wild-pig is very good eating, but it is difficult to get it to +Manila fresh, whatever precautions you take.</p> +<p>Taken all round, Luzon is well supplied with game, and may be +considered satisfactory from a sportsman’s point of view.</p> +<p>There is no sport to be had in fishing; in Luzon, so far as I know, +there are no game fish. When living on the banks of the Rio Grande, +near Macabébe, I noticed some natives taking fish at night by +placing a torch on the bow of a canoe, which was paddled by one man +slowly along near the bank, another man standing in the bow with a +fish-spear of three prongs, similar to the “grains” used in +England. As the fish came up to the light he struck at them with his +spear and managed to pick up a good many.</p> +<p>This appeared good sport, and I arranged for a native to come for me +in a canoe with torch, and I borrowed a spear. We started off, but +there was some difficulty in standing up in a small, narrow canoe, and +darting the spear. My first stroke was a miss, the fish escaped; my +second, however, was all right, and I shook my catch off the spear into +the canoe, but the native shouted out, “Másamang +áhas pó!” (a poisonous snake, sir) not forgetting +to be polite even in that somewhat urgent situation. The snake was +wriggling towards me, but I promptly picked him up again on the spear +and threw him overboard, much to my own relief and that of the +Pampanga.</p> +<p>It was one of those black and yellow water-snakes, reputed as +poisonous. That was enough fishing for me, and I remembered that I had +a particular appointment at home, and left fishing to +professionals.</p> +<p>Curiously enough, fish cannot be taken by the trawl, for a mestizo +got out a trawling steamer with gear, and men to handle it, and after +repeated trials in different places, had to give it up as a bad job. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb192" href="#pb192" name= +"pb192">192</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch21" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XXI.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Brief Geographical Description of Luzon.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">Irregular +shape—Harbours—Bays—Mountain ranges—Blank +spaces on maps—North-east coast unexplored—River and valley +of Cagayan—Central valley from Bay of Lingayen to Bay of +Manila—Rivers Agno, Chico, Grande—The Pinag of +Candaba—Project for draining—River Pasig—Laguna de +Bay—Lake of Taal—Scene of a cataclysm—Collapse of a +volcanic cone 8000 feet high—Black and frowning island of +Mindoro—Worcester’s pluck and endurance—Placers of +Camarines—River Bicol—The wondrous purple cone of +Mayon—Luxuriant vegetation.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The island of Luzon is of so irregular a shape that it +cannot be intelligibly described without the aid of a map.</p> +<p>That part of it to the north and west of the isthmus of Tayabas lies +with its longitudinal axis due north and south, and has a fairly even +coast line, there being only two great indentations, the Bays of +Lingayen and Manila, both on the west coast. There are also on that +side and to the south the smaller bays of Subic, Balayan, Batangas, and +Tayabas.</p> +<p>On the east coast of this northern part are the unimportant bays of +Palanan, Dilasac, Casiguran and Baler, besides the great bay of Lamon, +sheltered by the islands Calbalete and Alabat.</p> +<p>But in the remainder of Luzon, from the isthmus of Tayabas eastward +and southward, the coast line is most irregular, and the width much +reduced. A chain of mountains commencing at and forming the two +above-mentioned islands and running in a south-easterly direction forms +the peninsula of Tayabas.</p> +<p>Another range, starting near the Bay of Sogod, runs a little south +of east as far as Mount Labo (1552 metres), turns south-east, and runs +along the southern shore of the fertile valley of the River Vicol, and +with many a break <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb193" href="#pb193" +name="pb193">193</a>]</span>and twist and turn reaches Mount Bulusan, +whose slopes run down to the waters of the Strait of San Bernardino. +The convolutions of this range form on the south the secure harbour of +Sorsogon, and on the north the bays of Albay, Tabaco, Lagonoy and +Sogod, besides a multitude of smaller ports and bays, for the coast +line is wonderfully broken up by spurs of the main ranges running out +into the sea. Luzon generally is very mountainous, and more especially +so that part lying to the north of 16° 5′, where the great +ranges of mountains run in crooked lines but with general north and +south direction. The range running parallel to the Pacific coast is +called, in its most southern part, the Caraballos de Baler, and the +rest of it, up to Punta Escarpada, is known as the Cordillera del Este, +or the Sierra Madre. The central range, starting from Mount Caraballo +in the latitude before mentioned, is called the Cordillera Central for +about a degree of latitude, and from there is known as the Cordillera +del Norte, terminating at Punta Lacatacay, in longitude 121° east +of Greenwich.</p> +<p>The mountains on the western coast are not so lofty, nor do they +form a connected range. They are known as the Sierras de Ilocos. Some +of these ranges are thirty or forty miles long. There are cuts in +places where rivers find an outlet to the sea, such as the Rio Grande +de Laoag, the Rio Abra, and some lesser streams. All these ranges have +spurs or buttresses. Those of the Central Cordillera extend as far, and +join with, the coast range on the west, covering the whole country and +leaving no large plain anywhere, for the valley of the Abra though long +is very narrow. There is a little flat land about Vigan.</p> +<p>But the eastern spurs of the central range, in the part of Luzon +under consideration, do not interlace with the spurs of Sierra Madre, +but leave a magnificent valley more than two degrees of latitude in +length and varying breadth. This is the only great valley of northern +Luzon, and through it runs the Rio Grande de Cagayan and its +tributaries, the Magat and the Rio Chico, with numerous minor +streams.</p> +<p>Coasting steamers with about twelve feet draught cross the bar of +the Rio Grande and lie at Aparri. The river is navigable in the dry +season as far as Alcalá for light draught steamers. Alligators +abound in these rivers. In this valley, which extends through the +provinces of Cagayan and Isabela up into Nueva Vizcaya, there is to be +found a great extension of rich alluvial soil on which can be raised, +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb194" href="#pb194" name= +"pb194">194</a>]</span>besides other tropical crops, most excellent +tobacco, the cultivation of which was for many years obligatory upon +the inhabitants, who were forbidden to grow rice.</p> +<p>Little has been done in the way of making a trigonometrical survey +of the Highlands of Luzon, but some military reconnaissance sketches +have been made from time to time by staff or engineer officers employed +in building forts, and from these several maps have been compiled. One +of the most complete of these is by that intrepid explorer and +painstaking geographer, D’Almonte. Another map has been published +by Colonel Olleros. It must be admitted that these maps do not agree +with each other, but that is not unusual in maps of the Philippines, +and results from a custom of the Spanish engineers of doing too much in +the office and not enough in the field. Colonel Olleros has, however, +on his map shown the lesser known mountain ranges very vaguely, and has +left more than a thousand square miles of territory quite blank. This +tract lies between the central range and the Cagayan River, and is +inhabited by the Apayaos, Calingas, Aripas, and Nabayuganes. Olleros +also leaves some large blanks on the east coast, and he is quite right +to do so, for this coast has hardly been visited since Salcedo sailed +past it at the time of the Conquest, and nothing is known about that +part of the island which remains to this day in possession of the +savage Dumagas, a Negrito tribe. That coast is almost entirely +destitute of shelter, and is exposed to the full force of the Pacific +surf. It is made more dangerous by tidal waves which are formed either +by distant cyclones or by submarine upheavals and occur without +warning.</p> +<p>The largest and richest valley in Luzon is that which extends +without a break from the shores of the Bay of Lingayen to the Bay of +Manila, having an area of some 3000 square miles, and comprising the +best part of the Provinces of Pangasinan, Tarlac, Nueva Écija, +Pampanga, Bulacan and Manila.</p> +<p>The town of Tarlac is situated about half-way between the two bays, +and approximately marks the watershed. About half-way between Tarlac +and the northern shores of Manila Bay there rises from the plain an +isolated mountain of volcanic origin, Mount Arayat. The crater has been +split through and the mountain thus shows two peaks. It is covered with +forest to the very summit. Arayat was thrown up within historic times, +and the Indians have a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb195" href= +"#pb195" name="pb195">195</a>]</span>tradition that it was completed in +one night, which is a most unlikely story.</p> +<p>Mount Arayat is 2880 feet in height, and in fine weather is plainly +visible from Manila and Cavite, and even from the mouth of the bay.</p> +<p>The principal rivers of this valley are the Agno, the Dagupan, the +Rio Grande and the Rio Chico of Pampanga.</p> +<p>The Agno rises in the mountains of Lepanto, runs south through the +province of Benguet, and S.W., W. and N.W. in Pangasinan into a +labyrinth of creeks communicating by many mouths with the Bay of +Lingayen. The river between Dagupan and San Isidro is navigable for +vessels drawing seven or eight feet, and such craft could reach Salasa. +From there to Rosales only lighters of very small draught could pass, +and after a long spell of dry weather rice-boats drawing only one foot +sometimes run aground. Its principal tributaries are the Tarlac and the +Camiling, with dozens of smaller streams bringing the whole drainage of +the eastern slopes of the Zambales mountains from Mount Iba to San +Isidro.</p> +<p>The Dagupan river rises in the mountains about the limits of Union +and Benguet and runs parallel to the Agno to 16° N. lat., and +between it and the sea. Then it turns to the westward, and runs past +the towns of Urdaneta, Sta, Barbara, and Calasiao, entering the Bay of +Lingayen at Dagupan. It has a multitude of small tributaries which are +very differently shown on D’Almonte’s and Olleros’ +maps, and undoubtedly this part has never been surveyed.</p> +<p>The Pampanga river has its source on the southern slopes of the +Caraballo, in about 16° 10′ N. lat. It runs south in two +branches, the Rio Grande and the Rio Chico; the first, being the +easternmost, receives the drainage from the western slopes of the +Cordillera del Este, whilst the Chico receives tributaries from both +sides in the flat country and also the overflow from the Lake of +Canarem.</p> +<p>These two branches unite just north of Mount Arayat, and continue in +a southerly direction. The river is navigable for small craft drawing +three feet as far as Candaba in the dry season, and in the rainy season +as far as San Isidro in Nueva Écija. When in flood during the +rainy season, this river brings down a large body of water and annually +overflows its banks in certain places, where gaps occur. The escaping +water spreads itself over a low plain forming an inundation some +sixteen miles long and several miles wide, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb196" href="#pb196" name= +"pb196">196</a>]</span>called the Pinag de Candaba. This remains during +the rainy season, and when the level of the Rio Grande has fallen +sufficiently, the water of the Pinag commences to fall also, and during +the middle and latter part of the dry season, and the beginning of the +rainy season, only patches of water remain here and there, which are +utilized for breeding fish, and a crop is raised on the land left dry. +A project for draining the Pinag and reclaiming the land was many years +ago got up by a Spanish colonel of engineers, and, at the request of an +English company, I went up to investigate and report on it. I found +that, irrespective of the difficulties and expense of the proposed +works, the vested rights of the natives of the many towns and villages +in and around the Pinag rendered it impossible to carry out the +scheme.</p> +<p>Vast flocks of wild duck and other water-fowl frequent the Pinag, +and good sport is to be had there. Below the Pinag the river spreads +itself over the low country, forming a labyrinths of creeks mostly +navigable for craft drawing three to four feet, but the mouths are all +very shallow and the bars can only be crossed about high tide. The +water is brackish or salt. An immense extent of country is intersected +by these creeks, certainly 200 square miles, and there are said to be +120 mouths connecting with the bay. With the exception of two or three +of the principal channels, this swamp has never been surveyed, and what +is shown on the map is merely guessed at. The muddy soil is covered +with mangrove in the low parts submerged at each tide, and with the +Nipa palm where the banks rise above high water. Under the heading +Pampangos will be found particulars of the manufacture of nipa-thatch +carried on here, and of collecting and distilling the juice. With the +exception of a few half-savage natives the only living things are +wildfowl, fish in abundance, alligators, snakes, and blue crabs. This +is indeed a great dismal swamp, more especially at low tide.</p> +<p>It is difficult to find one’s way in these creeks, and +although I frequently traversed them, I found it necessary to take a +swamp Indian as a guide.</p> +<p>The city of Manila is situated astride the River Pasig on a strip of +land between the Bay of Manila and a great sheet of freshwater called +the Lake of Bay. In consequence of this situation, Manila can +communicate by the bay, the lake, the creeks and rivers with the +provinces of Bataan, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb197" href="#pb197" +name="pb197">197</a>]</span>Pampanga, Nueva Écija, Bulacan, +Morong, Laguna, and Cavite. Until the opening of the Manila-Dagupan +railroad the whole transport of the Archipelago was by water, and the +possession of navigable rivers meant progress and wealth, whilst the +absence of rivers meant stagnation and poverty. Around the city the +land is quite flat, but at about four miles distance there is a sharp +rise to a plateau of volcanic tuff, the surface of which is from sixty +to eighty feet above sea level, of which more anon. The River Pasig is +the overflow from the lake and the outlet for the River San Mateo, +which runs into it at right angles. The lake serves as a receiver for +the great floods that come down the San Mateo valley; for the level of +that river at Santolan, the intake of the waterworks, sometimes rises +more than twenty feet. When this occurs, the flood on reaching the +Pasig is divided; part runs into the lake, and part into the bay. The +current of the Pasig in that part between the junction of the San Mateo +and the outlet from the lake is reversed. Then when the flood subsides, +the water which has entered the lake runs out very slowly into the bay, +for the head produced by the greatest flood becomes insignificant from +being spread over the vast extent of the lake.</p> +<p>Rice, sugar, cocoa-nuts, bamboos, timber, and fruits are the +principal products of the province of La Laguna. The inhabitants supply +the Manila markets with poultry. The Pasig and the lake are navigated +by light draught steamers which ply daily to Biñan, Calamba, and +Santa Cruz. There are also numerous native small craft, which bring +down the produce. To the south of Manila the province of Cavite slopes +gently up from the shores of the bay and from the lake to the high +cliffs at the northern end of the volcanic lake of Taal. The valley is +intersected by numerous streams all of which run into the bay. Part of +this province, near Manila, is a stony and sandy desert, but other +parts of it are extremely fertile, and large crops of rice, with some +coffee, and cacao, and fruits, are raised. The Augustinians and +Dominicans have large estates here, and have expended considerable sums +on dams to retain water for irrigation.</p> +<p>The Lake of Bombon, or Taal, has in its centre an island containing +the remains of the volcano. From the nature of the surrounding country +it is conjectured that on the spot now occupied by the lake a volcanic +mountain, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb198" href="#pb198" name= +"pb198">198</a>]</span>some 8000 feet high, formerly stood. The great +bed of volcanic tuff already mentioned, extending from thence up to +Meycauayan more than sixty miles distant, is thought to have been +ejected from that lofty volcano, leaving a vast hollow cone, which +ultimately collapsed, causing a convulsion in the surrounding country +that must have rivalled the famous cataclysm of Krakatoa. This is the +opinion of D. José Centeno, a mining engineer employed by the +Spanish Government, and was fully confirmed by my learned friend, the +late Rev. J. E. Tenison-Wood, who carefully examined the locality, and +studied all the records.</p> +<p>The province of Batangas is very rich and fertile; it has some +mountains, but also a considerable extension of sloping or flat land. +In beauty it will compare with the best parts of Surrey, such as the +view from Leith Hill, looking south. Sugar and coffee are the principal +products, and the towns of Taal, Baúang, Batangas, and Lipa are +amongst the wealthiest of Luzon. The fields are well cultivated, and +oxen are much used, both for ploughing and for drawing carts. The beef +in this province is excellent.</p> +<p>Opposite to this beautiful and wealthy province lies the huge island +of Mindoro. Ever black and gloomy does it look, its lofty mountains +almost perpetually shrouded in rain-clouds. When I lived in Balayan I +had a good view of this island from my windows, and can scarcely +remember its looking otherwise than dark and forbidding. Nothing comes +from it but timber and jungle produce. There are known to be some beds +of lignite. Only the coast is known, and the jungle fever prevents +exploration. The island of Marinduque is healthier and more advanced. +It produces hemp of fine quality.</p> +<p>The province of Tayabas is very mountainous, and is still mostly +covered with forest; there are no wide valleys of alluvial soil. Some +rice is grown, also large quantities of cocoa-nuts, and some coffee and +cacao. Timber and jungle produce form the principal exports. I have +seen many specimens of minerals from this province and think it would +be well worth prospecting. But the climate is unhealthy, and dangerous +fevers prevail. This circumstance has been useful to the Spanish +Government, for when a governor or official had made himself disliked +he could be appointed to Tayabas with a fair prospect of getting rid of +him either by death or by invaliding in two or three years at most. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb199" href="#pb199" name= +"pb199">199</a>]</span></p> +<p>Camarines Norte is also mountainous, and there is not much +cultivation, only a little rice and hemp. The population is very +sparse, and the inhabitants are mostly employed (when they do anything) +in washing for gold at Mambulao, Paracale, and other places on the +Pacific coast. If they strike a pocket, or get a nugget, they go on the +spree till they have spent it all and can get no more credit, and then +unwillingly return to work. Camarines Sur possesses a wide expanse of +fertile soil in the valley of the River Bicol, in which are the Lakes +of Buhi and Bato, and the Pinag of Baao. The Bicol rises in the +province of Albay and runs through the whole length of Camarines Sur, +generally in a north-westerly direction, running into the great Bay of +San Miguel. It is navigable for small vessels up to the town of Nueva +Cáceres. Alligators abound here. A gap in the coast range gives +access to this valley from the port of Pasacao. The ground is level for +leagues around, yet from this plain two extinct volcanoes rear their +vast bulk, the Ysarog, 6500 feet high, and the Yriga, nearly 4000 feet +high. Camarines Sur contains more than five times as many inhabitants +as Camarines Norte, although not very different in area. Their +principal occupation is the cultivation of the extensive rice lands. +They also produce some hemp and a little sugar. Large quantities of +rice are exported to Manila, to Albay, and to Bisayas. Cattle are +raised in the island of Buriás, which belongs to this province; +it also produces some palm sugar. This province is much richer than +either Tayabas or Camarines Norte.</p> +<p>The province of Albay is the southernmost and easternmost part of +Luzon, and is one of the richest and most beautiful regions of that +splendid island. The northern part, which commences at Punta Gorda on +the Bay of Lagonoy, is similar to the neighbouring Camarines Sur, as is +also the western part, about the shores of Lake Bato. A little to the +southward, however, the gigantic Mayon rears its peak 8000 feet into +the sky. The symmetry of this wondrous cone is but feebly rendered by +the photograph. Some of the most violent eruptions of this remarkable +volcano are mentioned under another heading in the Appendix.</p> +<p>On this volcanic soil, with the life-giving heat of the sun tempered +by frequent rains, the vegetable kingdom flourishes in the utmost +luxuriance. Tree-ferns, lianas, orchids, palms grow vigorously. On the +mountain slopes <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb200" href="#pb200" +name="pb200">200</a>]</span>the <i>Musa textilis</i>, or abacá +plant, finds its most congenial habitat. Little rice is grown, the +inhabitants being mostly engaged in the more remunerative occupation of +planting and preparing this fibre.</p> +<p>A description of the manner of its preparation, with photographs of +the growing plants and of the apparatus for cleaning the fibre, will be +found under the description of the Vicols.</p> +<p>The island of Catanduanes belongs to Albay province, and its +characteristics and productions are the same. The configuration of the +province of Albay is most favourable to the production of this fibre. +The plant seems to require a light volcanic soil, a certain height +above the sea, and exposure to the Pacific breezes in order to +flourish.</p> +<p>To summarise the description of Luzon we may say that its +agricultural wealth, present and future, lies in the valley of the Rio +Grande of Cagayan, in the great valley lying between the Gulf of +Lingayen and the shores of the Bay of Manila, in the rich lands of +Cavite, Batangas, and Laguna, in the valley of the River Bicol, and on +the slopes of the volcanoes of Albay.</p> +<p>The production of the great northern valley is principally tobacco; +of the middle valley, sugar and rice; of the southern valley, rice, and +of the volcanic slopes, Manila hemp. The Sierras of Ilocos are highly +mineralised, as are also the mountains of Tayabas, whilst as already +stated washing for gold is the principal industry of Camarines Norte. +Parts of this great island, as in Bulacan and Pampanga, support a dense +population of 500 to the square mile; whilst, in other parts, hundreds +or even thousands of square miles are absolutely unknown, and are only +populated by a few scattered and wandering savages, many of whom have +never seen a white man. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb201" href= +"#pb201" name="pb201">201</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div0 part"> +<h2 class="main">The Inhabitants of the Philippines.</h2> +<p class="first"><i>Description of their appearance, dress, arms, +religion, manners and customs, and the localities they inhabit, their +agriculture, industries and pursuits, with suggestions as to how they +can be utilized, commercially and politically. With many unpublished +photographs of natives, their arms, ornaments, sepulchres, and +idols.</i></p> +<div id="ch22" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XXII.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Aetas or Negritos, Including Balúgas, +Dumágas, Mamanúas, and Manguiánes.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">These people are generally considered to be the +aborigines of the Philippines, and perhaps at one time inhabited the +entire group. The invasion of the Malays dispossessed them of the +littoral, and of the principal river valleys, and the Spanish Conquest +drove them gradually back into the mountains. It seems strange that +these irreclaimable savages should be able from their eyries on Mount +Mariveles to distinguish a great city with its Royal and Pontifical +University and yet remain unconverted, uncivilised, and independent of +all authority, just as they were before Legaspi arrived.</p> +<p>They are a race of negroid dwarfs of a sooty black colour, with +woolly hair, which they wear short, strong jaws, thick lips, and broad +flat noses. The men I have seen in the jungle near Porac and at +Mariveles were about 4 feet 8 inches in height, and the women about a +couple of inches shorter. The men only wore a cord round the waist with +a cloth passed between their legs. The women wore a piece of cloth +around the hips, and as ornaments some strings of beads round their +necks. However, like many other <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb202" +href="#pb202" name="pb202">202</a>]</span>savages in the Philippines +and elsewhere, those of them, both men and women, who are accustomed to +traffic with the Christian natives, are possessed of clothes which they +put on whenever they enter a village. Their appearance was not +prepossessing; the skin of a savage is rarely in good order or free +from some scaly eruption, and the stomach is commonly unduly distended +from devouring large quantities of vegetable food of an innutritious +character. Still they were not so unpleasing as might be supposed, for +although their figures are not good according to our standards, nor are +their muscles well developed, either on arms or legs, yet there was a +litheness about them that gave promise of extreme agility and great +speed in running. As a matter of fact, they do run fast, and climb +trees in a surprising way. The Tagals and other Malays who go +barefooted use their toes to pick up an object on the ground rather +than stoop as a European would do, but the toes of the Negritos are +more like fingers. They come near the Quadrumanes in this respect. The +men carried bows, about five feet six inches long and a quiver full of +iron-pointed arrows—also a wood-knife, or <i>bolo</i>, very +roughly made. The former they make themselves; but the latter they +obtain from the Tagals. I can confirm from my own experience a +statement of various travellers, that they are fond of lying close to +fires or in the warm ashes, for when I arrived at a bivouac of these +people near Porac, their skins were covered with ashes, and I saw that +they had recently arisen from their favourite lair, the prints of their +forms being plainly visible. They had with them some wretched +starveling dogs which assist them in the chase.</p> +<p>It would seem that the Negritos must be descended from a race which +formerly extended over a vast area, for remains of them exist in +Southern India, in the mountains of Ceylon, and in the Andaman +Islands.</p> +<p>In the Malay Peninsula they are called Semang. From the description +of them given by Hugh Clifford, in his interesting book, ‘In +Court and Kampong,’ they appear to be identical with the +Philippine Negritos. Crauford, in his ‘History of the Indian +Archipelago,’ gives the measurement of a Negrito from the hills +of Kêdah as four feet nine inches. Mr. F. V. Christian, in a +paper recently read before the Royal Geographical Society, stated that +he had found tombs of Negritos on Pónapé one of the +Caroline group. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb203" href="#pb203" +name="pb203">203</a>]</span></p> +<p>The Negritos build no houses, and are nomadic, in the sense of +moving about within a certain district. They live in groups of twenty +or thirty under a chief or elder, and take his advice about camping and +breaking up camp, which they do according to the seasons, the ripening +of jungle fruit, movements of game, etc. They seem to have great +reverence for their dead and for their burial-grounds, and apparently +dislike going far away from these places where they suppose the souls +of their ancestors are wandering. They bury their dead, placing with +them food and weapons for their use, and erect a rough shelter over the +graves.</p> +<p>It would be curious to learn the opinion of these poor savages on +the proceedings of some learned Teuton, prowling around their +graveyards in search of skulls and skeletons for the Berlin or Dresden +Ethnographical Museum.</p> +<p>They have no tribal organisation and even make war on other groups, +seeking victims for the death-vengeance. They are therefore unable to +assemble in large numbers; nor is it easy to see how they could subsist +if they did so. They put up rough sloping shelters against the sun and +wind, consisting of a framework of saplings or canes, covered with +coarse plaited mats of leaves which they carry with them when they move +their camp.</p> +<p>In Pampanga and Bataan, they are occasionally guilty of cattle +stealing, and even of murdering Christians, if a favourable opportunity +presents itself. In such a case an expedition of the Cuadrilleros of +the neighbouring towns is sent against them.</p> +<p>If they can be found, their bows and arrows are no match for the +muskets of the Cuadrilleros, and some of them are sure to be killed. +After a time peace is restored.</p> +<p>The trade for jungle produce is too profitable to the Christians for +them to renounce it, whatever the authorities may order.</p> +<p>The Negritos do not cultivate the ground but subsist on jungle +fruits and edible roots, their great luxury is the wild honey which +they greedily devour, and they barter the wax with the Christians for +rice and sweet potatoes. They also hunt the deer and wild pigs, and as +Blumentritt says, they eat everything that crawls, runs, swims, or +flies, if they can get it. They chew <i>buyo</i> like the Tagals and +other Malays, and are inordinately fond of smoking.</p> +<p>They are said to hold the lighted end of their cigars in +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb204" href="#pb204" name= +"pb204">204</a>]</span>their mouths, a thing I have seen done by the +negroes on the Isthmus of Panama.</p> +<p>They appear to have no religion, but are very superstitious. They +celebrate dances at the time of full moon, the women forming a ring and +the men another ring outside them, something like a figure in the +Kitchen Lancers. They move round to the sound of some rude musical +instruments in opposite directions.</p> +<p>Whether this performance is intended as a mark of respect to the +moon, or is merely held at the full for the convenience of the light, I +cannot say.</p> +<p>Several travellers have stated that they sacrifice pigs when it +thunders. As thunder-storms are very frequent and often of +extraordinary violence in the Philippines, this custom would imply the +possession of a large number of pigs on the part of the Negritos. Those +of Mariveles and of the Zambales mountains do not appear to possess any +domestic animals, except dogs, and they find it difficult to kill the +wild pigs, active as they are. Consequently, I think this must apply to +those Negrito tribes, such as the Balúgas and Dumágas, of +whose condition I shall speak later. They are also said to offer up +prayers to the rainbow. This offering can be made with greater ease +than the sacrifice of a pig, but the frequency of rainbows at certain +seasons will keep them pretty closely to their devotions.</p> +<p>Ratzel, ‘History of Mankind,’ vol. i., p. 471, says: +Among the Negritos of Luzon, a fabulous beast with a horse’s head +which lives in trees is venerated under the name of Balendik. And on p. +478: When killing an animal, the Negritos fling a piece heavenwards +crying out at the same time, “This is for thee.”</p> +<p>They show great respect for old age, and the British War Office +might learn something from them for they are reported to tend with love +and care every old man of warlike repute.</p> +<p>Their language largely consists of curious clicks and grunts, and +those of them who trade with the Christians usually learn enough of the +local dialect to do the necessary bargaining.</p> +<p>There are some varieties of the Negritos who are more or less mixed +up with the Malays, but their origin is not clear.</p> +<p>The Malay women are very unprejudiced, perhaps there <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb205" href="#pb205" name="pb205">205</a>]</span>are +no women on earth more ready to form temporary or permanent alliances +with foreigners: they do not disdain even the Chinamen. They perhaps do +not like them, but they know that John Chinaman makes a good husband, +provides liberally for his family, and does not expect his wife to do +any hard work.</p> +<p>By some writers the Malay women, notably the Visayas, are accused of +unbounded sensuality (Anto. de Morga. <span lang="es">Sucesos de +Filipinas</span>), but anyhow the Tagal women draw the line at +Negritos, and will have nothing to do with them.</p> +<p>Fray Gaspar de San Agustin however thought that the Visaya women +would not be so particular.</p> +<p>This being so, the hybrid races in Luzon must have sprung from the +union of Remontados—that is to say, of Malays who took refuge in +the hills either from a natural love for savage life, or as fugitives +from justice—with the Negrito women.</p> +<p>Amongst these varieties are the <i>Balúgas</i>, who live in +the eastern cordillera of Nueva Écija, in north and south +Ilocos, and in the mountains of Tayabas. Some of these people have +advanced a step in civilisation, they build huts and do a little rude +cultivation.</p> +<p>The <i>Dumágas</i>, another hybrid race, occupy the eastern +slopes of the Sierra Madre from the northern frontier of El Principe +district to the Bay of Palanan, where the last Tagal village is +situated, the Tagals thinly peopling the shores. But from Palanan to +Punta Escarpada the whole coast is in the undisputed possession of the +<i>Dumágas</i>.</p> +<p>The <i>Dumágas</i> keep up a friendly communication with the +few Christian villages near them, and do a small trade with them. They +even work on their lands and help in fishing for a small remuneration, +generally paid in cotton cloth.</p> +<p>They have no known religion, they marry without ceremony, and are +said to disregard the ties of kinship.</p> +<p>Those who live far from the Christian villages are said to be +entirely brutal and devoid of all virtue, for they will sell their own +children for a little rice. They are almost irreclaimable from their +savage and independent character.</p> +<p>Some of these <i>Dumágas</i> live amongst the <i>Irayas</i> +and the <i>Catalangánes</i>, two heathen and semi-independent +tribes showing signs of Mongolian blood, who occupy a considerable +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb206" href="#pb206" name= +"pb206">206</a>]</span>stretch of country in the province of Cagayan +between the Rio Grande and the Sierra Madre, say about twenty +geographical miles north and south of the 17th parallel. These +<i>Dumágas</i> intermarry with the tribes they live amongst, and +have adopted their dress, religion, and customs.</p> +<p>The <i>Mamanúas</i>, also a hybrid race, inhabit the +mountains of the north-east promontory of Mindanao. They are few in +number. There were, in 1887, four Jesuit mission stations amongst them, +three of which are on Lake Mainit, or Sapongan, as it is called on some +maps.</p> +<p>The <i>Manguiánes</i>, who are probably a hybrid +Negrito-Visaya race, occupy almost the whole interior of Mindoro, up to +within two leagues of the coast. There are a few in the mountains of +Romblon and Tablas. There are three varieties of these people, those +residing near the western coast are much whiter, with lighter hair and +full beards.</p> +<p>Those living in the centre of the island are of a darker colour, +have sloping foreheads and less intelligence, while those of the +southern part, by their oblique eyes, aquiline noses and olive colour, +show signs of Chinese blood.</p> +<p>They are docile and do not fly from civilised man. A primitive +agriculture and the collection of jungle produce enables them to obtain +from the Christians, in exchange, rice, knives, bells, gongs, tobacco, +and buyo. They are not much advanced in religion, but are very +superstitious. They believe that the spirits of their ancestors and +relations never leave the places where they lived, but remain to +protect their descendants and families. There is noted amongst these +people a strong sense of morality and honesty, which unfortunately is +not recognised by their Christian neighbours, who are accustomed to +oppress them with the most exaggerated usury.</p> +<p>Since these words were written, Dean C. Worcester has published his +book on the Philippines, and amply confirms these remarks. He saw a +good deal of the <i>Manguiánes</i>, and bears testimony to their +honesty and morality, and adds: “On the whole, after making +somewhat extensive observations amongst the Philippine natives, I am +inclined to formulate the law that their morals improve as the square +of the distance from churches and other civilising +influences.”</p> +<div class="figure xd20e7309width" id="p207"><img src="images/p207.jpg" +alt="A Negrito from Negros Island." width="720" height="592"> +<p class="figureHead">A Negrito from Negros Island.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984"><i>To face p. 207.</i></p> +</div> +<p>He gives some particulars of their laws, and of their ordeals, which +are common to many of the Malays. There <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb207" href="#pb207" name="pb207">207</a>]</span>are some +<i>Manguiánes</i> in the Island of Palawan. They inhabit the +mountains in the interior of the southern part of the island, and +little is known about them, for the pirate races, or Mahometan Malays, +who occupy the coasts, keep a strict watch to prevent their +communicating with outsiders.</p> +<p>The few who have been seen by the Spaniards, are said to be +industrious, and physically similar to the <i>Tagbanuas</i>. Their +customs are said to be influenced by their constant intercourse with +the Mahometans. They were thought to number about 4000 in 1887, by Don +Felipe Canga Arguelles, the Governor of the Island. The Moors appear to +oppress the <i>Manguiánes</i> of Palawan much as the Christian +natives do the <i>Manguiánes</i> of Mindoro.</p> +<p>The illustration represents a <i>Negrito</i> from the Island of +Negros, a very favourable specimen of his race. He wears the head-dress +of a chief, and is armed with a bow and arrow of portentous length. His +figure, though not muscular, gives promise of great agility.</p> +<p>The <i>Negritos</i> of Palawan are few in number, and resemble those +of Mariveles. They use a piece of cloth, made of the inner bark of a +tree as their only garment. They call this the Saligan. They inhabit +the upper parts of the mountains between Babuyan and Barbacan, say from +10° to 10° 20′ N. latitude. They do a little agriculture +in a primitive fashion. The men clear the land, the men and women +together do the planting, and the women alone the reaping.</p> +<p>Their arms are bows and arrows, and the only education of the young +is in archery, which is taught them by their mothers from their +earliest infancy.</p> +<p>They are said to be generous, hospitable, and inoffensive, but +extremely revengeful if they are ill-treated. They have no religion, +but perform certain ceremonies from time to time. Canga-Arguelles +computed them to number about 500 in 1887.</p> +<p>The only use the <i>Negritos</i> can be to the United States will be +as a subject of study for the elucidation of problems in ethnography, +and to furnish skeletons for the museums. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb208" href="#pb208" name="pb208">208</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div0 part"> +<h2 class="label">Part I.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Luzon and Adjacent Islands.</h2> +<div id="ch23" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="main">Chapter XXIII.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Tagals (1).<a class="noteref" id="xd20e7364src" href= +"#xd20e7364" name="xd20e7364src">1</a></h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The most important race in the Archipelago is the +Tagal, or Tagalog, inhabiting Central Luzon, including the following +provinces:—</p> +<p>Batangas, Bulacan, Bataan, Camarines Norte, Cavite, Laguna, Manila, +part of Nueva Écija and Tayabas, the districts of Infanta, +Morong, and part of Principe, also the Island of Corregidor and the +coast of Mindoro. They probably number about one million five hundred +thousand souls.</p> +<p>Antonio de Morga, in his work ‘Sucesos de Philipinas,’ +says (p. 126): “The women wear the báro and saya, and +chains of gold upon their necks, also bracelets of the same. All +classes are very clean in their persons and clothing, and of good +carriage and graceful (<i lang="es">de buen ayre y +gracia</i>”).</p> +<p>They are very careful of their hair, washing it with gogo and +anointing it with ajonjoli oil<a class="noteref" id="xd20e7377src" +href="#xd20e7377" name="xd20e7377src">2</a> perfumed with musk.</p> +<p>In the ‘Relacion de las Islas Philipinas,’ 1595 (?), the +anonymous author said of the Tagals: “The people of this province +are the best of all the Islands, more polite, and more truly our +friends. They go more clothed than the others, the men as well as the +women. They are light-coloured people of very good figures and faces, +and like to put on many ornaments of gold, which they have in great +abundance.”</p> +<div class="figure xd20e7388width" id="p208"><img src="images/p208.jpg" +alt="A Manila Man." width="556" height="720"> +<p class="figureHead">A Manila Man.</p> +</div> +<div class="figure xd20e7392width" id="p209"><img src="images/p209.jpg" +alt="A Manila Girl." width="557" height="720"> +<p class="figureHead">A Manila Girl.</p> +</div> +<p>In other respects, however, they seem, from the same author, to be +less worthy of praise, for he goes on to tell us: When some principal +man died, in vengeance of his <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb209" +href="#pb209" name="pb209">209</a>]</span>death they cut off many +heads, with which they made many feasts and dances.... They had their +houses full of wood and stone idols, which they called Tao-tao and +Lichac, for temples they had none. And they said that when one of their +parents or children died the soul entered into one of these idols, and +for this they reverenced them and begged of them life, health, and +riches. They called these idols <i>anitos</i>, and when they were ill +they drew lots to find which of these had given them the illness, and +then made great sacrifices and feasts to it.</p> +<p>They worshipped idols which were called Al Priapo Lacapati, Meilupa, +but now, by the goodness of God, they are enlightened with the grace of +the Divine Gospel and adore the living God in spirit.</p> +<p>The old writer then remarks on the cleverness and sharpness of the +boys, and the ease with which they learned to read and write, sing, +play, and dance.</p> +<p>This characteristic appears general to the Malay race, for, speaking +of the Javanese, Crauford says: They have ears of remarkable delicacy +for musical sounds, are readily taught to play upon any instrument the +most difficult and complex airs.</p> +<p>According to Morga, at the time of the Conquest, the Tagals wrote +their language in the Arabic character. He says: They write well in +these Islands; most people both men and women, can write. This tends to +show that the equality of the sexes, which I shall refer to later, has +been customary from ancient times.</p> +<p>Tomas de Comyn (1810) says:</p> +<p>The population of the capital, in consequence of its continual +communication with the Chinese and other Asiatics, with the sailors of +different nations, with the soldiers, and with the Mexican convicts who +are generally mulattoes, and who arrive in some number every year, has +come to be a mixture of all the bloods and features, or otherwise a +degeneration of the primitive race.</p> +<p>At Cainta, on a branch of the Pasig, the natives are darker, taller, +and of a different type. This is accounted for by the fact that, in +1762–63, during the English invasion, a regiment of Madras Sepoys +occupied the town for many months, long enough, in fact, to modify the +native type to such an extent as to be plainly visible 125 years +later.</p> +<p>Crauford says that some Christian inhabitants of Ternate followed +their priests (Jesuits) to Luzon when the Spaniards <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb210" href="#pb210" name="pb210">210</a>]</span>were +driven out of Molucas by the Dutch in 1660. They were located in +Marigondon. There is now a town called Ternate between Marigondon and +the sea, near Punta Restinga. But, with the exception of the capital +and these two places, I think the Tagals have not greatly altered in +physical characteristics since the Conquest—notwithstanding +Ratzel’s statement that “Spanish-Tagal half-breeds in the +Philippines may be numbered by the hundred thousand,” which I +consider erroneous.</p> +<p>The fact is, that wherever a small number of male Europeans live +amongst a native race, the effect on the type is smaller than may be +supposed, and what there is becomes obliterated or disseminated in +course of time. Colour may be a little altered, but all the other +characteristics remain. The mestizas are not so prolific as the native +women, and notwithstanding Jagor’s assertion to the contrary, +they often marry natives, and especially if their father has died while +they were young. I knew in the town of Balayan three handsome sisters, +daughters of a Spaniard who had died many years before. Although they +lived in a house which had been at one time the finest in the town, and +still retained some remnants of its former grandeur, they had reverted +entirely to the native customs and dress. They spoke only Tagal, and +all three of them married natives.</p> +<p>The tendency of the Philippine native to revert to old customs is +well marked, and I agree with Jagor when he says: “Every Indian +has an innate inclination to abandon the hamlets and retire into the +solitude of the woods, or live isolated in the midst of his own +fields,” in fact to <i>Remontar</i>.</p> +<p>The Tagals are considered by Wallace as the fourth great tribe of +the Malay race. He only mentions the Tagals, but in fact the population +of the Archipelago, except the Negritos and some hybrids, belongs to +the Malay race, although slightly mixed with Chinese and Spanish blood +in a few localities. They are here and there modified by mixture with +other races, and everywhere by their environment, for they have been +Roman Catholics and subject to Spanish influence, if not rule, for +upwards of three centuries.</p> +<p>They differ little in physical appearance from the Malays proper +inhabiting the Peninsula, and although their manners and customs are +somewhat changed, their nature remains <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb211" href="#pb211" name="pb211">211</a>]</span>the same. They retain +all the inherent characteristics of the Malay.</p> +<p>The Tagal possesses a great deal of self-respect, and his demeanour +is quiet and decorous. He is polite to others, and expects to be +treated politely himself. He is averse to rowdiness or horse-play of +any kind, and avoids giving offence.</p> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Characteristics—Family Life.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">For an inhabitant of the tropics he is fairly +industrious, sometimes even very hard working.</p> +<p>Those who have seen him poling <i>cascos</i> against the stream of +the Pasig will admit this.</p> +<p>He is a keen sportsman, and will readily put his money on his +favourite horse or game-cock; he is also addicted to other forms of +gambling. The position taken by women in a community is often +considered as a test of the degree of civilisation it has attained. +Measured by this standard, the Tagals come out well, for amongst them +the wife exerts great influence in the family, and the husband rarely +completes any important business without her concurrence.</p> +<p>Crauford considers the equality of the sexes to be general +throughout the Indian Archipelago, more particularly in the Island of +Celebes, where the inhabitants are the most warlike of all.</p> +<p>The Tagals treat their children with great kindness and forbearance, +those who are well-off show much anxiety to secure a good education for +their sons, and even for their daughters.</p> +<p>Parental authority extends to the latest period in life. I have seen +a man of fifty years come as respectfully as a child to kiss the hands +of his aged parents when the vesper bell sounded, and this +notwithstanding the presence of several European visitors in the +house.</p> +<p>Children, in return, show great respect to both parents, and come +morning and evening to kiss their hands. I may remark that their manner +of kissing is different to ours. They place the nose and lips against +the cheek or hand of the person to be saluted, and draw in the breath +strongly. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb212" href="#pb212" name= +"pb212">212</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Appearance—Manners.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Malays in general are not, perhaps, a handsome +race, their flat noses disfigure them in the eyes of the +recently-arrived European or American, and it takes time to get +accustomed to them.</p> +<p>Still, their rich brown skin often covers a symmetrical, lithe and +agile figure, the small hands and feet denoting their Turanian +origin.</p> +<p>The youth of both sexes up to the age of puberty are not seldom of +striking beauty, and their appearance is not belied by their behaviour. +They are trained in good manners from their earliest youth, both by +precept and example.</p> +<p>Palgrave says of them: “Nowhere are family bonds closer drawn, +family affections more enduring, than amongst the Malay races.... His +family is a pleasing sight, much subordination and little restraint, +unison in gradation, liberty not license. Orderly children, respected +parents, women subject, but not suppressed, men ruling, but not +despotic, reverence with kindness, obedience in affection, these form a +lovable picture, nor by any means a rare one in the villages of the +Eastern Isles.”</p> +<p>It may here be interesting to note the very contradictory opinions +that have been expressed upon this subject.</p> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first"><span class="sc">John Foreman.</span></p> +<p>‘The Philippine Islands,’ p. 194.</p> +<p>“Home discipline and training of manners are quite ignored, +even in the well-to-do families. Children are left without control, and +allowed to do just as they please, hence they become ill-behaved and +boorish.<span class="corr" id="xd20e7481" title= +"Not in source">”</span></p> +</div> +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="first"><span class="sc">W. G. Palgrave.</span></p> +<p>‘Malay Life in the Philippines,’ p. 146.</p> +<p><span class="corr" id="xd20e7492" title= +"Not in source">“</span>Children early trained by precept and +example to good manners, show less disposition to noise and mischief +than is ordinary elsewhere at their age.<span class="corr" id= +"xd20e7495" title="Not in source">”</span></p> +</div> +<p>As will be seen in my text, my own experience rather confirms +Palgrave’s opinion, and I should say that even the children of +the peasantry would compare favourably both in manners and intelligence +with the children at the Board Schools in London, and to say nothing of +Glasgow or Liverpool.</p> +<p>Amongst the Tagals, it is customary when speaking of <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb213" href="#pb213" name="pb213">213</a>]</span>or +to a man to use the prefix Si—thus Si José, Mr. +Joseph—whilst a woman is spoken of or to as Aling Maria, Miss +Mary. The word Po is used for Sir. Thus: Óo-po—Yes, sir; +Hindí-po—No, sir; Uala-po—There is none, sir; +Mayroóm-po—There is some, sir.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Cleanliness.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The sense of personal dignity and self-respect, the +dominant feeling in the Malay nature, is shown in the Tagals by a +general cleanliness in their persons and clothing. They usually live +near water, and nearly all of them can swim.</p> +<p>The heat of the climate makes bathing a pleasure, and as the +temperature of the sea or river is commonly 83°F., a prolonged +immersion causes no inconvenience.</p> +<p>On the morning of a feast-day the number of bathers is increased, +and at the time of high tide, a very large proportion of the population +seems to be in the water, both sexes and all ages mixing +indiscriminately, the adults decently covered and all behaving +themselves as decorously as the bathers at Brighton, Newport, or +Atlantic City.</p> +<p>They have not yet arrived at that precise stage of civilisation that +develops the Rough, the Larrikin, or the Hooligan. Palgrave says: A +Malay may be a profligate, a gambler, a thief, a robber, or a murderer, +he is never a cad.</p> +<p>Palgrave had not great opportunities of knowing the Tagals, but I +confirm the above opinion, although I do not agree with the views on +the future of the Philippines, and what is best for them, expressed in +his fantastic and hyphen-infested verbiage, all seemingly written for +effect.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Superstitions.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Tagal is extremely superstitious, and like his +kinsman, the Dayak, he is a believer in omens, although he has not +reduced them so completely to a system, and three centuries of +Christianity have diverted his superstitions into other channels.</p> +<p>In his mind, each cave, each ravine, each mountain, each pool, each +stream, has its guardian spirit, to offend or to startle which may be +dangerous. These are the jinni of Southern Arabia and Socotra. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb214" href="#pb214" name= +"pb214">214</a>]</span></p> +<p>The Balete tree (<i>Ficus Urostigima</i>—Sp.) corresponds to +our Witch Elm, and certainly at night has a most uncanny appearance. +Each of these great trees has its guardian spirit or Tic-balan.</p> +<p>Daring, indeed, would be the Indian who would pass such a tree, +enter a cave, ascend a mountain, or plunge into a pool without bowing +and uttering the <span lang="tl">Pasing tabi sa nono</span> [By your +leave, my Lord] that may appease the spirit’s wrath, just as the +Bedouin of Dhofar cry, “Aleik Soubera—aleik soubera,” +to propitiate the jinni.</p> +<p>His mental attitude in this respect reminds me of a story told me +many years ago by a lady residing in Hampshire. A lady neighbour of +hers inquired from her whether she taught her children to bow when the +Devil’s name was mentioned. My informant replied in the negative, +whereupon the lady remarked, “I do, I think it is safer.” +This is the way with the Tagal, he bows because he thinks it is safer. +If that prudent lady is still alive and may chance to read this, she +may be pleased to learn that her opinion is shared by the whole Malay +race.</p> +<p>Child-birth has its anxieties everywhere, and the more artificial +the life the woman has led, the more she suffers at that critical time. +The Tagal woman whose naturally supple frame has never been subjected +to tight-lacing, nor compressed within a tailor-made costume, has a far +easier time of it than her European sister, but superstition and +quackery combine to terrify and ill-use her.</p> +<p>The <i>Patianac</i>, an evil spirit, profits by the occasion, and +his great delight is to obstruct the birth, or to kill and devour the +infant. The patianac might be busy elsewhere, but from the ridge-pole +of the house a bird of ill-omen, the dreadful Tic-tic, raises a warning +cry, for its office and delight is to call the attention of the evil +spirit to the opportunity of doing mischief. Instantly every door and +window is closed and every chink stopped to prevent its entrance, +whilst the anxious father and his kinsmen, naked as they were born, +walk around and underneath the house, slashing the air with sticks or +<i>bolos</i> to frighten away the spirit. Sometimes a man will get up +on the ridge-pole to drive away the Tic-tic.</p> +<p>Meanwhile, in the stifling room, it is too often the case that +violent means are used to expedite the birth, so violent indeed, that +they sometimes result in the permanent injury or in the death of the +woman. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb215" href="#pb215" name= +"pb215">215</a>]</span></p> +<p>Some years ago the Government instituted an examination for +midwives, and only those were allowed the practice who had been +properly instructed, so that these absurdities and cruelties are on the +wane, except amongst the poorest or in outlying districts.</p> +<p>The <i>Asúan</i> is merely a cannibal ghost, but the Tagal +ghost throws stones, a thing I have not heard of a ghost doing in +Europe.</p> +<p>All sorts of stories are told about the <i>Asúan</i>, similar +to ghost stories in other lands.</p> +<p>About 1891 a house in Malate was stoned night after night, and +although every effort was made to find out the authors, they were never +discovered, and the natives steadfastly believed it to be the doing of +the <i>Asúan</i>.</p> +<p>There is another superstitious idea firmly rooted in the minds of +the Tagals and other natives, of which the following is an instance: A +villainous-looking native had been captured with some property stolen +from my house, and was sent to the lock-up at the police station, from +whence he promptly escaped, but was recaptured later. My coachman, a +most meritorious servant who had been with me for years, assured me in +an impressive manner, and with an air of conviction, that the culprit +was one of those wizards who are able to pass through a keyhole by +drawing themselves out into the thinness of a piece of string, and my +other servants accepted this view implicitly.</p> +<p>The famous <i>Tulisanes</i> or bandits, thoroughly believe in the +power of the <i>Antin-Antin</i> or amulet to render them invulnerable +to bullets. It is, indeed, remarkable that notwithstanding the numbers +of these criminals who have been shot by the Guardia Civil with their +<i>Antin-Antin</i> upon them, this absurd belief should flourish, but +there is no doubt it does. These charms consist of any sort of +necromancers’ rubbish, or are sometimes writings in invocations, +usually worn round the neck under the clothing.</p> +<p>The profession of the Roman Catholic religion has perhaps helped +this superstition to linger on, for the wearing of scapularies is +common, especially amongst the women. These articles are manufactured +for the priests and some are sent out to Antipolo, to be blessed at the +shrine of Nuestra Señora de Buen Viage y de la Paz, and sold to +the pilgrims who crowd in thousands to this shrine in May of each +year.</p> +<p>A Tagal woman sometimes wears as many as three of <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb216" href="#pb216" name= +"pb216">216</a>]</span>these scapularies hung from silk threads round +her neck and covered by her upper garment. They usually dispose two in +front, where they conceive the danger is greatest, and one on the back, +as a further precaution against an attack from the rear.</p> +<p>Wearing these holy amulets, and having crossed herself and uttered a +prayer before coming downstairs in the morning, the Tagal wife or maid +feels that she has done all she can, and that if any backsliding should +occur, during the day, it will not be her fault.</p> +<p>She believes greatly in lucky or holy numbers—I heard the +following story related by a native lady to a native priest when going +to Batangas by steamer.</p> +<p>The lady was telling the priest of her husband’s illness (it +appeared to have been congestion of the lungs), and she prepared and +applied a poultice of three heads of garlic in honour of the Three +Persons of the Blessed Trinity; this not producing the desired effect, +she then made a poultice of five heads of garlic, in honour of the Five +Wounds of our Blessed Saviour, and successively others of seven heads, +in honour of the Seven Pains of the Blessed Virgin; twelve heads in +honour of the Twelve Apostles, and last of all a poultice of +thirty-three heads of garlic in honour of the Thirty-three years our +Blessed Saviour remained on earth. The priest had nodded approval as +she went on, but as she stopped he said: “And then?” To +which the lady replied, “Then he died.”</p> +<p>This poor man came off easily, for in some cases people who suffer +from fits and other diseases are thought to be possessed by devils, and +are severely beaten to drive out the evil spirit. The patient does not +always escape with his life.</p> +<p>The women often dream of lucky numbers in the Manila Lottery and +make every endeavour to purchase the number they have dreamt of.</p> +<p>Amongst the Christian superstitions may be mentioned the feast of +San Pascual Bailón at Obando. Those who attend this function are +commonly the rowdier class of inhabitants of the Capital, and they go +mostly on foot, making music and dancing on the way. They also dance in +the courtyard in front of the church, not forgetting to refresh +themselves with strong drink in the meanwhile.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e7601width" id="p216"><img src="images/p216.jpg" +alt="Tagal Girl wearing Scapulary." width="560" height="720"> +<p class="figureHead">Tagal Girl wearing Scapulary.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984">[<i>To face p. 216.</i></p> +</div> +<p>This is not at all an edifying spectacle, for the dancers are +covered with dust and with the perspiration from their <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb217" href="#pb217" name= +"pb217">217</a>]</span>active exertions. I do not know the legend that +gives occasion to this curious form of devotion. Occasionally, and +especially during Holy Week, another form of penitence is practised by +the natives. I remember, about 1892, seeing one of these penitents, a +man having a mask on his face, the upper part of his body bare, and a +long chain fastened to one ankle and dragging on the ground behind him. +In one hand he bore a flagellum with which he from time to time lashed +himself on the shoulders, which bore evident marks of the discipline +they had received. A youth who followed him occasionally jerked the +chain, throwing the penitent violently at full length upon the dusty +road. This form of penitence is not approved, however, by the priests, +for when I called on the parish priest, the same evening, I mentioned +the circumstance to him, and he directed the penitent to be locked up, +to stop what he rightly termed a scandal.</p> +<p>On many occasions the natives had got up a religious excitement, and +great gatherings have taken place at some spot where a miraculous +appearance of the Blessed Virgin, or some supernatural manifestation +has been alleged to have occurred.</p> +<p>All these affairs have been somewhat sceptically inquired into by +the priests under a general order to this effect issued by the +archbishop, and so far as my experience goes, the excessive religious +ardour of the natives has rather been checked than stimulated.</p> +<p>When writing about the Visayas I shall have more to say about +misdirected religious zeal. The Tagals practise circumcision as a +hygienic measure, and not as a religious rite. The operation is usually +performed at the age of fourteen by a companion or friend of the +patient, and a sharp flint or piece of volcanic glass (obsidian) is +used for this purpose. From what I have heard, this custom is really +maintained by the women, who refuse their favours to the uncircumcised +of their own nation, though with foreigners they are more +complaisant.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Cursing.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">In cursing, the Tagal displays a directness quite +worthy of the Anglo-Saxon. All his remarks are very much to the point, +and would have earned the approval of the late lamented and reverend +author of the Ingoldsby Legends. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb218" +href="#pb218" name="pb218">218</a>]</span>Leaving out the world-wide +reflections upon the virtues of an opponent’s female ancestry, +since these appear to belong indiscriminately to all nations, the +principal Tagal curses are as follows:—</p> +<ul> +<li>1. May an evil wind blow upon you.</li> +<li>2. May the earth open and swallow you up.</li> +<li>3. May the lightning strike you.</li> +<li>4. May the alligator eat you.</li> +</ul> +<p>The superiority of the Tagal style as compared with the French +Mortbleu, Ventre bleu, must be apparent to all unprejudiced observers. +The Tagal has drawn all his curses from the grand and awful operations +of nature in his own country, except the last, where he invokes the +dreaded saurian, the most fearsome inhabitant of the Philippine swamps, +rivers, and coasts—formerly venerated by his ancestors and +respectfully addressed by them as <i>nono,</i> or grandfather.</p> +<p>Under American guidance and example, I think the Tagals quite +capable of developing a startling vocabulary of swear-words, and in +course of time rivalling their instructors in profanity, with a touch +of their old style to give a little local colour.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Courtship.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">Courtship is sometimes a long business amongst the +Tagals. It is still customary in the country districts for the +impecunious candidate for matrimony to serve the father of the damsel +he desires to wed for a period which may extend to a couple of years or +more. He is called a <i>Catipado</i>, and is expected to make himself +generally useful, and to take a hand in any labour that may be going +on, sowing or reaping, mending the roof, or patching the canoe.</p> +<p>It is his privilege to assist the girl of his choice in her labours. +The girls of a household are expected to husk the rice for the next +day’s use. This is done in the cool of the evening, out of doors, +a wooden mortar and long heavy pestle being used. It is a +well-recognised occasion for the lover to assist and entertain his +sweetheart.</p> +<p>Very pretty do the village maidens look, as, lightly clothed in +almost diaphanous garments, they stand beside the mortars plying the +pestle, alternately rising on tiptoe, <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb219" href="#pb219" name="pb219">219</a>]</span>stretching the lithe +figure to its full height and reach, then bending swiftly to give force +to the blow.</p> +<p>No attitude could display to more advantage the symmetry of form +which is the Tagal maiden’s heritage, and few sights are more +pleasing than a group of these tawny damsels husking paddy midst chat +and laughter, while a tropical full moon pours its effulgence on their +glistening tresses and rounded arms.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Marriage.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">But let us return to the <i>Catipado</i>. He must be +very careful not to give cause of offence to the elders of the family, +more especially towards the end of his term, as there may be a +disposition amongst them to dismiss him, and take on another to begin a +new term. In fact, many natives have shown themselves so unwilling to +consent to their daughter’s marriage, when no sufficient reason +could be given for their refusal, that the Governor-General, +representing the Crown, is entrusted with a special power of granting +the paternal consent in such cases.</p> +<p>No regular marriage can be celebrated whilst the girl is a minor, +without the father’s consent.</p> +<p>When this is refused, and the patience of the lovers is exhausted, +the girl leaves her father’s house and is deposited in the house +of the fiscal, or churchwarden, under the care of his wife.</p> +<p>A petition on stamped paper is then prepared, reciting the +circumstances; this goes to the parish priest and to the +Gobernadorcillo, who require the father to state the grounds of his +refusal. If they are satisfied that no good reason exists, the +petition, with their approval noted on it, goes to the +Governor-General, and in due time a notification appears in the +official Gazette that the Governor-General has been pleased to overrule +the father’s negative, and a license (on stamped paper also) for +the marriage to be celebrated, is delivered to the priest. This +procedure is very necessary, but it has the disadvantage of being slow +and expensive, so that in some cases, instead of adopting this course, +the youthful pair allow themselves some advances of the privileges of +matrimony, and perhaps there arrives a time when the obdurate parent +finds himself obliged to consent to legalise an accomplished fact to +avoid an open scandal. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb220" href= +"#pb220" name="pb220">220</a>]</span></p> +<p>The erring damsel, however, may think herself lucky if she escapes a +fatherly correction laid on with no grudging hand, before the reluctant +consent is granted.</p> +<p>The priest will of course require the youthful sinners to confess +and do penance for their previousness before he will marry them.</p> +<p>The marriage ceremony is a very simple one, and usually takes place +after early Mass. The priest fixes the fee according to the means of +the party; it is often a substantial one. After the ceremony comes a +<i>Catapúsan</i> or assembly, when the relatives and friends are +entertained. There will be music, and unless the priest disapproves of +dancing, that will be indulged in. The Augustinians mostly allow +dancing, but the Dominicans often object to it as an immoral +amusement.</p> +<p>The house will be hung with bright-coloured cloths and paper +lanterns; the table loaded with refreshments, both light and heavy.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Wedding Feasts.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">Roast pig is a standing dish at these feasts, the +animal being roasted whole, on a spit over a fire made on the ground. A +professional roaster superintends the operation, and the pig is brought +to a fine even colour all over. Sometimes there are roast turkeys or +roast mutton and kid, possibly beef cooked in various ways, surely fish +of different kinds, fresh, salted, or smoked; the indispensable boiled +rice or <i>morisqueta</i>, and an abundance of sweets, fruits in syrup, +guava jelly, and Dutch cheese. There will be chocolate and perhaps +coffee. As to drinks, besides some native brews, there will be +Norwegian or German export beer, or Tennant’s beer in stone +bottles, square-face gin, and Spanish red wine (Vino Tinto).</p> +<p>Unlimited Buyo, cigarettes and cigars are provided. All these things +are hospitably pressed upon all comers, especially upon any European +present. If his politeness prevents his refusing this miscellaneous +assortment, unless he is favoured with the digestion of an ostrich, he +will rue it next day, and perhaps for several days. The worthy priest +is naturally in the place of honour, and like the wise man he mostly +is, he perhaps brings, slung under his habit, or sends beforehand, a +capacious leather bottle, with a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb221" +href="#pb221" name="pb221">221</a>]</span>supply of generous wine +direct from some convent vineyard on the peninsula, a pure natural +wine, undefiled and unfortified by German industrial spirit. A tall and +portly Augustine monk, in his spotless and ample white robes, presents +a very imposing and apostolic appearance, and looks quite in his place +at the head of the table. The host seldom sits down with his guests, +but busies himself attending to their wants. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb222" href="#pb222" name="pb222">222</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7364" href="#xd20e7364src" name="xd20e7364">1</a></span> The +territory occupied by each tribe is shown on the general map of +Mindanao by the number on this list.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7377" href="#xd20e7377src" name="xd20e7377">2</a></span> Ajonjoli +(<i>Sesamun Indicum</i>, L.). See <a href="#ch19">Chap. XIX</a>. for +Gogo.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch24" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XXIV.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Tagals as Soldiers and Sailors.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The houses of the well-to-do natives are large and +airy, and are kept scrupulously clean under the vigilant eye of the +mistress.</p> +<p>Hospitality is a characteristic of the Tagal. According to his means +he keeps open house on religious feast-days or on family festivals, and +readily invites to his table at any time travellers who may be passing +through the town. Having enjoyed their hospitality on many occasions, I +can testify to their kindness and liberality. They placed at my +disposal their riding-ponies, vehicles or canoes, and did all in their +power to show me anything remarkable in their neighbourhood.</p> +<p>The Tagals make good soldiers, and can march long distances +barefooted. Morga remarks how quickly they learned to use the arquebus +or musket in the wars of the conquest. They gave proofs of their pluck +and endurance when assisting the French in Tonquin. If well led they +will advance regardless of danger; when once engaged they become +frenzied and blood-thirsty, most difficult to restrain. They are not +improved by being made to wear gloves, boots, helmets, and European +uniforms.</p> +<p>In this they are not singular, for the Ceylon Rifle Regiment (a +Malay corps) was utterly ruined, and never did any good after being put +into boots and gloves by some narrow-minded martinet.</p> +<p>As sailors they are unsurpassed in the East. They navigate their +schooners and lorchas with much skill, although the rigging and outfit +is seldom kept in thorough good order unless they have a Spanish +captain.</p> +<p>They serve both as sailors and firemen in the fine flotilla of +coasting-steamers belonging to Manila, and they <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb223" href="#pb223" name= +"pb223">223</a>]</span>manned all the smaller vessels of the Spanish +Navy in the Philippines.</p> +<p>Most of the British and foreign steamers in the far East carry four +Manila men as quarter-masters. They are considered to be the most +skilful helmsmen. Their ability as mechanics is remarkable. They bear +out entirely Morga’s description of them: “Of good talent +for anything they undertake.”</p> +<p>They will, without any European supervision, heave down wooden +sailing-vessels up to about 1000 tons, and repair the keel, or strip, +caulk, and re-copper the bottom. I have often seen this done. They +build from the excellent hard wood of the country, brigantines, +schooners, lorchas, also <i>cascos</i>, and other craft for inland +navigation and shallow waters. These latter vessels are most +ingeniously contrived, and admirably adapted to the conditions under +which they are to be used, and although not decked, carry their cargoes +dry, and in good order, in the wettest weather. They make the most +graceful canoes, and paddle or punt them with remarkable dexterity.</p> +<p>In Manila and Cavite are to be found a fair number of native +engine-fitters, turners, smiths and boiler-makers.</p> +<p>There must be some 400 steam sugar-mills in the islands (besides +6000 cattle-mills). The engine-drivers and firemen are all natives, and +mostly Tagals.</p> +<p>There are also in the capital large numbers of native +house-carpenters, quarrymen, stone-masons, and some brick-layers and +brick-makers.</p> +<p>Curiously enough, foundry work is not much done by Tagals, although +when Legaspi arrived in Luzon he not only found cannon mounted at +Manila, but there was a cannon-foundry there, and another at Tondo.</p> +<p>There are foundries at the latter place to this day belonging to +Chinese half-castes, but church bells are more to their way now than +cannon. They, however, cast small brass mortars with handles like quart +pots, which are used for firing salutes at the feasts of the church. +But I think most of the workmen were then, and are now, Chinese.</p> +<p>They make their own gunpowder, and fireworks of all kinds. They are +inordinately fond of these, and get up very creditable displays. They +are careless in handling them, and I was eye-witness of an explosion of +fireworks during a water <i>fête</i>, on the passing in front of +the governor’s palace at Malacañan, when a number of +people were killed. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb224" href="#pb224" +name="pb224">224</a>]</span>I never learned how many had perished, and +the newspapers were forbidden to enlarge upon it.</p> +<p>Excellent carriages are built in Manila entirely by native labour, +the <i>carromatas</i>, or two-wheeled vehicles used for travelling, +being made in the suburbs, or in Malabon.</p> +<p>Carriage-building is an important trade, for an incredible number of +vehicles of all sorts are used in Manila.</p> +<p>Of an evening, in the Luneta, some hundreds may be seen, and on one +occasion, at the races of the Jockey Club in Santa Mesa, two thousand +vehicles were reported to be present.</p> +<p>Painting and decorating is executed by Manila men in excellent +style. This art was taught them by Alberoni, and other Italians. Their +pupils have covered the walls of many buildings with frescoes in the +Italian style, very fairly done. There is much scope for their art in +decorating altars and shrines.</p> +<p>The Tagals also show some talent for sculpture, as any visitor to +Manila can see for himself by inspecting the Jesuit Church, which is a +marvel of patient artistic labour, having taken eleven years to +construct. Some of the carving there, however, is so delicate and +minutely detailed, that it appears more suitable for a show case in a +museum than for the adornment of a place of worship. Of course, every +detail of design is due to the Jesuits themselves, amongst whom +talented men of every profession can be found.</p> +<p>As a fisherman, the Tagal excels, and the broad expanse of Manila +Bay, some 700 square miles in area, gives ample scope for his +ingenuity. He practises every kind of fishing <i>Corrales de Pesca</i>, +or fish-stakes within the five-fathom line, casting nets and seines in +the shallow water, huge sinking nets attached to bamboo shear-legs +mounted on rafts in the estuaries, drift nets and line-fishing in the +deeper parts of the bay.</p> +<p>From Tondo, from Parañaque, Las Piñas, Bacoor, and +Cavite Viéjo, and from dozens of other villages, go hundreds of +large canoes, crowded with men, and heaped up with nets, to fish near +the San Nicolas Bank, or about Corregidor Island, and they often return +with large catches. Some fish by night, with torch and spear; in fact, +they seem to be quite at home at any kind of fishing.</p> +<p>The nets and sails of the canoes, and the clothes of the +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb225" href="#pb225" name= +"pb225">225</a>]</span>fishermen, are all tanned by them with the bark +of the camanchile tree.</p> +<p>The salting, drying, or smoking of the fish caught in the bay is +quite an extensive business. The smoked sardines, or +<i>tinapá</i>, are very tasty, as also the pickled mullet roes +called <i>Bagón de Lisa</i>. But the small shrimps fermented in +a jar, and brought to a particular stage of putrefaction,<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e7775src" href="#xd20e7775" name="xd20e7775src">1</a> +much appreciated by the natives, will not suit European or American +tastes.</p> +<p>The vast Bay of Manila holds fish and mammals of all sorts and +sizes, from small fry to that huge but harmless monster of the deep, +<i>Rhinodon tipicus</i>, with a mouth like the opening of a hansom cab, +scooping in jelly-fish by the bushel.</p> +<p>The péje-rey, like a smelt, the lenguádo, or sole, the +lísa, or mullet, the bacóco, corbína, +pámpano, and others whose names I have forgotten, are excellent. +The oysters are good, but very small. Prawns are excellent, large and +cheap. Crabs are good, but large ones are not plentiful. Clawless +lobsters are caught amongst the rocks of Corregidor and Mariveles. The +largest turtle I have ever seen was caught off Malabon. It can be seen +in the Jesuits’ Museum, Manila.