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diff --git a/38004-h/38004-h.htm b/38004-h/38004-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a00522c --- /dev/null +++ b/38004-h/38004-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,2984 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<!-- $Id: header.txt 236 2009-12-07 18:57:00Z vlsimpson $ --> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Vertebrates from the Barrier Island +of Tamaulipas, México, by Robert K. Selander, Richard F. Johnston, B. J. Wilks, and Gerald G. Raun. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + + p.title { text-align: center; text-indent: 0; + font-weight: bold; + line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 3em; } + + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} + +.i4 {display: block; margin-left: 3.5em; + padding-left: 3.5em; text-indent: -3.5em;} + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.u {text-decoration: underline;} + +.caption {font-weight: bold;} + +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; + margin-bottom: 1em; +} + +.footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + vertical-align: super; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: + none; +} + + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Vertebrates from the Barrier Island of +Tamaulipas, México, by Robert K Selander and Richard F Johnston and B. J. Wilks and Gerald G. Raun + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Vertebrates from the Barrier Island of Tamaulipas, México + +Author: Robert K Selander + Richard F Johnston + B. J. Wilks + Gerald G. Raun + +Release Date: November 13, 2011 [EBook #38004] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VERTEBRATES FROM THE BARRIER *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + + + +<p class="title"> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Museum of Natural History</span><br /><br /> + +Volume 12, No. 7, pp. 309-345, pls. 5-8.<br /><br /> + +June 18, 1962</p> + +<h1>Vertebrates from the Barrier Island<br /> +of Tamaulipas, México</h1> + +<p class="title">BY<br /><br /> +ROBERT K. SELANDER, RICHARD F. JOHNSTON,<br /> +B. J. WILKS, AND GERALD G. RAUN</p> + +<p class="title"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Lawrence</span><br /> +1962 +</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p class="title"> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Museum of Natural History</span><br /><br /> + +Volume 12, No. 7, pp. 309-345, pls. 5-8.<br /><br /> + +June 18, 1962</p> + +<h1>Vertebrates from the Barrier Island<br /> +of Tamaulipas, México</h1> + +<p class="title">BY<br /><br /> +ROBERT K. SELANDER, RICHARD F. JOHNSTON,<br /> +B. J. WILKS, AND GERALD G. RAUN</p> + +<p class="title"><span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Lawrence</span><br /> +1962 +</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p class="center"> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History</span><br /> +<br /> +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,<br /> +Theodore H. Eaton, Jr.<br /> +<br /> +Volume 12, No. 7, pp. 309-345<br /> +Published June 18, 1962<br /> +<br /> +<span class="smcap">University of Kansas</span><br /> +Lawrence, Kansas<br /> +<br /> +<small>PRINTED BY</small><br /> +<small>JEAN M. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER</small><br /> +<small>TOPEKA, KANSAS</small><br /> +<small>1962</small><br /> +<br /> +<small>29-3002</small><br /> +</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="Vertebrates_from_the_Barrier_Island" id="Vertebrates_from_the_Barrier_Island"></a>Vertebrates from the Barrier Island<br /> +of Tamaulipas, México</h2> + +<p class="center">BY<br /><br /> + +ROBERT K. SELANDER, RICHARD F. JOHNSTON, B. J. WILKS, and +GERALD G. RAUN</p> + + +<p>Lying between the Gulf of Mexico and the Laguna Madre de +Tamaulipas is a narrow barrier island extending from the delta of +the Rio Grande south for 140 miles to within 185 miles of Tampico, +Tamaulipas (<a href="#plate_5">Plate 5</a>). This island, like most of coastal Tamaulipas, +has been all but neglected by zoological collectors. Consequently, +little is known of the kinds, distribution, and seasonal status +of the vertebrates occurring there. The present paper is a report +on land vertebrates collected and observed on the northern part +of the barrier island of Tamaulipas from July 6 to 10, 1961. Our +collection, which has been deposited in the Museum of Natural +History, The University of Kansas, consists of 63 reptiles, 33 mammals, +and 97 birds (58 skins, 19 skeletons, and 20 alcoholics).</p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Acknowledgments" id="Acknowledgments"></a>Acknowledgments</h2> + + +<p>We are especially indebted to Dr. Charles H. Simpson of Sinton, +Texas, who generously placed at our disposal his truck, a four-wheel +drive "Land Rover," without which travel on the island would have +been difficult. We also acknowledge a loan of field equipment +provided by Dr. Clarence Cottam, Director of the Welder Wildlife +Research Foundation, Sinton, Texas.</p> + +<p>Financial support for the present research was provided by grants +from the National Science Foundation to The University of Texas +(G 15882) and to The University of Kansas (G 10043).</p> + +<p>Permits to collect vertebrates in México were supplied by Ing. +Luis Macias Arellano, El Director General, Departamento de Conservación +de la Fauna Silves, México, D. F.</p> + +<p>We are indebted to Dr. Richard H. Manville for arranging a loan +of specimens of <i>Geomys personatus tropicalis</i> in the United States +National Museum. Dr. Marshall Johnston kindly identified specimens +of plants from the barrier island. Several bones of birds and +mammals were identified by Dr. Pierce Brodkorb and Dr. E. L. +Lundelius. Mr. J. Knox Jones identified some of the mammalian +material, and Dr. W. E. Duellman verified the identifications of the +lizards; we thank all of these men for their willing assistance.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="The_Ecological_Setting" id="The_Ecological_Setting"></a>The Ecological Setting</h2> + + +<p>The barrier island of Tamaulipas geologically and ecologically +resembles Padre Island, of the Gulf coast of lower Texas, north of +the mouth and delta of the Rio Grande. South of the delta, the +island in Tamaulipas is a narrow strip of sand less than a mile in +average width and is broken by a series of narrow inlets or "passes" +through which water from the Gulf of Mexico mingles with that +of the Laguna Madre de Tamaulipas. The passes are subject to +recurrent opening and closing. North of the mouth of the Río Soto +la Marina, eight passes are designated by local fishermen, but only +three, the Third, Fourth, and Fifth, were open at the time of our +visit.</p> + +<p>The Laguna Madre de Tamaulipas is described by Hildebrand +(1958) in connection with a preliminary study of the fishes and +invertebrates there. The average depth is probably less than 70 cm. +and the waters are hypersaline. In the time of the recent drought +in Texas and northeastern México, salinity varied from 108 to 117 +parts per thousand in the northern part of the laguna near Arroyo +del Tigre (measurements taken in March, 1955) to from 39 to 48 +parts per thousand in the southern part near Punta Piedras (measurements +taken in October and November, 1953, and in March, +1954). Discussions of the geologic history, ecology, and zoogeography +of the lagoons of the Gulf coast of the United States are given +by Hedgpeth (1947; 1953).</p> + +<p>Localities in coastal Tamaulipas mentioned in the text of this +paper are shown on <a href="#plate_5">Plate 5</a>.</p> + +<p>The principal animal habitats are found in three vegetational +associations (<a href="#plate_6">plates 6</a> and <a href="#plate_7">7</a>). On flats and low dunes lying between, +and partly sheltered by, larger active dunes, small clumps of +<i>Croton punctatus</i> and a sedge (<i>Fimbristylis castanea</i>) are the only +conspicuous plants. Near the western edge of the dunes, <i>Ipomoea +pescaprae</i> var. <i>emarginata</i> is mixed with <i>Croton</i>, and there are scattered +clumps of shrubby wolf-berry (<i>Lycium carolinianum</i> var. +<i>quadrifidum</i>), and mesquite (<i>Prosopis juliflora</i>).</p> + +<p>The dunes are relatively stabilized on the western side of the +island, and there we found moderately dense stands of mesquite +trees reaching heights of from eight to 10 feet. Prickly-pear cactus +(<i>Opuntia lindheimeri</i>) was common in those stands of mesquite, +and we saw an occasional yucca tree. A fairly dense ground cover +was formed by blanket-flower (<i>Gaillardia pulchella</i>), marsh-elder +(<i>Iva</i> sp.), <i>Flaveria oppositifolia</i>, <i>Enstoma exaltatum</i>, and <i>Croton +capitatus</i> var. <i>albinoides</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span></p> + +<p>A more open, xeric expression of the mesquite-cactus vegetation +occurs on exposed, low clay dunes (see description by Price, 1933) +located on alkaline flats bordering the laguna. At the time of our +visit, most of the mesquites in these stands were dead or dying, the +cactus was abundant, and the ground cover, which was sparse, +included drop-seed (<i>Sporobolus virginicus</i>), ragweed (<i>Ambrosia +psilostachya</i>), and <i>Commicarpus scandens</i>.</p> + +<p>On alkaline flats flooded by hypersaline waters of the laguna following +heavy rains, <i>Batis maritima</i> is found in the lower areas, but +on the slightly elevated areas there is low and almost continuous +cover of <i>Monanthochloë littoralis</i>, in which can be found <i>Batis</i>, +<i>Borrichia fructescens</i>, <i>Salicornia</i> sp., <i>Iva</i> sp., and sea-lavender (<i>Limonium +carolinianum</i>).</p> + +<p>Near Third Pass, sea oats (<i>Uniola paniculata</i>), evening primrose +(<i>Oenothera</i> sp.), and cordgrass (<i>Spartina</i> sp.) are present on the +dunes, and on alkaline flats we collected <i>Conocarpus erectus</i>, <i>Leucaena</i> +sp., and <i>Cassia fasciculata</i> var. <i>ferrisiae</i>.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Itinerary" id="Itinerary"></a>Itinerary</h2> + + +<p>We reached Washington Beach from Matamoros on July 6, and +drove to a point approximately 33 miles south on the beach, where +we made Camp 1 on the east side of large dunes 400 yards from the +surf. From this camp we worked the beach and dunes and also +visited alkaline flats adjacent to the Laguna Madre. On the afternoon +of July 8, we drove south along the beach and established +Camp 2 on the south side of the Third Pass, approximately 73 miles +south of Washington Beach. We had intended to go farther south +but were unable to cross the Fourth Pass, an inlet three miles south +of the Third Pass. We left the barrier island on the afternoon of +July 10, after driving north from Camp 2 to the mouth of the Rio +Grande, 11 miles north of Washington Beach.</p> + +<p>Mexican fishermen camped at the Fourth Pass told us that, had +we been able to cross the Fourth Pass, it would have been possible +to drive south on the beach all the way to La Pesca, a fishing village +near the mouth of the Río Soto la Marina, approximately 150 miles +south of Washington Beach.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Summary_of_Previous_Work_in_the_Area" id="Summary_of_Previous_Work_in_the_Area"></a>Summary of Previous Work in the Area</h2> + + +<p>The ornithologist H. E. Dresser (1865-1866) worked in southern +Texas and at Matamoros, Tamaulipas, in 1863, and on one occasion +reached the mouth of the Rio Grande ("Boca Grande"). He did +not visit the barrier island or the Laguna Madre de Tamaulipas.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span></p> + +<p>In their extensive travels through México, E. W. Nelson and E. A. +Goldman made collections at three localities in the coastal region +of Tamaulipas but did not reach the barrier island (Goldman, 1951). +Goldman collected at Altamira, near Tampico, from April 2 to 24, +1898, and from May 15 to 20 of the same year both he and Nelson +made headquarters at Altamira. Nelson and Goldman also collected +in the vicinity of Soto la Marina, 25 miles from the coast, from March +1 to 10, 1902, and, from February 13 to 15, they visited Bagdad, +described by Goldman (1951:260) as "a village at very low elevation +on the Río Grande about 6 miles above the mouth of the river."</p> + +<p>In March, 1950, C. von Wedel and E. R. Hall collected four species +of mammals and one bird on the barrier island at Boca Jésus María +(Eighth Pass). A report of this work published by Hall (1951) +contains descriptions of three new subspecies of mammals from the +island.</p> + +<p>A few records of birds from the southern end of the barrier island +and from other parts of coastal Tamaulipas were reported by Robins, +Martin, and Heed (1951). In 1953, R. R. Graber and J. W. Graber +made ornithological studies in the vicinity of Tampico and also +reached the western edge of the Laguna Madre de Tamaulipas. +Several papers on this work have appeared (Graber and Graber, +1954<i>a</i>, 1954<i>b</i>; Graber, 1955), but a comprehensive account of their +observations and specimens was not published. Finally, J. R. Alcorn +collected some sandpipers 20 miles southeast of Matamoros, on +August 21, 1954, obtaining the first record of the Semipalmated +Sandpiper (<i>Ereunetes pusillus</i>) in Tamaulipas (Thompson, 1958).</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Accounts_of_Species" id="Accounts_of_Species"></a>Accounts of Species</h2> + + +<p>Catalogue numbers in the following accounts are those of the +Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas.</p> + + +<h3><i>Reptiles</i></h3> + +<p><b><i>Gopherus berlandieri</i></b> Agassiz: Texas Tortoise.—A pelvic girdle +and complete shell with a few attached scutes (63494) were found +in stabilized dunes at Camp 1 on July 7, and tracks were seen in +the same area. Fragments of two other shells (63493, 63495) were +found on sand flats between active dunes at Camp 1.</p> + +<p><b><i>Holbrookia propinqua propinqua</i></b> Baird and Girard: Keeled Earless +Lizard.—This lizard was abundant on dunes and in pebble-strewn +blow-out areas between dunes at Camp 2, but it occurred +in smaller numbers in the less stabilized dunes of sparser vegetation +at Camp 1. Breeding was in progress at both localities, as evidenced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span> +by the presence of eggs in the oviducts of several females, by the +heightened coloration of both sexes, and by mating behavior.</p> + +<p>The mating behavior of this species has not been described in +the literature, and the following observations, made by Raun at +Camp 2 on July 8, may be of interest. A male was seen to circle +a female as the latter remained motionless with tail curved upward +and to the side, exposing a patch of bright pink-orange color on +the ventral surface of the tail. At times the male approached the +female from the rear and slightly to the side, biting the dorsal part +of her neck and simultaneously attempting to effect intromission. +The female several times reacted to this approach by running forward +a few steps, thereby freeing her neck from the grasp of the +male. When the male did not attempt to approach again, the +female appeared to invite copulation by moving in front of him +with tail elevated and the colored ventral surface prominently displayed. +At the time of copulation, the male mounted from the rear +on the right side of the female, grasped her neck, and circled his +tail beneath her tail; at the same time the hindquarters of the female +were arched upward.</p> + +<p>To confirm the presumed sexes of the two individuals under observation, +both were collected while in copulation. Examination +of the still-coupled specimens showed that both hemipenes of the +male were everted and the left one had been inserted.</p> + +<p>Apparently the pink-orange subcaudal patch of females is present +only in the mating season. It was not present on specimens of this +species taken by Raun and Wilks on Padre Island, Texas, in autumn, +and it is not mentioned in taxonomic descriptions by Axtell (1954) +and Smith (1946).</p> + +<p>Measurements of adult specimens in our series indicate that +females are of smaller average size than males, and, as previously +noted by Smith (1946:132), females of this species have disproportionately +shorter tails than do males (Table 1).</p> + +<p><i>Holbrookia propinqua</i> was previously collected on the barrier +island by Axtell (1954:31; see also Axtell and Wasserman, 1953:2), +who took specimens at Boca Jésus María, at a locality six to seven +miles south of Boca Jésus María, and at a point 20 miles east-southeast +of Matamoros. Axtell (<i>loc. cit.</i>) also lists specimens in the +Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, from Tepehuaje and +from one mile north of Miramar Beach (Tampico).</p> + +<p>Specimens (56): 3 ♂ ♂ adult, 1 ♂ subadult, 63433-436, Camp +1, July 7. 33 ♂ ♂ adult, 63437-440, 63443-445, 63447, 63448, 63450-456,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span> +63458, 63460, 63462, 63463, 63465-468, 63470-478; 13 ♀ ♀ adult, +63441, 63446, 63449, 63457, 63459, 63469, 63479-485; 6 juv., 63442, +63461, 63464, 63486-488; Camp 2, July 9-July 10.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Table 1.—Measurements in Millimeters of Adult Specimens of</span> +<i>Holbrookia propinqua</i> <span class="smcap">from the Barrier Island of Tamaulipas</span></p> + + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="8" cellspacing="0" summary="holbrookia"> +<tr> +<th align="center">Sex</th> +<th align="center">Number<br />of<br />specimens</th> +<th align="center">Snout-vent<br />length</th> +<th align="center">Tail length</th> +<th align="center">Ratio:<br />snout-vent<br />to tail</th> +</tr> +<tr><td align="left">Male</td> +<td align="center">33</td> +<td align="center">56.0±0.5<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a><br />(49-62)</td> +<td align="center">77.0±0.7<br />(69-85)</td> +<td align="center">0.731±0.001<br />(0.682-0.817)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Female</td> +<td align="center">14</td> +<td align="center">50.9±0.5<br />(47-53)</td> +<td align="center">62.2±0.9<br />(57-68)</td> +<td align="center">0.825±0.001<br />(0.735-0.877)</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Mean ± standard error; range indicated in parentheses.</p></div> + +<p><b><i>Cnemidophorus gularis</i></b> Baird and Girard: Whip-tailed Lizard.—At +both camps we found this species in the same general habitat in +which <i>Holbrookia</i> occurred, but in numbers decidedly fewer than +the latter.</p> + +<p>Specimens (4): 2 ♀ ♀ adult, 63489, 63490, Camp 1, July 7. +1 ♂ adult, 63491, 1 ♀ adult, 63492, Camp 2, July 9.</p> + +<p>We failed to take specimens of snakes on the barrier island, but +tracks of snakes were noted on two occasions in dunes near Camp 1; +one trail led into a burrow of a kangaroo rat.</p> + + +<h3><i>Birds</i></h3> + +<p>Unless otherwise indicated, specimens taken were not molting. +For birds undergoing postnuptial or postjuvenal molt, the degree +of advancement of the molt is indicated by recording the number +of primaries of the old plumage that have not been dropped. For +example, the designation "4 P old" signifies that all primaries except +the distal four have been molted.</p> + +<p>Table 2 presents results of a strip census of birds along the strand, +made by three of us from the moving truck on the morning of July +10. Birds characteristically found on sand near the surf were thus +conveniently counted in accurate fashion. Birds not ordinarily found +on the strand could not be treated this way; most were considerably +less abundant than the eight most numerous species listed in Table 2. +Over-all, the numbers of individuals listed are a good index of +abundance of the Great Blue Heron and of the common charadriiform +birds on the beach in early July. The Black Tern is an exception,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> +however, and this is discussed in the account of that species +on page 327.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Table 2.—Birds<a name="FNanchor_A_2" id="FNanchor_A_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_2" class="fnanchor">[A]</a> Recorded Along 17 Miles of Beach<a name="FNanchor_B_3" id="FNanchor_B_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_3" class="fnanchor">[B]</a> on the +Barrier Island of Tamaulipas</span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="8" cellspacing="0" summary="birds"> +<tr> +<th align="center">Species</th> +<th align="center">Number</th> +<th align="center">Birds per mile</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Great Blue Heron</td> +<td align="right">9</td> +<td align="right">0.5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Oyster-catcher</td> +<td align="right">1</td> +<td align="right">0.1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Black-bellied Plover</td> +<td align="right">20</td> +<td align="right">1.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Wilson Plover</td> +<td align="right">53</td> +<td align="right">3.1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Willet</td> +<td align="right">43</td> +<td align="right">2.5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Sanderling</td> +<td align="right">55</td> +<td align="right">3.2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Laughing Gull</td> +<td align="right">136</td> +<td align="right">8.0</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Black Tern</td> +<td align="right">19</td> +<td align="right">1.1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Caspian Tern</td> +<td align="right">82</td> +<td align="right">4.8</td> +</tr> +<tr><td align="left">Least Tern</td> +<td align="right">221</td> +<td align="right">13.0</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Royal Tern</td> +<td align="right">301</td> +<td align="right">17.7</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Cabot Tern</td> +<td align="right">122</td> +<td align="right">7.2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left"> </td> +<td align="right">Total: 1062</td> +<td align="right">Total: 62.4</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_2" id="Footnote_A_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_2"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Common Tern, Forster Tern, and Long-billed Curlew also seen but not counted.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_B_3" id="Footnote_B_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_3"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> Between 56 and 73 miles south of Washington Beach, 11:00 to 11:45 a. m., July 10, +1961.</p> +</div> + +<p><b><i>Pelecanus erythrorhynchus</i></b> Gmelin: American White Pelican.—A +flock of approximately 300 individuals was seen resting at the +edge of the Laguna Madre near Camp 2 on July 9. When disturbed +by gunshots, the birds circled high over the laguna and flew to the +west. Among bones found on sand flats at Camp 1 are a left tarsometatarsus +and a pedal phalanx of an American White Pelican.</p> + +<p>Supposedly the only breeding colony of this species on the northern +Gulf coast is one in the Laguna Madre near Corpus Christi +(Peterson, 1960:8), but the possibility of one or more such colonies +existing in northeastern Tamaulipas has been suggested by Amadon +and Eckelberry (1955:68) on the basis of their observations of +individuals seen soaring near the coast 15 to 20 miles south of +Brownsville on April 15 and June 5, 1952. According to Hildebrand +(1958:153, and personal communication, August 14, 1961), small<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span> +colonies of white pelicans do breed in some years on two small +islands, in the Laguna Madre of Tamaulipas, located at 25° 26´ North +and 93° 30´ West.</p> + +<p>In Veracruz the species is recorded as a winter visitant and transient +(Loetscher, 1952:22; Amadon and Eckelberry, 1955:68). Coffey +(1960:289) reports the following observations for Veracruz and +Tamaulipas: a flock of 52 between Tlacotalpan and Alvarado, May +29, 1951; 80 near Cacaliloa, April 20, 1958; 180 birds north of Alvarado, +April 24, 1958; four at Altamira, May 28, 1955; flocks of +three, 13, and 37 "south" of Matamoros, May 20, 1951; 72 at Lomas +del Real, November 20, 1956.</p> + +<p><b><i>Pelecanus occidentalis</i></b> Gmelin: Brown Pelican.—Three individuals +flew north over the surf near Camp 1 on July 7, and a lone +bird was seen diving into the Gulf a short distance beyond the surf +near Camp 2 on July 9. Birds seen by us probably were of the +population named <i>P. o. carolinensis</i>, which is resident along the Gulf +coast (Mexican Check-list, 1950:21).</p> + +<p><b><i>Phalacrocorax</i></b> sp.: Cormorant.—From 80 to 100 adult and juvenal +cormorants were on the laguna at Camp 2 on July 8 and 9. +Probably they were Common Cormorants (<i>P. olivaceus</i>), but, because +specimens were not taken, we cannot eliminate the possibility +that some (or all) were Double-crested Cormorants (<i>P. auritus</i>). +The former breeds in coastal lowlands of eastern México, whereas the +latter is known in eastern México only as a winter visitant and has +not been recorded in Tamaulipas (Mexican Check-list, 1950:24).</p> + +<p><b><i>Fregata magnificens</i></b> Mathews: Magnificent Man-o'-war Bird.—An +observation of a lone bird circling high over the laguna at Camp +2 on July 9 seemingly constitutes the third record of this species in +Tamaulipas. Previous records were reported by Robins, Martin, and +Heed (1951:336), who found "large numbers" in the Barra Trinidad +region (8 miles north of Morón) on April 27 to 29, 1949, and mentioned +an immature male taken at Tampico on April 23, 1923; this +specimen has been identified by P. Brodkorb as <i>F. m. rothschildi</i>.</p> + +<p><b><i>Ardea herodias</i></b> Linnaeus: Great Blue Heron.—Our records of +this heron are limited to the following observations: four individuals +on the beach and seven in the laguna at Camp 1, July 7; one on the +beach 52 miles south of Washington Beach, July 8; one 74 miles +south of Washington Beach, July 8; two at Third Pass, July 8; 41 +standing on mud-flats at the edge of the laguna near Camp 2, July 9; +nine on the beach 56 to 73 miles south of Washington Beach, July 10; +one on the beach 42 miles south of Washington Beach, July 10.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span></p> + +<p>The status of the Great Blue Heron in coastal Tamaulipas remains +to be determined. The subspecies <i>A. h. wardi</i> (considered a synonym +of <i>A. h. occidentalis</i> by Hellmayr and Conover, 1948) is resident +and breeds on the Gulf coast of Texas and is to be expected as +a resident in Tamaulipas (Mexican Check-list, 1950:27). The +species may breed south to Veracruz, where Loetscher (1955:22) +reports it is "regular at nearly all seasons, chiefly on the coastal +plain"; he records an observation near Tamós on July 1. The subspecies +<i>A. h. herodias</i> and <i>A. h. treganzai</i> winter through much of +México and have been recorded in Tamaulipas (Mexican Check-list, +1950:27).</p> + +<p><b><i>Florida caerulea</i></b> (Linnaeus): Little Blue Heron.—We saw a +white (immature) individual feeding with Reddish Egrets along +an inlet at Camp 2 on July 8.</p> + +<p><b><i>Dichromanassa rufescens rufescens</i></b> (Gmelin): Reddish Egret.—This +egret was recorded only about the inlet at Camp 2, where 15 +individuals were feeding, either singly or in small groups, on July 8 +and 9. We noted frequent use of the "Open Wing" method of +foraging, as described by Meyerriecks (1960:108).</p> + +<p>Specimen: ♀ juv., 38899, ovary inactive, 587 gm., Camp 2, July +8. This specimen is referable to the nominate subspecies, which is +resident along the Gulf coast. Our record seems to be the first for +the species in Tamaulipas.</p> + +<p><b><i>Leucophoyx thula</i></b> (Molina): Snowy Egret.—Ten individuals of +this species were feeding in association with Reddish Egrets in the +inlet at Camp 2 on July 9.</p> + +<p><b><i>Hydranassa tricolor</i></b> (P. L. S. Müller): Tricolored Heron.—An +observation of one individual flying along the margin of the laguna +near Camp 2 is our only record of this species.</p> + +<p><b><i>Nycticorax nycticorax</i></b> (Linnaeus): Black-crowned Night Heron.—This +heron was found only at the edge of the laguna near Camp 2; +ten individuals were noted on July 8, and 20 were seen perched in +a clump of mesquite trees on July 9. Perhaps half the birds seen +were in juvenal plumage. A juvenile was shot and examined on +July 9 but was not preserved as a specimen.</p> + +<p>There appears to be no definite evidence of breeding by this +species in Tamaulipas (Mexican Check-list, 1950:32), but such may +be expected because the species breeds locally in Texas (Peterson, +1960:19) and in Veracruz.</p> + +<p><b><i>Ajaia ajaja</i></b> (Linnaeus): Roseate Spoonbill.—On July 9 at Camp<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span> +2, 38 spoonbills flew up from the edge of the laguna where they had +been resting near a large flock of white pelicans.</p> + +<p><b><i>Cathartes aura</i></b> (Linnaeus): Turkey Vulture.—One Turkey Vulture +was seen flying east at a point 2 miles west of Washington Beach +on July 10. It is noteworthy that we saw no Yellow-headed Vultures +(<i>C. burrovianus</i>), a species recently recorded in the region of +Tampico north to Lomas del Real (Graber and Graber, 1954<i>a</i>).</p> + +<p><b><i>Colinus virginianus texanus</i></b> (Lawrence): Bob-white.—This species +was seen only in or near clumps of mesquite near Camp 1, where +three covies (7, 13, and 18 individuals) were flushed on July 7. +Specimen: ♂ juv., 38900, testis 3 mm., 100 gm., 6 P old, Camp 1, +July 7.</p> + +<p><b><i>Porzana carolina</i></b> (Linnaeus): Sora Rail.—On sand flats at Camp +1 we found a left humerus and several other post-cranial skeletal +elements that have been identified by Dr. Pierce Brodkorb as belonging +to this species. All the bones are of Recent age. We have +no other record of the Sora Rail on the barrier island, but in all +probability it occurs as a migrant and winter visitant along margins +of the laguna.</p> + +<p><b><i>Haematopus ostralegus</i></b> Linnaeus: Oyster-catcher.—One individual +was seen at Camp 2 on July 8, three were noted at the same +locality on July 9, and one was present on the beach 72 miles south +of Washington Beach on July 10. The only previous records of this +species in Tamaulipas are a specimen (♂, 29348) taken by E. R. +Hall 10 miles west and 88 miles south of Matamoros on March 20, +1950 (herewith reported for the first time), and three seen on the +beach near Tepehuaje on May 9, 1949 (Robins, Martin, and Heed, +1951).</p> + +<p><b><i>Squatarola squatarola</i></b> (Linnaeus): Black-bellied Plover.—Plovers +of this species were uncommon but regular on the beach; frequently +two individuals were seen together, sometimes in association +with one or more Willets. Specimens (4): ♂, 38915, testis 4 +mm., 231 gm.; ♂, 38914, testis 4 mm., 221 gm.; ♂, 38916, testis 3 +mm., 209 gm., Camp 1, July 7. Male, 38917, testis 4 mm., 186 gm., +Camp 2, July 9. The specimens were molting (3-4 P old) into winter +plumage and showed little or no subcutaneous fat.</p> + +<p>Our specimens and records probably pertain to nonbreeding individuals +summering on the coast, as the species is known to do in +Texas (Hagar and Packard, 1952:9) and elsewhere in its range +(Eisenmann, 1951:182; Haverschmidt, 1955:336; A.O.U. Check-list,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span> +1957:174). In any event, our dates (July 6 to 10) are unusually +early for autumnal migrants; they do not reach Texas until August +(Peterson, 1960:94), and Loetscher (1955:26) gives August 7 as the +earliest date for southbound migrants in Veracruz.</p> + +<p><b><i>Charadrius hiaticula semipalmatus</i></b> Bonaparte: Ringed Plover.—We +have a single record, an adult male (38913, testis 2 × 1 mm., +heavy fat, 47.0 gm., 4 P old) taken on a sandbar at Camp 2 on July 9. +The bird was feeding in company with a flock of Sanderlings.</p> + +<p>There is no previous record of the Ringed Plover in Tamaulipas. +In Texas, Hagar and Packard (1952:8) indicate that the first autumnal +migrants reach the central Gulf coast in the last week of +July. In coastal México, the species has previously been recorded +from August 23 to May 12 (Mexican Check-list, 1950:91). Therefore, +the present record must represent an exceptionally early southbound +migrant, or, more probably, a nonbreeding, summering +individual. According to the A.O.U. Check-list (1957:166), nonbreeding +birds are found in summer in coastal areas south to California, +Panamá, and Florida. Many individuals spend the northern +summer along the coast of Surinam (Haverschmidt, 1955:336).