</p> +<p>Sharks of all sorts, enormous saw-fish,<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7787src" href="#xd20e7787" name="xd20e7787src">2</a> hideous +devil-fish,<a class="noteref" id="xd20e7790src" href="#xd20e7790" name= +"xd20e7790src">3</a> and monstrous conger eels, as well as poisonous +black and yellow sea-snakes, abound, so that the fisherman does not +have everything his own way. Amongst these men are to be found some +excellent divers. I have found them quite able to go down to the keel +of a large ship and report whether any damage has been done. Where a +sheet of copper has been torn off, they have nailed on a new sheet, +getting in two or three nails every time they went down. I enquired +from one of these men who had frequently dived for me, when a European +diver with diving-gear could not be obtained, if he was not afraid of +sharks? He answered, “No es hora del tiburon”—it is +not the sharks’ time—and I found he considered that he was +very fairly safe from the sharks between ten and four. Before ten and +after four was a dangerous time, as the sharks were on the look-out for +a meal. I cannot say that I should like to trust to this, especially as +I have seen sharks about at other times, and one afternoon, in the bay, +had to keep off a hammerheaded-shark <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb226" href="#pb226" name="pb226">226</a>]</span>from coming near a +British diver who was examining the rudder of a steamer, by firing at +it from the stern. Some sharks are heavy and slow-moving creatures, but +the hammer-headed kind are endowed with a surprising activity, and +twist and turn like an eel.</p> +<p>My native diver informed me that he was much more afraid of the +<i>Manta</i> than of any shark, and that once when he was diving for +some purpose—I do not recollect when—at the bottom a shade +fell on him, and, on looking up, he beheld an enormous manta right +above him—in his words, “as big as a lighter.” +However, it passed on, and he was able to regain the surface.</p> +<p>Perhaps the most remarkable talent possessed by the Tagal is his +gift for instrumental music.</p> +<p>Each parish has its brass band supplied with European instruments, +the musicians generally wearing a quasi-military uniform. If the +village is a rich one, there is usually a string band as well. They +play excellently, as do the military bands. Each infantry battalion had +its band, whilst that of the Peninsular Artillery, of ninety +performers, under a band-master holding the rank of lieutenant, was one +of the finest bands I have ever heard. There were few countries where +more music could be heard gratis than in the Philippines, and for +private dances these bands could be hired at moderate rates.</p> +<p>The Tagal is also a good agriculturist. According to his lights, he +cultivates paddy with great care. It is all raised in seed-plots, the +soil of which is carefully prepared, and fenced about. The fields are +ploughed and harrowed whilst covered with water, so that the surface is +reduced to soft mud. When the ground is ready for planting, the whole +population turns out, and, being supplied with the young shoots in +bundles, of which tally is kept, proceed to plant each individual shoot +of paddy by hand.</p> +<p>Ankle-deep in the soft mud of the paddy-fields stand long rows of +bare-legged men, women and children, each in a stooping position, +holding against the body with the left hand a large bundle of +rice-plants, incessantly and rapidly seizing a shoot with the right +hand, and plunging it into the black slime with the forefinger +extended.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e7808width" id="p226"><img src="images/p226.jpg" +alt= +"Carabao harnessed to native Plough—Ploughman, Village, and Church." +width="720" height="483"> +<p class="figureHead">Carabao harnessed to native +Plough—Ploughman, Village, and Church.</p> +</div> +<div class="figure xd20e7812width" id="p227"><img src="images/p227.jpg" +alt="Paddy Field recently planted." width="720" height="485"> +<p class="figureHead">Paddy Field recently planted.</p> +</div> +<p>Hour after hour the patient toil goes on, and day after day, in all +the glare of the burning sun, reflected and intensified from the +surface of the black water, till the whole vast surface has been +planted. The <i>matandang-sa-naya</i>, <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb227" href="#pb227" name="pb227">227</a>]</span>or village elder, +then announces how many millions of rice shoots have been put in. The +labour is most exhausting, from the stooping position, which is +obligatory, and because the eyes become inflamed from the reflection of +the sun on the black water. As the paddy is planted during the rainy +season, it often happens that the work is done under a tropical +downpour instead of a blazing sun.</p> +<p>When driving along a road through paddy-fields in October, it seems +incredible that every blade of that luxuriant crop has been +transplanted by hand. Yet the people who do this are branded as lazy. I +think that they are quite ready to work for a sufficient inducement. +Whenever I had works to execute I never experienced any difficulty in +obtaining men. I made it a rule to pay every man with my own hands +every Saturday his full wages without deductions. On Monday morning, if +I wanted 300 men, there would be 500 to pick and choose from. I should +like to see some of their depreciators try an hour’s work +planting paddy, or poling a casco up stream.</p> +<p>The undulating nature of the ground renders it necessary to divide +paddy land into small plots of irregular outline at varying levels, +divided from each other by ridges of earth called +<i>pilápiles</i>, so as to retain the rain or irrigation water, +allowing it to descend slowly from level to level till it reaches its +outlet at the lowest point. The Tagals fully justify their Turanian +origin by the skill and care which they show in irrigation. About +Manila, the <i>sacáte</i>, or meadow-grass, which is the +principal food of the thousands of ponies in the city, is cultivated on +lands which are exactly at a level to be flooded by the +spring-tides.</p> +<p>The mango-tree is carefully cultivated, and the fruit is, to some +extent, forced by lighting fires of leaves and twigs under these trees +every evening in the early part of the year to drive off insects, and +give additional warmth.</p> +<p>In Batangas and La Luguna, and, to some extent, in Bulacan, the +Tagals cultivate the sugar-cane successfully.</p> +<p>But where they really shine, where all their care is lavished, where +nothing is too much trouble, is in the cultivation of the buyo (Piper +betel). This is a climbing plant, and is grown on sticks like hops. +There were many plantations of this near Pineda, which I frequently +visited. It is grown in small fields, enclosed by hedges or by rows of +trees to keep off the wind.</p> +<p>The soil is carefully prepared, and all weeds removed. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb228" href="#pb228" name="pb228">228</a>]</span>As +the tendrils grow up, the sticks are placed for them. The plants are +watered by hand, and leaf by leaf carefully examined every morning to +remove all caterpillars or other insects. The plants are protected from +the glare of the sun by mat-shades supported on bamboos.</p> +<p>The ripe leaves are gathered fresh every morning, and taken to +market, where they find a ready sale at remunerative prices for chewing +with the areca nut, and a pinch of slaked shell lime.</p> +<p>Whenever I have had Tagal hunters with me deer-shooting, I have been +struck with their knowledge of the natural history of their locality. +They thoroughly understood the habits of the game, and almost always +foretold correctly the direction from which the deer would approach the +guns.</p> +<p>They have names for every animal and bird, and for the different +ages or conditions, or size of antlers, of the deer.</p> +<p>Even insects and reptiles are named by them; they could give details +of their habits, and knew whether they were poisonous or dangerous.</p> +<p>They always showed themselves greatly interested in sport, and much +appreciated a good shot. They spoke of a gun that killed well as a +<i>hot</i> gun (baril maínit). If they were trusted with a gun +they were very reluctant to spend a cartridge unless for a dead +certainty. If two cartridges are given to a hunter, he will bring in +two deer or pigs, otherwise he will apologise for wasting a cartridge, +and explain how it happened.</p> +<p>Their usual way of taking game is to set strong nets of abaca in the +woods in the form of a <span class="xd20e7860">V</span>, then the +beaters and dogs drive the game towards the hunters, who are concealed +near the apex, and who kill the deer or wild pigs with their lances +whilst entangled in the nets.</p> +<p>I have found the Tagals very satisfactory as domestic servants, +although not so hard-working as the Ilocanos. Some of them could clean +glass or plate as well as an English butler, and could lay the table +for a dinner party and ornament tastefully with flowers and ferns, +folding the napkins like a Parisian waiter.</p> +<p>They could also write out the <i>ménu</i> (their orthography +having been previously corrected), and serve the dinner and wines in +due sequence without requiring any directions during the meal.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e7871width" id="p229"><img src="images/p229.jpg" +alt="Paulino Morillo. A Tagal of Laguna, Butler to the author." width= +"558" height="720"> +<p class="figureHead">Paulino Morillo. A Tagal of Laguna, Butler to the +author.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984">[<i>To face p. 229.</i></p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb229" href="#pb229" name= +"pb229">229</a>]</span></p> +<p>Some of them remained in my service the whole time I was in the +Philippines; one of them, Paulino Morillo, came to England with me in +charge of my two sons, and afterwards made three voyages to Cuba with +me. I gratefully acknowledge his faithful service. His portrait is +appended.</p> +<p>I did not find them sufficiently punctual and regular as cooks, nor +did they make their purchases in the market to as much advantage as the +Chinese cooks, who never bid one against another to raise the +price.</p> +<p>As clerks and store-keepers I found the Tagals honest, assiduous, +and well-behaved. As draughtsmen they were fairly skilful in drawing +from hand sketches, and excelled in copying or tracing, but were quite +untrustworthy in taking out quantities and computing. Some of them +could write beautiful headings, or design ornamental title-pages. I +have by me some of their work that could not be done better even in +Germany or France. But the more skilful they were the more irregular +was their attendance, and the more they had learned the worse they +behaved.</p> +<p>When doing business with the Tagals, I found that the elder men +could be trusted. If I gave them credit, which was often the case, for +one or two years, I could depend upon the money being paid when due, +unless some calamity such as a flood or a conflagration had rendered it +absolutely impossible for them to find the cash. In such a case (which +seldom happened) they would advise me beforehand, and perhaps bring a +portion of the money, giving a <i>pagaré,</i> bearing interest, +for the remainder, and never by any possibility denying the debt. I +never made a bad debt amongst them, and gladly testify to their +punctilious honesty. This idea of the sacredness of an obligation seems +to prevail amongst many of the Malay races, even among the pagan +savages, as I had occasion to observe when I visited the +Tagbanúas in Palawan (Paragua). They certainly did not learn +this from the Spaniards.</p> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">The More Instruction the less Honesty.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">When dealing with the younger men who had been +educated in Manila, in Hong Kong, or even in Europe, I found that this +idea had been eradicated from them, and that no sufficient sense of +honour had been implanted in its stead.</p> +<p>In fact, I may say that, whilst the unlettered agriculturist, +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb230" href="#pb230" name= +"pb230">230</a>]</span>with his old-fashioned dress, and quiet, +dignified manner, inspired me with the respect due to an honest and +worthy man, the feeling evolved from a discussion with the younger and +educated men, dressed in European clothes, who had been pupils in the +Atenéo Municipal, or in Santo Tomás, was less favourable, +and it became evident to me that, although they might be more +instructed than their fathers, they were morally below them. Either +their moral training had been deficient, or their natures are not +improved by education. I usually preferred to do business with them on +a cash basis.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Unsuitable Training.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">Dare I, at the tail-end of the nineteenth century, in +the days of Board Schools, County Councils, conscientious objectors, +and Hooligans, venture to recall to mind a saying of that grand old +Conservative, the Peruvian Solomon, Tupac Inca Yupanqui? “Science +should only be taught to those of generous blood, for the meaner sort +are only puffed up, and rendered vain and arrogant by it. Neither +should such mingle in the affairs of state, for by that means high +offices are brought into disrepute.”<a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7905src" href="#xd20e7905" name="xd20e7905src">4</a></p> +<p>That great monarch’s words exactly express my conclusions +about the young Tagals and other natives.</p> +<p>To take a young native lad away from his parents, to place him in a +corrupted capital like Manila, and to cram him with the intricacies of +Spanish law, while there is probably, not in all those who surround +him, one single honest and upright man he can look up to for guidance +and example, is to deprive him of whatever principles of action he may +once have possessed, whilst giving him no guide for his future +conduct.</p> +<p>He acquires the European vices without the virtues; loses his native +modesty and self-respect, and develops too often into a contemptible +<i>pica-pleito</i>, or pettifogger, instead of becoming an honest +farmer.</p> +<p>The more educated Tagals are fond of litigation, and with the +assistance of native or half-caste lawyers will carry on the most +frivolous and vexatious lawsuit with every artifice that cunning and +utter unscrupulousness can suggest. The corrupt nature of the Spanish +courts is a mainstay to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb231" href= +"#pb231" name="pb231">231</a>]</span>such people. Although they may be +possessed of ample means litigants often obtain from the court +permission to sue a foreigner in <i>forma pauperis</i>.</p> +<p>They are unscrupulous about evidence, and many will perjure +themselves or bring false witnesses without shame. It is said that +blank stamped paper of any year can be obtained for a sufficient price +for the purpose of forging documents relating to the sale of land; as +there are people who regularly keep it for this purpose.</p> +<p>The feeling of envy is strong within them, and any Spaniard or +foreigner who appears to be succeeding in an industrial enterprise in +the provinces, such as planting or mining, is sure, sooner or later, to +be attacked by the pettifoggers or their men of straw, and he will be +bled heavily when he comes before the courts, and perhaps have to go to +the Court of Appeal or even to the Tribunal Suprémo in Madrid +before he can obtain a verdict in his favour.</p> +<p>The credulity of the Tagal is remarkable; he has on occasion given +way to outbursts of ferocity, involving death and destruction to +numbers of innocent people.</p> +<p>In 1820, during an epidemic of cholera, he was led to believe that +this strange sickness had been produced by the foreigners, who had +poisoned the water. An indiscriminate massacre of foreigners was the +consequence of this calumny, and but few escaped. The authorities, +always prompt to repress uprisings against the Government, allowed time +for the foreigners to be massacred before they interfered. It is not +easy to say how many English, French, or Americans met their deaths at +the hands of the populace, for such details are never allowed to be +published.</p> +<p>I may say, however, that one should not be too hard on the Tagals +for this crime, since at a much later date a massacre of priests +occurred in Madrid, on account of a similar belief. It was started +because a lad, the servant of a priest, was seen to throw some white +powder into the Fuente Castellana. I have not at hand the details of +this massacre, but the friars were slaughtered like pigs.</p> +<p>In the dreadful epidemic of cholera in 1882, the natives behaved +very well, and I must give General Primo de Rivera credit for keeping +strict order and promptly organising the construction of temporary +hospitals, the inspection of every parish of the city, the conveyance +of the sick to hospital, and the burial of the dead. It was done under +military direction, and with the assistance of the <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb232" href="#pb232" name= +"pb232">232</a>]</span>priests, the civil authorities, and the +principal inhabitants. No disturbances occurred owing to the strong +hand of the Governor-General, although some of the evil-disposed +natives began to murmur about the doctors carrying about the +disease.</p> +<p>The mortality was dreadful; I believe that some 30,000 people lost +their lives in the city and province of Manila in three or four months. +In order to nurse the sick and bury the vast number of dead, it was +necessary to employ the convicts and prisoners. All these people +behaved remarkably well, although many succumbed to the disease. The +survivors were pardoned outright, or had their sentences reduced. If +the Governor-General had shown signs of weakness, the horrors of 1820 +might have been repeated.</p> +<p>To give a better idea of the credulity of the Tagals and other +natives, I may say that in 1868 telegrams were received in Manila +(<i>viâ</i> Hong Kong), which were made public in the islands, +announcing the Spanish revolution of September, and the news, with +stupendous exaggerations, reached the remotest villages and the most +miserable huts. A general and indelible idea took possession of the +minds of the natives that Revolution (they thought it was a new emperor +or a great personage) had decreed that all were equal, that there +should be no difference between Indians and Spaniards, that the latter +had to return to Spain and Indians be substituted in all employments, +and that the tribute would be greatly reduced. That there would be no +conscription nor <i>corvée</i> (personal work), that the Pope +would name several Indian bishops, and that the Spanish priests would +return to the Peninsula. That a new captain-general would arrive who +would marry a native lady, who would be made a princess, that their +children would be kings and sovereigns of the Philippine Empire.</p> +<p>All this was confirmed by prophecies, by dreams, and revelations, +and great miracles by the Virgin of Antipolo and of St. Joseph, and +other patrons of the Indies, not omitting St. Peter, for whom the +native clergy profess a profound veneration, and who is the patron +saint of a brotherhood which has caused much trouble in the +Philippines.</p> +<p>General Gándara, informed of all these absurdities by the +friars, did not fail to appreciate the immense importance of the +movement which, like the teachings of the so-called gods of Panay and +Samar who collected thousands of followers, might produce a general +insurrection. He therefore <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb233" href= +"#pb233" name="pb233">233</a>]</span>took due precautions, and invited +all the Spaniards in the Philippines, without distinction of party, in +support of the Government constituted in Spain. There was, however, +much agitation and much travelling to and fro amongst the native clergy +and the pettifogging lawyers. It was, however, not till 1872 that the +conspirators succeeded in producing the mutiny of Cavite, which was +quickly suppressed, with much slaughter of the mutineers.</p> +<p>The chief amusement of the Tagal is cock-fighting. I shall not +describe this well-known sport, but will remark that it provides no +inconsiderable revenue. The right of building and running the cock-pits +of each province is farmed out to Chinese or Chinese half-breeds, and +no combats may take place except in these places. They are opened after +Mass on Sundays and feast-days, and on some other days by special leave +from the authorities. The love of this sport and the hope of gain is so +general that the majority of the natives of Manila are breeders of +game-cocks, which they tend with assiduous care, and artisans often +carry their favourite birds to their work and tether them in the shade, +where they can keep them in view. Horse-fights occasionally take place. +The ponies of the Philippines, although not usually vicious to man, +will fight savagely with each other, and inflict severe bites. I +remember a case where two ponies harnessed to a victoria began fighting +and a Guardia Civil attempted to separate them, when one of the ponies +seized him by the thigh, lifted him off his feet, and shook him as a +terrier might shake a rat; the flesh of the man’s thigh was torn +away and the bone left bare. This dreadful wound caused his death. The +occurrence took place in front of the church of Binondo in Manila. Bull +fights have been an utter failure in Manila, although many attempts +have been made to establish them. Flying kites is a great amusement +with young and old in the early months of the year, when the N.E. +monsoon blows. Fights are organised: the competing kites have +crescent-shaped pieces of steel attached to the tails, and the +competitor who can cut the string of his opponent’s kite by +causing his own to swoop suddenly across it, is the winner. Betting on +the result is common. The Tagals are also fond of the theatre, and some +years ago there was a Tagal theatre in Binondo where comedies in that +language were played. I have also met strolling players in the country +towns. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb234" href="#pb234" name= +"pb234">234</a>]</span></p> +<p>But of all kinds of shows a good circus is the one that fetches his +last dollar out of the Tagal. Guiseppe Chiarini reaped a silver harvest +in Manila on both occasions he pitched his tents there. His advance +agent, Maya, a Chilian, paved the way for success, and the pompous +announcement that Chiarini was born in the sacred city of Rome, greatly +impressed the natives, who flocked in thousands to his circus. Chiarini +considered himself able to tame the most vicious horse, and purchased a +fine Manila pony that no one could manage. The beast, however, was not +subdued by his powers, and, seizing the tamer’s cheek, bit off a +large piece.</p> +<p>On feast days in the larger towns, open-air plays are sometimes +given, and what with preparations, rehearsals, and performance, absorb +the attention of a large number of the inhabitants for a couple of +months. I witnessed a very notable performance of this kind some years +ago at Balayan in the province of Batangas, the characters being played +by the sons and daughters of the principal people there. The subject +was taken from the ‘Wars of Grenada.’ In the first act we +saw a Christian king and his court, also his only and peerless +daughter. After these had had their say, an ambassador from the Moslem +king was announced, and the king summoned his council to consider the +communication. He took his seat upon the throne, with grey-bearded +councillors on each side. The Moslem envoy, and his suite and escort, +entered on horseback and very unnecessarily galloped about and gave an +exhibition of their horsemanship. Then the envoy, still on horseback, +harangued the king, and arrogantly demanded the hand of the beauteous +princess for his master, threatening war to the knife in case of +refusal. He then retired to his camp.</p> +<p>Next came the discussion of the demand which the grey-beards think +it hopeless to resist. The Moslem envoy was sent for, and amid great +grief the princess was about to be confided to his care, when there +rushed in a young Christian warrior and his followers, who swore they +would never allow a Christian princess to wed a Paynim, and dismissed +the envoy with contumelious remarks. He retired vowing vengeance. All +this occupied a long time, and I did not remain for the rest. I think +it took two days to act. But from the volleys of musketry and firing of +rockets and mortars which I heard, a sanguinary war must have been +waged and many of the characters must have perished. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb235" href="#pb235" name="pb235">235</a>]</span>The +play was acted in a more spirited way than usual; some of the male +performers declaimed their parts with energy. Some were mounted on fine +ponies, and were well got up and armed.</p> +<p>The girls’ dresses were rich, and they wore a great deal of +jewellery. Some of the princesses were very handsome girls. There is a +sort of a superstition that any girl performing in one of these pieces +is sure to be married within a year. This makes them very ready to +undertake a part, as they obtain an excellent opportunity to display +their charms to advantage, and so help to fulfil the prediction. The +play was witnessed by the mass of the population of Balayan and by +numerous visitors from the neighbouring towns. It was considered a very +successful performance, and it carried my memory over the wide Pacific +to Peru, where I have seen similar plays acted by the country people in +the Plaza of Huacho.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Tagal Literature.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">Tagal literature does not amount to very much, and the +policy of the Government of late years has been to teach Spanish as +well as the native dialects in the schools. This did not meet the +approval of the old school of priests; but many of the younger ones +have accepted the Government view. In the Exhibition of the +Philippines, Madrid, 1887, Don Vicente Barrantes showed twenty volumes +of grammars and vocabularies of the Philippine dialects, and thirty-one +volumes of popular native poetry, besides two volumes of native plays. +The Reverend Father Raimundo Lozano exhibited twenty-eight volumes of +religious works in the Visayas-Panayano dialect, and the Reverend +Father Francisco Valdez a study of the roots of the Ilocan dialect in +manuscript. Many works in the native dialects have been written by the +Spanish priests, such as one by the Reverend Father Manuel Blanco, the +learned author of the ‘Flora Filipina,’ of which I give the +title and the first verse:—</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e7976">Tagaloc verses to assist in dying well.</td> +<td lang="tl" class="xd20e7976">“Manga dalit na Tagalog at +pagtulong sa mamaluatay na tanang Cristiana.”</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p><i>Manila</i>, 1867, VIII., 62 pag 8<sup>o</sup>.</p> +<div lang="tl" class="lgouter"> +<p class="line">“Aba bumabasa baquin baga caya</p> +<p class="line">Tila camuntima i nata cang bohala.”</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb236" href="#pb236" name= +"pb236">236</a>]</span></p> +<p>I now give the title of a secular poem in English and Tagal, that +the reader may compare the words and note the subject:—</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e7976">Story of the life of the beauteous shepherdess +Jacobina, a native of Moncada, who became the wife of the King, +Policarpio de Villar, in the kingdom of Dalmatia, and bore a son named +Villardo.</td> +<td lang="tl" class="xd20e7976">“Salita at buhay nang marilang na +<i>pastora</i> na si Jacobina tubo sa Villa Moncada Naguing +asáua nang Policarpio de Villar sa cabarian nang Dalmacia nagga +roon nang isang supligna anac ang pangaia i si Villardo.”</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>The poem begins—</p> +<div lang="tl" class="lgouter"> +<p class="line">“O maamong Ester mananalong Judit</p> +<p class="line">Mariang linanag nitong sang daigdig.”</p> +</div> +<p class="first">and concludes—</p> +<div lang="tl" class="lgouter"> +<p class="line">“Panang nang pupuri ang lahat nang cabig</p> +<p class="line">Sa yanang inaguling ang tinamo i sangit.”</p> +</div> +<p class="first">I do not think it is necessary to quote any more, as +this gives the reader sufficient idea of the language.</p> +<p>There is much that is good in the Tagal, much to like and admire. +Antonio de Morga, Sinibaldo de Mas, Tomás de Comyn, Paul de la +Gironière, Jagor, Bowring, Palgrave, Foreman, Stevens, +Worcester—all have some good to say of him, and with reason. But +the piratical blood is strong in him yet. He requires restraint and +guidance from those who have a higher standard for their actions than +he has. Left to himself he would infallibly relapse into savagery. At +the same time he will not be governed by brute force, and under +oppression or contumelious treatment he would abandon the plains, +retire to the mountains, and lead a predatory life. Although not just +himself nor truthful, he can recognise and revere truth and justice in +a master or governor. Courageous himself, only a courageous man can win +his respect. He is grateful,<a class="noteref" id="xd20e8025src" href= +"#xd20e8025" name="xd20e8025src">5</a> and whoever can secure his +reverence and gratitude will have no trouble in leading him.</p> +<p>I have testified to the Tagal’s excellence in many handicrafts +and callings, yet I greatly doubt whether they have the mental and +moral equipment for any of the professions. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb237" href="#pb237" name="pb237">237</a>]</span>I +should not like to place my affairs in the hands of a Tagal lawyer, to +trust my life in the hands of a Tagal doctor, nor to purchase an estate +on the faith of a Tagal surveyor’s measurement.</p> +<p>I do not say that they are all untrustworthy, nor that they can +never become fit for the higher callings, but they are not fit for them +now, and it will take a long time, and a completely changed system of +education, before they can become fit.</p> +<p>What they want are examples of a high type of honour and morality +that they could look up to and strive to imitate. There are such men in +America. Whether they will be sent to the Philippines is best known to +Mr. McKinley. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb238" href="#pb238" name= +"pb238">238</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7775" href="#xd20e7775src" name="xd20e7775">1</a></span> The +Blachang of the Malays.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7787" href="#xd20e7787src" name="xd20e7787">2</a></span> +Pristiophoridæ.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7790" href="#xd20e7790src" name="xd20e7790">3</a></span> +Raiidæ.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e7905" href="#xd20e7905src" name="xd20e7905">4</a></span> +’Comentarios Réales.’ Garcilasso Inca de la +Vega.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e8025" href="#xd20e8025src" name="xd20e8025">5</a></span> Some +ridiculous person has stated in a magazine article that they have no +word in Tagal equivalent to Thank you. This is not true, for the word +Salamat is the exact equivalent.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch25" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XXV.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Pampangos (2).</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Pampangos are close neighbours of the Tagals. They +inhabit the rich and fertile province of Pampanga and a large part of +that of Tarlac. There are also some detached colonies of them in the +towns of Bataán, Nueva Écija, Pangasinán, and +Zambales. The population of Pampanga is given in the census of 1876 as +226,000. Allowing one-half the population of Tarlac to belong to this +race, we have to add 41,000, and supposing one-tenth the population of +Bataán, Nueva Écija, and Zambales, to be Pampangos, say +27,000, we get 294,000 as their number in 1876. Doubtless they have +largely increased since then. The Pampangos speak a different language +from the Tagals, yet they can understand each other to some extent. +Many of the better class speak both languages. The Pampango does not +greatly differ from the Tagal in appearance or character, but his +environment and his occupations are different. He is not so much a +sailor, a fisherman, or a mechanic. He excels in agriculture, is a good +organiser of labour, rides well, is a good hunter, and makes a bold and +determined soldier. Large numbers of this war-like race have fought +under the Spanish flag against the Mahometan princes of the Moluccas, +of Mindanao, and Sulu, as also against the British and the Dutch. +<i>Pampangos as Cultivators.</i></p> +<p>The towns of San Fernando, Guágua Bacolor, Mexico, Angeles, +Candaba, and many others have been built up by Pampanga industry. They +contain many fine houses, where the European traveller is sure of a +hospitable reception.</p> +<p>The staple crop of Pampanga is sugar, and I shall <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb239" href="#pb239" name= +"pb239">239</a>]</span>explain their organisation for its cultivation +and manufacture.</p> +<p>In Luzon the land is usually cultivated under an arrangement known +as <i>Aparceria</i>.</p> +<p>The conditions of <i>Aparceria</i> vary according to the locality, +and to established custom, since on the land near a town a smaller +share is given to the cultivator than on land near the forests, where +if he were not satisfied he might commence to clear land for himself. +Also the land near the towns is more valuable than that at a distance +for various reasons.</p> +<p>The following is an example of the terms usual in Pampanga. The +land-owner provides:</p> +<ul> +<li>A. Cleared land ready for the plough.</li> +<li>B. Sugar-cane points for the first planting.</li> +<li>C. Sugar-mill, boiling-pans and the building for same.</li> +<li>D. Money advances to keep the cultivator and his family, and for +taking off the crop.</li> +<li>E. Carts for carrying the cane to the mill.</li> +</ul> +<p>The cultivator, or <i>inquilino</i>, provides:</p> +<ul> +<li>1. His labour and that of his family for ploughing, planting and +cultivating the cane and fencing the plantations.</li> +<li>2. The ploughs and implements of husbandry.</li> +<li>3. The cattle (water buffaloes) for the above labours and for +working the mill if it is a cattle mill.</li> +</ul> +<p>The money advanced to the cultivator by the land-owner is charged 20 +per cent. per annum interest.</p> +<p>For a daily task of 9 pilones from cattle-mills or 10 pilones from +steam-mills there are employed:</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr> +<td>2 Labourers to cut cane</td> +<td>at 25 cents and food</td> +<td>.50 cents.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1 Carter</td> +<td>at 25 cents and food</td> +<td>.25</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2 Mill attendants</td> +<td>at 25 cents and food</td> +<td>.50</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sugar boiler and fireman</td> +<td>at 25 cents and food</td> +<td>.75</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1 Megass carrier</td> +<td>at 25 cents and food</td> +<td>.25</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"></td> +<td>——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">Mexican dollars</td> +<td>2.25</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Or 25 cents per pilon.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb240" href="#pb240" name= +"pb240">240</a>]</span></p> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Sugar Crop.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The land-owner pays the men’s wages, and the +cultivator gives them three meals a day and cigars.</p> +<p>The sugar-moulds (pilones) cost about 12½ cents each, and the +cost is divided between the parties.</p> +<p>In making up the account, 6½ per cent. per annum is charged +on the value of the land, machinery and building.</p> +<p>The molasses which drains from the sugar belongs to the +land-owner.</p> +<p>These pilones are supposed to contain 140 lbs. of sugar when filled. +They are placed upon a small pot to allow the molasses to drain off. +When delivered their weight may be from 112 to 120 lbs. according to +the time they have been draining. This sugar polarises about 80 per +cent. according to circumstances and requires to be treated at the +<i>farderias</i> in Manila to bring it up to an even sample before it +is exported. The sugar loaves are cut up, sorted, crushed, mixed with +other sugars, sun-dried, and a certain quantity of sand added before +being put into bags for export as <i>Manila Sugar</i>, usually No. 7 or +No. 9 Dutch standard. It will be seen from the above figures how +moderate the expenses are. Of course each land-owner has a number of +cultivators, and often a number of mills.</p> +<p>Notwithstanding the low price of sugar which has prevailed for many +years, the provinces of Pampanga has made money out of it as the +handsome houses of the land-owners in all their towns testify.</p> +<p>The sugar crop in Pampanga has never quite reached a million +pilones, but has exceeded nine hundred thousand, say from fifty to +sixty thousand English tons. The cane is crushed in small steam or +cattle mills having three horizontal rollers.</p> +<p>These mills are mostly made in Glasgow and have now in Pampanga +entirely superseded the Chinese mills with vertical rollers of granite +or the native mills with vertical rollers of hard wood.<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e8181src" href="#xd20e8181" name= +"xd20e8181src">1</a></p> +<div class="figure xd20e8185width" id="p240"><img src="images/p240.jpg" +alt="A Farderia, or Sugar Drying and Packing Place." width="720" +height="503"> +<p class="figureHead">A Farderia, or Sugar Drying and Packing +Place.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984">[<i>To face p. 240</i></p> +</div> +<p>In former years I pointed out, in a report written for General +Jovellar, what a great advantage it would be to Pampanga if the +planters would abandon the use of pilones <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb241" href="#pb241" name="pb241">241</a>]</span>and make sugar +suitable for direct export and so obviate the manipulation in the +<i>farderias</i> at Manila.</p> +<p>They could make a sugar similar to that produced in Negros and known +as Ilo-ilo.</p> +<p>Now that the Philippines have passed into the hands of the United +States, I do not doubt that central sugar factories will be established +and will turn out centrifugal sugars polarizing 96 per cent. similar to +the Cuban sugar.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Pampangos as Fishermen.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">There are some Pampanga fishermen on the River Betis, +at San José, and amongst the labyrinth of creeks and mangrove +swamps forming the north-western shores of Manila Bay.</p> +<p>Their avocation is not destitute of danger, for these swamps are the +home of the alligator.<a class="noteref" id="xd20e8212src" href= +"#xd20e8212" name="xd20e8212src">2</a> Although they are not as large +as some I have seen in the River Paraguay or on the River Dáule, +in Ecuador, they are quite large enough to seize a horse or a man. I +was once visiting Fr. Enrique Garcia, the parish priest of +Macabébe, when a native woman came in and presented him with a +dollar to say a Mass in thanksgiving for the escape of her husband from +death that morning. She told us that he was pushing a shrimp-net in +shallow water when the buaya seized him by the shoulder. The fisherman, +however, called upon his patron saint, and putting out his utmost +strength, with the aid of Saint Peter, succeeded in extricating himself +from the reptile’s jaws and in beating him off. His shoulder, +however, was badly lacerated by the alligator’s teeth. It was +lucky for him that he was in shallow water, for the alligator usually +holds its prey under water and drowns it.</p> +<p>The Pampangos also fish on the Rio Grande, the Rio Chico, and in the +Pinag de Candaba. This latter is an extensive swampy plain, partly +under cultivation in the dry season, partly laid out as fish-ponds.</p> +<p>The Nipa palm grows in abundance in the delta of the Bétis, +and small colonies of half-savage people are settled on dry spots +amongst these swamps engaged in collecting the juice or the leaves of +this tree. The stems are punctured and the juice runs into small +vessels made of cane. It is collected daily, poured into jars and +carried in small canoes to the distillery where it is fermented and +distilled. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb242" href="#pb242" name= +"pb242">242</a>]</span></p> +<p>The distilleries are constructed in a very primitive manner, and are +worked by Chinese or Chinese half-breeds.</p> +<p>The produce is called Vino de Nipa, and is retailed in the native +stalls and restaurants.</p> +<p>The leaves are doubled and sewn with rattan strips upon a small +piece of bamboo, they are taken to market upon a platform laid across +the gunwales of two canoes. This arrangement is called <i lang= +"es">bangcas mancornadas</i>, canoes yoked together. The nipa is sold +by the thousand, and serves to thatch the native houses anywhere, +except in certain parts of Manila and other towns where its use is +forbidden on account of the great danger of its taking fire.</p> +<p>From circumstances that have come under my own observation, I +believe it to be a fact that when trade in nipa thatch is dull, the +canoe-men set fire to the native houses in the suburbs of Manila to +make a market. I have noticed more than once that houses have commenced +to burn from the upper part of the thatched roof where they could not +have caught fire accidentally. The Province of Pampanga extends to the +westward, as far as the crests of the Zambales mountains, and the +Cordillera of Mabanga is included within its boundaries. There is but +little cultivated land beyond the town of Porac to the westward. Here +the Pampangos trade with the Negritos, who inhabit the Zambales range, +getting from them jungle produce in exchange for rice, tobacco, sugar, +and other articles. Occasionally the Negritos steal cattle from the +Pampangos or at times murder one of them if a good opportunity presents +itself.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Pampangos as Hunters.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The natives of this part of the province are good +wood-men and hunters.</p> +<p>In addition to taking game by nets and ambuscade, some of them hunt +the deer on ponies which are trained to run at full speed after the +game, up or down hill, and to get near enough for the rider to throw or +use his lance.</p> +<p>Being at Porac in 1879 with the late Major Deare, 74th Highlanders +(now 2nd Batt. Highland Light Infantry), an enthusiastic sportsman, we +saw two men who had practised this sport for years, and were told that +their arms, ribs, legs and collar-bones had been broken over and over +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb243" href="#pb243" name= +"pb243">243</a>]</span>again. We saw them gallop down a rocky and +precipitous descent after a deer at full speed.</p> +<p>We could only wonder that they were alive if that was a sample of +their hunting. Their saddles were fitted with strong martingales and +cruppers and with triple girths so that they could not shift. The +saddles themselves were of the usual native pattern, like miniature +Mexicans. The men were light weights.</p> +<p><i>N.B.</i>—If any reader of this contemplates travelling in +the Philippines, let him take a saddle with him. It should be as small +as he could comfortably use, and light. The ponies are from twelve to +thirteen hands high, but are remarkably strong and clever. I know from +experience that a good one will carry fourteen stone over rough ground +with safety.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Tulisanes.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">Pampanga has produced some notable bandits or +<i>Tulisanes</i> who have given the Spaniards much trouble. Of late +years there has been a diminution in the number of crimes of violence, +due in a great measure to the establishment of the Guardia Civil by +General Gándara in 1867.</p> +<p>I once built a nipa house on the banks of the Rio Grande, near +Macabébe, and resided there for several months, carrying on some +works. I was new to the country and ignorant of the customs of the +people.</p> +<p>There were no other Europeans in the vicinity, except the +priests.</p> +<p>I took care to treat all my native neighbours with strict justice, +neither infringing their rights, nor allowing them to impose on me.</p> +<p>There came to stay with me Mr. A. B. Whyte, then an employé, +now a partner in one of the leading British firms in Manila, who +frequently had ten thousand dollars in gold in his safe, and similar +sums were remitted to him from Manila at different times for the +purchase of sugar.</p> +<p>One day we received a visit from an officer of the Civil Guard who +came to warn us that we were in danger of an attack, that his post was +too far off for him to protect us, and that the locality bore a very +bad name for crimes of violence. We thanked him for his visit and +warning, entertained him to lunch, and informed him that we intended to +remain, after which he returned to his post at <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb244" href="#pb244" name= +"pb244">244</a>]</span>Apalit. On making inquiry we found that some of +our immediate neighbours were well-known bandits, but were thought to +have retired from business. However, they never attacked us, and +probably prevented any other Tulisanes from doing so lest they should +get the blame. But had I encroached on their land or treated them +contemptuously, or had I allowed them to impose upon me, I do not doubt +we should have been attacked and to say the least we might have found +ourselves in a tight place.</p> +<p>A nipa house is no place to defend, for it can be burnt in a few +minutes in the dry season, and a spear can be pushed through the sides, +or up through the floor with ease.</p> +<p>In cases like this one cannot entirely depend upon the assistance of +native servants, for they have sometimes joined with criminals to rob +or murder their master.</p> +<p>There is a curious custom amongst bandits to invite an outsider to +join them in a particular enterprise, and it is considered mean and as +denoting a want of courage to refuse, even when a servant is invited to +help rob or kill his master. Moreover, there is much danger in refusing +to join the bandits, for it will give dire offence to them and perhaps +have fatal consequences. This invitation is called a <i>Convite</i> +[<i>see</i> <a href="#ch5">Chap. V.</a>].</p> +<p>The hereditary taint of piracy in the Malay blood, and the low moral +standard prevailing in the Archipelago, as well as fear of the +consequences of a refusal, render it more difficult than a stranger can +realise for a native servant to resist such a temptation.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Pampanga Women.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The women in Pampanga are smart in appearance, clever +in business, and good at a bargain, whether buying or selling. The men +are well aware of this and when selling their produce or buying a +sugar-mill, they like to have the assistance of their wives, who are +always the hardest customers to deal with.</p> +<p>They are excellent sempstresses and good at embroidery. In some +villages they make very durable silk handkerchiefs with coloured +borders of blue, red or purple. Straw hats, mats, <i>salacots</i>, +cigar and cigarette cases are also made by them. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb245" href="#pb245" name="pb245">245</a>]</span></p> +<p>Their houses are kept clean, and the larger ones are well-suited for +entertainments, as the <i>sala</i> and <i>caida</i> are very spacious, +and have polished floors of <i>narra</i>, or some other hard +close-grained wood very pleasant to dance on.</p> +<p>A ball at a big Pampanga house is a sight that will be remembered. +Capitan Joaquin Arnédo Cruz of Sulípan, on the Rio +Grande, a wealthy native sugar-planter, used to assemble in his fine +house the principal people of the neighbourhood to meet royal or +distinguished guests. One of his daughters is married to a +distinguished lawyer, my friend Don Felipe Buencamino, author of the +remarkable State paper addressed to the United States Senate, and +published in the Congressional Record of January 9th, 1900, pp. +752–53–54. Capitan Joaquin possessed a magnificent +porcelain table-service of two hundred pieces, specially made and +marked with his monogram, sent him by a prince who had enjoyed his +hospitality.</p> +<p>He gave a ball for the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia, who afterwards +declared that the room presented one of the most brilliant sights he +had ever seen.</p> +<p>This from a son of an Emperor might seem an exaggeration, but +brilliant is the only word that can describe the effect produced on the +spectator by the bright costumes and sparkling jewellery of the +women.</p> +<p>Their dress seems to exercise a fascination upon Europeans which the +costume of any other eastern country fails to do.</p> +<p>Monsieur Paul de la Gironière, in his charming book, +‘Vingt Ans aux Philippines,’ says, about the Mestiza dress: +“Nothing so charming, so <i>coquet</i>, so provocative as this +costume which excites to the highest point the admiration of all +strangers.”</p> +<p>He goes on to say that the women are well aware of this, and that on +no account would they make a change. I will add my opinion that they +are quite right, and may they ever stick to the saya, the báro, +and the tapis under the Stars and Stripes, may they ever be as natural, +as handsome and as prosperous as when the writer dwelt amongst them on +the banks of the Rio Grande under the paternal rule of Alcalde Mayor +Don José Fécéd y Temprado. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb246" href="#pb246" name="pb246">246</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e8181" href="#xd20e8181src" name="xd20e8181">1</a></span> The +roller pinions in both Chinese and native mills are of hard wood.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e8212" href="#xd20e8212src" name="xd20e8212">2</a></span> <i lang= +"la-x-bio">Crocodilus Porosus.</i></p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch26" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XXVI.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Zambales (3).</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Zambales are a small and unimportant tribe of the +Malay race, with some admixture of Negrito blood. They inhabit part of +the province of Zambales from the River Nája down to South +Felipe, a coast village in 15° N. latitude, and in their mountains +there roam a good many Negritos. The Zambales are subjugated and +converted to Christianity, but some still maintain a partial +independence amongst the mountains, paying, however, the +“<span lang="es">Reconocimentio de Vassallaje</span>.” At +the time of the conquest, these people were famous head-hunters, and +otherwise manifested a bloodthirsty disposition. They lived in villages +of thirty to forty families, quite independent of each other, and their +chiefs possessed but little influence. When one of a family died the +surviving male relatives put on a black head-cloth or turban, which +they durst not remove until one of them had killed some one else so as +to satisfy the death vengeance. A murder could be atoned for by a +payment in gold or in goods, or a slave or Negrito might be delivered +up to be sacrificed to the <i>manes</i> of the departed. It was +customary amongst them to take with them to their feasts the heads or +skulls they possessed. The heads were placed on poles and ceremonial +dances were performed around them. They also emulated the Vikings by +making drinking cups out of their enemies’ skulls.</p> +<p>Their religion was similar to that of the Tagals. Their principal +god was called Malayari, but he had under him two deputy gods, Acasi +and Manglobag, and a large number of inferior gods. Their chief priest +was called Bayoc, and exercised great influence amongst +them<span class="corr" id="xd20e8339" title="Source: ,">.</span> They +celebrated baptism with the blood of a pig. Amongst them, as in Borneo +and with many tribes of Malays who are not Mahometans, the pig is +considered as the most acceptable <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb247" +href="#pb247" name="pb247">247</a>]</span>sacrifice to the gods. For +particulars about this I refer the reader to ‘Life in the Forests +of the Far East,’ by Spenser St. John.</p> +<p>Now, at last, they have been brought into the Christian fold, +though, perhaps, amongst the pine-clad mountains, heathen customs +maintain their hold upon the wild hillmen. These latter trade with +their Christian and partly-civilised brethren, bringing them jungle +produce, tobacco, and the small bezoar stones, so highly prized by the +Chinese, in return for articles they require. The Zambales raise some +rice and a little sugar. Their trade is inconsiderable, their exports +being limited to Sapan wood, jungle produce, timber, fire-wood, and +charcoal, all of which is shipped to Manila, where it finds a ready +sale. The total population of this province was 94,551 in 1876, but +only a portion of these were Zambales.</p> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Pangasinanes (4).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Pangasinanes inhabit the north-western part of the +province of Pangasinan, and the northern part of the province of +Zambales from the River Naja, which runs into the Bay of Bazol, round +Cape Bolinao to Sual, including the Island of Cabarruyan and Santiago. +But the southern and eastern part of their province is partly inhabited +by Pampangos and Ilocanos.</p> +<p>On the other hand, there are some Pangasinanes scattered about the +northern part of Nueva Écija amongst Tagals and Ilocanos, and +there are a few as colonists in Benguet.</p> +<p>In former times the Pangasinanes occupied a wider extent of country. +When Juan Salcedo arrived he found them occupying the southern part of +La Union; but they have been and are still being pushed back by the +more hard working and energetic Ilocanos.</p> +<p>As the limits of their province do not correspond to the +ethnographical boundaries, it is not easy to estimate their numbers. I +think there may be about 300,000 of them.</p> +<p>The Pangasinanes were subjugated by the Spaniards in 1572, and in +1576 they were all Christians. Their manners and customs are similar to +those of the Pampangos and Tagals, but they have a rougher and more +uncouth appearance. Their chief occupation is cultivating rice, and +whenever this is the case the people are poor and little advanced +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb248" href="#pb248" name= +"pb248">248</a>]</span>in civilisation. It is the lowest kind of +agriculture any people can follow. The first sign of prosperity in an +eastern people is given when they begin to import rice, as it shows +that they have a more remunerative occupation to follow than +cultivating it for themselves. Thus the Cagayanes who grow tobacco, the +Pampangos who grow sugar, and the Vicols of Albay and neighbouring +islands who grow hemp, all import rice.</p> +<p>Mr. J. W. Jamieson, the Acting British Consul at Sumao, in a report +on the trade of Yunnan, issued the 7th of December, 1898, says: +“Apart from minerals, the province possesses a few other +resources and the inhabitants are lazy and unenterprising to a degree. +So long as they can grow enough rice to feed themselves and procure +enough cotton to make the few articles of clothing necessary in this +equable climate, they are content.”</p> +<p>I am glad to find this confirmation of my views in this matter. Mr. +Jamieson’s remarks apply to all the rice-growers I have seen.</p> +<p>The rice is raised in the delta of the Agno and about that river. +Formerly, the Pangasinanes not only sent rice to Manila, but exported +it to China, Siam, and Annan.</p> +<p>For this trade they built their own vessels at Lingayen, and in the +flourishing period, some twenty-five years ago, their shipwrights used +to turn out eight or ten schooners in a year, vessels able to carry 300 +to 400 tons dead weight. Since the introduction of steamers into the +coasting trade, the construction of sailing vessels has greatly +diminished. Still, they turn out two or three a year.</p> +<p>In some parts of the province they make sugar, but it will not +compare in quality with that made in Pampanga. It has a smaller grain +and a paler colour, but less sweetening power. The average of thirty +samples, taken as the sugar was ladled out of the <i>tacho</i>, +was—</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr> +<td>Crystallizable sugar</td> +<td>70.40 per cent.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Uncrystallizable</td> +<td>13.00</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ash</td> +<td>1.97</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>It is drained in pilones, or earthenware moulds; but, unlike the +Pampanga custom, the moulds are not delivered with the sugar, but the +leaf is wrapped in the dried sheaths of the palm, tied about with split +rattan. Most of the sugar is sent by sea to Manila and exported to +China for direct <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb249" href="#pb249" +name="pb249">249</a>]</span>consumption in one of the provinces where +it finds a ready sale.</p> +<p>Indigo was formerly cultivated here and exported, and at one time a +good deal of Sapan wood was also exported, but the trade in these +articles has almost ceased.</p> +<p>Amongst the industries of Pangasinan may be mentioned the +manufacture of hats, hundreds of thousands of which were made at +Calasiao from grass or <i>nito</i>, and sent to Boston or New York. +There are also at Calasiao, and in some other towns, blacksmiths who +forge excellent <i>bolos</i> or wood-knives from the iron-bands taken +off bales of cotton cloth or sacking.</p> +<p><i>Carromatas</i>, the two-wheeled vehicles of the country, are +constructed in Lingayen and Dagupan, and are said to be very well +made.</p> +<p>I may mention here that the ponies raised in these provinces are +inferior to the Ilocanos or even the Albay breed.</p> +<p>The sands of the River Agno near Rosales, and of the streams coming +down from Mount Lagsig, are washed for gold, principally by women who +obtain but a meagre return.</p> +<p>The civilisation of the Pangasinanes is only skin-deep, and one of +their characteristics is a decided propensity to <i>remontar</i>, that +is, to abandon their towns or villages and take to the mountains, out +of reach of all authority. There are some great land-owners in +Pangasinan; one of them, Don Rafael Sison, owns an estate that +stretches from Calasiao and Santa Barbara to Urdaneta.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Ilocanos (5).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">This hard-working and industrious race occupies the +northern and western shores of Luzon, from Point Lacatacay on the 121st +meridian, east from Greenwich, to San Fabian, on the Gulf of Lingayen. +This includes the three provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, and La +Union. The Ilocanos have also pushed into the north-eastern part of +Pangasinan, where they occupy seven towns, and they inhabit the town of +Alcalá in the province of Cagayan, several villages in Benguet, +parts of the towns of Capas and O’Donnell in the provinces of +Tarlac, and some towns in Zambales and Nueva Écija. They are all +civilised and have been Christians for three centuries. Amongst them +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb250" href="#pb250" name= +"pb250">250</a>]</span>dwell many converted Tinguianes and Igorrotes, +who speak the Ilocan dialect.</p> +<p>Blumentritt attributes the energy and activity of the Ilocanos to an +admixture, even though it be small, of these brave and hardy races. In +dress and appearance they are similar to the Tagals, and like them +carry the indispensable <i>bolo</i>. They cultivate tobacco, cotton, +rice, maize, indigo, sugar-cane, and a little cacao and coffee. They +also grow the pita (<i lang="la-x-bio">Agave Americana</i>), which +gives the fibre for the nipis textiles, ajonjoli (<i lang= +"la-x-bio">Sesamum indicum, L.</i>), from which they extract oil, which +is used in medicine and for the hair, and they even grow some wheat. +They extract a black resin from the Antong (<i lang="la-x-bio">Canarum +Pimela</i>), which is used as incense or for making torches; another +resin from the Bangad, which is used as a varnish, another from the +Cajel (<i lang="la-x-bio">Citrus Aurantium</i>), and many others used +either in medicine, for torches, for varnishing, or for paying the +seams of wooden vessels. They get gum from the Balete (<i lang= +"la-x-bio">Ficus Urostigma</i>), and from the Lucban, or orange tree +(<i lang="la-x-bio">Citrus decumana,</i> L.), oil from the Palomaria +(<i lang="la-x-bio">Calophyllum inophyllum,</i> L.), and from a large +number of other trees, some only known by the native name, and the use +of which is uncertain. They obtain dyes from many trees growing wild in +the forests, amongst others from the Tabungao (<i lang= +"la-x-bio">Jatropha Curcas,</i> L.), the Lomboy (<i lang= +"la-x-bio">Eugenia Lambolana,</i> Lam.), the sibucao (<i lang= +"la-x-bio">Coesalpinia Sappan,</i> L.). Their cultivation of indigo is +declining, partly because the demand has diminished in consequence of +the introduction of chemical substitutes, and also because the Chinese, +into whose hands the whole produce of these provinces found its way, +adulterated it so abominably as to discredit it altogether. Yet so +great is the facility of Ilocan territory for growing indigo, that +Gregorio Sy Quia of Vigan exhibited in Madrid in 1887 no less than +seventy-five different kinds of indigo, and seventy-five different +seeds corresponding to the samples. At the same exhibition, no less +than twenty-four different kinds of rice were exhibited from Ilocos, +and this by no means exhausts the list. Every kind has a distinctive +name. The textile industry flourishes amongst these industrious people. +The Local Committee of Namagpacan, in the province of La Union, sent to +Madrid for the above-mentioned exhibition, no less than 145 different +textiles, whilst other towns sent looms and other implements. Amongst +the articles woven are quilts, cotton blankets <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb251" href="#pb251" name="pb251">251</a>]</span>(the +celebrated Mantos de Ilocos), napkins and towels, and a great variety +of material for coats, trousers, women’s dresses and other uses. +Guingon (called by sailors dungaree), a blue stuff for clothing, costs +from $0.50 to $0.31, 2<i>s.</i> 8<i>d.</i> per vara (2 feet 9 inches), +a mixture of cotton and silk, for men’s wear, $1.25 per vara, +silk handkerchiefs $0.25 each.</p> +<p>The Ilocans also make nets for fish, and for deer and pigs; baskets +of all sorts, salacots or hats.</p> +<p>They grow two kinds of cotton for textiles, the white and the +Coyote. Another kind, a tree cotton from the Boboy (<i lang= +"la-x-bio">Eriodendron anfractuosum,</i> D.C.), is only used for +stuffing pillows. They extract oil from the seeds of all three +kinds.</p> +<p>Like the other civilized natives they live principally on rice and +fish, which they capture in large quantities. Blumentritt mentions two +kinds, the “Ipon” and the “Dolon,” which they +salt or pickle.</p> +<p>They have fine cattle, which they sell to the Igorrotes. It will be +noted that the Tinguianes, on the other hand, sell cattle to the +Ilocanos. The ponies of Ilocos are highly valued in Manila, where there +is a great demand for them. They are smaller than the ponies of other +provinces, but are very hardy and spirited, and go at a great pace. +<i lang="es">Tulisanes</i> formerly infested these provinces and found +a ready refuge in the mountains, when pursued by the <i lang= +"es">cuadrilleros</i>, or village constables, who were only armed with +<i lang="es">bolos</i>, lances, and a few old muskets. But the creation +of the Civil Guard, formed of picked officers and men, who were armed +with Remingtons and revolvers, and whose orders were, “Do not +hesitate to shoot,” made this business very dangerous, and the +three provinces suffer little from brigandage. When Juan Salcedo +conquered the Ilocos, he found a caste of nobles amongst them who +possessed all the riches of the country, and treated the <i lang= +"es">cailanes</i>, or serfs, with great rigour. Their tyranny caused +several bloody rebellions, and although at present matters in this +respect have improved, there is still room for complaint that the +people who do the work do not get a fair remuneration for it, the rich +man always endeavouring to keep the poor man in permanent indebtedness. +In consequence of this, the Ilocanos are ever ready to emigrate, and +besides the places I have mentioned, there are thousands of them in +Manila and other parts of the islands. They easily obtain employment +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb252" href="#pb252" name= +"pb252">252</a>]</span>either as servants, cultivators, or labourers, +for they are superior in stamina to most of the civilised races, and in +industry superior to them all.</p> +<p>I have no doubt that there is a great future before this hardy, +enterprising, and industrious people.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Ibanags or Cagayanes (6).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Ibanags inhabit the Babuyanes and Batanes Islands +and the northern coast of Luzon, from Point Lacaytacay to Punta +Escarpada, and all the country comprised between the Rio Grande and the +summits of the Sierra Madre as far south as Balasig.</p> +<p>They also hold the left bank of the river from the sea, right up to +the confluence of the River Magat for an average width of some five +miles.</p> +<p>They are said to be the finest race and the most valiant men in the +islands, and to have manfully resisted the Spaniards.</p> +<p>However, they were conquered and converted to Christianity. From the +year 1781 they have been subjected to the worst form of slavery, the +forced cultivation of tobacco. The detestable abuses brought into this +system by the unblushing rascality of the agents of the treasury, +became, finally, so glaring, and the condition of the Ibanags so +dreadful, that, in 1882, the Governor-General, Moriones (see Chapter +“Spanish Government”), forced the hand of Cánovas +and the royal family, who desired to sell the monopoly, and this +horrible slavery ceased, having lasted over a century, going from bad +to worse.</p> +<p>Since that date the condition of the Ibanags has greatly improved; +they have continued the cultivation of tobacco, and private enterprise +has done much to introduce the finest seed and to improve the +cultivation and preparatory operations. The “<span lang= +"es">Compañia Tabacalera de Filipinas</span>,” a +Franco-Catalan enterprise, has established the Haciendas of San +Antonio, San Rafael, and Santa Isabel, in the district of Isabela.</p> +<p>They have built large warehouses in Tumaúini and have agents +in all the principal towns.</p> +<p>On the river they have a stern-wheel steamer, the <i>Antonio +Lopez</i>, and a number of steel-lighters for carrying down +tobacco.</p> +<p>The tobacco is ready for transport in December and <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb253" href="#pb253" name= +"pb253">253</a>]</span>January. It is sent down the river to Aparri, +from whence it is shipped to Manila. In a normal dry season (February +to August), the river is navigable for steamers of two feet draught up +to Alcalá, the trade of which town is not important; but that of +Tuguegárao is so, and up to that point the current is not +strong.</p> +<p>Amongst the Ibanags the distinction of noble and plebeian has been +as strongly marked as amongst the Tagals, Pampangos, and Ilocanos, and +the intense cupidity of the nobles, or rather usurers, which name +better describes them, has led to many bloody outbreaks on the part of +the oppressed and enslaved debtors.</p> +<p>The government has steadily encouraged the Ilocanos and others to +settle in Cagayan and plant tobacco, giving them free passages and +advances of money in the days of the monopoly.</p> +<p>On the other hand, the discontent of the Ibanags has led them to +migrate to other provinces when possible, for the authorities prevented +them from doing so by force when they could. They especially +endeavoured to get to Manila, and I remember many years ago the arrival +of a starving and ragged band, who had tramped all the way from Isabela +to Manila to escape from their cruel task-masters.</p> +<p>However, things are better with them now, and I hope means will be +found under the Stars and Stripes to introduce a better system of +finance, and to curb the greed of the usurer, either by legislation or +by competition on a fair and humane basis. The Ibanag language is +spreading greatly amongst the hill-tribes around them as a commercial +language, just as Ilocano is spreading on the West Coast.</p> +<p>Under American influence an immense development of the provinces of +Cagayan and Isabela may be expected in the near future, and the Ibanags +will doubtless benefit by this. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb254" +href="#pb254" name="pb254">254</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch27" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XXVII.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Igorrotes (7).</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">This is an important, and to me, the most interesting +of the independent or partly subdued races of the Philippines. They are +a fine, hardy, industrious, and warlike race, well worth a great and +patient effort to bring them within the pale of Christianity, and to +advance the civilisation they have already attained. They are of a dark +bronze colour, with straight black and abundant hair, large dark eyes +set rather obliquely as amongst Chinese. Their faces are broad with +high cheek-bones, the nose aquiline and the head large. The features in +general have a Mongolian cast, and a certain nasal twang in their +speech resembles that of the Southern Chinese. The men have capacious +chests, showing good lung-power, their muscles well developed +indicating great strength and ability to resist fatigue. The women have +also well-marked figures and rounded limbs. The fashions vary with +different tribes, but it is common to find both sexes wearing their +hair cut in a fringe over the forehead, but reaching down to the +eyebrows, long enough at the sides to cover the ears, left long at the +back of the head, where it is gathered up into a knot.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e8545width" id="p254"><img src="images/p254.jpg" +alt="Igorrote Spearmen and Negrito Archer." width="720" height="494"> +<p class="figureHead">Igorrote Spearmen and Negrito Archer.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984">[To face p. 254.</p> +</div> +<p>The Igorrotes of Lepanto wear beards, some of them are as thick as a +Spaniard’s, but the tribes farther South pull out, not only their +beards, but all the hair on their bodies, except that of the head. +Their dress varies from a mere apron (Bahaque) when at work in the +fields, to an ornamental jacket very smartly cut and elaborate +sword-belt when at war or on any full-dress occasion. These jackets are +very handsome and have stripes of blue, crimson and white. They wear a +variety of head-dresses, turban, Salacot or a kind of cocked-hat and +feathers. Both men and women wear cloaks or plaids of bright colours +made of cotton. Although the word Igorrote has come to be <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb255" href="#pb255" name= +"pb255">255</a>]</span>almost a generic name for the heathen +Highlanders of North Luzon, it is here limited to those who dwell on +the Western part of the Cordillera Central, comprising the whole of the +districts of Benguet and Lepanto, part of Bontoc and parts of the +Provinces of La Union and Ilocos Sur. The sub-tribes Buriks and Busaos +are included.</p> +<p>Tattooing is very general amongst them. In some districts you can +hardly find a man or woman who has not a figure of the sun tattooed in +blue on the back of the hand, for in Central Benguet they worship the +sun. Some <span class="corr" id="xd20e8557" title="Source: o">of</span> +them tattoo the breast and arms in patterns of straight and curved +lines pricked in with a needle in indigo blue. The Busao Igorrotes, who +live in the North of Lepanto, tattoo flowers on their arms, and in +war-dress wear a <span class="corr" id="xd20e8560" title= +"Source: cylindical">cylindrical</span> shako made of wood or plaited +rattan, and large copper pendants in their ears. These people do not +use the Talibon, and prefer the spear. The Burik Igorrotes tattoo the +body in a curious manner, giving them the appearance of wearing a coat +of mail. But this custom is probably now becoming obsolete, for at +least those of the Igorrotes who live near the Christian natives are +gradually adopting their dress and customs.</p> +<p>White is the colour of mourning, as amongst the Moros of Mindanao +and Sulu. Both sexes are fond of personal ornaments, such as ear-rings, +collars, arm-rings, bangles, leg-rings and belts. Collars of +crocodiles’ teeth are highly esteemed. In the long list of their +manufactures I shall enumerate their ornaments. Their arms are the +<i>talibon</i>, a short double-edged sword; the <i>gayang</i>, a +javelin or assegai; and the <i>aligua</i>, a light axe, having a spike +at the back opposite to the cutting edge. After throwing their +javelins, they rush on with their drawn swords, holding their shield, +called a <i>calata</i>, on the left arm. This is made of light wood and +is long and narrow. With the exception of the shape of the shield their +equipment is much like that of the Roman Legionaries twenty centuries +since. The <i>aligua</i> appears to be used, not as a fighting weapon, +but to decapitate their fallen enemies and as a means of carrying the +head home on a spike. Great rejoicings, with feasts and dances, were +held after a successful skirmish, and large quantities of liquor +consumed. But the constant pressure of the Spanish authority has in a +great measure stopped these petty wars. They make a kind of beer called +<i>Basi</i> by fermenting cane-juice, and another liquor, something +like <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb256" href="#pb256" name= +"pb256">256</a>]</span>the chicha of the Peruvian Coast Indians, from +rice. This latter is called <i>bundang</i>. They are great smokers, and +make their own pipes of various materials. They appear not to have +universally adopted the Malay custom of chewing buyo. There is a +settlement of Christian Igorrotes on the coast of Ilocos Sur, close to +the boundary of La Union, which has been established many years. But in +general the Igorrotes have steadily refused to embrace Christianity, +and evidently do not want to go to the same heaven as the Spaniards. +The behaviour of the troops led against them in 1881 by General Primo +de Rivera doubtless confirmed them in this repugnance. The expedition +did not do much in the way of fighting, Remingtons and mountain-guns +failed to subdue the bold mountaineers armed only with javelin and +sword. The Spanish officers and men, however, are reported to have +abominably mishandled the Igorrote women. For this ravishing foray the +late King Alfonso XII. bestowed the title of Vizconde de la Union upon +Primo de Rivera, and showered promotions and crosses upon his +staff.</p> +<p>The Igorrotes live in villages with a population of three or four +hundred souls. There is a chief to each, but the villages are not +organised into states, each being independent. The chief is supposed to +be chosen from the families called <i>Mainguel</i>, who have +distinguished themselves in war. As a matter of fact, the richest man +usually becomes chief. The wealthy families vie with each other in the +grand feasts which they give to all comers. The noble and the +illustrious guests are personally invited to these feasts, but the +common people assemble at beat of drum. The chief presides at the +meeting of the <i>Bacuanes</i> or nobles in whom are vested the village +lands, and who direct its affairs.</p> +<p>The common people are in a kind of bondage to the nobles, and +cultivate their lands for them. In Lepanto they are called +<i>cailianes</i> as in Ilocos. Their houses are square, and similar to +those of the other natives in the outlying districts, being raised on +posts above the ground-level. A framework of bamboos is supported on +four trunks of trees, the roof is thatched with <i>cogon</i> (elephant +grass) and the sides are closed in by canes, bamboos or pine planks. +Each house stands in an enclosure of its own, strongly fenced with +rough stones or posts. They are far inferior to the Christian natives +in the arrangement <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb257" href="#pb257" +name="pb257">257</a>]</span>of their houses. Instead of having a +separate kitchen on a <i>pantalan</i> or raised platform, the fire is +made in the centre of the house, and the smoke finds its way out +through a hole in the roof. The rafters and inside of the thatch is +blackened by the soot. They make no windows to their houses and only a +small door, the ladder to which is drawn up when they retire to rest. +They are not clean in their persons, and neglect to wash their clothes, +or clean the interiors of their houses. They thus compare very +unfavourably with the Tagals as regards cleanliness, although, as we +shall see, in some other respects they are greatly above them. Each +village has its Town Hall, which they call the <i>Balta-oa</i>. This is +where the Town Council assembles to settle the affairs of the +community, to hear requests for divorces, and to administer the law to +offenders. Public festivities also take place here.</p> +<p>They are monogamous, and have the highest respect for the holiness +of the marriage tie. It is not absolutely indissoluble, but can be +dissolved by the village council on serious grounds; but apparently +divorce is systematically discouraged, and the sacredness of marriage +is upheld. In former times adulteresses were punished by beheading, but +more lenient views now prevail, and a good whipping is considered +sufficient to meet the case. Generally death only dissolves the tie, +and even then only partially, as re-marriage is difficult; for it is +not proper for the widow to marry again without the consent of her late +husband’s family, which may not easily be obtained, and if she +contracts new ties, the children of her first marriage are removed from +her control. On the other hand, Igorrote respectability requires that a +widower should entirely neglect his toilet and commune silently with +his grief for several years before taking to himself a new wife. Like +most heathen, they show the greatest respect and affection for their +parents, and cherish them to their life’s end.</p> +<p>In sharp contrast with the license accorded to young girls by the +Tagals and Visayas, the Igorrotes carefully guard the chastity of their +daughters, and do not allow them to go about without a chaperon. The +father even often accompanies them on their excursions. When they +arrive at the age of puberty, the boys and girls are separated.</p> +<p>In each village there are two special buildings not too near each +other. In one of these the girls sleep under the watchful guard of a +duenna, who looks after their morals, <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb258" href="#pb258" name="pb258">258</a>]</span>and in the other the +youths under the care of an elder. The youth caught violating the +sanctity of the damsels’ dormitory, or the maiden who is detected +in an intrigue, or shows signs of maternity, may expect a severe +correction. They do not seem to raise as many difficulties about the +marriage of their daughters as the Tagals do, and they do not make it a +matter of a mercenary bargain. When a youth takes a fancy to a +marriageable maiden of his own degree, he applies through his parents +to the father of the girl, and if he and his daughter look with favour +on the proposal, the young man is admitted to cohabit with the damsel. +But if within a certain period the girl does not show signs of +succession, the would-be bridegroom is sent about his business. On the +other hand, if pregnancy is announced, the wedding takes place with all +possible ceremony, including an invocation of the <i>Anitos</i> or +ancestral gods, feasts and dances, which last eight or nine days, but +the young couple are excused from attendance. The Igorrotes, in fact, +openly recognise a custom which is practised to a great extent in the +agricultural districts of England and Scotland, with this difference, +that the Christian youth in the latter countries often evades the +marriage, while the heathen Igorrote carries out his engagement. I +think, on the whole, the heathen comes out best.