</p> + +<p><b><i>Charadrius wilsonia wilsonia</i></b> Ord: Wilson Plover.—This small +plover breeds commonly on the beach and on alkaline flats adjacent +to the laguna. Previous evidence of breeding in Tamaulipas consisted +only of a report of a male with brood patches and an enlarged +testis taken near Tamós on May 30, 1947 (Loetscher, 1955:26).</p> + +<p>We saw many pairs of adults and a large number of well-grown +juveniles, and, at a point 4 miles south of Washington Beach, we +collected a brood of three small juveniles that had only recently +hatched. The breeding season apparently was drawing to a close, +for several adults in our collection were in postnuptial molt and +showed marked gonadal regression. From July 6 to 9, a few small +groups of birds were noted, but large groups were not seen until +July 10, when several flocks of up to 60 individuals were found along +the coast 3 to 7 miles south of Washington Beach.</p> + +<p>Specimens (12): ♂, 38904, testis 4.5 × 2 mm., 58 gm., 3 P old, +brood patches refeathering; ♂, 38905, testis 5 × 2 mm., 59 gm., 4 P +old, brood patches refeathering; ♂ juv., 38903, 6.2 gm.; 2 sex?, +38901, 38902, 5.7 and 6.2 gm., 4 miles south of Washington Beach, +July 6. Male, 38907, testis 5 × 2 mm., 56 gm., 7 P old, brood patches +refeathering; ♀, 38906, ova to 1 mm., 61 gm., 3 P old, brood patches +refeathering; ♀ juv., 38908, ovary inactive, 54 gm., in body molt; +Camp 1, July 6. Male, 38910, testis 6 × 3 mm., 60 gm., 4 P old; ♀,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span> +38909, ova to 1 mm., 57 gm., 4 P old, brood patches refeathering; +Camp 1, July 8. Male, 38911, testis 2 × 1 mm., 55 gm.; juv., 38912, +no weight or sex recorded; Camp 2, July 9.</p> + +<p><b><i>Numenius americanus parvus</i></b> Bishop: Long-billed Curlew.—Lone +individuals and groups of two to five were noted occasionally +along the beach each day. In total, some 30 to 50 birds were +counted, but some individuals may have been recorded more than +once on different days. Specimens (2): ♂, 38918, testis 4 mm., +some fat, 459 gm., Camp 2, July 9; ♀, 38933, ova to 1 mm., no +weight recorded, Camp 2, July 8.</p> + +<p>Our assumption that some or all individuals seen by us were nonbreeding, +summering birds is supported by the fact that our specimens +are referable to the small, northwestern subspecies, <i>N. a. parvus</i>, +rather than to <i>N. a. americanus</i>; the latter breeds south in the +eastern United States to south-central Texas (A.O.U. Check-list, +1957:181). Loetscher (1955:27) saw a flock of 39 curlews near +Tamós on June 30, and he notes that nonbreeding birds are fairly +common at all seasons in Veracruz. Similarly, the species is present +throughout the year on the central Gulf coast of Texas (Hagar and +Packard, 1952:8). Authors of the Mexican Check-list (1950:94) +do not mention the possibility that birds of this species recorded +in México in July are summering rather than migrating. Twelve +supposed migrants seen along Laguna Chila (Cacalilao), Veracruz, +by Coffey (1960:291) on May 31, 1957, may have been summering +birds.</p> + +<p><b><i>Limosa fedoa</i></b> (Linnaeus): Marbled Godwit.—Three were seen +in shallow waters of the laguna at Camp 2 on July 9. Specimen: +♂, 38919, testis 6 × 2 mm., fat, 305 gm., 6 P old, Camp 2, July 9. +Probably our records were of nonbreeding birds, which are known +to occur in summer elsewhere in México (Mexican Check-list, 1950:94), +sparingly in Texas (Hagar and Packard, 1952:8), and in South +Carolina (A.O.U. Check-list, 1957:205). Apparently the only record +for this species in Veracruz is one seen on May 11, 1954, east of +Cacalilao (Coffey, 1960:292).</p> + +<p><b><i>Tringa melanoleuca</i></b> (Gmelin): Greater Yellowlegs.—Three +birds were seen on alkaline flats at Camp 1 on July 7, and two were +noted at Camp 2 on July 9. There is one previous report of this +species in Tamaulipas, and, since it has been recorded as a migrant +and winter resident in México between July 26 and April 26 (Mexican +Check-list, 1950:95), our records seem to pertain to unusually +early autumnal migrants or, possibly, to nonbreeding, summering<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span> +birds. Other mid-summer records are available from Tamós on +June 30 and July 1, and the species is "to be expected every month +of the year" in Veracruz (Loetscher, 1955:27). Sight records for +Veracruz in May (Coffey, 1960:291) may well pertain to summering +birds. There are northern-summer records for this species from +Texas (Hagar and Packard, 1952:8), Surinam (Haverschmidt, 1955:367), +and other areas within the winter range of this yellowlegs +(A.O.U. Check-list, 1957:190).</p> + +<p><b><i>Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus</i></b> Gmelin: Willet.—The +Willet was common on the island. We found evidence of breeding +and also saw large flocks of birds that were either nonbreeders +summering in the area or early, postbreeding migrants from more +northerly places. All along the beach and at the edge of the laguna +at both camps we found Willets in twos or threes, often accompanied +by one or two Black-bellied Plovers. On July 10 a small juvenile +was captured; two adults in breeding plumage evidenced obvious +concern at this action. On July 6 a flock of 30 birds flew east over +Camp 1, and a flock of 90 was seen flying south over Camp 1 on +July 7.</p> + +<p>Specimens (7): ♂, 38922, testis 6 × 1 mm., 264 gm., breeding +plumage; ♀, 38923, ova to 2 mm., 269 gm., breeding plumage; ♀, +38924, ova to 1 mm., 280 gm., 3 P old; ♀, 38925, ova to 1 mm., 319 +gm.; ♂, 38921, testis 7 × 2 mm., 211 gm., breeding plumage; Camp +1, July 7. Male, 38927, fat light, 231 gm., 4 P old, Camp 2, July 9. +Juvenile, sex not recorded, 38920, 43.0 gm., 1 mile south of Washington +Beach, July 10. Two of our specimens, both males, are in worn +breeding plumage and evidence no molt; another specimen, a female, +is also in breeding plumage but is molting on the breast. The +remaining two adult skins in our series are three-quarters through +the molt and are for the most part in fresh winter feather.</p> + +<p>Dresser (1866:37) took an unspecified number of specimens of +the Willet at the "Boca Grande" in July and August, but actual +breeding in Tamaulipas was first established by C. R. Robins, who +found a "scattered colony of breeding Willets" and took a female +with an egg in the oviduct on May 9, 1949, near Tepehuaje (Sutton, +1950:135). Sutton (<i>op. cit.</i>) has discussed the characters of this +specimen and of birds from Cameron County, Texas. The specimen +from Tepehuaje reportedly is closer to <i>C. s. inornatus</i> than to <i>C. s. +semipalmatus</i> both in size and color, and birds from Cameron +County are intermediate between the two subspecies in size but like +<i>C. s. inornatus</i> in color.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Table 3.—Measurements in Millimeters of Specimens of Catoptrophorus +semipalmatus from the Barrier Island of Tamaulipas</span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="8" cellspacing="0" summary="catoptrophorus"> +<tr> +<th align="center"><span class="smcap">Sex and<br />Catalogue<br />Number</span></th> +<th align="center">Wing</th> +<th align="center">Tail</th> +<th align="center">Full<br />culmen</th> +<th align="center">Tarsus</th> +<th align="center">Weight<br />in<br />grams</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">♂ 38921<a name="FNanchor_A_4" id="FNanchor_A_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_4" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></td> +<td align="center">197</td> +<td align="center">80.6</td> +<td align="center">61.0</td> +<td align="center">59.0</td> +<td align="center">211</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">♂ 38922<a name="FNanchor_A_4_4" id="FNanchor_A_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_4" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></td> +<td align="center">198</td> +<td align="center">74.4</td> +<td align="center">61.9</td> +<td align="center">57.9</td> +<td align="center">264</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">♂ 38927</td> +<td align="center">194</td> +<td align="center">75.5</td> +<td align="center">60.4</td> +<td align="center">56.4</td> +<td align="center">231</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">♀ 38923<a name="FNanchor_A_4_4_4" id="FNanchor_A_4_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_4" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></td> +<td align="center">201</td> +<td align="center">71.0</td> +<td align="center">59.0</td> +<td align="center">55.4</td> +<td align="center">269</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">♀ 38924</td> +<td align="center">199</td> +<td align="center">71.0</td> +<td align="center">61.3</td> +<td align="center">59.0</td> +<td align="center">280</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_4" id="Footnote_A_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_4"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> Specimens in worn breeding plumage.</p></div> + +<p>Measurements of our five adults from the barrier island are presented +in Table 3 for comparison with those of <i>C. s. semipalmatus</i> +and <i>C. s. inornatus</i> given by Ridgway (1919:316-319). Like the +specimens from Cameron County examined by Sutton (<i>op. cit.</i>), our +birds are intermediate in size between average-sized individuals of +the two named subspecies. In color and pattern, we find that our +specimens in breeding plumage fall within the range of variation +of <i>C. s. semipalmatus</i> as exemplified by five specimens in nearly +identical states of wear and fading in the Museum of Natural +History.</p> + +<p>On the basis of the evidence presently available, we are reluctant +to follow Sutton (1950:136) in assigning breeding birds from the +Gulf coastal region to <i>C. s. inornatus</i>, a name otherwise applied to a +population of birds breeding inland, in northwestern North America +south to central Utah and Colorado and east to South Dakota (and +formerly to western and southeastern Minnesota and Iowa; see +A.O.U. Check-list, 1957:190). The intermediate characters of birds +breeding in coastal Texas and Tamaulipas probably represent not +the results of actual genetic intermixing of the two named populations +but, rather, an adaptive response of the eastern coastal stock +(<i>C. s. semipalmatus</i>) to environmental modalities distinct from those +operating elsewhere within the range of the eastern coastal population +or on the inland population. Accordingly, we tentatively use +the name <i>C. s. semipalmatus</i> for our Tamaulipan specimens, realizing +that the patterns of geographic variation in the species do not +lend themselves well to taxonomic treatment by the trinomial nomenclatural +system. The need for a comprehensive analysis of +geographic variation in this species, based, if possible, on proper +segregation of age classes along the lines followed by Pitelka (1950) +for <i>Limnodromus</i>, is obviously indicated.</p> + +<p class="center"><a name="plate_5" id="plate_5"></a>PLATE 5</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 419px;"> +<a href="images/image001a.png"> +<img src="images/image001.png" width="419" height="600" alt="Map of coastal Tamaulipas, showing the barrier island and localities mentioned +in text. Stippled areas are extensively marshy." title="Map of coastal Tamaulipas, showing the barrier island and localities mentioned +in text. Stippled areas are extensively marshy." /></a> +<span class="caption">Map of coastal Tamaulipas, showing the barrier island and localities mentioned +in text. Stippled areas are extensively marshy.</span> +</div> +<p class="center"><small>(Click on image for larger view.)</small></p> +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<p class="center"><a name="plate_6" id="plate_6"></a>PLATE 6</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image002.jpg" width="600" height="397" alt="Fig. 1.—Croton and Fimbristylis on stabilized dunes; the Laguna Madre and +surrounding alkaline flats and clay dunes are visible in the background. +Habitat of Road-runner, Ord kangaroo rat, and keeled lizard." title="Fig. 1.—Croton and Fimbristylis on stabilized dunes; the Laguna Madre and +surrounding alkaline flats and clay dunes are visible in the background. +Habitat of Road-runner, Ord kangaroo rat, and keeled lizard." /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 1.—Croton and Fimbristylis on stabilized dunes; the Laguna Madre and +surrounding alkaline flats and clay dunes are visible in the background. +Habitat of Road-runner, Ord kangaroo rat, and keeled lizard.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image003.jpg" width="600" height="399" alt="Fig. 2.—Active dune near Camp 1. Other active dunes can be seen in the +background, in the right foreground is a clump of Croton, and in the left +foreground is a small clump of Fimbristylis. Habitat of Road-runner, Ord +kangaroo rat, and keeled lizard." title="Fig. 2.—Active dune near Camp 1. Other active dunes can be seen in the +background, in the right foreground is a clump of Croton, and in the left +foreground is a small clump of Fimbristylis. Habitat of Road-runner, Ord +kangaroo rat, and keeled lizard." /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 2.—Active dune near Camp 1. Other active dunes can be seen in the +background, in the right foreground is a clump of Croton, and in the left +foreground is a small clump of Fimbristylis. Habitat of Road-runner, Ord +kangaroo rat, and keeled lizard.</span> +</div><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span></p> + +<p><b><i>Arenaria interpres morinella</i></b> (Linnaeus): Turnstone.—Approximately +40 individuals were noted along the beach from July 6 to 10, +mostly in small groups; the largest flock included 15 individuals. +Specimens (5): ♂, 38931, testis 4 × 1 mm., moderately fat, 107 +gm., 4 P old; ♂, 38932, testis 3 × 1 mm., moderately fat, 103 gm., +molting; 75 miles south of Washington Beach, July 8. Male, 38928, +testis 2 mm., 111 gm., 3 P old; ♂, 38929, testis 3 mm., moderately +fat, 106 gm., 6 P old; ♂, 38930, testis 2.5 mm., moderately fat, 108 +gm., 6 P old; Camp 2, July 9.</p> + +<p>The only previous record of the Turnstone in Tamaulipas is an +observation of an unspecified number at Tepehuaje on May 9, 1949 +(Robins, Martin, and Heed, 1951). The dates of our records suggest +that nonbreeding birds summer along the coast of Tamaulipas. The +species is present in small numbers in summer along the central +Gulf coast of Texas (Hagar and Packard, 1952:8). Loetscher (1955:26-27) +does not report records for Veracruz in summer, but records +of the species in Yucatán on May 31, 1952 (Paynter, 1955:101), and +on June 16, 1900 (Mexican Check-list, 1950:79), probably represent +summering nonbreeders. Probably also in the same class are supposed +"migrants" seen at Coatzacoalcos on May 17, 1954, and June +4, 1955 (Coffey, 1960:290).</p> + +<p>Inasmuch as Haverschmidt (1955:368) reports that nonbreeding +birds summering in Surinam only occasionally assume breeding +plumage, it is noteworthy that our specimens were molting from +nuptial (summer) to winter plumage. None of the nonbreeding +northern shorebirds observed by Eisenmann (1951:183) in Panamá +in summer were in nuptial plumage.</p> + +<p><b><i>Crocethia alba</i></b> (Pallas): Sanderling.—This sandpiper was noted +each day along the beach, occasionally singly but more frequently +in groups ranging from 10 to 50 individuals. Specimens (7): ♂, +38936, testis 2 mm., light fat, 49 gm., 5 P old, Camp 1, July 7. +Female, 38937, ova to 1 mm., fat, 58 gm., 4 P old; ♂, 38939, fat, +no weight recorded, 6 P old, breeding plumage; 3 ♂ ♂, 38940-38942, +fat, no weight recorded, 4-5 P old; Camp 2, July 9.</p> + +<p>With one exception as noted, our specimens are in worn, nonbreeding +plumage and are replacing their old feathers with new +ones fundamentally the same in color and pattern; the exceptional<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span> +specimen is molting from worn breeding plumage into nonbreeding +plumage. Only one other individual in breeding feather was seen +on the island.</p> + +<p>According to the Mexican Check-list (1950:99), the Sanderling +has been recorded in México from August to May 19. In Texas, +Peterson (1960:107) reports that it is a migrant, April to June and +July to November, and that it winters along the coast. We suspect +that many of the birds present in Texas in June and July, together +with those recorded by us in Tamaulipas in July, are nonbreeding, +summering individuals. Haverschmidt (1955:368) reports northern-summer +records from Surinam, and, according to the A.O.U. Check-list +(1957:208), nonbreeding birds occur in summer extensively +through winter range of the species, including the Gulf coast of the +United States.</p> + +<p><b><i>Micropalama himantopus</i></b> (Bonaparte): Stilt Sandpiper.—Two +birds in worn winter plumage were taken as they foraged together +at the edge of the laguna near Camp 2 on July 9. Specimens (2): +♂, 38934, testis 2.5 mm., heavy fat, 116 gm., 4 P old; ♂, 38935, +testis 3 mm., fat, 111 gm., 4 P old.</p> + +<p>Our specimens probably were nonbreeding birds summering between +the breeding range in arctic America and the winter range +in northern South America. The A.O.U. Check-list (1957:202) does +not mention nonbreeding, summering records of this species. The +251 birds seen by Coffey (1960:292) at Cacalilao, Veracruz, on May +11, 1954, were probably migrants.</p> + +<p><b><i>Recurvirostra americana</i></b> Gmelin: American Avocet.—This species +was seen only in three large flocks flying south along the beach, +as follows: 56 birds 72 miles south of Washington Beach, July 8; +38 birds 73 miles south of Washington Beach, July 8; 29 birds 72 +miles south of Washington Beach, July 10. All birds were in winter +plumage.</p> + +<p>All these birds were possibly autumnal migrants, but the dates +are early; the species has not previously been recorded on migration +in México before August (Mexican Check-list, 1950:101). The species +is known to breed in San Luis Potosí (Mexican Check-list, <i>loc. +cit.</i>) and along the lower coast of Texas ("rarely to Brownsville"; +A.O.U. Check-list, 1957:209); avocets thus may also breed in coastal +Tamaulipas.</p> + +<p><b><i>Larus argentatus</i></b> Pontoppidan: Herring Gull.—A first-year bird +was observed near Camp 2 on July 8, and two subadult individuals<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span> +were seen on the beach between the Third and Fourth passes on +July 8.</p> + +<p><b><i>Larus atricilla</i></b> Linnaeus: Laughing Gull.—This gull was common +all along the beach. Many individuals were in full breeding feather +and many subadult birds were also present. Specimens (6): ♂ +subadult, 38944, testis 5 × 1 mm., 325 gm., molting; ♀, 38945, ovary +small, 309 gm., in molt, brood patches refeathering; sex?, 38943, 315 +gm., in molt; sex? subadult, 38946, 327 gm., in molt; Camp 1, July 7. +Female subadult (second-year), 38947, 305 gm., in molt, Camp 2, +July 8. Female, 38926, ova to 2.5 mm., 313 gm., 8 P old, Camp 2, +July 10.</p> + +<p>The Mexican Check-list (1950:105) refers to the Laughing Gull +as a common winter resident on both coasts of México from August +7 to May 17, but Loetscher (1955:29) found it locally common +throughout the year on the coast of Veracruz, and he mentioned +seeing birds a short distance south of Tampico in June and July. +The status of this gull in Tamaulipas remains to be determined; +probably it will be found breeding locally, but many of the birds +summering in eastern México are most likely nonbreeders (A.O.U. +Check-list, 1957:226).</p> + +<p><b><i>Chlidonias niger surinamensis</i></b> (Gmelin): Black Tern.—On July +6, 7, 8, 9, and on the morning of July 10, we saw this species only +occasionally, recording in total not more than 50 individuals. But, +about noon on July 10, we observed at least 300 birds in compact +flocks of about 50 individuals each between Washington Beach and +a point about 9 miles south of that locality. Approximately one in +ten birds seen was in breeding plumage, the rest being in winter +or subadult plumages, which are indistinguishable in the field. Perhaps +some of the birds seen were nonbreeding, summering individuals, +but we presume that the large groups were southbound +migrants, and we note that autumnal migrants appear in northern +Veracruz as early as July 1 (Loetscher, 1955:30). On the central +Gulf coast of Texas, Hagar and Packard (1952:9) indicate that an +influx of birds occurs in the last week of July, and small numbers +of birds, presumably nonbreeding individuals, are present along the +Gulf coast throughout June and July. Dresser (1866:45) found this +species to be "common at the Boca Grande during the summer."</p> + +<p>Specimens (2): ♂, 38948, testis 6 mm., moderately fat, 68 gm., +in breeding plumage, Camp 1, July 7. Female, 38949, ovary inactive, +49 gm., molt into winter feather almost complete, Camp 2, +July 10.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span></p> + +<p><b><i>Hydroprogne caspia</i></b> (Pallas): Caspian Tern.—The only published +record of the Caspian Tern in Tamaulipas is a report of one +seen at Lomas del Real on November 20, 1956 (Coffey, 1960:260), +but we found it moderately common all along the beach and at the +margin of the laguna. It was frequently associated with the Royal +Tern, which outnumbered it better than three to one (see Table 2). +The species is resident and breeds along the coast of Texas, and it +probably has similar status in Tamaulipas. However, in Veracruz +it is known only as a winter visitant (Loetscher, 1955:30) and +as a spring migrant (Coffey, 1960:293). Specimen: ♀, 38950, ova +to 2 mm., moderately fat, weight not recorded, 5 P old, Camp 2, +July 9.</p> + +<p><b><i>Sterna hirundo hirundo</i></b> Linnaeus: Common Tern.—We took a +specimen (♂?, 38951, no fat, 165 gm.), 49 miles south of Washington +Beach on July 8, and saw two others over the laguna at Camp 2 +on July 9. Our specimen had nearly finished with molt and feather +growth into adult winter plumage. The status of Common Terns +in Tamaulipas is uncertain; our record, and records from Tamós on +July 1, 1952, and June 12, 1953 (Loetscher, 1955:29), probably pertain +to nonbreeding, summering birds. Yet, the species has bred +on the Texas Gulf coast (A.O.U. Check-list, 1957:235), and it reasonably +may be expected to nest in Tamaulipas. Coffey (1960:293) +saw two individuals at Altamira on May 10, 1954.</p> + +<p><b><i>Sterna forsteri</i></b> Nuttall: Forster Tern.—Six were recorded near +Camp 1 on July 7, and two were seen on the beach on July 6 and 10. +The Mexican Check-list (1950:108) does not cite records for +Tamaulipas, but the A.O.U. Check-list (1957:234) includes northern +Tamaulipas within the breeding range. Evidence suggesting breeding +of the species in extreme northern Veracruz is reported by +Loetscher (1955:29) in the form of a female specimen with "ovary +greatly enlarged" taken seven miles west of Tampico on May 30, +1947. In the same area the species also seems to spend the summer +as a nonbreeder, for Loetscher (<i>loc. cit.</i>) saw 20, nearly all in nonbreeding +plumage, on July 1, 1952.</p> + +<p>Specimens (4): ♂, 38952, testis 4.5 mm., 150 gm., 8 P old; ♂, +38955, testis 2 mm., 138 gm., 2 P old; ♂, 38953, testis 5 × 1 mm., 142 +gm., 5 P old; ♀, 38954, ova to 1 mm., 148 gm., 2 P old; Camp 1, +July 7.</p> + +<p><b><i>Sterna albifrons antillarum</i></b> (Lesson): Least Tern.—The status +of this species in Tamaulipas is uncertain, but there is reason to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span> +believe that it breeds, at least in small numbers. We found the +species moderately common and generally flying about in twos, +possibly mated pairs, near both camps and on the beach. Breeding +is suggested by the large sizes of the testes of the two males collected +and by the presence of brood patches on a female taken on July 6, +but we have no direct evidence of nesting in Tamaulipas, and it +should be noted that this species is known to spend the summer in +nonbreeding condition at many places (A.O.U. Check-list, 1957:239). +Loetscher (1955:30) suggests that the species may be found +breeding in Veracruz and mentions a record of 15 seen at Miramar, +Tamaulipas, on June 26, 1952. Dresser (1866:45) found it to be +"abundant" at the "Boca Grande" in summer.</p> + +<p>On July 10, we saw flocks of 15 to 20 individuals flying along the +beach a few miles south of Washington Beach.</p> + +<p>Specimens (4): ♂, 38958, testis 11 × 4 mm. (right testis 5 × 4 +mm.), light fat, 45 gm., 6 P old; ♂, 38959, testis 11 × 4 mm. (right +testis 7 × 4 mm.), light fat, 45 gm., 6 P old; ♀, 38956, ova to 2.5 +mm., 42.5 gm., 6 P old, brood patches refeathering; Camp 1, July 6. +Female, 38957, ova to 1 mm., 44 gm., Camp 1, July 7. This last +specimen had essentially completed the autumnal molt into winter +plumage, with only a few feathers remaining ensheathed basally.</p> + +<p>Our specimens are referable to <i>S. a. antillarum</i>, being paler dorsally +and slightly lighter gray on the hind-neck than specimens of +<i>S. a. athalassos</i> from Kansas, with which they were compared.</p> + +<p><b><i>Thalasseus maximus maximus</i></b> (Boddaert): Royal Tern.—This +species was common all along the beach, occurring for the most +part in flocks of from ten to 50 individuals in association with Cabot +Terns. Data on gonadal condition and brood patches of some of +our specimens suggest that breeding occurs in coastal Tamaulipas, as +previously reported by the Mexican Check-list (1950:110). Robins, +Martin, and Heed (1951) report seeing one Royal Tern near Tepehuaje +on May 9, 1949, and Dresser (1866:44) found the species +"common at the Boca del Rio Grande during the summer."</p> + +<p>Specimens (6): ♂, 38960, testis 9 × 4.5 mm., not fat, 484 gm., 6 +P old, brood patches refeathering, 4 miles south of Washington +Beach, July 6. Male, 38961, testis 7 × 3 mm., 455 gm., no brood +patches, 8 miles south of Washington Beach, July 6. Male, 38962, +testis 10 × 5 mm., 387 gm., brood patches refeathering; ♀, 38963, +ova to 1 mm., 358 gm., 3 P old; ♀, 38964, ova to 3 mm., 389 gm., +8 P old; Camp 1, July 7. Female, 38994, ova to 2 mm., 536 gm., +brood patches refeathering, Camp 2, July 10.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span></p> + +<p><b><i>Thalasseus sandvicensis acuflavidus</i></b> (Cabot): Cabot Tern.—This +tern was moderately common along the beach and margin of the +laguna, and it was seen frequently in company with Royal Terns. +Like the latter, this tern breeds in coastal Texas (A.O.U. Check-list, +1957:241), and it probably also nests in Tamaulipas, although direct +evidence is not available. The only previous record of this species +in Tamaulipas is a report (Robins, Martin, and Heed, 1951) of two +observed on the beach near Tepehuaje on May 9, 1949.</p> + +<p>Specimens (4): ♂, 38965, testis 9 × 4.5 mm., 208 gm., 9 P old, +49 miles south of Washington Beach, July 8. Male, 38966, testis +8 × 3 mm., not fat, 192 gm., 8 P old; ♀, 38967, ova to 3 mm., 193 +gm., 7 P old, brood patches refeathering; ♀, 38968, ova to 1 mm., +186 gm., 8 P old, no brood patches; 52 miles south of Washington +Beach, July 8.</p> + +<p><b><i>Rynchops nigra nigra</i></b> Linnaeus: Black Skimmer.—We found this +species moderately common at the edge of the laguna at both camps +and occasionally saw it along the beach. Generally two birds, probably +mated pairs, were seen together; twice birds were seen carrying +food in their bills, presumably intended for nestlings. The species +is known to nest in Tamaulipas from "Matamoros Lagoon" south to +Tampico (Mexican Check-list, 1950:112).</p> + +<p>Specimens (2): ♂, 38970, testis 40 × 23 mm. (abnormally large, +possibly as a result of hemorrhage), 418 gm., brood patches refeathering; +♂, 38969, testis 17 × 4 mm., fat light, 442 gm., brood +patches refeathering; Camp 1, July 7.</p> + +<p><b><i>Zenaidura macroura</i></b> Linnaeus: Mourning Dove.—Our only record +is a lone bird seen in a mesquite near Camp 1 on July 6. Possibly +the species breeds along the margin of the laguna, although Aldrich +and Duvall (1958:113, map) do not include coastal Tamaulipas in +the known breeding range. Loetscher (1955:30) suggests that the +Mourning Dove may be found breeding in the lowlands of northern +Veracruz and cites a record of one seen at Tamós on July 1, 1952.</p> + +<p><b><i>Geococcyx californianus</i></b> (Lesson): Road-runner.—At least four +individuals were seen in large dunes at Camp 1 on July 7 and 8. +On several occasions we watched them pursue lizards (<i>Holbrookia +propinqua</i>) at the margins of clumps of <i>Croton</i> and <i>Ipomoea</i>.</p> + +<p><b><i>Chordeiles minor aserriensis</i></b> Cherrie: Nighthawk.—Nighthawks +of this species were seen regularly at Camp 1, where we flushed +them from alkaline flats in the day and heard them calling as they +foraged over the dunes in late afternoon.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span></p> + +<p>Specimens (3): ♂, 38971, testis 5 mm., no fat, 62 gm., Camp 1, +July 6. Male, 38972, testis 7.5 mm., no fat, 58 gm.; ♂, 38973, testis +?, no fat, 53 gm.; Camp 1, July 7. The gonads of these birds were +not in full breeding condition, but it is highly probable that the +birds were members of a population that had bred in the area.</p> + +<p>Variation in <i>Chordeiles minor</i> in Tamaulipas has recently been +studied by Graber (1955). Two specimens taken by him on August +3, 1953, approximately 9 miles south of Carbonera, resemble birds +from Terrell County, Texas, and represent <i>C. m. aserriensis</i>, as do +our three birds from the barrier island. Two of Graber's specimens +from Lomas del Real, in southeastern Tamaulipas, are distinctly +darker and probably represent <i>C. m. neotropicalis</i>, a subspecies subsequently +described from Chiapas (Selander and Alvarez del Toro, +1955).</p> + +<p><b><i>Muscivora forficata</i></b> (Gmelin): Scissor-tailed Flycatcher.—On +July 7 near Camp 1, two individuals were found in stands of mesquite. +One was taken and proved to be an adult male (38974, testis +6 × 3 mm., not fat, 40 gm.) in postnuptial molt (6 P old).</p> + +<p>We presume that the two birds recorded by us were members of +a population breeding on the barrier island, rather than autumnal +migrants. The Mexican Check-list (1957:69) records this species +in México only as a transient and winter visitant. But, on the basis +of records of birds seen along the highway between Matamoros and +Ciudad Victoria, Davis (1950) has suggested that the species breeds +in Tamaulipas, and this is supported by a report of one seen at the +north end of the Monterrey Airport on June 1, 1957 (Coffey, 1960:294). +Brown (1958) has recently established that the species breeds +in Nuevo León by finding a nest 33 kilometers (by road) north of +Sabinas, Hidalgo, on July 19, 1954.</p> + +<p><b><i>Myiarchus cinerascens cinerascens</i></b> (Lawrence): Ash-throated +Flycatcher.—A juvenal male (38975, testis 2 mm., no fat, 35.0 gm.) +taken in mesquite at Camp 1 constitutes our only record for this +species. Lanyon (1961:441, map) has shown that most of Tamaulipas +is devoid of these flycatchers in the breeding season; the nearest +known breeding Ash-throated Flycatchers are slightly west of +Corpus Christi, Texas, about 200 miles north-northwest of Camp 1 +on the barrier beach. Our specimen closely resembles eight specimens +from Coahuila, México, in general coloration and, especially, +in the pattern of colors on the outer rectrices. Probably No. 38975 +was from southwestern Texas or Coahuila and had begun its southward +migration. Against this idea lies chiefly the fact that young-of-the-year<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span> +tend to move south later than adults of the same species; +so, this bird possibly had been reared in coastal Tamaulipas.</p> + +<p><b><i>Eremophila alpestris giraudi</i></b> (Henshaw): Horned Lark.—This +species occurred in moderate numbers on alkaline flats and almost +barren sand flats at both camps. At the time of our visit to the +island, the breeding season apparently was coming to an end, but +we noted no tendency in the birds to flock.