</p> +<p>Although so desirous of offspring, they like to have them come one +at a time, and they consider it to be an evil omen when one of their +women brings forth twins. In such a case the last born is handed over +to whoever desires to adopt it. This is held to avert the omen and +straighten things out again.</p> +<p>Of late years the establishment of forts with the Tagal or Visayas +garrisons in the Igorrote territory, and closer contact with Christians +generally, have tended to demoralise the heathen, and, above all, to +lower somewhat their lofty ideal of chastity.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e8630width" id="p258a"><img src= +"images/p258a.jpg" alt="Anitos of Northern Tribes." width="684" height= +"498"> +<p class="figureHead">Anitos of Northern Tribes.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984">[<i>To face p. 258.</i></p> +</div> +<div class="figure xd20e8639width" id="p258b"><img src= +"images/p258b.jpg" alt="Anitos of the Igorrotes." width="681" height= +"421"> +<p class="figureHead">Anitos of the Igorrotes.</p> +</div> +<div class="figure xd20e8644width" id="p259"><img src="images/p259.jpg" +alt= +"Coffin of an Igorrote Noble, with his Coronets and other Ornaments." +width="465" height="720"> +<p class="figureHead">Coffin of an Igorrote Noble, with his Coronets +and other Ornaments.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984">[<i>To face p. 259.</i></p> +</div> +<p>Amongst the Igorrotes of Lepanto, and those farthest removed from +Spanish influence, when a man of position dies, a notification is sent +to all his blood-relations, even though they reside at a great +distance, and the corpse is not buried until they have all arrived and +have each taken the dead man’s hand in theirs, inquiring of him +tenderly why he has abandoned his family. All this time a great feast +is going on outside the house, vast quantities of rice and meat are +provided and consumed, and an unlimited <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb259" href="#pb259" name="pb259">259</a>]</span>allowance of beer +drunk by the guests. The expense is often out of all proportion to the +means of the family and perhaps involves them in debt for years.</p> +<p>In the Igorrote territory under Spanish influence this extravagance +and delay of burial is discouraged. Some of the Igorrotes dry their +dead over a fire in a similar way to the Tinguianes. The dead are +buried in a sitting posture, after the manner of the Peruvian Indians, +but enclosed in coffins, which are placed in any small cave or cleft in +the rocks, enlarged by hand if necessary. The Igorrotes believe in a +Supreme Being, the creator and preserver; he is called <i>Apo</i> in +Benguet, and <i>Lu-ma-oig</i> in Lepanto. The wife of <i>Apo</i> is +called <i>Bangan</i>, the daughter <i>Bugan</i> and the son +<i>Ubban</i>. There are two inferior gods, <i>Cabigat</i> and +<i>Suyan</i>, these deities hold intercourse with mankind through the +<i>Anitos</i> or ancestral spirits, some good, some evil, who reward or +chastise mankind in this life. They represent these spirits by +roughly-carved idols of wood. Some of these idols are male and others +female. Occasionally the carving is of an obscene nature, and similar +to some clay images I have seen taken from tombs in Peru. They practise +family prayer, and the object of it is to solicit the favour of the +Anitos. Sometimes the will of the Anitos is declared through an old +priestess called an <i>Asitera</i>, who receives a fee for her pains. +The ancestral spirits are more worshipped than the gods. Poultry, +swine, and dogs, may not be slaughtered except in a sacrificial manner. +There is a priest in every village called the <i>Manbunung</i> who +first consecrates the animal to the Anitos, and then kills it and +returns it to the owner, reserving, however, the best piece for +himself. In company with his first-born son he takes the lead at +prayer-meetings, or on special occasions, such as illness, marriage, +the commencing some important work, or averting some evil omen. This +man makes some pretence at healing the sick, but rather with charms and +incantations than by administering medicine. There is a sacred tree +near each village, which is regarded as the seat of the Anitos. In the +shade of this is a sacrificial stone. Sometimes near a house may been +seen a small bench for the Anitos to repose on, and a dish of rice or +other food for their refreshment. The Igorrotes believe that there are +two places where the souls of the dead travel to. One is an agreeable +residence provided with everything necessary to happiness, and is for +the spirits of those who have died <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb260" +href="#pb260" name="pb260">260</a>]</span>a natural death. But if they +have been evil-doers, such as robbers or murderers, and have escaped +due punishment on earth, they are punished here by the other souls +before being allowed to enjoy the advantages of the place. But the +souls of brave warriors killed in battle, and of women who have died in +child-birth, arrive at a much more desirable place, a real heaven, and +reside amongst the gods.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e8696width" id="p261"><img src="images/p261.jpg" +alt="Weapons of the Highlanders of Luzon." width="510" height="705"> +<p class="figureHead">Weapons of the Highlanders of Luzon.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984">[<i>To face p. 261.</i></p> +</div> +<p>The Igorrotes of Cabugalan in Lepanto regard eels as the embodiment +of their ancestors; they will not catch them or do them any harm, but +feed them when opportunity offers. The <i>Asiteras</i> assist at feasts +and make invocations and propose toasts which are drunk by the men +present. The private or family feasts are called <i>Bumaguil</i>, being +held in the giver’s house or courtyard, but public entertainments +or feasts of the whole village are called <i>Regnas</i>, and are held +in or in front of the <i>Balta-oa</i> or Town Hall. They are preceded +and followed by songs and dances. The songs are inharmonious and +monotonous. The dances vary with the localities. In one dance bowing to +the beer-mugs is a feature. As amongst other Malay races, ordeals are +in fashion to decide disputes. One consists in a priest or chief +scratching the scalps of the disputants with a small iron fork. Whoever +loses most blood during this operation has lost his case. The +<span class="corr" id="xd20e8718" title= +"Source: Igorrottes">Igorrotes</span> work hard at their agriculture, +and their rice-farming is excellent. They plough the valleys with the +aid of buffaloes and terrace the hillsides, which they cultivate by +hand. They burn down the pine-forests to clear the hills. They irrigate +where possible, carrying the canals over any ravine by means of rude +aqueducts. They grow considerable quantities of tobacco,<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e8722src" href="#xd20e8722" name="xd20e8722src">1</a> +which is, however, of inferior quality. This they sell to the civilised +natives, and it is exported. I suppose it goes to Hamburg to make +German Havana cigars, just as conger eels go to Paris to make fillets +of soles. They cultivate sweet potatoes, also the ordinary potatoes, +which grow well, and although small, are much prized in Manila, and +meet with a ready sale. The <span class="corr" id="xd20e8725" title= +"Source: Igorrottes">Igorrotes</span> of Lepanto eagerly seek new seeds +to plant. It is strange that an agricultural people like this should +have little or no idea of breeding cattle, but instead of doing so, +they purchase from the Ilocanos and others cattle, horses, and pigs for +consumption, paying good prices for them. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb261" href="#pb261" name="pb261">261</a>]</span>They even buy dogs to +eat. I have been assured by Mr. Ernest Heald, formerly British +Vice-Consul at Sual, that he has often seen Igorrotes returning to the +hills from Dagupan, leading strings of dogs, which they had purchased +for food at prices varying from twenty-five to fifty cents, and that +the dogs seemed to have an instinctive idea what they were being taken +away for. The cooking of the Igorrotes is abominable, especially their +way of cooking meat. It would not obtain the approval of Brillat +Savarin. They seem to have no objection to eating it putrid, and their +robust constitutions apparently prevent their suffering from ptomaine +poisoning. The most remarkable characteristic of the Igorrotes is their +skill as smiths, miners, and metallurgists. Their forges are not +usually in their villages, but are hidden away in the forest; they use +piston-blowers instead of bellows, and charcoal as fuel. Their +lance-heads, swords, and other weapons are well shaped and of excellent +quality. They worked the copper ores of Mancayen in Lepanto very +successfully. From official documents it appears that from 1840 to 1855 +they sold on an average each year about nineteen tons of copper, either +in ingots or manufactured. Then a Spanish Company took up the work and +ignominiously failed. Gold mining and washing was formerly a monopoly +of the nobles, and the washing is so still to some extent. For +centuries, and long before the Spanish conquest, the Igorrotes have +brought down gold to trade with the coast natives. Such particulars as +are known to me about Igorrote mining, smelting, and gold-washing, will +be found under the headings Gold, Copper, Iron, in <a href= +"#ch16">Chapter XVI</a>.</p> +<p>I have added to this account of them a list of such of their +manufactures as I have seen or could learn of, and in most instances I +have given the Igorrote name. The Igorrotes have several dialects, so +that the names of the various articles may vary according to the +locality. Herewith a list of the dialects and the places where each is +spoken, taken from Spanish official sources.</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<thead> +<tr class="label"> +<td>Dialect.</td> +<td>Locality.</td> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>Benguetano.</td> +<td>The greater part of Benguet.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Igorrote.</td> +<td>Lepanto.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Igorrote del Abra.</td> +<td>Five villages of Bontoc.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Igorrote de la Gran Cordillera.</td> +<td>By the reduced Igorrotes and the independent tribes of the +Caraballo.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Igorrote Suflin.</td> +<td>In fifteen villages of that Cordillera.</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb262" href="#pb262" name= +"pb262">262</a>]</span></p> +<p>Many of the Principales or head-men and others under Spanish +influence speak and write Ilocano, which they find necessary for their +trade with that people. More than twenty years ago there were seven +schools in Lepanto regularly attended by five hundred and sixty-two +children, of whom one hundred and ten could then read and write +Spanish. No doubt by this time these schools have considerably +increased.</p> +<p>I am much impressed by the great industry of these people and with +the great skill they show in everything they undertake. It is therefore +disappointing to read in Foreman’s book ‘The Philippine +Islands,’ p. 213: “Like all the races of the Philippines, +they are indolent to the greatest degree.” Foreman goes on to +say, Polygamy seems to be permitted, murders are common, their huts are +built bee-hive fashion, they keep a Dr. and Cr. account of heads with +the Negritos. All this is probably in consequence of accepting idle +stories as facts, and is nothing less than a libel on the Igorrotes. A +people who believe in a Supreme Being, Creator of heaven and earth, in +the immortality of the soul, in an upper and lower heaven, in +punishment after death, if it has been evaded in life, who are strict +monogamists, and who have a high belief in the sacredness of the +marriage tie; a people who guard the chastity of their daughters as +carefully as the British or the Americans; a people physically strong, +brave, skilful, and industrious, have nothing in common with the +wretches Foreman described under their name. These people live in the +fairest and healthiest parts of Luzon, no fevers lurk amongst those +pine-clad mountains, no sultry heats sap the vital powers. What an +opportunity for a grand missionary enterprise! What a noble material to +work on, every condition seems favourable. The very fact of their +rejection of the form of Christianity presented to them, and their +distrust of the Spaniards, may influence them in favour of some simpler +doctrine. I shall feel well repaid for my labour in describing these +people, if the truthful picture I have attempted to present of them +should interest those who have the means and the will to inaugurate a +new era, to help them along the Path. A perusal of what the old +chroniclers say about them convinces me that they have done much +themselves to improve their moral condition, and that many detestable +customs, at all events attributed to them, have long since been +relegated to oblivion. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb263" href= +"#pb263" name="pb263">263</a>]</span></p> +<p>I now give a list of the Missions in the Igorrote and Tinguian +territory that existed in 1892.</p> +<div class="table"> +<h4 class="tablecaption"><span class="sc">Missions in Tinguian and +Igorrote Territory.</span></h4> +<h4 class="tablecaption">1892.</h4> +<table> +<thead> +<tr class="label"> +<td>Province.</td> +<td>Town.</td> +<td>Population.</td> +<td>Missionaries.</td> +</tr> +<tr class="label"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td>Rev. Father—</td> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td rowspan="7">Abra</td> +<td>Pidigan.</td> +<td>2,418</td> +<td>P. Ornia.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bucay.</td> +<td>3,688</td> +<td>J. Lopez.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>La Paz y San Gregorio.</td> +<td>2,802</td> +<td>P. Fernandez.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Villavieja.</td> +<td>1,912</td> +<td>M. Fonturbel.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bangued.</td> +<td>8,702</td> +<td>A. Perez.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Tayum.</td> +<td>3,064</td> +<td>L. Vega.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dolores.</td> +<td>2,522</td> +<td>F. Franco.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lepanto</td> +<td>Cervantes y Cayan.</td> +<td>2,200</td> +<td>A. Oyanguren.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan="2">Benguet</td> +<td rowspan="2">La Trinidad y Galiano.</td> +<td rowspan="2">849</td> +<td>J. Garcia.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>R. Rivera.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td class="sum">28,157</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +<p>All the inhabitants of these towns and villages are Christians, and +either they or their ancestors were baptised by missionaries of the +Augustinian order.</p> +<div class="table"> +<h4 class="tablecaption">Some Manufactures of the Igorrotes.</h4> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><i>Weapons.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="label">Native Name.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Say-ang</td> +<td>Lance, for war or for killing deer.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Talibon</td> +<td>Short double-edged sword.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Ligua, or Aligua</td> +<td>Axe used for decapitating the fallen enemy.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Calaság or Caláta</td> +<td>Long narrow wooden shields.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Bunneng</td> +<td>Wood knife.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Sayac or Dayac</td> +<td>Sharp bamboo spikes to be set in the paths.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Bows and arrows (the Igorrotes possess these, but are not skilful +archers).</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Clubs.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Gay-ang</td> +<td>Javelins (favourite weapons of Igorrotes).</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><i>Accoutrements</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Alpilan or Sacupit</td> +<td>Knapsacks.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Lagpi.</td> +<td>Haversacks.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Saddles.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Bridles.<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb264" href="#pb264" name= +"pb264">264</a>]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Rangán</td> +<td>Saddle-bags.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Baot</td> +<td>Whips.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Upit</td> +<td>Pouch for medicine and antidote for snake bite.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Sac-dey</td> +<td>Uniform or war jackets.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Bariques</td> +<td>Chief’s sword belt.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Balques</td> +<td>Ancient sword belts used by their ancestors are preserved as +heirlooms in the family.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><i>Clothing</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Tacoco</td> +<td>Hat made of rattan for head-men.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Hat for married men.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Suebong</td> +<td>Hat for bachelors, woven from cane.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Hat for women.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Sachong</td> +<td>Hat for chiefs.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Calogón or catlocón</td> +<td>Hat made of rattan and cane used by Christian Igorrotes.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Sarquet or Barguet</td> +<td>Headcloth used by head-men.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Loc-bo</td> +<td>Caps.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Olei or Ulás</td> +<td>Cloaks or plaids.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Cobal</td> +<td>Loin-cloth of bark or cotton.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Baag or Bahaque</td> +<td>Aprons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Palingay</td> +<td>Aprons for women.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Atten</td> +<td>Skirts used by head-men’s wives or daughters.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Tachun</td> +<td>Waterproof hoods to cover the head and the load carried on the +back, <i>e.g.</i>, to keep tobacco dry in transit.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">An-nanga</td> +<td>Waterproof capes of Anajas leaves.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Sandals.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Clogs.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Ampaya, Samit</td> +<td>Tapis, cloth worn by women round the hips.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Barique or canes</td> +<td>Sashes.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Baquet</td> +<td>Woman’s belt to hold up the tapis.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Bado</td> +<td>Woman’s shirt.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Shirts made of the bark of the pacag.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><i>Ornaments</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Chacang</td> +<td>A gold plate used by head-men or chiefs to cover their teeth at +feasts or when they present themselves to Europeans of +distinction.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Balangat</td> +<td>A coronet of rattan.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Aponque</td> +<td>Collar or necklace.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Apongont</td> +<td>A coronet of scented wood (candaroma).</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Onó</td> +<td>Necklace of reeds and coloured seeds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Bariques</td> +<td>Necklace of vertebræ of snakes.<span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb265" href="#pb265" name="pb265">265</a>]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Siquel</td> +<td>Necklace made of seed of climbing plant called Bugayon.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Necklace made of white stones.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Necklace made of crocodiles’ teeth.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Necklace made of boars’ tusks.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Necklace made of mother-of-pearl.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Al-taque</td> +<td>Coronet of polished mother-of-pearl.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Garin</td> +<td>Bangles or bracelets of copper.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Bali</td> +<td>Arm-rings, often of copper and gilt.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Baney</td> +<td>Leg rings of nito and fibre, or of copper, used by men.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Arisud</td> +<td>Ear-rings.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Tabin</td> +<td>Ear-rings of copper, used by men.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Bit-jal or Bit-hal</td> +<td>Bracelets of boars’ tusks.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Galaong or Galang</td> +<td>Bracelets of mother-of-pearl.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Onon-ipit</td> +<td>Necklace or collar of metal, having three pendants, the centre one +being tweezers for pulling out hairs, the other two instruments for +cleaning out the ears.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><i>Household Goods.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Gui-pan</td> +<td>Small knife for peeling roots and splitting cane.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Lodó</td> +<td>Ladle of cocoa-nut shell for water.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Idas</td> +<td>Wooden spoons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Latoc</td> +<td>Large wooden dish, with receptacles for sauce and salt.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Dalela</td> +<td>Rice dish of copper.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Sagatan</td> +<td>Strainer of cane and rattan.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Sarangos-án</td> +<td>Funnel made of a cocoa-nut shell.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Labba</td> +<td>Basket used for carrying provisions.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Pidasen</td> +<td rowspan="2">Baskets for domestic use.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Tinac-dag</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Alat or Minuiniata</td> +<td>Small basket for collecting eggs.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Babaco</td> +<td>Provision basket.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Bigao</td> +<td>Basket for cleaning rice.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Opit-daguil</td> +<td>Provision basket.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Opigán or Acuba-quigan</td> +<td>Basket for keeping clothes in.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Cal-culven</td> +<td>Cane basket blackened by smoke.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Tapil</td> +<td>Small basket of cane.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Hugones</td> +<td>Great baskets to hold rice.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Agabin</td> +<td>Creels for carrying fish.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Apisang or Sacupif</td> +<td>Large basket used for carrying tobacco on the back.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Sulpac</td> +<td>Large bamboos for carrying water.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Tang-tang</td> +<td>Calabashes for measuring or holding <i>basi</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Ting-galon</td> +<td>Goblet of plaited cane used at feasts for drinking +<i>basi</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Pambián</td> +<td>Spinning wheels.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Paga-blang</td> +<td>Looms.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">La-labayán</td> +<td>Apparatus for holding skeins of cotton.<span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb266" href="#pb266" name= +"pb266">266</a>]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Qui-tan-gang</td> +<td>Wooden drainer for the spoons or paddles used for stirring up the +<i>basi</i> when brewing it.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Balai-ti-ado</td> +<td>Rack to hold spoons.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Quil-lit</td> +<td>Earthen cooking-pot.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Ongot</td> +<td>Drinking-cup for water.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Soled</td> +<td>Dish of plaited rattan for boiled camote (sweet potatoes).</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Dapilag</td> +<td>Dish of plaited rattan for boiled rice.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><i>Personal Effects</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Palting</td> +<td>Pouches for tobacco and gold.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Upit</td> +<td>Tobacco pouch plaited of rattan.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Suput</td> +<td>Purse made of cotton ornamented with copper wire.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Cuaco</td> +<td>Pipes of wood, stone, clay, or metal.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Nupit</td> +<td>Tobacco boxes.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Sacopit</td> +<td>Carved walking sticks.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Tad</td> +<td>Umbrellas.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Pamiguin</td> +<td>Pneumatic tinder-box, or fire squirt.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Apit</td> +<td>Pocket book of cane and rattan.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Dubong</td> +<td>Deer-skin pouch used when travelling.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Quidatang</td> +<td>Case with fittings for striking a light.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Sagay say</td> +<td>Combs.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Tooth-brushes.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><i>Miscellaneous</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Tali</td> +<td>Ropes of Alinao bark.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Sinal-lapid</td> +<td>Ropes of Labtang bark.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Ratén</td> +<td>Nets for taking deer and pigs.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Chi-ay</td> +<td>Traps for taking jungle-fowl.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Anitos</td> +<td>Images of the household gods.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Sipas</td> +<td>Foot-balls of rattan.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Disig</td> +<td>Humming tops.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Casabang</td> +<td>Branch of a tree used to frighten away snakes.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Hammocks for sleeping or travelling.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Tugas</td> +<td>Throne for a chief and his favourite.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Harrows.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Ploughs.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Cradles.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Coffins.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><i>Musical Instruments</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Sulibao or Culibao</td> +<td>Large drum, played with one stick.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Quinibal</td> +<td>Small drum held between the knees and played with two sticks.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Calalen or Bab-balasan</td> +<td>Flutes played by single women.<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb267" +href="#pb267" name="pb267">267</a>]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Cong-gala or</td> +<td rowspan="2">Flutes (nose flutes) played by men.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Tong-gala</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Ganza</td> +<td>Large flat gong held in right hand, and played with left, +vibrations stopped with right elbow. If a human jaw-bone, taken from a +dead enemy, is fitted as a handle, the value is enhanced.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Pinsac</td> +<td>A small gong.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Bating-ting or</td> +<td rowspan="2">Triangles made of iron.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Palas-bating-ting</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Cingo-cingco</td> +<td>Violin played by single men.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Guitar, the body made from cocoa-nut shell.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Palgong-bocancang</td> +<td>Cane instrument played by the women going to and coming from their +work. Holding it in the right hand, they cover the orifice with the +index-finger, and strike the other end on the left hand.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><i>Mining Tools, etc.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc">Native names unknown</td> +<td>Crow-bars.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Hammers.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Wedges.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Outfit for gold washing.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Blowers for smiths’ forges.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td lang="bnc"></td> +<td>Furnaces for smelting copper.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class="figure xd20e9673width" id="p264"><img src="images/p264.jpg" +alt= +"Igorrote Dresses and Ornaments, Water-Jar, Dripstones, Pipes, and Baskets." +width="513" height="715"> +<p class="figureHead">Igorrote Dresses and Ornaments, Water-Jar, +Dripstones, Pipes, and Baskets.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984">[<i>To face p. 264.</i></p> +</div> +<div class="figure xd20e9682width" id="p266a"><img src= +"images/p266a.jpg" alt="Anitos, Highlands of Luzon." width="260" +height="342"> +<p class="figureHead">Anitos, Highlands of Luzon.</p> +</div> +<div class="figure xd20e9687width" id="p266b"><img src= +"images/p266b.jpg" alt="Anito of the Igorrotes." width="265" height= +"475"> +<p class="figureHead">Anito of the Igorrotes.</p> +</div> +<div class="figure xd20e9692width" id="p266c"><img src= +"images/p266c.jpg" alt="Igorrote Drums." width="510" height="343"> +<p class="figureHead">Igorrote Drums.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984">[<i>To face p. 266.</i></p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb268" href="#pb268" name= +"pb268">268</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e8722" href="#xd20e8722src" name="xd20e8722">1</a></span> They +sell about 25,000 bales per annum.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch28" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XXVIII.</h2> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Isinays (11).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">A small tribe living in the northern part of +Pangasinan, towards Mount Caraballo del Sur. They are now merged in the +Pangasinanes, and have lost all distinctive customs.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Abacas (12).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">A small tribe living about Caranglan in the South +Caraballo. They were formerly fierce and warlike, but have been +pacified and converted to Christianity. They had a separate language +which has died out, and their customs are now those of the Christian +natives.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Italones (13).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">These people live in the south-west corner of Nueva +Vizcaya, about the head-waters of the River Magat. They are numerous, +and occupy many towns and villages, amongst them Bayombong, Dupax, +Bambang, and Aritas. They were formerly warlike head-hunters, and are +said to have devoured the hearts and brains of their slain enemies in +order to inherit their courage and wisdom. This is a Chinese idea, and +is even now practised in Canton, where pieces of the heart and liver of +a particularly hardened and desperate criminal are retailed by the +executioner at a high price for the above purpose. They wear their hair +long like the Ilongotes. Their weapons were the lance, shield, or +wood-knife, and in their customs and religion they resembled the +Igorrotes. They were said to ornament the hilts of their swords with +the teeth of their slain enemies. All these detestable customs have now +disappeared; they have been converted to Christianity, and <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb269" href="#pb269" name="pb269">269</a>]</span>now +are peaceful agriculturists and hunters. Game and fish abound; a +telegraph line runs through their territory with a station at +Bayombong. This is part of the line from Manila to Aparri.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Ibilaos (14).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">These savages inhabit the hilly country about the +sources of the River Casepuan, which, according to +D’Almonte’s map, is a tributary of the River Casiguran, +which runs into the Bay of Baler; but, according to Olleros, is a +tributary of the Rio Grande de Cagayan. However this may be, their +habitat is on the borders of Nueva Écija and Nueva Vizcaya. Some +of these people have been subjugated, but the others live a nomadic +life in the mountain forests, and resemble the Negritos. Their pleasure +is to lie in wait and shoot the passers-by with their arrows. Like the +Italones they are said to ornament their weapons with the teeth of the +slain, and, like them, wear their hair long. The independent Ibilaos +live by the chase, and on jungle produce, and do no cultivation. They +are small of stature and weak. It is possible that they are a hybrid +Negrito Malay race. Their bloodthirsty propensities make them a curse +to their neighbours.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Ilongotes (15).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Ilongotes inhabit the rocky fastnesses of the +range of mountains on the east coast, called the Caraballo de Baler, +the whole length of the Distrito del Principe, the north-east corner of +Nueva Vizcaya and a strip of the southern part of Isabela.</p> +<p>Their neighbours on the east are the Negritos, who live along the +sea-shore. These people are also their neighbours on the north, where +they inhabit the mountains.</p> +<p>On the west they have the Ifugaos in the northerly part of their +boundary, and civilised Indians of mixed races in the southern part. +Their nearest neighbours to the south are some scattered Tagals.</p> +<p>Blumentritt describes them from a photograph lent him by Dr. A. B. +Meyer, as having eyes long and deeply sunk, upper lip and chin hairy, +the hair long plaited in a tail, and often reaching the hips. A Spanish +authority describes <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb270" href="#pb270" +name="pb270">270</a>]</span>them as similar to the other hillmen, but +wearing long hair, and dirty and disagreeable in their aspect</p> +<p>Their dress is as primitive as that of the other savage races, the +adult men wearing a band of beaten bark round the waist, the women +wearing a tapis, and the children going quite naked. They wear rings or +spirals of brass wire on their arms, necklaces, and other ornaments. +But when the men have occasion to go into the Christian villages, they +wear shirts and trousers. I have myself seen instances of this custom +amongst the Tagbanúas in Palawan.</p> +<p>They are clever smiths and know how to temper their weapons. Their +lances have different shaped heads, and the shafts are made of Palma +Brava. Their swords are well-made and ornamented, and are carried in a +wooden scabbard from a belt of webbing. This appears to be their +favourite weapon. They never go unarmed, even for a few paces, and they +sleep with their weapons beside them. Their shields are of light wood, +carved, and painted red.</p> +<p>Their domestic life is not unlike that of the Christian natives, for +they are not polygamists; they, however, are more careless and dirty. +They purchase their wife from her parents. They subsist by hunting and +fishing, and by cultivating rice, maize, sweet potatoes, and other +vegetables. They grow tobacco, which they exchange for other goods with +the Christian natives. They catch the wild <i>carabaos</i> in traps. +They are ineradicably addicted to head-hunting, and wage a continual +war with all their neighbours, but if an interval of peace occurs, they +fight one family or clan against another, for they must have heads. The +marriage ceremony cannot be completed till the bridegroom has presented +the bride with some of these grisly trophies; heads of Christians for +choice.</p> +<p>They signify war by placing arrows in the path and sprinkling blood +upon it. Treaties of peace, or rather truces, are sometimes ratified by +human sacrifices, and the ceremony of blood-brothership is +practised.</p> +<p>They have few religious practices, although they believe in a +Supreme Being, and in the ancestor-worship common to the country. The +relatives assemble to celebrate a birth by a feast. On the fifth day a +name is given to the infant. They take care of the sick and endeavour +to cure them with herbs, to which they ascribe medicinal virtues. If +the patient dies, the relatives devour everything in the house in +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb271" href="#pb271" name= +"pb271">271</a>]</span>order to mitigate their grief, and they bury the +corpse within twenty-four hours of death, placing some provisions upon +the grave. From a statement in a Spanish official publication, the +Ilongote dialect is spoken in two towns and twenty-two rancherias of +Nueva Vizcaya, and in four rancherias in the district of Principe. This +shows that at least on their western border they are now somewhat held +in check. But the poor Negritos still have to suffer their +incursions.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Mayoyaos and Silipanes (16).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">These people are very numerous, and inhabit the +north-west corner of Nueva Vizcaya, and the south-west corner of +Isabela, between the Cordillera Central and the River Magat. For +neighbours, they have on the east the Ifugaos, those deadly +lasso-throwers; on the west, the Igorrotes are separated from them by +the Cordillera; to the north they have the Gaddanes, and the +Itetapanes, and to the south the Italones. In appearance, dress, arms +and ornaments, they resemble the Igorrotes of Lepanto. The Ifugao +language is spoken at the missions of Quiangan and Silipan, and in a +large number of hamlets of these people. They were pacified and +converted to Christianity about half a century ago, and are gradually +improving in civilisation.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Ifugaos (17).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Ifugaos, who bear a strong resemblance to the +Japanese, inhabit a territory in central Nueva Vizcaya, and in the +south of Isabela, mostly between the River Magat and the Rio Grande, +but they have a great many hamlets on the left bank of the Magat. They +cultivate rice, camote, and other crops, but prefer to live by robbery +whenever possible. They are persistent head-hunters, frequently at war +with the neighbouring tribes, or amongst themselves.</p> +<p>One notable peculiarity must be mentioned. Besides the lance, knife, +and bow and arrows, they use the lasso, which they throw with great +dexterity. Lurking near a trail, they cast the fatal coil over some +unwary traveller, and promptly decapitate him, to add his skull to +their collection, and decorate their hut.</p> +<p>It is their custom to wear as many rings in their ears as they have +taken heads. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb272" href="#pb272" name= +"pb272">272</a>]</span></p> +<p>Major Galvez, after a skirmish with these people, found the corpse +of one of their warriors who wore thirty-two death-rings in his +ears.</p> +<p>Their religion is said to be after the style of the Igorrotes, and +some other hill-tribes of Luzon. Their chief god Cabunian had two sons, +Sumabit and Cabigat, and two daughters, Buingan and Daunguen, who +married amongst themselves, and from them the human race is descended. +Ancestor-worship is also practised. The Spaniards built and garrisoned +a chain of forts in the Ifugao territory to keep them in order, and of +late years their murderous incursions have been kept in check. It would +require an enquiry on the spot to say whether there is any prospect of +this tribe becoming civilised, and converted to Christianity.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Gaddanes (18).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Gaddanes occupy the north-east quarter of Saltan +and Bondoc, and their territory stretches over into Isabela in a +south-easterly direction to the River Magat, thus bordering on the +five-mile strip of Ibanag territory on the left bank of the Rio Grande. +The upper part of the Rio Chico runs through their Saltan territory, +and the River Libug through their Isabela territory.</p> +<p>In appearance they are darker than any other of the hillmen of +Luzon. They are not as well built as the Igorrotes. They have round +eyes, and large, flat noses. They are very dirty. Their houses are +built on lofty piles, and the ladder is drawn up at night, or in war +time. They are partly converted to Christianity, and are of a milder +disposition than their neighbours.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Itetapanes (19).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">These people live in Bontoc, almost the centre of +Northern Luzon. On the west they have the Busaos Igorrotes, on the east +the Gaddanes, to the north-west they have the Guinanes, and to the +south the Mayoyaos. They are more like the Gaddanes than any other +neighbours, especially in the eyes and hair, yet in other respects they +are something like the Negritos in appearance, and much more so in +their dispositions and customs, for it has not been possible to +civilise them. Their arms are the same as <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb273" href="#pb273" name="pb273">273</a>]</span>the Busaos, and, like +them, they wear a cylindrical shako, which they dye a brilliant red. +They appear to be a hopeless race.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Guinanes (20).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">These terrible neighbours of the peaceful Tinguianes +inhabit both slopes of the Cordillera Central in Abra and Bontoc. They +do not pass to the west of the River Abra, or its affluent, the +Pusulguan.</p> +<p>On the south the Guinanes have the warlike Busaos, who are well able +to defend themselves, and to retaliate on their aggressors. +Consequently, the Tinguianes are the principal victims; in fact, some +years back, they had no peace, and are not now free from danger.</p> +<p>The fame and respect enjoyed by a successful head-hunter is the +great incentive to them to persevere in their sanguinary forays, which +they conduct with the greatest cunning.</p> +<p>The return of the head-hunters to their village with their ghastly +trophies is celebrated by prolonged and frantic orgies—feasting +and drinking, singing war-songs, music and dancing. In fact, their +rejoicings only differ in degree and intensity from those customary in +Christian nations to celebrate the slaughter of their enemies.</p> +<p>So fond are the Guinanes of getting heads, that when not at war with +other tribes they fight amongst themselves.</p> +<p>They are much like the Igorrotes, and, like them, are settled in +towns and villages. They practise agriculture, and are excellent +smiths, and forge specially good knives, which are much esteemed by the +Busaos, and find a ready sale amongst them.</p> +<p>Little is known of their manners and customs, or of their numbers, +since few travellers care to run the risk of having their skulls added +to the collection of some connoisseur.</p> +<p>I cannot suggest any use this tribe could be to the United States, +for I do not think the most enthusiastic or devoted missionary would +hanker after being appointed to convert them, and even if such an one +could be found, the probability of his success would be very small. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb274" href="#pb274" name= +"pb274">274</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch29" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XXIX.</h2> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Caláuas, or Itaves (21).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">A small tribe, living in a strip of country stretching +across the great loop formed by the Rio Chico de Cagayan just before it +enters the Rio Grande. They are peaceful and industrious cultivators, +and grow rice and excellent tobacco. In former days, when the State +monopoly was in force, they used to smuggle this, and were attacked, +and their plantations laid waste in consequence. But now they are able +to trade freely, and must have become prosperous. Very little is known +about them. The word Caláuas is also spelt Calaguas.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Camuangas and Bayabonanes (22).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">These people live in the southern part of the province +of Cagayan, say about 17° 30′ north latitude. On the north +they have the Caláuas, or Calaguas, and on the south the +Dadayags. D’Almonte’s map shows no hamlets in their +territory, and the nearest <i>visita</i> is Gamuasan. Nothing is known +about them, and Blumentritt considers it not improbable that they are a +branch of the Dadayags.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Dadayags (23).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">A small tribe living in the north-west comer of +Isabela, not far from the left bank of the Rio Grande.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Nabayuganes (24).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">These people, who have a language of their own, live +in two long valleys extending from the Cordillera Central towards the +east. According to D’Almonte’s map, these <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb275" href="#pb275" name= +"pb275">275</a>]</span>parallel valleys lead down to the town of +Malaneg, and in each of them there is a river. That in the northern +valley is called the River Nabbuangan, and that in the southern valley +the River Nabbuanguan. They join before reaching Malaneg, forming the +River Nagalat, a tributary of the Rio Chico de Cagayan. Nothing is +known of their religion or nature. On the north-east of the Nabayuganes +live the Aripas.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Aripas (25).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">This tribe inhabits the hills to the west of the +junction of the Rio Grande and Rio Chico of Cagayan. They have the +Apayaos on the west, the Ibanags on the east, the Calingas on the +north, and the Ilanes on the south. They are peaceful, and partly +converted to Christianity.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Calingas (26).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">These people inhabit the mountains to the north of the +Aripas. On their north and east they have the Ibanags, and on the west +the Apayaos. They are supposed to have a good deal of Chinese blood in +their veins. They are now peaceful, like the Aripas.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Tinguianes (27).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Tinguianes inhabit the western half of the +province of Abra, and their villages are thickly scattered about on the +eastern slopes of the Ilocos mountains, and on the banks of the River +Abra. They have also pushed their way to the extreme north-east corner +of Abra, and they extend southwards and westwards along the coast as +far as Punta Darigayos. Santiago is a Christian Tinguian town, and was +founded in 1736.</p> +<p>The Tinguianes are of a peaceful disposition, and are gradually +becoming civilised and converted to Christianity. In fact, of late +years, the advance of the Spaniards has been considerable. It is only +in the more remote parts of their territory that some of them retain +their independence, and their ancient laws, beliefs and customs. The +constant intercourse they have with the Ilocanos has resulted in +spreading that dialect amongst them, whilst their own language is dying +out.</p> +<p>In appearance the Tinguianes differ considerably from <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb276" href="#pb276" name="pb276">276</a>]</span>the +other mountain tribes of Luzon, being taller, and of a much lighter +colour. Their noses are not flattened like those of the Malays, but are +aquiline, and remind one of the features of the Cholos of the Peruvian +coast. They are a cleanly people; the men wear turbans, jacket and +trousers; the women belonging to their nobility have their garments +beautifully embroidered. They wear arm-sheaths, and sometimes +leg-sheaths, made of plaited fibre, and ornamented with beads, or with +coloured stones, brought from the Batanes islands, which they purchase +in Ilocos. They also wear necklaces of these stones, copper or silver +ear-rings, and other trinkets.</p> +<p>Spanish writers consider these people to have a strong admixture of +Chinese blood, and suppose it may be from a remnant of the pirates +under Li-ma-hon, who were defeated by Juan Salcedo in 1574. The learned +Blumentritt, however, dissents from this opinion, which he considers to +be a modern invention, and gives Salcedo credit for doing his work very +thoroughly, and not letting many of the pirates escape. He says that, +although in dress and appearance the Tinguianes are very similar to the +fishermen of the province of Fo-Kien, there are no Chinese words to be +found in their dialect, and that consequently the intermixture of +Chinese can only have been small. However this may be, the coast of +Fo-Kien, which is opposite Formosa, is only about 500 miles from the +Port of Vigan, the currents are favourable for the southerly voyage, +and sailing craft can cross in either monsoon. Consequently, either as +traders, fugitives, or castaways, Fo-Kien sailors or fishermen could +easily have arrived on the coast.</p> +<p>The Tinguianes assiduously cultivate their land, and irrigate their +rice-fields with some skill. They breed horses and cattle, which they +sell in the markets of Ilocos, as well as jungle produce, wax, skins +and gold-dust. They raft timber down the Abra River and make for sale +various articles of wood, such as <i>bateas</i>, ladles and spoons, +also they make mats and baskets.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e9864width" id="p276"><img src="images/p276.jpg" +alt="Tinguianes, Aeta, and Igorrotes." width="720" height="517"> +<p class="figureHead">Tinguianes<span class="corr" id="xd20e9867" +title="Not in source">,</span> Aeta<span class="corr" id="xd20e9870" +title="Not in source">,</span> and Igorrotes.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984">[<i>To face p. 276.</i></p> +</div> +<p>Their marriages are conducted in a similar manner to those of other +tribes, the ceremony, whether Christian or heathen, being followed by +the usual feasts and dancing, and music in the intervals of eating and +drinking. Their instruments are drums, flutes and guitars. As usual, +roast pig is the principal dish, the animal being roasted whole on a +spit of cane. When the feast is over the newly-married <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb277" href="#pb277" name= +"pb277">277</a>]</span>couple are conducted to their house by the +principal chief or elder. A large mat being spread on the <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e9882" title="Source: gound">ground</span> they lie down +on it keeping at a distance of several feet from each other. A boy of +six or eight years of age then lies down between them, and the elders +retire leaving the trio together. The bride and bridegroom are +forbidden to indulge in any caresses, nor even to speak to each other +till the following day. The healthy life led by the women enables them +to recover very rapidly after child-birth. In fact, they return to +their usual avocations directly after the ceremony of purification, +which consists of washing the newly-born infant in running water. +Divorce among the heathen is merely a matter of paying a fine of some +thirty dollars, in money or in kind, to the village chief or elder, or +to the Goberna-doreillo, if the village is under Spanish rule. Divorce +is not allowed amongst those who are converted, and this must be a +great hindrance to their acceptance of Christianity.</p> +<p>They take little care of the sick, and when hope is given up the +patient is left alone to die. The Peruvian Indians have a similar +custom. Amongst the Serranos, when a sick person does not soon show +signs of recovery, a family meeting is called, and a fixed sum is voted +for his cure, say twelve or twenty reals. When this amount has been +spent, the patient is removed from his couch and laid upon a hide on +the ground outside the house. A child is posted to fan him and keep off +the flies, and only water is given him till he dies.</p> +<p>The Tinguianes formerly buried their dead in pits dug under their +houses, after subjecting the corpses to a baking or drying process, and +on certain days in the year food was placed near the tombs for the +souls of the dead to partake of. Those who are converted have of course +to bury their dead in the cemetery, and to pay a fee to the priest.</p> +<p>They share the idea that seems to prevail amongst all Malays, that +the soul is absent from the body during sleep, and that consequently it +is dangerous and wicked to awake anybody suddenly. The most dreadful +thing that can happen to anybody, therefore, is to die whilst sleeping, +leaving his soul wandering about. Their most desperate curse is to wish +that this may happen to an adversary. This seems to reach a higher +level of cursing than the oaths of the Tagals which I have previously +mentioned. The usual respect for ancestors is shown, and any weapons or +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb278" href="#pb278" name= +"pb278">278</a>]</span>ornaments which have belonged to them are +carefully preserved as valued heirlooms. The names of an ancestor must, +however, on no account be pronounced by his descendants, so that if any +necessity arises to answer a question which involves mentioning the +name of one, a friend not related to the person enquired about must be +called in to answer.</p> +<p>Monsieur de la Gironière visited these people, and describes +them as men of good stature, slightly bronzed, with straight hair, +regular profiles, and aquiline noses. The women truly beautiful and +graceful. They appeared to him to resemble the people of the South of +France, except for their costume and language. The men wore a belt and +a sort of turban made from the bark of the fig-tree. Their arms +consisted of a long lance, a small axe, called <i>aligua</i>, and a +shield. The women wore a belt and a narrow apron which came down to +their knees, their heads being ornamented with pearls, and grains of +coral and gold were fixed amongst their hair. The upper parts of their +hands were painted blue, and they wore plaited sheaths ornamented with +beads on their fore-arms; these sheaths strongly compressed the +fore-arm, being put on when the women were young, and they prevented +the development of the fore-arm, whilst causing the wrists and hands to +swell. This is a beauty amongst the Tinguianes as the little foot is +amongst the Chinese.</p> +<p>They occupied seventeen villages, and each family had two +habitations, one on the ground for use in the day, and one fixed on +piles or on the summits of lofty trees, as much as sixty or eighty feet +from the ground, where they sleep, to protect themselves from the +nocturnal attacks of the Guinanes, their mortal and sanguinary enemies. +From these lofty dwellings they threw down stones upon assailants. In +the middle of each village there is a large shed which serves for +meetings and public ceremonies. He further states that after an attack +of the Guinanes had been repulsed from Laganguilan-y-Madalay by the +Tinguianes he went to an assembly at that village and witnessed a +ceremony in honour of the victory. The heads of the slain enemies were +exhibited to the crowd, and various speeches were made. The skulls were +then split open and the brains removed and given to some young girls, +who worked them up with their hands in a quantity of <i>basi</i> or +native beer. The compound was then served in cups to the chiefs, who +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb279" href="#pb279" name= +"pb279">279</a>]</span>partook of it with every appearance of +enjoyment, and was afterwards handed round to all the warriors in due +order. M. de la Gironière and his Tagal servant also partook of +this refreshment out of politeness to their hosts. The ceremony was +followed by a dance and a smoking concert, during which copious +libations of <i>basi</i> were consumed.</p> +<p>M. de la Gironière has omitted to mention how his hosts, +after this drunken orgy, managed to regain their elevated sleeping +quarters, sixty or eighty feet from the ground. One would think that +the Tinguian coroner would have been busy the next morning. He, +however, does tell us that, being unable to sleep, he got up in the +night and looked about him, finding a well or pit, which he descended. +At different levels in this shaft were short galleries or niches, and +in each of these was a dried or mummified corpse. This shaft was sunk +inside the house where he slept.</p> +<p>He learnt from the Tinguianes that they believed in the existence of +the soul, that it leaves the body after death, but remains in the +family. Also that they venerated any strange object, such as a rock or +tree which resembled some animal. They would make a hut over or near +it, and celebrate a feast, at which they sacrificed pigs; they +afterwards danced and drunk <i>basi</i>, then burnt down the hut and +retired. They had, he says, only one wife, but might have several +concubines, who, however, did not inhabit the conjugal domicile, but +each had a hut of her own. The riches of a Tinguian was demonstrated by +the number of porcelain vases he possessed. According to M. de la +Gironière, the Tinguianes mummified their dead by subjecting +them to a long drying process. The body, propped up on a stool, was +surrounded by braziers with charcoal or wood embers, and the moisture +which exuded from it was wiped off by the women with cotton. When the +body was well dried up it was kept above ground for fifteen days and +then committed to the tomb. The neighbours and friends kept up the wake +and pronounced eulogies on the defunct until they had consumed all the +eatables and liquor in the house, when they took their departure.</p> +<p>These people must have very greatly increased in numbers, as the +Spanish authority has extended its protection to them, checking the +incursions of the Guinanes and other savages. It has been stated that +in former years the Tinguianes were much sought after as recruits for +the garrison of Manila. They do not appear to be a warlike <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb280" href="#pb280" name= +"pb280">280</a>]</span>race, yet so fine a body of men ought to be able +to supply a battalion of infantry for the native army which the United +States will have to raise, for nobody can suppose that 25,000 young +Americans can be permanently kept in garrison in the Archipelago. But +this I discuss in another chapter.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Adangs (28).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">According to D’Almonte’s map in the +latitude of Pasuquin, Province of Ilocos Notre, the Cordillera +<span class="corr" id="xd20e9925" title="Source: Del">del</span> Norte +bends to the eastward and throws out a spur to the north-west, forming +a <span class="xd20e7860">Y</span>, and enclosing a considerable +valley, through which runs a river called the Bate, Bucarog, or Arimit, +which falls into the Bay of Bangui. This is the habitat of the Adangs, +a small tribe, yet a nation, for their language has no resemblance to +that of any of their neighbours. Their customs are nearer those of the +Apayaos than any other. They are civilised and have been Christians for +generations. Their chief town is Adan or Adam.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Apayaos (29).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">This race was formerly very warlike, but is now more +civilized, and many even converted to Christianity. They inhabit the +mountainous region round about the River Apayao, on the east of the +Cordillera del Norte and extend down towards the plains of the Rio +Chico.</p> +<p>They pay some attention to agriculture, and besides growing +vegetables and maize for their own use, they raise tobacco and cacao +which they trade away to the Ilocanos in exchange for such articles as +they require.</p> +<p>Their houses compare favourably with those of the other hill-tribes. +They are raised to a considerable height, being square in form with +heavy hardwood posts at the corners. The floor is made of cedar planks, +the roof is thatched with cogon or reeds, and the walls and partitions +are of plaited palm leaves. A fire-place is arranged in one corner. +They ornament the walls with remarkable taste, hanging up the ornaments +and arms of their ancestors, which they greatly prize and will not part +with for any price.</p> +<p>They also highly value Chinese and Japanese pottery or porcelain. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb281" href="#pb281" name= +"pb281">281</a>]</span></p> +<p>Needless to say that the worship of ancestors is with them piously +performed.</p> +<p>They used to be head-hunters and made the death of any of their +chief men an excuse to lie in ambush and massacre any inoffensive +passers-by for the purpose of taking the heads to place round the +corpse and afterwards bury them with it.</p> +<p>However, the steady pressure of the Spanish authority, during long +terms of years, has nearly eradicated this detestable custom, and if +practised at all, it is only in the remoter fastnesses of the +mountains, where they cannot yet be controlled.</p> +<p>The Apayaos living in the plains are mostly reduced to obedience, +and many pay the poll-tax.</p> +<p>It would seem that there is a prospect of these people being +civilised and becoming useful cultivators.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Catalanganes and Irayas (30–31).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Irayas live in scattered hamlets on the summits of +the Sierra Madre, and on its western slopes right down to the Rio +Grande. Their territory extends for about twenty geographical miles on +each side of the 17th parallel. Amongst them live many Negritos who +have renounced their nomadic life, and have adopted the manners and +customs of their hosts. The tattooing of the Irayas and Negritos is +similar. The Irayas are a Malay tribe amongst whom are found +individuals of a Mongolian type, others are hybrid Negrito Malays.</p> +<p>They do a little slovenly agriculture, using buffaloes for +ploughing. They catch an abundance of fish from the four considerable +streams running through their territory. They consume a large quantity +of fish with their rice, and salt and sell the surplus to their +neighbours. They are characteristically light-hearted and hospitable, +and readily receive <i>remontados</i> and other strangers. Their +religion is the usual Anito worship. They build wretched houses, and +are very dirty in their habits, throwing their refuse down in front of +the house.</p> +<p>The Catalanganes take their name from the River Catalangan which +runs into the Rio Grande near Ilagan. They are a branch of the Irayas, +but show a more strongly marked Mongolian type. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb282" href="#pb282" name="pb282">282</a>]</span></p> +<p>They are cleaner than the Irayas, and more industrious, and +provident, storing up provisions against a bad harvest.</p> +<p>Their fields are much better kept than those of the Irayas, and they +employ their spare time in felling trees and hewing them into canoes, +which find a ready sale at Ilagan.</p> +<p>They dress much like the Christian Malays, but are tattooed in +patterns of Chinese or Japanese origin.</p> +<p>Their laws prescribe severe penalties for theft and other crimes. +Their weapons are bows and arrows, and they are said to be very +cowardly. Their choice of weapons confirms this statement.</p> +<p>They differ much from the Irayas in character, for they are +inhospitable, avaricious and greedy, and of a gloomy disposition. On +the other hand, they keep their houses cleaner.</p> +<p>They have temples for worship, and some roughly-made monuments. +According to Semper, they have two pairs of gods which they specially +worship in June: Tschichenan, with his wife Bebenaugan, and Sialo with +his wife Binalinga. The usual ancestor-worship also prevails, and they +show great respect for the Anitos according to seniority, providing +special shelters and little benches near their houses for their +convenience.</p> +<p>Both <i>Irayas</i> and <i>Catalanganes</i> have Gobernadorcillos +appointed by the Spanish Military Governor of Isabela. They pay the +poll-tax, called by the Spaniards “Acknowledgment of +Vassalage,” but are otherwise independent and administer their +own laws and customs. They are quite peaceful, and will doubtless in +time advance in civilisation. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb283" +href="#pb283" name="pb283">283</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch30" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XXX.</h2> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Catubanganes (32).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">A tribe of savages inhabiting the mountains of +Guinayangan in Tayabas, from whence they raid the Christian villages +and drive off cattle. Nothing is known about their origin or habits; +they have some wandering Negritos as neighbours.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Vicols (33).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Vicols inhabit the southern half of the province +of Camarines Norte, the whole of Camarines Sur and Albay, the islands +of Catanduanes, Burias, and Ticao, and the northern shores of Masbate. +They are civilised, and have been Christians for centuries.</p> +<p>They speak a dialect of their own, which, according to Jagor, is +midway between Tagal and Visay, which dialect is spoken in its greatest +purity by the inhabitants of the Isarog volcano and its immediate +neighbourhood, and that thence towards the west the dialect becomes +more and more like the Tagal, and towards the east like the Visay until +by degrees, before reaching the ethnographical boundary, it merges into +those kindred languages.</p> +<p>In manners and customs they appear to be half-bred between these two +races, yet, according to F. Blumentritt, they preceded the Tagals, and +were in fact the first Malays to arrive in Luzon. They show signs of +intermixture with Polynesian or Papuan stock.</p> +<p>They are physically inferior to the Tagals, nor do they possess the +proud warlike spirit of the dwellers in north Luzon. They are less +cleanly, and live in poorer houses.</p> +<p>The men dress like the Tagals, but the women wear the +<i>patadion</i> instead of a saya, and a shirt of +<i>guinára</i>.</p> +<p>Blumentritt says the men carry the Malay <i>kris</i> instead +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb284" href="#pb284" name= +"pb284">284</a>]</span>of the <i>bolo</i>, but I did not see a +<i>kris</i> carried by any one when I visited the province.</p> +<p>In fact, the regulations enforced at that time by the Guardia Civil +were against carrying such a weapon. The <i>bolo</i>, on the other +hand, is a necessary tool.</p> +<p>I visited the province of Camarines Sur, going from Manila to +Pasacao by sea, and from there travelled by road to an affluent of the +River Vicol, and then by canoe on a moonlit night to Nueva +Cáceres, the capital of the province.</p> +<p>Here I met a remarkable man, the late Bishop Gainza, and was much +impressed by his keen intellect and great knowledge of the country.</p> +<p>He was said to be a man of great ambition, and I can quite believe +it. Originally a Dominican monk, it was intended that he should have +been made Archbishop of Manila, but, somehow, Father Pedro Paya, at +that time Procurator of the Order in Madrid, got himself nominated +instead, and Gainza had to content himself with the bishopric of Nueva +Cáceres.</p> +<p>He was a model of self-denial, living most frugally on a small part +of his revenue, contributing a thousand dollars a year to the funds of +the Holy Father, and spending the remainder in building or repairing +churches and schools in his diocese, or in assisting undertakings he +thought likely to benefit the province.</p> +<p>Amongst other works, I remember that he had tried to cut a canal +from the River Vicol to the Bay of Ragay. He had excavated a portion of +it, but either on his death, or from the difficulties raised by the +Public Works Department, the work was abandoned.</p> +<p>The Franciscan friars, who held the benefices in that province, +opposed him, and annoyed him in every possible way.</p> +<p>The present bishop, Father Arsenio Ocampo, formerly an Augustinian +monk, is a clever and enlightened man, with whom I had dealings when he +was Procurator-General of his Order.</p> +<p>I have made this digression from my subject, because so much has +been said against the clergy of the Philippines, that I feel impelled +to bring before my readers this instance of a bishop who constantly +endeavoured to promote the interests of his province.</p> +<p>Nueva Cáceres possessed several schools, a hospital, a +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb285" href="#pb285" name= +"pb285">285</a>]</span>lepers’ hospital, and a training-college +for school-mistresses had just been established by Bishop +Gainza’s initiative.</p> +<p>The shops were mostly in the hands of Chinese, who did a flourishing +trade in Manchester goods, <i>patadoins</i>, and coloured +handkerchiefs.</p> +<p>There were several Spanish and Mestizo merchants who dealt in hemp +and rice.</p> +<p>From Nueva Cáceres I travelled by a good road to Iriga, a +town near the volcano of that name, passing close to the Isarog on my +way. From Iriga I visited the country round about, and Lake Bula.</p> +<p>Some years after I went from Manila by sea to Tabaco, on the Pacific +coast of Albay, getting a fine night view of the Mayon volcano (8272 +feet) in violent eruption.</p> +<p>From Tabaco I drove to Tivi and visited the celebrated boiling-well +and hot-springs at that place, much frequented by the natives, and +sometimes by Europeans, for the cure of rheumatism and other +diseases.</p> +<p>Now that the Stars and Stripes float over the Philippines it is to +be hoped that a regular sanatorium will be erected at this beautiful +and health-restoring spot, the advantages of which might attract +sufferers from all the Far East.</p> +<p>On these journeys I had a good opportunity of studying the people. +The chief exports are Abacá (Manila hemp), and rice. In +Camarines Sur the principal crop is rice, whilst in Albay the hemp +predominates, and they import rice.</p> +<p>The cultivation of rice, which I have briefly described when writing +of the Tagals, is not an occupation calculated to improve the minds or +bodies of those engaged in it, and I have noticed that wherever this is +the staple crop the peasantry are in a distinctly lower condition than +where cane is planted and sugar manufactured. Their lives are passed in +alternate periods of exhausting labour and of utter idleness, there is +nothing to strive for, nothing to learn, nothing to improve. The same +customs go on from generation to generation, the same rude implements +are used, and the husbandman paid for his labour in kind lives +destitute of comfort in the present, and without hope for the +future.</p> +<p>Nor can the cultivation and preparation of hemp be considered as a +much more improving occupation.</p> +<p>Little care, indeed, is required by the <i>Musa textilis</i> after +the first planting, and the cleaning of the fibre is a simple matter, +but very laborious. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb286" href="#pb286" +name="pb286">286</a>]</span></p> +<p>Several Spaniards are settled in these provinces, also a few agents +of British houses in Manila, and some Chinese and Mestizos. They +usually complain bitterly of the difficulty they experience in getting +hemp delivered to them owing to the laziness and unpunctuality of the +natives.</p> +<p>Yet, notwithstanding this, most of them live in affluence and some +have amassed fortunes by Vicol labour. There is, in fact, a good deal +of money in Albay, Daraga, and other towns in the hemp districts, and +they are the happy hunting-ground of the Jew pedlar who there finds a +good market for yellow diamonds and off-colour gems unsaleable in +London or Paris. Houndsditch and Broadway will do well to note.</p> +<p>The peasantry, however, either from improvidence or aversion to +steady labour, seem to be rather worse off than the Tagals and +Pampangos, more especially those amongst them who cultivate paddy.</p> +<p>The whole of the large amount of hemp exported from Manila and +Cebú is cleaned by hand.</p> +<p>Several attempts have been made to employ machinery, but the +inherent conditions of the industry are unfavourable to success in this +line.</p> +<p>The plants are grown principally on the eastern slopes of the +volcanic mountains of Southern Luzon, and the adjacent islands where +the soil is soft and friable and roads are unknown.</p> +<p>The heavy stems of the plants cannot profitably be conveyed to fixed +works for treatment, and no machine has yet been devised light enough +to be carried up to the <i>látes</i> or plantations and able to +compete with hand labour. In a recent report to the British North +Borneo Company, Mr. W. C. Cowie mentions his hopes that +Thompson’s Fibre Company are about to send out a trial +decorticator, with engine and boiler to drive it, to the River Padas, +in that company’s territories, for cleaning the fibre of the +numerous plants of the <i>Musa textilis</i> growing in that region. It +will be interesting to learn the result. Possibly the conditions of +transport by rail or river are more favourable than in the Philippines, +and in that case a measure of success is quite possible. But few errors +are more expensive than to unwarrantably assume that machinery must +necessarily be cheaper than hand labour.</p> +<p id="p287" class="xd20e120">Vicols Preparing Hemp.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e10105width" id="p287a"><img src= +"images/p287a.jpg" alt="Cutting the Plant." width="264" height="373"> +<p class="figureHead">Cutting the Plant.</p> +</div> +<div class="figure xd20e10110width" id="p287b"><img src= +"images/p287b.jpg" alt="Adjusting under the Knife." width="270" height= +"363"> +<p class="figureHead">Adjusting under the Knife.</p> +</div> +<div class="figure xd20e10115width" id="p287c"><img src= +"images/p287c.jpg" alt="Separating the Petioles." width="506" height= +"393"> +<p class="figureHead">Separating the Petioles.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984"><i>To face p. 287.</i></p> +</div> +<p>Anyhow, as regards the Philippines here is a nice <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb287" href="#pb287" name= +"pb287">287</a>]</span>little problem. If the mechanics of +Massachusetts and Connecticut cannot solve it, I do not know who +can.</p> +<p>The Vicol labourers proceed to the <i>látes</i> in couples, +carrying their simple and efficient apparatus, all of which, except the +knife, they make themselves.</p> +<p>One man cuts down the plant, removes the outer covering, and +separates the layers forming the stem, dividing them into strips about +one and a half inches wide, and spreading them out to air.</p> +<p>The other man standing at his bench, takes a strip and places the +middle of it across the convex block and under the knife, which is held +up by the spring of a sapling overhead. Then, placing one foot on a +treadle hanging from the handle of the knife, he firmly presses the +latter down on the block. It should be explained that the knife is not +sharp enough to cut the fibres. Firmly grasping the strip in both +hands, and throwing his body backwards, he steadily draws the strip +towards him till all the fibre has passed the knife; then, removing his +foot from the treadle, the knife is lifted from the block by the +spring, leaving the pulp and waste behind it. Sweeping this off, he +reverses the half-cleaned strip, and twisting the cleaned fibre round +one hand and wrist, and grasping it also with the other, he draws the +part he formerly held, under the knife, pressing the treadle with the +foot as before, and thus completes the cleaning of one strip. The fibre +is often six feet long, and only requires drying in the sun to be +marketable.</p> +<p>A man is able to clean about twenty-five pounds of hemp per day, and +receives one half of it for his labour.</p> +<p>He usually sells his share to his employer for a trifle under the +market price. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb288" href="#pb288" name= +"pb288">288</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch31" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XXXI.</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Chinese in Luzon.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">Mestizos or half-breeds.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">When Legaspi founded the city of Manila, in 1571, he +found that Chinese junks frequented the port, and carried on a trade +with Tondo and the other native towns.</p> +<p>Three years later, the Chinese pirate, Li-ma-hon, made an attack on +the new city with a force of 2000 men in ninety-five small vessels, but +was repulsed.</p> +<p>In 1603, the Chinese in Manila, under Eng-cang, rose against the +Spaniards, and entrenched themselves in the suburbs. The Spaniards +failed in the first assault with heavy loss, but ultimately the Chinese +were defeated, and 23,000 were massacred, the few remaining being made +galley-slaves. In 1639, another insurrection of the Chinese occurred +and again some 23,000 were massacred.</p> +<p>In 1662, in consequence of the Chinese pirate Cong-seng demanding +tribute from the governor of the Philippines, a decree was made that +all Chinese must leave. The Chinese, however, refused, and entrenched +themselves in the Parian, or market-place, outside the walls. They were +attacked, and many thousands were killed. A body of 2000 endeavoured to +march north, but were massacred by the Pampangos.</p> +<p>In 1762, when Manila was taken by the forces of the Honourable East +India Company, the Chinese eagerly joined in the plundering. It having +been rumoured that the Chinese intended to join the British forces, Don +Simon de Anda condemned them all to death, and most of them were hung, +their property passing to their executioners.</p> +<p>In 1820, there occurred the fifth and last massacre of the Chinese. +The mob of Manila took advantage of the <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb289" href="#pb289" name="pb289">289</a>]</span>abject cowardice of +the acting-governor, General Folgueras, and of other authorities, and +for hours vented their spite on the unhappy Chinamen, showing them no +mercy, and carrying off their goods.</p> +<p>Since that time no general massacre has taken place, but such is the +dislike of the natives to the Chinese, that these latter would have +been quickly exterminated if the Spanish Government had failed at any +time to protect them.</p> +<p>The Chinese are mostly herded together in Manila, and in some of the +larger towns. Some few venture to keep stores in the villages, and +others travel about at the risk of their lives in the sugar, hemp and +tobacco districts, as purchasers and collectors of produce.