</p> + +<p>Specimens (7): ♂, 38981, testis 6 mm., 21.0 gm.; ♂, 38977, +testis 7.5 × 4 mm., not fat, 27.5 gm.; ♂, 38979, testis 11 × 7 mm., 29.0 +gm.; ♀, 38976, ova to 3 mm., brood patch vascular but regressing, +no fat, 24.4 gm.; sex? juv., 38987, no fat, 21.0 gm.; sex? juv., 38980, +24.0 gm.; Camp 1, July 7. Male, 38982, testis 9.5 × 6 mm., 27.5 gm., +Camp 2, July 9.</p> + +<p>The subspecies <i>E. a. giraudi</i>, which is endemic to the Gulf coastal +plain of Texas and Tamaulipas, has been reported in Tamaulipas +previously only from Bagdad, near Matamoros (Mexican Check-list, +1957:106). The fact that our specimens show characters totally +consistent with those of <i>E. a. giraudi</i> indicates that there is little +genetic interchange between the population we sampled and those +of <i>E. a. diaphora</i>, the closest of which reportedly breeds at Miquihana, +in southwestern Tamaulipas.</p> + +<p><b><i>Corvus cryptoleucus</i></b> Couch: White-necked Raven.—Several +groups of six to ten birds were present at Washington Beach on July +6 and 10; but, southward on the island, we recorded this species only +once, on July 9, when a lone individual flew near Camp 2, being +pursued and "buzzed" by two Least Terns. The Mexican Crow +(<i>Corvus imparatus</i>) reportedly is common in the coastal region of +Tamaulipas (Mexican Check-list, 1957:118) but was not seen by us.</p> + +<p><b><i>Thryomanes bewickii cryptus</i></b> Oberholser: Bewick Wren.—This +species seemingly breeds in small numbers in mesquite stands near +Camp 1, where we obtained a juvenile and saw another individual. +Specimen: ♀ juv., 38983, no fat, 10.0 gm., Camp 1, July 8. <i>T. b. +cryptus</i> is reported to intergrade with <i>T. b. murinus</i> of Veracruz in +southern Tamaulipas (Mexican Check-list, 1957:160-161).</p> + +<p><b><i>Mimus polyglottos leucopterus</i></b> (Vigors): Northern Mockingbird.—We +recorded this species only near Camp 1, where a few pairs +were breeding in stands of mesquite. Males were in full song and +territorial display.</p> + +<p>Specimens (2): ♂, 38985, testis 11 × 7 mm., not fat, 43 gm.; ♀, +38984, ova to 4.5 mm., vascular brood patch, 49.0 gm.; Camp 1, +July 7.</p> + +<p class="center"><a name="plate_7" id="plate_7"></a>PLATE 7</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image004.jpg" width="600" height="397" alt="Fig. 1.—Mesquite-cactus formation on clay dune at margin of the Laguna +Madre west of Camp 1. Habitat of Northern Mockingbird, Cardinal, Bob-white, +black-tailed jackrabbit, and Great Plains woodrat." title="Fig. 1.—Mesquite-cactus formation on clay dune at margin of the Laguna +Madre west of Camp 1. Habitat of Northern Mockingbird, Cardinal, Bob-white, +black-tailed jackrabbit, and Great Plains woodrat." /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 1.—Mesquite-cactus formation on clay dune at margin of the Laguna +Madre west of Camp 1. Habitat of Northern Mockingbird, Cardinal, Bob-white, +black-tailed jackrabbit, and Great Plains woodrat.</span> +</div> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/image005.jpg" width="600" height="391" alt="Fig. 2.—Batis-Monanthochloë formation on alkaline flats near the Laguna +Madre, with mesquite bordering stabilized dunes in the left background. +Salicornia, a classical dominant of salt marshes, is here relatively inconspicuous. +Habitat of Nighthawk and Horned Lark." title="Fig. 2.—Batis-Monanthochloë formation on alkaline flats near the Laguna +Madre, with mesquite bordering stabilized dunes in the left background. +Salicornia, a classical dominant of salt marshes, is here relatively inconspicuous. +Habitat of Nighthawk and Horned Lark." /> +<span class="caption">Fig. 2.—Batis-Monanthochloë formation on alkaline flats near the Laguna +Madre, with mesquite bordering stabilized dunes in the left background. +Salicornia, a classical dominant of salt marshes, is here relatively inconspicuous. +Habitat of Nighthawk and Horned Lark.</span> +</div> +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> +<p class="center"><a name="plate_8" id="plate_8"></a>PLATE 8</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 424px;"> +<img src="images/image006.jpg" width="424" height="600" alt=""Fossilized" burrow of Texas Pocket Gopher in a sandy trough between active +dunes. A part of the cast has been broken away to show the general shape +of the old burrow. The diameter of the cast is about 3.5 inches." title=""Fossilized" burrow of Texas Pocket Gopher in a sandy trough between active +dunes. A part of the cast has been broken away to show the general shape +of the old burrow. The diameter of the cast is about 3.5 inches." /> +<span class="caption">"Fossilized" burrow of Texas Pocket Gopher in a sandy trough between active +dunes. A part of the cast has been broken away to show the general shape +of the old burrow. The diameter of the cast is about 3.5 inches.</span> +</div> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span></p> + +<p><b><i>Cassidix mexicanus prosopidicola</i></b> Lowery: Great-tailed Grackle.—Small, +postbreeding flocks composed of both adult and juvenal +birds were seen moving along the edge of the laguna at Camp 1. +In the morning the flocks flew south, and in the afternoon groups +of similar size flew north, presumably to a roost at an undetermined +distance north of our camp. Occasionally, a few birds stopped to +rest or to forage on the dunes or in stands of mesquite. At Camp 2 +on July 9, a postbreeding adult female and a well-grown, presumably +independent juvenile were taken as they perched in a clump of +mesquite in which we found three old nests of <i>Cassidix</i>; two of the +nests were about four feet apart in one tree, and the third was in +another tree 100 feet from the first.</p> + +<p>Specimens (4): ♂ adult, 38988, testis 6 mm., no fat, 209 gm., +6 P old, Camp 1, July 7. Female, 38989, ova to 3 mm., fat, 115 gm., +old brood patch, Camp 1, July 8. Female, 38990, ova to 1 mm., +moderate fat, 107 gm., 7 P old, brood patch refeathering; ♂ juv., +38991, testis 3 × 1 mm., not fat, 172 gm., 6 P old; Camp 2, July 9.</p> + +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Table 4.—Measurements in Millimeters of Adult Males of +Cassidix Mexicanus</span></p> + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="1" cellpadding="8" cellspacing="0" summary="malecassidix"> + +<tr> +<th align="center"><span class="smcap">Locality</span></th> +<th align="center">No.</th> +<th align="center">Wing</th> +<th align="center">Tail</th> +<th align="center">Tarsus</th> +<th align="center">Weight in<br />grams</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Austin, Texas</td> +<td align="center">17-137<a name="FNanchor_1_5" id="FNanchor_1_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_5" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></td> +<td align="center">184.3<br />(173-200)</td> +<td align="center">203.8<br />(178-232)</td> +<td align="center">46.38<br />(41.8-50.0)</td> +<td align="center">225.6 June<br />(204-253)<br />202.2 July<br />(195-207)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">San Patricio Co., Texas<a name="FNanchor_2_6" id="FNanchor_2_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_6" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></td> +<td align="center">5</td> +<td align="center">185.2<br />(182-188)</td> +<td align="center">204.2<br />(190-219)</td> +<td align="center">46.74<br />(45.1-50.2)</td> +<td align="center">237.6<br />(228-245)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Barrier Is., Tamps.</td> +<td align="center">1</td> +<td align="center">178</td> +<td align="center">185</td> +<td align="center">47.1</td> +<td align="center">209</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Victoria, Tamps.<a name="FNanchor_3_7" id="FNanchor_3_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_7" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></td> +<td align="center">4</td> +<td align="center">192.2<br />(186-200)</td> +<td align="center">224.2<br />(215-232)</td> +<td align="center">47.77<br />(46.0-49.1)</td> +<td align="center">254.3<br />(239-276)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Tampico, Tamps.<a name="FNanchor_4_8" id="FNanchor_4_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_8" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></td> +<td align="center">1</td> +<td align="center">197</td> +<td align="center">214</td> +<td align="center">48.3</td> +<td align="center">260</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td align="left">Catemaco, Veracruz<a name="FNanchor_5_9" id="FNanchor_5_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_9" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></td> +<td align="center">1</td> +<td align="center">193</td> +<td align="center">216</td> +<td align="center">48.2</td> +<td align="center">257</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_5" id="Footnote_1_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_5"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> Data from Selander (1958: 370, 373). Sample sizes, as follows: wing, 137; tail, +119; bill length, 20 (June and July); tarsus, 133; weight, 17 for June, 3 for July.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_6" id="Footnote_2_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_6"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> June 13, 1961; breeding condition.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_7" id="Footnote_3_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_7"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> May 6, 1961; breeding condition.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_8" id="Footnote_4_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_8"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> May 7, 1961; breeding condition.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_9" id="Footnote_5_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_9"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> November 28, 1959.</p></div> + +<p>Specimens from the barrier island are clearly referable to <i>C. m. +prosopidicola</i>, showing no approach to the larger and, in the female,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span> +darker <i>C. m. mexicanus</i> of Veracruz and San Luis Potosí. In Table +4, measurements of the adult male from the barrier island may be +compared with those of specimens of <i>C. m. prosopidicola</i> from Texas +and a specimen of <i>C. m. mexicanus</i> from Veracruz; it is apparent +that our specimen is assignable to the former.</p> + +<p>Evidence of intergradation between the two subspecies is shown +in a series of birds collected near Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, in +May, 1961. The females in the series are highly variable in color +individually, but are on the average paler than <i>C. m. mexicanus</i> from +Veracruz; the males are distinctly larger than <i>C. m. prosopidicola</i> +from Texas. At Miramar, near Tampico, Tamaulipas, a decided +approach to <i>C. m. mexicanus</i> is also evident in the dark color of +females and in the large size of both males (Table 4) and females.</p> + +<p><b><i>Agelaius phoeniceus megapotamus</i></b> Oberholser: Red-winged +Blackbird.—This species was recorded only at Camp 1 on July 7, +when we saw two males, one of which was flying south along the +edge of the dunes in a flock of five Great-tailed Grackles. Specimen: +♂, 38992, testis 10 × 7 mm., fat, 54 gm., Camp 1, July 7. The large +size of the testes of this individual indicates breeding condition.</p> + +<p><b><i>Sturnella magna hoopesi</i></b> Stone: Eastern Meadowlark.—Meadowlarks +were found in small numbers along the margins of the alkaline +flats at both camps. Breeding was still in progress, for males were +singing and a female shot on July 9 had only recently laid eggs. +Specimens (2): ♂, 38986, testis 13 × 8 mm., not fat, 102 gm.; ♀, +38987, ova to 6 mm., 3 collapsed follicles, not fat, 88 gm.; Camp 2, +July 9.</p> + +<p><b><i>Richmondena cardinalis canicaudus</i></b> Chapman: Cardinal.—This +species was recorded only in stands of mesquite near Camp 1, as +follows: July 7, two pairs seen, from which a breeding female was +taken; July 8, three birds seen. Specimen: ♀, 38933, edematous +brood patch, 36.5 gm., Camp 1, July 7. Intergrades between the +present subspecies and <i>R. c. coccinea</i> of Veracruz are reported from +Altamira, Tamaulipas (Mexican Check-list, 1957:329).</p> + + +<h3><i>Mammals</i></h3> + +<p><b><i>Dasypus novemcinctus mexicanus</i></b> Peters: Nine-banded Armadillo.—Remains +of an armadillo (89017) were found in a mesquite +thicket in the dunes near Camp 1 on July 7. The bones are not badly +weathered and were not embedded in sand.</p> + +<p>This species has not been recorded previously on the barrier<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span> +island of Tamaulipas, nor, for that matter, on any of the barrier +islands on the western shore of the Gulf of Mexico.</p> + +<p><b><i>Lepus californicus merriami</i></b> Mearns: Black-tailed Jackrabbit.—From +two to four individuals were recorded daily in dunes and on +alkaline flats in the vicinity of stands of mesquite and cactus.</p> + +<p>Specimens (2): ♀ adult, 89018, pregnant (two embryos, 28 mm. +in crown-rump length), Camp 1, July 6. Male immature, 89019, +Camp 1, July 7. Our specimens have been compared with two skins +of <i>L. c. curti</i> from the type locality at Eighth Pass, with which they +agree reasonably well in color. The size of the adult female is about +that characteristic of other specimens of adult <i>L. c. curti</i>, but characters +of the skull are consistent with those of <i>L. c. merriami</i>.</p> + +<p>A specimen of this species from Matamoros and several from +Brownsville, Texas, have been assigned by Hall (1951:43) to <i>L. c. +merriami</i>. Specimens from Padre Island, Texas, reportedly resemble +<i>L. c. curti</i> in smallness of the tympanic bullae but are in other characters +referable to <i>L. c. merriami</i> (Hall, 1951:44).</p> + +<p><b><i>Spermophilus spilosoma annectens</i></b> (Merriam): Spotted Ground +Squirrel.—These squirrels were moderately common in dunes at +both camps. They were heard calling, and many tracks and holes +were seen. On July 7, at Camp 1, a lactating, adult female (89020) +and two dependent juveniles (89021, skull only, 89022, skin and +skull) were shot at the entrance of a burrow; the uterus of the adult +showed six placental scars.</p> + +<p>Our adult specimen has been compared with ten specimens obtained +by Hall and von Wedel at Eighth Pass in March, 1950; ours +differs from the ten in being paler and slightly larger. The pallor +is perhaps attributable to seasonal variation, and the size (246-79-38-7; +weight, 133 gm.) is within limits that would be expected in a +larger series of the population sampled by Hall and von Wedel. +Hall (1951:38) referred specimens of this squirrel from Eighth +Pass to <i>S. s. annectens</i>.</p> + +<p><b><i>Geomys personatus personatus</i></b> True: Texas Pocket Gopher.—This +pocket gopher was abundant on low, stabilized dunes on the +barrier island from four to 73 miles south of Washington Beach. +One of us (Wilks) made a trip down the beach on May 20 and 21, +1961, and collected specimens at localities four miles south and 33 +miles south of Washington Beach; additional specimens were taken +at both Camp 1 and Camp 2 from July 6 to 10. At these localities +the gophers seemed to maintain population densities approximating<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span> +those of <i>G. personatus</i> on Padre and Mustang islands on the Texan +coast.</p> + +<p>There is but one other record of the Texas Pocket Gopher from +México. Goldman (1915) described <i>G. p. tropicalis</i> from Altamira +on the basis of specimens collected in 1898. Since that time, the +species has not been reported as occurring south of Cameron County, +Texas (Kennerly, 1954), some 50 miles northwest of the closest +station of occurrence of the gophers on the barrier beach of +Tamaulipas.</p> + +<p>Our specimens are slightly smaller than <i>G. p. personatus</i> and +slightly larger than <i>G. p. megapotamus</i>, the subspecies of nearest +geographic occurrence to the barrier island. The degree to which +our specimens differ in other respects, such as configuration of the +pterygoid, is being studied further by Wilks. For the present, +reference of our material to the nominate subspecies best expresses +the relationships of these coastal gophers.