</p> +<p>I consider that they should not be allowed to do this, for the +invariable result of their interference is to reduce the quality of +everything they handle. Their trade is based upon false weights and +measures, and upon adulteration, or insufficient preparation of the +produce. They are very patient with the natives, and this gives them a +very great advantage over a European, even if the latter is used to +Eastern ways. An American would probably have less patience than any +European in negotiating a purchase of produce from an up-country +native; the waste of time would exasperate him. I feel sure that most +of those who know the Philippines will agree with me as to the evil +results of the operations of the Chinese produce-brokers. Adulterated +sugar, half-rotten hemp, half-cured tobacco, badly-prepared +indigo—that is what the Chinaman brings in. He spoils every +article he trades in, and discredits it in the world’s +markets.</p> +<p>The Chinese nowhere cultivate the soil, except the gardens and +market-gardens around Manila, and a few of the large towns.</p> +<p>This is, perhaps, not due to their unwillingness to do so, but +because they dare not; the natives are too jealous of them, and their +lives would not be safe away from the towns.</p> +<p>Their genius is commercial, and they are at home in shop, bazaar, or +office. I think that the Chinese agriculturist does not leave his home +for the Philippines. Most of those in the islands come from Amoy, and +the district round that port. Some few are from Macao; they seem to be +all townsmen, not countrymen. Each shopkeeper <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb290" href="#pb290" name="pb290">290</a>]</span>has +several assistants, ranging in age from boys of ten or twelve upwards. +On arrival, they are placed in a sort of school—a very practical +one—to learn Spanish; for instance, numbers and coins, with such +terms as <i lang="es">Muy barato</i>—very cheap. As a Chinaman +cannot pronounce the letter R, but substitutes L, this becomes <i lang= +"es">Muy balato</i>. Thus, also, the Roo-Kiu Islands become the +Loo-Chew Islands, in Chinese.</p> +<p>The Chinaman is an excellent shop-keeper or pedlar, and some years +ago, the British importers of Manchester goods made it a practice to +give credit for goods supplied to the Chinese; the banks also extended +some facilities to them. In consequence, however, of heavy losses to +several British firms, this custom has been abandoned, or considerably +restricted.</p> +<p>The Chinese are good barbers, cooks and gardeners. As breeders of +fish they are unrivalled. Besides this they compete successfully with +the Tagal in the following trades: blacksmiths, boiler-makers, stokers, +engine-drivers, ship and house carpenters, boat-builders, +cabinet-makers and varnishers, iron and brass-founders, shoe-makers, +tin-smiths. These artisans are very industrious, and labour constantly +at their trades. Their great feast is at the Chinese New Year, which +occurs in February, when they take about a week’s holiday, and +regale themselves on roast pig, and other delicacies, making also +presents of sweets, fruits, and Jocchiu hams, to their patrons and +customers.</p> +<p>There are Chinese apothecaries in Manila, but they are mostly +resorted to by their own countrymen, and their awful concoctions are +nasty beyond belief. They deal largely in aphrodisiacs.</p> +<p>Some Chinese doctors practise in Manila, and are said to make +wonderful cures, even on patients given up by the orthodox medicos. +They feel the pulse at the temporal artery, or else above the bridge of +the nose.</p> +<p>They used to suffer a good deal from the jealousy of the Spanish +practitioners, and were persecuted for practising without a +qualification.</p> +<p>Large numbers of Chinese coolies are employed in Manila handling +coal, loading and unloading ships and lighters, pressing hemp, drying +sugar, and in other work too hard and too constant for the natives.</p> +<p>The number of Chinese in Luzon has been variously <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb291" href="#pb291" name= +"pb291">291</a>]</span>estimated at from 30,000 to 60,000 men, and two +or three hundred women. The anonymous author of +‘Filipinas—Problema Fundamental’ (Madrid, 1891), +gives the number of Chinese in the whole Archipelago as 125,000, and he +evidently had access to good information. The fact is nobody knows, and +in all probability the Spanish authorities had an interest in +understating the number.</p> +<p>The Chinese were organised quite separately from the natives. +Wherever their numbers were considerable, they had their own tribunal, +with a Gobernadorcillo and Principales, the former called the +Capitan-China.</p> +<p>In Manila, this Capitan was a man of importance, or else the nominee +of such a person. Certain governors-general received, nay, even +extorted, large sums from the Capitan-China. Weyler is said to have +been one of these offenders, but Jovellar caused the Capitan-China to +be turned out of Malacañan for offering him a present. No one +who knew them would ever believe that Moriones or Despujols would +condescend to accept presents from the Chinamen. One favourite trick of +the more corrupt governors-general was to have some very obnoxious law +made in Spain; for instance, obliging the Chinese to become +cabezas-de-barangay, or responsible tax-collectors of their own +countrymen, and then extort a ransom for not putting the law in force. +Weyler was said to have received $80,000 from the Chinese on this +account, but some of this would have to go to Madrid.</p> +<p>At another time it was proposed that the Chinese should be obliged +to keep their accounts in Spanish on books having every leaf stamped, +and that every firm should employ a trained accountant who had passed +an examination in book-keeping, and obtained a diploma as a commercial +expert. What it cost the Celestials to avoid this infliction I do not +know.</p> +<p>Amidst all this extortion from the Spaniard, and notwithstanding the +ever-present hatred of the native, the Manila Chinaman is a sleek and +prosperous-looking person, and seems cheerful and contented. If he +becomes wealthy he may very likely become a Christian, less, perhaps, +from any conviction or faith, but from motives of interest, and to +facilitate his marriage to a native woman, or half-caste. He invariably +selects an influential god-father, and dutifully takes him +complimentary presents on his feast-day, wife’s feast-day, etc. +Baptism used to cost him a substantial fee, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb292" href="#pb292" name="pb292">292</a>]</span>but +it brought him business, for the priests were good customers to him. +Now, however, with freedom of religion, with civil marriage and the +withdrawal of the friars, he may be able to marry without the trouble +of changing his religion.</p> +<p>Whether Christian or heathen, he usually keeps a few sticks of +incense burning before an image at the back of his shop, and +contributes to any subscription the priest may be raising.</p> +<p>I look upon the Chinaman as a necessity in the Philippines, but +consider that he must be governed by exceptional legislation, and not +be allowed to enter indiscriminately, nor to engage, as a matter of +course, in every calling.</p> +<p>If attempts are to be made to settle them on the land, great care +must be shown in selecting the localities, and great precautions taken +to prevent fighting between the Chinese and the natives. However, there +should be plenty of room for tens of thousands of agricultural +labourers in Palawan and Mindanao; but I consider women to be essential +to the success of such colonies. The family is the base of any +permanent settlement, and it ought to be made a condition that a +considerable number of women should come over with the men.</p> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Mestizos, or Half-Breeds.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">From the intercourse of Spanish and other Europeans +with the native women, there has sprung a race called Mestizo, or +Mestizo-Espanol. Similarly, the Chinese, by their alliance with native +women, have produced the Mestizo-Chino, or Sangley.</p> +<p>It is very difficult to say how many there are of these people, for +opinions differ widely. The anonymous author of a pamphlet called +‘Filipinas’ (Madrid, 1891), gives the number of Spanish +Mestizos in the Archipelago, in 1890, as 75,000, whilst he estimates +the number of Chinese Mestizos at no less than half a million. The +Spanish Mestizos vary much in appearance, character and education, +according to whether they have come under the influence of their father +or their mother. Many of them are people of considerable property, and +have been educated in Spain, Germany or England, or at the university +in Manila. Others have relapsed into the ordinary native life. As a +class they are possessed of much influence. Both in Manila <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb293" href="#pb293" name="pb293">293</a>]</span>and +in the country towns they own large houses, and much landed property. +Their superior intelligence and education enables them to prosper in +business or in professions. Some of them are doctors of medicine, or +lawyers. A very few have studied engineering. Again, a fair number are +priests, and of these, some are men of great learning.</p> +<p>The Mestizos are the capitalists, which is to say the usurers of the +country. They have not personally participated much in the revolts +against the Spaniards, nor yet in the fighting against the Americans, +though they may have given small sums to assist the movement. They will +be there, though, when offices are to be distributed, and will make +hard masters, more oppressive, in fact, than any European or +American.</p> +<p>This is what M. André, Belgian Consul-General, says of them: +“This class is composed entirely of usurers and pawnees. All the +pawn-shops and gambling-houses belong to the principal Mestizo +families. There is not one family free from that stigma. In the +plantations belonging to the rich families of Mestizos or Indians, the +workmen are treated very inhumanly.”</p> +<p>There can be no doubt that the Spanish Mestizos are very unpopular +amongst the natives, and that an uncomfortable time would await them +should the islands become independent. They are perfectly aware of +this, and in their hearts long for the protection of one of the Great +Powers. At the same time, they are anxious to get the lion’s +share of the loaves and fishes.</p> +<p>The Chinese Mestizos differ both in appearance and character from +the Spanish Mestizos, owning less land, and being more addicted to +commercial pursuits, for which both sexes show a remarkable aptitude. +It is customary for the daughters, even of wealthy families, to trade +on their own account from an early age. A case was mentioned to me +where five dollars was given to a young girl to begin trading. With +this she purchased a pilon of sugar, and sending out some of her +father’s servants to the woods, collected a large quantity of +guavas. She then caused the cook to make the material into guava jelly, +which she packed in tins or jars collected for the purpose. Then +another servant took the jelly out for sale, and disposed of it all. +The capital was soon doubled, and invested in sayas and handkerchiefs +bought at wholesale prices, which were then hawked round by a servant. +Some years afterwards, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb294" href= +"#pb294" name="pb294">294</a>]</span>I made the acquaintance of this +young lady, and found that she was then dealing in diamond and pearl +jewellery, and had a large iron safe in which she kept her stock, which +was then worth several thousand dollars, all made by her trading.</p> +<p>Chinese Mestizos are owners of cascos and lorchas for loading or +unloading vessels, also of farderias, or establishments for mixing and +drying sugar.</p> +<p>In Manila, the Sangleyes, as they are called by the Spaniards and +natives, have a gobernadorcillo and tribunal of their own. In Santa +Cruz they are very numerous, and amongst them are to be found +jewellers, silversmiths, watch-makers, or rather repairers, sculptors, +gilders and painters, besides one or two dentists of good renown. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb295" href="#pb295" name= +"pb295">295</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div0 part"> +<h2 class="label">Part II.</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Visayas and Palawan</h2> +<div id="ch32" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XXXII.</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Visayas Islands.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">Area and +population—Panay—Negros—Cebú—Bohol—Leyte—Samar.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">This name is given to the group of six considerable +islands lying between Luzon and Mindanao, and also to the race +inhabiting them. Beginning at the west, these islands are Panay, +Negros, Cebú, Bohol, Leyte, and Samar. There are also a number +of smaller islands.</p> +<p>Many of the larger as well as the smaller islands are thickly +populated, and an extensive emigration takes place to the great and +fertile island of Mindanao, where any amount of rich land waits the +coming of the husbandmen. I can find no later records of population +than the census of 1877. This may seem strange to an American, but to +those who know the ignorance and ineptitude of the Spanish +administration, it will seem a matter of course. Such data of the +population as the Government Offices possess, are mostly due to the +priests and the archbishop.</p> +<p>Since 1877 there has undoubtedly been a great increase of population +amongst the Visayas, and in 1887 the population of Panay was considered +to be more than a million.</p> +<p>The Visayas Islands contain fewer heathen than any other part of the +Philippines. In Panay there are a few Negritos and Mundos; in Negros +some Negritos and Carolanos. The illustration opposite p. 207 is a +full-length photograph of Tek Taita, a Negrito from this island. In +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb296" href="#pb296" name= +"pb296">296</a>]</span>Cebú a few Mundos live around the peak of +Danao. In Bohol, Leyte, and Samar there are no heathen savages.</p> +<p>It may be said that the heathen in these islands would have died out +before now but that they are reinforced continually by +<i>remontados</i>, or fugitives from justice, also by people whose +inclination for a savage life, or whose love of rapine renders the +humdrum life of their village insupportable to them.</p> +<p>The following Table gives the area of each of the six larger +islands, and the population in 1877.</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<thead> +<tr class="label"> +<td></td> +<td>Area in square miles.</td> +<td>Population according to Census of 1877.</td> +<td>Capitals.</td> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>Panay (divided into three provinces—Capiz, Antique, +Ilo-ilo)</td> +<td>4,898</td> +<td>777,777<a class="noteref" id="xd20e10286src" href="#xd20e10286" +name="xd20e10286src">1</a></td> +<td>Capiz.<br> +Antique.<br> +Ilo-ilo.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Negros</td> +<td>3,592</td> +<td>204,669</td> +<td>Bacolod.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cebú</td> +<td>2,285</td> +<td>403,296</td> +<td>Cebú.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bohol</td> +<td>1,226</td> +<td>226,546</td> +<td>Tagbilaran.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Leyte</td> +<td>3,706</td> +<td>220,515</td> +<td>Tacloban.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Samar</td> +<td>5,182</td> +<td>178,890</td> +<td>Catbalogan.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td class="sum">2,011,693</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +<p><i>Panay.</i>—This island is approximately an equilateral +triangle, with the western edge nearly north and south, having one apex +pointing south. A chain of mountains extends in a curved line from the +northern to the southern point, enclosing an irregular strip of land +which forms the province of Antique. The rivers in this part of the +island are naturally short and unimportant. The northern part of the +island is the province of Capiz, the principal river is the Panay, +which, rising in the centre of the island, runs in a northerly +direction for over thirty miles, entering the sea at the Bay of Sapian. +The eastern and southern part of the island is the province of Ilo-ilo. +The principal river is the Talana, which, rising quite near the source +of the River Panay, runs in a southerly and south-easterly direction +into the channel between Negros and Panay to the north of the island of +Guimaras. There are many spurs to the principal range of mountains, but +between them is a considerable extent of land under cultivation. The +province of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb297" href="#pb297" name= +"pb297">297</a>]</span>Ilo-ilo is one of the richest and most +densely-populated in the Philippines. It now contains at least half a +million inhabitants.</p> +<p>Ilo-ilo is open to foreign commerce, and vice-consuls of many +nations reside there. Yet the port has neither wharves, cranes, +moorings or lights. The coasting steamers drawing up to 13 feet enter a +muddy creek and discharge their cargo on the banks as best they can, +whilst the ocean-going ships lie out in the bay and receive their +cargoes of sugar and other produce from lighters, upon each of which +pilotage used to be charged for the benefit of an unnecessary number of +pilots, and of the captain of the port, who received a share of the +pilotage and strenuously resisted a reform of this abuse.</p> +<p>Under American protection, Ilo-ilo may be expected to become a +flourishing port, provided with every convenience for discharging, +loading, and repairing ships, as becomes the importance of its trade. +The town of Ilo-ilo contained many large buildings, some of them owned +by British subjects. During the fighting last year, however, several +buildings were burnt.</p> +<p>During the Spanish rule the streets were entirely uncared for, being +a series of mud-holes in the rainy season, and thick with dust and +garbage in the dry season.</p> +<p>The town and port together are notorious examples of all the worst +characteristics of Spanish rule.</p> +<p>The principal towns of this wealthy province are Pototan, Santa +Barbara, Janiuay, and Cabatuan, each of which has more than 20,000 +inhabitants.</p> +<p>The industries and productions of this and the other islands are +treated of under Visayas when describing the inhabitants.</p> +<p><i>Negros.</i>—A long island of irregular shape, lying between +Panay and Cebú. Its axis is nearly north and south, and a chain +of mountains runs up it, but nearer to the east than to the west +coast.</p> +<p>A little to the north of the centre of this chain, the celebrated +volcano Canlaon raises its peak over 8300 feet. It is frequently in +active eruption, and can be perceived at an immense distance when the +atmosphere is clear. I have seen it and its long plume of vapour from a +steamer when passing the north of the island.</p> +<p>In the Sierra de Dumaguete, a range occupying the centre of the +southern promontory of the island, and about <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb298" href="#pb298" name="pb298">298</a>]</span>the +centre of the range, there is the volcano of Bacon, about which little +is known.</p> +<p><i>Cebú</i> is a long and narrow island something in the +shape of an alligator, looked at from above, with the snout pointing to +the southward and westward. It is opposite to Negros, and separated +from that island by the Strait of Tanon. It is, in fact, a range of +mountains rising out of the sea, and is very narrow, being nowhere more +than 22 miles wide. There being a large population of Visayas, and the +mountains not being very high, the wandering heathen have to a great +extent been weeded out, and only a remnant of wretched Mundos remain +about the crests of the cordillera.</p> +<p>The capital city, Cebú, was the first in the Archipelago to +possess a municipality, and was, in fact, until 1571, the capital of +the Philippines.</p> +<p>It possesses some fine buildings; is the seat of a bishop, and +formerly of the Governor-General of Visayas. It is open to foreign +commerce, and vice-consuls of the principal nations reside there.</p> +<p>There can be no rivers in an island of this configuration, for the +water runs away as from the roof of a house. The crops and industries +have been spoken of under the head of <i>Visayas</i>.</p> +<p>There are considerable beds of lignite near Compostela, and various +efforts have been made to work them, so far, I fear, without much +success. Remarkable shells, and some pearls are obtained round about +Cebú and the adjacent islands.</p> +<p><i>Bohol</i> lies off the southern half of the eastern coast of +Cebú, and is only half the size of that island, but it has more +than half the population. It is hilly, and the towns and villages are +situated on the coast. Only the southern and eastern coast is visited +by coasting vessels, the navigation to the north and west being impeded +by a labyrinth of coral reefs. The soil of this island is not rich, and +the more enterprising of the natives emigrate to Mindanao.</p> +<p><i>Leyte</i> is an island of very irregular shape—something +like a hide pegged out on the ground—and lies between the +northern half of Cebú and the southern part of Samar, from which +it is only separated by a very narrow passage called the Janabatas +Channel, and the Strait of San Juanico. The southern extremity of Leyte +approaches the northern promontory of Mindanao, and forms the Straits +of Surigao, the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb299" href="#pb299" +name="pb299">299</a>]</span>second entrance from the Pacific to the +seas of the Archipelago. The island is mountainous, and has two lakes, +one called Bito is at the narrowest part, and one called Jaro, near the +town of that name. There are several good ports. The exports, which go +to Manila, are hemp and sulphur of great purity.</p> +<p><i>Samar.</i>—This is the largest of the Visayas, and yet has +fewest inhabitants. It lies to the eastward of all the other islands, +and consequently its east coast, like that of Luzon and Mindanao, is +exposed to the full fury of the north-east monsoon, and to the ravages +of the heavy rollers of the Pacific that burst without warning on its +rocky coast.</p> +<p>Its chief port, Catbalogan, is situated on the western coast, and is +well-sheltered. From the coast many lofty peaks are visible, but the +interior of this island is little known. The exports are hemp and +cocoa-nut oil. The northern point of Samar approaches the southern +extremity of Luzon, and forms the historic Strait of San Bernardino, +one of the entrances to the Philippine Archipelago from the Pacific. It +was by this Strait that the annual galleon from Acapulco entered, and +here also the British privateers lay in wait for their silver-laden +prey. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb300" href="#pb300" name= +"pb300">300</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e10286" href="#xd20e10286src" name="xd20e10286">1</a></span> The +above was the Christian Visyas population, and is exclusive of +Negritos, Mundos, and other heathen savages and remontados. The area is +taken from a Spanish official report.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch33" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="main">Chapter XXXIII.</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Visayas Race.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">Appearance—Dress—Look upon Tagals as +foreigners—Favourable opinion of Tomas de Comyn—Old +Christians—Constant wars with the Moro pirates and Sea +Dayaks—Secret heathen rites—Accusation of indolence +unfounded—Exports of hemp and sugar—Ilo-ilo +sugar—Cebú sugar—Textiles—A promising +race.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The most numerous and, after the Tagals, the most +important race in the Philippines is the Visaya, formerly called +Pintados, or painted men, from the blue painting or tattooing which was +prevalent at the time of the conquest. They form the mass of the +inhabitants of the islands called Visayas and of some others.</p> +<p>They occupy the south coast of Masbate, the islands of Romblon, +Bohol, Sibuyan, Samar, and Leyte, Tablas, Panay, Negros, and +Cebú, all the lesser islands of the Visayas group and the +greater part of the coast of the great island of Mindanao. In that +island the Caragas, a very warlike branch of the Visayas, occupy the +coast of the old kingdom of Caraga on the east from Punta Cauit to +Punta San Agustin.</p> +<p>Another branch of the Visayas distinguished by a darker colour and +by a curliness of the hair, suggesting some Negrito mixture, occupies +the Calamiancs and Cuyos Islands, and the northern coasts of Paragua or +Palawan as far as Bahia Honda.</p> +<p>In appearance the Visayas differ somewhat from the Tagals, having a +greater resemblance to the Malays of Borneo and Malacca. The men wear +their hair longer than the Tagals, and the women wear a <i>patadion</i> +instead of a saya and tapis.</p> +<p>The patadion is a piece of cloth a yard wide and over <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb301" href="#pb301" name="pb301">301</a>]</span>two +yards long, the ends of which are sewn together. The wearer steps into +it and wraps it round the figure from the waist downward, doubling it +over in front into a wide fold, and tucking it in securely at the +waist. The <i>saya</i> is a made skirt tied at the waist with a tape, +and the <i>tapis</i> is a breadth of dark cloth, silk or satin, doubled +round the waist over the saya.</p> +<p>In disposition they are less sociable and hospitable than the +Tagals, and less clean in their persons and clothing. They have a +language of their own, and there are several dialects of it. The basis +of their food is rice, with which they often mix maize. They flavour +their food with red pepper to a greater extent than the Tagals. They +are expert fishermen, and consume large quantities of fish. In smoking +and chewing betel they resemble the other races of the islands. They +are great gamblers, and take delight in cock-fighting. They are fond of +hunting, and kill numbers of wild pig and deer. They cut the flesh of +the latter into thin strips and dry it in the sun, after which it will +keep a long time. It is useful to take as provision on a journey, but +it requires good teeth to get through it.</p> +<p>The Visayas build a number of canoes, paraos, barotos, and vintas, +and are very confident on the water, putting to sea in their ill-found +and badly-equipped craft with great assurance, and do not come to grief +as often as might be expected. Their houses are similarly constructed +to those of the other inhabitants of the littoral.</p> +<p>Ancient writers accused the Visaya women of great sensuality and +unbounded immorality, and gave details of some very curious customs, +which are unsuitable for general publication. However, the customs I +refer to have been long obsolete among the Visayas, although still +existing amongst some of the wilder tribes in Borneo. The Visaya women +are very prolific, many having borne a dozen children, but infant +mortality is high, and they rear but few of them. The men are less +sober than the Tagals—they manufacture and consume large +quantities of strong drink. They are not fond of the Tagals, and a +Visaya regiment would not hesitate to fire upon them if ordered. In +fact the two tribes look upon each other as foreigners. When discovered +by the Spaniards, they were to a great extent civilised and organised +in a feudal system. Tomas de Comyn formed a very favourable opinion of +them—he writes, both men and women are well-mannered and of a +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb302" href="#pb302" name= +"pb302">302</a>]</span>good disposition, of better condition and nobler +behaviour than those of the Island of Luzon and others adjacent.</p> +<p>They had learnt much from Arab and Bornean adventurers, especially +from the former, whose superior physique, learning, and sanctity, as +coming from the country of the Prophet, made them acceptable suitors +for the hands of the daughters of the Rajas or petty kings. They had +brought with them the doctrines of Islam, which had begun to make some +converts before the Spanish discovery. The old Visaya religion was not +unlike that of the Tagals, they called their idols Dinatas instead of +Anitos—their marriage customs were not very different from those +of the Tagals.</p> +<p>The ancestors of the Visayas were converted to Christianity at, or +soon after, the Spanish conquest. They have thus been Christians for +over three centuries, and in constant war with the Mahometan pirates of +Mindanao and Sulu, and with the Sea Dayaks of Borneo. However, in some +localities they still show a strong hankering after witchcraft, and +practise secret heathen rites, notwithstanding the vigilance of the +parish priests.</p> +<p>A friar of the order of Recollets who had held a benefice in Bohol, +assured me that they have a secret heathen organisation, although every +member is a professing Christian, taking the Sacrament on the great +feasts of the Church. They hold a secret triennial meeting of their +adherents, who come over from other islands to be present. The meeting +is held in some lonely valley, or on some desert island, where their +vessels can lie concealed, always far from any church or priest. All +the Recollet could tell me about the ceremonies was that the sacrifice +of pigs formed an important part of it</p> +<p>The Visayas are no less credulous than the Tagals, for in Samar, +during my recollection, there have been several disturbances caused by +fanatics who went about in rags, and by prayers, incoherent speeches, +and self-mortification acquired a great reputation for sanctity. The +poor ignorant people, deluded by these impostors, who gave themselves +out to be gods, and as such, impervious to bullets, and immortal, +abandoned their homes and followed these false gods wherever they went, +listening to their wild promises, and expecting great miracles. They +soon came into collision with the Guardia Civil; and on one occasion, +armed only with clubs and knives, they made a determined charge on a +small party of this corps under the command of a <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb303" href="#pb303" name= +"pb303">303</a>]</span>native officer. The Guardia Civil formed across +the road and poured several steady volleys into the advancing crowd, +breaking them up and dispersing them with heavy loss and killing the +false god. The native officer received the laurel-wreathed cross of San +Fernando as a reward for his services.</p> +<p>The Visayas are taxed with great indolence, yet they are almost the +only working people in districts which export a great quantity of +produce. Leyte and Samar produce a good many bales of excellent hemp, +and it should be remembered that every bale represents at least twelve +days’ hard work of one man in cleaning the fibre only, without +counting the cultivation, conveyance to the port, pressing, baling, and +shipping.</p> +<p>In Negros and Panay the sugar estates are much larger than in Luzon, +and mostly belong to Spaniards or mestizos. They are not worked by +<i lang="es">aparceria</i> as in Luzon, but the labourers are paid by +the day. Great troubles often occur as bands of labourers present +themselves on the plantations and offer to work, but demand an advance +of pay. Sometimes, after receiving it, they work a few days and then +depart without notice, leaving the planter in great difficulty and +without redress. Strict laws against vagrants are urgently required in +Visayas. On the other hand the planter is more free to introduce +improvements and alterations than when working by aparceria when he has +to consult the <i lang="es">inquilino</i> or cultivator about any +change. The cane-mills are much larger than in Luzon, and are mostly +worked by steam engines.</p> +<p>The sugar is handled differently from the custom of Pampanga. +Pilones are not used, and no manipulation in <i lang="es">farderias</i> +is required to prepare it for export. The cane-juice is carefully +clarified and skimmed, then boiled in open pans to a much higher point +than when making pilon-sugar, and to get it to this point without +burning or over-heating much care and experience is required.</p> +<p>From the teache it is ladled into large wooden trays, always in thin +layers, and is there beaten up with heavy spatulas until it becomes, on +cooling, a pale yellow amorphous mass. It is packed in mat-bags, and is +then ready for shipment. It travels well and loses but little during a +Voyage to San Francisco or New York. None of it goes to England, which +is now entirely supplied by the vile beet sugar “made in +Germany,” except for a few hundred <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb304" href="#pb304" name="pb304">304</a>]</span>tons of Demerara +crystals imported for use by connoisseurs to sweeten their coffee.</p> +<p>Ilo-ilo sugar is shipped under three marks, No. 1, No. 2, No. 3. An +assortment or cargo of this sugar should consist of 1–8th No. 1, +2–8ths No. 2, 5–8ths No. 3.</p> +<p>A representative analysis of Ilo-ilo sugar is as follows:</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<thead> +<tr class="label"> +<td></td> +<td>No. 1.</td> +<td>No. 2.</td> +<td>No. 3.</td> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Per Cent.</td> +<td>Per Cent.</td> +<td>Per Cent.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Crystallizable sugar</td> +<td>86.60</td> +<td>84.50</td> +<td>81.20</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Glucose</td> +<td>5.40</td> +<td>5.50</td> +<td>6.56</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Mineral matter (ash)</td> +<td>1.50</td> +<td>2.56</td> +<td>3.72</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sand</td> +<td>trace</td> +<td>.24</td> +<td>1.28</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +<p>In Cebú the properties are small and are mostly in the hands +of Visayas. There are, perhaps, five or six steam-mills, but most of +the cane is ground in cattle-mills. They follow the practice of negroes +in making sugars direct for export, but the produce is of a lower +quality. An analysis of the Cebú sugar is as follows:</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<thead> +<tr class="label"> +<td></td> +<td>Cebú Superior.</td> +<td>Cebú Current.</td> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Per Cent.</td> +<td>Per Cent.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Crystallizable sugar</td> +<td>81.10</td> +<td>71.00</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Glucose</td> +<td>7.90</td> +<td>12.50</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Mineral matter (ash)</td> +<td>2.16</td> +<td>2.23</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +<p>The sugar produced in the other Visayas islands is quite +insignificant.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e10580width" id="p305"><img src= +"images/p305.jpg" alt="Visayas Women at a Loom." width="556" height= +"400"> +<p class="figureHead">Visayas Women at a Loom.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984">[<i>To face p. 305.</i></p> +</div> +<p>Ilo-ilo and Cebú are the principal ports in the Visayas +territory. Besides what they shipped to Manila in 1897, they exported +directly to the United States, Great Britain, or other countries, the +following: Ilo-ilo, 127,744 tons of sugar; 51,300 piculs of Sapan wood; +Cebú, 15,444 tons of sugar; 80,271 bales of hemp; 46,414 piculs +of Copra. And <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb305" href="#pb305" name= +"pb305">305</a>]</span>it must be remembered that the Visayas cultivate +most of the rice, maize, and other food-stuffs which they consume, and +also make their own instruments of agriculture. Besides this, Ilo-ilo +exported to other parts of the Philippines a million dollars’ +worth of textiles of cotton, silk, and other fibres, made by the +Visayas women in hand-looms. The women in Antique make the finest +piña, a beautiful transparent texture of the utmost delicacy, +woven from the fibres of the leaves of a non-fruiting pine +(<i>ananas</i>). When doing the finest work they have to keep their +doors and windows closed, for the least draught would break or +disarrange the delicate filaments. The export from other ports in +Visayas of textiles of cotton and silk is considerable, and, in +addition to what they sell, the Visayas women weave most of the +material for their own clothing and for that of the men.</p> +<p>The Visayas also export mat-bags for sugar, which are called +bayones; mats for sleeping on, called petates or esteras; pillows +stuffed with cotton, hides, mother-of-pearl shell, Balate +(<i>Bèche de Mer</i>), edible bird’s-nests, gutta-percha, +gum-dammar, wax, rattans, coffee (of indifferent quality), and leaf +tobacco. Both the island of Panay and the coasts of Negros are dotted +over with cane plantations.</p> +<p>The Visayas extract oil from cocoa-nuts and forge excellent weapons +from scrap iron. The bands from bales of Manchester goods are much +esteemed for this purpose.</p> +<p>If we take all these points into consideration, the Visayas may not +appear so deplorably indolent as they have been said to be. When +writing of the other races, I have pointed out that the indolence +imputed to them rather goes beyond what is warranted by the facts.</p> +<p>It will be understood that there are degrees in the civilisation of +the Visayas, and as amongst the Tagals and other races, considerable +differences will be found to exist between the dwellers in the towns +and those in the outlying hamlets, whilst the Remontados may be +considered to have relapsed into savagery.</p> +<p>The Visayas do a certain amount of trade with the heathen hill-men +of their islands, and as will be pointed out when describing these +tribes, it is hard to say whether the Christian Visayas or the +Mahometan Malays rob these poor savages more shamefully.</p> +<p>The Visayas are a promising race, and I feel sure that when they +have a good government that will not extort too <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb306" href="#pb306" name= +"pb306">306</a>]</span>heavy taxes from them, nor allow the native and +half-caste usurers to eat them up, their agriculture and industries +will surprisingly increase.</p> +<p>It is to the Visayas that the American Government must look to +provide a militia that will now hold in check, and ultimately +subjugate, the piratical Moros of Mindanao and Paragua. The fighting +qualities of this race, developed by centuries of combat with their +Mahometan aggressors in defence of hearths and homes, will be found +quite sufficient if they are well armed and led to make an end of the +Moro power within a very few years.</p> +<p>That this aspiration is one well worthy of the countrymen of +Decatur, will, I think, be admitted by all who have read my description +of the Moros under the heading of Mindanao. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb307" href="#pb307" name="pb307">307</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch34" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XXXIV.</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Island of Palawan, or Paragua.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">The +Tagbanúas—Tandulanos—Manguianes—Negritos—Moros +of southern Palawan—Tagbanúa alphabet.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The island of Palawan, or, as it is called by the +Spaniards, La Paragua, is situated between the parallels 8° +25′ and 11° 30′ N. lat. The capital, Puerto Princesa, +was founded in 1872, and is situated on the east coast in lat. 9° +45′, being 354 miles from Manila, 210 miles from North Borneo, +and 510 miles from Singapore. Palawan is about 250 miles long, and from +10 to 25 wide, with an area of about 5833 square miles, the third in +size of the Philippine Islands. There are several good ports in the +northern part, which is much broken up, and its coasts studded with +numerous islets, forming secure anchorages.</p> +<p>Off the western coast is a large submarine bank, with many coral +reefs and islets. The navigation on this coast is very dangerous, and +can only be done in daylight.</p> +<p>The harbour of Puerto Princesa is an excellent one, and sufficiently +large for all requirements.</p> +<p>Limestone and other sedimentary formations predominate. No volcanic +rocks are known to exist. It is conjectured that the island has been +formed by an upheaval, and it bears little resemblance geologically to +any of the other Philippines. Plastic clays suitable for making bricks, +tiles, and pottery, abound.</p> +<p>Nothing is known about the mineralogy, except that rock-crystal is +found, a magnificent specimen of great purity and value was sent from +the island to the Madrid Exhibition of 1887.</p> +<p>A chain of mountains, with peaks of varying elevation up to 6500 +feet, runs lengthways of the island, much nearer <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb308" href="#pb308" name="pb308">308</a>]</span>to +the western coast than to the eastern. The descent from the summits to +the eastern coast is, therefore, gradual, and on the western coast it +is abrupt. Mount Staveley, Mount Beaufort (3740 feet), Pico Pulgar +(4330 feet), and the Peaks of Anepalian, are in the central part of the +island.</p> +<p>The following record is taken from the observations made by Captain +Canga-Arguelles, a former governor, during his residence of three years +in Puerto Princesa.</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<thead> +<tr class="label"> +<td>Month.</td> +<td>Mean Temp.</td> +<td>Barometer.</td> +</tr> +<tr class="unit"> +<td></td> +<td>Fahrenheit.</td> +<td>Inches.</td> +<td>Rainy Days.</td> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>January</td> +<td>85</td> +<td>30.34</td> +<td>4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>February</td> +<td>81</td> +<td>30</td> +<td>3</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>March</td> +<td>85</td> +<td>30.07</td> +<td>4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>April</td> +<td>87</td> +<td>29.92</td> +<td>5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>May</td> +<td>84</td> +<td>29.80</td> +<td>4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>June</td> +<td>82</td> +<td>29.90</td> +<td>12</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>July</td> +<td>80</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>17</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>August</td> +<td>82</td> +<td>29.84</td> +<td>4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>September</td> +<td>79</td> +<td>29.88</td> +<td>20</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>October</td> +<td>85</td> +<td>29.90</td> +<td>20</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>November</td> +<td>82</td> +<td>29.95</td> +<td>8</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>December</td> +<td>82</td> +<td>30</td> +<td>4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Mean</td> +<td>82.83</td> +<td></td> +<td>105</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +<p>It will be seen that the temperature is not excessive, and that the +distribution of the rainfall is favourable to agriculture and planting. +The force of the monsoon is much spent when it arrives on the coast of +Paragua, and the typhoons only touch the northern extremity of the +island.</p> +<p>Volcanic phenomena are unknown, and there is no record of +earthquakes.</p> +<p>From the lay of the island there is always one coast with calm +water, whichever way the monsoon is blowing.</p> +<p>The troops and civil population of Puerto Princesa suffer to some +extent from intermittent fevers; but the reports of the military, +naval, and civil infirmaries, state that the disease is not very +severe, and that it yields to treatment, and this assertion is +confirmed by the reports of the French travellers, Drs. Montano and Rey +and M. Alfred Marche.</p> +<p>The northern part of the island has been colonised from the other +Philippines, and the Christian inhabitants number <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb309" href="#pb309" name= +"pb309">309</a>]</span>about 10,000 distributed amongst several small +villages. The southern coasts are occupied by Mahometan Malays, who +number about 6000, and the rest of this large island, except Puerta +Princesa, is only populated by savages, the principal tribes being +the—</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr> +<td>Tagbuanas, estimated to number</td> +<td>6,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Tandulanos, estimated to number</td> +<td>1,500</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Negritos, estimated to number</td> +<td>500</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Manguianes, estimated to number</td> +<td>4,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>——</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>12,000</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>This gives a grand total of 28,000 inhabitants, or 5.6 to the square +mile. In the island of Luzon, in which extensive districts are +uncultivated and unexplored, the mean density of the population in +1875, was 76.5 per square mile, and in the provinces of Batangan and +Pasgasinan, which are, perhaps, the best cultivated, the density was +272 inhabitants to the square mile.</p> +<p>The fauna has been studied to some extent, a French collector having +resided for a considerable period on the island. It comprises monkeys, +pigs, civets, porcupines, flying squirrels, pheasants, and a small +leopard, this latter not found in any other of the Philippines, and +showing a connection with Borneo.</p> +<p>The island is covered with dense forests, which have been little +explored.</p> +<p>The Inspeccion de Montes (Department of Woods and Forests) gives a +list of 104 different kinds of forest-trees known to be growing there, +and states that ebony abounds there more than in any other province of +the Philippines. According to Wallace, the camphor-tree is found in the +island.</p> +<p>Amongst the timbers mentioned in the Woods and Forests lists are +ebony, camagon, teak, cedar, dungon, banaba, guíjo, molave, and +many others of value. The forest or jungle-produce will comprise: +charcoal, firewood, bamboos, rattans, nipa (attap), orchids, wax, gums, +resins, and camphor. Edible birds’-nests are found in various +localities. Fish is abundant in the waters, and balate (<i lang= +"fr">Bèche de mer</i>) is collected on the shores and reefs.</p> +<p>Puerto Princesa is visited by a mail steamer from Manila once in +twenty-eight days. A garrison of two companies of infantry was kept +there, and several small gun-boats were stationed there, which went +periodically <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb310" href="#pb310" name= +"pb310">310</a>]</span>round the island. Piracy was completely +suppressed, and the Mahometan Malays were kept in good order by the +Spanish forces.</p> +<p>The dense primeval forests which have existed for ages, untouched by +the hand of man, undevastated by typhoons, volcanic eruptions, or +earthquakes, must necessarily have produced an enormous quantity of +decayed vegetable matter, rich in humus, and such a soil on a limestone +subsoil, mixed with the detritus washed down from the mountains, may +reasonably be expected to be of the highest fertility, and, perhaps, to +be equal to the richest lands of the earth, most specially for the +cultivation of tobacco.</p> +<p>The varied climates to be found from the sea-level to the tops of +the mountains should allow the cultivation of maize, rice, sugar-cane, +cotton, cacao, coffee, and hemp, each in the zone most favourable to +its growth and fruitfulness. The exemption from typhoons enjoyed by +this region is most important as regards the cultivation of the +aborescent species, and the cocoa-nut palm would prove highly +remunerative on land not suited for other crops. +<i>Tagbanúas.</i></p> +<p>The Tagbanúas are said to be the most numerous of the +inhabitants of Palawan. I understand that this word comes from +<i>Taga</i>, an inhabitant, and <i>banua</i>, country, and therefore +means an original inhabitant of the country, as opposed to later +arrivals.</p> +<p>They inhabit the district between <span class="corr" id="xd20e10866" +title="Source: Inagahuan">Inagáhuan</span>, on the east coast, +and Ulugan and Apurahuan, on the west coast. Their numbers in 1888 were +estimated at 6000. In 1890 I spent ten days amongst these people, and +employed a number of them as porters to carry my tent, provisions, and +equipment, when travelling on foot through the forests to report on the +value of a concession in the neighbourhood of Yuahit and +Inagáhuan. I therefore describe them from personal knowledge. +They are of a yellowish colour, and generally similar to the Mahometan +Malays of Mindanao. Those who have settled down and cultivated land +have a robust and healthy appearance; but those who are nomadic, mostly +suffered from skin diseases, and some were quite emaciated. Their +Maestro de Campo, the recognised head of their tribe, lived near +Inagáhuan, and I visited him at <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb311" href="#pb311" name="pb311">311</a>]</span>his house, and found +him quite communicative through an interpreter.</p> +<p>Maestro de Campo is an obsolete military rank in Spain, and a +commission granting this title and an official staff, is sometimes +conferred by the Governor-General of the Philippines, or even by the +King of Spain, upon the chiefs of heathen tribes, who have supported +the Spanish forces against the pirates of Sulú, Mindanao, or +Palawan. Sometimes a small pension accompanies the title.</p> +<p>I also learnt much about the Tagbanúas from a solitary +missionary, a member of the Order of Recollets, Fray Lorenzo Zapater, +who had resided more than two years amongst them, and had built a +primitive sort of church at Inagáhuan.</p> +<p>They are sociable and pacific; their only weapons are the +<i>cerbatana</i>, or blow-pipe, with poisoned darts, and bows and +arrows, for the knives they carry are tools and not weapons. They do +not make war amongst themselves, but formerly fought sometimes to +defend their possessions against the piratical Mahometans, who inhabit +the southern part of the island. These heartless robbers, for centuries +made annual raids upon them, carrying off the paddy they had stored for +their subsistence, and everything portable worth taking. They seized +the boys for slaves, to cultivate their lands, and the girls for +concubines, killing the adults who dared to resist them. However, since +the establishment of a naval station and the penal colony at Puerto +Princesa in 1872, the coast has been patrolled by the Spanish gun-boats +and the piratical incursions have come to an end. The nomadic +Tagbanúas, both men and women, were quite naked, except for a +cloth (<i>tapa-rabo</i>) which the men wore, whilst the women wore a +girdle, from which hung strips of bark or skin reaching nearly to the +knees. Round their necks they wore strings of coloured beads, a +turquoise blue seemed to be the favourite kind, and on their arms and +ankles, bangles made of brass wire. Coming out of the forest into a +clearing where there were two small huts built in the usual manner, and +another constructed in the fork of a large tree, I found a group of +these people threshing paddy. Amongst them were two young women with +figures of striking symmetry, who, on being called by the interpreter, +approached my party without the slightest timidity or embarrassment, +although wearing only the fringed girdle. I learnt that they had both +been baptized <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb312" href="#pb312" name= +"pb312">312</a>]</span>but on asking the taller girl her name, instead +of answering me, she turned to her companion and said to her, +“What is my name?” to which the other answered, +“Ursula.” I then asked the shorter girl her name, and she +also, instead of answering me, asked the other girl, “What is my +name?” to which the taller one answered, “Margarita.” +These names had recently been given them instead of their heathen +names, and I could not be sure whether they had forgotten their new +names or whether, as is the case in several tribes, they must never +pronounce their own names nor the names of their ancestors. They +thankfully accepted a cigarette each, which they immediately +lighted.</p> +<p>On the following Sunday, these girls came to Mass at the +Inagáhuan Church, completely dressed like Tagal women, and +although they passed in front of me, I did not recognize them until I +was told, for they looked much shorter.</p> +<p>When the missionary accompanied me to visit any of these people, I +observed that as we approached a house the people were hurriedly +putting on their clothes to receive us, but they were evidently more at +ease in the garb of Adam before the fall.</p> +<p>The Tagbanúas have no strong religious convictions, and can +be easily persuaded to allow their children to be baptised. The +population of Inagáhuan and Abortan at the time of my visit was, +according to the missionary, 1080, of whom 616 were baptised. But from +this number many had been taken away by their half-caste or Chinese +creditors to Lanúgan, a <i lang="es">visita</i> of Trinitian, to +collect wax and almáciga—the forests near Inagáhuan +and Yuáhit being entirely exhausted. The heathen +Tagbanúas believe in future rewards and punishment, and call the +infernal regions <i>basaud</i>. They believe in a Great Spirit, the +creator and preserver, who presides over all the important acts of +life. They call him Maguindose, and make offerings to him of rice and +fish. Polygamy is allowed amongst them, but from what I saw is not much +practised. When a Tagbanúa proposes marriage to the object of +his affections, he leaves at the door of her hut the fresh trunk of a +banana plant. If she delays answering till the trunk has withered, he +understands this as a negative, and the damsel is spared the pain of +verbally refusing; but if she approves of his suit, she sends him her +answer in good time.</p> +<p>The lover then conveys to the house of the bride’s +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb313" href="#pb313" name= +"pb313">313</a>]</span>parents, where all her relations are assembled, +large baskets of boiled rice. He takes a morsel of this and places it +in the mouth of the girl, she then does the same to him, and by this +symbolic act they assume the responsibilities of matrimony. This +particular ceremony is common to many Philippine tribes. The remainder +of the cooked rice furnishes the basis of the marriage feast.</p> +<p>They are said to cruelly punish adultery; on the other hand, divorce +is easily obtained.</p> +<p>When one of their number is very ill, they get up a concert (?) of +gongs and drums with the hope of curing him, and during the performance +nobody must approach the patient’s couch. I could not learn +whether the music was intended to cheer up the sick person, or to +frighten away the evil spirit, which they look upon as the cause of his +malady; but I incline to the latter belief, because the so-called music +is calculated to frighten away any living thing.</p> +<p>If, however, the patient does not improve, he is then consulted as +to where he would like to be buried, and about other details of the +ceremony and funeral feast. This reminds me that I have read of a +Scotchwoman consulting her dying husband as to whether the scones to be +made for his funeral should be square or round. Such, however, is the +custom of the Tagbanúas.</p> +<p>Immediately after death the relatives place by the corpse the +weapons and effects belonging to the deceased and sprinkle ashes on the +floor all around—then they retire and leave the dead alone for a +time. Later on, they return and carefully examine the ashes to see +whether the soul of the defunct, when abandoning the body, left any +foot-marks.</p> +<p>Then, forming a circle round the dead, they chant a dirge in honour +of the departed, after which they commit his body to the earth in the +midst of his cleared land, unless he has selected some other spot, +burying with him his arms and utensils, not forgetting the wood-knife +and a liberal ration of cooked rice and condiments for his journey to +the other world. They then abandon both hut and land and never return +to it. They bury small children in jars called <i>basinganis</i>.</p> +<p>I was much interested in these people, and felt a great pity for +them. All energy and determination seemed to have been crushed out of +them by centuries of oppression <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb314" +href="#pb314" name="pb314">314</a>]</span>from their predatory +neighbours, and when at last the Spanish gun-boats delivered them from +these periodical attacks, they were held in what was practically +slavery by their half-caste or Chinese creditors. The respectability of +a Tagbanúa is measured by the weight of gongs he possesses, just +as the importance of a Malay pirate-chief depends on the weight of +brass-guns he owns.</p> +<p>The half-castes, or Chinese, will supply them with a brass-gong +worth, say $5, for which they charge them thirty dollars to account. +This must be paid in almáciga (gum-dammar) at $5 per picul. +Consequently the poor savage has to supply six piculs of almaciga. Now +this gum was worth $12 per picul in Singapore, and the freight was +trifling. Consequently the savage pays the greedy half-caste, or +avaricious Chinaman, $72 worth of gum (less expenses) for a $5 gong, +and these rascally usurers take care that the savage never gets out of +their debt as long as he lives, and makes his sons take over his debt +when he dies. These terms are considered very moderate indeed; when I +come to speak of Mindanao I shall quote some much more striking trade +figures. Many of the traders there would think it very bad business to +get only $72 for goods costing $5.</p> +<p>Instead, therefore, of being allowed to till their land, these +people are hurried off to the most distant and least accessible forests +to dig for almáciga. This gum is found in crevices in the earth +amongst the roots of secular trees. I was assured that deposits had +been found of 25 piculs in one place—more than a ton and a half, +but such finds are rare, as the gum is now scarce. The savage has to +hide or guard his treasure when found, and he or his family must +transport it on their backs for twenty, thirty, or forty miles, as the +case may be, making repeated journeys to deliver it to their creditor. +I think this hard work, and want of good food, explains the emaciation +I noticed amongst these people. Some few of them were not in debt. Near +<span class="corr" id="xd20e10923" title= +"Source: Inagahúan">Inagáhuan</span>, I found a man named +Amasa who had a small cane-field, and was at work squeezing the cane +with a great lever-press, which reminded me of the wine-presses in +Teneriffe. The lever was made of the trunk of a tree; the fulcrum was a +growing tree, whilst the pressing block was a tree-stump hollowed at +the top. The juice was boiled to a thick syrup, and found a ready sale +in the neighbourhood. Amasa was the biggest and strongest <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb315" href="#pb315" name="pb315">315</a>]</span>man +I saw amongst the Tagbanúas, and stood five feet nine inches +high. He possessed a comfortable house and clothes, yet he accompanied +me on one of my journeys as a porter, but the exposure at night was too +much for him, and he had an attack of fever when he returned. Near +Amasa lived a Christian woman named Ignacia, a widow. She had lived ten +years in one place, and had an abundant supply of paddy stored in huge +baskets in her house. She also had a plantation of cacao trees, many of +them in full bearing. They were rather neglected, but had grown +remarkably. I bought some of her produce for my own use.</p> +<p>I was surprised to find that the Tagbanúas could read and +write; one day I observed a messenger hand to one of them a strip of +bark with some figures scratched on it, which the latter proceeded to +read, and on inquiring from the missionary, I learnt that they had an +alphabet of sixteen or seventeen letters. I obtained a copy of this +from the Padre Zapater, and it will be found on page 319. They do not +use a pen, but scratch the letters with the point of a knife, or with a +nail, or thorn.</p> +<p>The Tagbanúas are very fond of music and dancing. On the +evening of my arrival at Yuahit, a collection of about a dozen huts +with forty inhabitants, they gave an open-air performance in my honour. +My party consisted of a boat’s-crew of eight Tagal sailors of the +Navy, two servants, an interpreter, and two companions. The orchestra +consisted of four brass gongs of varying sizes, and a tom-tom. Torches +were stuck in the ground to illuminate the scene, and the whole of the +inhabitants of the hamlet turned out and watched the proceedings with +greatest interest. The dances were performed by men, women, and +children, one at a time, and were perfectly modest and graceful. The +women were dressed in shirts and bright-coloured <i>patadions</i>, and +were adorned with silver rings, brass bangles, and armlets, some had +strings of beads round their necks. The best dance was performed by a +young woman, holding in each hand a piece of a branch of the +bread-fruit tree, which they call <i>Rima</i>, with two of the large +handsome leaves. These she waved about very gracefully in harmony with +her movements. The spectators behaved very well, and were careful not +to crowd round me. I rewarded the dancers with beads and handkerchiefs, +and the musicians with cigars. This dancing seemed to me a very +innocent amusement, but I was sorry to find that the missionary +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb316" href="#pb316" name= +"pb316">316</a>]</span>took a different view. He associated the dances +with heathen rites and forbade them, confiscating the dearly-bought +gongs of his converts, as he said they were used to call up evil +spirits. However, I observed that he had hung up the largest gong to +serve as a church-bell, after having sprinkled it with holy water. I +remembered having read how the Moravian missionaries in Greenland put a +stop to the dancing which formerly enlivened the long dark winter of +that desolate region, and I asked myself why the Christian missionary, +whether teaching in the icy gloom of the Arctic circle, or in brilliant +sunshine on a palm-fringed strand, must forbid his converts to indulge +in such a healthful and harmless recreation, in both cases almost the +sole possible amusement. I could see no reason why the heathen should +have all the fun. The labours of the missionary were, however, very +much to the benefit of the Tagbanúas, as inducing them to settle +down, build houses, and raise crops for their support.</p> +<p>The Spanish gun-boats had stopped the inroads of Moros by sea, and +detachments of native troops along the coast stopped the raiding by +land. For twenty years the Tagbanúas had suffered little, and +for several years absolutely nothing from the Moros, yet they +apparently could not realise their security, and were afraid to +accumulate anything lest it should be taken from them. To the ravages +of the pirate, there has succeeded the extortion of the usurer, and +John Chinaman waxes fat whilst the wretched Tagbanúa +starves.</p> +<p>Whilst travelling through the jungle I found some natives cutting +canes, and my interpreter pointed out to me an emaciated couple, and +assured me that during the famine of the previous season, these poor +wretches had killed and eaten their own child to save their lives. What +a state of things in a country where maize will grow up and give edible +grain in forty-two days from the date of planting it! I trust that the +change of government may result in some benefit to these poor people, +and that a Governor or Protector of Aborigines may be appointed with +absolute power who will check the abuses of the half-caste and Chinese +usurers, and give the poor down-trodden Tagbanúas, at one time I +firmly believe a comparatively civilised people, a chance to live and +thrive. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb317" href="#pb317" name= +"pb317">317</a>]</span></p> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Tandulanos.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Tandulanos are physically similar to the Negritos, +but less robust. They inhabit the shores of Palawan, being scattered +along the western coast between the Bay of Malampaya and Caruray. They +are more savage than the other races of the island, but they fulfil +their engagements with rigorous exactness. They make rough canoes, and +subsist principally on fish and shell-fish, and they do no cultivation. +They are very skilful in the use of the harpoon which they employ for +fishing. If they can obtain iron, they use it for their harpoon-points, +otherwise they point them with the spike from the tail of a skate.</p> +<p>They use a most active poison on their harpoons and darts, so much +so, that it is said to produce almost instantaneous death.</p> +<p>This poison is unknown to the other tribes. They refuse to sell +their <i>cerbatanas</i>, or blow-pipes, from which they shoot their +darts.</p> +<p>They are said to intermarry indiscriminately, without regard to +kinship. Their number was computed at 1500 in the year 1888, and they +are probably not much more numerous now.</p> +<p>These people are, like the Negritos, whom they resemble, a hopeless +race, not capable of advancing in civilisation.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Manguianes and Negritos of Palawan.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">These people have been described under the heading +Aetas or Negritos, in Part I. The first-named inhabit the interior of +that part of the island occupied by the Moros who jealously prevent +them from holding any intercourse with strangers.</p> +<p><i>Moros of Southern Palawan.</i>—These people do not differ +in any essential particular from the Moros of Mindanao. They look back +with regret on the good old days before the advent of the steam +gun-boats, and the establishment of the fortified posts along their +shores when they could make their annual raids and massacre, plunder, +and enslave, the wretched Tagbanúas without interference. They +will doubtless take full advantage of any negligence of the United +States authorities to keep up the gun-boat flotilla, and to maintain +the military posts. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb318" href="#pb318" +name="pb318">318</a>]</span></p> +<p>They now live by agriculture, all the labour being performed by +slaves, and by trading with the savages of the mountains, vying with +the Christians in usurious rapacity.</p> +<p><i>John Chinaman</i> in Palawan is just the same as his brother in +Mindanao—a remorseless usurer, and a skilful manipulator of false +weights and measures, but no worse in the treatment of the unhappy +aboriginal than the Christian native or half-caste.</p> +<p><i>Puerto Princesa</i>, the capital, had a population at the time of +my visit in 1890 of about 1500, of which number 1200 were males and 300 +females. About half the males were soldiers and sailors, one-fourth +convicts, and the remainder civilians. Most of the women had been +deported from Manila as undesirable characters in that decorous city. +Notwithstanding their unsavoury antecedents, they found new husbands or +protectors in Puerto Princesa the moment they landed. Such was the +competition for these very soiled doves, that most of them had made +their new arrangements before leaving the jetty alongside which the +steamer they arrived in lay.</p> +<p>There was some little cultivation round about the capital, but as +usual trading with the aborigines for gum, rattans, balate, green +snail-shells, and other jungle produce was the most entrancing +pursuit.</p> +<p>At a short distance from the town was a Government Sugar Plantation, +which I visited. If sugar planting could flourish anywhere, it surely +should have done so here, for the land cost nothing, the convicts did +all the unskilled labour and the machinery was paid for by the +Government. Yet the blighting influence of the official mind succeeded +even here in causing the place to be run at a loss. The sugar badly +prepared was shipped to Manila to be sold at a reduced price, and sugar +for the troops and general use was imported from other parts.</p> +<p>The governor of the island, during the later period of Spanish rule, +has usually been a naval officer, and as the communications are +principally by sea, and any punitive operations have to be performed by +the gun-boat flotilla, this would seem to be a precedent the United +States might follow with advantage. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb319" href="#pb319" name="pb319">319</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Tagbanúa Alphabet.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first"><i>Communicated to F. H. Sawyer by Fray Lorenzo +Zapater, Missionary at Inagáhuan, Palawan.</i></p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<div class="figure xd20e10999 xd20e10999width"><img src= +"images/tagbanua-q.gif" alt="" width="72" height="58"></div> +</td> +<td>Q q</td> +<td> +<div class="figure xd20e11004 xd20e11004width"><img src= +"images/tagbanua-ng.gif" alt="" width="76" height="55"></div> +</td> +<td>Ng ng</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div class="figure xd20e11010 xd20e11010width"><img src= +"images/tagbanua-p.gif" alt="" width="74" height="57"></div> +</td> +<td>P p</td> +<td> +<div class="figure xd20e11015 xd20e11015width"><img src= +"images/tagbanua-uo.gif" alt="" width="76" height="55"></div> +</td> +<td>uo</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div class="figure xd20e11021 xd20e11021width"><img src= +"images/tagbanua-o.gif" alt="" width="74" height="57"></div> +</td> +<td>O or U<br> +o or u</td> +<td> +<div class="figure xd20e11028 xd20e11028width"><img src= +"images/tagbanua-g.gif" alt="" width="76" height="55"></div> +</td> +<td>G g</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div class="figure xd20e11034 xd20e11034width"><img src= +"images/tagbanua-e.gif" alt="" width="74" height="57"></div> +</td> +<td>E or I<br> +e or i</td> +<td> +<div class="figure xd20e11041 xd20e11041width"><img src= +"images/tagbanua-n.gif" alt="" width="76" height="55"></div> +</td> +<td>N n</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div class="figure xd20e11047 xd20e11047width"><img src= +"images/tagbanua-d.gif" alt="" width="74" height="57"></div> +</td> +<td>D d</td> +<td> +<div class="figure xd20e11052 xd20e11052width"><img src= +"images/tagbanua-m.gif" alt="" width="76" height="55"></div> +</td> +<td>M m</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div class="figure xd20e11058 xd20e11058width"><img src= +"images/tagbanua-c.gif" alt="" width="74" height="57"></div> +</td> +<td>C c</td> +<td> +<div class="figure xd20e11063 xd20e11063width"><img src= +"images/tagbanua-t.gif" alt="" width="76" height="55"></div> +</td> +<td>T t</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div class="figure xd20e11069 xd20e11069width"><img src= +"images/tagbanua-b.gif" alt="" width="74" height="57"></div> +</td> +<td>B b</td> +<td> +<div class="figure xd20e11074 xd20e11074width"><img src= +"images/tagbanua-s.gif" alt="" width="76" height="55"></div> +</td> +<td>S s</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div class="figure xd20e11080 xd20e11080width"><img src= +"images/tagbanua-a.gif" alt="" width="74" height="57"></div> +</td> +<td>A a</td> +<td> +<div class="figure xd20e11085 xd20e11085width"><img src= +"images/tagbanua-l.gif" alt="" width="77" height="63"></div> +</td> +<td>L or R<br> +l or r</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p><i>Vowels</i>.</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr> +<td> +<div class="figure xd20e11099 xd20e11099width"><img src= +"images/tagbanua-a2.gif" alt="" width="66" height="50"></div> +</td> +<td>a</td> +<td> +<div class="figure xd20e11104 xd20e11104width"><img src= +"images/tagbanua-ia.gif" alt="" width="66" height="50"></div> +</td> +<td>ia</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div class="figure xd20e11110 xd20e11110width"><img src= +"images/tagbanua-o2.gif" alt="" width="66" height="50"></div> +</td> +<td>o</td> +<td> +<div class="figure xd20e11115 xd20e11115width"><img src= +"images/tagbanua-ua.gif" alt="" width="66" height="50"></div> +</td> +<td>ua</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div class="figure xd20e11121 xd20e11121width"><img src= +"images/tagbanua-e2.gif" alt="" width="66" height="50"></div> +</td> +<td>e i</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p><i>N.B.</i>—The Roman letters are to be pronounced as in +Spanish and the Tagbanúa correspondingly, <i>Ah,</i> <i>bay</i>, +<i>say</i>, <i>day</i>, <i>aye</i> or <i>ee</i>, <i>o</i> or <i>oo</i>, +<i>pay</i>, <i>ku</i>, etc.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Notes by the Padre Zapater.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">(Translation.)</p> +<p>1. The consonants in the Tagbanúa alphabet are eleven and +sometimes twelve, but the vowels are three, since the <i>ia</i> and the +<i>oa</i> which are vowels, are compound letters, although strictly +they may be considered as vowels, but the <i>ia</i> and the <i>ua</i> +are written the same, as has been said. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb320" href="#pb320" name="pb320">320</a>]</span></p> +<p>2. In reading the Tagbanúa alphabet, you begin from the +bottom upwards.</p> +<p>3. To write the consonants with their vowels, for example, +<i>ba</i>, <i>be</i>, <i>bi</i>, <i>bo</i>, <i>bu</i>, you put a dash +at the right or left. If on the right, it means <i>be</i>, <i>bi</i>, +and if on the left of the consonant <i>bo</i>, <i>bu</i>.</p> +<p><i>N.B.</i>—Father Zapater’s note 3 is somewhat obscure, +or rather badly expressed. It perhaps ought to have been said that a +dash right and left means <i>ba</i>. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb321" href="#pb321" name="pb321">321</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div0 part"> +<h2 class="Part">Part III.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Mindanao, Including Basilan.</h2> +<div id="ch35" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="XXXV">Chapter XXXV.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Brief Geographical Description.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first"> +Configuration—Mountains—Rivers—Lakes—Division +into +districts—Administration—Productions—Basilan.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">Mindanao is of a very irregular shape, which it is not +easy to describe. It has some resemblance to a winged skate, with a +long tail, one of the <i>Raiidæ</i>, which is common in Manila +Bay. The head of the skate is turned to the east; the peninsula of +Surigao forms the northern wing, and Punta Panguian the tip of the +southern wing, out of which, however, a great piece has been bitten, +corresponding to the Gulf of Davao. The body is represented by the main +part of the island, and the tail commences at the isthmus of +Tucúran and stretches westward for a degree of longitude. This +straight part is the old kingdom of Sibuguey. On the north of it, +however, a huge excrescence appears; this is the peninsula of Dapitan, +and on the south, opposite to it, there is a similar projection, which +is cut in two by the Gulf of Dumanquilas.</p> +<p>Mt. Silingan represents the spike or hook usually found on the tails +of these fish, and from here the tail bends southward and westward +through an arc of 60°. This part represents the peninsula of +Zamboanga, and the town of that name is situated at the tip of the +tail. A continuous chain of mountains down the centre of the tail +represents the vertebræ.</p> +<p>Beginning on the east, we find a long stretch of coast from Surigao +to Cape San Agustin with only one or two <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb322" href="#pb322" name="pb322">322</a>]</span>anchorages for small +vessels. The rest of the coast is exposed to the full force of the +Pacific Ocean, and from November to April is quite open to the N.E. +monsoon. It is also subject to tidal waves or rollers just as are the +coasts of Peru and Chili. A destructive <i>bore</i> enters the river +mouths and inlets, and heavy seas get up off all the headlands. In the +channels between Surigao and the islands off the northern coasts, rapid +currents are formed and overfalls render navigation dangerous for +country vessels. In fact, during the strength of the N.E. monsoon the +east coast, from Placer to the Bay of Mayo, is hemmed in with surf, and +without a single port. Behind point Taucanan, however, is found Port +Balete and Port Pujada. This latter is the best port in the island, +being well sheltered from the N. and N.E. The country about it is well +watered, and produces timber trees of great size and fine quality. The +waters contain plenty of fish, and turtle, also some mother-of-pearl +shells. The forests give the best kinds of <i>almáciga</i>, and +wax.</p> +<p>The hill-men are partly independent but pacific, and the Visaya +population is considerable in the district of Mati.</p> +<p>In general, the east coast is rocky, and very foul in many places. +The land is fertile and well-wooded. Gold is found in the Cordillera, +and on its eastern slopes all the way from Surigao to Punta Tagobong. +One of the northern towns is called Placer on this account. The +inaccessibility of the east coast during the strength of the N.E. +monsoon has retarded the civilisation of Surigao which was settled in +the early years of the conquest. The Caraga-Visaya, who inhabit a +considerable district on this coast, are old Christians and have always +been ready to fight for their faith.</p> +<p>Practically parallel to this coast is a chain of mountains which +begins at Surigao and extends down to Punta San Agustin with hardly a +break. I shall call this the eastern Cordillera. In this chain, near +the northern end, lies Lake Mainit (Hot Lake), having steep sides with +twenty fathoms close to the edge, and two hundred fathoms in the +middle. This cavity has, no doubt, been formed by volcanic action, like +the lake of Taal. On the slopes of the mountains around it are many +thermal springs which run into the lake, and in rainy weather the +summits are always shrouded in vapour by the evaporation of the rain. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb323" href="#pb323" name= +"pb323">323</a>]</span></p> +<p>The lake is subject to tremendous floods. Dr. Montano, who visited +it in December, 1880, speaks of a rise of twelve fathoms. He also says +that a ground-swell gets up in this sheltered lake; this must be from +some modified volcanic action still going on. As usual in Philippine +crater-lakes, this is a great breeding-place for alligators.</p> +<p>The Eastern Cordillera being so near the coast, there are of course +no navigable rivers running into the Pacific, but the streams become +impassable torrents during the heavy rains which begin in June, and +prevent communication by land for many days or even weeks at a +stretch.</p> +<p>Approximately parallel to the Eastern Cordillera, and at about fifty +geographical miles distance, there stands another range which I shall +call the Central Cordillera. A line drawn from Punta Diuata to the +middle of the Gulf of Sarangani, nearly due north and south, intersects +Mt. Sinalagao, Mt. Panamoyan, the active volcano, Mt. Apo and Mt. +Matutuan, which appear to be the loftiest peaks of the range.</p> +<p>From Mt. Panamoyan in about 7° 50′ N. Lat. a spur strikes +eastwards at right angles to the range, reaching half-way across the +valley. This spur then turns to the south parallel to the range for +some twenty miles, and from the middle of the east and west part, +another spur turns south for about 20 miles, thus forming a letter +<span class="xd20e7860">E</span> with the points looking south.</p> +<p>In the wide valley between the Eastern and Central Cordilleras, and +taking the drainage of the whole watershed is the River Agusan. Rising +about the 7th parallel on the slopes of Mt. Tagoppo, this river runs a +very sinuous course in a general northerly direction, but inclining +slightly to the west, receiving innumerable tributaries on either side. +At about 8° 15′ N. Lat. the Agusan expands or overflows, +forming a series of shallow lakes, choked up with driftwood and +vegetation, and varying in extent with the rainfall.</p> +<p>Continually gathering volume, it runs into the Bay of Butuan about +9° N. Lat.</p> +<p>At Moncayo, in 7° 45′ N. Lat., the Agusan is one hundred +yards wide, and is navigable for canoes even much higher up.</p> +<p>The spur previously spoken of as striking east and south from Mt. +Panamoyan, forms two small watersheds. The western one gives rise to +the River Libaganon, and the eastern to the River Salug. Both these +rivers run in a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb324" href="#pb324" +name="pb324">324</a>]</span>southerly direction, and unite to form the +River Tagum, which runs for a short distance S.E. and falls into the +head of the Gulf of Davao.</p> +<p>A little way south of Mt. Panamoyan some mountain streams dash down +the sides of the Cordillera and running through a gap unite to form the +River Davao which flows in a south-easterly direction till it reaches +the plain, when it changes its course and runs east into the Gulf of +Davao. From Point Sipaca, in 9° N. Lat., a range of mountains +stretches in a southerly direction for about sixty miles. <span class= +"corr" id="xd20e11282" title="Source: Amongt">Amongst</span> these are +Mt. Sipaca, Mt. Saorag, and Mt. Quimanquil. With the Central Cordillera +this range forms a watershed, and the torrents on the steep sides of +Sinalagao and Quimanquil dash down and take a southerly direction to +form the headwaters of the River Pulangui and ultimately become the Rio +Grande. In 7° 50′ N. Lat. two important affluents join, the +River Sauaga and the River Malupati, a few miles lower the Calibatojan +and the Kaya-Kaya bring their tribute, and the united flood with rapid +current casts itself headlong into the deep Cañon of Locosocan +and runs in this for over four miles to Salagalpon, where another +cataract occurs. The river continues for miles a rushing torrent +amongst huge boulders, at the bottom of this cleft, so narrow in +places, where the rocks jut out and nearly meet overhead, that it seems +like a tunnel. In 7° 46′ N. Lat. there is a small volcano +close to the left bank which, whenever it rains, becomes active and +gives off stifling fumes of sulphur. At Mantanil, in 7° 40′ +N., the river can be navigated on bamboo rafts, handled by skilled +Manobo pilots, but not without much risk; for some distance down there +are two <i>buchis</i>, or sinks, where the water runs down into +subterraneous passages through the river-bed, forming dangerous +whirlpools. There are also several rapids which require great dexterity +to pass safely. The banks are still high; but, on approaching the +confluence of the Kulaman river, on the left bank, the gorge is much +lower, and on arriving at Ilang the country opens out.</p> +<p>South of the confluence of the River Molita, vintas can navigate the +river, and a little lower down, at the confluence of the River Simuni, +is the place reached by the gunboat <i>Taal</i> in 1863 on a 6-foot +draught. The river now runs in a southerly and westerly direction, with +dozens of bends till about 6° 45′ N. Lat., when, on reaching +Lake Liguasan (really a Pinag) a shallow and weedy expanse of water, it +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb325" href="#pb325" name= +"pb325">325</a>]</span>turns to the west, and then north-west. At +Tumbao it bifurcates, and enters the Bay of Illana by two mouths +forming a long narrow delta of deep and rich alluvial soil.</p> +<p>From Tumbao to Tamontaca is the most beautiful and fertile part of +this river. On both banks grow cocoa-palms, areca-palms, banana and +cacao-trees, coffee-bushes, and hemp plants in abundance, and amongst +them are groups of native houses forming a continuous village, of which +the placid river, here fifty yards wide, forms the main street. These +houses are mostly occupied by friendly Moros.</p> +<p>Nearly parallel to the Sipaca-Soarag-Quimanquil range a second range +stretches irregularly in a north and south line, ending at the coast +near Cagayan. Amongst these mountains is Mt Quitanglag. From Pt. +Sulanan the western extremity of the Bay of Macajalar, a third range +stretches south, then south-east, then south again for some thirty +miles. Between this range and the Bay of Iligan there is a fourth range +of hills. These four ranges form three valleys or watersheds, each of +which has its river, with a general course from south to north, all +three running into the Bay of Macajalar.</p> +<p>The most easterly is the River of Tagoloan which has fourteen +tributaries, the next is the River Cagayan with only three, then the +River Capay with seven tributaries, all on the left bank.</p> +<p>Proceeding westward we come to the great and deep Lake of Lanao, +described under the heading Moros, but which has never been surveyed, +and then to the Gulf of Panguil, which, on the map, looks like a +forearm and clenched fist, which nearly cuts Mindanao in two. The +isthmus is only fourteen miles across in a straight line.</p> +<p>This was formerly a regular pirates’ track, over which they +hauled their vessels, but it was till lately guarded by a chain of +forts connected by a military road called the Trocha of Tucuran.</p> +<p>Two rivers running in a general direction from west to east and +having between them a dozen tributaries, run into the Gulf of Panguil. +The most northerly of the two is the Mipangi and the other is the +Lintogo.</p> +<p>We now arrive at the peninsula of Sibuguey which I have likened to +the tail of the skate. Around Lake Lanao there is an irregular loop of +hills, and from the western end of this starts a cordillera which +stretches right down the centre of the peninsula of Sibuguey and +Zamboanga. A <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb326" href="#pb326" name= +"pb326">326</a>]</span>line drawn from Punta Sicayati (in the Dapitan +excrescence) to the eastern shore of the Gulf of Dumanquilas will +intersect a range of mountains which cross the Cordillera of Sibuguey +nearly at right angles and with equal arms north and south. But the end +of the northern arm bifurcates and throws out two ranges N.E. and +N.W.</p> +<p>In the watershed thus formed three rivers take their rise, and have +a general course from south to north but bearing a little to the +westward. The easternmost of these is called the Dapitan, and runs into +the bay of the same name. The next is the Dipolog, which runs into the +sea west of Punta Sicayab; and the last is the Lubungan, running in +about two leagues more to the west.</p> +<p>The other rivers in the peninsula are so unimportant that I do not +enumerate them. Like those on the east coast they become raging +torrents in the rainy season.</p> +<p>On the northern and southern coasts, which are more protected than +the eastern, sheltered anchorages are to be found here and there, but +no such fine natural harbours exist as abound in Southern Luzon. There +is, however, less need for them, as it is very rare that the typhoons, +which are so destructive in Luzon and the Visayas, cause damage in +Mindanao, except at its northern and eastern corner. But for service on +these coasts, vessels of a light draught of water are the most useful, +as they can more easily find sheltered anchorage.</p> +<p>Mindanao is not nearly so unhealthy as is commonly supposed. +Zamboanga and neighbourhood, Davao, Surigao, Talisay, and several other +places, are really quite healthy for Europeans, if they take care of +themselves.</p> +<p>Earthquakes are frequent. They would sometimes be destructive, but +there is so little in the way of buildings to destroy. <i>Divisions for +Administrative Purposes.</i></p> +<p>Zamboanga is the chief military station and the residence of the +commandant-general of the island.</p> +<p>Mindanao is divided into five districts:—</p> +<ul> +<li>1st. District chief town Zamboanga (capital of the island).</li> +<li>2nd. District chief town Misamis (includes Lake Lanao).</li> +<li>3rd. District chief town Surigao (includes the whole kingdom of +Caraga, also the valley of the Agusan).<span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb327" href="#pb327" name="pb327">327</a>]</span></li> +<li>4th. District chief town Davao (shores of the bay and peninsula of +San Agustin).</li> +<li>5th. District chief town Cotta-bato (valley of the Rio Grande and +ancient Sultanate of Buhayen).</li> +</ul> +<p>The island of Basilan forms a sixth district under the +commandant-general of Mindanao.</p> +<p>Each of these districts was under a politico-military governor and +other officials, as follows:—</p> +<ul> +<li>1st District, Major, Naval Lieutenant, Captain of Port.</li> +<li>2nd District, Lieut.-Colonel.</li> +<li>3rd District, Lieut.-Colonel.</li> +<li>4th District, Major.</li> +<li>5th District, Lieut.-Colonel.</li> +<li>6th District, Naval Lieutenant, Naval Station.</li> +</ul> +<p>Besides these politico-military governors there were the following +officers in charge of military districts:—</p> +<ul> +<li>Mumungan in 2nd district (Fort Weyler and vicinity to look after +the Moros of Lake Lanao) Major.</li> +<li>Dapitan in 2nd district (To look after the Moros of Sindangan Bay) +Major.</li> +<li>Bislig in 3rd district (To look after the Mandayas and Manobos) +Captain.</li> +</ul> +<p>To attend to the administration of justice there was a third-class +judge in each district. From their decisions there was an appeal to the +Audiencia at Cebú, and from there to the Supreme Court, +Madrid.</p> +<p>In Zamboanga where there is (or was) a custom-house, there resided a +Treasury delegate of the second class. In each of the other districts +there is one of the fourth class.</p> +<p>The southern naval division has its headquarters at Isabela de +Basilan.</p> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Productions of Mindanao.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The climate and soil of Mindanao are suitable for +growing almost any tropical crop to great advantage: hemp, sugar cane, +tobacco, coffee, cacao, rice, indigo, sesame, maize, sweet potatoes, +pepper, all flourish. But the island is very backward; it is only +recently that the savage races have been settled in the <i lang= +"es">reducciones</i>. The population is very sparse, and natives are +more addicted to washing the sands for gold or seeking jungle-produce +than disposed to apply themselves to agriculture. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb328" href="#pb328" name="pb328">328</a>]</span></p> +<p>The exports have hitherto been very small. About some of the +northern ports a good beginning has been made in cultivating and +preparing hemp, and several Spaniards have laid out plantations +there.</p> +<p>There is a small export of coffee and cacao, and the circumstance +that the greater part of the island is free from typhoons renders it +exceptionally favourable for planting these valuable products, or for +growing unlimited quantities of cocoa-nut for making copra. For the +same reason the timber in Mindanao is larger than in the best districts +of Luzon, and some of the trees are truly magnificent. Mindanao, with +its inhabitants busily engaged in murdering their neighbours and +enslaving their children, can, of course, never prosper; but if such +outrages are repressed, and peace assured, the population will rapidly +increase and agriculture will prosper.</p> +<p>Amongst the forest produce gutta-percha took a leading place, but +this product came through the hands of the Chinese traders, who, as +their custom is, adulterated it to such an extent that its value became +greatly depreciated in European and American markets, and the trade +fell off. Some lignite is found in Mindanao, but I have no confidence +in the value of Philippine coal-fields. They have been too much broken +up by volcanic action. I have very little doubt that petroleum will be +found in Mindanao when it is explored. It has been reported in Mindoro +and Cebú.</p> +<p>The early explorers of the Archipelago state that the natives wore +little clothes, but abundance of gold ornaments. Now they wear more +clothes but little gold. It is surprising how quickly the heathen +become impoverished whenever they have Christian neighbours.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Basilan.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The sixth district of Mindanao is formed of the +Basilan group of some forty islands lying opposite to Zamboanga, having +a total area of 170,000 acres. The only important one of the group is +Basilan Island, which has an irregular outline, an oval with two +projections opposite each other, east and west, the latter resembles a +turtle’s head and the former a turtle’s tail, so that the +shape of the island on the map is that of a turtle with his head to the +west. The total length from the point of the beak to the tip of the +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb329" href="#pb329" name= +"pb329">329</a>]</span>tail is about thirty-two geographical miles, and +the width across the body about twenty-one miles. The port of Isabela +is sheltered by the Island of Malamaui, on which there is a Moro +rancheria called Lucbalan, and a Christian visita, Sta. Barbara. The +capital, Isabela, is situated about the centre of the channel, and to +the east of the mouth of the Pasahan (now called Isabela) River.</p> +<p>To the south of the town, which is situated on a stony slope at a +short distance, the fort is placed at an elevation of about sixty feet +above the sea. It commands both entrances of the channel.</p> +<p>There is a barrack near the fort, a prison, military infirmary, +school, town hall. The naval station consists of store-houses and +workshops, marine-barracks, hospital, and magazine.</p> +<p>There is a church, and missionaries’ residence. The island is +hilly but fertile in places. Some twenty to thirty acres are under +cultivation near Isabela, and the Moros who form the principal +population make their slaves work on the lands about their hamlets. +There are no manufactures worth mentioning.</p> +<p>The Christian population is as follows:—</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<thead> +<tr class="label"> +<td></td> +<td>Inhabitants.</td> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>Town of Isabela</td> +<td>921</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hamlet of San Pedro de Guihanan</td> +<td>130</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Hamlet of Santa Barbara</td> +<td>50</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Reduccion of Panigayan</td> +<td>25</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Reduccion of Tabuc</td> +<td>12</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Scattered Christians</td> +<td>12</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Members of the Naval Station</td> +<td>86</td> +<td rowspan="2">variable.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Garrison of the Fort</td> +<td>40</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="sum">1276</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +<p>The Moro population is distributed in about fifty villages or +hamlets. They can turn out about 4400 fighting-men, and are considered +valiant and hardy.</p> +<p>The Moros of Basilan, according to Father Foradada, have not the +sanguinary instincts of those of Lake Lanao or of Joló, and any +outrages they commit are, he thinks, due to the instigations of the +Moros of Joló, who unfortunately keep up a communication with +them and corrupt them.</p> +<p>Amongst the most influential Dattos of Basilan is Pedro Cuevas, a +Tagal. He was formerly a convict, but <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb330" href="#pb330" name="pb330">330</a>]</span>escaped, and, by +force of character and desperate courage, he became a leading man +amongst the Moros. Having rendered some services to Spain, he received +a pardon, and now has extensive plantations, a sugar-mill, and herds of +cattle. He is, in fact, about the richest and most influential man in +the island, and has become reconciled to the Church, and was much +trusted both by the military and naval authorities and by the +missionaries.</p> +<p>The map of the island is from a report of Father Cavalleria who went +by sea right round it in 1893. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb331" +href="#pb331" name="pb331">331</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch36" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XXXVI.</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Tribes of Mindanao.</h2> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Visayas (1) [Old Christians].</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">In another part of the book I have given a description +of the Visayas in their own islands, and have spoken of their +enterprise and industry as manifested in the extent of their exports of +sugar and hemp, and in their manufacture of textiles of the most varied +kind.</p> +<p>The Visayas of Mindanao have been modified by their environment both +for good and evil. Thus they are bolder and more warlike than their +brethren at home, having had for centuries to defend themselves against +bloodthirsty Moros. The Visayas of Caraga are especially valiant and +self-reliant, and they needed to be so, for the Spaniards, whenever +hard pressed by English, Dutch or Portuguese, had a way of recalling +their garrisons, and leaving their dependents to shift for themselves. +The Visaya of Mindanao, therefore, though not a soldier, is a +fighting-man, and their towns possess a rudimentary defensive +organisation called the <i>somaten</i>. This, I believe is a Catalan +word, and indicates a body of armed townsmen called together by the +church bell to defend the place against attack. This service is +compulsory and unpaid.</p> +<p>The arms have been supplied by the Spanish Government, and have +generally been of obsolete pattern. I have seen in Culion flint-lock +muskets in the hands of the guards. Latterly, however, Remington rifles +have been supplied, and they are very serviceable and quite suitable +for these levies.</p> +<p>The Visayas have been the assistants of the missionaries, and from +them come most of the school-masters <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb332" href="#pb332" name="pb332">332</a>]</span>and mistresses who +instruct the children of the recently-converted natives.</p> +<p>Their language is fast extending, and their numbers are increasing, +both naturally, and by a considerable voluntary immigration from the +southern Visayas Islands.</p> +<p>To the inhabitants of these small islands, fertile Mindanao, with +its broad lands, free to all, is what the United States were a +generation ago to the cotters of Cork or Kerry—a land of +promise.</p> +<p>There is, however, a demoralising tendency at work amongst the +Visayas. The profits of bartering with the hill-men are so great, that +they are tempted away from their agriculture, and from their looms, to +take up this lucrative trade, in competition with the Chinese.</p> +<p>The Visaya has one great advantage over the Chinaman; he has the +courage to go up into the hills, and find his <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e11527" title="Source: cutomers">customers</span> in their haunts. +This the Celestial could not do, but has to remain at his store on the +coast and await the hill-men.</p> +<p>Both traders cheat the hill-tribes most abominably.</p> +<p>Dr. Montano mentions a case which happened in Butuan in December, +1879.</p> +<p>A Visaya went into the interior taking with him some threads of +different colours which he had purchased for seventy-five cents, and +returned with jungle produce worth ten dollars. This he invested in +beads, brass-wire, and other articles of trade, and returned to the +woods. In a month he came back, bringing produce to the value of 100 +dollars, and 400 dollars to his credit with the natives.</p> +<p>The tribes of Mindanao pay their debts with scrupulous exactness. If +they die before paying, their sons assume the debt, and unless they are +killed or taken as slaves by other races, the money is sure to be paid. +Consequently, this rapacious usurer had sold them goods costing 10 +dollars, 75 cents, for 510 dollars, of which 110 dollars in cash, and +400 dollars credit. It is satisfactory to learn that the commandant at +Butuan made him disgorge, and freed the hill-men from their heavy +debt.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e11540width" id="p333"><img src= +"images/p333.jpg" alt= +"Lieut. P. Garcia and Local Militia of Baganga, Caraga (East Coast)." +width="720" height="489"> +<p class="figureHead">Lieut. P. Garcia and Local Militia of Baganga, +Caraga (East Coast).</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984">[<i>To face p. 333.</i></p> +</div> +<p>To sum up, the Visaya is a necessary man in Mindanao, and the +immigration should be encouraged. All the Visaya towns bordering on the +Moros should have their <i>somatenes</i> armed, exercised, and supplied +with ammunition. Amongst Visayas are to be found plenty of men well +suited to command these bands. As they are fighting the Moros for life +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb333" href="#pb333" name= +"pb333">333</a>]</span>and property, they may be trusted to stand up to +them manfully.</p> +<p>The illustration shows a party of Visayas militia belonging to the +town of Baganga, in Caraga, under a native officer of gigantic stature, +Lieutenant Don Prudencio Garcia.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Mamanúas (2).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">A hybrid race between Negritos and Malays.</p> +<p>They are not numerous, and live in the northern promontory of +Surigao, from near the River Agusan to the east coast, south of Lake +Mainit. They are, indeed, miserable wretches, wandering in the hills +and forest without any fixed habitation, their only property a lance, a +bolo, and some starveling curs.</p> +<p>Sometimes they plant a few sweet potatoes, and at certain times in +the year they get wild honey; at other times they hunt the wild pig. +They lay up no provisions, and wander about naked and hungry. They are +difficult to convert, having no good qualities to work upon. They +promise anything, but never perform, being able to give as a +reason—some evil omen, for instance—that, on coming out in +the morning, they have heard the cry of the turtle-dove +(<i>limbucun</i>) on the left hand.</p> +<p>Notwithstanding all these difficulties, the zeal of the missionaries +has not been wasted, and several reducciones of Mamanúas have +been founded, and are progressing to some extent.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Manobos (3).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Manobos are a warlike heathen race, widely +extended in Mindanao. The great River Agusan, taking its rise in the +district of Davao, in 7° N. latitude, falls into the Bay of Butuan +about 9° N. latitude. Its general course is parallel to the eastern +Cordillera, from which it receives numerous tributaries. At almost +8° 15′ N. latitude it expands, and forms four considerable +lakes of no great depth, and varying in extent according to the season. +They are partly covered by aquatic plants. These lakes are called +Linao, Dagun, Dinagat and Cadocun; they are quite near each other. The +Manobos inhabit this spacious valley from Moncado, in 7° 45′, +to about 8° 45′ N. latitude on the right bank, where they +come in contact with the Mamanúas and Mandayas; but on the left +bank they extend nearly to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb334" href= +"#pb334" name="pb334">334</a>]</span>the sea, and up to the eastern +slopes of the Central Cordillera. They even extend over the Cordillera +to the head waters of the Rio Grande<span class="corr" id="xd20e11578" +title="Source: ,">.</span> They occupy the left bank of the Pulangui, +and their southern frontier on the Rio Grande is at 7° 30′ N. +latitude, where one of their chiefs, called the Datto Capitan Manobo, +lives. The river is navigable for <i>vintas</i> up to here, and, in +1863, the gunboat <i>Taal</i>, drawing six feet, steamed to within five +miles of this point, say up to the River Simuni. They extend up the +Pulangui to about 8° 15′ N. latitude. In appearance they have +a Mongolian cast of feature. Their faces are longer than amongst the +Mandayas; their noses are not flattened, but straight, and projecting, +and slightly curved at the lower end. Their general aspect is robust; +their stature is about 5 feet 7 inches. Their usual dress consists of +short drawers reaching to the knee, and a sort of singlet, or short +shirt.</p> +<p>They live in clans under a <i>bagani</i>, or head-murderer (see +<i>Mandayas</i> for explanation), who is usually accompanied by his +brothers-in-law. They are polygamists; still, the first wife is the +head, and all the others must obey her. Each wife has her own house, +just as the late Brigham Young’s harem had at Salt Lake City. But +they are satisfied with fewer than that prophet, there being none +amongst their dattos who have nineteen wives. They are slaveholders, as +the children taken in war become slaves, and all the work of +cultivation is done by the women, children and slaves.</p> +<p>Their houses are built on piles, as are also their granaries. They +cultivate on a considerable scale, and raise quantities of rice, maize, +sweet potatoes and tobacco, not only to supply their own wants, but to +sell in boat-loads to the Visayas. Their arms are lances, shields, +swords and daggers, and, in some parts, bows and arrows. They are said +to be expert archers where they use the bow. They raise numbers of +horses for riding.</p> +<p>In valour, and in disposition to come to close quarters in fighting, +they resemble the Igorrotes of Luzon. They stand up squarely to the +Moros, which few other races have the pluck to do. Like the Igorrotes, +their religion consists in ancestor-worship, but they call their idols +Dinatas instead of Anitos. They are much impressed by thunder, which +they call the voice of the lightning, and a rainbow fills them with +awe. Like the Tagals, and some races in British India, they consider +the crocodile a sacred animal, and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb335" +href="#pb335" name="pb335">335</a>]</span>respectfully address it as +grandfather. They also, like the old heathen Tagals, consider rocks, +caves, or balete trees, as residences of spirits. They celebrate a +feast in honour of the Dinatas after the harvest, and make sacrifices +of swine.</p> +<p>Tag-Busan is their god of war, and it is usual amongst them to go on +the war-path after the harvest is secured; the <i>bagani</i>, as high +priest of this god, carries his talisman hung round his neck.</p> +<p>They make ambuscades, and attack neighbours or enemies in the most +treacherous manner, either by setting fire to their houses and +murdering them as they attempt to escape from the flames, or they cut +through the piles supporting the houses, covering themselves with their +shields interlocked whilst doing so, and spearing the occupants when +the house falls. When an enemy has been felled, the bagani, taking a +consecrated sword, never used in fighting, cuts open the chest, and +immerses the talisman of the god in the blood; then, tearing out the +heart or liver, he eats a piece. The Sácopes are not allowed +this privilege, which belongs only to the chief, as the high priest of +the god of war. The children of the slain are taken as slaves, and the +young women for concubines. One of the prisoners is kept to be +sacrificed in some cruel manner to Tag-Busan on the return of the +expedition as a thank-offering.</p> +<p>The death of a relative requires to be atoned for by the murder of +any innocent person passing by, the avenger concealing himself near a +path, and killing the first stranger who comes.</p> +<p>The Manobos are very smart in handling canoes or rafts on their +rivers, which are very dangerous to navigate, and have many rapids and +whirlpools; the Pulangui even precipitates itself into a chasm, and +runs underground for a league and a half. However, the terrible picture +I have drawn of their habits is becoming year by year a thing of the +past to thousands of Manobos, although still kept up in places. The +intrepidity of the Jesuit missionaries is proof against every danger +and every privation, has carried them up the River Agusan, on which, at +short distances apart, they have established towns or villages, and +have brought many thousands of Manobos within the Christian +communion.</p> +<p>Father Urios, one of these missionaries, baptized 5200 <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb336" href="#pb336" name= +"pb336">336</a>]</span>heathen in one year, and now no less than twenty +Christian towns or villages stand on the banks of the River Agusan and +its tributaries, populated by perhaps fifteen thousand Manobos, +formerly heathens, who have given up their detestable practices and +their murderous slave-raids to occupy themselves in cultivating the +soil, whilst their children of both sexes are receiving instruction +from Visaya school-masters and mistresses. There is always a tendency +to <i lang="es">remontar</i> amongst them, and sometimes nearly all the +inhabitants of a village take to the woods and hills. Yet, secure from +attack, the number of converts steadily increases. The Baganis have +become <i lang="es">gobernadorcillos</i>, and their chief vassals +<i lang="es">tenientes, jueces de paz,</i> and <i lang= +"es">cuadrilleros</i>. Some of the old Baganis who were well off were +so anxious not to be behind the Visayas, that they sent to Manila for +hats, black cloth coats and trousers, and patent leather shoes, to wear +on the great feasts of the Church, and on the occasion of the annual +village festival.</p> +<p>This is a long way from human sacrifices to the Tag-Busan, and +ceremonial cannibal rites, which these men formerly practised. I look +on this warlike and vigorous race as capable of becoming valuable +citizens, but they will require careful handling for some years to +come. They must not be rushed, for, if alarmed by innovations, they may +take to the woods <i>en masse</i>, and the labour of years will have +been wasted.</p> +<p>I look to this tribe, when trained to use fire-arms, and stiffened +with a few Americans, to destroy the power of the pirate +races—the murderous, slave-hunting Moros, with whom it is useless +to make treaties, who cannot be converted till the power of their +dattos is broken, and who must be sternly put down by force unless the +nascent civilisation of Mindanao is to be thrown back for a +century.</p> +<p>In the beginning of June, 1892, a Bagani of the Manobos performed +the <i>paghuaga</i>, or human sacrifice, on a hill opposite Veruela, on +the River Agusan. The victim was a Christian girl whom he had bought +for the purpose from some slave-raiders.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Mandayas (4).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Mandayas live on the Eastern Cordillera of +Mindanao which runs parallel to the coast, and their territory extends +from the 7th to the 9th parallel. They occupy the country <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb337" href="#pb337" name="pb337">337</a>]</span>down +to the River Salug. They are remarkable for their light colour, some +having quite fair complexions. Their faces are wide, the cheek-bones +being very prominent; yet their appearance is not unpleasing, for they +have large dark eyes shaded by long eye-lashes.</p> +<p>They are much respected by other tribes as an ancient and +aristocratic race, and the war-like Manobos eagerly seek, by fair means +or foul, to obtain Mandaya women for wives.</p> +<p>They usually shave off their beards, and also their eyebrows, +wearing their hair long, tied in a knot at the back.</p> +<p>They are powerfully built, and of good stature. The men wear short +drawers, and on grand occasions don an embroidered jacket. Both men and +women wear large ear-ornaments. The women are clad in a bodice and +patadion with ornaments of shells, beads, or small bells. The men are +of a bold and warlike disposition, ready to fight against other +villages of their tribe when not at war with the Manobos, the Guiangas, +or the Manguangas, their neighbours. They have a language of their own +which has a great affinity to the Visaya.</p> +<p>Their houses, four or five forming a village, are built on lofty +piles thirty or forty, or even fifty feet above the ground. The floor +is of thick planks and has a parapet all round pierced with loop-holes +for defence. Above this parapet the house is open all round up to the +eaves, but this space can be closed in by hanging shutters in bad +weather. The construction of dwellings at such a height must involve an +enormous amount of labour. Each group of houses forming a village is +usually surrounded by a strong palisade of sharp-pointed posts, and +further defended by pits lined with sharp stakes, which are lightly +covered over with twigs and leaves.</p> +<p>Several families live in one house, after the custom of the Dayaks +of Borneo, to provide a garrison for defence. An ample supply of arms +is kept in the house, bows and arrows, spears, swords and knives. They +are liable to be attacked in the night, either by the Manobos, the +Moros, or by the <i>sácopes</i> of some neighbouring datto, who +shoot flaming arrows covered with resin into the roof to set it on +fire, or covering themselves with their shields from the arrows of the +defenders, make a determined attempt to cut down the piles so that the +house will fall. The attacking party is most often victorious, and the +defenders, driven out by fire, or bruised and entangled amongst the +fallen timbers, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb338" href="#pb338" +name="pb338">338</a>]</span>are easily killed, the women and children, +with the other booty, being carried off by the assailants. Under this +reign of terror the population is diminishing. These people not only +kill for booty, but also for the honour and glory of it. Each warrior +is anxious to become a <i>bagani</i>, and to be allowed to wear the +honourable insignia of that rank. The dress of a <i>bagani</i> +indicates approximately the number of murders he has committed. A +scarlet head-cloth shows that he has killed from five to ten men; a red +shirt, in addition, from ten to twenty, whilst a complete suit of red +shows that he has murdered more than twenty persons, and is a +much-desired and very honourable distinction, a sort of D.S.O. or +K.C.B. amongst them.</p> +<p>All the dattos are <i>baganis</i>; they could hardly possess enough +prestige to govern their sácopes without this title.</p> +<p>The Mandayas are superstitious, and much attached to their own +beliefs, and on this account it is difficult to convert them to +Christianity. The devotion of the Jesuits, however, has not been in +vain, and several pueblos on the east coast round about Bislig, Caraga, +and Cateel-Baganga are now inhabited by Christian Mandayas, some of +whom have intermarried with the Visayas, or “old +Christians.” These Mandayas are now safe from attack. They give +their attention to cultivation, and are increasing in numbers and +rising in the scale of civilisation.</p> +<p>Ancestral-worship is their religion, and their <i>Dinatas</i>, or +wooden idols, are stained red with the sap of the narra tree. They have +priestesses whom they call <i>Bailanes</i>, and they are said to +occasionally make human sacrifices.</p> +<p>As amongst other tribes in Mindanao, the <i>Limbucun</i>, or +turtle-dove, is a sacred bird, and rice and fruit is placed for its use +on a small raised platform, and it is never molested.</p> +<p>They are organised in a strict feudal system, the headman or datto +of each village is in fact the only free man of his clan. The others +are Sácopes—that is, followers or vassals who, as well as +the datto, possess slaves. A Mandaya datto can seldom raise more than +fifty spears; sometimes two or three federate, but expeditions on a +large scale cannot be undertaken, for it would be impossible to feed +several hundred men in their country, such is the poverty of the +inhabitants.</p> +<p>Sometimes a small group of Mandaya dattos recognises as suzerain +some neighbouring datto of the piratical Moros, who always tries to +keep them isolated and to prevent any <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb339" href="#pb339" name="pb339">339</a>]</span>intercourse or trade +with the Christians, unless through themselves.</p> +<p>The Mandayas have canoes and bamboo rafts on the streams and rivers +running through their territory. They catch a good many fish.</p> +<p>Their agriculture is on a very reduced scale, and is limited to +small plantations of rice and sweet potatoes near their villages; they +keep poultry. They do not dare to travel far from their houses for fear +they might be seized for slaves, or even sold to be sacrificed on the +death of a datto. Sometimes when a man has been condemned to death for +some crime his datto sells him to some person requiring a victim for +the death-vengeance, if he is assured that it is intended to kill him. +The datto thus combines the execution of justice with a due regard to +his own profit.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Manguángas (5).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">According to Blumentritt, this tribe lives in the +Cordillera Sagat, and extends as far as the Great Lake Boayan or +Magindanao, and an old estimate gives their number as 80,000. On his +map he shows, the Lake and River Boayan in dotted lines, the latter is +made to fall into the Rio Grande.</p> +<p>On two modern maps of Mindanao which I have, one by Jesuits and the +other from Don Jose Nieto Aguilar’s book on this Island, neither +the river nor the lake appear; but, in their stead, a lofty range of +mountains is shown. In each of these maps the Manguánga +territory occupies an entirely different location.</p> +<p>As the Jesuits have three <i lang="es"><span class="corr" id= +"xd20e11710" title="Source: reduccions">reducciones</span></i> or +villages amongst this tribe, I accept their map as constructed +according to the latest information. They show in their earlier maps +the Manguánga territory at the head of the Bay of Davao, its +southern frontier being some twelve miles from the sea, and about the +head-waters of the River Salug and the River Agusan.</p> +<p>The <i lang="es">reducciones</i> are called Gandia, Pilar, and +Compostela. In the general Report of the Jesuit Missions of 1896, the +mission station of Jativa is stated to consist of six +<i>reducciones</i> of Manobos, Mandayas and Manguángas, with a +total population of 1389.</p> +<p>In the general report of the following year the Manguángas +and other tribes are not specifically mentioned, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb340" href="#pb340" name="pb340">340</a>]</span>and +the total population of the mission station of Jativa is given as +1458.</p> +<p>In a later ethnographical map of Mindanao the Manguánga +territory appears still more circumscribed, being limited to a strip of +land between the Rivers Julep and Nabo, affluents of the River Agusan; +Nieto’s map, however, shows them extending over the Eastern +Cordillera towards Linguit, which is situated on the coast in about +7° 50′ N. latitude.</p> +<p>Dr. Montano, who went up the Rio Salug in 1880, passing through the +Manguánga territory, says he found the banks deserted.</p> +<p>There can be no doubt that this once numerous tribe has been reduced +to a mere remnant, part settled in the before-mentioned <i lang= +"es">reducciones</i>, and part still wandering in mountains.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Montéses or Buquidnónes (6).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Spanish word Montés, means hill-man. +Buquid, in Tagal, means arable land; and Taga-buquid, a countryman. The +Tagal equivalent of hill-man is Taga-bundoc, which corresponds to the +jungle-wallah of British India. The word Buquidnónes may mean +cultivators, and their extensive plantations fully justify this +designation. It is therefore rather a vague expression, but still +designates a particular tribe in Mindanao, whose numbers were estimated +to amount to 13,000 ten years ago, and who have probably largely +increased since then.</p> +<p>They occupy the valleys through which the Rivers of Cagayan and +Tagoloan run, and the hills between them and on both sides.</p> +<p>They hold the country of the head-waters of the Pulangui, and the +right bank, as far south as the Manobos extend on the left bank, say to +7° 30′ N. latitude. In the north they extend right up into +the peninsula between the Bay of Macajalar and the Bay of Lunao, +occupying the lofty mountains of Sabrac, Sinalagao, Quimanquil, and the +sacred Balatucan, whence the souls of the dead jump from earth to +heaven.</p> +<p>Father Clotet, from whose letters to his superiors I have taken +these particulars, considers them to be divided into three large +groups.</p> +<p>The first consists of those living in the hills and valleys of the +rivers Tagoloan, Cagayan, and Iponam; the second, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb341" href="#pb341" name="pb341">341</a>]</span>of +those bordering on the Manobos of the Agusan between Gingoog and +Nasipit, and the third of those who live on the right bank of the +Pulangui and on some of its affluents.</p> +<p>They bear some resemblance to their neighbours the Manobos, being of +good stature, well-built, even handsome, and are of an affable and +friendly disposition; some of them are so smart and well-bred as to be +not in the least inferior to the most civilised of the Visayas, and to +judge by their free and open address, and the absence of all +affectation when settling their business with the old Christians, +nobody would take them for heathens.</p> +<p>Father Urios said that, from the extent of their intelligence, they +were fit to be kings of the Manobos, so much superior were they to +these.</p> +<p>In their dress they show a far greater idea of decorum and modesty +than any other race in Mindanao, both men and women. The latter wear a +white shirt, which is held in at the waist by a long skirt, reaching to +the ankles. Over this they wear a very short and tight jacket, to the +edges of which they sew strips of cloth of many colours in a pleasing +tracery, the short wide sleeves being trimmed in the same way.</p> +<p>They show great taste in choosing the colours and designs with which +they ornament their dresses. On the left side at the waist they hang +some bead ornaments, small bells, and bunches of scented herbs. On +their legs they wear many loose rings of brass, copper, or silver, +which rattle when they walk. Their manner of dressing their hair is +singular, and characteristic. They take the bulk of the hair, and +without plaiting it they twist and knot it in a high and large coil. +All round the head fall curls cut to one length, but on the forehead +there is a fringe coming down almost to the eye-brows. They secure the +coil with a handsome and showy comb, well made of metal, or precious +metals, according to the means of the wearer. Many of them are loaded +with bracelets from the wrists to near the elbows, either of metal, of +tortoise-shell, or mother-of-pearl. In their ears they wear large +ornaments called <i>balaring</i>, made of a plug of soft wood, having +on each end a circular plate of brass, copper, silver, or of engraved +gold, one larger than the other. The hole of the ear is greatly +stretched to allow the smaller plate to pass through; the plug then +remains in the hole, and is covered at each end by the plates. They +wear also necklaces, sometimes of great <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb342" href="#pb342" name="pb342">342</a>]</span>value. These +manufactures seem to be very similar to those of the Igorrotes, which +have been detailed at length in the description of that interesting +people.</p> +<p>Father Clotet mentioned a curious necklace worn by one of these +women, formed of ancient silver coins, diminishing in size from the +centre to the extremities. In the middle was a silver dollar of Charles +III. He considered this to be worth thirty dollars, which was quite a +capital to a Montés in a small hamlet.</p> +<p>Even when pressed by necessity they will not sell these ornaments, +and they consequently pass from father to son for many generations. +They wear rings of brass, silver or gold, not only on their fingers, +but also on their toes.</p> +<p>The dress of the men on ordinary occasions is quite simple, but on +grand occasions they wear long trousers of European cloth, jackets of +the same stuff, and fine beaver hats. Their shirts of fine linen are +not worn outside the trousers as amongst the Tagals, only the front +being shown, which is often beautifully embroidered. Those amongst them +who, although heathens, have a frequent intercourse with the +Christians, have their hair cut short and take great care of it; but +those living amongst the hills let it grow long, and, rolling it into a +knot, tie it up in a kerchief like the <i>charros</i> of Aragon. Some +of them paint their teeth black, and file them into points. The wealthy +men and women cover their teeth with thin gold plates, like the chiefs +amongst the Igorrotes, but unlike them they take them off to eat. It +would seem to be indecent to show one’s teeth to any person of +superior rank.</p> +<p>They believe in a future life, and are polytheists. They worship the +gods of the cardinal points: the god of the north is called +Domalongdong; he of the south, Ongli; of the east, Tagolambong; of the +west, Magbabaya.</p> +<p>This last god, Magbabaya, which means Almighty, has, however, two +other gods of equal rank: Ibabasag and Ipamahandi. The first is invoked +for the safe delivery of pregnant women; the second takes care of the +horses and cattle, and as there is hardly a Buquidnon who does not +possess some of these animals to assist him in his labour, Ipamahandi +is constantly called upon to help them when any accident happens.</p> +<p>Tagum-Banúa, the god of the fields, is prayed to for a good +harvest, and a feast called the <i>Caliga</i>, corresponding to our +harvest festival, is held in his honour. The Tao-sa-sulup, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb343" href="#pb343" name="pb343">343</a>]</span>or +men of the woods, correspond to the Tic-Balan of the old heathen +Tagals, and inhabit the trunks of secular trees, especially the Balete, +or rocky crags or caves, intervening in the affairs of mortals to +favour them or upset them. Consequently they make sacrifices to these +spirits to propitiate them and gain their favour.</p> +<p>Tigbas is a much respected god, looked upon with special reverence +as having come down from heaven. He is represented by stone idols on +stone pedestals, only possessed by the principal dattos, who keep them +amongst the heir-looms of their ancestors, and only allow their near +relations or intimate friends to see them.</p> +<p>Talian is a small idol in the figure of a monkey squatting, usually +made from the root of the willow. This they carry about with them, +hanging from a cord round its neck. When on a journey, if they fear an +ambush, they hold out the cord with the little idol on it like a +plumb-line, and let it spin. When it comes to rest, its face is turned +in the direction where the enemy is concealed. They then carefully +avoid that direction, if they have been following it, by turning off +and taking another path. If one of them is ill, they submerge the idol +in a cup of water which he immediately drinks. Otherwise, by simply +touching the suffering part, they find relief, and even a radical +cure.</p> +<p>The Busao, an evil spirit, must be kept in good humour, and to this +end they offer to it meat and drink, and sing and dance in its honour, +praying to it to deliver them from any calamity they fear.</p> +<p>The elders are charged with the duty of offering fruits and of +sacrificing the pigs and fowls to the deities. It will be seen what a +strong religious bias prevails amongst these people, who are convinced +that all the affairs of life are in the hands of Divine Providence, and +of the necessity of prayer and sacrifice.</p> +<p>Marriages amongst them are arranged by the parents or by the head +chief of their tribe, the Masalicampo (Maestro de Campo). A house is +prepared for the young couple, and an abundant feast is made ready, +including an ample supply of a fermented drink called <i>pangasi</i>, +which is preserved in large jars. When the guests have assembled, and +everything is ready, the bride and bridegroom exchange a few words, and +each receives from their respective fathers a small morsel of cooked +rice. This they hold out for a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb344" +href="#pb344" name="pb344">344</a>]</span>short time on the palms of +their hands, and then each places the morsel in the mouth of the other, +and this action solemnises the marriage. The Tagbanúas have the +same custom.</p> +<p>Immediately an animated conversation bursts out amongst the guests, +and a profuse and carefully-cooked feast is served.</p> +<p>To the feast succeeds a prolonged drinking bout, the guests sucking +up the liquor through straws or canes from the jars which contain it. +Amongst the Montéses it is not considered good form to return +home from a wedding ostentatiously sober.</p> +<p>Polygamy is allowed, but little practised, only the dattos having +two or perhaps three wives.</p> +<p>Father Barrado, who was a missionary amongst them, remarked on the +repugnance these people have to pass through the territory of some +other datto, and Dr. Montano, who crossed Mindanao from Davao to +Butuan, confirms this very fully as regards Mandayas and Manobos. In +order that they may do this in safety, the principal dattos have a +large and highly-ornamented lance called a <i>quiap</i>. In return for +a small fee they lend this to any of their Sácopes who desire to +pass through another datto’s territory as a passport, or safe +conduct. When carrying this lance, far from being molested, travellers +are treated with consideration and deference, even in time of war.</p> +<p>The principal dattos show their grandeur by having enormous jars, in +which they preserve their heir-looms or rare and curious objects, or +use for holding provisions. Gongs also are much esteemed amongst them. +But their most precious possessions are certain wooden-boxes or trunks +with copper coins nailed all over them in patterns, in which they keep +their clothes and arms. In this they resemble the rajahs and sultans of +the Malays. They use swords and lances, <i>bolos</i>, and sometimes the +Malay kris with inscriptions and marks in Arabic, these last are got +from the Moros. Some of their arms are beautifully made with carved +handles of hard wood, and inlaid with silver, having sheaths of +polished wood. Some of them have coats of mail, made of brass plates +and wires, ornamented with silver. These appear to be of great +antiquity, and it is not known where they came from originally. Others +have quilted jackets such as Cortes found amongst the Mexicans. +Notwithstanding their amiable characteristics, they make <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb345" href="#pb345" name= +"pb345">345</a>]</span>forays like the Manobos, and attack other +tribes, killing the adults, and carrying off the children as slaves and +the girls as concubines.</p> +<p>They use the pneumatic tinder-box like the Igorrotes. They are fond +of smoking, and raise large crops of excellent tobacco, selling their +surplus in Cagayan de Misamis. They prefer to smoke their tobacco in +pipes, which they make themselves. They also chew buyo. On their +voyages they carry pouches to contain their belongings, and a curious +crescent-shaped box made of brass plate, which they tie on in +front.</p> +<p>Although able to make long journeys on foot, they usually ride, and +are excellent horsemen, riding up and down the steepest paths. Their +horses are adorned with one or two necklaces of sleigh-bells, so that +they can be heard approaching from a distance.</p> +<p>They have no calendar, but know from the appearance of certain +constellations in the heavens, to which they give names of their own, +that the rainy season is approaching, and they then set to work busily +to prepare their land for sowing or planting.</p> +<p>They use the plough, and make extensive plantations of maize, which +is their principal article of food, and also of rice, they sell the +surplus to the inhabitants of the coast towns, for articles they +require, especially salt. They make small stone hand-mills for grinding +maize, and what is much more curious, they have invented and +manufactured cotton gins, having two wooden rollers geared together, +worked by a crank on the upper one. These gins work with great +regularity.</p> +<p>In 1889 they were much interested in planting and preparing +<i>Abacá</i>, and Gingoog, one of their outlets, exported no +less than 11,000 piculs, or the equivalent of 5500 bales in twelve +months. They also take down to the coast-towns quantities of wax and +resin. Their labour ought to make them wealthy, but here again we find +the rascally Chinaman, who, intoxicating them with some vile spirits, +deceives them in the price, cheats them in the weight, and sends them +back sick and ill from their unaccustomed libations, with some wretched +rubbish in exchange for their valuable produce. By this means their +industry is checked, and those who take down goods return in worse +plight than they went. Any decent Government would prohibit the +demoralisation of this interesting people, but <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb346" href="#pb346" name="pb346">346</a>]</span>the +Chinaman well understands how to deal with the local Spanish +authorities, and even subscribes largely to the church, for he likes to +have two strings to his bow.</p> +<p>The musical instruments of the Montéses are clarinets, +flutes, guitars of three strings, and a small drum.</p> +<p>At the time of the harvest, from the first peep of day to sunrise, +before beginning to work, they sing or chant certain songs, the men and +women taking alternate verses.</p> +<p>They have courts of justice to punish robbery and other offences. +Their laws are traditional, passing from father to son, and +occasionally altered at the discretion of the principal datto, to whom +they appeal if they have been gravely offended. The principal datto +having taken his seat, his head is bound round with the pinditon, or +head-cloth, with three points, and he takes the <i>quiap</i> (already +mentioned) in his hand. He then invites two inferior dattos, who +<span class="corr" id="xd20e11842" title="Source: takes">take</span> +seats one on each side of him. The prisoner is then led forward by a +guard, who <span class="corr" id="xd20e11845" title= +"Source: stick">sticks</span> their lances in the earth near the seats +of the tribunal. The case is argued on both sides, the court +deliberates and gives judgment and sentence, which is executed upon the +spot, fine, corporal-punishment, or death. This is quite an ideal +criminal court, and worthy of all respect.</p> +<p>Amongst them it is considered as a want of education and good +manners to mention their own names, and if a stranger asks, “What +is your name?” the person interrogated does not answer, but some +one else replies, “His name is so-and-so.” This actually +happened to me amongst the Tagbanúas of Paragua, when I visited +them. (<i>See</i> Tagbanúas.)</p> +<p>They believe in omens, and have many curious customs, too long to +relate, but I shall mention one.</p> +<p>If a stranger enters a house to visit those who inhabit it, and +during the conversation a fowl should fly and pass before him, the +people of the house instantly kill it, and cooking it as quickly as +possible, they eat it in company with the visitor to allay his fright, +and cause his soul to return to his body, for it might have left him +when he was startled.</p> +<p>The houses in their villages are large and well-built, sometimes the +walls are of thick planks of hard wood tied together with rattan, for +they use no nails. The houses in the country are smaller, and low in +the roof, but always so high from the ground that the longest lance +will not reach the floor.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e11860width" id="p347"><img src= +"images/p347.jpg" alt="Atás from the Back Slopes of the Apo." +width="720" height="501"> +<p class="figureHead">Atás from the Back Slopes of the Apo.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984">[<i>To face p.</i> 347.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb347" href="#pb347" name= +"pb347">347</a>]</span></p> +<p>Great respect is shown to the dead. They are usually buried in their +fields with lance, sword, and bolo laid beside them. They make a mound +of earth over the grave, fixing several stakes like St Andrew’s +crosses, and protecting the whole with the bark of a tree fastened over +the stakes. From a high post hangs a bag of rice, that the soul of the +defunct may sustain itself on the long journey to Mount Bolotucan, the +highest peak of the whole region. The soul having arrived on this peak, +gives one great jump, and reaches heaven, at a higher or lower level, +according to the greater or lesser probity of its life on earth. +Wherever it lands, there it remains to all eternity. The relations make +great lamentations at the death, and loose their hair which they do not +roll up for a greater or lesser period, according to the love they bore +the dead.</p> +<p>It is pleasing to be able again to state that the bravery, the +wisdom, and the faith and charity of the Jesuits exercised amongst this +race has had a rich reward. During the four years which concluded in +1889, no less than 6600 heathen Montéses renounced their +superstitions, their polygamy, and their slave-hunting murdering raids, +and, accepting the doctrines of our Saviour, were baptized into the +Christian faith. Besides the older coast towns, mostly occupied by +Visayas, twenty-four Christian villages extend from the Bay of +Macajalar far into the Montése country, now giving the hand to +the military garrisons on the Rio Grande amongst those irreclaimable +pirates the Moros.</p> +<p>The Cross was triumphing over the Crescent in Mindanao quite as +much, nay, much more, by the voices of the missionaries as by the +Spanish bayonets. It will be an outrage on Christianity, a blot on +their renown, if through ignorance or folly, the United States should +so act as to put a stop to this holy and civilising work, and so give +occasion for some future author to write another “Century of +Dishonour.”</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Atás or Ata-as (7).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">These people occupy a considerable territory from the +River Libaganon, which falls into the Gulf of Davao round the northern +slopes of Mount Apo, about the head-waters of the rivers running into +Lakes Liguan and Buluan. To the north they have the Tagavauas and the +Manobos; to the south the Vilanes, and on the east the Guiangas, +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb348" href="#pb348" name= +"pb348">348</a>]</span>Bagobos and Calaganes. The swampy country on the +west separates them from the Moros of Lake Liguan. From the extent of +their territory the Atás are probably very numerous.</p> +<p>They appear to be a hybrid Malayo-Negrito race, but have advanced +considerably in social organisation. They go decently dressed, the men +wearing short drawers and a shirt of Chinese pattern, and the women a +<i>patadion</i> and an embroidered bodice—with strings of beads +round the neck for ornament. They weave stuffs similar to those made by +the neighbouring tribes. They are said to be of a determined character, +and to stand up to the Moros in defence of their families and +property.</p> +<p>They also attack other tribes and commit atrocious murders, not +sparing women and children.</p> +<p>A missionary passing near their territory on the River Libaganon in +November 1892, found several households in great grief on account of +unprovoked murders committed by the Atás.</p> +<p>As the Atás live remote from the sea-coast and have no +navigable rivers running through their territory, the missionaries have +not yet been able to make much impression on them, but they are working +their way up the Davao River, and the reduction of Belen established in +1891 is quite on the borders of the Atás territory. Murders, +slave-raids, and human sacrifices, are still the ordinary events of +Atás life.</p> +<p>The illustration shows two determined-looking Atás warriors +with spear and shield, two women and two young girls, all carefully +dressed and wearing their ornaments.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Guiangas (8).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Guiangas live on the slopes of Mount Apo, to the +North of the Bagobos, whom they much resemble in manners and customs. +In view of the small territory they occupy, they cannot be +numerous.</p> +<p>They have a rather effeminate air, the men wearing their hair long; +but notwithstanding this, they are quite robust, of remarkable agility, +and very adroit in the use of arms.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e11904width" id="p349"><img src= +"images/p349.jpg" alt="Heathen Guiangas, from the Slopes of the Apo." +width="718" height="516"> +<p class="figureHead">Heathen Guiangas, from the Slopes of the Apo.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984">[<i>To face p.</i> 349.</p> +</div> +<p>Montano gives the average height of the man as 5 feet 4½ +inches, and measured some up to 5 feet 7½ inches. The men wear +short drawers and huge ear ornaments. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb349" href="#pb349" name="pb349">349</a>]</span>Their weapons are the +bow and spear. They are organised on the same feudal system as the +other tribes being governed by their dattos. Their houses, as usual, +are built on high piles. They are tolerably industrious, and +occasionally work for the Visayas on their plantations. They possess +horses, cattle, and poultry, and make the usual plantations of rice, +camote, and maize.</p> +<p>As regards their religion, Tighiama is the Creator, and Manama the +governor of the world. Todlay, the god of love, is husband of the +Virgin Todlibun, and the women celebrate certain rites in his +honour.</p> +<p>Dewata is the protector of the house, and he is said to love blood. +It is therefore incumbent on the head of every household to avenge any +insult in the blood of the offender.</p> +<p>As amongst other tribes, the death of a datto, or of one of his +wives, requires a human sacrifice in number proportionate to the rank +of the defunct. The victims are usually taken from amongst the slaves +of the datto, but in some cases they are purchased by public +subscription. Being securely fastened to trees so that they cannot +move, the largest subscriber inflicts a stab—politely avoiding +giving a mortal wound, then the others follow in accordance with the +importance of their subscription. The cries of the victim, thus +gradually done to death, are drowned by the vociferations of his +executioners. These sacrifices are still carried on in the remoter +districts, but the missionaries are beginning to convert the Guiangas +nearest the coast, and have established several <i lang= +"es">reducciones</i> in Guianga territory, such as Garellano, Oran, +Guernica, Oyanguren. In the parish of Davao and its missions, there +were at the end of 1896 nearly 12,000 Christians, and the missionaries +were actively at work and were meeting with success. If they are +re-established, and supported, in a few years’ time human +sacrifices will only be a dread tradition of the past.</p> +<p>The illustration shows a group of Guiangas, both men and women, the +latter wearing many ornaments.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Bagobos (9).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">This small tribe occupies the southern and eastern +slopes of the Apo volcano, reaching down to the coast of the Bay of +Davao, between the River Taumo on the north, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb350" href="#pb350" name="pb350">350</a>]</span>and +the River Digos on the south. They also have an outlying settlement at +Piapi—now called Vera—on the Ensenada de Casilaran. The +lower part of their territory is swampy, and the inhabitants of this +district suffer from fever and ague, and present a sickly appearance. +They resemble the Manobos in disposition and in customs, and their +weapons are the same. Their dress consists of short drawers and a +jacket. The women wear a shirt and patadion. They are moderate in +eating, and cleanly in their persons. Dr. Montano greatly praises the +beauty of their country, especially about the banks of the Rio +Matina.</p> +<p>The peculiarity of the Bagobos is that they are horse-Indians, +everybody—men, women and children—rides in their +country.</p> +<p>They breed these horses, which are small, but endowed with +remarkable endurance, and their saddles, although rude, are +scientifically constructed, like miniature McClellans. They ride with +very short stirrups, and the men are always seen spear in hand when +mounted. They carefully preserve by tradition the genealogy of their +horses, and give their favourite animals a ration of 4½ lbs. of +paddy per day, as well as grass.</p> +<p>The basis of their food is rice and sweet potatoes, which they +cultivate, using the buffalo and plough, and getting the manual labour +done by their slaves.</p> +<p>They plant coffee, cacao, and bananas, but having assured their +subsistence, they love to wander off into the woods to seek for +jungle-produce, such as wax, honey, almáciga, and the coarse +cinnamon of the country, all of which finds a ready sale on the +coast.</p> +<p>They are said to strictly perform all their engagements.</p> +<p>They cultivate abaca, and from the filament of this plant their +women weave the tissues called <i>dagmays</i>, which they polish by +rubbing them with shells till they take a lustre like silk. They dye +these stuffs in a primitive manner, but with satisfactory results.</p> +<p>The men are tolerable smiths, and forge their weapons from old iron, +which they obtain in barter. They make bits (for horses), and +bracelets, and collars of brass. Amongst them gold is said to be dearer +than in Paris, although the sands about Malalag, just south of their +territory, yield gold.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e11953width" id="p350"><img src= +"images/p350.jpg" alt= +"Father Gisbert, S.J., Exhorting a Bagobo Datto and his Followers To abandon their Custom of making Human Sacrifices." +width="720" height="511"> +<p class="figureHead">Father Gisbert, S.J., Exhorting a Bagobo Datto +and his Followers To abandon their Custom of making Human +Sacrifices.</p> +</div> +<div class="figure xd20e11958width" id="p351"><img src= +"images/p351.jpg" alt= +"The Datto Manib, Principal Bagani of the Bagobos, with some Wives and Followers and two Missionaries." +width="720" height="510"> +<p class="figureHead">The Datto Manib, Principal Bagani of the Bagobos, +with some Wives and Followers and two Missionaries.</p> +</div> +<p>The Jesuits have made many converts amongst them, <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb351" href="#pb351" name="pb351">351</a>]</span>and +they were, till the Spanish-American war, under the spiritual care of +the veteran missionary, Father Urios, and his assistants. In October, +1894, 400 Bagobos were baptized. I am unable to give the numbers of the +Bagobos, even approximately, but, from the small territory they occupy, +they cannot be numerous.</p> +<p>The illustration shows the celebrated Datto Manib, one of the +principal baganis (head-murderers) of the Bagobos, of the Apo, +accompanied by his lance-bearers, one of whom holds the quiap. Behind +him are some of his wives and children, and other followers. But not +even the hard heart of this blood-stained wretch could withstand the +persuasion of the Jesuits, and in 1894 he was baptized, and commenced +to build the town of Santillana for himself and followers. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb352" href="#pb352" name="pb352">352</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch37" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XXXVII.</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Tribes of Mindanao—<i>continued.</i></h2> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Calaganes (10).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">A small tribe living on the south-eastern slopes of +Mount Apo, about the head-waters of the River Digos, which runs into +the Gulf of Davao, a little north of the Ensenada de Casilaran.</p> +<p>They are reported to be of good stature, and of a dark colour, to +understand the language of the Vilanes, but to speak their own tongue, +which is similar to the Manobo. They are industrious cultivators of the +soil, and store provisions for their use, never suffering from famine, +but rather assisting others less careful. Their country is very broken, +consisting of deep valleys, divided from each other by lofty crests. +These valleys are full of people, so that the tribe must be +numerous.</p> +<p>Father Urios visited them in January of 1894, and was well treated. +The <i lang="es">reducciones</i> of Aviles and Melitta have been +recently formed amongst them, and their conversion was proceeding till +the war began. Their territory forms part of the parish and missions of +Davao.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Tagacaolos (11).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Tagacaolos live in the district of Davao, on the +west coast of the gulf from Malalao as far south as Lais. There are +also some living on the peninsula of San Agustin, between Cuabo and +Macambol. Physically, they are inferior to the neighbouring tribes, not +so much in stature as in muscular development. They are timid, and +those who are still heathen select places for their hamlets that cannot +easily be surprised, such as rocks, or crags without forest round them, +although this obliges them to carry water from a great distance. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb353" href="#pb353" name= +"pb353">353</a>]</span></p> +<p>A considerable number of them have been converted, and settled in +hamlets near the coast, but the mass of them are still heathen.</p> +<p>Their faces are long, the nose thin, and the extremity of it +slightly curved.</p> +<p>They are the victims of the Bagobos and Guiangas, who attack them +for the purpose of carrying them off into slavery. They themselves prey +on the Vilanes, who are less capable of defence, and make slaves of +them. They also fight amongst themselves. They make human sacrifices to +their god Mandarangan, who lives in the crater of the Apo volcano, to +avert his wrath, and when any noise is heard from the volcano, they +consider that he is demanding a victim.</p> +<p>In 1896, more than 300 Tagacaolos had been baptized, and were living +in a civilised manner in the town of Malalag, now called Las Mercedes. +The conversion of this tribe was being actively carried on by the +assistants of the veteran missionary, Father Urios, who resided in +Davao until the Spanish-American war. Las Mercedes was improving, and +promised to become a town of some importance.</p> +<p>A detachment of infantry was stationed there.</p> +<p>The influence of the missionaries extended beyond the <i lang= +"es">reducciones</i>, and had some effect amongst the heathen in +discouraging human sacrifices and tribal wars. It may be expected that, +before long, these dreadful rites will be put an end to, if the +missionaries are enabled to return.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Dulanganes (12).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Dulanganes hold a territory about twenty miles +square to the south of the Tirurayes, which extends from the crests of +the mountains to the coast. On the east they have the Vilanes. I have +not been able to learn anything whatever about this people, nor, so far +as I know, are there any <i lang="es">reducciones</i> in their +territory.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Tirurayes (13).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Tirurayes occupy the hills to the south of the +delta of the Rio Grande, the coast being occupied by Moros.</p> +<p>They are reported to be of low type, physically, and to hold the +chastity of their wives and daughters as of no account. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb354" href="#pb354" name="pb354">354</a>]</span></p> +<p>The proximity of the Moros probably accounts for this looseness of +morals. The missionaries have been working amongst them for years, and +in 1891 they had baptized 109. However, the converts were not settled +in towns, but wandered about the hills as they liked. Since then, more +of them have been baptized, and were settled in Tamontaca, and several +<i lang="es">reducciones</i> have been founded in their territory. In +Tamontaca, during 1896, between heathen and Moros, there were 152 +conversions and baptisms during the year, besides 197 baptisms of +infants born of Christian parents. The Tagacaolos used to apply to the +missionaries for everything they required—medicine for the sick, +Spanish red wine for women after child-birth, or boards to make +coffins. So the missionaries not only had to bury them for nothing, but +had to find them the coffin into the bargain.</p> +<p>On the other hand, the Tirurayes declined to cut timber for the +chapels at their <i lang="es">reducciones</i>, or to haul it to place, +or to do any kind of work unless paid for it. Their zeal does not lead +them to do anything for the Church as a free offering. They find it +very hard to break themselves of their nomadic customs, and are +particularly apt to <i lang="es">remontar</i>. However, they treated +the missionaries with great respect, and these could go anywhere +amongst them without danger.</p> +<p>Since the war, the missionaries have abandoned Tamontaca, and the +whole neighbourhood is in disorder.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Tagabelies (14).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Tagabelies inhabit the hilly country between Lake +Buluan and the Gulf of Sarangani, to the west of the volcanoes Magolo +and Maluturin. They are reported to be very ferocious, and have not +been visited by the missionaries.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Samales (15).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">These people inhabit the islands of Samal and Talicud, +in the Gulf of Davao, and are not to be confounded with the Moros +Samales of Tawi-tawi and Jolo.</p> +<p>The Samales surpass both the Moros and Nisayas in muscular +development and stature.</p> +<p>Their feet and hands are large; they have high and projecting +cheek-bones, and a stiff beard standing out <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb355" href="#pb355" name= +"pb355">355</a>]</span>round the face gives it, according to Montano, +something of a cat-like appearance. Both sexes dress like the +Moros.</p> +<p>They are less ferocious than their neighbours, and do not, like +them, go about armed.</p> +<p>They do not commit any aggressions, and are industrious. In +character, they are superior to the Moros, and are not like +them—cunning and deceitful.</p> +<p>They have been on good terms with the Spaniards for a long time, but +until quite lately they were very obstinate, and could not be persuaded +to be baptized.</p> +<p>They cultivate the usual crops, fish, and make salt. The women weave +<i>dagmays</i>.</p> +<p>They used to have slaves, whom they purchased from the Moros or +Manobos, and treated them well.</p> +<p>Formerly, they enclosed their dead in wooden coffins, made in two +parts, the shallower part serving as a lid. Each piece was hollowed out +of a solid log. They placed the coffins on a rude platform in a cave or +niche in the rocks, or else built a thatched roof over it to keep off +the rain.</p> +<p>They placed near the coffin buyo and bonga for chewing, and vases +containing rice and maize. Each year after the harvest they went to +visit the dead, and renewed the offerings.</p> +<p>Little is known of their former religion, but they worshipped the +serpent, and believed in the immortality of the soul, and in a place of +punishment by fire, which they called Quilut.</p> +<p>The patience and zeal of the missionaries has, however, been richly +rewarded, and in June, 1894, a number of Samales were baptized, +including most of their dattos. By the autumn of that year there was +not a heathen left in the islands, and the Samales are now settled in +seven villages—San José, San Ramon, Alcira, Tarifa, +Carmona, Cervera, and Peña Plata. This last was the residence of +the missionary, who was accompanied by a lay brother. The population at +the beginning of 1897 was 1625.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Vilanes (16).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">These people, the prey of every warlike tribe, and +even of the Tagacaolos, live on the summit of the mountains of Buhian, +to the east and west of the lake of that name.</p> +<p>Some of them extend as far south as the eastern shore <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb356" href="#pb356" name="pb356">356</a>]</span>of +the Gulf of Sarangani, and they people the two islands of Sarangani and +Balut.</p> +<p>They are short and thickset, with little agility.</p> +<p>Montano describes them as having flat, broad noses, underhung jaws, +and receding foreheads, giving them an appearance of stupidity.</p> +<p>Father Urios, however, writing about the Vilanes of Sarangani and +Balut, gives a more favourable description of them. He says they are +docile and industrious, and more active and intelligent than the Moros +Sanguiles, who live on these same islands.</p> +<p>He thought them easy to convert, for they have no religious system +of their own; but they believe in God, and in the immortality of the +soul.</p> +<p>Although living so near the Moros, they have not adopted any of +their religious ideas.</p> +<p>The Sarangani Vilanes dress like the Bagobos, and handle the lance +and the bow, and are good shots in hunting game.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Subanos (17).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The word Subanos means dwellers by the rivers, from +suba—a river.</p> +<p>This numerous tribe inhabits the western peninsula of Mindanao from +Misamis to Zamboanga, except the coasts which are mostly occupied by +Visayas or Moros.</p> +<p>They are of a darker colour and inferior in physique to the Mandayas +and Montéses.</p> +<p>Like other races in Mindanao the Subanos are organised under dattos +or baganis in a feudal system. It is said that he who has killed one +enemy may wear a red head-cloth, whilst other tribes only concede this +distinction to a warrior who has killed five.</p> +<p>In religion, they are polytheists, and worship the following deities +amongst others:</p> +<ul> +<li>Tagma-sa-dugat, or Lord of the Sea.</li> +<li>Tagma-sa-yuta, or Lord of the Earth.</li> +<li>Tagma-sa-manga bugund, or Lord of the Woods.</li> +<li>Tagma-sa-manga Suba, or Lord of the Rivers.</li> +<li>Tagma-sa-Saquit, or Lord Protector of the sick.</li> +</ul> +<p>But they are said not to possess wooden idols like the Manobos, +Mandayas and Montéses. They raise rough <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb357" href="#pb357" name= +"pb357">357</a>]</span>altars of sticks, on which they lay out +offerings to their deities. They call these altars Paga-paga. The +offerings consist of rice, chickens, eggs, buyo and tobacco, also a +large jar of <i>pangasi</i>, a beer brewed from rice. When making their +offerings, they sing, dance, and pray round the altar to the sound of +the <i>sucaran</i>, a rough kind of cymbal or gong. Amongst the Subanos +only the dattos or rich men have more than one wife. The marriage +ceremonies are very elaborate, and conclude with two great feasts or +drinking bouts, one in the house of the bride’s father, the other +in the house of the bridegroom. Divorce can be obtained if the couple +cannot agree, or if either quarrels with the father- or mother-in-law. +It is not readily conceded, and the case is sometimes argued for days +before the council of elders of the village. Children are only given +names when four or five years old. The Subanos have no money in +circulation, and any trading is effected by barter.</p> +<p>They bury their dead the day after their decease, wrapping the body +in a mat. The grave is dug about a yard deep, and near the house. The +<i>Balian</i> or priest accompanies the bearers, and sprinkles water on +the house and ground as he goes. Women do not accompany the funeral +party. The body is laid on a bed of leaves, resting on a framework of +sticks or canes at the bottom of the grave. The sides are protected in +the same way, and over it another framework is constructed, carrying an +earthen jar containing food and clothing. The weapons of the defunct +are laid over him, and the grave is filled in with earth, great care +being taken not to let a particle of it touch the body. Sacrifices are +made to the god Diuata; these constitute the funeral feast, which is +consumed in silence. When it is concluded, the dishes and pots which +contained it are turned upside down.</p> +<p>On the eighth day another feast is held, when they talk and dance, +intoxicating themselves with copious libations of pangasi. The priest +then goes through a ceremony the purport of which is to hand over the +soul of the defunct to Diuata-sa-langit, the god of heaven<span class= +"corr" id="xd20e12142" title="Source: , he">. He</span> begs the soul +to go away with the god, and to trouble them no more. They then renew +the dancing and drinking, and thus conclude the period of mourning.</p> +<p>The houses of the Subanos are similarly constructed to those of the +Manobos, Montéses, and other tribes, but are <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb358" href="#pb358" name="pb358">358</a>]</span>not +always raised so high from the ground, and are more roughly built. +Their food is similar to that of the other heathen tribes. The men wear +their hair long, but coiled up on the head, and covered with a kerchief +worn like a turban. They dress in a tight jacket and trousers, either +white, blue, or red. Sometimes they wear a sash. The men do not wear +ear-ornaments of any kind. The women wear large combs made by +themselves from bamboos, but no head-covering. Their ornaments are +ear-rings, strings of beads round the neck, and many bangles or +bracelets of brass or silver. They are clothed in a short shirt, either +of homespun or Manchester cotton, and a skirt worn tight round the +body, and reaching below the knees.