</p> + +<p>The fact that pocket gophers from the Tamaulipan barrier island +occupy a position geographically intermediate between present +Texan populations and the isolated population in southern Tamaulipas +(<i>G. p. tropicalis</i>) helps explain the origin of the latter. It is +likely that <i>G. p. tropicalis</i> represents the southern remnant of a once +continuously-distributed population of pocket gophers living in +coastal Tamaulipas in mid-Wisconsin to late Wisconsin time. At +that time, sea level is thought to have been considerably lower than +at present, exposing a sandy strip 80 to 100 miles wide off the present +coastline. Presumably this would have been an area suitable for +gophers and for southward dispersal of individuals from Texas. +The only conceivable barrier to dispersal, and thus to a panmictic +population, would have been the Rio Grande, but over the wide, +low and sandy coastal plain the river channel almost certainly shifted +regularly, thus decreasing its effectiveness as a barrier to movement. +With subsequent rise in sea level, the gophers at Altamira became +isolated and have presumably remained so for a considerable time. +To judge by the marked morphologic differentiation of <i>G. p. tropicalis</i>, +its degree of isolation from other populations has been much +greater than those of populations inhabiting the Tamaulipan barrier +island and the barrier islands of the coast of Texas. Contact between +the latter two populations was probably fairly regular before +man's stabilization of the channel of the lowermost reaches of the +Rio Grande.</p> + +<p>At Camp 1 we found evidence of the former occurrence of gophers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span> +in an area now largely covered by active beach dunes. Numerous +skeletal parts of gophers and "fossilized" burrows (<a href="#plate_8">Plate 8</a>) were +found on the surface where troughs between active dunes reached +down to an older, darker, and more tightly cemented layer of sand +underlying the present dunes. It is clear that these gophers were +not transported there, because the bones were not damaged, some +of the skeletons were almost complete, and many of the bones were +found near the "fossilized" burrows. Weathered but well preserved +skeletal remains of at least 12 gophers were picked up at this site.</p> + +<p>Specimens (17): ♀, 89023, Camp 1, May 20. 4 ♀ ♀, 89024-026, +89029; 3 ♂ ♂, 89027, 89028, 89030; Camp 1, May 21. Male, +89031, Camp 1, July 6. Three ♂ ♂, 89032, 89035, 89038; 4 ♀ ♀, +89033, 89034, 89036, 89037; Camp 2, July 9. Female, 89039, Camp +2, July 10.</p> + +<p><b><i>Perognathus merriami merriami</i></b> Allen: Merriam Pocket Mouse.—An +individual taken in a trap in the dunes near Camp 2 constitutes +the first record of this species from the barrier island of Tamaulipas. +This pocket mouse seems to be uncommon on other barrier islands +of the western Gulf of Mexico, for there is only one published report +of its occurrence on Padre Island, Texas (Bailey, 1905:141). Other +nearby stations of occurrence are Altamira, Tamaulipas (Hall and +Kelson, 1960:477), Brownsville, Texas (Bailey, <i>loc. cit.</i>), and 17 +miles northwest of Edinburg, Texas (Blair, 1952:240).</p> + +<p>Specimen: sex?, 89040, skull only, Camp 2, July 10.</p> + +<p><b><i>Dipodomys ordii parvabullatus</i></b> Hall: Ord Kangaroo Rat.—We +found this species uncommon and confined in distribution to dunes, +in which it was recorded as follows: an adult female was shot and +two other individuals were seen at night on July 6 at Camp 1; three +were trapped near Camp 1 on July 7; two were trapped at Camp 2 +on July 10.</p> + +<p>Specimens (5): ♀, 89041, 2 placental scars, 46 gm., Camp 1, +July 6. Male, 89042, testes scrotal, 47 gm.; ♂, 89044, 60 gm.; ♀, +89043, 44 gm.; Camp 1, July 7. Sex?, 89045, skel. only, Camp 2, +July 10.</p> + +<p>Our material does not differ significantly from specimens obtained +by Hall and von Wedel at Boca Jésus María in March, 1950, which +formed the basis for Hall's description (1951:41) of <i>D. o. parvabullatus</i>. +This subspecies is presumably confined in distribution +to the barrier island of Tamaulipas. Two immature specimens from +Bagdad, Tamaulipas, were tentatively assigned by Hall (1951:41)<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span> +to <i>D. o. compactus</i>, a subspecies known otherwise only from Padre +Island, Texas.</p> + +<p><b><i>Neotoma micropus micropus</i></b> Baird: Southern Plains Woodrat.—This +species was noted only near Camp 1, where numerous houses +were seen in stands of mesquite and prickly-pear cactus and an adult +male (89046, 330 gm.) was taken on July 6. This species has not +been reported previously from the barrier island of Tamaulipas. Our +specimen is referable to the nominate subspecies and shows no +approach to <i>N. m. littoralis</i>, a subspecies known only from the type +locality at Altamira, Tamaulipas (see map, Hall and Kelson, 1960:684).</p> + +<p><b><i>Procyon lotor</i></b> (Linnaeus): Raccoon.—A weathered skull and a +broken humerus were found at Camp 2. The skull is being studied +by Dr. E. L. Lundelius, who informs us that it matches a number +of raccoon skulls found in archaeological sites along the Balcones +Escarpment of Texas. Such skulls are larger than skulls of raccoons +occurring today in Texas (<i>P. l. fuscipes</i>) and closely resemble skulls +of raccoons (<i>P. l. excelsus</i>) presently confined in distribution to +Idaho, eastern Oregon, and eastern Washington. Further details of +this situation are to be reported elsewhere by Lundelius.</p> + +<p><b><i>Taxidea taxus</i></b> (Schreber): Badger.—Two burrows were found +in the stabilized dunes near Camp 1, tracks were noted on the alkaline +flats, and a weathered skull (89047) was found on the flats west +of Camp 1 on July 7. The skull appears to be of an immature animal, +for the sutures are not well closed and the teeth show little wear.</p> + +<p>Our records require an extension of known range of this species +southeasterly by approximately 50 miles. The only previous record +in coastal Tamaulipas is based on two skulls from Matamoros +(Schantz, 1949:301). The skull from the barrier island cannot be +determined to subspecies but on geographic grounds is referable +to <i>T. t. littoralis</i>, with type locality at Corpus Christi, Texas.</p> + +<p><b><i>Canis</i></b> sp.—Numerous tracks made either by Coyotes (<i>C. latrans</i> +Say) or by domestic dogs were seen in dunes and on the beach at +both camps. A weathered, posterior part of a canid skull was found +in dunes at Camp 2 on July 10, and a partial left mandible was taken +on the beach at Camp 1 on July 6. Unfortunately, specific identification +of the skull fragments is not possible, but the few reasonably +good characters that we can use suggest that our material is of +domestic dogs rather than of Coyotes. Hall (1951:37) found tracks +and other signs of Coyotes at Eighth Pass but did not take specimens.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span></p> + +<p>Most of the canid scats examined by us contained remains of crabs +and fishes.</p> + +<p><b><i>Odocoileus virginianus</i></b> (Boddaert): White-tailed Deer.—A +weathered Recent fragment of a mandible (89048) and part of a +femur (89049) of this species were found near Camp 1 on July 7, +and a metapodal was picked up in the dunes at Camp 2 on July 9. +This species has not been reported previously on the barrier island +of Tamaulipas and it probably no longer occurs there, for we saw +no tracks or other signs of it. Hall (1951) did not find it at Eighth +Pass.</p> + +<p>Our specimens probably pertain to <i>O. v. texanus</i> but are possibly +of <i>O. v. veraecrucis</i>, which has been reported from Soto la Marina +(Goldman and Kellogg, 1940:89).</p> + +<p>The only species of mammal known from the barrier island of +Tamaulipas that we did not find is the Hispid Cotton Rat (<i>Sigmodon +hispidus</i>). Two specimens of this species trapped near Eighth Pass +in March, 1950, formed the basis for the description of <i>S. h. solus</i> +(Hall, 1951:42), a subspecies known only from the type locality.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="Discussion" id="Discussion"></a>Discussion</h2> + + +<p>The known vertebrate fauna of the barrier island of Tamaulipas +consists of one species of tortoise, two species of lizards, at least one +(unidentified) species of snake, 49 species of birds (48 recorded +by us and the Semipalmated Sandpiper), and 12 species of mammals. +This is clearly a depauperate fauna, such as is characteristic +of islands generally, and indicates that the peninsular nature of the +northern part of the barrier island is of relatively small consequence +in determining presence or absence of species. It is likely that +the restricted environmental spectrum is much more important in +this regard than is the fact of semi-isolation.</p> + +<p>Of the 49 species of birds, 10 are known to breed on the island +and an additional 21 are suspected of breeding either on the island +or on small islets in the adjacent Laguna Madre de Tamaulipas. +Eleven species occur on the island as nonbreeding summer residents, +about which we will have more to say below. Four species have +been recorded on the island in summer but breed elsewhere, that +is to say, they only wander over the island (Man-o'-war Bird, Turkey +Vulture, <i>etc.</i>). Two species are known only as migrants, and the +status of one, the Sora Rail, is uncertain. The number of migrant +species doubtless will be greatly increased by field work at those +times when birds migrate.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span></p> + +<p>The avifauna is not depauperate owing to the exclusion of any +one of the three major zoogeographic stocks thought to be important +in the development of the present North American avifauna +(Mayr, 1946). If we examine the breeding passerine birds of the +barrier island and the breeding passerine assemblage at the same +latitude in lowland Sonora (Mayr, <i>loc. cit.</i>) as to their ultimate +evolutionary sources, we find that for both places somewhat more +than half the birds have developed from indigenous, North American +stocks, about one-third have been derived from South American +stocks, and one-fifth to one-eighth are from Eurasian stocks. It is +most unlikely that such close correspondence in relative composition +of the two avifaunas would occur by chance. Thus, we can only +conclude that each of the historical avian stocks is proportionately +restricted in numbers on the barrier island.</p> + +<p>Faunistically, the barrier island resembles Padre and Mustang +islands and the adjacent mainland of Tamaulipas and southern +Texas, reflecting the relative uniformity of environment in this +region. It is apparent that there is a faunal "break" or region of +transition in the vicinity of Tampico, in extreme southeastern +Tamaulipas. On the coastal plain, many tropical species and subspecies +occurring in Veracruz are found north to Tampico but fail +to extend farther northward to the barrier island of northeastern +Tamaulipas. Axtell and Wasserman (1953:4-5), have already commented +on this situation, mentioning a number of snakes and lizards +that have differentiated subspecifically on opposing sides of the +Tampican region. They also note that large numbers of the lowland +Neotropical floral and faunal elements reach their northern limits of +distribution within the zone of transition around Tampico, and, also, +many Nearctic elements find their southern distributional limits +there.</p> + +<p>Our small samples of birds and reptiles from the island show no +detectable morphological differentiation from adjacent populations. +However, several of the mammals are moderately-well differentiated, +but the patterns and degrees of geographic variation are such that +we can only speculate on the historical derivation of the insular +populations. <i>Lepus californicus curti</i> is presently known only from +the barrier island of Tamaulipas, but Hall (1951:43) has suggested +that it may also occur on the adjacent mainland. A resemblance +between individuals of this subspecies and specimens of <i>L. c. merriami</i> +from Padre Island in smallness of the tympanic bullae is regarded, +probably correctly, by Hall (1951:44) as independent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span> +development—that is, parallel adaptation to similar environmental +conditions reaching fullest expression on the barrier island of +Tamaulipas. As is also true with <i>Geomys personatus</i> and <i>Neotoma +micropus</i>, the barrier island population of <i>Lepus californicus</i> shows +relationships with animals from Texas and northern Tamaulipas +(<i>L. c. merriami</i>) and no connection with (resemblance to) animals +from the south (<i>L. c. altamirae</i>, known only from the type locality +at Altamira, near Tampico).</p> + +<p>In color and cranial proportions, <i>Dipodomys ordii parvabullatus</i> +of the barrier island is closer to <i>D. o. compactus</i> of Padre Island than +to <i>D. o. sennetti</i> of southern Texas and the Tamaulipan mainland. +But, <i>D. o. parvabullatus</i> resembles <i>D. o. sennetti</i> in external measurements +(Hall, 1951:39). Possibly <i>D. o. parvabullatus</i> and <i>D. o. +compactus</i> are phylogentically closer to one another than is either +to <i>D. o. sennetti</i>. It is also possible that each evolved independently +from a mainland stock represented today by <i>D. o. sennetti</i>; the resemblance +of the two insular populations would thus be a matter of +convergence in response to like environmental conditions.</p> + +<p><i>Sigmodon hispidus solus</i> is an insular differentiate that probably +reached the barrier island from the adjacent mainland of Tamaulipas, +where its apparent closest relative, as judged by morphological +similarity, now occurs.</p> + +<p><i>Nonbreeding shorebirds in summer south of breeding ranges.</i>—Certain +aspects of this subject have already been discussed by +Eisenmann (1951). As he notes, the phenomenon is more regular +and widespread than generally has been appreciated. The old idea, +that such oversummering individuals were "abnormal" or "senile," +is totally inadequate, especially in view of the frequently large numbers +of individuals involved.</p> + +<p>Eisenmann's suggestion that nonbreeders are immature is probably +valid, and it is supported by Pitelka's examination of dowitchers +(1950:28, 51). For gulls, which can be aged by characters of +plumage, there is no question that most nonbreeders are immature. +Unfortunately, there are few criteria for determination of age in +charadriiform birds.</p> + +<p>With the possible exception of a specimen of <i>Limosa fedoa</i>, none +of the presumed nonbreeding, oversummering shorebirds collected +by us showed gonadal enlargement above expected minimal sizes +for the species. Even so, the season was late at the time when we +were on the island and most of the birds were molting; it is possible +their gonads had been enlarged earlier in the season. Behle and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span> +Selander (1953) and Johnston (1956) have shown that nonbreeding +first-, second-, and third-year California Gulls (<i>Larus californicus</i>) +undergo gonadal enlargement in summer. Additionally, nonbreeding +first-year males of certain passerine species (for example, the +Brown Jay, <i>Psilorhinus morio</i>; Selander, 1959) are known to experience +partial gonadal recrudescence in summer. It would be +useful, and would facilitate discussion, to have data on gonadal condition +of oversummering birds; any functional enlargement would +be worth documenting.</p> + +<p>Some species, notably the Semipalmated Sandpiper, Semipalmated +Plover, and Black Tern, oversummer as nonbreeders in such large +numbers that it is obvious that a significant fraction of the total +population of the species does not breed in any one year. This +raises questions concerning the possible ecologic situations that +would select for delay in time of recruitment of young birds into +the breeding segment of the population, assuming that nonbreeders +are immature birds. Delay in maturation, or slow rates of maturation, +may show general relationship to paucity of sites of breeding, +as Orians (1961:308) suggests, but the shorebirds with which we +are dealing breed in regions or in habitat-types not characteristically +imposing general restriction on sites of nesting; more than one +answer is necessary for the question even at this level. Data on age +and numbers of nonbreeders, as well as on the ecology of breeding +populations, are critical and are badly needed for most species.