</p> +<p>The weapons of the Subanos are the lance, which they call +<i>talanan</i>, a round shield they call <i>taming</i>, a scimitar they +call <i>campilan</i>, the Malay kris they call <i>caliz</i>, the +machete or <i>pes</i>.</p> +<p>Their agriculture and industries are very primitive, and on a small +scale.</p> +<p>They have scarcely any other musical instrument than brass gongs +called <i>Agum</i>, which are played as dance music to their two +dances, the <i>Saldiringan</i> and the <i>Sinigay</i>. In the first of +these dances the men stand up in a row, opposite a row of women. All +hold a palm-branch in each hand with which to beat time. They jump up +and down with eyes fixed on the ground.</p> +<p>For the <i>Sinigay</i>, however, the partners touch each +other’s hands, but only with the points of the fingers. The +Subano, equivalent to our Mrs. Grundy, would feel shocked to see +gentlemen dancing with their arms round their partners’ +waists.</p> +<p>The principal feast is called Birclog, and it lasts eight days. A +large shed is built, the priests offer prayers to the before-mentioned +gods, and sacrifice swine and poultry. The pigs are strangled by a rope +held or jerked by all the priests, and are placed on the altar one at a +time. Above the carcass is placed a live cock, which they kill by +wounding it through the mouth and letting it bleed to death. They also +offer tobacco, rice, and <i>pangasi</i>.</p> +<p>The offerings are taken away to be cut up and cooked. They are then +served, and the <i>pangasi</i> goes round, the priests being always +served first and getting the best of everything, as seems to be the +case all the world over.</p> +<p>When the first lot of people have been fed, they vacate <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb359" href="#pb359" name="pb359">359</a>]</span>the +shed, which is instantly filled by a fresh lot. Sometimes in one of +these feasts they consume twenty pigs and forty ten-gallon jars of the +strong rice-beer. When intoxicated, their conduct, according to Father +Sanchez, S.J., is apt to overstep the bounds of propriety, but in this +they are very much like more civilised people in the same +condition.</p> +<p>The only vessels possessed by the Subanos are some canoes, or +dug-outs, on the rivers. These are sometimes of great length, and are +called by them <i>Sacayan</i>. They propel them with great skill, using +a long double-ended paddle which they use standing up, and alternately +on either side. Like many other races of the Far East, they consider a +lunar eclipse as the precursor of great calamities, and make a +deafening noise to frighten away the serpent or dragon which is +swallowing the moon. They consider the turtle-dove, or <i>limocon</i>, +as an omen-bird, and will halt or perhaps return if they hear its cry +when starting on a journey. Also if they hear any one sneeze whilst +going down the ladder of the house, they return, and remain within +doors.</p> +<p>Some of the Subanos bear Moro titles, such as Timuay, which is +equivalent to third class judge. Father Vilaclara, S.J., a bold and +enterprising missionary, visited, in 1890, the house of a Subano named +Audos, who had recently succeeded his father as Timuay of the Sindangan +River.</p> +<p>He counted twenty-nine persons, great and small, in the house, but +this did not include the whole family, as several were absent at their +occupations. The house was built on piles, according to the universal +custom, and the floor could not be reached from the ground by the +longest lance. It measured eighteen yards long by ten yards wide, and +formed one vast apartment, there being no partitions of any kind. The +floor was made of strips of bamboo, and on this account it must be out +of reach, for as the inhabitants sleep on grass mats laid on the floor, +they could easily be speared in the night through the interstices of +the canes.</p> +<p>Five married couples and their children occupied this apartment, +each having its own part of the floor, its own store of rice, its own +pigs and poultry. Each family cooked and ate independently, but all +showed the greatest respect to the aged grandparents, and consulted +them about their affairs. Father Vilaclara appears to have ultimately +converted the whole family, beginning with the boys, whom he +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb360" href="#pb360" name= +"pb360">360</a>]</span>took under his charge, dressed and fed them, and +taught them to speak Visaya.</p> +<p>Gold-washing and gold-mining is practised by the Subanos between +Dapitan and Misamis, where there is a vast extension of gold-bearing +sand and earth. Near Pigtao auriferous iron pyrites occurs. The native +name for this ore is Inga.</p> +<p>Horses are very abundant in the district of Misamis, and in common +use for riding and as pack carriers.</p> +<p>The Subanos have the reputation of being war-like, yet until lately +they were entirely dominated by the Moros wherever they came in +contact. Since 1893 the Spaniards have isolated them from the Ilanao +Moros by establishing a chain of forts, and making a Trocha, or +military road, across the narrow neck of land from Tucuran on the Bahia +Illana to Balatacan on Bahia Panquil. The width of the isthmus here is +about sixteen miles, and the forts are called Alfonso XIII, Infanta +Isabel, Sta. Paz, and Sta. Eulalia, and Maria Cristina.</p> +<p>The Subanos appear to be much more refractory to civilisation and +Christianity than the Montéses, the Manobos or the Mandayas. +This no doubt comes from the strong influence that vile nests of +pirates and slave-traders around Lake Lanao has for centuries exercised +over them, but in time the Trocha, if kept as it should be, in the +interests of civilisation, will destroy that.</p> +<p>The Jesuit missionaries were actively at work round about the Bay of +Dapitan in the extreme north of the Subano territory, and to some +extent round about Zamboanga in the extreme south, until the war +between Spain and America broke out.</p> +<p>In the Dapitan district there were at the end of 1896 nearly 15,000 +Christians residing in the towns and villages under the spiritual, and +temporal guidance of the Jesuits. During that year 208 heathen were +baptized in the Dapitan district, but only 21 in the Zamboanga +district.</p> +<p>It is safe to assume that in the Dapitan district alone there are +10,000 Christian Subanos.</p> +<p>The number of heathen Subanos, amongst whom there are a few +semi-Mahometans, may be about 90,000. From these figures it is quite +evident that the missionary enterprise should be extended, but in order +to do this the insolence of the Moros must be chastised. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb361" href="#pb361" name="pb361">361</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch38" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XXXVIII.</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Moros, or Mahometan Malays (18 to 23).</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">These terrible pirates who have for centuries laid +waste the coasts of the Philippines and the adjacent islands, with fire +and sword, carrying off tens of thousands of Christians or heathen into +slavery, have only within the last few years had their power definitely +broken by the naval and military forces of Spain and by the labours of +the Jesuit missionaries, amongst the heathen tribes of the island.</p> +<p>It is scarcely half a century since they annually attacked the +Visayas Islands and even Southern Luzon, and they have been, up to +quite lately, the great obstacle to the civilisation of the Southern +Philippines. In Culion, Cuyos and other islands the churches are built +within a stone fort, in which the population took refuge when the Moros +appeared. The old Spanish sailing men-of-war could not cope with these +sea rovers, who in their light prahus, salisipanes, or vintas, kept in +shallow water or amongst reefs where these vessels could not reach +them. Of course, if the pirates were surprised when crossing open +water, they ran great risks, since their artillery was always very +deficient, but they sailed in great numbers, and if it fell calm they +would cluster round a solitary man-of-war and take her by boarding.</p> +<p>In consequence, a special force was raised in the Philippines to +protect the coasts against these pests. It was called “La Marina +Sutil,” or the Light Navy. This force consisted of large +flat-bottomed launches propelled <span class="corr" id="xd20e12244" +title="Source: hy">by</span> oars and sails. They were half-decked +forward, and carried a long brass gun, on a slide, and some swivels on +the quarters. These boats were coppered and fitted with a cabin at the +after part. They carried forty or fifty men, all natives, and squadrons +of them were stationed at the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb362" +href="#pb362" name="pb362">362</a>]</span>principal southern ports from +whence they patrolled the coasts. Most of the officers were natives or +mestizos; some of them survive to this day. These vessels rendered good +service, and to some extent checked the incursions of the pirates, but +they had not the speed to follow up the fast-rowing <i>vintas</i> of +the Moros, which could always escape from them unless caught in narrow +waters. In 1824, D. Alonso Morgado was appointed Captain of the Marina +Sutil, and severely chastised the Moros.</p> +<p>Some of these rowing gun-boats are still to be seen rotting on the +beach at the southern naval stations. But the introduction of steam +gun-boats in 1860 gradually did away with the Marina Sutil, and sounded +the knell of piracy in the Philippines. The Moros received terrible +chastisement at the hands of these steam gun-boats, one of which, with +a crew of only forty men, has been known to destroy a whole fleet of +pirates, and now their power on the sea has become only a dread +tradition of the past.</p> +<p>Even with all the advantages of steam propulsion, their suppression +has been a matter of the utmost difficulty, for the Moros are not only +possessed of the greatest personal valour, but are extremely skilful in +taking advantage of every circumstance that can favour their +defence.</p> +<p>Their towns are mostly built in the water, like the City of Brunei, +the houses having bamboo bridges to connect them with the shore, which +can be removed when desirable. They select a site well protected by +reefs or islands, or only to be approached by long and tortuous +channels through mangrove swamps enfiladed by guns cunningly concealed +from view; a very death-trap to an attack by boats.</p> +<p>On rising ground and flanking their settlements they built their +<i>Cottas</i> or forts. The walls of these strongholds are a double +stockade of great trunks of trees, the space between them being filled +with rock, stones, or earth rammed in. Some of these walls are 24 feet +thick and as much as 30 feet high, defended by brass and iron guns, and +by numerous <i>lantacas</i>. Such places can stand a deal of battering, +and are not easily taken by assault, for the Moros mount the ramparts +and make a brave defence, firing grape from their guns and lantacas, +and as the assailants approach, hurling their spears on them to a +surprising distance, with accurate aim, and <span class="corr" id= +"xd20e12266" title="Source: manfnlly">manfully</span> standing up to +them in the breaches.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e12270width" id="p363"><img src= +"images/p363.jpg" alt="The Moro Sword and Spear." width="522" height= +"719"> +<p class="figureHead">The Moro Sword and Spear.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984">[<i>To face p.</i> 363.</p> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb363" href="#pb363" name= +"pb363">363</a>]</span></p> +<p>Should the assault slacken they never fail to rush out, helmet on +head, clad in coats of mail, and with sword and buckler engage the foe +in a desperate hand-to-hand struggle where quarter is neither asked nor +given.</p> +<p>The annals of Moro-Spanish war include many well-contested combats, +where, to use the language of Froissart, “many heavy blows were +given and received,” where the most desperate exertions of +Spain’s bravest officers, backed up by their war-like and hardy +troops, not seldom failed to carry the forts held by the indomitable +and fanatic Moros. Such Homeric combats were those between that dreaded +Sultan of Mindanao, Cachit Corralat and Don Sebastian Hurtado de +Corcuera, and Captain Atienzas’ bold attack on the hosts of the +confederated Moros of Lake Lanao. Nor were the Spanish missionaries +less active than the soldiers on the field of battle, or in the most +<span class="corr" id="xd20e12285" title= +"Source: deperate">desperate</span> assaults. Crucifix in hand, Father +San Agustin and Father Ducos calmly walked through many a hail of +bullets and many a flight of spears leading and encouraging their +half-savage converts in their resistance to these cruel oppressors.</p> +<p>Not to be out-done by either soldier or priest, Captain Malcampo, of +the Spanish Navy, drove his vessel, the <i>Constancia</i>, right up to +the Cotta of Pangalungan till her bowsprit touched the ramparts, then, +sword in hand, leading a company of boarders, and using the bowsprit as +a bridge, he carried the fort by assault, and put the garrison to the +sword.</p> +<p>The thirsty soil of Mindanao has drunk freely of Spanish blood, and +Pampango, Tagal, and Visaya have all worthily borne their part in this +long drawn-out crusade of the Cross against the Crescent.</p> +<p>But not alone the Moro sword and spear has delayed for so long the +conquest of Mindanao. Deadly fevers lurk in the lowlands, the swamps +and the creeks of that rich and fertile island.</p> +<p>The Moros appear impervious to the malaria. At all events they live +and thrive in, or in close proximity to, mangrove swamp and flooded +jungle. The Tagal or the Visaya is not immune, and some even resist an +attack of the terrible <i>perniciosa</i> less than a white man. I shall +never in my life forget the awful sights I witnessed in 1887 and 1892 +when some native regiments returned to Manila from the war in Mindanao. +Any one who saw Shafter’s army <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb364" href="#pb364" name="pb364">364</a>]</span>disembark on their +return from Cuba will understand me. Those who could march were mere +walking corpses, but the shrunken forms, the livid tint and the glassy +eyes of those who could not stand (and there were hundreds of them), +brought the horrors of mismanaged war to the onlooker like one of +Vereschagin’s realistic masterpieces.</p> +<p>But as the slaughter of the Dervishes at Omdurman teaches, not even +the most dauntless bravery can prevail against modern weapons in the +hands of tolerably disciplined troops. The quick-firing gun, the +howitzer with shrapnell shell, the machine-gun and the magazine-rifle +must inevitably bring about the subjugation of every lowland population +not supplied with these dread engines of civilisation, and only the +hardy dwellers in Nature’s loftiest fastnesses, the Himalayas or +the Andes, may hope to retain their independence in the future.</p> +<p>It is a <span class="corr" id="xd20e12308" title= +"Source: strlking">striking</span> instance of the irony of fate that, +just as modern weapons have turned the scale in favour of the Spaniards +in this long struggle, and brought the Moros within measurable distance +of subjection, when only one more blow required to be struck, +Spain’s Oriental Empire should suddenly vanish in the smoke of +Dewey’s guns, and her flag disappear for ever from battlements +where (except for the short interval of British occupation, +1762–3) it has proudly waved through storm and sunshine for three +hundred and twenty-eight years.</p> +<p>Such, however, is the case, and it now falls to the United States to +complete the task of centuries, to stretch out a protecting hand over +the Christian natives of Mindanao, and to suppress the last remains of +a slave-raiding system, as ruthless, as sanguinary and as devastating +as the annals of the world can show.</p> +<p>The Moros of Mindanao are divided into five groups or tribes; +Illanos, Sanguiles, Lutangas, Calibuganes, and Yacanes.</p> +<p>(18) The Moros Illanos, who are the most important and the most +dangerous community, are described fully later on. They inhabit the +country between the Bay of Iligan and Illana Bay, also round Lake +Lanao, the Rio Grande and Lake Liguan.</p> +<p>(19) The Moros Sanguiles live on the south coast from the Bay of +Sarangani to the River Kulut.</p> +<p>(20) The Moros Lutangas occupy the Island of Olutanga and parts of +the <span class="corr" id="xd20e12322" title= +"Source: adjacents">adjacent</span> coasts, all round the Bay of +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb365" href="#pb365" name= +"pb365">365</a>]</span>Dumanguilas and Maligay, and the eastern coast +of the Bay of Sibuguay.</p> +<p>(21) The Moros Calibuganes occupy the western coast of the Bay of +Sibuguay, they are also dotted along the outer coast of the Peninsula +as far as the Bay of Sindangan. They communicate by land across the +mountains.</p> +<p>(22) The Moros Yacanes occupy the western part of the Island of +Basilan, and the islands of the Tapul group.</p> +<p>(23) The Moros Samales are not inhabitants of Mindanao, but occupy +and dominate the Islands of Jolo, Tawi-tawi and most of the smaller +islands of those groups.</p> +<p>Physically, the Moro is a man built for the fatigues of war, whether +by sea or land.</p> +<p>His sinewy frame combines strength and agility, and the immense +development of the thorax gives him marvellous powers of endurance at +the oar or on the march.</p> +<p>Trained to arms from his earliest youth, he excels in the management +of the lance, the buckler and the sword. These weapons are his +inseparable companions: the typical Moro is never unarmed. He fights +equally well on foot, on horseback, in his fleet war canoe, or in the +water, for he swims like a fish and dives like a penguin.</p> +<p>Absolutely indifferent to bloodshed or suffering, he will take the +life of a slave or a stranger merely to try the keenness of a new +weapon. He will set one of his sons, a mere boy, to kill some +defenceless man, merely to get his hand in at slaughter.<a class= +"noteref" id="xd20e12341src" href="#xd20e12341" name= +"xd20e12341src">1</a> If for any reason he becomes disgusted with his +luck, or tired of life, he will shave off his eyebrows, dress himself +entirely in red, and taking the oath before his Pandit, run <i>amok</i> +in some Christian settlement, killing man, woman and child, till he is +shot down by the enraged townsmen.</p> +<p>Wanton destruction is his delight. After plundering and burning some +sea-coast town in Visayas or Luzon, they would take the trouble to cut +down the fruit trees, destroy the crops and everything else that they +could not carry away.</p> +<p>Yet, as they made annual raids, it would have appeared to be good +policy to leave the dwellings, the fruit trees, and the crops, in order +to tempt the natives to re-occupy the town and accumulate material for +subsequent plundering.</p> +<p>Commonly, very ignorant of his own religion, he is none <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb366" href="#pb366" name="pb366">366</a>]</span>the +less a fanatic in its defence, and nourishes a traditional and fervent +hatred against the Christian, whether European or native.</p> +<p>Looking upon work as a disgrace, his scheme of life is simple; it +consists in making slaves of less war-like men, to work for him, and +taking their best looking girls for his concubines. His victims for +centuries, when not engaged on a piratical cruise, have been the +hill-tribes of the island, the Subanos, the Tagacaolos, the Vilanes, +the Manguangas and others.</p> +<p>Originally immigrants from Borneo, from Celehes or Ternate, with +some Arab admixture, the Moros have for centuries filled their harems +with the women of the hill-tribes, and with Tagal and Visayas and even +Spanish women, taken in their piratical excursions. They are now a very +mixed race, but retain all their war-like characteristics.</p> +<p>Cut off from the sea by the Spanish Naval forces, they turned with +greater energy than ever to the plundering and enslaving of their +neighbours, the hill-men. These poor creatures, living in small groups, +could offer but little resistance, and fell an easy prey. But now the +devoted labours of the Jesuit missionaries began to bear fruit. They +converted the hill-men, and gathered them together in larger +communities, better able to protect themselves, and although the Moros +sometimes burnt whole towns and slew all who resisted, carrying off the +women and children into slavery, yet, on the other hand, it often +happened that, getting notice of their approach, the Jesuits assembled +the fighting men of several towns, and, being provided with a few +fire-arms by the Government, they fell upon the Moros and utterly +routed them, driving them back to their own territory with great loss. +Of late years the Moros have found their slave-raids involve more +danger than they care to face, and even the powerful confederation of +Lake Lanao was, till the Spanish American war, hemmed in by chains of +forts and by Christian towns.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e12363width" id="p367"><img src= +"images/p367.jpg" alt="Moros of the Bay of Mayo." width="720" height= +"500"> +<p class="figureHead">Moros of the Bay of Mayo.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984">[<i>To face p.</i> 367.</p> +</div> +<p>But they have by no means entirely renounced their slave-raiding, +and in order to give a specific instance of their behaviour in recent +years, I will mention that on the 31st. of December, 1893, a party of +370 of them, under the Datto Ali, son to Datto Nua, accompanied by +seven other Dattos, all well armed, and forty of them carrying muskets +or rifles, and plenty of ammunition, made an unprovoked <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb367" href="#pb367" name="pb367">367</a>]</span>and +treacherous attack on Lepanto, a Christian village in the Montés +country, near the confluence of the Kulaman River with the Pulangui, +between the Locosocan and Salagalpon cataracts. This is the extreme +southern settlement of the Jesuits, and the nearest missionary resided +at Linabo, whilst the nearest garrison was at Bugcaon, some four +leagues distant.</p> +<p>The inhabitants, not being provided with fire-arms, sought safety in +flight, but the Moros captured fourteen of them. They profaned the +church, hacked to pieces the image of Our Saviour, and cut up a +painting of Our Lady of the Rosary, smashed the altar, and with the +débris, lighted a bonfire in the middle of the church, which, +strange to say, however, did not take fire.</p> +<p>They stole the cattle and horses, looted the village, and marched +off with their spoil and the fourteen captives.</p> +<p>When, however, they reached the ford on the River Mulita, five of +the Christians refused to proceed into slavery. These were the Datto +Mausalaya, another man named Masumbalan, and three women. They were all +put to death by the Moros and barbarously mutilated. The flesh was cut +from their bones, and it is said that the Moros consumed some of it, +and so terrified the other captives that they marched forward into +life-long slavery.</p> +<p>Had the converts in Lepanto been supplied with a few fire-arms, this +disaster would not have happened.</p> +<p>The Mindanao Moros commonly wear a bright coloured handkerchief as a +head-cloth or turban, a split shirt of Chinese pattern, wide trousers, +and gaudy sashes.</p> +<p>The young men shave their heads, but after marriage they let their +hair grow long.</p> +<p>The dattos, mandarines, and pandits usually cultivate a moustache, +others pluck out all the hair on the face. The poorer women commonly +dress in white and wear a jacket and a skirt coming down well below the +knee. The richer ones wear silks of the brightest colours.</p> +<p>A white turban or head-cloth is a sign of mourning.</p> +<p>The illustration shows a group of Moros of the East coast. They are +unarmed, unlike those of Lake Lanao.</p> +<p>The Moro noble takes great pride in his long descent, and in the +distinction gained in war by his ancestors. During the long hours of +their friendly meetings called <i>Bicháras</i>, they relate to +each other tales of their ancestors’ heroism. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb368" href="#pb368" name="pb368">368</a>]</span></p> +<p>Their feudal system has been more or less copied by Subanos, +Manobos, Montéses and other hill-races. The <i>datto</i> or +mandarin is the feudal chief amongst all these, but the Moros have gone +a step further, and have instituted rajahs and sultans, although with +only a shadowy authority; for every important matter must come before +the council of dattos for approval.</p> +<p>They use titles similar to those of the Malays of Borneo and Johore. +Tuang, the head-man of a village; Cuano, a Justice of the Peace; +Lamudia, Nacuda and Timuay, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd class judges; Gangalia, a +constable; Baguadato, a principal, or Cabeza; Maradiadina, eldest son +of a principal. A datto is known by the richness of his apparel and by +using gold buttons, and especially by always carrying a handkerchief in +his hand. He is usually followed by a slave carrying his siri-box.</p> +<p>Like the Malays, they call the heir of a rajah the Rajah-muda; the +nephew of a sultan uses the epithet Paduca; the son of a sultan calls +himself Majarasin, the pure or mighty.</p> +<p>Orang-Kaya, corresponds to a magnate; Cachil, to a prince of the +blood. The war-minister of a sultan is called the Datto Realao.</p> +<p>A principal priest is called a Sárif or sheriff; and an +ordinary priest a Pandita, or learned man.</p> +<p>The learning of these worthies is of the most rudimentary +description, and consists in being able to read the Koran in Arabic, +and to recite certain prayers which they often do not understand.</p> +<p>They have some wretched sheds for places of worship which they call +Langa. During the fast of Sanibayang, which lasts for seven days, they +are supposed to abstain from all nourishment. However, at midnight, +when they think their god may be napping, they indulge in a hurried +meal on the quiet. At the end of their week of abstinence they undergo +a purification by bathing, and indemnify themselves for their fasts by +several sumptuous banquets. They are forbidden to eat swine’s +flesh, or drink spirituous liquors, but they are not at all strict in +their religion, and the savoury smell of roast pork has been known to +overcome their scruples.</p> +<p>They are very fond of smoking tobacco, and of chewing buyo; some +indulge in opium smoking.</p> +<p>Their amusements are gambling, cock-fighting, and combats of +buffaloes. Their slave-girls perform various <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb369" href="#pb369" name= +"pb369">369</a>]</span>libidinous dances to the sound of the agun, or +brass gong, and the calintangang, a kind of harmonium of strips of +metal struck by a small drum-stick.</p> +<p>The dance called the Paujalay is usually performed at a marriage of +any importance, and the young dancers, clad in diaphanous garments, +strive to present their charms in the most alluring postures, for the +entertainment of the dattos and their guests.</p> +<p>They have also a war-dance called the Moro-moro, which is performed +by their most skilful and agile swordsmen, buckler on arm and +<i>campilan</i> in hand to the sound of martial music. It simulates a +combat, and the dancers spring sideways, backwards or forwards, and +cut, thrust, guard, or feint with surprising dexterity.</p> +<p>The Moros are polygamists in general, although the influence of the +Christian women taken as captives and sometimes married to their +captors, has, in many cases, succeeded in preventing their husbands +from taking a second wife. The cleverness and aptitude for business of +Christian Visayas, and Tagal women captives, has sometimes raised them +to the highest position in rank and wealth amongst the Moros; and few +of them would have returned to their former homes, even if an occasion +had offered. The custom of seizing girls for slaves and concubines +which has prevailed amongst the Moros for centuries, has of course had +the effect of encouraging sensuality, and the morals of Moro society +may be compared to those of a rabbit-warren.</p> +<p>The Moros do not always treat their slaves with cruelty, they rather +strive to attach them to their new home by giving them a female captive +or a slave-girl they have tired of, as a wife, assisting them to build +a house, and making their lot as easy as is compatible with getting +some work out of them.</p> +<p>But perhaps the greatest allurement to one of these slaves is when +his master takes him with him on a slave-raid, and gives him the +opportunity of securing some plunder, and perhaps a slave for +himself.</p> +<p>Once let him arrive at this stage, and his master need have no fear +of his absconding.</p> +<p>The Spaniards have for years refused to send back any slaves who +claim their protection, yet it has been remarked by Dr. Montano, and by +missionaries and Spanish military officers, that slaves have been +employed fishing or tilling <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb370" href= +"#pb370" name="pb370">370</a>]</span>the ground near the Spanish +outposts, and only rarely would one step within the lines to obtain his +liberty.</p> +<p>If caught running away from their masters, the dattos, they are +sometimes put to death, or mutilated in a most cruel manner.</p> +<p>The famous Datto Utto, of the Rio Grande, is said to have stripped a +runaway slave naked and to have tied him to a tree, leaving him to be +stung to death by the mosquitos or devoured piecemeal by ants.</p> +<p>This same Datto Utto, towards the end of 1889, made himself so +objectionable to the Datto Abdul, one of his neighbours, that the +latter determined to place himself and his people under Spanish +protection. His village consisted of eighty houses and was situated on +the banks of Rio Grande.</p> +<p>Datto Abdul gave proofs of engineering skill, for he constructed +eighty rafts of bamboos, and placing a house upon each with all its +belongings, inhabitants and cattle, he floated his whole village +fifteen miles down the river and landed at Tumbao, establishing himself +under the protection of the fort.</p> +<p>The Datto Ayunan, who resides in the same neighbourhood, also came +over to the Spaniards, and learned to understand and speak Spanish very +fairly. He had at least three thousand followers, and in the fighting +on the Rio Grande in 1886–87 he took the field, supported the +Spanish forces against the other dattos, and rendered important +services.</p> +<p>Several other dattos and chiefs have submitted to the Spaniards; for +instance, the Sultan of Bolinson, who has settled at Lintago, near the +barracks of Maria Christina. In the district of Davao more than five +thousand Moros are living peacefully under Spanish rule.</p> +<p>The famous Datto Utto, who gave so much trouble, lost followers and +prestige, and now where the Moro King of Tamontaca held his court and +reigned in power and splendour on the Rio Grande, a Jesuit Orphan +Asylum, and Industrial School flourished [till the war caused it to be +abandoned], bringing up hundreds of children of both sexes, mostly +liberated slaves of the Moros, to honest handicrafts or agricultural +labour.</p> +<p>Amongst the Moros, the administration of justice is in the hands of +the dattos or of their nominees. Offences are punished by death, +corporal chastisement, or by fines. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb371" href="#pb371" name="pb371">371</a>]</span></p> +<p>However, the customs of the country admit of an offended person +taking the law into his own hand. Thus he who surprises his wife in the +act of adultery may cut off one of her ears, shave her head, and +degrade her to be the slave of his concubines.</p> +<p>If he catches the co-respondent he may kill him (if he can).</p> +<p>A calumny not justified, is fined 15 dollars; a slight wound costs +the aggressor 5 dollars; a serious wound, 15 dollars, and the weapon +that did the mischief; a murder can be atoned by giving three to six +slaves.</p> +<p>Adultery incurs a fine of 60 dollars, and two slaves; or death, if +the fine is not paid.</p> +<p>He who insults a datto is condemned to death, unless he can pay 15 +taels of gold, but he becomes a slave for life. The datto acting as +judge takes as his fee one-eighth of the fine he imposes.</p> +<p>A slave is considered to be worth from 15 to 30 dollars according to +his or her capabilities or appearance.</p> +<p>The dattos impose an annual tax on all their subjects whether Moros +or heathen. It is called the Pagdatto, and consists of a piece of cloth +called a Jabol, a bolo, and twenty gantas of paddy (equal to 10 gantas +of rice) from each married couple. A ganta equals two-thirds of a +gallon, so that the tax in rice would only be 6.6 gallons, a little +over ¾ bushel.</p> +<p>Their language is a degraded Arabic with words from Malay, Chinese, +Visaya, Tagal, and some idioms of the hill-tribes.</p> +<p>Very few of them can read or write.</p> +<p>Their year is divided into 13 lunar months, and the days of the week +are as follows:—</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr> +<td><i>Monday.</i></td> +<td>Sapto.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Tuesday.</i></td> +<td>Ahat.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Wednesday.</i></td> +<td>Isnin.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Thursday.</i></td> +<td>Sarasa.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Friday.</i></td> +<td>Araboja.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Saturday.</i></td> +<td>Cammis.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Sunday.</i></td> +<td>Diammat.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>Their era is the Hejira, like other Mahometans.</p> +<p>Their marriage customs are peculiar. When one of them takes a fancy +to a damsel, he sends his friend, of the highest rank, to the house of +the girl’s father, to solicit her hand. The father consults the +girl, and if she is favourable he makes answer that the young man may +come for her. The would-be bridegroom then proceeds to the mosque and +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb372" href="#pb372" name= +"pb372">372</a>]</span>calls the <span class="corr" id="xd20e12540" +title="Source: Iman">Imam</span>, who goes through a form of prayers +with him, after which they proceed in company to the maiden’s +house, followed by a slave bearing presents, and from the street call +out for leave to enter. The father appears at a window and invites them +in, but when about to enter, the male relations of the damsel simulate +an attack on the visitor, which he beats off, and throws them the +presents he has brought with him.</p> +<p>He then enters with the <span class="corr" id="xd20e12545" title= +"Source: Iman">Imam</span> and finds the lady of his desires reclining +upon cushions, and presents his respects to her. The priest then causes +her to rise and, taking hold of her head he twirls her round twice to +the right, then taking the hand of the man he places it on the forehead +of the girl, who immediately covers her face. The priest then retires, +leaving them alone. The bridegroom attempts to kiss and embrace the +bride, who defends herself with tooth and nail. She shrieks and runs, +and the bridegroom chases her round and round the room.</p> +<p>Presently the father appears, and assures the bridegroom that he may +take for granted the virginity of his daughter. The bridegroom then +leaves the house to make preparations for the wedding-feast, which +begins that night, and finishes on the third night, when the bride +takes off all the garments she has worn as a maid and dresses in +handsome robes provided by the bridegroom. At the end of the feast, the +emissary who first solicited her hand for his friend conducts her to +the house of the bridegroom, accompanied by the guests singing verses +allusive to the occasion, and cracking jokes more or less indecent.</p> +<p>Contrary to the custom in other countries, it is easier to get +divorced than to get married, for this is the privilege of the man, who +can repudiate his wife at any time.</p> +<p>They celebrate the baptism of their children, and the circumcision +of their boys, with feasts and entertainments. They fire off cannon and +lantacas on the death of a datto, and with all sorts of instruments +make a hideous discord in front of the house of death.</p> +<p>Professional wailers are employed, and the pandits go through many +days of long-winded prayer, for which they receive most ample fees.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e12558width" id="p373"><img src= +"images/p373.jpg" alt="Moro Lantacas and Coat of Mail." width="508" +height="703"> +<p class="figureHead">Moro Lantacas and Coat of Mail.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984">[<i>To face p.</i> 373.</p> +</div> +<p>They have regular cemeteries, and, after the burial, place on the +grave the head of a cock with a hot cinder on the top of it. I am quite +unable to explain what meaning is attached to this custom, but they are +soaked in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb373" href="#pb373" name= +"pb373">373</a>]</span>all sorts of superstitions, and thoroughly +believe in amulets or talismen, as do the Tagals in their +Anting-Anting.</p> +<p>Owing to the multitude of slaves they possess, they make +considerable plantations of rice, maize, coffee, and cacao. They sell +the surplus of this produce to Chinamen or Visayas settled in the coast +towns, as also wax, gum, resin, jungle-produce, tortoise-shell, +mother-of-pearl shell, balate and cinnamon. It is estimated that they +sell produce to the value of a million dollars a year. They also employ +their slaves in washing the sands for gold, and, according to Nieto, in +mining for silver and other metal.</p> +<p>I have not seen this latter statement confirmed by any other +author.</p> +<p>Their industries are the forging of swords, cris, and lance-heads, +casting and boring their lantacas.</p> +<p>To bore these long guns they sink them in a pit<span class="corr" +id="xd20e12579" title="Not in source">,</span> ramming in the earth so +as to keep the piece in a truly vertical position. They then bore by +hand, two or four men walking round and turning the bit with +cross-bars. Some of these lantacas are worthy to be considered perfect +works of art, and are highly decorated. I have seen several +double-barrelled. (<i>See</i> Illustration.)</p> +<p>The Moro women employ their slaves in spinning and weaving. They +make excellent stuffs of cotton and of abaca, dyeing them various +colours with extracts of the woods grown in the country.</p> +<p>Their houses are large and spacious, and they live in a patriarchal +manner, master and mistress, concubines, children, and slaves with +their children, all jumbled together. They possess plenty of horses, +cattle, buffaloes, goats and poultry.</p> +<p>They use Spanish or Mexican silver coins, but most of their +transactions are by barter.</p> +<p>To wind up this description of the Moros of Mindanao, it must be +said of them that they are always ready to fight for the liberty of +enslaving other people, and that nothing but force can restrain them +from doing so. That they will not work themselves, and that as long as +their sultans, dattos, and pandits have a hold on them, they will keep +no engagements, respect no treaties, and continue to be in the future, +as they have always been in the past, a terror and a curse to all their +neighbours. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb374" href="#pb374" name= +"pb374">374</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e12341" href="#xd20e12341src" name="xd20e12341">1</a></span> See +‘In Court and Kampong,’ by Hugh Clifford.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch39" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XXXIX.</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Chinese in Mindanao.</h2> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Tagabáuas (24).</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">These people live in the very centre of Mindanao on +the high peaks of the cordillera. If a straight line be drawn on the +map from Nasipit, on the Bay of Butuan, to Glan, on the Gulf of +Sarangani, it will intersect their habitat which may extend from about +7° 30′ to 8° N. lat. I can learn nothing about their +manners and customs. They are reputed to be ferocious.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">The Chinese in Mindanao.</h3> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The Chinese in Mindanao are almost entirely settled in +the coast towns, and are occupied in trade. They do not engage in +agriculture, but keep stores and sell to the civilised natives and to +the hill-men.</p> +<p>They understand that they need protection, and are equally ready to +make a present to the judge, to subscribe for a gilded altar for the +church, or to render service to the governor, in order to be on good +terms with the court, the priest, and the military.</p> +<p>Very few Chinese women come over, therefore the men have native +wives or concubines, and are begetting Chinese half-castes on an +extensive scale.</p> +<p>They are not averse to a little slave-dealing, and will casually buy +a boy or girl from slave-hunters, or will order such a slave as they +require from the slave-hunters, who then proceed to execute the order, +which probably involves the sacrifice of several lives.</p> +<p>Thus they will order a smart boy, or a pretty girl, of fifteen or +sixteen, and so forth.</p> +<p>Father Barrado, writing from Cotta-Bato, June 3rd, 1890, +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb375" href="#pb375" name= +"pb375">375</a>]</span>relates that a boy of eight years of age was +purchased by a Chinaman for thirty dollars.</p> +<p>As soon as his master had brought him to the house, he fastened the +door, and being assisted by four other Chinamen, tied the boy’s +hands and feet, and gagged him.</p> +<p>The four assistants then laid him out at full length on the ground, +face downwards, and held him firmly, whilst his master took a red-hot +marking-iron from the fire, and branded him on both thighs, just as if +he was marking a horse or a cow.</p> +<p>Luckily, the boy escaped from the house, and found refuge with +Father Barrado, who took charge of him, and administered a severe +reprimand to the brutal Chinaman.</p> +<p>The Chinamen abominably cheat all those who are unable to protect +themselves. Their business is based upon false weights and measures, +and on adulteration. In the end, they spoil every business they enter +upon, just as they have done the tea trade in their own country, and +the tobacco and indigo trade in the Philippines.</p> +<p>They require to be closely looked after, and should be made to pay +special taxes, which they can well afford.</p> +<p>Some of the Chinese become converts, not that their mean and sordid +souls are in any degree susceptible to the influence of the Christian +religion, but in order to obtain material advantages.</p> +<p>They hope to be favoured in business, and to be able to get a +Christian wife, which otherwise might not be easy; for although a +Visayas woman does not disdain a Chinaman, she would not care to marry +a heathen.</p> +<p>In any case, the Chinaman most likely remains a heathen at heart, +and if he returns to China he becomes a renegade. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb376" href="#pb376" name="pb376">376</a>]</span></p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div id="ch40" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Chapter XL.</h2> +<h2 class="main">The Political Condition of Mindanao, 1899.</h2> +<div class="argument"> +<p class="first">Relapse into savagery—Moros the great +danger—Visayas the mainstay—Confederation of Lake +Lanao—Recall of the Missionaries—Murder and pillage in +Davao—Eastern Mindanao—Western Mindanao—The three +courses—Orphanage of Tamontaca—Fugitive +slaves—Polygamy an impediment to conversion—Labours of the +Jesuits—American Roman Catholics should send them help.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first">The present condition of the island is most +lamentable. Nothing could be more dreadful; robbery, outrage and murder +are rampant. Every evil passion is let loose, and the labour of years +has been lost. Mindanao, which promised so well, has relapsed into +savagery, as the direct consequence of the Spanish-American war, and +the cession of the Archipelago to the United States.</p> +<p>It should be understood that Spain, far from drawing any profit from +Mindanao, has, on the contrary, expended annually considerable sums, +derived from the revenues of Luzon and Visayas, in maintaining a +squadron of gunboats to police the seas, and keep down piracy, in +building and garrisoning forts to suppress the slave-trade, and in +assisting the missionaries to attract the heathen, by providing them +with seeds, implements of husbandry, and with clothing, also in giving +them fire-arms and ammunition to protect themselves from the Moros.</p> +<p>Annuities were paid to friendly Moro dattos as rewards for services +rendered, or as compensation for the cession of some of their +rights.</p> +<p>The Moros have always been the great danger to the peace of the +island, as the Visayas have always been the mainstay of Spanish +authority.</p> +<p>Had it not been for the war with America, the Moros would have been, +by this time, completely subdued.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e12658width" id="p377"><a href= +"images/p377h.gif"><img src="images/p377.gif" alt= +"Lake Lanao: Seat of the Moro Power, according to Nieto." width="564" +height="720"></a> +<p class="figureHead">Lake Lanao: Seat of the Moro Power, according to +Nieto.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984">[<i>To face p.</i> 377.</p> +</div> +<p>Even as it was, half the island was practically free from +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb377" href="#pb377" name= +"pb377">377</a>]</span>danger from them. If you draw a line on the map +from Cagayan de Misamis to the head of the Bay of Sarangani, it will +roughly divide the island into halves. The Moros who lived to the +eastward of this line were pacific, and some thousands of them had been +baptized, and had given up polygamy and slave-trading.</p> +<p>Had they risen in arms—which was not at all likely—they +could have been put down by the Visayas militia under the local +authorities.</p> +<p>To the west of this line, until quite lately, the Spanish garrisons +dotted along the banks of the Rio Grande from Polloc and Cotta-bato to +Piquit and Pinto, dominated the Moro dattos of that region, and nearly +joined hands with the forts and garrisons on the rivers running into +the Bay of Macajalar.</p> +<p>The only remaining seat of the Moro power was the country around +Lake Lanao, where the dattos had formed the Illana confederation to +resist the advances of the Christians.</p> +<p>This lake has never been surveyed, and no two maps agree on its +size, shape or position. It is, however, known to be very different +from the other large lakes in Mindanao, which are shallow, whilst this, +on the contrary, is deep; in some places, three or four fathoms will be +found close in shore. At Lúgud and Tugana the banks are +steep.</p> +<p>There are five or six islands in it; the largest is called Nuza. It +is high and flat-topped, situated near the middle of the lake, and on +it are five hundred houses.</p> +<p>The length of the lake may be about 14 miles, and its greatest +breadth about the same.</p> +<p>There is a road all round it, reported to be in good condition for +vehicles, except at Taraca, where the ground is soft. This road may be +about fifty miles long, and is said to have houses on both sides of it +nearly all the way. The accompanying sketch, from D. José +Nietos’ map, shows forty-three towns clustered round the lake, +but in reality it is only one vast town, and the names are those of +districts or parishes, each under the rule of a datto. The Sultan lives +at Taraca.</p> +<p>The land about the lake is very fertile, and is cultivated by the +slaves.</p> +<p>The produce is of excellent quality, and the Moros not only supply +themselves, but export annually about 1000 tons of rice, and 900 tons +of coffee. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb378" href="#pb378" name= +"pb378">378</a>]</span></p> +<p>The River Agus, which drains the lake, is not navigable.</p> +<p>Although it has a great body of water, the impetuosity of the +current, rushing amongst rocks, forms dangerous rapids.</p> +<p>The surface of the lake must be considerably above the +sea-level.</p> +<p>The approaches to the northern end of the lake on both sides of the +river were defended by many cottas, or forts. Most of those were taken +and destroyed by the Spanish forces in 1894–96, but they are now +probably being rebuilt.</p> +<p>Half-way between the lake and the Bay of Iligan stands Fort Weyler, +which had a strong garrison of infantry, cavalry, artillery and +engineers, and was impregnable to any Moro attack. To the south of the +lake, on the shores of Illana Bay, stand Forts Corcuera and Baras, +whilst to the westward, between Illana Bay and Panguil Bay, lie four +forts across the narrow isthmus called Alfonso XIII., Infanta Isabel, +Santas Paz, and Eulalia and Maria Cristina.</p> +<p>These, with the trocha, or military road of Tucúran, cut off +the Illano Moros from communication with their brethren of Sibuguey, or +with their former victims, the Subanos.</p> +<p>Further to the northward, Fort Almonte kept watch over the quondam +pirates of the Liangan River.</p> +<p>These forts and posts were garrisoned by nearly 3000 regular troops, +all natives, except the artillery (<i>see</i> List of Posts in +Mindanao, p. 386), and in addition a field force of several thousand +men, also of the regular army, was encamped at Ulama, Pantar, and other +places to the north of the lake, and three small steam-vessels had been +transported overland in sections, and launched upon the lake.</p> +<p>Thus everything was ready for the final blow, for the Moros were +completely hemmed in by Spanish garrisons or Jesuit <i lang= +"es">reducciones</i>; but the breaking out of the Tagal insurrection, +in 1896, obliged General Blanco to withdraw, not only the field army, +but to reduce the garrisons in order to hold Manila and Cavite until +the Peninsular troops could arrive.</p> +<p>Later on, the war between the United States and Spain, and the +immediate destruction of the Spanish naval forces by the American +squadron, caused the Spanish authorities to sink the flotilla in the +lake, to abandon all the posts on <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb379" +href="#pb379" name="pb379">379</a>]</span>the north coast of Mindanao, +the trocha of Tucúran, and all the forts on the Rio Grande, and +to concentrate their whole force at Zamboanga, leaving the +recently-converted heathen and the missionaries to defend themselves +against the Moros as best they could.</p> +<p>The missionaries of the district of Cotta-bato have taken refuge in +Zamboanga, fearing to fall into the hands of the Moros, who would exact +a heavy ransom for their delivery. As for the hundreds of liberated +slave children, both girls and boys, who were gathered together under +the protection of the missionaries at the asylum of Tamontaca, they are +doubtless once more in the hands of the cruel Moros of Lake Lanao; +some, perhaps, have been sold by these wretches to the heathen tribes +for twenty or thirty dollars each, to be offered up as sacrifices to +Tag-busan, the god of war of the Manobos, or to Dewata, the sanguinary +house-god of the Guiangas.</p> +<p>The missionaries of the north of Mindanao were recalled by the +Father Superior to Manila; but in some of the towns the native converts +and Visayas have detained them by force, and keep a watch on them to +prevent their escape. They treat them well, and allow them to exercise +their ministry.</p> +<p>As there are no Moros in that part of the island, the missionaries +are not in danger, for they are much beloved by their converts, whose +only desire is to keep them amongst them.</p> +<p>The district of Davao has been, like other localities, the scene of +murder and pillage since the withdrawal of the Spanish authorities. At +midnight of February 6th, the bad characters and outlaws of the chief +town, under the leadership of Domingo Fernandez, a native of Zamboanga, +and formerly interpreter and writer in the office of the Governor of +Davao, rose in arms, and attacked the house of Don Bonifacio Quidato, +sub-lieutenant of the local militia. They cut his throat, and bayoneted +his wife as she lay in her bed. They then attacked all the well-to-do +people of the place, committing many barbarous acts, and plundering +their houses.</p> +<p>Most of the Spanish residents escaped from the town in a lorcha, +and, after a terrible voyage of sixteen days, suffering from hunger, +and undergoing many severe privations, arrived in Zamboanga more dead +than alive. The veteran missionary, Father Urios, and three other +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb380" href="#pb380" name= +"pb380">380</a>]</span>Spaniards, could not escape, and remained in the +power of the bandits.</p> +<p>This is only one instance of what is going on all over the island. +In the words of one who knows the country well, Mindanao has become a +seething hell, and is in a condition more dreadful than ever before in +historic times.</p> +<p>But amongst these various tribes, Christian or heathen, there is +said to be one subject, and one only, upon which they all agree. They +have combined to resist by force the American invasion. If it is +attempted to conquer them by force of arms, it will be a difficult, a +tedious, and a costly operation—a campaign far more sickly than +that now proceeding in the arable lands around Manila, where the ground +is hard, the country very level, and where field-guns can be taken +anywhere during the dry season. It is my belief that, if skilfully +handled, half the island—the eastern half—could be pacified +without war, although, no doubt, gangs of bandits would have to be +destroyed; but this could be done by the Visayas and the converts, +organised as a militia, and paid whilst on active service.</p> +<p>But this pacification requires the assistance of the missionaries. +They are not likely to give that assistance unless terms are made with +them, and one of those terms will surely be that they shall be allowed +to continue their beneficent work unhindered and unvexed.</p> +<p>So the United States Government is confronted with a dilemma. Either +they must shoot down the new Christians, to introduce and enforce +freedom of worship which the converts do not want, and cannot +understand, or they must negotiate with the Jesuits for them to use +their influence to pacify the island, and thus subject themselves to +the abuse and the outcry such a proceeding will bring upon them from +the divines and missionaries of Protestant sects, and from their +political opponents.</p> +<p>As for the western half of the island, a part may be pacified with +the help of the missionaries, but military operations on a considerable +scale will be required there sooner or later against the Moros of Lake +Lanao.</p> +<p>This would be a holy war, a war of humanity, and I would say to the +Americans: Look back on the deeds of your forefathers, on the days when +your infant navy covered itself with imperishable glory, when it curbed +the insolence of the Bashaw of Tripoli, the Bey of Tunis, and the Dey +of Algiers, teaching all Europe how to deal with Mediterranean +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb381" href="#pb381" name= +"pb381">381</a>]</span>pirates. Inspire yourselves with the Spirit of +Decatur and his hero-comrades whose gallant deeds at Tripoli earned +Nelson’s praise as being “the most bold and daring act of +the age,” and do not hesitate to break up this last community of +ex-pirates and murderous slave-hunters.</p> +<p>The Moros of Lake Lanao could be simultaneously attacked from north +and south. In 1894, the Spaniards attacked by the north, and +transported all their artillery and stores and their small steamers +built in sections, by paths on the eastern side of the River Agus. Some +of the Moros remained neutral in that campaign. Such were the Dattos of +Lumbayangin and Guimba. Their cottas were spared. The distance in a +straight line from the mouth of the Agus near Iligan to the lake is +fifteen miles.</p> +<p>The path winds a good deal, and the country is hilly, wooded on the +heights, and intersected by streams. There is a path on the west bank +of the Agus, the country there is more open, and a large part of it is +under cultivation. A good outfit of mountain-guns would be required on +this northern expedition.</p> +<p>The other attack could be made from the south, the forces landing at +Fort Baras, or at Lalabuan. From either of these places there is what +in the Philippines is called a road to Ganasi at the southern end of +the lake. The distance in a straight line is about twenty miles. The +two roads join at about half way, just before coming to the cotta of +Kurandangan in the Sultanate of Puálas.</p> +<p>This road is reported to have no steep gradients, no boggy parts, +and no unfordable streams. The country is fairly open, as there is no +thick forest, but only scrub and <i>cogon</i>, or elephant grass. From +a description given by a Tagal who traversed this road, it appears to +be practicable for field artillery. The combined attack, north and +south, could be supported by an advance from the eastward of irregular +forces of the Montéses from the <i lang="es">reducciones</i> of +the Tagoloan, Sawaga and Malupati Rivers, if they were supplied with +arms and ammunition for this purpose.</p> +<p>It seems to me that we have here the usual three courses; the +fourth, to do nothing, and allow Moro and Christian to fight it out, +would be unworthy of the United States, or of any civilized +government.</p> +<p>1. Put a stop to slave-hunting and murdering by a military +expedition against the Moro Dattos.</p> +<p>2. Maintain garrisons to keep the peace and protect the <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb382" href="#pb382" name= +"pb382">382</a>]</span>missionaries and their converts and trust to +their efforts to gradually convert the Moros.</p> +<p>3. Arm all the Christian towns round about the Moros and organise +the men as local militia, so that they can protect themselves against +Moro aggression.</p> +<p>All these courses are expensive, the second less expensive than the +first, the third less expensive than the second.</p> +<p>However, if either the second or third course is adopted, it is very +probable that before long the first course would become imperative, for +the Moros are faithless and treacherous in the extreme, and no treaty +unsupported by bayonets has the least chance of being respected.</p> +<p>To adopt the second or third course, then, only amounts to putting +off the evil day.</p> +<p>The missionaries can be of the greatest service in pacifiying the +Moros whenever the power of the dattos is broken and when slavery can +be put an end to. The object of the expedition I have spoken of should +not be to exterminate the Moros, but merely to break the power of the +dattos and pandits, and to free their followers and slaves from their +yoke.</p> +<p>It is generally taken for granted that a Moro cannot be converted, +but this is not the case in Mindanao. Father Jaoquin Sancho, S.J., +informs me that when the political power of the dattos has been +destroyed, their followers have been found ready to listen to the +teachings of the missionaries and beginning by sending their children +to school, then perhaps sanctioning the marriage of their daughters +with Christians, they have finally cast in their lot with the Roman +Catholic Church, not in scores, nor hundreds, but by thousands. He says +that his colleagues baptized in one year after 1892, in the district of +Davao alone, more than three thousand Mahometan Moros. He adds that +their religious receptivity is much greater than that of the heathen +tribes, that once baptized they remain fervent Christians, whilst the +Mandayas, Manobos, Montéses and other heathen are only too apt, +with or without reason, to slip away to the forests and mountains and +resume their nomadic life, their heathen orgies, and human +sacrifices.</p> +<p>I have already spoken of the success of the missionaries on the Rio +Grande and of their industrial and agricultural orphanage at +Tamontacca, where they were bringing up hundreds of children of both +sexes, mostly <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb383" href="#pb383" name= +"pb383">383</a>]</span>liberated slaves of the Moros, to be useful +members of society. This noble institution occupied the very spot where +the former Moro Sultan of Tamontacca held his court.</p> +<p>Two or three more institutions like this, established at points a +few miles distant from Lake Lanao, and <i>protected from aggression</i> +on the part of the Moro, would gradually undermine the power of the +Dattos by affording an asylum to all fugitive slaves attempting to +escape from cruelties of their masters.</p> +<p>For years past the Spaniards have protected all slaves who have fled +to them from their masters. The Datto Utto applied to General Weyler to +restore to him forty-eight slaves who had taken refuge at a Spanish +fort on the Rio Grande, but Weyler refused, reminding the datto that he +had signed an engagement to keep no slaves, but only free labourers, +who had the right to fix their residence where they pleased.</p> +<p>I assume that no slaves who seek the shelter of the Stars and +Stripes will ever be sent back again into bondage.</p> +<p>As a guide to the strength of the expedition which will sooner or +later have to be sent against the Moros of Lake Lanao, I may say that +the total war strength of the Moros of Mindanao was estimated in 1894 +at 19,000 fighting-men, 35 guns, 1896 Lantacas and 2167 muskets or +rifles. (<i>See</i> list, p. 387).</p> +<p>They have probably since then obtained a large supply of rifles and +ammunition. This traffic in arms should be at once stopped.</p> +<p>Swords and spears they have in abundance.</p> +<p>But of these 19,000 men many have submitted to the Spanish rule, or +have become allies of the Spaniards, like the Datto Ayunan, the Datto +Abdul, the Sultan of Bolinson and many others.</p> +<p>Probably 10,000 men would be the very utmost that the Moros of Lake +Lanao could bring on the field, and only a part of these would have +fire-arms, which they could have little skill in handling.</p> +<p>They would on no account give battle in the open, but would fight in +the bush, and desperately defend their cottas. They would not +concentrate their forces, for want of transport for their food supply; +besides, the nature of the country would prevent this. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb384" href="#pb384" name="pb384">384</a>]</span></p> +<p>They could not stop a flotilla from being launched on the lake and +from capturing the islands as a base of operations.</p> +<p>The flotilla would be operating on inside lines of communication. It +could threaten one side of the lake, and in less than two hours be +landing troops on the opposite side.</p> +<p>In fact, with a moderate force, their subjugation would not be so +difficult as has often been supposed.</p> +<p>It should be made clear to the Sácopes and to the slaves that +the war is waged against the Sultans and Dattos, that the people would +have their lives and property and the free exercise of their religion +guaranteed to them, and that the adults should be exempt from taxation +and conscription for the rest of their lives or for a term of years. +Then the resistance would soon slacken, and the sultans and dattos +might be captured. Those who would not conform to the new condition of +things might be allowed to emigrate to Borneo or elsewhere, but their +subjects and slaves should by no means be allowed to go with them, for +they will soon become useful agriculturists and good Christians, and +Mindanao cannot spare them.</p> +<p>The question of slavery, more especially of slave-concubines, will +require delicate handling, but by adopting a conciliatory but firm +policy, this curse may gradually be got rid of without causing +disturbance or bloodshed. Cranks and faddists should not be allowed to +handle this question, but it should be placed in the hands of some one +well versed in human nature, and a true friend of freedom.</p> +<p>The wise policy of the British authorities in Zanzibar and Pemba is +well worthy of imitation.</p> +<p>As happens in Africa, the greatest impediment to the conversion of +the heathen polygamist is the obligation to renounce all his wives but +one. This is a sore trial, more especially when they have paid a good +price for them, or if they are good cooks.</p> +<p>Father Urios having persuaded a Manobo, who wished to be baptized, +to do this, the man said to him: “Of my two wives I have decided +to keep the elder, but I make a great sacrifice in separating from the +other, for I had so much trouble to obtain her. Her father would only +give her to me in exchange for fifteen slaves. As I did not possess +them, I was obliged to take the field against the timid tribes in an +unknown country, and to capture these <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb385" href="#pb385" name="pb385">385</a>]</span>fifteen slaves. I was +obliged to fight often, and to kill more than thirty men.”</p> +<p>The illustration represents a scene from the labours of Father +Gisbert amongst the Bagobos. He is exhorting a blood-stained old datto +and his wives and followers to abandon their human sacrifices, +exhibiting to them the image of the crucified Redeemer, whose followers +he urges them to become.</p> +<p>As regards the maintenance of the missions, I do not for one moment +doubt that the liberality of the Roman Catholics of the United States +is quite equal to the needs of the pioneers of civilisation, who have +laboured with such remarkable success.</p> +<p>Altogether the Jesuits administered the spiritual, and some of the +temporal affairs of 200,000 Christians in Mindanao.</p> +<p>They educated the young, taught them handicrafts, attended to the +sick, consoled the afflicted, reconciled those at variance, explored +the country, encouraged agriculture, built churches, laid out roads, +and assisted the Administration. Finally, when bands of slave-hunting, +murdering Moros swept down like wolves on their flocks, they placed +themselves at the head of their ill-armed parishioners and led them +into battle against a ferocious enemy who gives no quarter, with the +calmness of men who, long before, had devoted their lives to the +Master’s cause, to whom nothing in this world is of any +consequence except the advancement of the Faith and the performance of +duty.</p> +<p>They received very meagre monetary assistance from the Spanish +Government, and had to depend greatly upon the pious offerings of the +devout in Barcelona and in Madrid. It is to be feared that these +subscriptions will now fall off as Spain has lost the islands; if so, +it is all the more incumbent upon the Roman Catholics of America to +find the means of continuing the good work.</p> +<p>I feel sure that this will be so—Christian charity will not +fail, and the missions will be maintained.</p> +<p>For their devotion and zeal, I beg to offer the Jesuit missionaries +my profound respect and my earnest wishes for their welfare under the +Stars and Stripes.</p> +<p>To my mind, they realise very closely the ideal of what a Christian +missionary should be. Although a Protestant born and bred, I see in +that no reason to close my eyes to their obvious merit, nor to seek to +be-little the great good <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb386" href= +"#pb386" name="pb386">386</a>]</span>they have done in Mindanao. Far +from doing so, I wish to state my conviction that the easiest, the +best, and the most humane way of pacifying Mindanao is by utilising the +powerful influence of the Jesuit missionaries with their flocks, and +this before it is too late, before the populations have had time to +completely forget the Christian teaching, and to entirely relapse into +barbarism.</p> +<div class="figure xd20e12851width" id="p387"><img src= +"images/p387.jpg" alt= +"Double-barrelled Lantaca of Artistic Design and Moro Arms." width= +"503" height="720"> +<p class="figureHead">Double-barrelled Lantaca of Artistic Design and +Moro Arms.</p> +<p class="first xd20e1984">[<i>To face p.</i> 387.</p> +</div> +<div class="table"> +<h4 class="tablecaption">List of Posts in Mindanao Garrisoned by +Detachments of the Native Army with Spanish Officers in 1894.</h4> +<table> +<thead> +<tr class="label"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +<td>Field Officers.</td> +<td>Officers.</td> +<td>Men.</td> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td colspan="5"><i>1st District.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>San Ramon</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>12</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Santa Maria</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>34</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Margos-sa-tubig</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>60</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="5"><i>2nd District.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Fort Weyler, Mumungan</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>7</td> +<td>321</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Fort Weyler, Mumungan</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>18</td> +<td>Artillery.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Fort Weyler, Mumungan</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>112</td> +<td>Engineers.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Fort Weyler, Mumungan</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>30</td> +<td>Cavalry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Fort Weyler, Mumungan</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>158</td> +<td>Disciplinary Battn.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Iligan</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>30</td> +<td>Tercio Civil.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Almonte</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>58</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Almonte</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>8</td> +<td>Artillery.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Almonte</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>20</td> +<td>Disciplinary Battn.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Tangok, Alfonso XIII.</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>20</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Balatacan, Infanta Isabel</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>20</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Trocha de Tucuran, Sta. Pax and Sta. Eulalia Maria Cristina</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>150</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="5"><i>Dapitan.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Sundangan</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>32</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Parang-parang</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>500</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Parang-parang</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>12</td> +<td>Artillery.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Parang-parang</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>60</td> +<td>Disciplinary Battn.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Parang-parang</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>60</td> +<td>Engineers.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Matabang</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>200</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Matabang</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>10</td> +<td>Artillery.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Baras</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>200</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Baras</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>10</td> +<td>Artillery.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="5"><i>Sarangani.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Glan</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>45</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Makra</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>32</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Balut</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>20</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Tumanao</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>1 Sergt.</td> +<td>15</td> +<td>Infantry. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb387" href="#pb387" name= +"pb387">387</a>]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="5"><i>5th District.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Cottabato</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>100</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Cottabato</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>12</td> +<td>Artillery.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Libungan</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>1 Sergt.</td> +<td>12</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Tamontaca</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>20</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Taviran</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>22</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Tumbao</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>60</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Kudaranga</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>20</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Reina Regente</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>3</td> +<td>100</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Pikit</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>60</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td>6</td> +<td>Artillery.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Pinto</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>60</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td>6</td> +<td>Artillery.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="5"><i>Coast.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Pollok</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>1 Sergt.</td> +<td>11</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Panay</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>11</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Lebak</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>11</td> +<td>Infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td class="sum">2</td> +<td class="sum">65</td> +<td class="sum">2758</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +<p>This number is exclusive of the garrisons of Zamoanga and Davao.</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr> +<td>Basilan</td> +<td>2 officers, 50 men.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class="table"> +<h4 class="tablecaption">Estimate of the Moro Forces in Mindanao in the +Year 1894.</h4> +<table> +<thead> +<tr class="label"> +<td>District.</td> +<td>Fighting-men.</td> +<td>Guns.</td> +<td>Lantacas.</td> +<td>Rifles.</td> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>Tucaran</td> +<td>1,000</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>54</td> +<td>162</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Parang-parang</td> +<td>2,500</td> +<td>2</td> +<td>29</td> +<td>117</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Malabang</td> +<td>3,500</td> +<td>1</td> +<td>342</td> +<td>265</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Baras</td> +<td>2,000</td> +<td>4</td> +<td>19</td> +<td>23</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Lake Lanao and</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>surrounding district</td> +<td>10,000</td> +<td>26</td> +<td>1,452</td> +<td>1,600</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td class="sum">19,000</td> +<td class="sum">35</td> +<td class="sum">1,896</td> +<td class="sum">2,167</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +<p>The fighting-men of the River Pulangui, and the Rio Grande comprised +within the 5th District are not included in this list, as many of them +have submitted to the Spaniards, and there appears little to fear from +them. Only those who are quite independent and war-like, and who may be +considered dangerous have been set down. <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb388" href="#pb388" name="pb388">388</a>]</span></p> +<div class="table"> +<h4 class="tablecaption">Population of Mindanao in 1894.</h4> +<h4 class="tablecaption">As given by José Nieto Aguilar.</h4> +<table> +<thead> +<tr class="label"> +<td rowspan="2">Districts.</td> +<td rowspan="2">Area in Hectares.</td> +<td colspan="3">Population</td> +<td rowspan="2">Total.</td> +</tr> +<tr class="label"> +<td>Christians.</td> +<td>Moros.</td> +<td>Heathen.</td> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td><a class="noteref" id="xd20e13601src" href="#xd20e13601" name= +"xd20e13601src">1</a> Zamboanga</td> +<td>2,984,696</td> +<td>17,000</td> +<td>8,000</td> +<td>90,000</td> +<td>115,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a class="noteref" id="xd20e13616src" href="#xd20e13616" name= +"xd20e13616src">2</a> Misamis (Dapitan and Camiguin Is.)</td> +<td>1,098,000</td> +<td>116,000</td> +<td>100,000</td> +<td>20,000</td> +<td>236,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a class="noteref" id="xd20e13631src" href="#xd20e13631" name= +"xd20e13631src">3</a> Surigao</td> +<td>1,070,190</td> +<td>68,000</td> +<td>8,000</td> +<td>12,000</td> +<td>88,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bislig</td> +<td>441,291</td> +<td>21,076</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>10,000</td> +<td>31,076</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a class="noteref" id="xd20e13659src" href="#xd20e13659" name= +"xd20e13659src">4</a> Davao</td> +<td>1,044,333</td> +<td>1,500</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>17,300</td> +<td>18,800</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cotta-bato</td> +<td>2,829,379</td> +<td>4,000</td> +<td>80,000<a class="noteref" id="n388.5src" href="#n388.5" name= +"n388.5src">5</a></td> +<td>120,000<a class="pseudonoteref" href="#n388.5">5</a></td> +<td>204,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td class="sum">227,576</td> +<td class="sum">196,000</td> +<td class="sum">269,300</td> +<td class="sum">692,876</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb389" href="#pb389" name= +"pb389">389</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e13601" href="#xd20e13601src" name="xd20e13601">1</a></span> The +territory of Sibuguey is almost unexplored.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e13616" href="#xd20e13616src" name="xd20e13616">2</a></span> The +principal industry of Christians or Moros, is washing the sands and +alluvial soils for gold, which is found in abundance. Agriculture is +progressing.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e13631" href="#xd20e13631src" name="xd20e13631">3</a></span> The +principal industry is washing the sands and mining for gold.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e13659" href="#xd20e13659src" name="xd20e13659">4</a></span> From +Jesuit records the Christian population of Davao was 12,000 in 1896. +This number included over 3000 converted Moros. There were also some +2,000 Moros residing there. The Jesuits residing on the spot must know +best.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="n388.5" +href="#n388.5src" name="n388.5">5</a></span> Nieto gives the total as +200,000. I have divided them as above.</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="back"> +<div id="app" class="div1 appendix"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="label">Appendix.</h2> +<h2 class="main">Some of the Combats, Massacres and Rebellions, +Disputes And Calamities of the Philippine Islands.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first"></p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr> +<td>1521.</td> +<td>Magellan and several of his followers killed in action by the +natives of Mactan, near Cebú; Juan Serrano and many other +Spaniards treacherously killed by Hamabar, King of Cebú.