</p> + +<p>In any event, species for which we have data demonstrating that +they regularly oversummer south of their breeding ranges are probably +adapted to having a part of their populations refrain from +breeding each year. Whether this phenomenon can be explained +solely in terms of selection at the level of individual birds (Lack, +1954) or involves selection of an adaptive response of the population +as a whole (Wynne-Edwards, 1955; see also Taylor, 1961, concerning +<i>Rattus</i>) is a problem that cannot be resolved at this time. +We may note that the species involved ordinarily breed in arctic +and subarctic regions, and it would seem advantageous (as set forth +below) for nonbreeders to remain well south of such high latitudes. +The numbers of oversummering individuals may fluctuate with +over-all population density, possibly as a result of crude density, but +possibly also as a result of emigration of individuals in excess of +optimal density on breeding grounds (see Wynne-Edwards, 1959). +One aspect of this phenomenon not explicitly discussed by Wynne-Edwards +is the possibility that some individuals never move north +to breeding grounds at all, perhaps as a result of a behavioral character<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span> +genetically-grounded and mediated by delayed maturation of +the neurohumoral "clock." This certainly would be an economical +means by which population numbers could be regulated, for there +would be a saving of energy in that some individuals not only would +not move north, but also would not participate in the behavioral +interactions involved in territorial spacing. Occurrence of these +birds throughout southern North America, Middle America, and +northern South America may thus reasonably be understood.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="LITERATURE_CITED" id="LITERATURE_CITED"></a>LITERATURE CITED</h2> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Aldrich, J. W.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Duvall, A. J.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1958. Distribution and migration of races of the mourning dove. Condor, +60:108-128.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Amadon, D.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Eckelberry, D. R.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1955. Observations on Mexican birds. Condor, 57:65-80.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">American Ornithologists' Union Check-list Committee</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1957. Check-list of North American Birds. Lord Baltimore Press, Baltimore, +Maryland. xiii-691 pp.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Axtell, R. W.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1954. The systematic relationships of certain lizards in two species groups +of the genus <i>Holbrookia</i>. M. A. Thesis, Department of Zoology, +Univ. Texas. 55 pp.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Axtell, R. W.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Wasserman, A. O.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1953. Interesting herpetological records from southern Texas and northern +Mexico. Herpetologica, 9:1-6.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Bailey, V.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1905. Biological survey of Texas. North Amer. Fauna, 25:1-222.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Baker, R. H.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Lay, D. W.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1938. Notes on the mammals of Galveston and Mustang islands, Texas. +Jour. Mammal., 19:505.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Behle, W. H.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Selander, R. K.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1953. The plumage cycle of the California gull (<i>Larus californicus</i>) with +notes on color changes of soft parts. Auk, 70:239-260.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Blair, W. F.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1952. Mammals of the Tamaulipan Biotic Province in Texas. Texas Jour. +Sci., 4:230-250.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Brown, J. L.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1958. A nesting record of the scissor-tailed flycatcher in Nuevo León, +México. Condor, 60:193-194.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Coffey, B. B., Jr.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1960. Late North American spring migrants in Mexico. Auk, 77:288-297.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Davis, W. B.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1950. Summer range of the scissor-tailed flycatcher. Condor, 52:138.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dresser, H. E.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1865-1866. Notes on the birds of southern Texas. Ibis, 1865:312-330; +446-495. Ibis, 1866:23-46.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Eisenmann, E.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1951. Northern birds summering in Panama. Wilson Bull., 62:181-185.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Goldman, E. A.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1915. Five new mammals from Mexico and Arizona. Proc. Biol. Soc. +Washington, 28:133-138.</p> + +<p class="i4">1951. Biological investigations in Mexico. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., no. +4017, 476 pp.</p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Goldman, E. A.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Kellogg, R. R.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1940. Ten new white-tailed deer from North and Middle America. Proc. +Biol. Soc. Washington, 53:81-89.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Graber, R. R.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1955. The nighthawks of the Tamaulipas coast of México. Condor, 57:125-126.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Graber, R. R.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Graber, J. W.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1954<i>a</i>. Yellow-headed vulture in Tamaulipas, México. Condor, 56:165-166.</p> + +<p class="i4">1954<i>b</i>. Comparative notes on Fuertes and orchard orioles. Condor, 56:274-282.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hagar, C. N.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Packard, F. M.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1951. Checklist of the birds of the central coast of Texas. (Privately +printed by the authors.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hall, E. R.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1951. Mammals obtained by Dr. Curt von Wedel from the barrier beach +of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist., +5:33-47.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hall, E. R.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Kelson, K.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1960. The mammals of North America. Ronald Press, New York. xxx + +1083 pp.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Haverschmidt, F.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1955. North American shore birds in Surinam. Condor, 57:366-368.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hedgpeth, J. W.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1947. The Laguna Madre of Texas. Trans. Twelfth North Amer. Wildl. +Conf., 364-380.</p> + +<p class="i4">1953. An introduction to the zoogeography of the northwestern Gulf of +Mexico with reference to the invertebrate fauna. Publ. Inst. Marine +Sci., Univ. Texas, 3:111-224.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hellmayr, C. E.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Conover, B.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1948. Catalogue of birds of the Americas.... Field Mus. Nat. Hist., +Publ. 615, Zool. Ser., 13 (1), no. 2:vii + 434 pp.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hildebrand, H. H.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1958. Estudios biológicos preliminares sobre La Laguna Madre de Tamaulipas. +Ciencia (Mex.), 17:151-173.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Kennerly, T. E., Jr.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1954. Local differentiation in the pocket gopher (<i>Geomys personatus</i>) in +southern Texas. Texas Jour. Sci., 6:297-329.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Johnston, D. W.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1956. The annual reproductive cycle of the California gull. Condor, +58:138-162; 206-221.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Lack, D.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1954. The natural regulation of animal numbers. Clarendon Press, Oxford. +viii + 343 pp.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Loetscher, F. W., Jr.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1955. North American migrants in the state of Veracruz, Mexico: a summary. +Auk, 72:14-54.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mayr, E.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1946. History of the North American bird fauna. Wilson Bull., 58:3-41.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Meyerriecks, A. J.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1960. Comparative breeding behavior of four species of North American +herons. Publ. Nuttall Ornith. Club, no. 2:158 pp.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mexican Check-list</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1950. Distributional check-list of the birds of Mexico. Part I. Pac. Coast +Avif., 29:202 pp.</p> + +<p class="i4">1957. Distributional check-list of the birds of Mexico. Part. II. Pac. +Coast Avif., 33:436 pp.</p><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Orians, G. H.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1961. The ecology of blackbird (<i>Agelaius</i>) social systems. Ecol. Monogr., +31:285-312.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Paynter, R. A., Jr.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1955. The ornithogeography of the Yucatán peninsula. Peabody Mus. +Nat. Hist., Bull. 9:347 pp.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Peterson, R. T.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1960. A field guide to the birds of Texas. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. +304 pp.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Pitelka, F. A.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1950. Geographic variation and the species problem in the shore-bird +genus <i>Limnodromus</i>. Univ. California Publ. Zool., 50:1-108.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Price, W. A.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1933. Role of diastrophism in topography of Corpus Christi area, south +Texas. Bull. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., 17:907-962.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Robins, C. R.</span>, <span class="smcap">Martin, P. S.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Heed, W. B.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1951. Frigate-bird, oystercatcher, upland plover and various terns on the +coast of Tamaulipas, México. Wilson Bull., 63:336.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Selander, R. K.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1958. Age determination and molt in the boat-tailed grackle. Condor, +60:355-376.</p> + +<p class="i4">1959. Polymorphism in Mexican brown jays. Auk, 76:385-417.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Selander, R. K.</span>, and <span class="smcap">Alvarez del Toro, M.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1955. A new race of booming nighthawk from southern Mexico. Condor, +57:144-147.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Shantz, V. S.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1949. Three new races of badgers (<i>Taxidea</i>) from southwestern United +States. Jour. Mammal., 30:301-305.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Smith, H. M.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1946. Handbook of lizards. Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, New York. +557 pp.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Sutton, G. M.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1950. The southern limits of the willet's continental breeding range. Condor, +52:135-136.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Taylor, J. M.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1961. Reproductive biology of the Australian bush rat Rattus assimilis. +Univ. California Publ. Zool., 60:1-66.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Thompson, M. C.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1958. Semipalmated sandpiper from Tamaulipas. Wilson Bull., 70:288.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Wynne-Edwards, V. C.</span></p> + +<p class="i4">1955. Low reproductive rates in birds, especially sea-birds. Acta XI +Internat. Ornith. Congr., 540-547.</p> + +<p class="i4">1959. The control of population-density through social behaviour: a +hypothesis. Ibis, 101:436-441.</p> + +<p> +<i>Transmitted March 15, 1962.</i><br /> +</p> + +<p class="center"><small>29-3602</small></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="UNIVERSITY_OF_KANSAS_PUBLICATIONS" id="UNIVERSITY_OF_KANSAS_PUBLICATIONS"></a>UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS<br /> +MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY</h2> + + +<p>Institutional libraries interested in publications exchange may obtain this +series by addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas Library, +Lawrence, Kansas. Copies for individuals, persons working in a particular +field of study, may be obtained by addressing instead the Museum of Natural +History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. There is no provision for +sale of this series by the University Library, which meets institutional requests, +or by the Museum of Natural History, which meets the requests of individuals. +However, when individuals request copies from the Museum, 25 cents should +be included, for each separate number that is 100 pages or more in length, for +the purpose of defraying the costs of wrapping and mailing.</p> + +<p>* An asterisk designates those numbers of which the Museum's supply (not the Library's +supply) is exhausted. Numbers published to date, in this series, are as follows:</p> + +<p class="i4"> + Vol. 1. Nos. 1-26 and index. Pp. 1-638, 1946-1950.</p> + +<p class="i4">*Vol. 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 1-444, 140 + figures in text. April 9, 1948.</p> + +<p class="i4"> Vol. 3. *1. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and distribution. By Rollin + H. Baker, Pp. 1-359, 16 figures in text. June 12, 1951.<br /><br /> + + *2. A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds. By George H. + Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 figures in text. June 29, 1951.<br /><br /> + + 3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale Arvey. Pp. 473-530, + 49 figures in text, 13 tables. October 10, 1951.<br /><br /> + + 4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H. Lowery, Jr., and + Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649, 7 figures in text, 2 tables. October 10, + 1951.<br /><br /> + + Index. Pp. 651-681.</p> + +<p class="i4">*Vol. 4. (Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-466, 41 plates, 31 + figures in text. December 27, 1951.</p> + +<p class="i4"> Vol. 5. Nos. 1-37 and index. Pp. 1-676, 1951-1953.</p> + +<p class="i4">*Vol. 6. (Complete) Mammals of Utah, <i>taxonomy and distribution</i>. By Stephen D. + Durrant. Pp. 1-549, 91 figures in text, 30 tables. August 10, 1952.