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1525.</td> +<td>Salazar fights the Portuguese off Mindanao, and suffers great +losses in ships and men.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1568.</td> +<td>Legaspi’s expedition attacked in Cebú by a Portuguese +fleet, which was repulsed.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1570.</td> +<td>Legaspi founds the city of Cebú, with the assistance of the +Augustinians.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1571.</td> +<td>Legaspi founds the city of Manila, with the assistance of the +Augustinians.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1572.</td> +<td>Juan Salcedo fights the Datto of Zambales, and delivers his +subjects from oppression.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1574.</td> +<td>Siege of Manila by the Chinese pirate Li-ma-hon with 95 small +vessels and 2000 men. The Spaniards and natives repulse the attack. The +pirates retire to Pangasinan, and are attacked and destroyed by Juan +Salcedo.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1577.</td> +<td>War against Mindanao and Joló, parts of which are occupied. +Disputes between the missionaries and the military officers who desire +to enrich themselves by enslaving the natives, which the former stoutly +oppose, desiring to convert them, and grant them exemption from taxes +according to the “Leyes de Indias.” They considered the +cupidity of the soldiers as the chief obstacle to the conversion of the +heathen. The Crown decided in favour of the natives, but they did not +derive all the benefits they were entitled to, as the humane laws were +not respected by the governors.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>The Franciscans arrived in Manila.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1580.</td> +<td>Expedition sent by Gonzalo Ronquillo to Borneo to assist King +Sirela.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1581.</td> +<td>Expedition sent by the same to Cagayan to expel a Japanese corsair +who had established himself there. The expedition succeeded, but with +heavy loss.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Expedition against the Igorrotes to get possession of the +gold-mines, but without success.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>The Jesuits arrive in Manila.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1582.</td> +<td>Expedition against the Molucas, under Sebastian Ronquillo. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb390" href="#pb390" name= +"pb390">390</a>]</span>An epidemic destroyed two-thirds of the +expedition, which returned without accomplishing anything.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Great disputes between the <i>encomenderos</i> and the friars in +consequence of the ill-treatment of the natives by the former. +Dissensions between the Bishop of Manila and the friars who refused to +submit to his diocesan visit.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Manila burnt down.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1584.</td> +<td>Second expedition against the Molucas, with no better luck than the +first.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Rebellion of the Pampangos and Manila men, assisted by some +Mahometans from Borneo. Combat between the English pirate, Thomas +Schadesh, and Spanish vessels.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Combat between the English adventurer Thomas Cavendish (afterwards +Sir Thomas), and Spanish vessels.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1587.</td> +<td>The Dominicans arrive in Manila.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1589.</td> +<td>Rebellion in Cagayan and other provinces.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1593.</td> +<td>Third expedition against the Molucas under Gomez Perez +Dasmariñias. He had with him in his galley 80 Spaniards and 250 +Chinese galley-slaves. In consequence of contrary winds, his vessel put +into a port near Batangas for shelter. In the silence of the night, +when the Spaniards were asleep, the galley-slaves arose and killed them +all except a Franciscan friar and a secretary. Dasmariñias built +the castle of Santiago, and fortified Manila with stone walls, cast a +large number of guns, and established the college of Sta. +Potenciana.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1596.</td> +<td>The galleon which left Manila for Acapulco with rich merchandise, +was obliged to enter a Japanese port by stress of weather, and was +seized by the Japanese authorities. The crew were barbarously put to +death.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1597.</td> +<td>Expedition of Luis Perez Dasmariñias against Cambodia, which +gained no advantage.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1598.</td> +<td>The Audiencia re-established in Manila, and the bishopric raised to +an archbishopric.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Expedition against Mindanao and Joló, the people from which +were committing great devastations in Visayas, taking hundreds of +captives.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Much fighting, and many killed on both sides, without any definite +result.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1599.</td> +<td>Destructive earthquake in Manila and neighbourhood.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1600.</td> +<td>Great sea combat between four Spanish ships, commanded by Judge +Morga, and two Dutch pirates. One of the Dutchmen was taken, but the +other escaped.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Another destructive earthquake on January 7th, and one less +violent, but long, in November.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1603.</td> +<td>Conspiracy of Eng-Cang and the Chinese against the Spaniards. The +Chinese entrench themselves near Manila; Luis Perez Dasmariñias +marches against them with 130 Spaniards. They were all killed and +decapitated by the Chinese, who then besieged Manila, and attempted to +take it by assault. Being repulsed by the Spaniards, all of whom, +including the friars, took up arms, they retired to their +entrenchments. They were ultimately defeated, and 23,000 of them were +massacred. Only 100 were left alive, and these were sent to the galleys +as slaves. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb391" href="#pb391" name= +"pb391">391</a>]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1606.</td> +<td>The Recollets arrive in Manila.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Fourth expedition against the Molucas. Pedro de Acuña, +having received a reinforcement of 800 men—Mexicans and +Peruvians—attacked and took Ternate, Tidore, Marotoy and Herrao, +with all their artillery and provisions. He left 700 men in garrison +there, and returned to Manila, dying a few days after his arrival. The +Augustinians furnished a galleon for this expedition. It was commanded +by the Rev. Father Antonio Flores.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1607.</td> +<td>Revolt of the Japanese living in and near Manila, and heavy losses +on both sides.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1609.</td> +<td>Arrival of Juan de Silva with five companies of Mexican and +Peruvian infantry. Attack on Manila by a Dutch squadron of five +vessels. They were beaten off with the loss of three of their +ships.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1610.</td> +<td>Unsuccessful expedition against Java. This was to have been a +combined attack on the Dutch by Portuguese and Spaniards, but the +Spanish squadron did not arrive in time to join their allies, who were +beaten by the Dutch fleet in the Straits of Malacca.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Terrific earthquake in Manila and the eastern provinces.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1616.</td> +<td>Violent eruption of the Mayon volcano.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1622.</td> +<td>Revolt of the natives in Bohol, Leyte and Cagayan, which were +easily suppressed.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1624.</td> +<td>The Dutch landed on Corregidor Island, but were beaten off.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1627. August.</td> +<td>Great earthquake.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1628.</td> +<td>Destructive earthquake in Camarines.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1638.</td> +<td>Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera makes an attack on the Moros of +Mindanao, and conquers the Sultanate of Buhayen and island of Basilan. +He also defeats the Joloans.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1639.</td> +<td>Insurrection of Chinese in the province of Laguna and in Manila. +Out of 30,000, 7000 ultimately surrendered. All the rest were massacred +by the Tagals.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1640.</td> +<td>The Dutch attacked the Spanish garrisons in Mindanao and +Joló. The governor-general, fearing they might attack Manila, +withdrew the garrisons from the above places to strengthen his own +defences, thus leaving the Moros masters of both islands.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1641.</td> +<td>Eruption of the Taal volcano. Violent earthquake in Ilocos.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1645.</td> +<td>The Dutch attacked Cavite and other ports, but were repulsed.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Rebellion of the Moros in Joló, and of the natives of +Cebú and other provinces, who were oppressed by forced labour in +building vessels, and other services.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>In these years there were great disputes between the Spaniards of +the capital and the friars.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Great earthquake in Manila, 30th November, called St. +Andrew’s earthquake.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1646.</td> +<td>Long series of strong earthquakes, which began in March with +violent shocks, and lasted for sixty days.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1648.</td> +<td>Great earthquakes in Manila.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1653.</td> +<td>Great devastations by the Moros of Mindanao, which were severely +punished.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Rebellion in Pampanga and Pangasinan against being forced to cut +timber gratuitously for the navy. Suppressed after a serious +resistance. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb392" href="#pb392" name= +"pb392">392</a>]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1658.</td> +<td>Destructive earthquake in Manila and Cavite.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1662.</td> +<td>The Chinese pirate, Cong-seng, demands tribute from the Governor of +the Philippines. A decree is issued ordering all Chinamen to leave the +Philippines. The Chinese entrench themselves in the Parian, and resist. +Thousands were killed, and 2000 who marched into Pampanga were all +massacred by the natives.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Great troubles occurred between the governor, Diego de Salcedo, and +the archbishop.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1665. 19th June,</td> +<td>violent and destructive earthquake in Manila.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1669.</td> +<td>During the government of Manuel de Leon, further troubles occurred +between the archbishop and the Audiencia. The archbishop was banished, +and sent by force to Pangasinan. But a new governor, Gabriel de +Cruzalegui, arrived, and restored the archbishop, who excommunicated +the dean and chapter.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1675.</td> +<td>Destructive earthquake in South Luzon and Mindoro.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1683.</td> +<td>Great earthquake in Manila.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1689.</td> +<td>Archbishop Pardo having died, was succeeded by P. Camacho, and now +great disorders arose from his insisting on making the diocesan visit, +which the friars refused to receive, and would only be visited by their +own Provincial. Again Judge Sierra required the Augustinians and +Dominicans to present the titles of the estates they possessed in +virtue of a special commission he had brought from Madrid, which they +refused to obey, and the end of the dispute was that Sierra was sent +back to Mexico, and another commissioner, a friend of the friars, was +appointed, to whom they unofficially exhibited the titles.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1716.</td> +<td>Destructive eruption of the Taal volcano, and violent earthquake in +Manila.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1717.</td> +<td>Fernando Bustillo Bustamente became governor, and re-established +garrisons in Zamboanga and Paragua. He caused various persons who had +embezzled the funds of the colony to restore them, imprisoning a +corrupt judge. He was assassinated by the criminals he had punished, +and nothing came of the inquiry into his death.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1735.</td> +<td>Earthquake in Baler, and tidal wave.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>At this time, the audacity of the Moro pirates was incredible. They +ravaged the Visayas and southern Luzon, and carried away the +inhabitants by thousands for slaves. The natives began to desert the +coast, and take to the interior. Pedro Manuel de Arandia, obeying +repeated orders, decreed the expulsion of the Chinese.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1744.</td> +<td>Another rising in Bohol, due to the tyranny of a Jesuit priest +named Morales. The chief of this rising was a native named Dagohoy, who +put the Jesuit to death, and maintained the independence of Bohol, +paying no tribute for thirty-five years. When the Jesuits were expelled +from the Philippines, Recollets were sent to Bohol, and the natives +submitted on receiving a free pardon.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1749.</td> +<td>Eruption of the Taal volcano, and earthquake in Manila. The +eruption lasted for twenty days.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1754.</td> +<td>Violent eruption of the Taal volcano, which began on 15th May, +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb393" href="#pb393" name= +"pb393">393</a>]</span>and lasted till the end of November. This was +accompanied by earthquakes, an inundation, terrifying electrical +discharges, and destructive storms. The ashes darkened the country for +miles round, even as far as Manila. When the eruption ceased, the +stench was dreadful, and the sea and lake threw up quantities of dead +fish and alligators. A malignant fever burst out, which carried off +vast numbers of the population round about the volcano.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1762.</td> +<td>A British squadron, with troops from India, arrived in the bay 22nd +September, and landed the forces near the powder-magazine of S. Antonio +Abad. On the 24th, the city was bombarded. The Spaniards sent out 2000 +Pampangos to attack the British, but they were repulsed with great +slaughter, and ran away to their own country.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>The civil population of Manila were decidedly in favour of +resisting to the last drop of the soldiers’ blood; but the +soldiers were not at all anxious for this. Confusion arose in the city, +and whilst recriminations were in progress, the British took the city +by assault, meeting only a half-hearted resistance.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>The natives immediately began plundering, and were turned out of +the city by General Draper. The Chinese also joined in the robbery, and +a few were hanged in consequence. The city was pillaged. The British +regiments are said to have behaved well, but the sepoys ravished the +women, and killed many natives.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Cavite was about to be surrendered, but as soon as the native +troops there knew what was going on, they began at once to plunder the +town and arsenal.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1763.</td> +<td>A British expedition sailing in small craft took possession of +Malolos on January 19th, 1763. The Augustin and Franciscan friars took +arms to defend Bulacan, where two of them were killed in action.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>It was said that the Chinese were conspiring to exterminate the +Spaniards. Simon de Anda, the chief of the war-party amongst the +Spaniards, issued an order that all the Chinese in the Philippines +should be hanged, and this order was in a great measure carried out. +This was the fourth time the Spaniards and natives exterminated the +Chinese in the Philippines.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Peace having been made in Europe, the British evacuated Manila in +March, 1774.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>In order to satisfy their vanity, and account for the easy victory +of the British, the Spaniards made various accusations of treachery +against a brave Frenchman named Falles, and a Mexican, Santiago de +Orendain. Both those men gallantly led columns of Pampangos against the +British lines in the sortie before mentioned. Although the Pampangos, +full of presumption, boldly advanced against the British and sepoys, +they were no match for disciplined troops led by British officers, and +were hurled back at the point of the bayonet. The inevitable defeat and +rout was made a pretext for the infamous charges against their leaders. +It may be asked, Was there no Spaniard brave enough to lead the +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb394" href="#pb394" name= +"pb394">394</a>]</span>sorties, that a Frenchman and a Mexican were +obliged to take command?</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>The Spaniards in this campaign showed themselves more at home in +making proclamations, accusations, and intriguing against each other, +than in fighting. However, the friars are exempt from this reproach, +for Augustinians, Dominicans and Franciscans, fought and died, and +shamed the soldiers.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>No less than ten Augustinians fell on the field of battle, nineteen +were made prisoners, and twelve were banished. The British are said by +the Augustinians to have sacked and destroyed fifteen of their <i lang= +"es">conventos</i>, or priests’ houses, six houses of their +haciendas, and to have sold everything belonging to them in Manila. The +Augustinians gave their church bells to be cast into cannon for the +defence of the islands.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Spaniards and natives, however, showed great unanimity and +enthusiasm in massacring or hanging the unwarlike Chinamen, and in +pillaging their goods. Nearly all the Chinese in the islands, except +those in the parts held by the British, were killed.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>During the Anglo-Spanish war there were revolts of the natives in +Pangasinan and in Ilocos, then a very large province (it is now divided +into four), but both these risings were suppressed. The same happened +with a revolt in Cagayan. Disturbances also occurred in many other +provinces.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Simon de Anda became Governor-General, and carried out the +expulsion of the Jesuits from the Philippines. Great troubles again +occurred between the Archbishop and the friars over the diocesan +visit.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1766. 20th July,</td> +<td>violent eruption of the Mayon volcano.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>23rd October,</td> +<td>terrible typhoon in Albay, causing enormous destruction of life and +property.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1777.</td> +<td>José Basco y Vargas, a naval officer, came out as +Governor-General, and found the country overrun with banditti. He made +a war of extermination against them, and then initiated a vigorous +campaign against the Moros. He repaired the forts, built numbers of war +vessels, and cut up the pirates in many encounters. Basco governed for +nearly eleven years.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1784.</td> +<td>During the government of Felix Marquina, a naval officer, the +Compañia de Filipinas was founded to commence a trade between +Spain and the Philippines. Marquina was succeeded by Rafael +<span class="corr" id="xd20e14164" title= +"Source: Mariá">Maria</span> de Aguilar, an army officer, who +organized the land and naval forces, and made fierce war on the Moros. +He governed the islands for fourteen years.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1787.</td> +<td>Violent and destructive earthquake in Panay.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1796.</td> +<td>Disastrous earthquake in Manila.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1800.</td> +<td>Destructive eruption of the Mayon volcano.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1807.</td> +<td>Rebellion in Ilocos.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>When the parish priest of Betal, an Augustinian, was preaching to +his flock, exhorting them to obedience to their sovereign, a woman +stood up in the church and spoke against him, saying that they should +not believe him, that his remarks <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb395" +href="#pb395" name="pb395">395</a>]</span>were all humbug, that with +the pretence of God, the Gospel, and the King, the priest merely +deceived them, so that the Spaniards might skin them and suck their +blood, for the priests were Spaniards like the rest. However, the +townsmen declared for the King, and took the field under the leadership +of the priest.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1809.</td> +<td>The first English commercial house established in Manila.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1811.</td> +<td>Rebellion in Ilocos to change the religion, nominating a new god +called Lungao. The leaders of this rebellion entered into negotiations +with the Igorrotes and other wild tribes to exterminate the Spaniards, +but the conspiracy was discovered and frustrated.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1814.</td> +<td>Rebellion in Ilocos and other provinces.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Prisoners released in some towns in Ilocos. This rebellion was in +consequence of General Gandarás proclaiming the equality of +races, which the Indians interpreted by refusing to pay taxes.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1st February,</td> +<td>violent earthquake in south Luzon and destructive eruption of the +Mayon volcano. Astonishing electrical discharges.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>A discharge of ashes caused five hours’ absolute darkness, +through which fell showers of red hot stones which completely burnt the +towns of Camalig, Cagsana, and Budiao with half of the towns of Albay +and Guinchatau, and part of Bulusan.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>The darkness caused by the black ashes reached over the whole of +Luzon, and even to the coast of China. So loud was the thunder that it +was heard in distant parts of the Archipelago.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Great epidemic of cholera in Manila.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1820.</td> +<td>Massacre of French, English, and Americans in Manila by the natives +who plundered their dwellings, after which they proceeded with the +fifth massacre of the Chinese. They asserted that the Europeans had +poisoned the wells and produced the cholera. The massacre was due to +the villainous behaviour of a Philippine Spaniard named Varela, who was +Alcalde of Tondo, equivalent to Governor of Manila, and to the criminal +weakness and cowardice of Folgueras the acting governor-general, who +abstained from interference until the foreigners had been killed, and +only sent out troops when forced by the remonstrances of the friars and +other Spaniards.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>The archbishop and the friars behaved nobly, for they marched out +in procession to the streets of Binondo, and did their best to stop the +massacre, whilst Folgueras, only attentive to his own safety, remained +with the fortifications.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1822.</td> +<td>Juan Antonio Martinez took over the government in October. +Folgueras having reported unfavourably of the officers of the +Philippine army, Martinez brought with him a number of officers of the +Peninsular army to replace those who were inefficient.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>This caused a mutiny of the Spanish officers of the native army, +and they murdered Folgueras in his bed. He thus expiated his cowardice +in 1820. The mutiny was, however, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb396" +href="#pb396" name="pb396">396</a>]</span>suppressed, and Novales and +twenty sergeants were shot. Novales’ followers had proclaimed him +Emperor of the Philippines. The constitution was abolished by Martinez, +without causing any rising.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1824.</td> +<td>Destructive earthquake in Manila.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Alonzo Morgado appointed by Martinez to be captain of the Marina +Sutil, commenced an unrelenting persecution of the piratical Moros, +causing them enormous losses.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1828.</td> +<td>Another military insurrection, headed by two brothers, officers in +the Philippine army.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>From this date Peninsular troops were permanently maintained in +Manila, which had never been done before.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1829.</td> +<td>Father Bernardo Lago, an indefatigable missionary of the +Augustinian Order, with his assistants baptised in the provinces of +Abra and Benguet more than 5300 heathen Tinguianes and Igorrotes, and +settled them in towns.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1834.</td> +<td>Foreign vessels allowed to enter Manila by paying double dues.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1836–7.</td> +<td>Great disturbances amongst the natives in consequence of the +ex-claustration of the friars in Spain. The natives divided into two +parties. One wished to turn out the friars and all Spaniards, the +others to turn out all Spaniards except the friars, who were to remain +and take charge of the government.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>The disturbances were ultimately smoothed over.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1841.</td> +<td>Marcelino de Oráa being Governor-General, a sanguinary +insurrection burst out in Tayabas, under the leadership of a native, +Apolinario de la Cruz. He murdered the Alcalde of the province, and +persuaded his fanatical adherents that he would make the earth open and +swallow up the Spanish forces when they attacked.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>His following was composed of 3000 men, women, and children. They +were attacked by four hundred soldiers and as many cuadrilleros and +coast-guards, and suffered a crushing defeat, and a third of them were +slain.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Apolinario de la Cruz was apprehended, and immediately put to +death.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Apolinario called himself the “King of the Tagals,” and +told his followers that a Tagal virgin would come down from Heaven to +wed him, that with a handful of rice he could maintain all who followed +him, and that the Spanish bullets could not hurt them, and many other +absurd things. His followers declared that he had signified his +intention, in case of being victorious, to tie all the friars and other +Spaniards to trees, and to have them shot by the women with +arrows.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>There lay in garrison at Manila at this time a regiment composed of +Tagals of Tayabas, and they also mutinied, and were shot down by the +other troops.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1844.</td> +<td>Royal order prohibiting the admission of foreigners to the interior +of the country.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Narciso de Claveria became Governor-General, and organised a police +force called the Public Safety for Manila, and similar corps for the +provinces. Up to this time the Alcaldes Mayores of provinces had been +allowed to trade, and, in fact, were almost the only traders in their +provinces, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb397" href="#pb397" name= +"pb397">397</a>]</span>buying up the whole crop. This forced trade is +quite a Malay custom, and is practised in Borneo and the Malay States +under the name of Serra-dagang.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>The Alcaldes Mayores used to pay the crown one third, or half, or +all their salary for this privilege, and took in return all they could +squeeze out of their provinces without causing an insurrection, or +without causing the friars to complain of them to the Government, for +the parish priests were ever the protectors of the natives against the +civil authority. This privilege of trading was now abolished as being +unworthy of the position of governor of a province.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1851.</td> +<td>Expedition by the Governor-General Antonio de Urbiztondo against +Joló. The force consisted of four regiments, with artillery, and +a battalion of the inhabitants of Cebú, under the command of a +Recollet friar, Father Ibañez. These latter behaved in the +bravest manner, in fact they had to; for their wives, at the instance +of the priest, had sworn never to receive them again if they turned +their backs on the enemy.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>The undaunted Father Ibañez led them to the assault, and +lost his life in the moment of victory. Eight cottas (forts), with +their artillery and ammunition, were captured by this expedition, and a +great number of Moros were killed.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>After this the Joló pirates abated their insolent attacks. +Claveria made an expedition against the piratical Moros and seized +their island of Balanguingin, killing 400 Moros, and taking 300 +prisoners, also rescuing 200 captives. He also captured 120 guns and +lantacas, and 150 piratical vessels. This exemplary chastisement +tranquillised the Moros for some time.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1853. 13th June.</td> +<td>Loud subterranean noises in Albay and eruption of the Mayon +volcano. Fall of ashes and red-hot stones which rolled down the +mountain and killed thirty-three people.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1854.</td> +<td>Insurrection in Nueva Ecija under Cuesta, a Spanish mestizo +educated in Spain, where Queen Isabela had taken notice of him.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>He arrived in Manila with the appointment of Commandant of +Carabineros in Nueva Ecija, and immediately began to plot. The +Augustine friars harangued his followers and persuaded them to +disperse, and Cuesta was captured and executed, with several other +conspirators; others were banished to distant islands.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>In this year Manuel Crespo became Governor-General, and a military +officer, named Zapatero, endeavoured to strangle him in his own +office.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1855.</td> +<td>Strong shocks of earthquake in all Luzon. Eruption of the Mayon +volcano.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1856.</td> +<td>In the latter part of this year a submarine volcanic explosion took +place at the Didica shoal, eight miles north-east of the island of +Camiguin in the Babuyanes, to the north of Luzon. It remains an active +volcano, and has raised a cone nearly to the height of the volcano of +Camiguin, which is 2414 feet high. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb398" +href="#pb398" name="pb398">398</a>]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1857.</td> +<td>The old decrees against foreigners renewed.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Fernando de Norzagaray became governor-general, and found the +country over-run by bandits, against whom he employed severe measures. +He greatly improved Manila.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>The French in Cochin-China, finding more resistance than they +expected, appealed to Norzagaray for help. He lent them money, ships, +and about a thousand native troops, who behaved with great bravery +during the campaign.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1860.</td> +<td>Ramon Maria Solano succeeded to the Government.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>In this year two steam sloops and nine steam gunboats were added to +the naval forces, and now the Moros could only put to sea running great +risks of destruction.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>These nine gunboats were the greatest blessings the Philippines had +received for many years.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1861.</td> +<td>José de Lemery y Ibarrola, Governor-General. +Mendez-Nuñez, with the steam sloops and gunboats, inflicted +terrible chastisement on the piratical Moros.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1862.</td> +<td>Rafael de Echague y Bermingham became Governor-General.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Second visitation of cholera in the islands, but not so severe as +in 1820.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1863.</td> +<td>Terrible earthquake in Manila and the surrounding country, causing +thousands of victims, destroying the cathedral, the palace of the +governor-general, the custom houses, the principal churches (except St. +Augustine), the public and private buildings, in fact, reducing the +city to a ruin.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>At this time the steam gunboats continually hostilised the Moros of +Joló, and caused them great losses.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1865.</td> +<td>Juan de Lara y Irigoyen became Governor-General, and took measures +to subdue the bandits, who were committing great depredations and +murders. Hostilities continued in Joló, as the Moros had +recommenced their piratical cruises.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1866.</td> +<td>Frequent earthquakes in Manila and Benguet.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>At this time the Treasury was in the greatest difficulty, and could +not meet the current payments. A large quantity of tobacco was sold to +meet the difficulty.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1867.</td> +<td>José de la Gandara y Navarro became Governor-General. To him +is due the credit of creating that excellent institution the Guardia +Civil, which has extirpated the banditti who infested the islands for +so many years.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>An expedition was sent against the Igorrotes, but without effecting +anything of consequence.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1868. June 4th.</td> +<td>Intense earthquake in the island of Leyte.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1869.</td> +<td>Carlos Maria de la Torre became Governor-General, and was not +ashamed to publish a proclamation offering the bandits a free pardon if +they presented themselves within three months. Hundreds and thousands +of men now joined the bandits for three months murder and pillage, with +a free pardon at the end of it. This idiotic and cowardly proclamation +was most prejudicial to the interests of the country. Finally a special +corps, called La Torre’s Guides, was organised to pursue the +bandits.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1871.</td> +<td>Rafael Izquierdo y Guttierez became Governor-General, and raised +the excellent corps called La Veterana to act as the police of the +capital. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb399" href="#pb399" name= +"pb399">399</a>]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>December 8th,</td> +<td>eruption of the Mayon volcano, and discharge of ashes and lava. Two +persons smothered, and one burnt.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>16th February.</td> +<td>Commencement of the series of earthquakes which preceded the +frightful volcanic eruption in the island of Camiguin on 30th April. +Full details of this terrible event are preserved. A volcanic outburst +took place on the above date at 344 metres from the town of Cabarman, +and near the sea. Great volumes of inflammable gases were ejected from +deep cracks in the neighbouring hills, which presently took fire, and +soared in flames of incredible height, setting fire to the forests. The +wretched inhabitants who had remained in their houses found themselves +surrounded by smoke, steam, water, ashes, and red hot stones, whilst +their island seemed on fire, and they had sent away all their seaworthy +craft with the women and children.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>At first the volcanic vent was only two metres high, but it +continually increased.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>After the eruption, the earthquakes decreased, and on 7th May +entirely ceased.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>The volcano gradually raised itself by the material thrown out to a +height of 418 metres.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1872.</td> +<td>Military revolt in Cavite, in which the native clergy were mixed +up. A secret society had been working at this plot for several years, +and was very widely extended. It inundated the towns of the Archipelago +with calumnious and libellous leaflets in the native languages. The +conspiracy coincided with the return of the Jesuits in accordance with +a Royal Order, and their substitution for the Recollets missionaries in +many parishes in Mindanao. In turn, the Recollets, removed from +Mindanao, were given benefices in Luzon which, for one hundred years, +had been in the hands of the native clergy, who were, in consequence, +very dissatisfied, and great hatred was aroused against the Recollets. +The mutiny was suppressed by the Spaniards and the Visayas troops, who +bayoneted the Tagals without mercy, even when they had laid down their +arms.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Besides many who were shot for complicity in this revolt, three +native priests—D. Mariano Gomez, D. Jacinto Zamora, and D. +José Burgos—were garrotted in Bagumbayan on the 28th +February. Much discussion arose about the guilt or innocence of these +men, and it is a matter on which friars and native clergy are never +likely to agree.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Later on, a rising took place in Zamboanga penal establishment, but +this was put down by the warlike inhabitants of that town, who are +always ready to take up arms in their own defence, and are very loyal +to Spain.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Loud subterranean noises in Albay. Eruption of the Mayon volcano, +which lasted for four days.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1873.</td> +<td>Juan de Alaminos y Vivar became governor-general.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>The ports of Legaspi, Tacloban and Leyte, were opened to foreign +commerce.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>November 14, 1873,</td> +<td>violent earthquake in Manila. Eruption of the Mayon volcano, from +15th June to 23rd July. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb400" href= +"#pb400" name="pb400">400</a>]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1874.</td> +<td>Manuel Blanco Valderrama, being acting governor-general, fighting +took place in Balábac, where the Spanish garrison was surprised +by the Moros. José Malcampo y Monge, a rear-admiral, took over +the government of the islands, and, during his administration, the news +of the proclamation of Alfonso XII, as King of Spain was received, and +gave great satisfaction in Manila, which had never taken to the +Republican Government in Spain.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Malcampo led a strong expedition, consisting of 9000 men, against +the Moros, and took Joló by assault, after bombarding the Cottas +by the ships’ guns. At the end of his time, the regiment of +Peninsular Artillery had become demoralised, and its discipline very +lax. Finally, the soldiers refused to obey their officers, and broke +out of barracks.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Two of them were shot dead by the officer of the guard at the +barrack-gate, Captain Brull, but the affair was hushed up, and no one +was punished. Discipline was quite lost.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1877.</td> +<td>Great devastation by locusts in province of Batangas. Domingo +Moriones y Murillo arrived, and took over the government on 28th +February. His first act was to shoot a number of the Spanish mutineers, +put others in prison, and send back fifty to Spain in the same vessel +with Malcampo. This incident is related in greater detail in Chapter +III. The Treasury was in the greatest poverty, and the poor natives of +Cagayan obliged to cultivate tobacco and deliver it to the government +officials, had not been paid for it for two or three years, and were +actually starving. Moriones did what he could for them, and strongly +insisted on the abolition of the “estanco.”</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>To this worthy governor, Manila and the Philippines owe much. He +insisted on the legacy of Carriedo being employed for the object it was +left for, instead of remaining in the hands of corrupt officials.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>He also made good regulations against rogues and vagabonds.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1879. Nov. 8th.</td> +<td>Violent typhoon passed over Manila, doing much damage.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>July 1st.</td> +<td>Commencement of earthquakes in Surigao (Mindanao), which lasted +over two months.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1880.</td> +<td>Fernando Primo de Rivera became Governor-General, 15th April.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>On July 14th,</td> +<td>a violent earthquake took place, doing enormous damage in the city +of Manila and the central provinces of Luzon. The seismic disturbance +lasted till the 25th July. The inhabitants of Manila were +panic-stricken, and took refuge in the native nipa houses.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>General Primo de Rivera made an expedition against the Igorrotes, +and the vile treatment the soldiers meted out to the Igorrote women has +delayed for years the conversion of those tribes.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1881.</td> +<td>Eruption of the Mayon volcano, which began on July 6th, and lasted +till the middle of 1882.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>At times there were loud subterranean noises, after which the flow +of lava usually increased.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1882.</td> +<td>Dreadful epidemic of cholera which, in less than three months, +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb401" href="#pb401" name= +"pb401">401</a>]</span>carried off 30,000 victims in the city and +province of Manila. In the height of the epidemic the deaths reached a +thousand a day. The victims were mostly natives, but many Spaniards +died of the disease. Only one Englishman died, and this was from his +own imprudence. A typhoon passed over Manila on October 20th, and +caused great damage on shore and afloat. Twelve large ships and a +steamer were driven on shore, or very seriously damaged.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>On November 5th,</td> +<td>another typhoon, not quite so violent as the first, took place. +After this, the cholera almost entirely stopped. On December 31st, +another typhoon occurred.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1883.</td> +<td>Joaquin Jovellar y Soler, captain-general in the army, and the +pacificator of Cuba, assumed the government 7th April, and was received +with great show of satisfaction by the Spaniards.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>The old <i>tribute</i> of the natives was replaced by the tax on +the Cédulas-personales.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>During his time there were threats of insurrection, and additional +Peninsular troops were sent out. He resigned from ill-health 1st April, +1885.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>October 28th.</td> +<td>Typhoon passed over Manila.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1885.</td> +<td>Emilio Terrero y Perinat assumed the government of the islands on +April 4th.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>He conducted successful expeditions against the Moros of Mindanao +and Joló.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>In the month of May, during the great heat, the River Pasig was +covered with green scum from the lake. The water was charged with gas, +the fish and cray-fish died, and the stench was overpowering, even at a +couple of miles distance from the river.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>A huge waterspout was formed in the bay, and passed inland.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>November.</td> +<td>Death of King Alfonso XII., and mourning ceremonies in all the +islands.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>October 2nd.</td> +<td>Eruption of the Taal volcano.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1886. 5th March.</td> +<td>Separation of the executive and judicial powers. Appointment of +eighteen civil governors instead of alcaldes—mayores of +provinces. Very great inconvenience occurred through the delay in +sending out the Judges of First Instance, and the duties were, in some +cases, temporarily performed by ignorant persons devoid of any legal +training.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>11 P.M., 2nd April,</td> +<td>an enormous flaming meteor traversed the sky, travelling from E. to +W., and when about the zenith it split into two with a loud explosion, +the pieces diverging at an angle of perhaps 45°; they fell, +apparently, at a great distance, producing a violent concussion like a +sharp shock of earthquake.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>24th April.</td> +<td>Attack by bandits on the village of Montalban. Two of them were +killed by the Guardia Civil.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>8th July.</td> +<td>Eruption of the Mayon volcano in Albay. It continued to discharge +ashes and lava, bursting out into greater violence at times till the +middle of March, 1887.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>March 19th.</td> +<td>Don German Gamazo, Minister for the <span class="pagenum">[<a id= +"pb402" href="#pb402" name="pb402">402</a>]</span>Colonies, lays before +the Queen-Regent, for her approbation, the project of the General +Exhibition of the Philippines, to be held in Madrid in 1887. In it he +says:—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>“By this we shall bring about that the great sums of money +which are sent from the metropolis to purchase in foreign countries +cotton, sugar, cacao, tobacco, and other products, will go to our +possessions in Oceania, where <i>foreign merchants buy them up, with +evident damage to the material interests of the +country</i>.”</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>When it is considered that the freight from Manila to Barcelona in +the subsidised Spanish Royal Mail steamers was <i>considerably +higher</i> than that charged in the <i>same steamers</i> to Liverpool, +that enormous duties were charged in Spain on sugar and hemp, which +enter British ports duty free, and that British capital was advanced to +the cultivators to raise these very crops, the idiotic absurdity and +contemptible hypocrisy of such a statement may be faintly realised by +the reader.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>In May the mud of the Pasig became permeated with bubbles of gas, +and floated to the surface. On May 23rd, the writer witnessed several +violent explosions of fetid gas smelling like sulphuretted hydrogen +from the mud of the Pasig at Santa Ana.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>June 7th.</td> +<td>Triple murder committed at Cañacao by a Tagal from +jealousy.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>20th May.</td> +<td>Three days’ holiday and public rejoicings ordered in honour +of the birth of the King of Spain (Alfonso XIII.).</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1887. January 3rd.</td> +<td>Troops embarked in Manila for the expedition against the Moros of +Mindanao under General Terrero.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>March 5th.</td> +<td>The United States warship <i>Brooklyn</i> arrived in Manila.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>July 14th.</td> +<td>The Penal Code put in force in the Philippines.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>December 3rd.</td> +<td>The Civil Code put in force in the Philippines.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1888. March 1st.</td> +<td>A petition is presented to the Acting Civil Governor of Manila by +the Gobernadorcillo and Principales of Santa Cruz, praying for the +expulsion of the religious orders and of the Archbishop, the +secularization of all benefices, and the confiscation of the estates of +the Augustinians and Dominicans. <i>See</i> <a href="#ch6">Chapter +VI</a>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>December 15th.</td> +<td>Violent eruption of Mayon volcano with subterranean noises, storms, +thunder and lightning. Don Valeriano Weyler, Marques de Tenerife, +became governor-general.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1890.</td> +<td>Agrarian disturbances occurred at Calamba and Santa Rosa between +the tenants on the Dominicans’ estates and the lay brother in +charge. During this year there was a great increase of secret +societies. A woman admitted as a mason. A woman’s lodge +established. <i>See</i> <a href="#ch9">Chapter IX</a>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>February 21st.</td> +<td>Violent eruption of the Mayon.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>February 24th.</td> +<td>Several explosions occurred at the summit, discharging showers of +white-hot bombs. About 100 metres of the top toppled over. Many of the +inhabitants of the neighbouring towns fled to a distance. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb403" href="#pb403" name= +"pb403">403</a>]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1891.</td> +<td>Don Emilio Despujols, Conde de Caspe, became governor-general. +<i>See</i> <a href="#ch3">Chapter III</a>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1893.</td> +<td>Doroteo Cortes banished to the Province of La Union, other +malcontents banished to different localities.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>October 3rd.</td> +<td>Eruption of the Mayon and explosion of volcanic bombs. Loud +subterranean noises and deafening thunder.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>A vast column of smoke ascended to the sky, from which proceeded +violet-coloured lightning.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>The eruption lasted till the end of October.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1894. May.</td> +<td>The Datto Julcainim, with seventy armed Moros from Sulu, landed in +Basilan Island to recover tribute from the natives, but was sent back +by a Spanish gunboat.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1896. August 30th.</td> +<td>Tagal insurrection broke out near Manila and in Cavite Province. +<i>See</i> <a href="#ch10">Chapter X</a>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1897. June 25th.</td> +<td>Violent and disastrous eruptions of the Mayon. Complete destruction +of the villages San Antonio, San Isidro, Santo Niño, San Roque, +Santa Misericordia, and great damage to other places by the +incandescent lava. A dreadful tempest destroyed houses and plantations +in places where the lava did not reach. About 300 people were either +killed outright or died of their wounds. Fifty wounded persons +recovered.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1898. March 24th.</td> +<td>Revolt of the famous Visayas or 74th Regiment at Cavite.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>March 25th.</td> +<td>Massacre of the Calle Camba.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>April 24th.</td> +<td>Meeting at Singapore between Aguinaldo and the United States’ +Consul, Mr. Spencer Pratt.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>April 26th.</td> +<td>Aguinaldo proceeds to Hong Kong.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>May 1st.</td> +<td>Naval battle of Cavite. Destruction of the Spanish squadron and +capture of Cavite Arsenal by the Americans.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>May 19th.</td> +<td>Aguinaldo and seventeen followers land at Cavite from the United +States’ vessel <i>Hugh McCullough</i>, and are furnished with +arms by Admiral Dewey.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>May 24th.</td> +<td>Aguinaldo proclaims a Dictatorial Government.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>June 23rd.</td> +<td>He issues a manifesto claiming for the Philippines a place, if a +modest one, amongst the nations.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>August 6th.</td> +<td>He sends a message to foreign powers claiming recognition.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>August 13th.</td> +<td>The American troops enter Manila, the Spaniards making only a show +of resistance.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>August 14th.</td> +<td>The capitulation signed. General Merritt issues his proclamation +establishing a military government.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>August 15th.</td> +<td>General McArthur appointed military commandant of the Walled City +and Provost-Marshal-General of the city and suburbs.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>September 29th.</td> +<td>General Aguinaldo makes a speech at Malolos to the Philippine +Congress, the keynote of which was independence: “The Philippines +for the Filipinos.”</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>October 2nd.</td> +<td>The Peace Commission holds its preliminary meeting in Paris.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>November 13th.</td> +<td>The insurgents invest Ilo-ilo. Fighting <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb404" href="#pb404" name= +"pb404">404</a>]</span>proceeding in other parts of Visayas between +Spaniards and natives.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>December 10th.</td> +<td>The Peace Commission signs the Treaty. Don Felipe Agoncillo, +representative of the Philippine Government, hands in a formal protest, +of which no notice is taken.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>December 24th.</td> +<td>The Spaniards evacuate Ilo-ilo.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>December 26th.</td> +<td>The insurgents occupy the city. The Spaniards evacuate all the +southern island stations except Zamboanga. The Philippine Congress at +Malolos adjourns.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>December 29th.</td> +<td>New Philippine cabinet formed; all the members pledged to +independence.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>President of Congress and Minister for Foreign Affairs, +Señor Mabini; Secretary for War, Señor Luna; Interior, +Señor Araneta; Agriculture and Commerce, Señor +Buencamino; Public Works, Señor Canon.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1899. January 5th.</td> +<td>The Washington officials announce that they “expect a +peaceful adjustment.” [Blessed are they who expect nothing.]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>President McKinley instructs General Otis to extend military +government with all dispatch to the whole ceded territory.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>January 8th.</td> +<td>Protest of Aguinaldo against the Americans.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>January 12th.</td> +<td>General Otis telegraphs to the War Department that conditions are +apparently improving.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Other dispatches represent the situation as daily growing more +acute.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>January 16th.</td> +<td>A telegram was received at Washington from General Otis, of so +reassuring a character regarding the position at Manila and Ilo-ilo, +that the government officials accept without question the correctness +of his statement, that the critical stage of the trouble there is now +past and that he controls the situation.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>A commission nominated by President McKinley, consisting of Dr. +Schurman, President of Cornell University; Professor Worcester of +Michigan University, and Mr. Denby.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>January 21st.</td> +<td>The Philippine constitution is proclaimed at Malolos.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>February 4th.</td> +<td>Fighting between Filipinos and Americans began at Santa Mesa 8.45 +<span class="sc">P.M.</span>, and continued through the night.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>February 5th.</td> +<td>Fighting continued all day and ended in the repulse of the +Filipinos with heavy loss.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>General Otis wires: “The situation is most satisfactory, and +apprehension need not be felt.”</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>February 6th.</td> +<td>The U.S. Senate ratifies the Peace Treaty with Spain by 57 to +27.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Senator Gorman in the course of the debate expressed his belief +that the battle at Manila was only the beginning. If the treaty was +ratified war would follow, lasting for years, and costing many lives, +and millions upon millions of money.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>[Senator Gorman makes a better prophet than General Merritt or Mr. +Foreman.]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>February 8th.</td> +<td>General Otis wires: “The situation is <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb405" href="#pb405" name= +"pb405">405</a>]</span>rapidly improving. The insurgent army is +disintegrating, Aguinaldo’s influence has been +destroyed.”</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>February 10th.</td> +<td>The Americans attack and capture Calocan. President McKinley signs +the Treaty.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>February 11th.</td> +<td>Ilo-ilo captured by General Miller without loss, but a considerable +part of the town was burned.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>February 18th.</td> +<td>The American flag hoisted at Bacolod in Negros Island, opposite +Ilo-ilo.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>February 22nd.</td> +<td>Tagals attempt to burn Manila, setting fire simultaneously to the +Santa Cruz, San Nicolas, and Tondo. Sharp fighting at Tondo. Many +natives were burned while penned in by the cordon of guards.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>February 23rd.</td> +<td>The Americans burned all that remained of Tondo. General Otis +issued an order requiring the inhabitants to remain in their homes +after 7 <span class="sc">P.M.</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>March 13.</td> +<td>Oscar F. Williams does not expect to live to see the end of the +war. This is the man who on July 2nd, 1898, “hoped for an influx +that year of 10,000 ambitious Americans,” who he said could all +live well and become enriched. <i>See</i> <a href="#ch18">Chapter +XVIII</a>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Since the American occupation three hundred drinking saloons have +been opened in Manila.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>March 19th.</td> +<td>Urgent instructions sent from Washington to Generals Otis and +Lawton to hasten the end.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>March 24th.</td> +<td>Engagement at Marilao—the Filipinos are defeated.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><i>New York Times</i> says the situation is both surprising and +painful to the American people.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>March 31st.</td> +<td>The Americans occupy Malolos which the Filipinos had set on fire, +after some skirmishing.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>April 1st.</td> +<td>Troops resting at Malolos.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>The ironclad <i>Monadnock</i> was fired on by Filipinos artillery +at Parañaque (three miles from Manila), and replied silencing +the guns on shore.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>April 20th.</td> +<td>A column of General Lawton’s force, 140 strong, surrounded +and captured by the Filipinos near Binangonan.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>April 23rd.</td> +<td>Fighting at Quingua. Col. Stotsenburg killed. This was a severe +engagement.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>April 26th.</td> +<td>Americans capture Calumpit. Washington “profoundly +relieved.”</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>April 27th.</td> +<td>Fighting near Apalit.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>April 30th.</td> +<td>General Otis believes that the Filipinos are tired of the war.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>May 1st.</td> +<td>Anniversary of the Battle of Cavite.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>May 2nd.</td> +<td>Conference between Filipino envoys and General Otis with the +American Civil Commissioners.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>General Lawton captures Baliuag.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>May 12th.</td> +<td>The Nebraska Regiment petitions General McArthur to relieve them +from duty, being exhausted by the campaign. Since February 4th, the +regiment has lost 225 killed and wounded, and 59 since the fight at +Malolos.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>May 18th.</td> +<td>Filipino peace delegates enter General Lawton’s lines at San +Isidro. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb406" href="#pb406" name= +"pb406">406</a>]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>May 20th.</td> +<td>Admiral Dewey leaves Manila in the <i>Olympia</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>May 22nd.</td> +<td>The U.S. Civil Commission received Aguinaldo’s Peace +Commissioners, and explained to them President McKinley’s scheme +of Government.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>May 29th.</td> +<td>Aguinaldo reported dead.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>May 30th.</td> +<td>The authorities at Washington admit that more troops are needed for +Manila.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>June 1st.</td> +<td>Mr. Spencer Pratt obtains an interim injunction in the Supreme +Court, Singapore, against the sale of Mr. Foreman’s book, +“The Philippine Islands.”</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>June 5th.</td> +<td>Skirmishing in the Laguna district. An attempt by the Americans to +surround Pio del Pilar fails.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>June 13th.</td> +<td>A Filipino battery at Las Piñas, between Manila and Cavite, +consisting of an old smooth bore gun and two one-pounders open fire on +the American lines. A battery of the 1st Artillery, the ironclad +<i>Monadnock</i>, and the gunboat <i>Helena</i> directed their fire +upon this antiquated battery, and kept it up all the morning.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>A correspondent remarks, “This was the first <i>real</i> +artillery duel of the war.”</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>This developed into one of the hardest fights in the war, the +Filipinos made a determined stand at the Zapote bridge.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Reports arrive that General Antonio Luna had been killed by some of +General Aguinaldo’s guards.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>June 16th.</td> +<td>The Filipinos attack the Americans at San Fernando and are repulsed +with heavy loss.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Mr. Whitelaw Reid, addressing the Miami University of Ohio, +denounces the President’s policy, or want of policy, in the +Philippines.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>June 19th.</td> +<td>American troops under General Wheaton march through Cavite +Province.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>June 21st.</td> +<td>General Miles describes the situation at Manila as “very +serious.”</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>June 26th.</td> +<td>Twelve per cent. of the American forces sick. Little can now be +attempted as the rainy season is now on.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>June 27th.</td> +<td>General Otis reports that the Filipinos have no civil +government.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>June 28th.</td> +<td>It is stated that General Otis will have 40,000 men available for +active operations after the rainy season.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>July 12th.</td> +<td>General Otis asks for 2500 horses for the organisation of a brigade +of cavalry after the rainy season.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>The entire staff of correspondents of the American newspapers +protest against the methods of General Otis in exercising too strict a +censorship over telegrams and letters. They say, “We believe +that, owing to the official despatches sent from Manilla and published +in Washington, the people of the United States have received a false +impression of the situation in the Philippines, and that these +despatches present an ultra-optimistic view which is not shared by +general officers in the field.”</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>July 20th.</td> +<td>The rainfall at Manila since 1st June has been 41 inches and the +country is flooded.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>July 23rd.</td> +<td>Mr. Elihu Root nominated to succeed Mr. Alger as Secretary for War. +<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb407" href="#pb407" name= +"pb407">407</a>]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>July 27th.</td> +<td>General Hall’s division captures Calamba on the lake.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>August 1st.</td> +<td>Mr. Root sworn in as Secretary for War. He contemplates increasing +General Otis’ available force to 40,000 men.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>August 15th.</td> +<td>General McArthur’s force captures Angeles.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>August 17th.</td> +<td>Orders issued at Washington to form ten additional regiments to +serve in the Philippines. General Otis to have 62,000 men under his +command.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>August 23rd.</td> +<td>General Otis applies the Chinese Exclusion law to the +Philippines.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>August 24th.</td> +<td>The Moros sign an agreement acknowledging the sovereignty of the +United States over the entire Philippine Islands.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><i>The Moros of Western Mindanao are asking for permission to drive +out the insurgents.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>August 28th.</td> +<td>President McKinley makes a speech to the 10th Pennsylvanian +Regiment lately arrived from Manila. <i>See</i> <a href="#ch12">Chapter +XII</a>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>September 1st.</td> +<td>Fighting in Negros, American successes.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>September 14th.</td> +<td>U.S. cruiser <i>Charleston</i> engages a gun mounted by the +Filipinos at Olongapó, Subic Bay, and fired sixty-nine shells +from her 8-inch guns without silencing the gun, notwithstanding that +the Filipinos used black powder.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>September 18th.</td> +<td>Some of the U.S. Civil Commission had already started to return; +remainder leave.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>September 23rd.</td> +<td>A U.S. squadron, consisting of the <i>Monterey</i>, +<i>Charleston</i>, <i>Concord</i> and <i>Zafiro</i>, bombarded the +one-gun battery of the Filipinos at Olongapó for six hours, and +then landed 250 men who captured and destroyed the gun which was +16-centimetre calibre.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>General Otis, in an interview, is reported to have stated that +“Things are going very satisfactorily.”</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>September 28th.</td> +<td>General McArthur captures Porac.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>September 30th.</td> +<td>General Aguinaldo releases fourteen American prisoners. They looked +well and hearty, and it was evident that they had been well +treated.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>October 8th.</td> +<td>General Schwan advanced against Noveleta and encountered a heavy +resistance, but ultimately took the town and next day occupied +Rosario.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>October 18th.</td> +<td>War now said to be beginning in its most serious phase. The +American troops, men and officers, said to be thoroughly discouraged by +the futility of the operations ordered by General Otis. They feel that +their lives are being sacrificed without anything being +accomplished.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>October 28th.</td> +<td>17,000 sick and <i>tired</i> soldiers have been sent home and +replaced by 27,000 fresh men. 34,000 are on the way or under orders. +Total will be 65,000 men and forty ships of war.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>October 31st.</td> +<td>General Otis reports to the War Department that the continuance of +the rainy season still harasses the prosecution of the campaign.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Count Almenas, speaking in the Spanish Senate, said that through +the ignorance of the Peace Commission the Batanes <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb408" href="#pb408" name= +"pb408">408</a>]</span>Islands, Cagayan Sulu, and Sibutu were not +included in the scope of the treaty.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>November 7th.</td> +<td>General Wheaton, with an American force lands at San Fabian +[Pangasinan] and marches towards Dagupan, driving the Filipinos before +him.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>November 13th.</td> +<td>Tarlac captured by the Americans under Colonel Bell. Telegrams from +Manila state, “A careful review of the situation made on the spot +justifies the prediction that all organised hostile operations on a +definite plan are at an end.”</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>November 14th.</td> +<td>The U.S. cruiser <i>Charleston</i> lost on the Guinapak rocks to +the north of Luzon, and the crew land on Camiguin Island.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>November 28th.</td> +<td>The province of Zamboanga [Mindanao] said to have surrendered +unconditionally to the commander of the gunboat <i>Castine</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>December 20th.</td> +<td>General Lawton shot by the insurgents at San Mateo whilst +personally directing the crossing of the river by two battalions of the +29th U.S. infantry.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>1900. January 20th.</td> +<td>The Filipinos capture a pack train of twenty ponies in the Laguna +Province. American losses, two killed, five wounded, nine missing.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>February 15th.</td> +<td>American newspapers report many cases of insanity amongst the U.S. +soldiers.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>February 20th.</td> +<td>General Otis signifies to the War Department his desire for leave +of absence from Manila to recruit his health.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>March 30th.</td> +<td>The bubonic plague, extending in Luzon, and appears in other +islands of the Archipelago. Cases suspected to be leprosy reported +amongst the U.S. troops.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Independent reports represent the situation in the Philippines as +most unsatisfactory. The islands are practically in a state of +anarchy.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>April 6th.</td> +<td>The War Department issues an order recalling General Otis, +<i>because his work has been accomplished</i>, and appoints General +McArthur in his place.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>May 1st.</td> +<td>Judge Canty, of Minnesota, makes a report upon the condition of the +Philippines.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>He says: “All the native tribes, except a small band of +Macabebes and the Sulu Mahometans, are against us, and hate the +Americans worse than the Spaniards.... The American soldiers are +undergoing terrible hardships, and are a prey to deadly tropical +diseases.”</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>June 2nd.</td> +<td>General McArthur asks for more troops, and at least three regiments +are to be sent.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>June 14th.</td> +<td>Rear-Admiral Raney cables for another battalion of marines.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>June 15th.</td> +<td>Macaboulos, a Filipino chieftain, surrenders at Tarlac with 8 +officers and 120 riflemen.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>June 17th.</td> +<td>A regiment of infantry and a battery of artillery embark at Manila +for China.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>June 19th.</td> +<td>It is reported that, in all, 5000 men are to be sent from Manila to +China.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>June 20th.</td> +<td>But to-day, the idea prevails in Washington <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb409" href="#pb409" name= +"pb409">409</a>]</span>that, under present conditions, every soldier in +the Philippines is needed there.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>July 27.</td> +<td>Negotiations are being carried on between Spain and the United +States for the cession by the former to the latter of the Sibutu and +Cagayan Islands on payment of a sum of $100,000.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>August 4th.</td> +<td>The Filipinos kill or capture a lieutenant of Engineers and fifteen +soldiers.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>August 8th.</td> +<td>Miss Margaret Astor Chanler, who was engaged in Red Cross work in +Manila, declares that the hospitals are inadequate. This is confirmed +by the Washington correspondent of the <i>World</i>. He says 3700 men +are now in hospital, and large numbers are unable to find +accommodation. Thousands who are down with fever and other diseases are +without doctors or medical supplies. Eight per cent. of the entire +force is incapacitated.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>August 15th.</td> +<td>The Filipinos reported to be gaining ground.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>The cost of the war said to be nearly £40,000,000, 2394 +deaths, 3073 wounded. There are said to be still 70,000 American troops +in the Philippines. The “goodwill” of the war cost +£4,000,000.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>August 19th.</td> +<td>Censored news despatches from Manila show that the Filipinos are +increasing their activity, and scorn the offers of amnesty.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>September 1st.</td> +<td>The Civil Commission in the Philippines, presided over by Judge +Taft, assumes the direction of the Government. Judge Taft reports that +the insurrection is virtually ended, and that a <i>modus vivendi</i> is +established with the <i>ecclesiastical authorities</i>!</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>September 3rd.</td> +<td>General McArthur cables that an outbreak has occurred in Bohol, and +that in an engagement near Carmen the Americans lost 1 killed and 6 +wounded, and the Filipinos 120 killed.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>September 6th.</td> +<td>The estimated cost of the Philippines to America is estimated at +three-quarters of a million dollars per day.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>September 12th.</td> +<td>The first public legislative session of the Civil Commission was +held. Two million dollars (Mexican) were voted for the construction of +roads and bridges, $5000 for the expenses of a preliminary survey of a +railroad between Dagupan and Benguet, and $5400 towards the expenses of +the educational system.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>September 17th.</td> +<td>General McArthur cables that Captain McQuiston, who had become +temporarily insane, shot a number of men of his company. The others, in +self-defence, shot and killed the captain.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>September 20th.</td> +<td>The Civil Commission reports that large numbers of the people in +the Philippines are longing for peace, and are willing to accept the +government of the United States.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>General McArthur cables reports of fighting in the Ilocos +Provinces, from whence General Young telegraphs for reinforcements, +also in Bulacan, and in Tayabas. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb410" +href="#pb410" name="pb410">410</a>]</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>A desperate engagement is fought in the Laguna Province, where the +Americans made an attack upon the Filipino positions, and were repulsed +with heavy loss, including Captain Mitchell and Lieutenant Cooper.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>The Filipinos are constantly harassing and attacking the American +outposts and garrisons around Manila, and have caused fourteen +casualties amongst the troops.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb411" href="#pb411" name= +"pb411">411</a>]</span></p> +<div class="table"> +<h4 class="tablecaption">Customs Dues on Exports, 1896–97.</h4> +<table> +<thead> +<tr class="label"> +<td>Articles.</td> +<td>Tax per 100 kilos Gross Weight.</td> +</tr> +<tr class="unit"> +<td></td> +<td>$ cts.</td> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>Hemp or cordage</td> +<td>0.75</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Indigo</td> +<td>0.50</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Tintarron liquid indigo</td> +<td>0.05</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Rice</td> +<td>2.00</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Sugar</td> +<td>0.10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cocoa-nuts or copra</td> +<td>0.10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Tobacco in cigars or cigarettes</td> +<td>3.00</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Tobacco in leaf from the provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, and Nueva +Vizcaya in Luzon</td> +<td>3.00</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Tobacco in leaf from Visayas and Mindanao</td> +<td>2.00</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Tobacco in leaf from any other province</td> +<td>1.50</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">Estimated receipts from above tax in the financial year +1896–97</td> +<td>$1,292,550</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +<hr class="tb"> +<div class="table"> +<h4 class="tablecaption"><span class="sc">Extra Import Tax on +Consumable Articles.</span></h4> +<h4 class="tablecaption">(<i>This is in addition to the Customs +dues.</i>)</h4> +<table> +<thead> +<tr class="unit"> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td>$ cts.</td> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>Spirits</td> +<td>In barrels or demijohns</td> +<td>per litre</td> +<td>0.20</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>In bottles or flasks</td> +<td>per litre</td> +<td>0.30</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">Beer</td> +<td>0.10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">Vegetables or fruits, dried or green</td> +<td>per kilog.</td> +<td>0.02</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">Wheat flour</td> +<td>per 100 kilog.</td> +<td>0.50</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">Common salt</td> +<td>per 100 kilog.</td> +<td>1.00</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2">Petroleum and mineral oils</td> +<td>per 100 kilog.</td> +<td>1.00</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="3">Estimated receipts from above tax in the financial year +1896–97</td> +<td>$301,000</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb412" href="#pb412" name= +"pb412">412</a>]</span></p> +<div class="table"> +<h4 class="tablecaption"><span class="sc">Export +Statistics.</span></h4> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="14" class="xd20e15786">16 piculs = 1 ton of 20 cwt.; 8 +bales hemp = 1 ton of 20 cwt.; 1 quintal = 100 lbs. Spanish, or about +101¾ English.</td> +</tr> +<tr class="label"> +<td colspan="2" class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Sugar.</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Hemp.</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Copra.</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Coffee.</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Cordage.</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Sapan-wood.</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Hides and Cuttings.</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">M.-o’-P. Shells.</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Gum.</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Indigo.</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Tobacco Leaf.</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Cigars.</td> +</tr> +<tr class="unit"> +<td colspan="2" class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Piculs.</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Bales.</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Piculs.</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Piculs.</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Piculs.</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Piculs.</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Piculs.</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Piculs.</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Piculs.</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Quintals.</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Quintals.</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Mil.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan="4" class="xd20e15786">1888</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Manila</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,500,139</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">571,047</td> +<td rowspan="8" class="xd20e15786">Small quantities only shipped. No +records kept.</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">107,236</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,985</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">12,006</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">32,658</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">184</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">5,276</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">4,639</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">204,592</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">109,109</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Cebú</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">267,100</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">90,385</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Ilo-ilo</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,197,851</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">93,575</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Total</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,965,090</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">661,432</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">107,236</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,985</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">105,581</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">32,658</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">184</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">5,276</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">4,639</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">204,592</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">109,109</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan="4" class="xd20e15786">1889</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Manila</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,565,668</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">475,638</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">92,993</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,487</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">17,965</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">7,701</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">387</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">7,326</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">3,545</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">203,085</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">120,532</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Cebú</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">187,791</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">92,933</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Ilo-ilo</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,748,049</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">60,739</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Total</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">3,501,508</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">568,571</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">92,993</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,487</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">78,704</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">7,701</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">387</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">7,326</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">3,545</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">203,085</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">120,532</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan="4" class="xd20e15786">1890</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Manila</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">874,088</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">449,606</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">74,447</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">76,756</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">3,141</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">21,934</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">6,300</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">501</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">3,016</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">374</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">179,054</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">109,636</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Cebú</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">55,280</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">56,549</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Ilo-ilo</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,431,054</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">22,635</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Total</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,360,422</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">506,155</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">74,447</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">76,756</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">3,141</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">44,569</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">6,300</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">501</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">3,016</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">374</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">179,054</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">109,636</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan="4" class="xd20e15786">1891</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Manila</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,174,374</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">546,854</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">245,309</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">45,917</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,403</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">17,051</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">5,439</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">452</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">4,168</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,039</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">195,925</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">93,248</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Cebú</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">140,200</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">88,693</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Ilo-ilo</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,357,685</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786">52,886</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Total</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,672,259</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">635,547</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">245,309</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">45,917</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,403</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">69,937</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">5,439</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">452</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">4,168</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,039</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">195,925</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">93,248</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan="4" class="xd20e15786">1892</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Manila</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,089,054</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">702,228</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">259,539</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">21,242</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,762</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">29,634</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">6,032</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">507</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">5,005</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">5,894</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">253,850</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">138,389</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Cebú</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">294,220</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">88,280</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Ilo-ilo</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,571,989</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786">36,277</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Total</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">3,955,263</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">790,508</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">259,539</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">21,242</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,762</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">65,911</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">6,032</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">507</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">5,005</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">5,894</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">253,850</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">138,389</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan="4" class="xd20e15786">1893</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Manila</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,712,059</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">561,391</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">184,304</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">4,910</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,251</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">53,319</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">6,145</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">671</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">3,638</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">940</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">230,686</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">137,458</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Cebú</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">271,400</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">80,080</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Ilo-ilo</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,203,523</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786">25,376</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Total</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">4,186,982</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">641,471</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">184,304</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">4,910</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,251</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">78,695</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">6,145</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">671</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">3,638</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">940</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">230,686</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">137,458</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan="4" class="xd20e15786">1894</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Manila</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,577,523</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">661,550</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">512,729</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">9,502</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,787</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">43,368</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">5,236</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">347</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,788</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,025</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">191,706</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">137,877</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Cebú</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">163,172</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">119,721</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Ilo-ilo</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,369,507</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786">26,124</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Total</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">3,110,202</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">781,271</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">512,729</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">9,502</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,787</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">69,492</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">5,236</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">347</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,788</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,025</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">191,706</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">137,877</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan="4" class="xd20e15786">1895</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Manila</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,729,625</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">749,777</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">549,319</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">3,099</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,938</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">25,034</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">6,714</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,730</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">4,044</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">6,672</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">233,702</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">146,372</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Cebú</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">209,352</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">89,212</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">44,352</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Ilo-ilo</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,719,115</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786">11,100</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Total</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">3,658,092</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">838,989</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">593,671</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">3,099</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,938</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">36,134</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">6,714</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,730</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">4,044</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">6,672</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">233,702</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">146,372</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan="4" class="xd20e15786">1896</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Manila</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,563,477</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">669,778</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">558,509</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,421</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">3,484</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">12,930</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">7,127</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">204</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,803</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">462</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">219,640</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">185,017</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Cebú</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">106,228</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">86,818</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">49,200</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Ilo-ilo</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,957,099</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786">35,300</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Total</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">3,626,804</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">756,596</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">607,709</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,421</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">3,484</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">48,230</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">7,127</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">204</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,803</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">462</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">219,640</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">185,017</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan="4" class="xd20e15786">1897</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Manila</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">811,059</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">835,067</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">765,026</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,111</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">3,786</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">17,325</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">11,081</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">689</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">4,029</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">251</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">287,161</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">171,410</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Cebú</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">247,110</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">80,271</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">46,414</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Ilo-ilo</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,051,113</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">51,300</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Total</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">3,109,282</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">915,338</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">811,440</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,111</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">3,786</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">68,625</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">11,081</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">689</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">4,029</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">251</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">287,161</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">171,410</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan="4" class="xd20e15786">1898</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Manila</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">251,169</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">510,958</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">252,840</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">176</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">72</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">5,102</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">3,648</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">261</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,122</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">206</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">175,170</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">103,707</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Cebú</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">159,469</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">235,597</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">10,562</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Ilo-ilo</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,449,023</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">46,051</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">51,610</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Total</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,859,661</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">792,606</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">263,402</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">176</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">72</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">56,712</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">3,648</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">261</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,122</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">206</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">175,170</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">103,707</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td rowspan="4" class="xd20e15786">1899</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">Manila</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">80,374</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">437,751</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">215,819</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">784</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">183</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">6,226</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">517</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,840</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,578</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">114,261</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">111,646</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Cebú</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">210,780</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">148,049</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">66,282</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Ilo-ilo</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,197,700</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">14,938</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">9,221</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">..</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">5,700</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="xd20e15786">Total</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">1,488,854</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">600,738</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"><a class="noteref" id="xd20e17239src" href= +"#xd20e17239" name="xd20e17239src">1</a>291,322</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">784</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">183</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">5,700</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">6,226</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">517</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,840</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">2,578</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">114,261</td> +<td class="xd20e15786">111,646</td> +<td class="xd20e15786"></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb415" href="#pb415" name= +"pb415">415</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e17239" href="#xd20e17239src" name="xd20e17239">1</a></span> Value +$1,600,000. The copra comes from Laguna, Tayahas, Albay, Samar, Leyte +and Mindanao, and the bulk of it goes to Marseilles, some to Liverpool, +a little to Spain and Italy.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div1 appendix"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="main">Value of Land.</h2> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first"><span class="sc">Manila-Dagupan Railway.</span></p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><i>First Section</i>—<i>Manila to San +Fernando.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>First sub-section,</td> +<td>Manila to Polo.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Second sub-section,</td> +<td>Polo to Guiguinto.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Third sub-section,</td> +<td>Guiguinto to Calumpit.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Fourth sub-section,</td> +<td>Calumpit to San Fernando.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><i>Second Section</i>—<i>San Fernando to +Tarlac.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>First sub-section,</td> +<td>San Fernando to Angeles.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Second sub-section,</td> +<td>Angeles to Bamban.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Third sub-section,</td> +<td>Bamban to Capas.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Fourth sub-section,</td> +<td>Capas to Tarlac.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2"><i>Third Section</i>—<i>Tarlac to +Dagupan.</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>First sub-section,</td> +<td>Tarlac to Panique.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Second sub-section,</td> +<td>Panique to Moncada.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Third sub-section,</td> +<td>Moncada to Bayambang.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Fourth sub-section,</td> +<td>Bayambang to San Carlos.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Fifth sub-section,</td> +<td>San Carlos to Dagupan.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class="table"> +<h4 class="tablecaption">An Estimate of the Population of the +Philippines in 1890.</h4> +<table> +<tr> +<td>Peninsular Spaniards, including the garrisons, friars, officials +and private persons.</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">14,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Spaniards born in the islands.</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">8,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Spanish mestizos</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">75,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Foreigners of white races</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">2,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Foreign mestizos</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">7,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Chinese</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">125,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Chinese mestizos</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">500,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Moros of Mindanao, Joló, Tawi-tawi, Basilan, Balábac, +and other islands</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">600,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Heathen in all the archipelago—Igorrotes, Manobos, Subanos, +<span class="corr" id="xd20e17442" title= +"Source: Monteses">Montéses</span>, Ibilaos, Aetas, Ifugaos, +etc., etc.</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">800,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Christian natives</td> +<td class="xd20e2033">5,869,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Total</td> +<td class="sum xd20e2033">8,000,000</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p>The above is taken from a pamphlet called ‘Filipinas’ +Fundamental Problem,’ by a Spaniard long resident in those +islands, published in Madrid, 1891, by D. Luis Aguado. The pamphlet +itself is a violent attack on Rizal and those who sympathised with him, +and holds out as the only remedy against insurrection the encouragement +of Spanish immigration on an extensive scale. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb416" href="#pb416" name="pb416">416</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class="sc">Estimate of Philippine Income and Expenditure, +1896–97.</span></p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<thead> +<tr class="unit"> +<td></td> +<td class="xd20e17468">$</td> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td><i>Direct Taxes</i>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Property tax, $140,280; industrial and commercial tax, $1,400,700; +cédulas personales, <a class="noteref" id="xd20e17482src" href= +"#xd20e17482" name="xd20e17482src">1</a>$5,600,000; capitation tax on +Chinese, $510,190; acknowledgment of vassalage from outlaws and +heathen, $20,000; tax of 10 per cent. on railway fares, $32,000; +various surtaxes, $63,000; tax of 10 per cent. on the pay of +employés paid by local funds, $80,000; tax of 10 per cent. on +the pay of employés paid by the State, $650,000</td> +<td class="xd20e17468">8,496,170</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Custom House</i>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Imports, $3,600,000; exports, <a class="noteref" id="xd20e17511src" +href="#xd20e17511" name="xd20e17511src">2</a>$1,292,550; loading tax, +$410,000; unloading, $570,000; trans-shipment, $1000; warehousing, +$4000; fines, surtaxes, etc., $22,000; tax on consumable goods, +<a class="noteref" id="xd20e17514src" href="#xd20e17514" name= +"xd20e17514src">3</a>$301,000</td> +<td class="xd20e17468">6,200,550</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Monopoly</i>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Opium contract (farmed out)<a class="noteref" id="xd20e17527src" +href="#xd20e17527" name="xd20e17527src">4</a></td> +<td class="xd20e17468">576,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Stamps</i>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Stamped paper, do. for fines, for bills of exchange, post office +stamps, patent medicine stamps, stamps for telegrams, receipts, +signatures, passports, less $200,000 paid to Bolmao and Hong Kong Cable +Co., etc.</td> +<td class="xd20e17468">646,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Lottery</i>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Profits of the Manila lottery, licenses for raffles, etc.</td> +<td class="xd20e17468">1,000,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Crown Property</i>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Rents of mining claims, $2000; royalties on forest produce, +$170,000; sale of Crown lands, of buildings, and fines</td> +<td class="xd20e17468">257,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Miscellaneous</i>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Unexpended balances, $50,000; produce of convict labour, $4000; +sale of buildings and stores of War Department and Navy, $3800; profits +on coining money, $200,000; sundry receipts, $40,500</td> +<td class="xd20e17468">298,300</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Total</td> +<td class="sum xd20e17468"><a class="noteref" id="xd20e17577src" href= +"#xd20e17577" name="xd20e17577src">5</a>$17,474,020</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb417" href="#pb417" name= +"pb417">417</a>]</span></p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<thead> +<tr class="unit"> +<td></td> +<td class="xd20e17468">$</td> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td><i>General charges</i>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ministry of the Colonies, Court of Audit, expenses of Fernando Po, +civil, military and naval pensions, interest on savings bank deposits, +passages of Government employés</td> +<td class="xd20e17468">1,507,900</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>State</i>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Diplomatic and consular expenses</td> +<td class="xd20e17468">74,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Grace and Justice</i>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Courts of Justice, register of property, gaols, the clergy, +missionaries, public worship, passages of missionaries, college for +missionaries</td> +<td class="xd20e17468">1,896,277</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Army</i>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pay and allowances, provisions, forage, clothing, war-like stores, +invalids, orphans, extraordinary credit for the campaign in Mindanao +($624,680)</td> +<td class="xd20e17468">6,042,442</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Treasury</i>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Central administration, mint at Manila, provincial administration, +pay and allowances of corps of carbineers (custom house guards), cost +of selling stamped paper, of collecting taxes, of working the +lottery</td> +<td class="xd20e17468">1,393,184</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Navy</i>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pay and allowances, victualling and clothing, material for the +station, for the squadron, material for the arsenal ($1,260,652)</td> +<td class="xd20e17468">3,566,528</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Civil Service—</i></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Colonial Secretary (pay and allowances), Governor-General, civil +governors, political and military governors, council of administration, +the Guardia Civil, post office, telegraph, health officers of +ports</td> +<td class="xd20e17468">2,198,350</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><i>Education and public works</i>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Technical schools, nautical do. of drawing, painting, sculpture and +engraving, university, normal school, observatory of Manila ($20,000 +per annum), pay and allowances of engineers and assistants of public +works, of the woods and forests, of mines, and of the model farms</td> +<td class="xd20e17468">615,198</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Total</td> +<td class="sum xd20e17468">17,293,879</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +<p><i>N.B.</i>—Expenditure on Army and Navy $9,608,970, +considerably more than half the total revenue. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb418" href="#pb418" name="pb418">418</a>]</span></p> +<p><span class="sc">Value of Land.</span></p> +<p>Official valuation of land required for the construction of the +Manila-Dagupan Railway. The expropriation commenced in 1888 and +continued up to end of 1892, and the prices paid were far in excess of +estimate.</p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<thead> +<tr class="label"> +<td></td> +<td colspan="4">First Section.</td> +<td colspan="4">Second Section.</td> +<td colspan="5">Third Section.</td> +</tr> +<tr class="label"> +<td>Sub-section</td> +<td>1.</td> +<td>2.</td> +<td>3.</td> +<td>4.</td> +<td>1.</td> +<td>2.</td> +<td>3.</td> +<td>4.</td> +<td>1.</td> +<td>2.</td> +<td>3.</td> +<td>4.</td> +<td>5.</td> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>From kil.</td> +<td>0</td> +<td>13.8</td> +<td>29.2</td> +<td>45.8</td> +<td>60.7</td> +<td>75.5</td> +<td>90.5</td> +<td>107.3</td> +<td>116.5</td> +<td>134.6</td> +<td>149.2</td> +<td>162.9</td> +<td>179.3</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>To kil.</td> +<td>13.8</td> +<td>29.2</td> +<td>45.8</td> +<td>60.7</td> +<td>75.5</td> +<td>90.5</td> +<td>107.3</td> +<td>116.5</td> +<td>134.6</td> +<td>149.2</td> +<td>162.9</td> +<td>179.3</td> +<td>192.3</td> +</tr> +<tr class="unit"> +<td></td> +<td>$</td> +<td>$</td> +<td>$</td> +<td>$</td> +<td>$</td> +<td>$</td> +<td>$</td> +<td>$</td> +<td>$</td> +<td>$</td> +<td>$</td> +<td>$</td> +<td>$</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Water meadows or irrigated rice land</td> +<td>480</td> +<td>240</td> +<td>240</td> +<td>240</td> +<td>220</td> +<td>200</td> +<td>120</td> +<td>100</td> +<td>88</td> +<td>80</td> +<td>100</td> +<td>140</td> +<td>180</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Rice lands (dry), 1st class</td> +<td>200</td> +<td>192</td> +<td>180</td> +<td>168</td> +<td>120</td> +<td>108</td> +<td>40</td> +<td>40</td> +<td>40</td> +<td>32</td> +<td>48</td> +<td>72</td> +<td>80</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Rice lands (dry), 2nd class</td> +<td>168</td> +<td>160</td> +<td>160</td> +<td>152</td> +<td>72</td> +<td>60</td> +<td>24</td> +<td>24</td> +<td>24</td> +<td>16</td> +<td>28</td> +<td>40</td> +<td>44</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cane fields, 1st class</td> +<td>272</td> +<td>240</td> +<td>260</td> +<td>100</td> +<td>80</td> +<td>60</td> +<td>28</td> +<td>20</td> +<td>20</td> +<td>16</td> +<td>32</td> +<td>40</td> +<td>48</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cane fields, 2nd class</td> +<td>200</td> +<td>160</td> +<td>192</td> +<td>80</td> +<td>56</td> +<td>40</td> +<td>20</td> +<td>12</td> +<td>12</td> +<td>8</td> +<td>20</td> +<td>28</td> +<td>32</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Stony land near the sea</td> +<td>140</td> +<td>120</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Buyo (betel) plantations</td> +<td>240</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>72</td> +<td>72</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nipa palm groves</td> +<td>88</td> +<td>80</td> +<td>72</td> +<td>60</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>24</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Mangrove swamp</td> +<td>76</td> +<td>60</td> +<td>48</td> +<td>32</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>12</td> +<td>16</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gardens and building lots</td> +<td>200</td> +<td>180</td> +<td>180</td> +<td>160</td> +<td>100</td> +<td>88</td> +<td>32</td> +<td>28</td> +<td>28</td> +<td>20</td> +<td>32</td> +<td>48</td> +<td>56</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Forest land</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>10</td> +<td>6.4</td> +<td>4</td> +<td>2.4</td> +<td>1.6</td> +<td>4</td> +<td>4</td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bush land</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>8</td> +<td>4.8</td> +<td>2.4</td> +<td>1.6</td> +<td>1.6</td> +<td>2.4</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pasture</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>..</td> +<td>12</td> +<td>10</td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +<td></td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +<p>Price is given in Mexican dollars per acre. <span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb419" href="#pb419" name="pb419">419</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="footnotes"> +<hr class="fnsep"> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e17482" href="#xd20e17482src" name="xd20e17482">1</a></span></p> +<div class="table"> +<table> +<tr> +<td>The total receipts from this tax are</td> +<td>$7,000,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>The local funds receive 20 per cent., say</td> +<td>$1,400,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Remainder</td> +<td class="sum">$5,600,000</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e17511" href="#xd20e17511src" name="xd20e17511">2</a></span> See +Table of dues on Exports.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e17514" href="#xd20e17514src" name="xd20e17514">3</a></span> See +Table of this tax.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e17527" href="#xd20e17527src" name="xd20e17527">4</a></span> In +August 1900 the Straits Settlements Government received offers for the +opium and spirit farms in Singapore, Penang and Malacca, for three +years from January 7th, 1901, amounting to $385,000 per month.</p> +<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id= +"xd20e17577" href="#xd20e17577src" name="xd20e17577">5</a></span> In +1886–87 the revenue only amounted to $9,324,974; the Army +estimates for 1888 were $3,918,760, the Navy $2,573,776. If to the +revenue of 1896–97 we add the amount paid over to local funds, +the total will be <i>double the revenue raised ten years +before</i>.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div1 index"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h2 class="main">List of Spanish and Filipino Words Used in the Work, +and the Pages where their Meaning is Explained.</h2> +<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">A.</h3> +<ul> +<li><span class="sc">Abacá</span> <a href="#pb159" class= +"pageref">159</a>, <a href="#pb258" class="pageref">258</a>, <a href= +"#pb345" class="pageref">345</a></li> +<li>Abogado <a href="#pb26" class="pageref">26</a></li> +<li>Agun <a href="#pb358" class="pageref">358</a></li> +<li>Áhas <a href="#pb191" class="pageref">191</a></li> +<li>Ajonjoli <a href="#pb208" class="pageref">208</a>, <a href="#pb250" +class="pageref">250</a></li> +<li>Alabarderos <a href="#pb8" class="pageref">8</a></li> +<li>Alcalde <a href="#pb10" class="pageref">10</a>, <a href="#pb24" +class="pageref">24</a></li> +<li>Alguacil <a href="#pb10" class="pageref">10</a></li> +<li>Aligua <a href="#pb255" class="pageref">255</a></li> +<li>Alimóom <a href="#pb175" class="pageref">175</a></li> +<li>Aling <a href="#pb213" class="pageref">213</a></li> +<li>Almáciga <a href="#pb314" class="pageref">314</a></li> +<li>Americanistas <a href="#pb121" class="pageref">121</a>, <a href= +"#pb127" class="pageref">127</a></li> +<li>Amok <a href="#pb169" class="pageref">169</a>, <a href="#pb175" +class="pageref">175</a>, <a href="#pb365" class="pageref">365</a></li> +<li>Anabó <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a></li> +<li>Anay <a href="#pb141" class="pageref">141</a></li> +<li>Anitos <a href="#pb209" class="pageref">209</a>, <a href="#pb258" +class="pageref">258</a>, <a href="#pb259" class="pageref">259</a></li> +<li>Anting-anting <a href="#pb215" class="pageref">215</a></li> +<li>Aparcero—ia <a href="#pb239" class="pageref">239</a></li> +<li>Asimilista <a href="#pb53" class="pageref">53</a></li> +<li>Asitera <a href="#pb259" class="pageref">259</a></li> +<li>Asociacion Hisp<sup>o</sup> Fil<sup>a</sup> <a href="#pb81" class= +"pageref">81</a></li> +<li>Asuán <a href="#pb215" class="pageref">215</a></li> +<li>Audiencia <a href="#pb10" class="pageref">10</a>, <a href="#pb26" +class="pageref">26</a>, <a href="#pb359" class="pageref">359</a></li> +<li>Auditor <a href="#pb26" class="pageref">26</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">B.</h3> +<ul> +<li>Bacoco <a href="#pb225" class="pageref">225</a></li> +<li>Bacor-es <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a></li> +<li>Bacuanes <a href="#pb256" class="pageref">256</a></li> +<li>Bagani <a href="#pb335" class="pageref">335</a>, <a href="#pb338" +class="pageref">338</a>, <a href="#pb351" class="pageref">351</a></li> +<li>Bagon <a href="#pb225" class="pageref">225</a></li> +<li>Baguadatto <a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a></li> +<li>Bailanes <a href="#pb338" class="pageref">338</a></li> +<li>Balaring <a href="#pb341" class="pageref">341</a></li> +<li>Balat—ong <a href="#pb131" class="pageref">131</a></li> +<li>Balate <a href="#pb305" class="pageref">305</a>, <a href="#pb309" +class="pageref">309</a></li> +<li>Balian <a href="#pb357" class="pageref">357</a></li> +<li>Balete <a href="#pb214" class="pageref">214</a>, <a href="#pb343" +class="pageref">343</a></li> +<li>Balta-oa <a href="#pb257" class="pageref">257</a></li> +<li>Banaba <a href="#pb309" class="pageref">309</a></li> +<li>Banga <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a></li> +<li>Bangad. <a href="#pb250" class="pageref">250</a></li> +<li>Bangca. <a href="#pb242" class="pageref">242</a></li> +<li>Banua <a href="#pb310" class="pageref">310</a></li> +<li>Barangay <a href="#pb11" class="pageref">11</a></li> +<li>Barangayanes <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a></li> +<li>Baril <a href="#pb228" class="pageref">228</a></li> +<li>Baró <a href="#pb245" class="pageref">245</a></li> +<li>Baroto <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a></li> +<li>Basi <a href="#pb255" class="pageref">255</a>, <a href="#pb279" +class="pageref">279</a></li> +<li>Basinganis <a href="#pb313" class="pageref">313</a></li> +<li>Batas <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a></li> +<li>Bato <a href="#pb327" class="pageref">327</a></li> +<li>Bayan <a href="#pb82" class="pageref">82</a></li> +<li>Bayon <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a></li> +<li>Betel <a href="#pb227" class="pageref">227</a></li> +<li>Bichára <a href="#pb367" class="pageref">367</a></li> +<li>Birclog <a href="#pb358" class="pageref">358</a></li> +<li>Bito-bito <a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162</a></li> +<li>Boboy <a href="#pb251" class="pageref">251</a></li> +<li>Bolo <a href="#pb39" class="pageref">39</a>, <a href="#pb153" +class="pageref">153</a>, <a href="#pb344" class="pageref">344</a></li> +<li>Buaya <a href="#pb218" class="pageref">218</a>, <a href="#pb241" +class="pageref">241</a></li> +<li>Buchis <a href="#pb324" class="pageref">324</a></li> +<li>Bamaguil <a href="#pb260" class="pageref">260</a></li> +<li>Bundang <a href="#pb256" class="pageref">256</a></li> +<li>Bundoc <a href="#pb340" class="pageref">340</a></li> +<li>Bungulan <a href="#pb131" class="pageref">131</a></li> +<li>Buquid <a href="#pb340" class="pageref">340</a></li> +<li>Buri <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a></li> +<li>Busao <a href="#pb343" class="pageref">343</a></li> +<li>Buyo <a href="#pb203" class="pageref">203</a>, <a href="#pb227" +class="pageref">227</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">C.</h3> +<ul> +<li>Cabeza de Barangay <a href="#pb10" class="pageref">10</a>, <a href= +"#pb11" class="pageref">11</a></li> +<li>Cabo negro <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a></li> +<li>Cadena perpétua <a href="#pb29" class="pageref">29</a></li> +<li>Cagel—ada <a href="#pb184" class="pageref">184</a>, <a href= +"#pb250" class="pageref">250</a></li> +<li>Caída <a href="#pb245" class="pageref">245</a></li> +<li>Cailanes <a href="#pb251" class="pageref">251</a>, <a href="#pb256" +class="pageref">256</a></li> +<li>Calan <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a></li> +<li>Calata <a href="#pb255" class="pageref">255</a></li> +<li>Caliga <a href="#pb342" class="pageref">342</a></li> +<li>Calintangang <a href="#pb369" class="pageref">369</a></li> +<li>Caliz <a href="#pb358" class="pageref">358</a></li> +<li>Camagon <a href="#pb309" class="pageref">309</a></li> +<li>Camanchile <a href="#pb225" class="pageref">225</a></li> +<li>Camarin <a href="#pb32" class="pageref">32</a></li> +<li>Cambaya <a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182</a></li> +<li>Camote <a href="#pb131" class="pageref">131</a></li> +<li>Campilán <a href="#pb369" class="pageref">369</a></li> +<li>Capitan <a href="#pb10" class="pageref">10</a></li> +<li>Capitan-china <a href="#pb291" class="pageref">291</a></li> +<li>Carabao <i>Ill.</i> <a href="#pb227" class="pageref">227</a>, +<a href="#pb270" class="pageref">270</a></li> +<li>Carabinero <a href="#pb43" class="pageref">43</a></li> +<li>Carromata <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>, <a href= +"#pb224" class="pageref">224</a>, <a href="#pb249" class= +"pageref">249</a></li> +<li>Casco <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>, <a href="#pb223" +class="pageref">223</a></li> +<li>Catapusan <a href="#pb220" class="pageref">220</a></li> +<li>Catipado <a href="#pb218" class="pageref">218</a></li> +<li>Cédula personal <a href="#pb53" class="pageref">53</a></li> +<li>Cerbatana <a href="#pb311" class="pageref">311</a>, <a href= +"#pb317" class="pageref">317</a></li> +<li>Chiflado <a href="#pb169" class="pageref">169</a></li> +<li>Chorizos <a href="#pb68" class="pageref">68</a></li> +<li>Cogon <a href="#pb71" class="pageref">71</a>, <a href="#pb280" +class="pageref">280</a></li> +<li>Contribution Ind<sup>l</sup> <a href="#pb163" class= +"pageref">163</a></li> +<li>Convite <a href="#pb45" class="pageref">45</a>, <a href="#pb244" +class="pageref">244</a></li> +<li>Copra <a href="#pb136" class="pageref">136</a>, <a href="#pb328" +class="pageref">328</a></li> +<li>Corbina <a href="#pb225" class="pageref">225</a></li> +<li>Corrales de pesca <a href="#pb224" class="pageref">224</a></li> +<li>Cotta <a href="#pb63" class="pageref">63</a>, <a href="#pb362" +class="pageref">362</a></li> +<li>Courbash [Egyp<sup>n</sup>] <a href="#pb12" class= +"pageref">12</a></li> +<li>Coyote <a href="#pb251" class="pageref">251</a></li> +<li>Cuadrillero <a href="#pb10" class="pageref">10</a></li> +<li>Cuano <a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a></li> +<li>Cutcuran <a href="#pb135" class="pageref">135</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">D.</h3> +<ul> +<li>Dagmays <a href="#pb350" class="pageref">350</a>, <a href="#pb355" +class="pageref">355</a></li> +<li>Dalatanes <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a></li> +<li>Datto <a href="#pb367" class="pageref">367</a>, <a href="#pb368" +class="pageref">368</a><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb420" href= +"#pb420" name="pb420">420</a>]</span></li> +<li>Datto Realao <a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a></li> +<li>Dava <a href="#pb131" class="pageref">131</a></li> +<li>Definidor <a href="#pb67" class="pageref">67</a></li> +<li>Desas [Java] <a href="#pb3" class="pageref">3</a></li> +<li>Desgana <a href="#pb169" class="pageref">169</a></li> +<li>Dewata <a href="#pb349" class="pageref">349</a></li> +<li>Dinatas <a href="#pb302" class="pageref">302</a></li> +<li>Dolon <a href="#pb251" class="pageref">251</a></li> +<li>Dungon <a href="#pb309" class="pageref">309</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">E.</h3> +<ul> +<li>Escribano <a href="#pb26" class="pageref">26</a></li> +<li>Espediente <a href="#pb41" class="pageref">41</a></li> +<li>Estanco <a href="#pb43" class="pageref">43</a></li> +<li>Estera <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">F.</h3> +<ul> +<li>Falconetes <a href="#pb87" class="pageref">87</a></li> +<li>Fallos <a href="#pb50" class="pageref">50</a></li> +<li>Farderia <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>, <a href="#pb240" +class="pageref">240</a></li> +<li>Fiscal <a href="#pb26" class="pageref">26</a></li> +<li>Frijoles <a href="#pb68" class="pageref">68</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">G.</h3> +<ul> +<li>Gangalia <a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a></li> +<li>Ganta <a href="#pb371" class="pageref">371</a></li> +<li>Garbanzos <a href="#pb68" class="pageref">68</a></li> +<li>Gayang or Sayang <a href="#pb255" class="pageref">255</a></li> +<li>Gobernadorcillo <a href="#pb10" class="pageref">10</a></li> +<li>Gogo <a href="#pb179" class="pageref">179</a></li> +<li>Guardia Civil <a href="#pb28" class="pageref">28</a></li> +<li>Guíjo <a href="#pb309" class="pageref">309</a></li> +<li>Guilálo <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a></li> +<li>Guinára <a href="#pb283" class="pageref">283</a></li> +<li>Guingon <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a>–251</li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">H.</h3> +<ul> +<li>Hacienda <a href="#pb73" class="pageref">73</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">I.</h3> +<ul> +<li>Inquilino <a href="#pb239" class="pageref">239</a>, <a href= +"#pb303" class="pageref">303</a></li> +<li>Inspeccion de Montes <a href="#pb309" class="pageref">309</a></li> +<li>Ipon <a href="#pb251" class="pageref">251</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">J.</h3> +<ul> +<li>Jabol <a href="#pb371" class="pageref">371</a></li> +<li>Juez <a href="#pb26" class="pageref">26</a></li> +<li>Juez de Paz <a href="#pb336" class="pageref">336</a></li> +<li><span class="corr" id="xd20e19003" title= +"Source: Júzi">Júsi</span> <a href="#pb159" class= +"pageref">159</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">K.</h3> +<ul> +<li>Kabaya <a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182</a></li> +<li>Katipunan <a href="#pb82" class="pageref">82</a></li> +<li>Kris <a href="#pb283" class="pageref">283</a>, <a href="#pb344" +class="pageref">344</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">L.</h3> +<ul> +<li>Labuyao <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a></li> +<li>Lacapati <a href="#pb209" class="pageref">209</a></li> +<li>Lacatan <a href="#pb131" class="pageref">131</a></li> +<li>Lamudia <a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a></li> +<li>Langa <a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a></li> +<li>Lantaca <a href="#pb87" class="pageref">87</a>, <a href="#pb96" +class="pageref">96</a>, <a href="#pb373" class="pageref">373</a>, +<a href="#pb387" class="pageref">387</a></li> +<li>Láte <a href="#pb286" class="pageref">286</a></li> +<li>Lenguado <a href="#pb225" class="pageref">225</a></li> +<li>Leyes de Indias <a href="#pb51" class="pageref">51</a></li> +<li>Liga Filipina <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a></li> +<li>Limbucun <a href="#pb333" class="pageref">333</a></li> +<li>Limocon <a href="#pb359" class="pageref">359</a></li> +<li>Lisa <a href="#pb225" class="pageref">225</a></li> +<li>Lomboy <a href="#pb250" class="pageref">250</a></li> +<li>Lorcha <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a></li> +<li>Lucban <a href="#pb250" class="pageref">250</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">M.</h3> +<ul> +<li>Maestro de Campo <a href="#pb310" class="pageref">310</a>, <a href= +"#pb343" class="pageref">343</a></li> +<li>Maestro Cook <a href="#pb181" class="pageref">181</a></li> +<li>Mainguel <a href="#pb256" class="pageref">256</a></li> +<li>Majarasin <a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a></li> +<li>Mali-mali <a href="#pb168" class="pageref">168</a></li> +<li>Manbunung <a href="#pb259" class="pageref">259</a></li> +<li>Mandarines <a href="#pb367" class="pageref">367</a></li> +<li>Manta <a href="#pb226" class="pageref">226</a></li> +<li>Mantos de Ilocos <a href="#pb251" class="pageref">251</a></li> +<li>Maradiadina <a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a></li> +<li>Marcha Réal <a href="#pb188" class="pageref">188</a></li> +<li>Marina Sutil <a href="#pb361" class="pageref">361</a></li> +<li>Matandang-sa-naya <a href="#pb226" class="pageref">226</a></li> +<li>Mayordomo <a href="#pb180" class="pageref">180</a></li> +<li>Meilupa <a href="#pb2" class="pageref">2</a>O9</li> +<li>Meritórios <a href="#pb26" class="pageref">26</a></li> +<li>Molave <a href="#pb141" class="pageref">141</a></li> +<li>Mongo <a href="#pb131" class="pageref">131</a></li> +<li>Monsoon <a href="#pb174" class="pageref">174</a></li> +<li>Moro-moro <a href="#pb369" class="pageref">369</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">N.</h3> +<ul> +<li>Nacudia <a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a></li> +<li>Narra <a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178</a>, <a href="#pb245" +class="pageref">245</a></li> +<li>Nipa <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>, <a href="#pb241" +class="pageref">241</a></li> +<li>Nipis <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a>, <a href="#pb250" +class="pageref">250</a></li> +<li>Nito <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>, <a href="#pb249" +class="pageref">249</a></li> +<li>Nono <a href="#pb214" class="pageref">214</a>, <a href="#pb218" +class="pageref">218</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">O.</h3> +<ul> +<li>Óo <a href="#pb213" class="pageref">213</a></li> +<li>Orang Kaya <a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">P.</h3> +<ul> +<li>Paddy or palay <a href="#pb371" class="pageref">371</a></li> +<li>Padrino <a href="#pb50" class="pageref">50</a></li> +<li>Paduca <a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a></li> +<li>Paga-paga <a href="#pb357" class="pageref">357</a></li> +<li>Pagaré <a href="#pb229" class="pageref">229</a></li> +<li>Pagdatto <a href="#pb371" class="pageref">371</a></li> +<li>Paghuaga <a href="#pb336" class="pageref">336</a></li> +<li>Pailebote <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a></li> +<li>Palacol <a href="#pb140" class="pageref">140</a></li> +<li>Palomaria <a href="#pb250" class="pageref">250</a></li> +<li>Pámpano <a href="#pb225" class="pageref">225</a></li> +<li>Panditas <a href="#pb367" class="pageref">367</a></li> +<li>Pangasi <a href="#pb357" class="pageref">357</a>, <a href="#pb358" +class="pageref">358</a></li> +<li>Pantalan <a href="#pb257" class="pageref">257</a></li> +<li>Pasing tabi sa nono <a href="#pb214" class="pageref">214</a></li> +<li>Patadion <a href="#pb283" class="pageref">283</a>, <a href="#pb285" +class="pageref">285</a>, <a href="#pb300" class="pageref">300</a>, +<a href="#pb348" class="pageref">348</a></li> +<li>Patianac <a href="#pb214" class="pageref">214</a></li> +<li>Paujalay <a href="#pb369" class="pageref">369</a></li> +<li>Pavito réal <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a></li> +<li>Peje rey <a href="#pb225" class="pageref">225</a></li> +<li>Perniciosa <a href="#pb363" class="pageref">363</a></li> +<li>Personero <a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162</a></li> +<li>Pes <a href="#pb358" class="pageref">358</a></li> +<li>Petate <a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178</a></li> +<li>Pica-pleito <a href="#pb151" class="pageref">151</a>, <a href= +"#pb231" class="pageref">231</a></li> +<li>Pilápile <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a>, <a href= +"#pb327" class="pageref">327</a></li> +<li>Pilon <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>, <a href="#pb240" +class="pageref">240</a></li> +<li>Pinag <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>, <a href="#pb196" +class="pageref">196</a></li> +<li>Piña <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a></li> +<li>Pinga <a href="#pb181" class="pageref">181</a></li> +<li>Pita <a href="#pb250" class="pageref">250</a></li> +<li>Po <a href="#pb213" class="pageref">213</a></li> +<li>Polos <a href="#pb50" class="pageref">50</a></li> +<li>Pontines <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a></li> +<li>Principales <a href="#pb10" class="pageref">10</a>, <a href="#pb45" +class="pageref">45</a></li> +<li>Pronunciamento <a href="#pb17" class="pageref">17</a></li> +<li>Provincial <a href="#pb67" class="pageref">67</a></li> +<li>Pueblo <a href="#pb3" class="pageref">3</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Q.</h3> +<ul> +<li>Quiap <a href="#pb344" class="pageref">344</a>, <a href="#pb346" +class="pageref">346</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">R.</h3> +<ul> +<li>Rajah Muda <a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a></li> +<li>Rancheria <a href="#pb329" class="pageref">329</a></li> +<li>Rayadillo <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a><span class= +"pagenum">[<a id="pb421" href="#pb421" name= +"pb421">421</a>]</span></li> +<li>Réal Haber <a href="#pb46" class="pageref">46</a></li> +<li>Reconcentrado <a href="#pb20" class="pageref">20</a></li> +<li>Reconocimiento de Vasalaje <a href="#pb246" class= +"pageref">246</a>, <a href="#pb282" class="pageref">282</a></li> +<li>Reducciones <a href="#pb327" class="pageref">327</a>, <a href= +"#pb329" class="pageref">329</a></li> +<li>Regnas <a href="#pb260" class="pageref">260</a></li> +<li>Remontados <a href="#pb29" class="pageref">29</a>, <a href="#pb281" +class="pageref">281</a>, <a href="#pb296" class="pageref">296</a></li> +<li>Remontar <a href="#pb210" class="pageref">210</a>, <a href="#pb249" +class="pageref">249</a></li> +<li>Rengue <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a></li> +<li>Resistencia á Fuerza armada <a href="#pb46" class= +"pageref">46</a></li> +<li>Rhinodon tipicus <a href="#pb225" class="pageref">225</a></li> +<li>Rima <a href="#pb315" class="pageref">315</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">S.</h3> +<ul> +<li>Sacate <a href="#pb227" class="pageref">227</a></li> +<li>Sacayan <a href="#pb359" class="pageref">359</a></li> +<li>Sácope <a href="#pb11" class="pageref">11</a></li> +<li>Saguin <a href="#pb131" class="pageref">131</a></li> +<li>Saguran <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a></li> +<li>Sala <a href="#pb245" class="pageref">245</a></li> +<li>Salacot <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a></li> +<li>Saldiringan <a href="#pb358" class="pageref">358</a></li> +<li>Salisipanes <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a></li> +<li>Sanibayang <a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a></li> +<li>Sarif <a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a></li> +<li>Sarong <a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182</a></li> +<li>Saya <a href="#pb245" class="pageref">245</a>, <a href="#pb301" +class="pageref">301</a></li> +<li>Scapulary <a href="#pb215" class="pageref">215</a></li> +<li>Segundo Cabo <a href="#pb19" class="pageref">19</a></li> +<li>Sesame <a href="#pb135" class="pageref">135</a></li> +<li>Si <a href="#pb213" class="pageref">213</a></li> +<li>Sibucao <a href="#pb250" class="pageref">250</a></li> +<li>Sinamay <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a></li> +<li>Somáten <a href="#pb331" class="pageref">331</a>, <a href= +"#pb332" class="pageref">332</a></li> +<li>Sucaran <a href="#pb357" class="pageref">357</a></li> +<li>Sumario <a href="#pb45" class="pageref">45</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">T.</h3> +<ul> +<li>Tabo <a href="#pb179" class="pageref">179</a></li> +<li>Tabon <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a></li> +<li>Tabungao <a href="#pb250" class="pageref">250</a></li> +<li>Taga-bundoc <a href="#pb340" class="pageref">340</a></li> +<li>Taga-buquid <a href="#pb340" class="pageref">340</a></li> +<li>Talanan <a href="#pb359" class="pageref">359</a></li> +<li>Talas <a href="#pb29" class="pageref">29</a></li> +<li>Talian <a href="#pb343" class="pageref">343</a></li> +<li>Talibon <a href="#pb255" class="pageref">255</a></li> +<li>Taming <a href="#pb359" class="pageref">359</a></li> +<li>Tampipi <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a></li> +<li>Tapa-rabo <a href="#pb311" class="pageref">311</a></li> +<li>Tapis <a href="#pb245" class="pageref">245</a>, <a href="#pb300" +class="pageref">300</a></li> +<li>Teache <a href="#pb303" class="pageref">303</a></li> +<li>Teniente <a href="#pb336" class="pageref">336</a></li> +<li>Ternate <a href="#pb131" class="pageref">131</a></li> +<li>Tiburon <a href="#pb225" class="pageref">225</a></li> +<li>Tic-balan <a href="#pb214" class="pageref">214</a></li> +<li>Tic-tic <a href="#pb214" class="pageref">214</a></li> +<li>Tiffin [Hindostanee] <a href="#pb182" class="pageref">182</a></li> +<li>Timuay <a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a></li> +<li>Tinaja <a href="#pb135" class="pageref">135</a>, <a href="#pb136" +class="pageref">136</a></li> +<li>Tinapá <a href="#pb225" class="pageref">225</a></li> +<li>Tindoc <a href="#pb131" class="pageref">131</a></li> +<li>Tintarron <a href="#pb135" class="pageref">135</a></li> +<li>Traje del pais <a href="#pb186" class="pageref">186</a></li> +<li>Traspaso de hambre <a href="#pb169" class="pageref">169</a></li> +<li>Tribunal <a href="#pb43" class="pageref">43</a></li> +<li>Tribunal Suprémo <a href="#pb231" class= +"pageref">231</a></li> +<li>Tributo <a href="#pb53" class="pageref">53</a></li> +<li>Trocha <a href="#pb325" class="pageref">325</a>, <a href="#pb360" +class="pageref">360</a>, <a href="#pb379" class="pageref">379</a>, +<a href="#pb386" class="pageref">386</a></li> +<li>Tuang <a href="#pb368" class="pageref">368</a></li> +<li>Tubigan <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a>, <a href="#pb227" +class="pageref">227</a></li> +<li>Tulisan <a href="#pb28" class="pageref">28</a>, <a href="#pb215" +class="pageref">215</a>, <a href="#pb243" class="pageref">243</a></li> +<li>Typhoon <a href="#pb174" class="pageref">174</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">V.</h3> +<ul> +<li>Varadero <a href="#pb33" class="pageref">33</a></li> +<li>Vicario foráneo <a href="#pb68" class="pageref">68</a></li> +<li>Viernes Santo <a href="#pb187" class="pageref">187</a></li> +<li>Vino de Nipa <a href="#pb242" class="pageref">242</a></li> +<li>Vintas <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>, <a href="#pb362" +class="pageref">362</a></li> +<li>Visita <a href="#pb312" class="pageref">312</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divHead"> +<h3 class="main">Y.</h3> +<ul> +<li>Yacal <a href="#pb141" class="pageref">141</a></li> +<li>Ylang-ilang <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a></li> +<li>Ypil <a href="#pb141" class="pageref">141</a></li> +</ul> +<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb422" href="#pb422" name= +"pb422">422</a>]</span></p> +</div> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first"></p> +<div class="table"> +<h4 class="tablecaption">Cardinal Numbers in Seven Dialects.</h4> +<table> +<thead> +<tr class="label"> +<td></td> +<td>Peninsula and Islands.</td> +<td colspan="2">Luzon.</td> +<td colspan="3">Borneo. Three Dayak Dialects.</td> +<td>North Borneo.</td> +</tr> +<tr class="label"> +<td></td> +<td>Malay.</td> +<td>Tagal.</td> +<td>Pampango.</td> +<td>Sabuyan.</td> +<td>Lara.</td> +<td>Salakan.</td> +<td>Ida’an.</td> +</tr> +</thead> +<tbody> +<tr> +<td>1</td> +<td lang="ms">Satu.</td> +<td lang="tl">Isa.</td> +<td lang="pam">Isa or metung.</td> +<td lang="sbn">Sat.</td> +<td>Asa.</td> +<td>Asa.</td> +<td>Iso or san.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>2</td> +<td lang="ms">Dua.</td> +<td lang="tl">Daláua.</td> +<td lang="pam">Adua.</td> +<td lang="sbn">Dua.</td> +<td>Dua.</td> +<td>Dua.</td> +<td>Duo.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>3</td> +<td lang="ms">Tiga.</td> +<td lang="tl">Tatlo.</td> +<td lang="pam">Atlu.</td> +<td lang="sbn">Tiga.</td> +<td>Taru.</td> +<td>Talu.</td> +<td>Telo.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>4</td> +<td lang="ms">Ampat.</td> +<td lang="tl">Apat.</td> +<td lang="pam">Apat.</td> +<td lang="sbn">Ampat.</td> +<td>Apat.</td> +<td>Ampat.</td> +<td>Apat.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>5</td> +<td lang="ms">Lima.</td> +<td lang="tl">Lima.</td> +<td lang="pam">Lima.</td> +<td lang="sbn">Lima.</td> +<td>Rima.</td> +<td>Lima.</td> +<td>Limo.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>6</td> +<td lang="ms">Anam.</td> +<td lang="tl">Anim.</td> +<td lang="pam">Anam.</td> +<td lang="sbn">Anam.</td> +<td>Unum.</td> +<td>Anam.</td> +<td>Anam.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>7</td> +<td lang="ms">Tujoh.</td> +<td lang="tl">Pito.</td> +<td lang="pam">Pitu.</td> +<td lang="sbn">Tujoh.</td> +<td>Ijo.</td> +<td>Tujoh.</td> +<td>Turo.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>8</td> +<td lang="ms">Dŭlapan.</td> +<td lang="tl">Uálo.</td> +<td lang="pam">Ualu.</td> +<td lang="sbn">Lapan.</td> +<td>Mahi.</td> +<td>Delapan.</td> +<td>Walo.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>9</td> +<td lang="ms">Sŭmbilan.</td> +<td lang="tl">Siam.</td> +<td lang="pam">Siam.</td> +<td lang="sbn">Sambilan.</td> +<td>Pire.</td> +<td>Sambilau.</td> +<td>Siam.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>10</td> +<td lang="ms">Sa’puloh.</td> +<td lang="tl">Sang puot.</td> +<td lang="pam">Apulu.</td> +<td lang="sbn">Sapulo.</td> +<td>Sapuloh.</td> +<td>Sapuloh.</td> +<td>Opod.</td> +</tr> +</tbody> +</table> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="div1 imprint"><span class="pagenum">[<a href= +"#toc">Contents</a>]</span> +<div class="divBody"> +<p class="first xd20e120">London: Printed by William Clowes and Sons, +Limited, Stamford Street and Charing Cross.</p> +</div> +</div> +<div class="transcribernote"> +<h2 class="main">Colophon</h2> +<h3 class="main">Availability</h3> +<p class="first">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no +cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give +it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License +included with this eBook or online at <a class="exlink xd20e41" title= +"External link" href= +"https://www.gutenberg.org/">www.gutenberg.org</a>.</p> +<p>This eBook is produced by Tamiko I. Rollings, Jeroen Hellingman and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at <a class="exlink xd20e41" +title="External link" href="https://www.pgdp.net/">www.pgdp.net</a>.</p> +<p>Scans of this book are available from the Internet Archive +(<a class="exlink xd20e41" title="External link" href= +"http://www.archive.org/details/inhabitantsphil00sawygoog">1</a>, +<a class="exlink xd20e41" title="External link" href= +"http://www.archive.org/details/inhabitantsofphi00sawy">2</a>, +<a class="exlink xd20e41" title="External link" href= +"http://www.archive.org/details/inhabitantsphil01sawygoog">3</a>).</p> +<p>Related Library of Congress catalog page: <a class="catlink" href= +"http://lccn.loc.gov/01003020">01003020</a>.</p> +<p>Related Open Library catalog page (for source): <a class="catlink" +href="http://openlibrary.org/books/OL6903046M">OL6903046M</a>.</p> +<p>Related Open Library catalog page (for work): <a class="catlink" +href="http://openlibrary.org/works/OL225484W">OL225484W</a>.</p> +<p>Related WorldCat catalog page: <a class="catlink" href= +"http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/351227">351227</a>.</p> +<h3 class="main">Encoding</h3> +<p class="first"></p> +<h3 class="main">Revision History</h3> +<ul> +<li>17-OCT-2007 Started.</li> +</ul> +<h3 class="main">External References</h3> +<p>This Project Gutenberg eBook contains external references. These +links may not work for you.</p> +<h3 class="main">Corrections</h3> +<p>The following corrections have been applied to the text:</p> +<table class="correctiontable" summary= +"Overview of corrections applied to the text."> +<tr> +<th>Page</th> +<th>Source</th> +<th>Correction</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e248">viii</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3820">67</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">no</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">not</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e374">xiii</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Petermans</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Petermann’s</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e409">xiii</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Crauford</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Crawford</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e446">xiii</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Phillipines</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Philippines</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e579">xiv</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Risal</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Rizal</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e1135">xxiv</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">,</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">–</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2677">18</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">befel</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">befell</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2754">24</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e6389">172</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2773">25</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Alcadia</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Alcaldia</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e2814">28</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4822">110</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e5324">134</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd20e8339">246</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e11578">334</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">,</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e3851">69</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e9867">276</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e9870">276</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e12579">373</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4358">88</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Dalahícan</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Dalahican</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4374">89</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">that</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Deleted</i>]</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4602">96</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">case</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">ease</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4842">111</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">.</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4911">114</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7481">212</a>, <a class="pageref" href= +"#xd20e7495">212</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">”</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e4937">115</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">adaptibility</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">adaptability</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e5653">146</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">twevle</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">twelve</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e7492">212</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">[<i>Not in source</i>]</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">“</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e8557">255</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">o</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">of</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e8560">255</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">cylindical</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">cylindrical</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e8718">260</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e8725">260</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Igorrottes</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Igorrotes</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e9882">277</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">gound</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">ground</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e9925">280</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Del</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">del</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e10866">310</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Inagahuan</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Inagáhuan</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e10923">314</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Inagahúan</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Inagáhuan</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e11282">324</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Amongt</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Amongst</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e11527">332</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">cutomers</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">customers</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e11710">339</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">reduccions</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">reducciones</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e11842">346</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">takes</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">take</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e11845">346</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">stick</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">sticks</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e12142">357</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">, he</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">. He</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e12244">361</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">hy</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">by</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e12266">362</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">manfnlly</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">manfully</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e12285">363</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">deperate</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">desperate</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e12308">364</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">strlking</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">striking</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e12322">364</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">adjacents</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">adjacent</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e12540">372</a>, +<a class="pageref" href="#xd20e12545">372</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Iman</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Imam</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e14164">394</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Mariá</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Maria</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e17442">415</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Monteses</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Montéses</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd20e19003">420</a></td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Júzi</td> +<td class="width40 bottom">Júsi</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Inhabitants of the Philippines, by +Frederic H. 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