</p> + +<p class="i4"> Vol. 7. *1. Mammals of Kansas. By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 1-303, 73 figures in text, + 37 tables. August 25, 1952.<br /><br /> + + 2. Ecology of the opossum on a natural area in northeastern Kansas. By Henry + S. Fitch and Lewis L. Sandidge. Pp. 305-338, 5 figures in text. August + 24, 1953.<br /><br /> + + 3. The silky pocket mice (Perognathus flavus) of Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. + Pp. 339-347, 1 figure in text. February 15, 1954.<br /><br /> + + 4. North American jumping mice (Genus Zapus). By Phillip H. Krutzsch. Pp. + 349-472, 47 figures in text, 4 tables. April 21, 1954.<br /><br /> + + 5. Mammals from Southeastern Alaska. By Rollin H. Baker and James S. + Findley. Pp. 473-477. April 21, 1954.<br /><br /> + + 6. Distribution of Some Nebraskan Mammals. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 479-487. + April 21, 1954.<br /><br /> + + 7. Subspeciation in the montane meadow mouse, Microtus montanus, in Wyoming + and Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 489-506, 2 figures in text. + July 23, 1954.<br /><br /> + + 8. A new subspecies of bat (Myotis velifer) from southeastern California and + Arizona. By Terry A. Vaughan. Pp. 507-512. July 23, 1954.<br /><br /> + + 9. Mammals of the San Gabriel mountains of California. By Terry A. Vaughan. + Pp. 513-582, 1 figure in text, 12 tables. November 15, 1954.<br /><br /> + + 10. A new bat (Genus Pipistrellus) from northeastern Mexico. By Rollin H. + Baker. Pp. 583-586. November 15, 1954.<br /><br /> + + 11. A new subspecies of pocket mouse from Kansas. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. + 587-590. November 15, 1954.<br /><br /> + + 12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Cratogeomys castanops, in Coahuila, + Mexico. By Robert J. Russell and Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 591-608. + March 15, 1955.<br /><br /> + + 13. A new cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) from northeastern Mexico. By Rollin + H. Baker. Pp. 609-612. April 8, 1955.<br /><br /> + + 14. Taxonomy and distribution of some American shrews. By James S. Findley. + Pp. 613-618. June 10, 1955.<br /><br /> + + 15. The pigmy woodrat, Neotoma goldmani, its distribution and systematic position. + By Dennis G. Rainey and Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 619-624, 2 figures in + text. June 10, 1955.<br /><br /> + + Index. Pp. 625-651.</p> + +<p class="i4"> Vol. 8. Nos. 1-10 and index. Pp. 1-675, 1954-1956.</p> + +<p class="i4"> Vol. 9. 1. Speciation of the wandering shrew. By James S. Findley. Pp. 1-68, 18 + figures in text. December 10, 1955.<br /><br /> + + 2. Additional records and extension of ranges of mammals from Utah. By + Stephen D. Durrant, M. Raymond Lee, and Richard M. Hansen. Pp. 69-80. + December 10, 1955.<br /><br /> + + 3. A new long-eared myotis (Myotis evotis) from northeastern Mexico. By Rollin + H. Baker and Howard J. Stains. Pp. 81-84. December 10, 1955.<br /><br /> + + 4. Subspeciation in the meadow mouse, Microtus pennsylvanicus, in Wyoming. + By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 85-104, 2 figures in text. May 10, 1956.<br /><br /> + + 5. The condylarth genus Ellipsodon. By Robert W. Wilson. Pp. 105-116, 6 + figures in text. May 19, 1956.<br /><br /> + + 6. Additional remains of the multituberculate genus Eucosmodon. By Robert + W. Wilson. Pp. 117-123, 10 figures in text. May 19, 1956.<br /><br /> + + 7. Mammals of Coahuila, Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 125-335, 75 figures + in text. June 15, 1956.<br /><br /> + + 8. Comments on the taxonomic status of Apodemus peninsulae, with description + of a new subspecies from North China. By J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 337-346, + 1 figure in text, 1 table. August 15, 1956.<br /><br /> + + 9. Extensions of known ranges of Mexican bats. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. + 347-351. August 15, 1956.<br /><br /> + + 10. A new bat (Genus Leptonycteris) from Coahuila. By Howard J. Stains. + Pp. 353-356. January 21, 1957.<br /><br /> + + 11. A new species of pocket gopher (Genus Pappogeomys) from Jalisco, Mexico. + By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 357-361. January 21, 1957.<br /><br /> + + 12. Geographic variation in the pocket gopher, Thomomys bottae, in Colorado. + By Phillip M. Youngman. Pp. 363-387, 7 figures in text. February 21, 1958.<br /><br /> + + 13. New bog lemming (genus Synaptomys) from Nebraska. By J. Knox Jones, + Jr. Pp. 385-388. May 12, 1958.<br /><br /> + + 14. Pleistocene bats from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, México. By J. Knox + Jones, Jr. Pp. 389-396. December 19, 1958.<br /><br /> + + 15. New subspecies of the rodent Baiomys from Central America. By Robert + L. Packard. Pp. 397-404. December 19, 1958.<br /><br /> + + 16. Mammals of the Grand Mesa, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 405-414, + 1 figure in text, May 20, 1959.<br /><br /> + + 17. Distribution, variation, and relationships of the montane vole, Microtus montanus. + By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 415-511, 12 figures in text, 2 tables. + August 1, 1959.<br /><br /> + + 18. Conspecificity of two pocket mice, Perognathus goldmani and P. artus. By + E. Raymond Hall and Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie. Pp. 513-518, 1 map. January + 14, 1960.<br /><br /> + + 19. Records of harvest mice, Reithrodontomys, from Central America, with description + of a new subspecies from Nicaragua. By Sydney Anderson and + J. Knox Jones, Jr. Pp. 519-529. January 14, 1960.<br /><br /> + + 20. Small carnivores from San Josecito Cave (Pleistocene), Nuevo León, México. + By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 531-538, 1 figure in text. January 14, 1960.<br /><br /> + + 21. Pleistocene pocket gophers from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, México. + By Robert J. Russell. Pp. 539-548, 1 figure in text. January 14, 1960.<br /><br /> + + 22. Review of the insectivores of Korea. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., and David H. + Johnson. Pp. 549-578. February 23, 1960.<br /><br /> + + 23. Speciation and evolution of the pygmy mice, genus Baiomys. By Robert L. + Packard. Pp. 579-670, 4 plates, 12 figures in text. June 16, 1960.<br /><br /> + + Index. Pp. 671-690.</p> + +<p class="i4"> Vol. 10. 1. Studies of birds killed in nocturnal migration. By Harrison B. Tordoff and + Robert M. Mengel. Pp. 1-44, 6 figures in text, 2 tables. September 12, 1956.<br /><br /> + + 2. Comparative breeding behavior of Ammospiza caudacuta and A. maritima. + By Glen E. Woolfenden. Pp. 45-75, 6 plates, 1 figure. December 20, 1956.<br /><br /> + + 3. The forest habitat of the University of Kansas Natural History Reservation. + By Henry S. Fitch and Ronald R. McGregor. Pp. 77-127, 2 plates, 7 figures + in text, 4 tables. December 31, 1956.<br /><br /> + + 4. Aspects of reproduction and development in the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster). + By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 129-161, 8 figures in text, 4 tables. December + 19, 1957.<br /><br /> + + 5. Birds found on the Arctic slope of northern Alaska. By James W. Bee. + Pp. 163-211, plates 9-10, 1 figure in text. March 12, 1958.<br /><br /> + + 6. The wood rats of Colorado: distribution and ecology. By Robert B. Finley, + Jr. Pp. 213-552, 34 plates, 8 figures in text, 35 tables. November 7, 1958.<br /><br /> + + 7. Home ranges and movements of the eastern cottontail in Kansas. By Donald + W. Janes. Pp. 553-572, 4 plates, 3 figures in text. May 4, 1959.<br /><br /> + + 8. Natural history of the salamander, Aneides hardyi. By Richard F. Johnston + and Gerhard A. Schad. Pp. 573-585. October 8, 1959.<br /><br /> + + 9. A new subspecies of lizard, Cnemidophorus sacki, from Michoacán, México. + By William E. Duellman. Pp. 587-598, 2 figures in text. May 2, 1960.<br /><br /> + + 10. A taxonomic study of the middle American snake, Pituophis deppei. By + William E. Duellman. Pp. 599-610, 1 plate, 1 figure in text. May 2, 1960.<br /><br /> + + Index. Pp. 611-626.</p> + +<p class="i4"> Vol. 11. 1. The systematic status of the colubrid snake, Leptodeira discolor Günther. + By William E. Duellman. Pp. 1-9, 4 figures. July 14, 1958.<br /><br /> + + 2. Natural history of the six-lined racerunner, Cnemidophorus sexlineatus. By + Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 11-62, 9 figures, 9 tables. September 19, 1958.<br /><br /> + + 3. Home ranges, territories, and seasonal movements of vertebrates of the + Natural History Reservation. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 63-326, 6 plates, 24 + figures in text, 3 tables. December 12, 1958.<br /><br /> + + 4. A new snake of the genus Geophis from Chihuahua, Mexico. By John M. + Legler. Pp. 327-334, 2 figures in text. January 28, 1959.<br /><br /> + + 5. A new tortoise, genus Gopherus, from north-central Mexico. By John M. + Legler. Pp. 335-343. April 24, 1959.<br /><br /> + + 6. Fishes of Chautauqua, Cowley and Elk counties, Kansas. By Artie L. + Metcalf. Pp. 345-400, 2 plates, 2 figures in text, 10 tables. May 6, 1959.<br /><br /> + + 7. Fishes of the Big Blue river basin, Kansas. By W. L. Minckley. Pp. 401-442, + 2 plates, 4 figures in text, 5 tables. May 8, 1959.<br /><br /> + + 8. Birds from Coahuila, México. By Emil K. Urban. Pp. 443-516. August 1, + 1959.<br /><br /> + + 9. Description of a new softshell turtle from the southeastern United States. By + Robert G. Webb. Pp. 517-525, 2 plates, 1 figure in text. August 14, 1959.<br /><br /> + + 10. Natural history of the ornate box turtle, Terrapene ornata ornata Agassiz. By + John M. Legler. Pp. 527-669, 16 pls., 29 figures in text. March 7, 1960.<br /><br /> + + Index Pp. 671-703.</p> + +<p class="i4"> Vol. 12. 1. Functional morphology of three bats: Eumops, Myotis, Macrotus. By Terry + A. Vaughan. Pp. 1-153, 4 plates, 24 figures in text. July 8, 1959.<br /><br /> + + 2. The ancestry of modern Amphibia: a review of the evidence. By Theodore + H. Eaton, Jr. Pp. 155-180, 10 figures in text. July 10, 1959.<br /><br /> + + 3. The baculum in microtine rodents. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 181-216, 49 + figures in text. February 19, 1960.<br /><br /> + + 4. A new order of fishlike Amphibia from the Pennsylvanian of Kansas. By + Theodore H. Eaton, Jr., and Peggy Lou Stewart. Pp. 217-240, 12 figures in + text. May 2, 1960.<br /><br /> + + 5. Natural history of the bell vireo. By Jon C. Barlow. Pp. 241-296, 6 figures + in text. March 7, 1962.<br /><br /> + + 6. Two new pelycosaurs from the lower Permian of Oklahoma. By Richard C. + Fox. Pp. 297-307, 6 figures in text. May 21, 1962.<br /><br /> + + 7. Vertebrates from the barrier island of Tamaulipas, México. By Robert K. + Selander, Richard F. Johnston, B. J. Wilks, and Gerald G. Raun. Pp. 309-345, + pls. 5-8. June 18, 1962.<br /><br /> + + More numbers will appear in volume 12.</p> + +<p class="i4"> Vol. 13. 1. Five natural hybrid combinations in minnows (Cyprinidae). By Frank B. + Cross and W. L. Minckley. Pp. 1-18. June 1, 1960.<br /><br /> + + 2. A distributional study of the amphibians of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, + México. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 19-72, pls. 1-8, 3 figures in text. + August 16, 1960.<br /><br /> + + 3. A new subspecies of the slider turtle (Pseudemys scripta) from Coahuila, + México. By John M. Legler. Pp. 73-84, pls. 9-12, 3 figures in text. August + 16, 1960.<br /><br /> + + 4. Autecology of the copperhead. By Henry S. Fitch. Pp. 85-288, pls. 13-20, + 26 figures in text. November 30, 1960.<br /><br /> + + 5. Occurrence of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, in the Great Plains and + Rocky Mountains. By Henry S. Fitch and T. Paul Maslin. Pp. 289-308, + 4 figures in text. February 10, 1961.<br /><br /> + + 6. Fishes of the Wakarusa river in Kansas. By James E. Deacon and Artie L. + Metcalf. Pp. 309-322, 1 figure in text. February 10, 1961.<br /><br /> + + 7. Geographic variation in the North American cyprinid fish, Hybopsis gracilis. + By Leonard J. Olund and Frank B. Cross. Pp. 323-348, pls. 21-24, 2 figures + in text. February 10, 1961.<br /><br /> + + 8. Descriptions of two species of frogs, genus Ptychohyla; studies of American + hylid frogs, V. By William E. Duellman. Pp. 349-357, pl. 25, 2 + figures in text. April 27, 1961.<br /><br /> + + 9. Fish populations, following a drought, in the Neosho and Marais des Cygnes + rivers of Kansas. By James Everett Deacon. Pp. 359-427, pls. 26-30, 3 figs. + August 11, 1961.<br /><br /> + + 10. Recent soft-shelled turtles of North America (family Trionychidae). By + Robert G. Webb. Pp. 429-611, pls. 31-54, 24 figures in text. February + 16, 1962.<br /><br /> + + Index in press.</p> + +<p class="i4"> Vol. 14. 1. Neotropical bats from western México. By Sydney Anderson. Pp. 1-8. + October 24, 1960.<br /><br /> + + 2. Geographic variation in the harvest mouse, Reithrodontomys megalotis, on + the central Great Plains and in adjacent regions. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., + and B. Mursaloglu. Pp. 9-27, 1 figure in text. July 24, 1961.<br /><br /> + + 3. Mammals of Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado. By Sydney Anderson. + Pp. 29-67, pls. 1 and 2, 3 figures in text. July 24, 1961.<br /><br /> + + 4. A new subspecies of the black myotis (bat) from eastern Mexico. By E. + Raymond Hall and Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 69-72, 1 figure in text. December + 29, 1961.<br /><br /> + + 5. North American yellow bats, "Dasypterus," and a list of the named kinds + of the genus Lasiurus Gray. By E. Raymond Hall and J. Knox Jones, Jr. + Pp. 73-98, 4 figures in text. December 29, 1961.<br /><br /> + + 6. Natural history of the brush mouse (Peromyscus boylii) in Kansas with + description of a new subspecies. By Charles A. Long. Pp. 99-111, 1 figure + in text. December 29, 1961.<br /><br /> + + 7. Taxonomic status of some mice of the Peromyscus boylii group in eastern + Mexico, with description of a new subspecies. By Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 113-120, + 1 figure in text. December 29, 1961.<br /><br /> + + 8. A new subspecies of ground squirrel (Spermophilus spilosoma) from Tamaulipas, + Mexico. By Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 121-124. March 7, 1962.<br /><br /> + + 9. Taxonomic status of the free-tailed bat, Tadarida yucatanica Miller. By J. + Knox Jones, Jr., and Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 125-133, 1 figure in text. March 7, + 1962.<br /><br /> + + 10. A new doglike carnivore, genus Cynarctus, from the Clarendonian Pliocene, + of Texas. By E. Raymond Hall and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 135-138, + 2 figures in text. April 30, 1962.<br /><br /> + + 11. A new subspecies of wood rat (Neotoma) from northeastern Mexico. By + Ticul Alvarez. Pp. 139-143. April 30, 1962.<br /><br /> + + 12. Noteworthy mammals from Sinaloa, Mexico. By J. Knox Jones, Jr., Ticul + Alvarez, and M. Raymond Lee. Pp. 145-159, 1 figure in text. May 18, + 1962.<br /><br /> + + 13. A new bat (Myotis) from Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 161-164, + 1 figure in text. May 21, 1962.<br /><br /> + + More numbers will appear in volume 14.</p> + +<p class="i4"> Vol. 15. 1. The amphibians and reptiles of Michoacán, México. By William E. Duellman. + Pp. 1-148, pls. 1-6, 11 figures in text. December 20, 1961.<br /><br /> + + 2. Some reptiles and amphibians from Korea. By Robert G. Webb, J. Knox + Jones, Jr., and George W. Byers. Pp. 149-173. January 31, 1962.<br /><br /> + + 3. A new species of frog (Genus Tomodactylus) from western México. By + Robert G. Webb. Pp. 175-181, 1 figure in text. March 7, 1962.<br /><br /> + + More numbers will appear in volume 15.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + + +<h3>Transcriber's Notes</h3> + + +<p>The University of Kansas Publications list was placed at the end of +this publication.</p> + +<p>Original spelling and accent inconsistencies have been retained.</p> + + + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Vertebrates from the Barrier Island of +Tamaulipas, México, by Robert K Selander and Richard F Johnston and B. J. Wilks and Gerald G. 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